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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/19373-8.txt b/19373-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ff031e --- /dev/null +++ b/19373-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8889 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Tenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the +Tenth Annual Meeting + Battle Creek, Michigan, December 9 and 10, 1919 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: September 25, 2006 [EBook #19373] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet +Blenkinship, Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | +| | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + + NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + REPORT + + OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE + + TENTH ANNUAL MEETING + + BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN + + DECEMBER 9 AND 10, 1919 + + + + + CONTENTS + Page + + Officers and Committees of the Association 4 + + Members of the Association 5 + + Constitution and By-Laws 9 + + Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention 11 + + President's Address, Mr W. C. Reed, Indiana 11 + + Report of the Secretary-Treasurer 14 + + Business Sessions 15, 133 + + The Farms by the Side of the Road, + Matthew Henry Hoover, New York 23 + + Native Nut Tree Plantations in Michigan, + Prof. A. K. Chittenden, Michigan 33 + + Pecans Other Than Those of the Well Known Sections, + J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania 44 + + Hazel Nuts and Filberts, + Conrad Vollertsen, New York 53 + + Disease Resistance in the American Chestnut, + Arthur H. Graves, Connecticut 60 + + Notes on the Hickories, + Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York 68 + + The Nutritive Value of Nuts, + F. A. Cajorie, Connecticut 80 + + Nut Trees and Bushes in Landscape Work, + O. C. Simonds, Illinois 88 + + Nut Culture in Michigan, + C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 98 + + Nut Trees for Highways and Public Places, + Hon. William S. Linton, Michigan 108 + + Legislation Regarding the Planting of Nut and Other Food + Producing Trees, Senator Harvey A. Penney, Michigan 112 + + Michigan Law Regarding Roadside Planting of Nut Trees 116 + + The Soy Bean, Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Michigan 118 + + Judging Nuts, Willard G. Bixby, New York 122 + + The 1919 Nut Contest, Willard G. Bixby, New York 146 + + + + + OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + + _President_ W. S. LINTON Saginaw, Michigan + + _Vice-President_ JAMES S. MCGLENNON Rochester, New York + + _Secretary and Treasurer_ WILLARD G. BIXBY Baldwin, Nassau Co., + New York + + _Acting Secretary_ W. C. DEMING Wilton, Connecticut + + + COMMITTEES + + _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED + + _Executive_--J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. C. REED AND THE OFFICERS + + _Federal Aid_--J. M. PATTERSON, R. T. MORRIS, J. H. KELLOGG, T. P. + LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, J. F. JONES, J. S. MCGLENNON + + _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. C. DEMING, J. G. RUSH + + Membership--HARRY R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, F. N. FAGAN. W. O. + POTTER, W. C. DEMING, J. RUSSELL SMITH + + _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES + + _Press and Publication_--RALPH T. OLCOTT, J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. C. + DEMING + + _Programme_--W. C. DEMING, J. RUSSELL SMITH, C. A. REED, R. T. + MORRIS + + _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES + + + STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + California T. C. Tucker 311 California St., San Francisco + + Canada G. H. Corsan 17 Rusholme Park Crescent, Toronto + + Connecticut Henry Leroy Lewis Stratford + + Georgia J. B. Wight Cairo + + Illinois E. A. Riehl Godfrey + + Indiana M. P. Reed Vincennes + + Maryland C. P. Close College Park + + Massachusetts James H. Bowditch 903 Tremont Building, Boston + + Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek + + Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana + + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + + New York M. E. Wile 37 Calumet St., Rochester + + Ohio Harry R. Weber 601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati + + Pennsylvania J. G. Rush West Willow + + Texas R. S. Trumbull M. S. R. R. Co., El Paso + + West Virginia B. F. Hartzell Shepherdstown + + + + + MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + + ARKANSAS + + * Drake, Prof. N. F., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville + + + CALIFORNIA + + Cress, B. E., Tehachapi + + Tucker, T. C, Manager California Almond Growers Exchange, 311 + California St., San Francisco + + + CANADA + + Corsan, G. H., 17 Rusholme Park Crescent, Toronto + Sager, Dr. D. S., Brantford + + + CONNECTICUT + + Barrows, Paul M., May Apple Farm, High Ridge, Stamford + Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford + Deming, Dr. W. C, Wilton + Filley, W. O., State Forester, Drawer 1, New Haven + Glover, James L., Shelton, R. F. D. 7 + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. 2, Box 76 + Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden + Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford + McGlashan, Archibald, Kent + * Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95 + Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor + Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol + Southworth, George E., Milford, Box 172 + Staunton, Gray, 98 Park St., New Haven + White, Gerrard, North Granby + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + Foster, B. G., 902 G Street, N. W. Washington + * Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington + Reed, C. A., Nut Culturist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + Taylor, Dr. Lewis H., The Cecil, Washington + ** Van Fleet, Walter, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington + + + ENGLAND + + Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire + + + GEORGIA + + Bullard, William P., Albany + Van Duzee, C. A., Judson Orchard Farm, Cairo + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + + ILLINOIS + + Casper, O. H., Anna + Librarian, University of Illinois, Urbana + Poll, Carl J., 1009 Maple St., Danville + Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion + Riehl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2 + Uran, B. F., Mattoon + + INDIANA + + Crain, Donald J., 1313 North St., Logansport + Reed, M. P., Vincennes + Reed, W. C., Vincennes + Simpson, H. D., Vincennes + Staderman, A. L., 120 S. Seventh St., Terre Haute + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + IOWA + + Snyder, D. C., Center Point (Linn Co. Nurseries) + + KANSAS + + Sharpe, James, Council Grove, (Morris Co. Nurseries) + + KENTUCKY + + Baker, Sam C., Beaver Dam, R. D. 2 + Livengood, Frank M., Berea + + MARYLAND + + Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill + Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood + Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie + + MASSACHUSETTS + + * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Building, Boston + Cleaver, C. Leroy, 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston + + MICHIGAN + + House, George W., Ford Building, Detroit + Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek + Linton, W. S., President Board of Trade Saginaw + McKale, H. B., Lansing, Route 6 + Schram, Mrs. O. E., Galesburg, Box 662 + + MISSOURI + + Mosnat, H. R., 3883 East 62 St., Kansas City + Stark, P. C., Louisiana + Ward, Miss Daisy, 2019 Allen Ave., St. Louis + + NEBRASKA + + Caha, Wm., Wahoo + + NEVADA + + Swingle, C. G., Hazen + + NEW JERSEY + + * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights + Landmann, Miss M. V., Cranbury, R. D. 2 + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Price, John R., 36 Ridgedale Ave., Madison + Ridgeway, C. S., Floralia, Lumberton + + NEW YORK + + Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth Street, Brooklyn + Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton + Atwater, C. G., The Barrett Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City + Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, Nassau Co. + Brown, Ronald J., 320 Broadway, New York City + Buist, Dr. George J., 2 Hancock St., Brooklyn + Crane, Alfred J., Monroe, Box 342 + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Goeltz, Mrs. M. H., 2524 Creston Ave., New York City + Harper, G. W., Jr., 115 Broadway, New York City + Hicks, Henry, Westbury, Long Island + Hodgson, Casper W., World Book Co., Yonkers + * Huntington, A. M., 15 West 81st St., New York City + McGlennon, James S., 528 Cutler Building, Rochester + Olcott, Ralph T., Editor American Nut Journal, Ellwanger and + Barry Building, Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Stephen, John W., New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse + Tallinger, J. F., Barnard + Teele, A. W., 120 Broadway, New York City + Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City + Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester + Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City + * Wissman, Mrs. F. deR., Westchester, New York City + + NORTH CAROLINA + + Barrett, Dr. Harvey P., 211 Vail Ave., Charlotte + Hutchings, Miss Lida G., Pine Bluff + North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona + + OHIO + + Burton, J. Howard, Casstown + Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Co., Painesville + Ketchum, C. S., Middlefield + Truman, G. G., Perrysville, Box 167 + Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati + Yunck, E. G., 706 Central Ave., Sandusky + + OREGON + + Pearcy, Knight, Salem, R. F. D. 3, Box 187 + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Druckemiller, W. H., Sunbury + Fagan, Prof. F. N., Department of Horticulture, State College + Heffner, H., Highland Chestnut Grove, Leeper + Hile, Anthony, Curwensville National Bank, Curwensville + Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia + * Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Kaufman, M. M., Clarion + Leas, F. C., Merion Station + Murphy, P. J., Vice President L. & W. R. R. Co., Scranton + O'Neill, William C., 328 Walnut St., Philadelphia + Patterson, J. E., 77 N. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre + * Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading + Rife, Jacob A., Camp Hill + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Smedley, Samuel L., Newtown Square, R. F. D. 1 + * Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg + Weaver, William S., McCungie + Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion + * Wister, John C., Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Germantown + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + Shanklin, Prof. A. G., Clemson College + + TEXAS + + Burkett, J. H., Nut Specialist, State Department of Agriculture, Clyde. + Trumbull, R. S., Agricultural Agent, El Paso & S. W., System Morenci + Southern R. R. Co., El Paso + + VIRGINIA + + Parish, John S., University + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Brooks, Fred E., French Creek + Cannaday, Dr. John Egerton, Charleston, Box 693 + Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown + Jenkins, Miss, The Green Bottom Homestead, Glenwood P. O. + + * Life member. + + ** Honorary member. + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + +ARTICLE I + +_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' +ASSOCIATION. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing +plants, their products and their culture. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on +membership. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president and a +secretary-treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual +meeting; and an executive committee of five persons, of which the +president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president and +secretary-treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency, or country represented in +the membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the +president. + +ARTICLE V + +_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +following year. + +ARTICLE VI + +_Meetings._--The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. + + +ARTICLE VII + +_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but +must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three +elected officers. + + +ARTICLE VIII + +_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment +having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the +proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member +thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + + +BY-LAWS + + +ARTICLE I + +_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and an +auditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations +to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Fees._ The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former +shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin with the first day of +the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association. + +ARTICLE IV + +_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members +present at any annual meeting. + + + + + Northern Nut Growers Association + + TENTH ANNUAL MEETING + DECEMBER 9 AND 10, 1919 + BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN + + +The tenth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers' Association was +called to order at 11:00 A. M., Tuesday, December 9, 1919, in the Annex +Parlor of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Michigan, with the +President, W. C. Reed, presiding. + +The meeting was opened with a short business session beginning with the +President's report as follows: + + + + +PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS + +W. C. REED, VINCENNES, IND. + + +FELLOW MEMBERS, NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, LADIES AND +GENTLEMEN: + +Our Association meets today under the most favorable surroundings. We +have this splendid building in which to hold our meetings, furnished +gratuitously also have with us in this wonderful Institution several +thousand guests, men and women of ability and prominence in their +respective communities, from all parts of the United States. + +Dr. Kellogg has been very kind and generous in extending an invitation +several times to this association, and your speaker has thought there +was no place quite so well suited for a winter meeting. It gives me +great pleasure to be able to be with you and preside over a meeting as +the guests of Dr. Kellogg. There is probably no man in America who has +done so much to further the use of nuts, to show their benefits, and to +explain their uses, as a food for mankind. + +Conditions have changed greatly since our last meeting, September 1917, +at Stamford, Connecticut. At that time the greater part of the world was +at war, and owing to conditions prevailing during 1918, it was +impossible for this association to hold its annual meeting. Your speaker +is still holding the office of President because you have had no meeting +at which new officers could be elected. It is to be regretted that the +past three years have been crowded so full of events, that it was +impossible to give the association matters the attention they deserved, +and devote the time to them I would have liked to have done. + +With the armistice came a cessation of war, and we are all happy that +the terrible struggle is over, but with it have come conditions that +are almost as terrible as war. Famine and want stare millions of people +in the face on the continent of Europe. Our own country is at present in +the grip of strikes for higher wages, the like of which has never been +known. Yet we are prosperous beyond the greatest dreams of any nation on +earth, but with this prosperity comes many duties. Our yields of food +crops have been great, but to us has fallen the lot of feeding the +world, and this will continue until industrial and agricultural +conditions of Europe, have been reestablished on a pre-war condition. + +There never was a time when meats of all kinds were so expensive, and to +many almost prohibitive. Many have learned the use of nut meats in +varied ways until all kinds of edible nuts are quoted on the markets +today at prices undreamed of in former years. These conditions will not +always last; crop failures will come; and production will be curtailed. +Land values are advancing so rapidly that the production of cheap meats +will be impossible. To help supply this deficiency, there will be an +increased demand for nuts of all kinds. + +To help meet this demand, much can be done by road side planting. On our +main market highways, such trees as the grafted black walnuts could be +planted profitably, in many sections of the country; the English walnut +in some parts where they succeed the best; and the pecan and chestnut in +other parts of the country where they are specially adapted. + +While commercial planting of nut trees may not be attractive to the +average man, home planting of a few nut trees can be recommended for +every where space is available. They will make beautiful shade trees, +and produce crops that will eventually be of great value. To land owners +who are planting private parks, avenues and pastures, we would recommend +nut trees. + +The production of nut trees is very difficult, and the development and +testing of new varieties, a slow and expensive process. We need the +Government's helping hand, and are very glad that there has been set +aside by Congress an appropriation to help develop this industry. We +have with us, the Nut Culturist from the Department of Agriculture, who +is devoting his entire time along these lines. + +On the programme that is to be presented here, today and tomorrow, are +men of national reputation in their respective lines, who stand at the +head of their profession. To our friends and visitors here, we extend an +urgent invitation, that you attend all the meetings possible, and we +trust that you may learn much that will be of interest, and that this +information may be taken home to your different communities. + +Our sincere thanks should be extended to the Programme Committee and our +very efficient Secretary who have given so much time to this work. + +For an association to stand still, is usually to go backward. Owing to +war conditions, and missing one meeting, we have had little chance to +increase our membership. I sincerely trust that the Membership Committee +will be active while here, and extend an invitation to all to become +members, and to help advance an industry that will be for the good of +posterity, and should give us much pleasure during our own lifetime. + +We are told, the good we do unto others lives after us. May the Nut +Trees planted and fostered by the members of this association, live long +to wave their leafy branches under Heaven's purple dome, and may weary +pilgrims of future generations rest beneath their shade, and enjoy their +fruits, thanking us with a silent prayer that these trees were planted +for their benefit. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe the next thing in order will be the +reading of the secretary's and treasurer's reports. Does any one have +anything to present while we are waiting for the secretary, who is busy? + +DR. MORRIS: How many members have we, Mr. President? + +PRESIDENT REED: I don't know. Several have written me asking +about members, and Mr. Olcott probably knows something about it. + +MR. OLCOTT: I don't know how many there are now; but I think +there were 150 or 200 at the time of the Stamford meeting. I think there +were that many enrolled. I presume that two-thirds of those +renewed--probably something over 100 members. + +PRESIDENT REED: There were 138 paid members. + +DR. MORRIS: Dr. Kellogg says there may be a thousand men in the +audience this evening, and if there are we ought to do some propaganda +work. + +PRESIDENT REED: I don't remember who the membership committee +was. Mr. Weber was chairman, I believe, and he is not here. Olcott is +next on the committee. + +MR. OLCOTT: I didn't know I was on that committee. + +PRESIDENT REED: Fagan was on that committee, Potter, Deming, +Williams, J. Russell Smith. I guess you are the only member of the +committee who is here. We are ready for the report of the secretary and +treasurer, Mr. Bixby. + + + * * * * * + + + REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER + SEPT. 1, 1917-NOV. 30, 1919 + +Key: +A: Sep. 1. '17 to Dec. 31, '17 +B: Jan. 1, '18 to May 20, '18 +C: May 21, '18 to Dec. 31, '18 +D: Jan. 1, '19 to Nov. 30, '19 + + RECEIPTS + + A B C D Total Balance + +Balance on hand date of + last report, August 31, + 1917. $ 15.93 +Received from annual + members including joint + subscriptions to + American Nut Journal $69.50 $123.54 $ 73.75 $247.35 $514.14 +Received in payment of + life membership 20.00 25.00 45.00 +Sale of reports, brochures + and leaflets 2.25 4.00 9.95 4.85 21.05 +Advertising in report of + Stamford meetings 8th, + 1917 21.00 21.00 +Sales of sundry material. 1.58 1.58 +Contributions for 1917 + Contest 25.00 125.00 150.00 +Contribution for special + hickory prizes 25.00 25.00 + ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- + $112.75 $145.12 $108.70 $427.20 $793.77 $793.77 + ------- + $809.70 + + EXPENDITURES + +American Nut Journal, + their portion of joint + subscriptions $ 6.75 $ 14.00 $ 59.00 $ 79.75 +Stationary, printing and + Supplies .69 44.05 49.50 94.24 +Postage, Express, etc. 4.82 13.95 9.66 9.24 37.67 +Prizes 1917 Nut Contest 15.00 15.00 +Prize 1918 Nut Contest 107.00 107.00 +Advertising 1917 Nut + Contest $10.21; expenses + 1917 contest $2.90 13.11 13.11 +Advertising 1918 Nut + Contest 51.50 51.50 +Stamford Meeting 1917 + expenses 65.55 65.55 +Printing Report of + Stamford Meeting 162.00 162.00 +Errors in remittance + corrected 3.85 3.50 7.35 +Litchfield Savings Bank. + Life membership of John + Rick Balance on hand + Dec. 1, 1919. 20.00 20.00 + ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- + $97.81 $30.91 $244.71 $279.74 $653.17 + $653.17 + +Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1919. + Special hickory prize 25.00 + Life membership Lee W. + Jaques 25.00 + For regular expenses. 106.53 + + ------- + $809.70 + +I have carefully been over the above statement and found it to be correct. +C. A. REED, for Auditing Committee. + + The above are records of receipts and expenditures for two years + and three months and are approximately double those noted in the + report of of the Stamford meeting. The activities of the + Association were necessarily at a low ebb in war time, and, + although a joint meeting with the National Association was planned + for the fall of 1918, it was never held. + + The list of members printed in this report numbers 128 while that + in the last one shows 166, apparently a very large decrease. The + last report showed 138 paid up members. Following the methods of + Secretary Deming, members who have not responded to notices and + letters have been dropped. In no case has a member been dropped + until a letter with return postage has been sent. In a number of + instances members thus written to have resigned giving various + reasons, the most common of which are change of occupation or + residence, which prevented their doing anything in the line of nut + growing or lack of success in their attempts to grow nuts. Two + members have died since the last meeting, Mr. Wendell P. Williams + and Mr. Mahlon Hutchinson; the former was in the U. S. Service at + the time of his death. 57 new members have been added to our rolls + since 1917 making a total of 410 joining since organization of whom + we now have 128, 282 having dropped out. Of the 52 who have joined + since last meeting, 21 joined before Oct. 1, 1919 the date of the + proposed meeting in Albany, Ga., which was never held, and 31 since + that date. + + The holding of members is a difficult problem and one that has not + been worked out at all satisfactorily. Most members join in the + hope of thereby learning how to successfully grow nut trees. They + find out that so much is still experimental that most do not + remain. This is bound to continue till we can show grafted or + budded nut trees bearing satisfactory crops, and, until that time, + there seems nothing to do but to keep on going after new members + and by means of bulletins, reports, letters and otherwise making + the membership more valuable than ever. There has been a greater + interest in nut growing during the past fall than at any time since + your Secretary-Treasurer has held office. + + Respectfully submitted, + + WILLARD G. BIXBY, + Secretary-Treasurer. + + + * * * * * + + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the report. What is your +pleasure? I believe that is usually referred to an auditing committee. +C. A. Reed was chairman of that committee. + +MR. BIXBY: Mr. Reed spoke to me about this yesterday. He said +he would be glad to audit it, but there has not been time to give it to +him. It was ready for him this morning, but he was busy on other things. + +PRESIDENT REED: What is the next thing on the program, Mr. +Secretary? + +MR. BIXBY: The reports of committees. I do not know how much +report the standing committees have. + +PRESIDENT REED: There is the executive committee, the finance +committee, the hybrids committee--maybe Dr. Morris has something on +that. + +DR. MORRIS: No, I have no report to make on that. I shall talk +on the subject this afternoon or in the course of my paper incidentally. +I didn't see any occasion for action in that direction since the last +meeting, so I have not acted except incidentally in the course of my +work. + +PRESIDENT REED: The committee on nomenclature--of course they +wouldn't have any report until after this meeting. + +MR. BIXBY: Who is on that committee?--C. A. Reed, Dr. Morris, +and J. F. Jones. Two members of the committee are here. There is one +matter which perhaps I better bring up to the committee first,--one +matter I think they should take some action on. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think it would be best to have that come up +at a later time. + +DR. MORRIS: I would like to bring in something incidentally in +relation to nomenclature in my paper. Perhaps we could have the question +discussed after I have brought up that point. + +PRESIDENT REED: There is a committee on promising seedlings C. +A. Reed, and J. F. Jones. I think that covers all the standing +committees. Wasn't there a committee on nominations for officers to be +elected, this morning? + +MR. BIXBY: That nominating committee has to be elected. + +PRESIDENT REED: How many members? + +MR. BIXBY: There were four or five last time, I think. + +PRESIDENT REED: (Reading by-laws calling for five members). + +MR. BIXBY: I move Mr. Olcott be on the committee. + +VOICE: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It has been moved and seconded that Mr. Olcott +be elected as a member of the nominating committee. All in favor say, +Aye. It is so ordered. Who else shall we have, for a second member? + +MR. LINTON: I move Mr. Bixby be a member of the committee. + +MR. BIXBY: There is a precedent that the secretary has never +been a member of the nominating committee. He has sometimes given them +information. I move Dr. Morris, Mr. Jones, and Mr. Linton be members of +the nominating committee, and Mr. McGlennon. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I second the motion. + +MR. OLCOTT: The committee as you suggested it is Dr. Morris, +Mr. J. F. Jones, Mr. Linton, Mr. McGlennon and myself? + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion. All in favor say +Aye. The committee stands elected as named. They report at tomorrow +morning's meeting. I think there is one matter it would be well to bring +up, and that is the membership committee. + +MR. OLCOTT: I was going to suggest that is an important matter, +and I think that committee should be filled out with those who are +present, inasmuch as the regular members are not here. It looks as +though a comparatively small membership would have to double up on +membership committee. + +PRESIDENT REED: Have you any suggestions as to whom you want on +that committee? + +MR. BIXBY: Those committees, with the exception of the +nominating committee, are appointed by the president. I think myself +that the new president appoints them. + +PRESIDENT REED: My idea was to appoint for this meeting and +help Mr. Olcott out. + +MR. OLCOTT: I suggest Mr. McGlennon and Mr. Jones as two of the +members. + +PRESIDENT REED: Let it stand as it is with the three and give +the chairman power to appoint two more later. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Can the secretary tell us how many members there +are? + +MR. BIXBY: One hundred sixty-four notices of this meeting were +sent out. There are 128 paid up members. + +MR. OLCOTT: On the matter of membership, I wonder if the +association could suggest some inducement for membership, or summarize +the inducements. As you know, the American Association of Nurserymen has +been desirous of more members, and they found it very advisable to +outline definitely the benefits of membership in that association. I am +wondering if that has been done recently and could not be emphasized in +some way to the advantage of larger membership. You have got to do +something more than say that there is in existence an association +devoted to these purposes and everybody is invited to come in. Maybe the +secretary has something on that line. + +MR. BIXBY: I have no suggestion. It is very evident that there +is a greatly increased interest in nut growing over what there was when +I first took up the office. That is very clearly brought out by the +amount of mail received. You may know that Capt. Deming, when in the +service, took the position of editing the nut department of the American +Fruit Grower. I saw him recently and it looks to me as if, as editor of +that department, he is answering about as many correspondents on nuts +and trying to boost the association in that way as he did when he was +secretary before. And that would appear to be in addition to the +communications that are coming to me now. + +MR. OLCOTT: There is interest. We get at the Journal office a +great quantity of inquiries but only a small per cent of them result in +memberships and subscriptions, and while this interest is so strong, +ought not this association to study that which is something of a +problem--perhaps something that ought to be taken up in view of the +interests and the benefits of the association shown. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think that is a good suggestion. I think they +need something along that line. Is there anything else we want to bring +up at this morning session? + +MR. MCGLENNON: Is this not a very good field to open up +operations along that line, right here at Battle Creek? A large number +of people who come here are people who eat nuts, and I believe that +condition would resolve itself into a material advance of membership. I +think we ought to get busy right here and see if we can not enlist the +membership of a great number of the patrons of this institution. + +MR. OLCOTT: That was the principal object of the membership +committee I suppose. My idea was to get the ideas of the individual +members, put them together and present a broadside of benefits in this +organization rather than have one man attempt to outline them. + +DR. MORRIS: There is an immense amount of interest. The +question is how to get it together and formulate it in such a way that +men will join. There is an enormous, large loose majority, and we must +have a small compact minority to swing it as the Senators do down at +Washington, you know. Prof. Murrill of the New York Botanical Garden +told me that wherever he went (he is interested in mushrooms, that is +his special subject) he had had no idea in the world there was so much +interest of the public in mushrooms; yet when it comes to getting +together members to form the base of an association to study the +subject, he finds very few members. It is simply because men haven't got +the habit, and we have got in some way to give direction to that in such +a way that it will be focused and concentrated on some one objective +point. How to do it, I don't know. + +MR. BIXBY: Dr. Kellogg suggested that at the meeting this +evening there will be the largest number of people, not members, that +there has been at any meeting; and he said he had had requests from +people that they wanted to hear Dr. Morris, and they wanted to hear +Prof. Cajori who used to be here, and he asked me to change those from +this afternoon to this evening in order to accomplish that, and I said +we would switch the program. That was for that very purpose. + +MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, it just occurred to me that in view +of the number of inquiries we get, and I am sure the secretary gets, and +I am also sure Dr. Deming gets from his articles, there is no doubt of +the interest, yet the joining of this Northern Association, and the +attendance of its single annual meeting, does not appeal to many. They +do not find it convenient to attend the convention; they do not see any +great amount of benefit in the membership. It occurs to me that if we +had a list of state vice-presidents and each of those could provide for +some local gathering of people interested in nut culture in the various +communities; rather, I would say that if our members, as fast as we can +increase our membership, wherever they are located, would form a nucleus +of a little circle in their neighborhood, and have them affiliated with +the Northern Association; it would accomplish this result. And afterward +it occurred to me that perhaps that could be done through state +vice-presidents. But what is really needed is to get them together in +meetings. They won't come yet. They will when you get a larger +membership, but they won't come to the annual meeting of this +association where I think they would go to a community affair and talk +over matters and refer difficult problems to the Northern Association of +which they were affiliated members. In some way, a wheel within a wheel +could work at it that way, and we could increase membership in that way. + +DR. MORRIS: It is a rule in psychology that you have got to +have personal interest first. If Mr. Olcott's idea of having a local +vice-president offer prizes, no matter how small, for nuts in the +vicinity, and would also state that any one finding some remarkable nut +would have that nut named after him to go down to all time, you would +have two points there in self-interest. First, a five dollar prize to +the best nut; next the name going rattling down through time in +association with it. There are two points of personal interest. We may +as well take it back to the basic principles and begin with the +psychology of the situation. + +MR. KETCHUM: Mr. President, in regard to these vice-presidents, +that point looks to me very good for this reason. I saw it work out in +the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. They had a vice-president in +each congressional district. I was vice-president in the third district +one year myself From them reports were sent from their district by +people who were interested. They were asked to fill out blanks about +conditions as they found them in their neighborhood and we got great +good from it. Then this vice-president was to make a general district +report from the reports sent him, and hand it in at the annual meeting. +It was quite a success. + +DR. MORRIS: There you have civic pride brought into your psychology. + +MR. KETCHUM: That was in the third district which included the +northeast part of the state. It was quite a large district +geographically, and I sent out something like seventy of these blank +reports, and while the interest was very slight, I think I got 23 field +reports in return, and out of those 23 were some nine or ten that were +of some considerable importance; but it was a great big help to me in +making out my report together with what I knew in my own location. The +percentage of reports that came back showed that there was great +interest taken by those persons. + +DR. MORRIS: You can arouse local pride in any locality. + +PRESIDENT REED: I have tried that in our own state in the last +two or three years, at county fairs and local district horticultural +meetings. Several times I have offered prizes out of my own pocket +individually; then I have gotten other parties to help in some cases, +and some exhibits even at county farmers' institutes, even very +creditable exhibits and they seemed to attract as much interest even as +the school exhibits. I know of one case at Martinsville two years ago +this winter where the nut exhibit was almost as large as the fruit +exhibit, and I think it attracted more attention; and I think there was +only something like ten dollars spent in order to get it out. I think +that work along that line, missionary work of that kind, is going to do +us more good than almost any other endeavor. + +MR. OLCOTT: I do not think that the industry is old enough or +strong enough yet, perhaps, to operate that state vice-president plan as +it would be perhaps later on, for this reason, that if you have a state +vice-president, you narrow the activity in that state to that immediate +locality. But it would probably be much better, instead of that, to +endeavor to get each member to form the nucleus of a local circle, and +so have ten or a dozen in a state, instead of one. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think that suggestion is better. + +MR. OLCOTT: That was my original idea, and the state +vice-president idea came in afterwards. + +MR. MCGLENNON: How many states are included in the northern association +territory? + +MR. BIXBY: There is no limit. + +DR. MORRIS: Northern is a relative term. + +PRESIDENT REED: I don't think there is any clearly defined line +where the Northern Association is. + +MR. OLCOTT: For the reason that men live in the North are +interested in lands in the South, and _vice versa_. + +PRESIDENT REED: There are twenty-three vice-presidents on the +list here, in the last published report. Is there anything else that +should come up at the morning session? Mr. Secretary, do you know of +anything else? + +MR. BIXBY: I would really like to see something definite on +this line of increasing the membership. I can think of several things +that will help; but to get something that is going to have action right +away is not so clear. Recently I have had a good many people come down +to my place to look at the small orchard I have there. I aim to have +varieties of every nut tree that is being propagated, and I think if I +keep at it a few years longer I will pretty nearly have them; and in +most cases, when people have come down that way, they have become +members afterwards. Two or three of them have. I am only twenty miles +from New York City, and it is not difficult, if I find someone +interested, to invite them down to look over the trees growing there, +and usually when they come they join afterwards. + +MR. OLCOTT: Pardon me for speaking again, but I am on the +membership committee and I am anxious to draw out anything that may be +of use. Why could not some plan be devised by the secretary or by this +committee and sent out tentatively in the way of suggestion and perhaps +some other suggestions will be made to add to it. Perhaps also in +addition to this local community plan that I suggested, there might be +formed, all of it within the Northern Association, a subsidiary +thereto--the walnut society--people particularly interested in the +walnut, but do not care for the hickory, pecan or any other nut. You +will find people particularly interested in the black walnut, some in +the Persian walnut, some in the filbert--form a filbert society as the +American Nut Journal has suggested, and let all the enthusiasts of the +filbert get together, and if they are scattered, let them keep together +by correspondence and increased activity in that way. The same for the +butternut. Get at it from that way. + +MR. KETCHUM: Another thing to further our society here today, +we can make those small organizations auxiliary thereto. + +DR. MORRIS: Any one who is interested in one nut becomes +interested in all eventually. + +MR. BIXBY: I received more inquiries regarding the Persian +walnut and the pecan than any other nuts--probably more regarding the +Persian walnut. Nearly everybody who writes wants to grow Persian +walnuts; and in the great majority of instances, I have to try to switch +them onto black walnuts with the suggestion that they plant a few +Persian walnuts because we have no experimental data of the Persian +walnut succeeding in their section. In some instances they will turn to +the black walnuts; in other instances I hear nothing further from them. +The Persian walnut is the most popular with people who have not tried to +grow any nuts. Mr. Jones perhaps can tell us how his inquiries run. +Don't they run very largely for Persian walnuts? + +MR. JONES: Yes, they do. I was thinking possibly you could make +a combination--take, for instance, the membership, the nut journal, and +some nut trees. The nurserymen could make considerable concession. + +DR. MORRIS: That combination is right well. + +MR. JONES: You could give a coupon good for so much on an order +for trees or something of that sort. + +MR. BIXBY: That suggestion was made and I referred it to the +executive committee. I have not had any reply. + +PRESIDENT REED: I didn't have time to answer the communication +and get it back to you before I came here; so I thought we would decide +on that here. If there is nothing further to come up this morning, a +motion to adjourn will be in order until the afternoon session. + +MR. BIXBY: I might repeat that at the request of Dr. Kellogg, +in order to get the papers which he had been particularly requested to +have given so that people could hear them, Dr. Morris and Prof. Cajori +who were scheduled this afternoon, will come this evening, and Mr. +Hoover's and Mr. Graves' papers, which were scheduled for this evening, +will have to come this afternoon. Neither of the writers are present, +but the papers are here. Mr. Graves expected to be here but I had a +telegram yesterday that he could not get away. I have the paper, though +and the photographs. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Has there been provision made for a paper on +filberts by Mr. Vollertsen? If not, I should like to have it. + +MR. BIXBY: Certainly, there can be. It ought to come in this +afternoon. I wrote Mr. Vollertsen asking if he could deliver it. + +MR. MCGLENNON: He has the paper prepared, and I want to hear +it. I have been closely associated with Mr. Vollertsen for some ten +years, and I know that his whole heart and soul are in the development +of the filbert; and I know what he has done and that he is a rare +character in the nut world today, that he possesses a fund of +information. I am sure you will find intensely interesting; and +furthermore I would suggest, and I believe I speak for him when I say I +hope you will feel free to ask him questions. As I said before, he has a +fund of information that I think we nut people ought to have, and the +general public as well. We have a very good exhibit of the nuts. Mr. +Vollertsen is the practical man in the enterprise we are interested in. +I look after the business end of it. We are equally interested in it and +feel that we have made some progress. + +DR. MORRIS: Put Mr. McGlennon on too. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I have said all I can say. + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: You have said too much. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is nothing else, we will stand +adjourned until 2:30 p. m. + + + * * * * * + + + TUESDAY AFTERNOON, DECEMBER 9, 1919, 2:30 P. M. + PRESIDENT W. C. REED, IN THE CHAIR + +PRESIDENT REED: The first paper is by Mr. Hoover, Matthew Henry +Hoover, of Lockport, N. Y., president of the New York State Conservation +Association. Mr. Hoover is not here, and the Secretary will read his +paper. + + + + +THE FARMS BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD + + BY MATTHEW HENRY HOOVER, LOCKPORT, N. Y. + FORMERLY NEW YORK CONSERVATION COMMISSIONER + PRESIDENT NEW YORK STATE CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION + +Horace Greeley is best known for his contribution to the abolition of +human slavery in the United States. Yet his service to mankind is not +fully appraised by the average American, because many of the younger +generation are unaware of his aid to agriculture. His maxim about +farmers' failing to till the most valuable part of their farms +underneath, opening the eyes of agriculturists to the efficacy of +sub-soil plowing, was the preamble to freeing American husbandry from +the slavery of antiquated and unscientific methods. + +Following the application of science to the cultivation of the soil, +came the students of Conservation. They were teaching the farmer the +relation of conservation of natural resources to agriculture, the +effects of forests on rainfall, moisture, erosion of soil, minimization +of floods that annually bury thousands of acres of arable lands in the +valleys, under rocky debris and so on. + +Greeley discovered the Farm Below. The Conservationists are saving the +Farm Above. + +Now, in these days of reclamation and reconstruction, it is high time to +pay more attention to the Farm by the Side of the Road. + +The Northern Nut Growers' Association is to be congratulated upon the +fact that it is blazing the trail through the forest of popular +ignorance on this vitally important conservation question; leading +public thought in the right direction; and providing both the seed and +the stock for practical efforts in behalf of the Farm by the Side of the +Road. I am going to claim a bond of brotherhood with you in this great +work, basing my claim not upon my small activities in nut cultivation, +but rather upon the fact that I was one of the conservation pioneers in +New York State in the advocacy of planting profitable trees--nut trees +and fruit trees--along the public highways. + +That eminent conservationist, Gifford Pinchot, addressing the National +Council of Farmers' Co-operative Associations in 1915, defined +"Conservation" as "the wise use of the earth for the benefit of the +people who live on it." That would be a perfect definition, if it did +not invite the query: Should it not be enjoined upon the people who live +upon the earth today, while enjoying its benefits, to keep faithful +stewardship of the interests of the inhabitants of tomorrow? + +About the time Mr. Pinchot enunciated this famous definition, the New +York State Conservation Department summed up the purposes of practical +Conservation as: "The correction of past indiscretion, the perfection of +present utilization, and the formation of future accumulation with +respect to natural resources." + +Conservation activities must repair errors of the past which have left +denuded forest lands and empty game covers and waters; they must afford +and direct the present use of the forests and the streams; they must +safeguard the future supply, if they would meet the requirements of a +conservation which shall raise the standards of life and lower the cost +of living. That is a conservation embracing both the aesthetic and the +economic, the only kind worth while. It is a conservation wherein the +arable areas and the so-called waste lands and waters have a very +intimate interrelation of interests. And, I submit, Gentlemen, that the +American people too long have failed to recognize and to account as in +the class of waste lands, "The Farms by the Side of the Road." + +The reclamation of waste lands is a compromise between the activities of +the Conservationists, who claim that in the more thickly inhabited +portions of the United States the cultivated or semi-cultivated areas +are out of sane and safe proportion to the wild forest sections, and the +advocates of intensive and extensive agriculture. It is not the purpose +of this article to take sides in that controversy, but rather to invite +attention of both sides to a safe and practical field for their +endeavors, namely, the reclamation of the "wasted lands" along the +roadsides, the farms along the highways. + +During the War Garden campaigns of the past two years, these heretofore +largely unused strips of tillable land, forming in the aggregate +thousands of along-the-road acres in every state, received considerable +attention from the thrifty plow and hoe. But in the main, the results +were not encouraging. The public will trespass, unintentionally or +otherwise, upon the land cropped along the highway. Then, if the farms +by the side of the road are to be conserved--used by present as well as +future generations--there remains but one practical recourse: productive +trees. + +The American people love beautiful trees, possibly the expression of a +reaction from the sentiment of the pioneers who regarded trees as their +enemies, handicaps to agriculture to be removed as thoroughly and +expeditiously as possible. But with virgin soil producing enormous +crops, they naturally centered their interest on ornamental trees +without reference to their fruits. Hence the horse-chestnut, buck-eye, +maple, locust, oak, poplar, along the highways and byways of America, +instead of the native nut trees and the Persian or English walnut. + +And, speaking of highways, this is the age of concrete. Taking the hint, +I am selecting one concrete example of which I have intimate and +personal knowledge, well aware that there are numerous others that I +might cite were my acquaintance with practical nut culture more +extensive than it is. The one that I know about of my own personal +knowledge is, a very good example of the plain common sense of +productive trees which combine the useful with the ornamental. + + +IT READS LIKE A FAIRY TALE + +In 1876 two Niagara County farmers, Norman Pomeroy and Matthew O'Connor, +neighbors, decided to go to the Centennial. They packed one carpet-bag +in common for their baggage and boarded the train for Philadelphia. +Although well to do farmers, their economic instincts warned them to +beware the profiteering hotel keepers. So they sought a humble boarding +house in the suburbs of the city. Returning one evening from +sight-seeing at the exposition, the travelers were so weary that they +retired immediately after supper. During the night Pomeroy was awakened +by a tapping on the window. Assuring himself that the wallet under his +pillow was still there, he investigated the cause of the disturbance of +his slumbers. The noise had ceased and he decided that the overstrain of +the day had worked an hallucination. Pomeroy dropped off to sleep, but +presently was aroused by sounds which were unmistakably caused by a +gentle tapping on the window pane. Exasperated, the man arose, picked up +a boot, slipped to the window and raised it gently ready to give the +joker or would-be burglar a rousing whack on the head if within reach. +He stuck his head out of the window for a better view of the exterior +world, and his curiosity was rewarded with a stinging blow on the cheek. +The pain aroused all the Pomeroy French Huguenot fighting blood in his +veins. Viciously he swung the boot at the unseen foe, only to hear it +crash through tree branches. Laughing softly, in his enlightenment, he +reached out into the night, grasped a branch, broke it off and turned on +the gas and lit it. On the twig were two curious nuts. + +Pomeroy was a lover of nature, as I learned by many an interesting talk +with him. He found time in his regular farming pursuits to study native +trees and shrubs, and had forbidden his hired men to cut down any of the +native nut trees on his 500 acre farm. But the nuts on the branch +retrieved from darkness were specimens new to him and he could hardly +wait for daylight to come to enable him to get acquainted with the tree +which had invited his attention so rudely. Next morning Pomeroy learned +that his new found arboreal friend was a Persian walnut. It was loaded +and the wind storm of the night had covered the ground with shucked and +unshucked nuts. By permission of the landlord, he gathered a peck of the +Persian walnuts, wrapped O'Connor's and his own belongings in a +newspaper and filled the carpet-bag with the nut treasures. Arriving +home, the tourists stopped first at O'Connor's house. There they had to +relate the experience of their great trip to an assemblage of the two +families. The recounting of the Centennial wonders took until midnight. +When Pomeroy picked up his carpet-bag to go home, it was empty! The +children had made a discrete retirement after having consumed the entire +peck of English walnuts, as the shells in the kitchen disclosed. +Luckily for the youngsters, they were safe in bed and asleep. + +The next day, according to the elder Pomeroy, little Albert who had not +been at the O'Connor home the night before, heard the dolorous tale of +the wonderful tree in Philadelphia, the gift of nuts and their weird +disappearance. To confirm the sad story he picked up the carpet-bag, +turned it inside out. Within a torn lining, he triumphantly extracted +ten nuts. Child-like, he proceeded to sample them and had eaten three +when his father rescued the remainder. Seven Philadelphia walnuts were +planted in the yard, and, in due time there were seven slender, +silver-grayish seedling trees. These were carefully staked, guarded and +cultivated by Norman Pomeroy. Despite the caviling of the neighbors, who +declared that a Persian walnut tree would not thrive and bear so far +north, twelve years after planting the "lucky seven" reproduced their +kind--from a dozen to two dozen large, handsome Persian or English +walnuts. Today the seven Centennial trees are about two feet in diameter +and about 60 feet high. And as to the value of the crop, one tree alone +produced nuts which sold four years ago for $142.50. + +Now as to the application of this romance in real life. I must return to +the more prosaic generalizations of conservation and its relation to the +products of cultivation with which this article began. + +In 1913 Governor Martin H. Glynn invited me to outline for him a program +of "Practical and Progressive Conservation", applicable to the needs of +New York State. In the effort to meet the request, I drew a little from +my personal experience and observations as a sportsman, a farmer and a +newspaper man, and a great deal from what I had learned from others +among the organized sportsmen, agricultural societies, hydro-electric +engineers, forest products men, foresters, and nature lovers in general. +We then set forth the following as necessary to the realization of the +purposes of a Conservation which should meet all conditions imposed by +the past, the present and the future, as hereinbefore stated: + + +"PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION" + +1. Protect the birds and save the crops. + +2. Develop the unutilized water powers, now going to waste with +destructive effects in freshet periods to arable lands and thickly +populated communities, through public ownership and distribution; +thereby use "The People's White Coal," save coal and cussin' the +ash-sifter, giving the public cheaper light and power for the homes, the +farms, the factories, and public highways. + +3. Amend the constitution to permit the use of dead and down timber in +the state forest preserves, worth at least $10,000,000 annually. + +4. Provide free forest trees furnished by the state for all who will +plant them. (Note--The present N. Y. Conservation Commission in a +special report to be made to the Legislature of 1920 has at last adopted +that progressive policy). + +5. Plant productive trees along the highways--nut and fruit trees. + +6. Restock waters and covers more extensively and intelligently. + +7. Stop pollution of private and public waters. + +8. Harmonize the interrelated interests of farmers and sportsmen. + +9. Establish game and bird refuges in every county in the state. + +10. Sane and practical game laws, eliminating prosecutions on petty +technicalities, educate the public to co-operate in fish and game +protection, enact legislation to encourage rather than handicap the +propagation of fish and game by private enterprise. + +It will be noted that plank 5 in our progressive conservation platform +is urging the planting of producing trees along the highways. By that we +meant not only the native nut trees, all of which are beautiful and +ornamental, but also fruit trees, according to the wishes of the +abutting owners. + +In the State of New York, taking into account only improved roads coming +under the head of State or County Improved Highways, disregarding the +mileage of the rural roads several times as large, there are about 8,000 +miles of "Good Roads". There are many stretches of the highways which +nature has generously adorned with trees. Some portions of the roads +have witnessed the spoliation of the contractor's indiscriminating ax, +but in the main the workmen were as careful as possible to retain +natural shade trees along the routes. A few miles comparatively, were +planted by state agencies. Farmers, especially in the Lake Ontario Fruit +Belt of New York State, have worked wonders in ornamentation and economy +by planting cherry, apple, plum and other beautiful and productive trees +on the strip of land, "The Farms by the Side of the Road." + +At a very small additional expense, the State could have planted every +rod of improved highway with productive trees, putting that +forethoughtful specification into the contracts. + +Get out your pencil for a moment. Suppose the state had English walnuts +on the 8,000 miles, placing the trees 40 feet apart. We should have +growing then over one million productive trees and some of them would be +old enough to be bearing today. Within ten years from now, their +product would be worth at a conservative estimate $25 per tree, +representing a sum sufficient to carry one-third of the State's entire +cost of government. + +The war just won for the cause of World Democracy has opened the eyes of +the American people to many things they had not before apprehended or +realized. One is the value of productive land space. Another is the +importance of our forests, and especially the value of the native +nut-bearing trees. It was discovered, when Uncle Sam scurried around to +procure a supply of black walnut for gun stocks, that the German agents +had been ahead of him. Although thickly settled, Germany finds it +profitable to employ one-fourth of its entire area in growing forest +trees. Yet it seems the Kaiser's forests were short on this valuable +timber, so they picked up all the procurable black walnut in the United +States. + +This set the New York State Conservation Commissioner thinking and last +year he advised farmers to propagate and cultivate the black walnut--a +little late for the emergency; but better late than never, especially in +this case. + +On my little farm near Lockport, N. Y., there is a large black walnut +tree, perhaps 90 to 100 years old. It bears a nut of unusual size, of +excellent taste and good keeping qualities. This tree has produced as +high as ten bushels of shucked nuts in a season. Twenty-two years ago, +when the importance of growing native nut trees had impressed but few +people, I did have the good sense to plant several dozen nuts from the +"Niagara King Walnut." I must confess I gave the trees little attention, +and a farm hand zealously cut down all but one of the black walnuts, +mistaking them for sumac. The survivor last year bore about three +bushels of nuts. Most interesting of all is the result of observations +as to the product, and its bearing on the question of whether or not nut +trees will reproduce "true to variety." The walnuts from the young tree +differ in shape, being almost round, while the fruit of the parent tree +is almost chestnut in form. But the flavor, thickness of shell and the +keeping qualities seem identical. + +Six years ago I started a small black walnut and butternut tree nursery +for home use and from it have set out about four hundred trees along the +ditches and fences on the farm. The early plantings have attained a +height of from 12 to 15 feet. If every farmer would do likewise, he +would make a considerable addition to the country's food supply, to say +nothing of the value of the timber for coming generations when the +frees approach maturity. It has afforded me pleasure to send nut trees +to friends in various counties of the state and we shall watch with +interest, the reports on their growth and development under the many +variations of soil and climate. The butternut in many parts of the +country is rapidly disappearing. To save this beautiful tree with its +delicately flavored nuts, it will undoubtedly be necessary to take it +into extensive cultivation. + +Although apart from the subject perhaps, it may be interesting to refer +to the application of forestry to a woodlot containing native nut trees. +Like many farmers who regard every tree as just a tree, useful for +timber or fire wood, I found several years ago that indiscriminate +cutting on my woodlot was destroying walnuts, along with the commoner +species of the stand. My first step was to halt the cutting of all black +walnuts, hickories, butternuts, oaks and beeches on the seven-acre +woodlot. I took an inventory of these trees and found there were 160 +shagbark hickories from 10 to 25 years old, five butternuts about 20 +years old, and four black walnuts about 25 years old. These, of course, +were not "tolerant trees" like the evergreens, and most of them were +rapidly deteriorating from being overcrowded by more rapidly growing and +less desirable neighbors. All _of_ them had been retarded in growth by +the crowded condition of the stand. Inaugurating a process of judicious +thinning with a view to giving the nut trees the advantage, the result +in a single season was surprising. Under the beneficent influence of +ample sun, air and root sustenance, the butternuts and black walnuts +bore fine crops for the first time, in the season following the winter +thinning process. The young hickories contented themselves with making +their first annual growth in years. And, Oh joy of realized hopes, in +this the third season since letting the sun into the native nut grove, +nearly all of the older shagbark hickories bore their first crops! And +now I have a nut plantation, that might have been ere this, burned up as +fire-wood, at no expense whatever, since the thinning out process +produced a very welcome supply of fire wood in these days of high-priced +coal. + +In a recent bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, +"Value to Farm Families of Food, Fuel and use of House," there are some +illuminating statistics on "The Farmer's Income" and "The Farmer's +Living." It is stated that "the total average of the three items of +food, fuel and use of the house for the 950 families (selected from all +parts of the United States) is $642, and 66% of $424 of this is +furnished by the farm." The Seven Pomeroy Centennial. Trees in one year +produced a food product worth and actually sold for about $800 in one +year! The average annual production of those seven trees has been over +$600 for the last ten years. And what about the labor involved in +raising and harvesting the English walnut crop in question? Picking the +nuts from the ground, children gladly doing it and earning five cents +per basket. + +Horace Greeley's undiscovered farm under the first twelve inches was a +gold mine when turned up finally; Mr. Pinchot's farm on top rescued from +flood and other devastations is worth more money than before. But how +about the strip of land along the roadside, an aggregate waste of at +least one per cent of the acreages of eastern farms? Well worth +reclaiming, and no expensive ditching, irrigation and lumbering involved +in the process either. In addition, credit must be given also to this +enterprise for the value of ornamentation of the highways and their +protection from the elements all seasons of the year. + +And strange to relate, in the long list of items under the head of +"Classes of Food," given in the Federal Bulletin referred to, no mention +is made of nut foods, either native or imported nut trees. Fruits, +vegetables, meats, store groceries, everything is there but nuts. + +"Nutty," do we hear someone suggest? Probably not in this audience of +enlightened nut growers, but speaking to the general public we shall +say, "Well, mebbe," like Uncle Lige of Niagara. Two bad years on the +farm, four acres of tomatoes that didn't pay for the plants, nothing but +soft corn and no potatoes compelled Uncle and Aunt Tompkins to open an +account at the corner grocery. The first month the bill came in, Aunt +Sally was all in a flutter when she audited the items: Sugar, 60; +coffee, 40; oatmeal, 50; sugar, 75; ditto, 80. "Lige, you go right back +to the store and tell that cunnin' clerk that he's charged us fer what +we never got. We ain't had no 'ditto' in this house." Lige went to the +store and returned, apparently a sadder but a wiser man. "Well, Lige," +inquired the thrifty spouse, "Did you find out 'bout that 'ditto' we +didn't get? What did you find?" Lige picked up his pipe, remarking, +"Well Sally, I found I was a durned fool, and you _ditto_." + +We are all waking up to the fact that we did not become "nutty" soon +enough. We have found that our public agencies of conservation have been +"durn fools" and farmers and other land owners "ditto", for not having +inaugurated the systematic planting of productive trees along the +highways and farm hedgerows and ditches, many years ago. + +Norman Pomeroy used to say with becoming modesty that he took no credit +for planting the trees that have made such a substantial income for his +family, because "I had to be slapped in the face in the dark before I +became wise, and then the natural improvidence of mankind came near +spoiling Nature's tip when the children gratified their little stomachs +in preference to planting for the future. Men are but children of an +older growth, a wise man said. That is a true but sad doctrine. We all +live too much in the present and for the present, forgetting that the +future will soon be the present, if not for ourselves, for our children +and our children's children. It takes time to realize on trees, for the +stomach or the pocketbook. It requires sacrifice to get anything worth +while and, waiting is the hardest kind of sacrifice, especially for +people of small means. But it pays in the end." + +The Northern Nut Growers' Association, is doing valuable work not only +in the study and planting of nut trees, but in its propaganda. But I +have discovered that the results of practical work and the worth of +propaganda, are hard to bring home to public agencies, like Governors +and Legislatures. The construction and maintenance _of_ public highways +are a state function. But that duty must be incomplete in our opinion +until the state finishes its job by planting productive trees along the +highways and public roads. How shall we bring this about? Adopt +resolutions? Very good. + +But did the Anti-Saloon League, for example, content itself with +resolutions when it wanted real results in the halls of legislation? Not +much. Our prohibition friends were very practical. They employed trained +agents to present their cause everywhere and in every way calculated to +do the most good. + +Let me repeat to you tree planters the late Norman Pomeroy's favorite +lines, as I recall them: + + "_The dead are eternized in stone,_ + _The living, by living shafts are known._ + _Plant thou a tree and each recurring spring_ + _The stirring leaves thy lasting praise shall sing._" + +PRESIDENT REED: Prof. Chittenden, of Michigan Agricultural +College will address you on "Native Nut Tree Plantations for Michigan." + + + + +NATIVE NUT TREE PLANTATIONS IN MICHIGAN + + +PROFESSOR A. K. CHITTENDEN, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EAST +LANSING, MICHIGAN + +I am very glad of this opportunity to tell you what the Michigan +Agricultural College is doing, and what it thinks, about nut tree +plantations in this State. I want to say first, that there is a very +general interest in nut trees among the farmers and land owners of the +State. A considerable number of the letters that the Forestry Department +of the College receives from farmers are about nut culture. They seem to +be particularly interested in pecans, English walnuts, and chestnuts. A +few years ago the State was flooded with literature urging people to +plant these trees and we are still feeling the aftermath of this +campaign. Much of this state is too far north for the successful growth +of these particular trees and we therefore have advised waiting before +investing heavily in young trees, until experiments have shown where +they would succeed and what kinds it would be safe to plant. At the same +time, we suggested the planting of one or two trees of certain varieties +as an experiment. We have for the most part recommended only our native +nut trees for planting on a large scale. + +We have tried many varieties of nut trees, grafted on hardy stock, at +the College, and only a few of them are alive today. All of the pecan +trees have been lost and nearly all of the English walnuts. About two +years ago, we got some of Burbank's Royal walnuts from California. All +of these trees except one, were killed back of the graft the first +winter. One of them, however, is doing well although growing very +slowly. It will doubtless succeed now, as it has pulled through two +winters, one an exceptionally cold one. + +About three years ago, we bought some Sober Paragon chestnuts from an +eastern nursery which had been advertising them widely in this State. +They were all infected with the Chestnut Blight disease. Now this +disease has at the present time not appeared in Michigan, except on +imported nursery stock. We have a considerable number of chestnut +plantations in the State, and if the disease can be kept out, there is +no reason why chestnuts cannot be raised more profitably. But our +experience has shown that the trees must be raised in this State and not +brought in from outside. We have some very nice chestnut trees in our +nursery at the College which are now thirteen years old and which have +been bearing nuts for four years. This fall we are planting them all +along the drives so as to open up the crowns and induce a greater +production of nuts. + +We also have some Japanese walnuts that are doing well indeed. One of +these trees on the campus is 35 years old and produces a large quantity +of nuts. + +There are a number of English walnuts at various places along Lake +Michigan in the fruit belt. Individual trees will often succeed, but the +chances for success are not great enough to warrant a man putting very +much money into a plantation. There are two Sober Paragon chestnuts near +Niles which are now 12 years old and are growing and bearing well. At +the College farm, near Grand Rapids, there are some pecan trees, but +their history shows that they have been repeatedly frosted back. + +I could mention a great many cases of success with individual imported +trees, but I do not know of any extensive plantations that have so far +succeeded. + +There is, however, a different story to tell of our native nut trees of +which there are many successful plantations. Our native edible nuts are +black walnut, hickories and chestnut. They will grow anywhere in the +southern part of the State and along Lake Michigan. Using these trees as +a basis, I believe we can develop, if it has not already been done, a +tree that will bear an improved quality of nuts and that will be +perfectly hardy. + +The black walnut is the tree that did perhaps more than any other tree +to help win the war, and, while timber raising and nut culture do not +perhaps go hand in hand, probably more black walnuts are being planted +as individual trees than any other tree in the State. The black walnut +was an invaluable tree for gun stocks and airplane propellers. The War +Department scoured the country to find trees for these purposes and +every black walnut that is now planted, may be of service to the country +in the future. The College raises thousands of black walnuts and +Japanese walnuts each year, and the demand for them is very great. When +we have in planting, a choice between two trees, one choice being a tree +suitable for shade only and the other a nut producing tree, I would say +plant the nut tree. Our trees will have a double appeal if they furnish +not only shade, but edible nuts as well. At the last session of the +State Legislature, an act was passed providing for the planting of nut +and shade trees along our highways. As a result of this act, we hope +sometime to see the highways in the southern part of the State lined +with walnut and other nut bearing trees. A tree that will serve a +double purpose should be planted wherever possible. + +Tree planting is a thing in which we are all interested. Those of you +who have been abroad remember the long rows of trees, often fruit trees, +that lined the roads. In this country we cannot plant fruit trees along +our roads as there is nobody to care for them and disease would quickly +start and spread to our orchards. But nut trees can be safely planted. + +We have, on certain soils in the southern part of the State, recommended +planting black walnuts for fence posts. The heart wood is very durable +and the tree grows quite rapidly under favorable conditions. Then, +perhaps when the trees are large enough for posts, the owner will decide +to keep them for the nuts and for timber production. + +During the past summer the College made a study of native nut tree +plantations in the State with a view to determining the profitableness +of such plantations. + +Among the older plantations studied was one in Berrien County. It was +planted 45 years ago and covers four acres. The soil is clay and loam +with a clay sub-soil. Three year old seedlings were used with an average +spacing of about 28 by 32 feet. The grove was cultivated for about 8 +years after planting. The trees are now in fairly good condition but +many are affected with heart-rot. They are quite spreading and bushy in +form and are not suitable for lumber. There is now about 30 cords of +wood per acre. The average diameter is 20 inches with an average height +of 60 feet. The ground is sodded over and the grove is used for grazing +sheep. The owner says that about half the trees bear and that the June +bugs are the principal source of trouble, eating the blossoms. The yield +in nuts varies from practically nothing to 25 or 30 bushels for the +entire plantation. About six years ago, the owner reports a crop of 36 +bushels, and two years ago a crop of 27 bushels. From these figures I +should say the plantation is a success. + +A chestnut plantation in Van Buren County was set 37 years ago and +covers one acre of sandy soil. The plantation was cultivated for about +ten years and corn was grown between the trees. The average tree is 14 +inches in diameter and 65 feet tall. The returns have been small because +the trees were planted too close together, but some years the plantation +has yielded 15 bushels of nuts. There are 67 trees on the acre, which is +too many for good nut production. The grove will produce about 20 cords +of wood or about 550 split fence posts per acre. + +One of the oldest plantations in the State is 56 years old and covers +1-1/2 acres in Montcalm County. It consists of black walnuts and +chestnuts mixed together. The average black walnut is 14 inches in +diameter and 67 feet tall. The average chestnut is 20 inches in diameter +and 60 feet tall. The spacing is about 40 by 30 feet and the soil is a +gravelly sand. The yield in nuts has been quite small, six to eight +bushels a year. + +There are a number of such mixed plantations in the State and it would +seem that the two trees do not do very well together. In this case, I +should say that the soil is not well suited for either tree. + +There is a plantation of Japanese walnuts in Oakland County. It is five +years old and on sandy soil. About 500 trees were planted at the cost of +60 cents per tree. The stock came from Pennsylvania and was budded to +English walnut. The scions died back, however, and the plantation stock +came along so it is now a Japanese walnut grove. The average tree is +about 2 inches in diameter and 10 feet tall. The trees are very healthy +and vigorous and are beginning to bear a few nuts. + +A chestnut plantation in Van Buren County is 12 years old. Two foot +transplants were used and the trees were planted at the rate of 100 to +the acre. They were cultivated for two years. The average tree is 4 +inches in diameter and 20 feet high. The trees are healthy and in good +condition. The grove is yielding from one to two bushels of nuts a year +and should be thinned so as to open it up and encourage nut production. + +A black walnut plantation in Ingham County, planted about 20 years ago +for timber purposes and underplanted with white cedar to force the trees +to grow straight and tall, is in excellent condition. The average tree +is 5 inches in diameter and 34 feet tall. The plantation has not yet +borne nuts but if it were opened up, would doubtless produce a large +number in a few years. + +I could give more instances of nut tree plantations in the State, but I +think I have mentioned enough to show that our native nut trees can be +profitably raised. During the last few years, a great many black walnut +plantations have been established but most of them are yet too young to +be in a bearing condition. If it were not for the difficulty of getting +healthy chestnut stock, I believe Michigan would be a large producer of +these nuts. + +A study has been made of the volume of the wood that could be obtained +from these chestnut plantations. Owing to the open nature of the +groves, the trees are mostly not suitable for lumber and the yield of +cordwood and posts is less than in a forest plantation where the trees +are closer together and force each other to grow straight and tall. It +was found, however, that a chestnut grove planted for nuts, would yield +on the average 13 standard cords of wood per acre at 20 years of age, 20 +cords at 30 years, and 25 cords at 40 years of age. Placing the value of +this wood at present prices of $7 per cord, would give a value of $91 +per acre at 20 years and $140 per acre at 30 years for the wood alone. + +Probably most of the chestnut plantations have been planted for the nut +and the black walnuts for timber with the nuts as a side issue. + +Black walnuts should be planted on fairly fertile, moist soil. We do not +recommend planting the nuts as squirrels are liable to dig them out. It +is better to use small trees. + +The cost of establishing black walnut plantations is quite small. Native +trees can be bought for $15 per thousand one year old seedlings. We +prefer to plant these small trees as the black walnut develops a strong +tap root early in life, making it difficult to transplant large trees. + +Only a comparatively small number of hickories have been planted in this +state. This is a tree that, while it grows slowly, is very valuable for +its wood and it is becoming very scarce. It should be planted more +extensively. It may well be planted in openings in the woodlot. Every +farmer knows the value of hickory and the trees can be utilized when +quite small. + +It is needless to say anything about the value of black walnut wood. +High prices have been paid for standing trees and for saw logs. Many +individual trees have sold for $500 apiece and even more. Prices as high +as $120 per M board feet have been paid for standing timber. + +At the present rate of cutting, it is only a question of a few years +before all of the merchantable black walnut will have been removed, and, +unless trees are planted, the black walnut will be a thing of the past. +It cannot be depended upon to reproduce itself in our forests as do the +maples, the ash, and many other trees with nonedible seed. For every +black walnut tree in our woods and along the roads, there are +innumerable small boys and squirrels who are after the nuts and the seed +have little chance of germinating even if they do get into the soil. If +there are to be black walnuts in our future forests, the trees must be +planted or the nuts planted and properly safeguarded. From a forestry +viewpoint, the black walnut is a good tree to plant. It has a high +value and the demand for the wood is very great. And, for planting, +trees should be chosen that will give a good quality nut as far as +possible. + +For ornamental planting, too, nut trees may often be chosen to +advantage. For the farm yard they are often the best choice. Hickories +or black walnut are long lived trees and the hickory is very ornamental. +A great many trees have been planted by the school children of the +State; and right here is a good field for planting, around our school +houses. The average country school ground is a forlorn place, usually +barren of both grass and shade. While we perhaps cannot have a lawn, we +can certainly have shade trees, and the children will take care of them +and watch their development with interest, particularly if they have a +part in planting them. A few years ago the College distributed about +6000 trees to the schools of the state for Arbor Day and many of these +trees were black walnuts. During the last few years, the Collage has not +raised enough of these trees to meet the demand. + +As memorial trees, also, nut trees are being quite extensively planted. +A great many black walnuts have been planted in the honor of our +soldiers who gave their lives in the war and it is a very suitable tree +to plant for this purpose. + +Now that our forests are becoming more scarce, we are beginning to +appreciate more fully the value of their products. Nuts, extracts, maple +syrup and many minor products are obtained from our native trees. If man +could be surrounded with the right assortment of trees, he would need +little else. He would have food in the nuts and fruit; fire wood and +building material in the stems, as well as paper and clothing from the +wood pulp. He would have sugar from the sap, medicine from the bark, and +he would have wood distillates, turpentine and resin. He could live long +and well on the products of our forests. + +Our forests are, however, disappearing. Our native nut trees are being +cut off. Our sugar maple orchards are being put into farm land, and +forest products are increasing rapidly in price. We have got to keep a +certain part of the country in forests in order to have the country +prosperous, and to do this we must either plant trees or so manage the +existing forests that they will renew themselves naturally. In planting +trees, we should not overlook the by-products of the trees, nuts and +syrup and bark. These products are often the main crop in themselves +and in any case, they will increase the receipts and make our forestry +work more profitable. + +There are many acres in southern Michigan and along the Lake, that will +give larger returns from nut tree plantations than from any other +source. We want first to be sure that the trees are hardy to the +locality before we recommend them. I believe there is a very big future +for such plantations. The history of southern plantations has been one +of remarkable success. + +We must be particularly careful in advising the establishment of nut +tree plantations. We ought to be particularly careful in not encouraging +people to buy trees that we are not sure will succeed. For every +plantation that fails means a loss of money and an obstacle to future +progress. But every tree that succeeds means an advertisement for years +to come. + +I do not see any reason why southern Michigan cannot raise many improved +varieties of black walnut and perhaps some other nut trees as well. Our +study of native nut tree plantations this summer, shows that with proper +care they may be very profitable and we hope to see a great extension of +such plantations in this State. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: I would like to say that the College has been +very favorably impressed with the work that this Association has been +doing and the care that is used in recommending nut trees. It is a thing +the people need a lot of advice about. I thank you. (Applause). + +MR. J. F. JONES: I would like to ask if the pecans that were +tender were northern or southern pecans. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: We got them from a nursery in New York State +and I could not say as to the source of the stock beyond that. + +MR. JONES: Naturally the southern source is the cheapest tree. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: We got the trees from a nursery that had been +advertising them very extensively in Michigan. It was about five years +ago, at a time when this State had been flooded with literature from +this nursery and other nurseries about particularly pecans and +chestnuts. We were doubtful about the trees they were recommending, and +we got a considerable number and planted them out, but we took pretty +good care of them; but they all died in winter. + +DR. MORRIS: It is a pity that people who do the most +advertising have to. Certain firms are not allowed to advertise in nut +journals at all. I think the public ought to be made aware of that fact. +It is a pity too, because the ones who spend the largest amount of money +in advertising are the ones of whom we ask the most questions. + +In regard to Prof. Chittenden's paper, it is a very important matter to +impress upon children and others who are setting out trees the idea that +a tree is not able to care for itself as a rule. It is quite the +exception for a tree set out by itself to thrive and enter into +competition with other trees and bushes and shade, in the early years, +and insects later. I suppose the number of ordinary trees including +maples that make their way to a successful old age would not represent +one in many hundred thousands that make a start in the sprouting seed. +That fact ought to be impressed on every school child who is setting out +a tree--he really should adopt that tree and make that its own child. +And if you can inculcate the maternal and the paternal instinct along +with the setting out of from one to six children of these other +children, you will then get trees on your roadsides and your waste +lands, and without a great amount of difficulty. But you have got to go +back to first principles there and realize that very few trees are able +to succeed after they have been set out unless they receive a great deal +of care subsequently. Those of us who give a great deal of attention to +trees, who pretend to care for our trees, will lose a percentage so +large that I would hardly dare state what it probably is. Among the +hundreds and thousands of trees I have set out, all from reputable +nurserymen or raised by myself; I doubt if 25% are alive today, and I +have pretty good success too. This is not to discourage anyone; it is to +encourage people, and they are to be encouraged by knowing the facts; +and when all the final facts are known about the values of trees that +are given proper attention, then people will be willing to give them +that degree of attention. Not until then are we to have success in +filling our waste lands with nut trees. + +Prof. Chittenden brought up one point of a great deal of consequence. In +any locality plant the species which belong to that locality. The +species which, by natural selection and adaptation have fitted +themselves to the environment are, as a rule, the trees which will do +best in that locality. That is a principle I think which ought to be +thoroughly well fixed in mind. One may experiment with any number of +trees from a distance, but the trees which naturally have adapted +themselves to a locality, the species which have done that are the +species upon which we can expend our efforts to the best advantage. + +In the matter of chestnut blight, we assume that the chestnut blight +will act like measles blight, scarlet fever blight, or any other +epidemic. In other words, it is due to a microbe, it is due to a +peculiar microbic group, a peculiar family group which happened to +start out in northern China on its invasion and got to this country +where it found trees which were not resistant. The American and European +trees are not resistant. Wherever it has gone from northern China, from +the place where blight, the tree host and enemy grew up side by side, +and represented the survival of the fittest; wherever it has gone away +from the place where we have the survival of the fittest, at any rate as +a result of struggle, there it has found susceptible individuals that it +has destroyed. When a blight of any sort sets out, chestnut blight, +measles, scarlet fever--any blight you please, you are talking natural +history, you are taking biology, about an animal or a plant, about a +microbe, a living thing. All of these living things run out of their +vital energy in time. Each microbe runs out of its energy just as a +breed of horses or of strawberries runs out of its energy. All +varieties, varietal types, run out of their natural energy, so that it +is simply a question of length of time before this family microbe or +family group of this microbe will lose its energy. We do not know how +many years that will be. It may be a great many years, and by that time, +our chestnuts may practically have disappeared. We can find here and +there a tree which resists better than others do, and we may find some +with enough resistance to be worthy of propagation as of that resistant +kind. We know that several species resist the blight very well. I found +four species that resist the blight very well among six kinds I have +tried out on my place. But some chestnuts bear so early and heavily that +we may afford to set them out, even in the presence of blight, trimming +them back and looking after them carefully: For instance, a number of +Sober Paragon chestnuts that I planted all died but one that is near the +house. It bears so heavily that it is well worth while, and it simply +means that one must give a great deal of attention to it. Some people +can afford even to set out the Paragon because of its high bearing +power. I have a number of hybrids which resist the blight very well. The +cross between the American chestnut and the Japanese, or between the +common American chestnut and the chinquapins showed the resistance very +largely of the resistant parent. But curiously enough, the ones which +look most like the American chestnut also carry that parent's weakness +in regard to blight, so that all of my hybrids between the American +chestnut and the resistant kinds which look like the American chestnut +and act like it also catch the same microbe for the most part. But one +of the hybrids does not. No. 2 which I have given Mr. Jones, is very +much like the American chestnut. It grows vigorously, acts like it, and +looks like it, and it has not blighted up to the ninth year of age, +beginning to bear about the fourth year. Most of those that are like the +chinquapin or like the Chinese chestnut resist blight very well. + +About Japanese walnuts. If Prof. Chittenden has a large number of +Japanese walnuts about the state, he may very well select one or two of +the very best and advise the owners to top work the others with the one +or two which happen to be particularly good. Most of the Japanese +walnuts are small. Most of them are Siebold type instead of the heart +nut variety, but a few very large ones will be found here and there and +of high quality, and they graft almost as easily as peaches. + +In regard to Persian walnuts. If there are a few trees here and there +about the state, we need not fear the question of introducing others +because it is too far north. If you simply have one tree that is a good +one, that is enough, because you can graft over all sorts of black +walnuts, Japanese walnut and Persian walnut stocks with the one or two +trees which are known to be good in Michigan. One good tree in the state +which is bearing good nuts of desirable qualities is enough. Graft all +of your other walnuts back from it. And in setting out the native black +walnuts, chestnuts and the hickories of different species, it is +important always to distinguish in regard to intention--whether they are +to be for forest purposes or for nut purposes. That is not always clear +in the minds of a number of people whom I have seen setting out groves +of these trees. They talk about getting timber and nuts. You can not get +both profitably. I think people ought to be impressed with the fact that +if they are setting out apple trees for timber they would set them five +or six feet apart. If they are setting them out for apples, they would +set them sixty feet apart. Precisely the same thing is true of nut +trees. (Applause). + +MR. JONES: I would like to ask Dr. Morris how he protects +grafts the first year. Grafts growing the first year are very tender, +put in late, and they will often winter kill in the tree that is +perfectly hardy otherwise. + +DR. MORRIS: Mr. Jones is quite right about that, and that is a +matter requiring more experience than I have at the present time. What I +have done in the way of protection fairly well is this: For instance, if +I graft Persian walnut on black walnut and it makes a late start and +then in September has a very sappy growth, or in October has a sappy +growth of three or four or five feet (they grow tremendously fast, like +weeds) if the bark at the base of the graft is brown or has two or +three buds that are brown or partially ripened, I cut off four or five +of the first leaves and let them harden. Then in the fall I cut off all +but those four or five buds and put wax over the end. That is the way I +avoid the winter killing of the sappy growth. As soon as the part +nearest the grafted place begins to turn brown, looks like hardening up +and two or three buds are pretty hard, I cut off four or five of those +leaves right there and let the buds ripen, and those buds will ripen +very well. I will sacrifice five or six buds for the sake of saving +three or four buds. The next year they grow all right. That is not a +nice way, but when you see you are going to lose a thing on account of +sappiness, that will sometimes work. + +MR. JONES: I generally wrap the base of the limb in burlap. + +DR. MORRIS: If the sappy tip dies, it poisons the rest. There +are poisonous enzymes that poison the rest of it. + +MR. BIXBY: I was going to ask Prof. Chittenden if he could give +any experience with the named varieties of black walnuts. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: I don't think I could distinguish between the +varieties of black walnut that have been planted in this state. That is +not a thing that I feel able to discuss. I know that a number of +different varieties of black walnut have been planted. At the College we +have done a good deal of grafting on the black walnuts, and we have not +had very good success. + +MR. BIXBY: I had in mind improved varieties of black walnut +grafted on the black walnut stock. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: I don't think we have had any experience of +that. We always get a good deal of wood from Pennsylvania in the spring +and do the grafting in class. We can not expect a very high grade of +work when the students do it as a part of their work of instruction. +There are some black walnuts in the state that have very good nuts, and +some that have not. I have tried to get for our nursery good nuts from +trees that had a good native nut. We have had so much difficulty getting +black walnuts at all the last few years that we have taken just what we +could get. We get nuts from all over the central part of the state and +plant in the nursery to get our seedling trees. + +MR. BIXBY: I have found some of the named varieties of black +walnuts bearing in quite a number of sections of this state and other +states. They seem to bear quite young. + +PRESIDENT REED: Mr. Jones has partly prepared a paper on +"Pecans other than those of the well known sections," but as it has +been impossible to complete it, it will be handed to the secretary +later, and inserted in the proceedings. + + + + +PECANS OTHER THAN THOSE OF THE WELL KNOWN SECTIONS + + +J. F. JONES, LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA + +Pecans have been grown in the South for a good many years, and, with the +advent of budded and grafted trees of superior varieties in more recent +years, the industry made great strides and now that the product of some +of these grafted orchards is coming on the market and selling readily at +high prices, the economic value and importance of the pecan is becoming +to be more fully appreciated. + +The success of the pecan in the South, led some planters in the northern +states to make experimental plantings of these southern varieties but +they have proven disappointing, as might be expected, since our seasons +are too short for the nuts to mature, even where the trees are hardy. I +have seen the Stuart, one of the largest southern pecans, when grown in +Lancaster and Adams Counties, Pa., not half as large as the Indiana +sorts and with little or no kernel. The Schley, one of the finest +southern pecans, when grown in Adams Co., Pa., is so small that no one +would recognize it and it has no kernel at all. + +In very recent years, largely through the efforts of a few progressive +men in Indiana, fine varieties of the pecan have been discovered in +Indiana and Kentucky, and these varieties are being propagated and +planted over the northern states generally. While the discovery of these +varieties and their propagation marked a big step forward in extending +the cultural range of the pecan and making it possible to grow this nut +several hundred miles north of the southern pecan belt, not unlike the +southern varieties, the Indiana and Kentucky varieties are necessarily +limited in their range of adaptability, and it is perhaps not safe to +recommend them for planting, except possibly in the more favored +localities, north of the 40th parallel and south thereof and possibly in +the elevated or mountain sections they should not be recommended for +planting north of latitude 38 degrees. The advantages of securing +varieties for propagation therefore from as far north as possible is +obvious. + +I have examined a good many sample pecans from Missouri and Kansas, some +of which are excellent, but, aside from possibly being a little hardier +in tree, they have no advantage over the fine Indiana and Kentucky +varieties that we already have, unless of course, they should be better +adapted to planting in the western states. + +In its natural range, the pecan is found growing farther north along the +Mississippi River, in Iowa and Illinois, than anywhere else in the +country, and naturally we turned to these pecan forests hoping to find a +variety bearing nuts of a size and quality to merit propagation and +dissemination north of the belt where it is safe to recommend the +planting of the Indiana varieties. As a result of correspondence with an +Iowa nurseryman in the fall of 1914, I engaged the services of a +competent man to gather pecans for me at Muscatine, Iowa. Following my +instructions, this man searched the woods in that locality to find what +I wanted for propagation and as a result, nuts were sent me from several +trees which were carefully marked so that in case scions were wanted +from any of the trees, they would be readily identified. This man seemed +to be very enthusiastic about the nuts he sent me, and, as he had made a +business of gathering pecans, and he knew the pecans in that section +well, I felt that he had sent me the best that he had there. None of the +pecans sent had sufficient size and merit to propagate however, and I +gave the matter up. Fortunately, Mr. G. H. Corsan, Toronto, Canada, was +endeavoring the same fall or winter to get pecans to grow trees that +would succeed in Canada and he bought pecans from a dealer in +Burlington, Iowa. Upon receiving this lot of nuts, Mr. Corsan was +astonished at their large size, as he expected that pecans from the +northern limit of the pecan to be of small size. Thinking that this +party had sent him southern pecans, Mr. Corsan wrote him at once that he +did not want southern pecans, explaining that he wanted them for +planting. This party replied that the nuts sent him were genuine Iowa +pecans. Knowing my interest in the matter, Mr. Corsan wrote me during +the spring of 1915, giving me the facts in the case and urged that I go +to Burlington the next fall and look up a variety for propagation. Fall +came on, but with it, so much to do and with short help, due to war +conditions, that I had to give up the trip, but, at Mr. Corsan's +suggestion, I took the matter up with Mr. Ed. G. Marquardt, Burlington, +Iowa, with the result that the matter was placed in his hands, with the +assurance from Mr. Marquardt that he would do the very best he could for +us. Mr. Marquardt employed a man who had made a business of gathering +pecans there and who knew the trees bearing the largest nuts, and with +the help of this man, finally located a tree 20 miles north of +Burlington bearing very large pecans of thin shell and splendid quality. +Although most of the nuts had been gathered, the husks on the ground +indicated it had been bearing good crops. This tree was marked and some +of the nuts sent to me. These pecans I considered remarkably fine for so +far north. They were fully as large as the Indiana, with even a thinner +shell and a full kernel of excellent quality. With the help of Mr. +Marquardt, scions were secured from this tree the following spring, and +grafting proved very successful, which we consider very fortunate, as +this land was cleared during the war and this tree met the fate of +others, being turned into lumber and it is no more. + +This variety has been given Mr. Marquardt's name. Coming from 20 miles +north of Burlington, Iowa, in north latitude 41 degrees, I shall expect +the Marquardt to succeed any where south of the Great Lakes. The Indiana +and Busseron pecans originated farther north than any others of the +Indiana group, the original trees of which are growing in the Wabash +River bottom, west of Oaktown, Ind., about 10 miles south of latitude +39. Most of the Indiana and Kentucky varieties are from latitude 38 +degrees, or approximately 200 miles south of where the Marquardt +originated. The climate of Iowa is also considerably colder than is the +same latitude farther east, due to the more open character of the +country west and to the influence of the Great Lakes farther east. The +pecans there are not only necessarily hardier, but have to mature their +fruit in a shorter season, which is all important in a variety for +northern planting, as it has been shown that the pecan is hardy in tree +considerably north of where it will mature its fruit properly. Realizing +the importance of the Iowa pecans for northern planting and realizing +the building of the big power dam on the Mississippi River at Keokuk, +Iowa, and the consequent raising of the water level for considerable +distance up the river together with building of levees and clearing of +the forests, threatened the destruction of many of the pecan trees and +pecan forests, Mr. Bixby spent nearly a week during the past fall in the +pecan forests and groves along the Mississippi River around Clinton, +Ia., and Burlington, Ia. The facts of the following paragraphs (except +the last two) I have taken from his notes: + +These pecan trees at Clinton, Iowa, are the most northerly growing of +the native pecans so far discovered. They are on the islands in the +river and on the bottom lands, where the land at low water is only a few +feet above the water level, and at high water, several feet under water. +The trees certainly are not suffering from lack of moisture. The soil is +alluvial, seemingly of unknown depths and must be very fertile, +enriched as it is by the deposits left by the high waters each year, or +sometimes, several times a year. No pecan trees under six inches in +diameter were seen here, and they ranged from that size up to 24 inches +in trunk diameter 85 feet tall. No trees bearing large pecan nuts were +seen, although the flavor of the kernels of practically all of the trees +was good. Crops of nuts were irregular and seemingly not so good as they +were some years. None of the trees near Clinton were deemed worthy of +propagation. + +The pecans at Burlington are growing under similar conditions to those +at Clinton, but they are much more numerous, there being thousands of +them, some being larger than any seen at Clinton. Four trees, including +the Marquardt, have been discovered and brought to the attention of the +association by Mr. Ed. G. Marquardt and Mr. John H. Witte of Burlington. +Cuts of these nuts, natural size, are shown opposite page 48. The +Marquardt is being propagated by me and the other three varieties by +Snyder Bros., Center Point, Iowa. + +From the appearance of the leaves, buds and habit of growth of the +Marquardt pecan, it seemed to me that the tree had hickory blood in it, +although the nut did not suggest it; and I intended to look into this +matter fully, on a trip to Iowa the past fall, but finding I could not +go, I gave Mr. Bixby samples of the nuts, leaves and twigs and told him +what I expected, and he had this in mind during his trip. He never found +young pecan trees growing in the woods but did find them growing in +large numbers on the levees and on the edges of cultivated fields. A +careful examination showed a very considerable variation in leaf, bud +and habit of growth and there seemed little question but that there were +among them many hybrids between the pecan and the big bottom shellbark, +_Carya laciniosa_, which is found growing on the bottom lands and the +islands along with the pecan. As a matter of fact, two of the four Iowa +pecans selected for propagation, the Burlington and the Greenbay, show +unmistakable evidence of hybrid parentage in the nut, in the leaves and +buds. The Marquardt gives no hint of such parentage in the nut, but the +leaves and buds do suggest that it has hickory blood in its make up, and +it is believed that this is so. The Witte is seemingly a pure pecan. + +There has recently been much done near Burlington in reclaiming +valuable, cultivatable lands from the river which formerly overflowed +them each year so that people were afraid to plant crops and they were +therefore abandoned to the forests. Levees have recently been built to +keep the water off these lands in time of high water. Drainage ditches +have been made behind them and pumping plants put in to pump the water +out of them. The cost of these improvements, which has given to +cultivation much very fertile land, has been assessed on the owners of +the lands benefited, as is also the upkeep expense. Many owners had not +the money to pay the assessments and have sold the land to those who are +clearing off the timber. This means the clearing of thousands of acres +of bottom land and the pecan is one of the principle trees on these +bottom lands. This condition makes it necessary to locate and propagate +at once, the best and most promising of these Iowa pecans and hybrids +and observe their behavior afterwards in the young trees, instead of +depending on the watching of the behavior of the original trees as has +been the case in Indiana. + +I feel reluctant to close this address without mentioning the good work +done by Secretaries Deming and Bixby and other members of this +Association in searching for varieties of nuts that may be superior to +what we already have. Those of us who are propagating these trees, while +we may feel the inspiration that comes from doing a work that benefits +mankind, nevertheless, we hope and expect to make dollars and cents out +of growing these trees, while this is not the case with some of the +members of this Association who are not nurserymen and who do not expect +to enter this field. + +Dr. Deming, former Secretary of this Association, did much good work and +secured some fine nuts worthy of propagation, through advertising and +the offering of premiums, and Mr. Bixby, who very kindly took up this +work when Dr. Deming was called to the colors, has been active and is +doing a great work for northern nut culture. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will now have a grafting demonstration by +Mr. Jones. + +Mr. Jones had brought with him specimens of stock, scions and all the +materials and tools needed for the demonstration, and performed the +various operations of grafting and budding before the audience. + +MR. JONES: We often use scions half or three-fourths of an inch +in diameter, for grafting, but they are rather hard to get. In top +working, we generally take limbs two to four inches in diameter, cut +them off, and split the bark. The nut grafting must all be done late +when the sap is up in the trees. Cut the scions all on one side. Split +the bark, slip in the scion, tie up and wax the whole scion over with +grafting wax, put it on hot and seal it up tight. Sometimes for winter +protection of the English walnut as far north as Michigan your tip might +kill back because it grows so very fast and is sappy. I have never + +[Illustration: PECANS FROM BURLINGTON, IA] + +had trees kill in that way, but I do have many people write me that they +have trees killed in that way. In nursery grafting, we usually use just +the cleft method. You should cut the cleft on one side and don't split +it, but keep it smooth all the way through. + +PRESIDENT REED: You get better results, Mr. Jones, from waxing +the entire scion? + +MR. JONES: Yes, we get better results that way. In the South we +have no success at all that way; we have to cover them with sacks. + +VOICE: About what degree of heat is best for the wax? + +MR. JONES: Don't have it too hot and it can't burn. You can +tell that by the wax smoking. + +PRESIDENT REED: As long as the wax does not smoke, it is pretty +safe. + +MR. JONES: This illustrates what we call a side graft. Put the +scion in the side and leave the top on. You can also do it in bark +grafting. Cut your bark, split it, and stick your scion straight down as +it is here. + +VOICE: How do you apply the hot wax? + +MR. JONES: With a swab or brush. We use a carbon heater and +that makes it about the right temperature. + +VOICE: How large black walnut trees could be top worked to +English walnuts? + +MR. JONES: You can work almost any sized tree, but it is quite +a job in the large tree. Take a tree larger than six inches in diameter, +or eight, and it would not be very satisfactory. In cutting the scions +be careful to make a straight surface on the cut bevel. To do that the +knife should be held at an angle lengthwise to the scion. In our +grafting in the South we leave the scion dry and cover it with a bag. +That was in Florida. + +DR. MORRIS: That is a very interesting question about the +limits of our using the method of covering the scion and all with the +wax. I shall speak of that in my own grafting demonstration which is +short. I got the point from Mr. Jones, and Mr. Jones tells me he got it +from Mr. Riehl. They use black wax and hard, strong wax. + +MR. JONES: Mr. Riehl uses a liquid wax, resin and beeswax +without the coloring matter. We use the coloring matter to toughen the +wax. + +DR. MORRIS: Still, that is amber. Amber will cut out light, and +it seems to me that it is a matter of a good deal of consequence, the +black or amber wax covering the graft completely, buds and all, wound, +scion, stock. It succeeds in the North, succeeds better than any other +method in grafting, and yet in the South it does not succeed. It is +possible that as you get further south the longer sun, the hotter sun +scalds the cambium layer of bark beneath when it would not do so in the +North. That is at least worth thinking about. In my own work during the +past year I have used transparent paraffin alone, nothing else. I have +tried different kinds of paraffin, the Parowax, the common one that the +women put up preserves with is the one that will stay on best, will not +crack and is perfectly transparent, allowing the light of the sun to act +upon the chlorophyl, in the bark and the bud and intensify the activity +of that part of the plant that depends upon light transformation by +means of chlorophyl. I am very much interested to know if this will not +succeed in the South. Paraffin would not attract the heat of the sun, +and it is possible that this will allow us to carry the method of Mr. +Jones, the best method to date, still farther south. + +MR. JONES: I think, Doctor, it is a matter of heat, because in +the shade you can graft them almost any way. Do you cover the scion with +paraffin or only the union? + +DR. MORRIS: I cover the entire thing with paraffin, scions, +buds and all including the wrapping. I don't leave anything exposed to +the air. There are several principles involved there. In the first place +you have the effect of light upon chlorophyl which is important; in the +second place, the melted paraffin fills all interstices in which sap +would collect and ferment. If those interstices are filled with melted +paraffin, sap will not collect there and ferment. The microbes of +bacterial and fungus origin, that prevent union and break down the +products of repair that are thrown out for the purpose of repair, can +not do it if they can not collect in quantity, and the paraffin fills +the space in which they would collect in quantity; so that does away +with another one of the dangers. In the third place, you have the same +sap tension maintained in the scion as in the stock. The difference +between the negative and positive pressures, day and night, is very +great in spring time, and as the sap responds between day and night in +the stock, it puts a strain upon the scion. The scion can not follow the +stock with its sap movement ordinarily. But if scion and stock are +covered completely with paraffin, the tension remains the same, so that +you do away with the shock of varying negative and positive pressures. +That is an important point, it seems to me, in principle in the matter +of using the paraffin. Another point is this. You prevent evaporation +from scion that goes on ordinarily through the little breathing +lenticels, the little apertures between the cells of the bark which +allow moisture to escape as well as to enter. One would naturally +believe the paraffin would fill these and smother the scion, and I +presume it is that fear which has prevented the world from trying this +for the past ten thousand years, because they were skilful grafters in +Egypt, both in the tree world and the financial world, in the days of +Hammurabi there were skilful grafters in both worlds two or three +thousand years before Christ. I suppose that fear of closing the +breathing apertures in the stock has prevented people from adopting this +method; but it is not justified, because those bold, brave nurserymen +who are not afraid to smother a scion find that all the scions live. It +is a venture into the unknown, that dramatic book, in the way of +dramatically constructive progress. Another point: When you protect your +graft in the ordinary way with ordinary wrapping, ordinary wax, the +scion becomes timid, the stock becomes timid. It is not quite sure of +itself in many cases, and when it is not sure of itself, when it has a +fear, what does it do? It resorts to the protection method. What is the +first? Suberization, cork layer formation. So the frightened stock +throws cork cells over its cut surface between that and the graft, and +the suberization goes on as a result of fear on the part of the timid +stock. When you have taken away the fear by covering the whole area with +melted paraffin and it feels safe, then suberization does not go on in +this way, your stock is not frightened, you have not a scared tree at +all, and it will go on kindly and gently as a Jersey heifer to do its +work. + +PRESIDENT REED: I would like to ask Dr. Morris about that +myself. I am very much interested in the line of grafting, as we graft +50,000 to 100,000 every spring, using this same method. I feel as Mr. +Jones does, that the losses from grafting are largely due to heat and +the fermentation of sap. We find perhaps, that the first week of +grafting in cherry, we can almost invariably secure a fairly good stand. +Following that it tapers as the warmth and air increase, although the +scions are kept in cold storage, perfectly dormant, the sap is coming +up, and the increased rays of the sun--we get a very small percentage, +and it seems to become less every day, and we have always used the dark +wax. While I have been using paraffin wax a good deal of the time, I put +lampblack in it for coloring. + +DR. MORRIS: I have until this year. In order to get Mr. Jones' +points, I tried to work out the philosophy of the subject and see what +values there are, what meanings in the methods which led to his success. +Then following that line of investigation, I stopped into another line +of observation, and arrived at the transparent paraffin method, so that +this is the first year in which I have tried it, but the results are +perfectly remarkable. I have only done it for a year, but you will see +100% of catches on almost everything, hickories, walnuts, hazels. I must +tell you of one very remarkable incident. Mrs. Morris had some dwarf +trees set out on the slope of the lawn, dwarf pear trees. One of my men +cut one of them off with a lawn mower the latter part of August. The top +kicked around under foot for three or four days, wilted in the sun. We +were walking past it along in August. I think Mr. Bixby said, "Why don't +you try grafting on that kind of material?" I said, "I will, blessed if +I don't." So I cut three pear scions from this wilted top that had been +cut by the lawnmower in August, and I put them on a scrub pear tree +under the fence near the house. And I tried this paraffin method, and in +about six days one of them started out a shoot, and I said to one of my +men, "We will transplant this. This is no place for it." I meant in the +spring, or in a year or so. He transplanted it the next day. And it grew +I think about half an inch after that, made good wood to last through +the winter. So I don't know what the limitations of this paraffin method +are. But that is a thing I would hardly dare tell about unless there +were men here in this room who had seen it. That little pear top, cut +off by mistake, kicked about under foot a few days in August, no sort of +scion that any one would ever think of using as a graft, put it in as a +joke, and with the further abuse of being transplanted; but it started +growth, and now it is going to be a good pear tree. + +MR. JONES: The kicking around only made it good for grafting. + +PRESIDENT REED: Perhaps it ripened up to a certain extent by +that drying out, like it would in the fall. + +DR. MORRIS: Maybe, but I have never heard of horticulturists +propagating trees in that way and transplanting them in the same year, +and having the new wood from the graft harden for the winter. + +MR. JONES: Mr. Reed spoke of grafting a cherry. You cut the top +off didn't you? + +PRESIDENT REED: Yes. + +MR. JONES: We graft filberts by leaving the top on and cut the +graft in on the side and wax it over. We leave it there two weeks, +maybe, and cut it off, and we get perfect stands that way, and you would +on the cherry. + +PRESIDENT REED: We use the side grafting, but we cut the top +off. + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: I would like to ask Dr. Morris with regard to +the stock. Don't you think the fact that that tree was moved at the time +it was, so soon after grafting, had something to do with the retarding +of the sap and causing the tree to mature the wood it did in place of +making more growth? + +DR. MORRIS: That might be. All of the expert horticultural +opinions brought to bear on this are valuable. Every suggestion that has +been made has had a meaning. It requires explanation. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is nothing further along that line, we +have with us Mr. Conrad Vollertsen, of Rochester, who has been asked to +prepare a paper; and we would like to hear from him. He is an expert in +the filbert, and I believe can give us some valuable information. +(Applause). + + + + +HAZEL NUTS AND FILBERTS + + +CONRAD VOLLERTSEN, ROCHESTER, N. Y. + +Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of this Convention: I have been +approached by a member of the Northern Nut Growers' Association to +prepare a paper to be read at this convention on the growing, +cultivating, and propagating of the European hazel, together with such +other topics on the subject, as would be of interest to the members of +this association, particularly my experience and observations during the +last three or four seasons in my hazel orchard and nursery. + +Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am not a public speaker nor a public +writer; my business is nursery and garden work; I can use spade and pick +more freely than pen and ink, and, therefore, fear that I am not the +right party called upon, knowing as I do, that we have members in this +association far more capable and experienced, and who possess more +knowledge about the European hazel than ever I had. Nevertheless as the +growing and planting of the European hazel in the eastern and middle +states of our country so far, both for ornamental or commercial +purposes, has been more or less experimental, I think all practical +information on the subject should be welcomed, and therefore I have +consented to prepare this paper and hope it will be accepted for what it +stands. + +A number of years ago, after leaving school, I entered a large nursery +and garden establishment in Germany, as an apprentice boy, to learn the +garden business, to become a gardener and horticulturist, to learn how +to raise trees and other plants, to learn how to graft, to prune and +cultivate, and, in general, to take care of all kinds of growing plants. +One of the first duties bestowed upon me in my new place was the charge +of a large plot of young hazel or filbert plants. To prune or graft +them? Not at all. At that time I did not know anything about such +skilled labor. I was merely told to weed and hoe them and to keep them +clean. It was not just very elegant work, but, ladies and gentlemen, I +enjoyed very much indeed, every minute so employed among those young +filbert bushes. I became really attached to them and knew practically +every plant in the plot, and almost believe they knew me, too. + +Now what was the reason for this immense pleasure I found in working +among those plants? Was it perhaps from the commercial or financial +point of view, the future income from them for fruit or when the plants +reached a saleable age? Not at all. I was then too much of a boy and did +not comprehend such a thing as that. It was merely the fond and pleasant +recollection of my childhood, of my boyhood, when, together with other +children, in the proper season, we went hunting for the common hazel +nuts, the _Corylus avellana_, as the gathering of these nuts is one of +the greatest pleasures of the German country child, and to roam through +fields and woods in late summer in those beautiful September days, when +the foliage of trees and bushes begin to color, when the birds of the +garden, field and forest begin to assemble for future migration, when +goldenrod, asters and other field flowers are reaching their greatest +beauty, then, ladies and gentlemen, the hazelnut has reached maturity. +The nut itself is a very beautiful brown color, the outer bark a golden +yellow, the leaves of the plants slightly colored with bronze, pink or +yellow, a most beautiful combination, a pleasure to look upon, and a +sight never to be forgotten. Whoever has had an opportunity to see and +admire a well fruited hazel plant, at the time of maturity, will agree +with me that it is a thing of beauty, not only during the fruit bearing +season, but in fact throughout the whole winter, with the handsome +staminate flowers or catkins appearing very abundantly in early fall, +and remaining throughout the winter, until late spring. Of all these +pleasures, these beautiful sights, etc., of which a vivid and fond +recollection caused all the pleasures in cultivating the above mentioned +hazel lot, we need not be deprived in our otherwise so richly blest +country. It is true that, at the present time, we have no American +native hazel, that can fully compete with the better European varieties, +but we hope that in time not far off, through scientific hybridization, +such will be produced. For the time being, we have some very fine +European varieties as a substitute, which for years have stood the test +very well, and should be planted wherever a place can be spared for a +few of them, and great pleasure and enjoyment will be the result. So +much for the pleasure of raising hazel nuts. I have related the +foregoing merely to show the lasting pleasure and enjoyments derived +from the planting, cultivating and gathering of a few European hazel +nuts. + +But to raise hazel nuts for the pleasure of it only, would be a very +poor business proposition, and certainly not a paying one. What we +should do is to raise them in large quantities, for commercial purposes, +but here it seems to me the question should be asked: Have we had +experience enough as to recommend the planting of them in the middle and +eastern states for commercial purposes? In other words, is it worth +while to plant them with that point in view? Now, gentlemen, I do not +suppose that any one of us, at the present time, would be fully capable +or prepared to answer this question intelligently or positively, as the +planting of the hazel, for commercial purposes, has not been tried long +enough, at least not in the eastern or middle states, to warrant a +positive opinion on the subject. A great deal depends upon the variety +planted, also the location where the planting is done. Much observation +and experimenting is still required. + +I have growing on my ground in western New York, near Rochester, several +hundred trees or bushes, 6 to 8 years old, about 20 varieties, most of +them German varieties, a few from France, and a few from England. They +have been bearing nuts the last four seasons, and all have reached +maturity perfectly. The smaller and medium sized nuts appeared to bear a +little better than the larger varieties. The varieties received from +France have, so far, not done well with me, as the German varieties. +They are poor bearers. In the fall of 1917, I gathered from each 5 to 6 +year old tree, of the German variety, about a pound and a quarter of the +medium sized nuts, while hardly a pound from the larger fruited +varieties (same sized plants) ripened well. I was then under the +impression that the hazel not only could but should be planted in large +numbers for commercial purpose. In the fall of 1918 my crop of nuts was +very much less, and I had expected even a better harvest than in 1917, +which certainly was discouraging to me. The plants themselves were +growing beautifully, but most of the staminate blossoms or catkins were +frozen, and, consequently, very little pollenizing was accomplished, and +very little fruit the result. Such and possibly other occurrences, from +time to time we may expect and look for, and should be ready to +investigate thoroughly, before we can advocate or recommend the planting +of the hazel extensively. + +It really seems strange that while the hazel generally is at home in the +northern latitudes, it should partly freeze when the thermometer reaches +say about 12 to 18 degrees below zero, and, as I had never noticed that +before, it then occurred to me that possibly another reason could be +found, why so many of the catkins were frozen. + +Through my investigation in the spring of 1918, I have come to the +conclusion that the unusually wet season in our vicinity of western New +York throughout 1917 caused the hazel plants to grow until the real cold +weather was upon them, which gave the wood a very poor chance to ripen, +particularly the terminal buds, where a great many of the catkins had +formed, and caused not only them to freeze but also a certain part of +the wood. Only the lower and more protected catkins came through the +winter alright and caused what little pollenizing was done, hence the +very light harvest in the fall of 1918. + +Should the results of my investigation prove true, and the continuance +of the wet weather prove the main cause of freezing so many catkins, +then it seems to me there is nothing to be alarmed about, and the +planting of the European hazel, at least in this vicinity, for +commercial purposes could be conscientiously recommended, and should be +done, the sooner the better. We do not expect our apple or pear orchards +to bear an abundant crop every year, and we should not expect it of our +hazel orchards. Something will occasionally happen to them as well as to +other crops, otherwise we run no risk whatever. + +My trees or bushes, several hundred in number, planted in 1912 and +later, have stood all kinds of weather, extreme cold, very hot, +continuous wet, and still are growing most beautifully at the present +time. They gave a very satisfactory crop of nuts this last fall, 1919, +in spite of severe freezing weather on April 25th and 26th when the +mercury dropped to 12 to 15 degrees, and all hazel bushes in full bloom. +At the present time the prospect for a good crop of nuts next season is +certainly very bright. + +Neither fungus, blight, or other diseases of any kind, or troublesome +insects have so far been detected. In planting the hazel for commercial +purposes, I should recommend 12 feet distance between the plants each +way, as they require abundant sun and air. At the same time, there is an +opportunity to use the land between the rows for several years to come, +as low growing crops like potatoes, strawberries, beans, beets, carrots, +etc., could be grown there to great advantage, and the cultivation of +these crops would be amply sufficient for the hazel plants. + +Now the selection of varieties to be planted for the commercial hazel +orchard is a very important part of the undertaking, and should be well +considered. To plant several varieties is absolutely necessary on +account of pollenizing, as staminate and pistillate flowers, though on +the same plant, do not always appear together in proper condition on all +plants; in fact it has been proven in my orchard that sometimes plants +bring forth a great many pistillate blossoms and not a single staminate +one on them, and still a good crop of nuts were grown on them. Here the +pollination must have taken place with the pollen from other nearby +plants conveyed to them by wind or insects. One particular plant of the +zellernut type grown in one of my city lots during the last season was +very well filled with pistillate blossoms and not one catkin on it, and +still it ripened a fairly good crop of perfect nuts, where the nearest +plants filled with staminate blossoms was at least 30 feet from it. Here +it is shown and proven that a number of varieties is a necessity. + +But what varieties we shall choose, will undoubtedly be an open question +for some time to come, and, no doubt, a great deal of experimental work +will have to be done to finally select the right varieties for the +different localities, the variation of temperature and location has very +much to do with the proper selection of varieties. I have among my +varieties some I could recommend and again others that are not at all +satisfactory, at least not so far, and it requires more close +observation before the very best of them can be picked out or selected. + +Our next operation in the hazel will be the pruning. Here I should say +above all things: "_Keep the suckers away._" Hazel bushes are naturally +inclined to produce a great many suckers, which should be thoroughly +removed as soon as they appear; it will stop when the plants grow older. +Besides the suckers, all weak and unnecessary wood should be removed +entirely, not cut back. Our aim should be to try and get as near as +possible low standard trees, with trunk say 10 to 15 inches high and the +tree itself not to exceed 15 to 18 feet in height with the center kept +open all the time. To accomplish this, I should suggest the removing of +all crowding limbs from the center, regardless of their being +fruit-bearing limbs, which to determine is mostly guess-work at the +best. In order to keep the plants within 15 to 18 feet in height, the +terminal shoots also should be removed or reduced as the case may be, +beginning at the time of planting until the desired height is reached. +After that, one or more of the old limbs may from time to time be +removed, as there always will be enough young branches to take their +places. Such pruning in my orchard, so far, has proved sufficient, as +blight has never made its appearance in my nursery. + +I will not be able to say much about blight. I have known trees in our +city, 4 or 5 varieties, for more than 30 years, bearing more or less +fruit year after year, and have never noticed any blight or anything +wrong with them. Should blight appear, I should remove all affected +limbs to the sound and healthy wood, as we would do to our pear and +quince trees when blight appears among them. I do not believe that +properly treated hazel bushes will ever suffer much from blight, at +least not in our vicinity. Neither do I believe that any more pruning +than I have outlined is required or necessary to our hazel plants. + +The next subject about which I wish to say a few words is the +propagation of hazel plants. There seems to be quite a difference of +opinion as to the mode of propagating them; some advocate grafting, +others layering, again others from suckers only. Grafting I believe +myself, will produce a finer plant and the operation of doing so seems +quite successful, but a great many varieties produce so many suckers +that the graft is liable to be choked or crowded out if not constantly +watched, and it should not be expected of the average person to know the +difference between the graft and the wild shoot, and consequently, in a +comparative short time, he would have a wild or common hazel. For that +reason grafted plants should not be used for the trade until our people +get better acquainted with hazel plants. I, therefore, should recommend +layering, thereby having the plants on their own roots, which would +prove more satisfactory everywhere. That grafted plants bear fruit +sooner than layers, does not always hold good; it may be so with some +varieties, but not with all of them. I have some three year old grafted +plants and no fruit as yet, where I had plenty of layers in the nursery +rows two years old well fruited. + +It is true that plants grafted on seedlings of the _Corylus avellana_ +will not produce as many suckers, as plants grafted on layers of the +avellana type, but they will produce enough to confuse the average +person, as the foliage of some varieties are so nearly alike, that it +actually requires an expert to tell the difference. I, therefore, under +the existing circumstances, should advise the propagating of hazel +plants by layers only, until our people get better acquainted with the +hazel proposition in general. Why propagation by suckers only should be +preferred by some people, I fail to see, as they are practically the +same as layers, plants on their own roots from a parent plant, only that +layers are produced a little more scientifically and suckers more +naturally; otherwise they are identically the same thing. + +When I referred to propagating, I should perhaps have mentioned the +growing of hazel plants from seeds, that is from the nut, but I did not +think it necessary. I will, however, say that plants raised from seed +should never be planted for fruit bearing unless they are grafted or +budded, as it has been fully and positively proven that plants raised +from seed, even if the very finest nuts of our European hybrids are +planted, will not produce nuts as good as those planted, but will almost +invariably go back to the original type, the _Corylus avellana_. It is +alright to raise plants from seeds for the sake of getting stock to +graft or bud on, but, as to variety, the seedlings are unreliable. + +Before coming to a close, I would like to say a few words about the +fertilizing of the ground for hazel orchards and what experience I have +had in this matter, as I believe this would be of interest to all. It is +a well-known fact that hazel plants grow well and will thrive in almost +any kind of soil, as long as it is not too wet or too heavy, but from +time to time a little manure worked in is very beneficial both to old +and young plants, but care and judgment should be exercised, so as not +to overdo it. I have growing in one of my city lots with very fertile +soil, several bearing hazel plants, 7 to 8 years old, different +varieties. These plants grow so immensely that it plainly shows, they +are growing at the expense of the fruit, not only that the quantity of +nuts gathered from a plant there is considerably less than of same sized +plants grown on ordinary farmland, but the quality also is very much +below. My best nuts are all grown on ordinary farmland and the greatest +quantity has always been obtained from the farm where only very little +fertilizing or manuring had been done. For the growing of young plants +for commercial purposes, for the trade, I should recommend liberal +manuring at all times. (Applause.) + +QUESTION: Is the hazel a long lived tree? + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: I have known trees for almost forty years that +are bearing good fruit year after year, although not always a good crop. +They don't seem to grow so rapidly at that age as when younger. + +DR. MORRIS: Hazels seem to graft pretty well on each other. I +think the tree hazel is going to be our most successful stock for +grafting. However, I have grafted on the _Corylus avellana_. The tree +hazel does not put out any suckers. + +QUESTION: Does the hazel find its way into the market +commercially? + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: I would almost think so. I have had lots of +inquiries for them from storekeepers. It seems to me there are a great +many imported around here. Our American hazels are not so very good. +There may be here and there a fairly good one, but I have not found any +really good ones worth propagating. I think if we would do more +scientific work we could get very good nuts. There is no question that +they are perfectly hardy and will stand almost any climate. + +MR. JONES: Some of your varieties are hybrids aren't they? + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: They are all hybrids. I have a few of the real, +original _avellana_ type I think got there by accident. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe the next paper is one the secretary +has from Mr. A. H. Graves. + + + + +DISEASE RESISTANCE IN THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT[1] + + +ARTHUR H. GRAVES + +(Read by the Secretary) + +Your secretary, Mr. Bixby, has asked me to tell you about the native +chestnut trees in the vicinity of New York City which I have found to be +resistant to the destructive bark disease. I commenced the search for +such trees in the summer of 1918, at the suggestion of Dr. Haven +Metcalf, of the laboratory of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant +Industry. During the campaign in Pennsylvania against the bark disease, +scouts had been on the lookout for immune or resistant trees, but +without result. As far as I am aware, no systematic organized search had +been made for such individuals. + +It was our plan to commence the search in the region of New York City, +because this area is probably the oldest center of infection in the +United States. Apparently this is the port of entry where the +undesirable immigrants (Japanese or Chinese chestnuts) passed through +quarantine and were allowed to disembark carrying their terrible scourge +with them unnoticed. According to Metcalf and Collins,[2] this was +probably as early as 1893. This was why we selected this area to begin +on, for here the disease has had a longer opportunity to run its course +than anywhere else, and, consequently, has had ample time (more than a +quarter of a century) to call out the non-resistant trees. Those +remaining, if any could be found, might be suspected, _a priori_, of +being resistant. + +As the work progressed, I soon realized that it would be most difficult, +or perhaps impossible, to locate resistant or immune trees in a region +not so long exposed to infection; for, in such a region, one would have +to inoculate all individuals suspected of possessing resistant +qualities, in order to ascertain whether their healthy condition was +actually due to resistant qualities or simply the result of a chance +escape of infection. We therefore decided to restrict the work, for the +present at least, entirely to a definite area about New York City. This +area includes all of the territory within a radius of about 16 miles +from New York City Hall, and therefore comprised in a general way, +Greater New York and the adjacent parts of New Jersey. + + +RESULTS OF THE SURVEY + +First I made a thorough canvas of Staten Island, doing the work on foot, +aided by the trolley and the Staten Island R. R., and often guided by +that genial naturalist and lover of Staten Island, Dr. Arthur Hollick of +the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, I made a careful +survey of the whole 64 square miles of which the island is composed. +After two weeks of this kind of work, I began to get fairly well +discouraged, not so much because of lack of results which, it is true, +were entirely negative, but more on account of the appearance of the +dead chestnuts. For where it was not entirely cut out, the bare, +weathered poles showed that they had been dead for many years. The only +encouraging feature was the finding of large quantities of healthy +seedlings, from 7 years of age upward, to which I will refer later. + +The Palisade region along the Hudson has been notable in the past for +its chestnut forests. I next attacked this, making as thorough a search +as possible from Hoboken to a little north of Alpine, N. J., which is a +small place on the Hudson opposite Yonkers. Here also the vast forests +of dead poles weathered gray with time, bore silent witness to the +completeness of the destruction. + +About the middle of July while ferrying across the Hudson, I noticed +north of the landing at Dyckman St., what appeared to be chestnut trees +in bloom. On investigation, I found these to be living native chestnuts, +of the peculiar strip type I shall describe later, and proceeding +further north from this, where the Harlem enters the Hudson. I was led +into a forest where I found at least 40 living chestnuts, some of which +were in good condition, and one particularly was leafy nearly to the +top. (Fig. 1) Naturally, one would immediately suspect that somehow +these trees had escaped infection, but this could not possibly be the +case, for mixed in with them on all sides were bare, weathered trunks +showing signs of old worn cankers, proving incontestibly that the fungus +had been present here also for a long period. Shortly afterward, Dr. +Olive, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, informed me that he had seen +living chestnuts near Hollis, L. I., and at Valley Stream, L. I., and at +each of these places I found a group similar to that near the Harlem. + +These, in brief, are the high spots of the survey from the point of view +of the scientist. In addition, I covered adjacent region of New Jersey +to the west, including the Watchung Mt. range about Plainfield and the +Oranges; the Bronx and Van Cortland Park and the country to Yonkers and +the north, and to the northeast of New Rochelle. Long Island, as far as +Hempstead, was also included. Altogether I travelled about 1200 miles on +foot, not counting the distance traversed on trolleys and railroads. +Always armed with opera glasses, I was careful not to use them when +anyone was looking, for on the second day of the survey I had been +arrested on the charge of being a German spy! I was also arrested on +board a train in New Jersey for looking earnestly at a topographic map, +then sharply out of the car window and noting what I had seen (dead +chestnut trees) on said map. The carrying of a botanist's tin can +(containing fungi, not bombs) was also an additional implicating +circumstance on the latter occasion. + +What then were the results of the survey? They may be stated briefly as +follows: + +1. No immune trees were found. + +2. For the most part the older trees (from 20 years upward) were +entirely dead, and had been so for a long period, as attested by the +bare trunks, weathered a characteristic gray color which only time can +produce. + +3. However, large numbers of seedlings and young saplings were located, +both healthy and diseased. + +4. _The most important result was the finding of three well defined +colonies of living mature trees; all of which, by virtue of characters +to be presently described, are offering more or less resistance to the +disease._ + + +SEEDLING TREES + +It is well known that seedlings and young saplings are naturally immune +for a certain period, which varies in extent from 8 to 15 years beyond +germination of the seed beginning, of course with the first formation of +the seedling. Such immunity depends, however, not on any inherent +characteristic, but on the fact that at this period the bark is usually +smooth, sound, and free from wounds of any sort where Endothia spores +and mycelium might enter. Of course, when wounded from any cause +whatever during this period of youth, this immunity ends, so that the +condition might perhaps be termed physical, in contrast to physiological +immunity. + +As I have already said, large numbers of seedlings, for the most part +still unattacked, were found in many places in the area surveyed. There +are of course no grounds for believing that such seedlings, descended as +they are from non-resistant trees, are physiologically immune. Where +they are free from disease, this exemption is due merely to the physical +immunity I have just mentioned. Since they therefore represent +non-resistant stock, they were used for comparative inoculation work, +which will be referred to later. + +I may as well say here as anywhere, that by resistance, I do not mean +total resistance, for that would be immunity. There are, of course, +degrees of resistance, in the plant world just as in the animal world. +One person may resist a cold germ or the influenza bacillus better than +another, that is, it will cause him only a little discomfort. Another +person may not be affected at all, that is, he is totally resistant or +immune. I say this because I have misunderstood when I have used the +term resistance. The trees in the New York region show all grades of +resistance, from individuals where the fungus makes very little headway +in the bark, to cases where it grows almost as fast as in the average +non-resistant tree. + + +CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESISTANT TREES + +What now are the characteristics of these resistant trees? How are we +going to know one when we see it? I have outlined the leading features +as follows: + +1. BARK. In the case of this particular disease, it is obvious +that the character of the bark is the most important feature since this +fungus is primarily parasitic in the living cortex. In other words, the +character of resistance must necessarily depend on the living cells of +the cortex. Now, careful observation of the resistant trees reveals a +most striking feature of the bark, namely its tendency to heal, by means +of a callus growth around the margins of the lesions, whether large or +small; and it is very apparent that this callus growth wards off the +advance of the fungus for a time at least. When the callus growth is +once formed, the fungus of the original canker encroaches on it very +slowly, or often not at all. Inoculations in the callused margins of +cankers showed usually only slight growth of the fungus after two +months' time in the summer, or in some cases no growth at all. Several +layers of wood could be counted underneath these callused margins--often +6 or 7--before reaching the annual ring exposed at the surface of the +canker. This of course, shows unquestionably that the callus had +remained healthy at that location for that period of time. + +2. EXTENSION OF THE CALLUS TISSUE.--In many cases the callus +tissue is of considerably greater extent than the normal area one would +expect around a wound. It may even occur that the whole inner bark +around the trunk is of a callused nature, without any open cankers +showing at all. For example in a tree of which I have a photograph here +(Figs. 2 and 4), the outer bark is sloughing off, revealing callused +bark underneath of entirely different appearance, which no one would +recognize as chestnut bark. This particular tree photographed represents +an extreme in this respect. It seemed as if the whole tree was getting a +new kind of bark, and yet this same character appears in all of the +highly resistant trees. On cutting into this new callused inner bark it +was found plentifully dotted with tiny _Endothia_ lesions, which +however, never penetrated deeply. (Fig 4). Close to the cambium the +white inner bark is quite healthy, generally for a thickness of 5-7 mm. +That the mycelium in the small lesions was unquestionably the _Endothia_ +mycelium, was shown by the appearance of the mycelium, and the presence +of the _Endothia_ pustules in many of the spots. That these were not +late infections, but only slowly growing small lesions, was shown by +inoculations in such bark, which revealed scarcely any growth after two +months. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1 + +One of the most resistant trees, the smaller tree near the center of the +photograph, near the Harlem River, Boro of Manhattan, New York City.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2 + +A very strikingly resistant tree at Valley Stream, Long Island, showing +peculiar inner bark. The outer bark is sloughing off.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 3 + +One of the "strip" trees in the forest in the Boro of Manhattan, New +York City.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4 + +Showing the character of the inner bark of the Valley Stream tree (Fig. +2). At one place, near the center of the photograph, the bark has been +shaved showing the small lesions caused by the fungus.] + +3. THE WHITE SECRETION.--The most striking peculiarity of the +callus tissue, is its abundant content of a thickish, milky, white +substance. This came to light immediately when I cut into the callus, +and it showed up very clearly when I shaved off the outer layers of dead +cork tissue. The white material is not evenly distributed through the +irregular grain of the wound tissue, but is particularly abundant in +small spots or pockets which are especially conspicuous in the callused +margin of the lesion. Soon after exposure to the air the cut bark, and +particularly the white substance, redden rapidly, indicating oxidation. +This peculiarity is of course true of all chestnut bark, yet here the +reddening seems to be deeper and more rapid than the normal. No chemical +analysis has yet been made of this substance, but there is +sufficient other evidence at hand to warrant a tentative statement +that it is very rich in tannin or tannin compounds, and that possibly +the quality of resistance is bound up with the nature of this material. + +4. THE STRIP CONDITION.--Some of the trees showed the living +bark restricted to a narrow, flattened, rope-like strip running up the +trunk to one or a very few branches (Plate 1, Fig. 3). In these cases +all of the bark was of the callus nature, rich in the resistant +substance, and plentifully besprinkled with small Endothia lesions, +while underneath were a number of layers of functioning wood. The rest +of the trunk was bare, weathered gray, with traces on its surface of old +cankers, and evidently dead for a long period. This type of tree was so +commonly found that I have called it the strip tree. + + +INOCULATIONS + +The very fact that these trees are now alive in this New York region is +pretty good proof of their resistance. But of course the most conclusive +test is by inoculation with the fungus in question. If the fungus grows +slowly in these trees as compared with its growth on non-resistant +stock, then no one can deny that they are resistant. I will not bore you +with figures of tables, I will only give you the results. The average +growth of the fungus in 289 inoculations on the resistant trees was +about 1/3 as fast as on non-resistant stock, and taking the rate of +growth on those trees which are especially resistant it is about 1/4 as +fast as on the non-resistant stock. For non-resistant stock the +seedlings on Staten Island were inoculated, and the growth on these +tallied very closely with growth in non-resistant trees inoculated by +Anderson and Rankin.[3] + +Another very striking result brought out by the inoculation work was +that of the 158 inoculations on branches and basal shoots of the +resistant trees, only nine had been girdled after one month's growth, +while in the same time 16 out of the 32 non-resistant Staten Island +trees were girdled. At the end of the second month, the results were +still more striking. Then, in the Staten Island trees, 22 out of 32 were +girdled, while in the inoculations on the basal shoots and branches of +resistant stock only 22 out of the 153 resulted in girdling. This +striking difference was not due to smaller diameters of the Staten +Island trees, for particular pains were taken to have them approximately +equal to the branches and shoots inoculated in the resistant trees. + +SUMMARY OF EVIDENCES OF RESISTANCE + +We may summarize the evidences of resistance as follows: + +1. The results of the inoculation tests show that the fungus grows in +these trees on the average from 1/4 to 1/3 as fast as in ordinary +chestnut. + +2. The occurrence of the trees in a neighborhood long subjected to the +disease, and their presence among the trees of individuals long since +dead. + +3. Indications of the long period the disease has been present in the +trees themselves; such as bare weathered tops, and healed cankers. + +4. Peculiarities of the bark; such as extensive development of the +callus tissue, and the presence of a peculiar substance or white +secretion which is particularly conspicuous in cases of marked +resistance. + + +IS THE DISEASE RESISTANCE HERE AN HEREDITARY CHARACTER? + +As to whether this disease resistance is an inherent character and will +be transmitted from generation to generation, or is only the result of +particularly favorable environmental conditions such as soil, light or +moisture, is a point of great practical importance. I believe that +further work will prove that the resistance is heritable, for the +following reasons: + +1. The resistance is not due to a particularly favorable environment of +the trees, for the three groups grow in very different soils and under +varying conditions of light and moisture. + +2. The finding of the trees in colonies points to a genetic variation. +At first I was unable to account for the grouping of the trees, for I +had expected to find immune or resistant trees singly, here and there. +But if we adopt the hypothesis of a heritable protoplasmic +variation--something in their "blood," so to speak, the explanation is +easy. We know that chestnut fruits or nuts do not travel far, like the +seeds of willow, poplar, maple or ash, and therefore, in any given stand +of chestnut, if we could go back from generation to generation into +earlier time, most probably the majority of the trees would be found to +have arisen from a common ancestor, although of course a few outsiders +would have found their way into the group, carried by squirrels or other +animals. + +3. In a considerable number of cases all the members of the same group +of coppice trunks from an old stump show a similar degree of resistance. +To attribute such a condition as due merely to chance, occurring as +often as it does, would be placing a pretty large burden on chance; and +since the coppice trunks are all off-shoots of the same plant, the +condition is what one would expect were the resistant quality in +inherent character. A correspondence of degree of resistance was also +noted, in the inoculations made on branches, trunk, and basal shoots of +the same individual tree. + +Experimental work is being carried on at Washington to test out the +truth of this hypothesis, i. e. to see whether or not the disease +resistance is really heritable. The work is being carried on in +connection with the propagation of other resistant stock, Chinese, +Japanese, etc.; and, as soon as the department is sure of the product, +the results will be distributed to nut growers and others who are +interested. + +In the meantime we can all help by being on the lookout for resistant +native trees. I believe they will be found in many places besides the +New York region. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Illustration for this paper will be found opposite page 64. + +[2] Metcalf, Haven & Collins, J. Franklin. The Control of the Chestnut +Bark Disease. Farmer's Bulletin--467, 1911, P. 5. + +[3] Anderson, P. J. & Rankin, W. H., Endothia canker of chestnut. +Cornell Univ. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 347, 1914. + + + + +EVENING SESSION + +SANITARIUM GYMNASIUM, at 8:00 P.M. + +President Reed in Chair + +DR. J. H. KELLOGG: Ladies and Gentlemen: Battle Creek has the +honor today and tomorrow to entertain the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. This association with other associations having similar +purposes, is undertaking to do, it seems to me, one of the most +important things that can be done for the American people--to show us +how we can get our nitrogen, our protein, and our fats without the +livestock industry which is wasting at least nine-tenths of the grain, +or in fact at least nineteen-twentieths of all our foodstuffs. The great +cause of the high cost of living at the present time is that the pigs +and the cattle are eating up our corn and other good things that we +ought to eat ourselves. If we had a sufficient area of land, perhaps +even the sides of our roadways and railways planted out to black walnuts +and other good nut trees, we would have all the protein and fat we +needed, perhaps as much as we are getting now, and more, and the cattle +industry might be entirely dismissed from consideration, and a great +deal of labor would be saved. I am sure that there is no place in the +whole United States where this Association could have a heartier welcome +than here in Battle Creek, or where people could be found who would +appreciate its labors any more. You are going to have a very interesting +program tonight. We are favored with visits from very distinguished +gentlemen from all over the United States, among others Dr. Robert T. +Morris, the nestor of American surgeons has come all the way from New +York to tell us about some wonderful discoveries he has made, and a +fatherless walnut tree he is cultivating, and other things that will be +of great interest to us all I am sure. I take pleasure in introducing to +you the president of this Association, Mr. W. C. Reed, of Vincennes, +Indiana. Mr. Reed. + +PRESIDENT REED: We are simply continuing our program. This +afternoon we were in session at the Annex and moved over here this +evening so as to be able to present what we have here so we could +entertain more of you than we could over there to advantage. You know +that most all men have a hobby along some line or other, and those who +constitute our leaders, whom we have to look to, and along the line of +nut trees of different species and so on, we have learned to look to Dr. +Morris as one of the leaders. I have great pleasure in introducing to +you Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York, who will address you on the +hickory. + + + + +NOTES ON THE HICKORIES + + +ROBERT T. MORRIS, M. D., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. + +When people speak of the "hickory" without qualification, they are apt +to have in mind some one kind of hickory which belonged to their boyhood +environment. All other kinds which they happened to know, were qualified +in some way, very much as the word "fish" in Boston stands for the +codfish only, other kinds of fish in the world being described by +qualifying names. In the northeast the hickory means the shagbark. In +Missouri it means the shellbark. Elsewhere the pignut and the mockernut +are called "hickory." Interest in the subject has increased so rapidly +of late years that we must all of us be more particular in our +descriptions and add qualifying names, speaking always of the shagbark +hickory, pecan hickory, or bitternut hickory as the case may be. Sargent +describes fifteen species of hickory and in addition a large number of +varieties by environment and by hybridization. There is a Mexican +hickory, making sixteen species for the North American continent, and +the late Mr. F. N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer from Washington, has +found a hickory in China. Previous to this discovery, it was believed +that the hickories belonged to the North American continent only. + +Botanists divide the hickories into two groups, Apocarya and Eucarya. +For convenience in every day conversation, it might be well for us to +speak of the "open-bud" group and the "closed bud" group. _Apocarya_ or +the "open bud" group, includes the pecan hickory, _Carya pecan_, the +bitternut hickory, _Carya cordiformis_, the bitter pecan, _Carya +texana_, the water hickory, _Carya aquatica_, the nutmeg hickory, _Carya +myristicaeformis_, and the Chinese hickory, _Carya cathayensis_. The +winter buds of this group will be seen on examination to show the +minute, snugly curled-up leaves which are ready to burst forth when the +springtime sun opens the fronds of the ferns which have forced their way +through the hard ground with clenched fists. The scale buds in the +open-bud group do not cover the tiny leaf forms completely. + +In _Eucarya_, or the "closed-bud" group, stout scales close the bud +completely against the snow and ice of wintry days, so that we see +scales only when looking at the bud. The closed-bud hickories include +the shagbark, _Carya ovata_, the Carolina hickory, _Carya +Carolinae-septentrionalis_, the shellbark, _Carya laciniosa_, the +mockernut, _Carya alba_, the smooth-bark hickory, _Carya leiodermis_, +the pallid hickory, _Carya pallida_, the close-bark pignut, _Carya +glabra_, the loose-bark pignut, _Carya ovalis_, the Florida hickory, +_Carya Floridana_, the Buckley hickory, _Carya Buckleyi_, and the +Mexican hickory, _Carya Mexicana_. + +Hickories which have nuts with a bitter pellicle, all belong to the +open-bud group. These are the bitternut, Texas hickory, and water +hickory. Hickories with scaly bark are found in both groups. In the +open-bud group, the trunk of the water hickory carries long loose bark +strips attached by one end, and in the closed-bud group, we find this +characteristic belonging to the shagbark, shellbark, Carolina hickory, +and to one of the pignuts, Carya ovalis. That takes us to another +occasion for a note. What do we mean by "pignut?" In the North, this +term is applied to Carya glabra and Carya ovalis. In the South, it is +applied to Carya cordiformis. A name so well established, will have to +be retained, but in our Association it will perhaps be best to have an +understanding about which one of the hickories the common name pignut +should belong. So long as it already covers two species in the North as +opposed to one in the South, there are already two votes to one in favor +of retaining the name pignut for Carya glabra and Carya ovalis. We may +describe these in plain language as the smooth-bark pignut and the +loose-bark pignut. The reason for choosing the name "loose" instead of +"scaly" is because we are pretty well agreed upon applying the name +"scalybark" to the Carolina hickory, the name "shagbark" to Carya ovata, +and the name shellbark to Carya laciniosa. The name bitternut may +safely be allowed to remain with Carya cordiformis because the other two +nuts with bitter pellicle already have distinctive names, Carya aquatica +being called water hickory and Carya texana being called bitter pecan. +By making fixed points in nomenclature in this way we may head off the +confusion which will become worse confounded as the interest in +hickories becomes rapidly enlarged, if our committee on nomenclature +does not take some decisive step. + +Concerning Latin nomenclature, we have further troubles for settlement. +Hicoria is the oldest generic name and naturally should have priority +but the Vienna Congress of Botanists adopted Carya. So far so good (or +bad). Now comes our trouble in giving specific and varietal names. The +binomial is clearly applicable enough for species, Carya pecan, for +example, but when we come to varieties of the pecan there are two kinds +of varieties to be considered, those by environment and those by +hybridization. In cases of natural variation we are still within +accepted resources in nomenclature by saying for example, Carya pecan, +var, Stuartii. When naming hybrid varieties, however, I would suggest +that in advance of the abbreviation "var", we place the abbreviation +"hyb." thus reading for Brown's pecan, "Carya pecan, hyb. var. Brownii," +instead of "Carya Brownii," which latter binomial would throw it among +the species. In view of the fact that we are to have in the future +hundreds of named hybrids, it seems to me that we must adopt some such +definite method for convenience promptly. This method of naming, relates +to convenience and is applied to the most evident parent. As a matter of +fact, in horticultural circles we are doing precisely that sort of +thing, speaking, for example, of "Brown's pecan" meaning a nut which we +recognize as being a hybrid, brought to attention by Brown but with the +pecan as parent most strongly in evidence. + +When I was a boy, the only hickory nuts of any sort available, were +those collected from wild trees. The popular boy was one who knew of +some trees which furnished the best nuts and who did not keep the news +to himself. The squirrels knew the best nuts as well as the boys did and +they would go past many hickory trees along fences and groves in order +to congregate in the ones which had the nuts with the thinnest shells +and plumpest meats of best quality. In the early morning hours I have +seen several squirrels in one particularly good hickory nut tree and not +a single squirrel in a tree completely filled with nuts, though its +branches touches those of the first one. Men are quite as intelligent +as squirrels in some respects. Here and there attempts were made at +propagating fine hickory trees of various species by planting nuts. It +was not generally known at that time that the hickories were so +thoroughly crossed like the apples, that they would not reproduce true +to type from seed. Attempts were then made at grafting which were mostly +failures for many years. We are now on the verge of a great development +in hybridization or crossing of choice kinds of hickories and in +determining upon which stocks the different kinds of selected hickories +may be grown to best advantage. Hybrids between varieties of hickories +occur frequently in nature and hybrids between species of hickories +occur occasionally. A number of these accidental hybrids have been +discovered and some of them are now being propagated. For the most part +they do not represent the best quality of the best parent but it is a +notable fact that the bitterness of kinds with the bitter pellicle +appears to be a recessive character and disappears usually from hybrids +between species in which one parent has a bitter nut. Unfortunately, the +finer extractive which give character to the nut of the better parent +are prone to disappear also. This is in line with our experience in +mixing of characters along Mendelian lines. Given a sufficient number of +hybrids and we shall have here and there one with spectacular +characteristics of special value. + +Now that horticulturists at the present moment are turning so freely +toward the idea of producing quantities of hybrids artificially, the +next generation will see hickory nuts which were not dreamed of in the +days when I was a boy. The crossing of hickories is not difficult work. +We simply remove the male flowers from branches carrying female flowers +before the male flowers have begun to shed their pollen. The female +flowers are then covered with oiled paper bags tied over them for +protection and when the danger from self pollination has passed, we take +off the bags and add a little pollen which we have kept for the +purpose--pollen from some trees bearing remarkably valuable nuts. + +Nuts resulting from this cross pollination when planted, give us new +varieties of trees which never have been seen before by anybody and that +is so interesting that very many people will probably take up +hybridization as an incident in recreation. Some of the hybrids will +bear very early in their history and others very late. If one is +impatient to determine at once which ones are to be valuable, he can +hurry the process by grafting a number of cuttings from young seedling +trees into the tops of larger trees which are already bearing--labeling +each graft, so that he may keep track of the seedling stock from which +it came. It is possible to put one hundred or more seedlings in the top +of some stock tree at one time. + +One reason for delay in propagation by grafting is because the hickories +like many other trees are slow in making repair of wounds. Grafts +usually perished before being accepted by the stock under grafting +methods that were in common use. The best step forward in grafting +method for hickories is one that I obtained from Mr. J. F. Jones, +Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He tells me that he obtained the method from +its originator, Mr. E. A. Riehl, Godfrey, Illinois. This consisted in +covering the entire graft, buds and all, with melted grafting wax and +including also all of the wound and wrapping of the stock. The buds make +their way through this grafting wax without any difficulty, but the +grafting wax used by Mr. Jones contained lamp black and that used by Mr. +Riehl consisted of a beeswax and rosin mixture. It was found that these +seemed to be applicable in the North but not farther south in the hotter +sun. Examining into the reasons for this, it seemed to me that in all +probability the black grafting wax used by Mr. Jones and the brown or +amber grafting wax used by Mr. Riehl, would naturally allow the heat +rays of the sun to pass through to the graft while halting the actinic +ray of light. The latter is extremely valuable for promoting the +activity of chlorophyl, which acts only in the presence of light and in +the best way in the best light. The heat rays might have certain +destructive qualities. With this theoretical idea of the situation in +mind, I employed melted paraffin in place of the grafting wax, covering +the scions completely as well as the wound in the stock and the +wrappings. This immediately proved to be a success. In fact, it appears +to have changed the entire subject of grafting nut trees in such a way +that any intelligent boy employing this method can now do better hickory +nut grafting than would have been possible at the hands of an expert two +years ago. The melted paraffin fills the interstices in which sap might +collect and ferment, but at the same time, hardening so quickly that it +does not introduce the danger of extension between points of contact +with scion and stock. The second point of value consists in allowing the +actinic ray in the sunlight to act upon the chlorophyl in bud and bark +of the scion and it does not attract the destructive heat ray. This is +perhaps the most important single point of value and due to the +transparency of the paraffin. Third, the paraffin coating, impervious to +air, maintains the sap tension equally in the course of fluctuation +between negative and positive pressures occurring between night and +day, and under varying conditions of light and temperature. This +maintenance of equalised sap tension, I believe to be important. The +paraffin is waterproof and prevents evaporation from the scion, which +otherwise is prone to dry out before granulation of the wound has taken +place in the hickories, as in other species which callus slowly. Fifth, +under the paraffin coating of stock and scion, the plant apparently does +not have that anxiety which would otherwise lead it to introduce the +protective feature of superization, the spreading of a corky layer over +the wound surface between stock and scion, thus introducing a mechanical +obstacle to union. + +This method of grafting has extended the grafting season for nearly two +months, apparently. Formerly, I hurried to get all of the grafts in +while buds were bursting, in early May. During the season of 1919 I +grafted hickories up to August sixth experimentally. The last grafts +which caught well in a practical way were put in on July twenty-first. +After that the proportion of catches was small and the growth feeble. +Incidentally, it may be remarked that filberts grafted as late as August +sixth, did perfectly well. The scions employed were cut in late winter +and kept in the sawdust of my icehouse. I formerly supposed that ice +beneath the sawdust was important, but this year I could not get ice and +the scions kept just as well. In July, experiments were tried with +grafting directly from one tree to another, using wood of the season's +growth. This worked well with hazels, but not with hickories or walnuts, +only one out of many hickory grafts catching. That one, however, is +significant and I hope to work out principles which will allow of direct +grafting of hickories as readily as may be done with the hazels. + +When a hickory graft is to be inserted into a small stock or branch, the +ordinary cleft graft does well. In stock recipients much larger than the +graft a side cleft of the width of the scion only is desirable, or +better yet the "split bark" method devised by Mr. E. A. Riehl. A +straight split is made in the bark of the end of the stock, and the +graft crowded down into this split so that it remains between bark and +wood finally. My own method for large stocks, is what I have called "the +slot bark method." This consists in turning down a width of stock bark +measuring the same as the scion in width. When the scion has been +inserted into this slot so made, the bark is turned up over it again and +fastened there. By this method I have put scions in the trunks of trees +nearly a foot in diameter and at any chosen point, sometimes several +feet below the ends of cut branches. One may cut off the top of a large +hickory tree and then peg the trunk full of scions by means of bark +slots. + +Another important point in hickory propagation work consists in the +employment of the Spanish windlass for fastening graft and stock +together. The old time wrapping of twine or of raffia had to be released +in order to allow growth at the point of union of scion and stock. When +cord is used it cuts deeply into the new growth, and raffia, which is +placed on flat, will be burst open. In either case new wrapping is +required at a precarious time, according to old methods. The Spanish +windlass, which is used in surgery for controlling haemorrage, seemed to +me to be applicable for fastening scions in place. It consists in a +paraffined cord with ends tied in a firm knot but hanging loosely about +the graft and wound. A wooden skewer or any small lever, is then +inserted into the loose loop of cord and twisted about until the part of +the cord about the graft wound is so snug that it holds the scion in +place more firmly than it can be held by any other sort of wrapping. In +order to prevent the cord from cutting into the bark, two shields of +wood or metal an inch in length, are interposed between cord and bark. +The lever of the Spanish windlass is fastened with a cord or with a +galvanized nail in order to prevent the windlass from unwinding and the +whole covered with melted paraffin. This may remain in place for two +seasons without change, holding the scion firmly in place all of that +time and requiring no attention. The growing stock separates the two +shields very much as it might separate two stones in the field and +automatically unwinds the Spanish windlass by sheer force, just enough +to allow growth without any unloosening of its holding apparatus. + +In hickory grafting, much experimental work remains to be done in the +choice of stocks for grafts of different species. Almost all of the +hickories that have been grafted upon the pecan hickory stock, seem to +do pretty well upon that stock, but the converse is not true. The pecan +apparently does not do well as a rule when grafted upon other hickory +stocks, even upon those of its cousins in the open-bud group. The +shagbark hickory, in my experience, has done best upon stocks of the +shagbark or mockernut or pignut. A number of years, however, are +required in some cases for determining that point. Shagbarks which I +have grafted upon bitternuts have sometimes made a remarkably good +start. Then at the end of three or four years they begin to slow up, +while shagbarks on shagbark stock, starting slowly at first, surpassed +the ones on bitternut stock finally. + +In the spring of 1919, I topworked two trees standing near together and +of about the same size (thirty feet) with Beaver hybrid (a cross between +the bitternut and the shagbark). One of the trees was a bitternut and +the other a pignut. Almost everyone of the grafts of the Beaver grew +thriftily on the bitternut. Those on the pignut stock practically all +caught and made short growth and then began to wilt back. Finally, only +one shoot remained alive. This very striking object lesson will have +bearing in varying degrees in all of our hickory grafting. According to +my experience to date, hybrid hickories are grafted more readily than +are straight species or varieties. They seem to have lost family pride +and seem to take up with any friend offering economic support. In the +case just quoted, however, caprice was shown by the Beaver hybrid which +took eagerly to a host of the species of one of its parents. It refused +to thrive on the pignut which did not represent either one of its +parents although that same pignut stock would have been accepted by +shagbark scions--the shagbark representing the other parent of the +Beaver. This sort of experience throws open the entire subject in such a +large way as to show what possibilities of success and failure lie +before us in experimental work. The same method of grafting, the +paraffin windlass method, was employed for these two trees which were +neighbors. + +Interesting experimental work is to be done in finding the extent to +which different species and varieties of hickories may be grown out of +their indigenous range. At Stamford, the bitter pecan from Texas, +appears to be perfectly hardy but it makes very slow growth--sometimes +less than an inch in a year. The Buckley hickory also from Texas, grows +thriftly at Stamford and so does the Carolina hickory Pecans from the +northern belt thrive at Merribrooke, but those from the southern belt +have such a long growing season, that their new wood is not yet +sufficiently well lignified to stand the winter well. Some of them pull +through a mild winter in fairly good order, but on the whole they do not +thrive. + +The commercial side of hickory raising, is being worked out for the +pecan only at the present time. We may assume that several of the other +species of hickory adapted to growing in the north, will equal pecans in +importance, eventually. The reason for that is because some of the other +hickories stand quite as high as the pecan in food value and general +excellence. At the time of writing, low grade seedling shellbark nuts +from the West are selling in the retail market in New York for forty +cents a pound. I have seen better nuts of this species being loaded on +the cars in Ohio at fifty cents a bushel. The present New York price, to +be sure, represents a profiteering war price. Fine grades of shagbark +hickories and some of the hybrids will command prices equally high with +prices for best pecans in the market of to-morrow. + +VOICE: Will it be practical to plant nuts, get young plants, +and then bud or graft them? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, that is what we do. It is practical to plant +nuts for the purpose of getting a stock, but not for the purpose of +getting nuts. But we plant them in the nursery rows, and then when they +are two years old, preferably (some like three-year-old trees), we graft +them over to good kinds in the nursery row; then they remain there for a +year or two, and are transferred or sold. We now have members of this +association who are experts in grafting nut trees who make that a +business. It is not generally known that we have in this country three +journals devoted wholly to the subject of nut culture. We have +nurserymen who make a specialty of grafted nut trees of the very best +sorts, so that one may perhaps take up this mode of farming more +profitably today than almost any other sort of farming. One gentleman in +Pennsylvania told me he made thirty thousand dollars on one crop of +chestnuts two years ago, cultivated chestnuts. He had thirty acres, and +no tree was yet fourteen years of age. His net profit beyond all +expenses was thirty thousand dollars that year. There are probably very +few professional men who make more than that a year. Many men are making +good, comfortable incomes out of their nut orchards. It is the best +insurance against the needs of old age, the best sort of life insurance. + +VOICE: Do you use anything besides the hickory as stock for +grafting on? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, we have some experimenting to do in order to +learn which stock will best serve for a certain variety. We find that +one species or variety of hickory will accept other varieties of that +species well, but perhaps it will not accept another species. We do know +that certain kinds do remarkably well on certain stocks; but the entire +range of that subject has not as yet been worked out. + +QUESTION: Does the stock you graft on have any effect on the +quality of the fruit? + +DR. MORRIS: The stock on which you graft is supposed to have no +effect at all on the quality of the fruit. But there are some +exceptions. We learned that in orange grafting. A naval orange grafted +on the wild orange stock might be raggy, not full of juice; while when +grafted on the trifoliate orange stock might be heavy and full of juice. +So in that case the stock did have some influence upon the graft; and +there are other instances. But as a rule we assume that the stock has no +influence upon the graft in regard to the validity of character. + +QUESTION: Are pecans a variety of hickory? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, pecans are hickories. The Indians gave it the +name of pekan. The French spelled it pecanne, so that has been spelled +as the pecan, without the necessary other part of its name, hickory. We +should always say pecan hickory--always. + +DR. KELLOGG: Dr. Morris, how old hickories may be used for +grafting? + +DR. MORRIS: I have experimented with trees up to fifty years of +age; but the most satisfactory work, perhaps, is done with trees that +are not more than fifteen or twenty years of age and three or four or +five inches in diameter. Those are the best trees to work with. If we +cut off the limbs of a very old tree and try to top work it, it means an +enormous amount of work on the part of the orchardist, more work than my +employees like to give it. But one may topwork a tree of almost any age, +preferably a tree less than twenty-five years of age; and by choice I +should say trees not more than ten years of age. We have experts in the +audience better qualified to speak on that subject than I am. + +QUESTION: Do you prefer the melted paraffin to the +old-fashioned way of using bees wax? + +DR. MORRIS: The old-fashioned beeswax had a certain color, and +the black wax with charcoal, with lampblack, both turned the light ray +and allowed the heat ray to enter so that the amber of the old resin +wax, and the black of the black wax both allowed damage to occur to the +tree, in the South particularly, in a hot climate early in the summer, +prevented our grafting in the summer because of the turning away of the +light ray that was wanted and the absorption of the heat ray that was +not wanted. The melted paraffin being perfectly transparent, allows the +light ray to set the chlorophyl into activity. All the life processes of +the tree are carried on under the influence of the green chlorophyl +grains, and these work only in the presence of light. + +QUESTION: Can you successfully graft a pecan on the pignut? + +QUESTION: What is the best stock to graft pecan on? + +DR.MORRIS: Pecan stock, I think. I do not think we have +anything better. Mr. Reed and Mr. Jones are both experts in that field. +They have grafted hundreds of thousands of trees. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think the pecan is the best. The hickory will +grow on the pecan very well, the shagbark hickory, but it will not do to +change it with any degree of success. + +DR. MORRIS: The shagbarks will grow fairly well on pecans, but +the pecan not well on the shagbark. It is best I think to put shagbarks +on shagbark or shellbark. But they do well on pignut. I have got some +very good shagbarks on mockernut. On bitternut they grow fast, but at +the end of eight or ten years are inclined to slow up. Shagbark can be +put on, I suppose, ten other kinds of hickory, but the pecan can not. + +QUESTION: How many grafts would be necessary on a nut tree +twelve inches in diameter? + +DR. MORRIS: I should say you would probably have to put in +fifty. I would cut off the branches down to about two inches or an inch +and a half in diameter, and that might leave fifty stubs to graft. Graft +all of them, is one way to do it. Having done one that way, you will +then become familiar with the entire subject. + +QUESTION: What is the best time of year? + +DR. MORRIS: I don't know. Some time ago the American +Agriculturist said to its readers that there is disagreement about the +best time for pruning peach trees. Let us hear from all our readers. So +all of the readers wrote expressing their opinions, and the editor +said, "Summing up all of the opinions, the entire testimony in the case, +we have decided that the time to prune your peach tree is when your +knife is sharp." I had always supposed that the best time for grafting +was when the buds were first bursting in the spring, always held rigidly +to that, and at that time of the year was in a great hurry. I dropped +professional work and lost hundreds and even thousands of dollars in +order to see this work go ahead; it is more interesting than +professional work. And now this year, with this new method, I have +grafted right straight on up to the first of August, and everything +growing--deliberately, all through the summer. So that now, at the +present moment I do not know. A year ago I could have told you. When I +first graduated in medicine, I could answer any question in medicine. +After forty years of surgery, I am puzzled over a great many questions. +It is the same way regarding grafting. + +QUESTION: In summer grafting do you remove the leaves from +scions? + +DR. MORRIS: In summer grafting I have used for the most part +scions I have kept in the icebox in sawdust. I have formerly put in +twenty or thirty tons in my icehouse for my family to use during the +summer. Last winter we could not get any ice, and my scions were just as +good kept in the sawdust as if we had had ice; and I grafted those +scions in August and the grafts are living. I have also cut off the +leaves in grafting, but that is new and you can not depend on it,--stop +at one tree, cut off a piece of it, and put it on another tree and have +it grow. I have never done that until this year, and it does not succeed +in a very large percentage. It is not practical. It can be done--I have +proven that; but it is not practical. The best way is to use your scions +from last year that have been kept in cold storage in sawdust or leaves. + +DR. KELLOGG: When should the scions be cut? + +DR. MORRIS: There is some disagreement about that. Almost all +scions may suffer a little winter injury. Some men prefer to cut in the +early part of December before we have had any hard winter, then keep +them in cold storage during the entire year, moderately moist, or +protected in sand, leaves, or stratification. But I have always +preferred February myself, cutting them the last of February before the +buds begin to start, then put them in sawdust in the icehouse or cold +storage, or bury them under a thick layer of leaves. For budding you +transfer immediately. In fact, budding technically comes under the same +physiologic principles as grafting. In budding I do that work in my +place at Stamford, Conn., about the latter part of July or early August. + +DR. KELLOGG: Do you use the same method in transferring buds? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, I fix them the same way as I do the graft and +cover everything with paraffin. I have even had a little short side +graft grow using this paraffin method, a graft two or three inches long. + +DR. KELLOGG: Tell us about those fatherless walnuts. + +DR. MORRIS: In the course of crossing the nut trees, we +supposed, as a matter of course, that we must always have the pollen +from one tree, or from a tree which bore the staminate or fertilizing +flowers, in order to develop nuts or fruit of any sort; but on one +occasion I covered a lot of Chinkapin female flowers with paper bags; I +didn't have pollen enough to go around and left the bags on because I +happened to be too lazy or too busy to pull them off. About a month +later when I did take them off I found a full set of chinkapin nuts +under those bags. They had received no pollen. That was an observation +of a good deal of interest. It may have been that they had gone on by +what we call parthenogenesis, and we had the children without the +father, had the female parent only, the fatherless chinkapin. It sounds +sad. I followed up the experiment with other nut trees, and found that +not infrequently we may develop fatherless nuts. The effect will be, +according to natural law, to intensify the characteristics of one +parent. The female which bears this fruit, this child, without a father, +will give to that child an intensification of her own characteristics. +That will be the effect of parthenogenesis. That may be continued +through several generations perhaps; we do not know. It is new, quite +new. (Applause). + +PRESIDENT REED: The next topic is the Digestibility of Nuts, by +Mr. Cajorie, of Yale University. + + + + +THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF NUTS + +F. A. CAJORIE, YALE UNIVERSITY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. + + +Mr. President and members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association: It +was with great pleasure that I accepted the invitation of your +Association to be present at this convention and give a discussion of +nuts and nut production, from the point of view of their nutritive or +food value. During the last few years our knowledge of nutrition and the +parts that individual foods may play in the diet has been greatly +increased and in the light of the new discoveries, it is interesting and +valuable to view the place that nuts hold. + +As you are well aware, nuts have been used as foods by the peoples of +the world. In many places nut products have made up a very appreciable +part of the diet. Chestnut flour is extensively used in Southern Europe. +Among the peasants of Tuscany, chestnut flour forms a considerable part +of the total diet. In this region, also ground acorns are made into +bread with cereal flours and in this form is a common food. The hazel or +filbert nut is also seen in the form of flour on the shores of the Black +Sea. Races living in the tropics have utilized the many varieties of +nuts indigenous to tropical climes such as the coconut, Brazil nuts, +Java almond, Paradise nut, candle nut and African cream nut. In the +Orient, the lichi, ginko and water chestnut, and in Italy and India the +varieties of the pine nut are used to considerable extent. + +In America, with the exception of a few localities and among a limited +class of people, nuts have never made up a staple part of our dietaries, +rather they have been used as tasty supplements to otherwise complete +menus. That they are prized as adjuncts and are sought after is +strikingly shown when we see in our markets not only the products of our +native American nut trees, the hickory, walnut, butternut, chestnut, +pecan, beechnut and pinion, but the Brazil nut, filbert, English walnut, +peanut, coconut, all of which are derived from foreign countries or from +trees originally imported to America from other lands. + +Analysis of nuts have shown them to be of two types, one rich in fats +and protein, the nitrogen containing component of our foods and the +other relatively rich in carbohydrates, or starches. With the exception +of the chestnut, and the coconut, most of our more common nuts belong to +this first class, and chemists have pointed out that in these nuts we +have a concentration of protein and fat seen in no other class of +foodstuffs. For example, the protein-fat rich nuts have a percentage of +protein varying between 15 and 30% and a fat content of 50-70%; compare +this with other foods that we think of as being concentrated; eggs, 12% +protein and 10% fat; cheese 28% protein, 37% fat; round steak, 20% +protein, 14% fat; and bread, 10% protein. This nutritive concentration +in nuts places them in a unique position among our natural food +products. Our cereals, meats, fruit and vegetables all contain more or +less water or refuse that reduces their concentration, while in nuts we +find a compact form of almost pure food. + +We are dependent on foods for the source of energy that is necessary to +perform our work and maintain our body temperature much in the same way +that a steam engine is dependent on the fuel supplied it to perform the +mechanical tasks assigned to it, and this fuel value of foods in turn, +depends on the amount of protein, carbohydrate and fat, particularly the +latter, that are present in the foods. At once we see, in our +concentrated nuts, a tremendous source of energy, provided that we can +digest these nuts and make this energy available. + +Despite the fact, as revealed by chemical analysis, that in nuts we have +a source of protein and fat in a concentration rarely seen in foods, +there have been relatively few experiments to actually determine the +digestibility. Prof Jaffa at the California Experiment Station was the +first to make a comprehensive investigation along these lines. He made +extensive digestion tests on men using most of the more common American +nuts. His results, as reported in a bulletin of the U. S. Department of +Agriculture, indicated that nuts when they made up a substantial portion +of the diet, were well digested by those who ate them and gave no +intestinal disturbance or discomfort. + +Nuts have had a reputation for indigestibility that was wide spread, not +only among people in general, but also among physicians and dieticians, +and even Prof Jaffa's clear cut experiments failed to dispell this idea +of indigestibility that had been empirically assigned to nuts. A few +years ago, a rather extensive series of digestion experiments were +inaugurated at Yale University in an effort to settle this question of +the indigestibility of nuts and also to test out some of the commercial +nut products to find what effect roasting, boiling, and other processes +that nuts are subjected to, had to do with the digestibility. Through +the courtesy of Dr Kellogg of Battle Creek, it was possible to follow up +these experiments with a series here at Battle Creek. It is the result +of these tests that I wish to speak of today. One word regarding the +method which is the conventional one for such experiments. The amount of +food eaten by the individual or animal is weighed at each meal and the +composition determined by chemical analysis. The intestinal output is +collected, weighed and analysed. From the difference in any substance +such as protein in the food and the protein which appears in the body +refuse, the amount digested and absorbed or utilized by the body is +easily determined. For example; if 10gms. of nitrogen were eaten in the +food and one gm appears in the feces, we say that the coefficient of +digestibility of that nitrogen is 90%, that is 9 of the 10 gms. eaten +were absorbed by the body. The average of a great many such tests on +mixed diets has the following standard coefficient: protein 93%, fat +95%, and carbohydrates 98%. + +Our digestion experiments show the following results: for protein +digestion of nuts, almond 89%, peanut 84%, pine nut 89%, Eng. walnut, +83%, Brazil 88%, and coconut 88%. In all cases the carbohydrate +coefficients are 98 or 99%, and in the case of the carbohydrate rich +chestnut, normal digestion took place after the nut was heated so as to +rupture the starch granules. In all of these cases the nut made up a +substantial part of each meal and was eaten in large amounts. The +experimental subject, experienced no digestive troubles or discomforture +whatsoever except in the case of the English walnut, which evidently +contains some irritating substance that causes diarrhea. Except for the +pecan which gave rather low utilization, the protein of nuts was +digested to a high degree that compares most favorably with our ordinary +foodstuffs. + +How then explain the undoubted discomforture that many people experience +after eating nuts? I believe that the explanation rests on the fact that +our common American way of eating nuts, is not the rational way. We +would not consider topping off a heavy meal with eggs, meats or cereals +or to eat these in large quantities between meals realizing that we are +exposing ourselves to possible digestive discomfort. No more then, can +we expect to so eat nuts which are even more concentrated or "heavy" +than meat or eggs without occasional discomfort. Unpleasant results from +so eating does not condemn the nuts as indigestible, rather it condemns +our mode of using that nut. Further, we must recognize that the nut is a +hard, compact substance and that unless completely masticated, is not +readily penetrated by the digestive juices of the alimentary canal. This +was very well brought out in our experiment with dogs. The dog bolts his +food and where there were large fragments of the nut in the food, they +appeared almost unchanged in the feces, while if the nut is ground fine +before feeding, it was readily digested. Comparisons of nut butters and +nut pastes with the whole nut also brought out this point. The +completely commuted nut butters showed consistently higher degrees of +digestion than the whole nut. + +With the exception of the starch rich chestnut, the heating of the nut +did not seem to effect the digestibility whether this heat was boiling, +steaming or roasting. The raw nut apparently is as well digested as the +heated products. No differences were found between nut butters whether +the process involved steaming or roasting of the nut. I am not speaking +of the enhancing of the flavor that heating may bring about, but only of +the digestibility. + +Dr. Longworthy and his co-workers in the Dept. of Agriculture have +investigated in recent years the digestibility of many vegetable oils, +among them nut oils, and have found as high a percent of utilization +with these as with butter and our other common animal food fats. + +I believe that we are fully justified in the conclusion that nuts and +nut products, if rationally used in our diets, are as digestible and +fully as valuable from a nutritional point of view as our other +foodstuffs. + +While we can now definitely speak of the high digestibility of nuts, it +is necessary to consider other phases of the part played by foods in +nutrition. The fact that a food after being taken into the body can be +broken up by the digestive juices of the alimentary tract, and the +products absorbed, as we have found, to be the case with the nuts, is +not the end of the story of the function of that food. + +About fifteen years ago, it was discovered that during the progress of +digestion, the protein materials are reduced by the digestive juices of +our stomachs and intestines to smaller chemical compounds, and that it +is these smaller fragments of the protein molecule that are absorbed +into the blood and are used to build up our muscles and tissues. These +fragments or "building stones" as they have been fancifully called, are +all of a distant class of chemical compounds known to chemists as amino +acids. Eighteen of these acids have been found as the products of +protein digestion. + +We may conceive of our bodies as being continually supplied with a mass +of these 18 building stones from which it selects the kind and number +that it needs to repair the everyday wear and tear of the tissues and in +the case of the growing child builds new structures. + +Since the date of this important discovery regarding the fate of +indigested protein, it has been found that with few exceptions, the body +is not able to manufacture these amino acids or to change one kind into +another, and must depend on the protein eaten, for a supply of the +various kinds that go to make up the body protein. Further it has been +found, that many of our commonly used food proteins do not contain all +18 of these amino acids components. In some foods one, two, and +sometimes more are lacking, or if present are in very small amounts. If +our diet contained only proteins of an inferior grade, we can picture +our body requiring building stones of various kinds to maintain the +structure of the body and unable to obtain them due to the poor quality +of the food, protein. Nutritional failure would be the result. The +proteins then must be of the right quality as well as present in the +proper quantities, to prevent mal-nutrition. Bearing in mind these +facts, it is necessary in studying a food such as our nuts, to determine +the kind of protein the individual nut contains as well as to know +whether or not it can be digested by the body. + +During the past few years, it has been found that we must have in our +foods a certain amount of substances whose chemical nature is at present +unknown and to which the name of vitamines has been given. It is not my +purpose to discuss with you the many phases of vitamines and their +relation to nutrition, but I only wish to impress upon you the fact that +it is of the utmost importance for a dietary to contain these +substances; fully as important as that the protein, fat, carbohydrate, +and inorganic salt content shall be satisfactory. Lack of these +vitamines brings on various evidences of mal-nutrition. One vitamine +which is found in animal fats and the leaves of plants and is soluble +in, and associated with fats, is, for that reason, called fat soluble +vitamine. Another called the water soluble vitamine is widely +distributed in cereal seeds, vegetables, and legumes. The third, the +so-called antiscorbutic vitamine because of its action as preventative +and cure for scurvy, is found in certain fruits and vegetables. + +We then ask the next question: Are nuts adequate as far as their +proteins contain these essential amino acids, and do nuts contain +vitamines? That is, is their biological value as satisfactory as their +digestibility? + +Dr. Hoobler of Detroit, in a study of the diets of lactating mothers and +wet nurses, a year or so ago, compared the value of proteins from animal +and vegetable sources for the elaboration of milk. He found that a +mixture of the almond, English walnut, peanut and pecan, furnished +proteins that were equal to the animal food tried, and far superior to +other vegetable proteins. Here then is evidence that nuts provide the +necessary building stones to form milk that food par excellence for the +newly born individual. Drs. Mendel and Osborn, experimenting on white +rats have shown that the principle proteins of the Brazil nut will +maintain animals through the growing period. Bureau of Chemistry workers +and others have found similar results with the coconut and the peanut. I +have now, experiments underway at New Haven, on the biological value of +the filbert, English walnut, pine nut, almond, and pecan. While these +tests are yet incompleted, it can at least be said that to date there is +no evidence that the proteins of these nuts are in any way less +satisfactory than those of the peanut or Brazil nut that have been +thoroughly tested out. + +As to the vitamine content, abundant quantities of water soluble +vitamine have been found in the peanut and the coconut. Experiments that +we have in progress as well as a series conducted here at Battle Creek +under Dr. Kellogg's direction give promise to increase this list of +vitamine containing nuts to include at least many of our common nuts. +Along with our vegetable oils in general, coconut oil and peanut oil +contain insufficient quantities of the fat soluble vitamine to maintain +growth in young animals. Whether the other nut oils will prove more +efficacious in this respect, is now under investigation. As far as I am +aware, the antiscorbutic properties of nuts have not been studied. + +With the population of the world on a steady increase, it continually +becomes necessary for mankind to seek out new sources of food, and +utilize products that formerly had received little attention as possible +foods. Conditions that disturb normal food production and distribution, +such for example as were brought about by the world war, produce serious +food shortages in the world, and emphasize how close is the margin that +determines whether the peoples of the world have adequate quantities of +food or whether they are faced by shortages, and, in many cases, by +starvation. In this continual development of our food resources, nuts +stand out prominently as offering possibilities which are very great. +Not only do they represent a very concentrated form of food which is +highly digestible, but they possess a number of characteristic and +highly pleasing flavors that recommends them for use in all manner of +culinary procedures. The variety of uses to which nuts can be put in the +kitchen is amply demonstrated right here in Dr. Kellogg's sanitarium and +I feel sure that even he has not exhausted the possibilities of nuts in +the dietary. The forms of nut products on the market are steadily +increasing. The nut butters, nut pastes, nut margarines, meat +substitutes, and so forth, all point to the variety of ways that nuts +can be handled as foods. + +The tremendous increase in the use of nut oils in the form of the oil +itself and as nut margarines within the last few years is a striking +example of the utilization on a large scale of relatively new food +products. The press cake which remains as a by-product of this oil +industry finds ready use as concentrates for cattle feeds. Many of our +ideas in the feeding of our domestic animals are undergoing development +along with the idea of human nutrition. Just recently, investigators at +the Wisconsin Experiment Station, reported that the well known "home +grown ration" for dairy cows that consist of cereals, silage and hay, is +not a large milk producing diet. Their recommendation is to supplement +this ration with protein concentrates. Nut meals recommend themselves +most highly as protein concentrates. It certainly is safe to say that +the day when the fruits of our nut bearing trees will be allowed to fall +ungathered from the trees, is at an end. + +There are many problems that still call for an answer by the chemist and +dietitian. The nutritive value of the individual nuts should be firmly +established in all its phases. The causes that have made the use of +certain nuts unprofitable commercially, should be studied with the view +of correcting these stumbling blocks. For example, the freeing of the +horse-chestnut from its poisonous saponins and enable us to use this +starch rich nut as food is well within the range of possibility as +indicated by experiments conducted in Austria during the war. Why do nut +oils tend to become rancid easily and can this tendency be remedied? Is +the freeing of the acorn and its tannin and other objectionable +substances a practical consideration? What is the irritating principle +of the English walnut? + +All these problems and many others wait solution. Research on nuts is in +progress in many places. It involves time consuming experiments that are +often times expensive. As a result, progress is slow, the amount of +research being limited by the financial factor. The value of the pecan +nut crop alone of the year 1918, was over 91 million dollars and the +value of the imports and exports of nuts and nut products during the +same year amounted to over 51 million dollars. If one one-hundredth of +one per cent of this sum should be devoted by those interested in the +development of our nut industry in this country for the study of the +nutritional and chemical properties of nuts, I feel sure that they would +be amply repaid for their investment. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe this will complete our program for +tonight. We have quite a full program for tomorrow morning. Mr. C. A. +Reed, nut culturist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is with us +and was to have been on the program tonight, but he has been busy all +day and was hardly ready for tonight's program, as he has been busy +getting the exhibit in order, and he will be on the program tomorrow +morning, and three or four others, among them Dr Kellogg, I believe, so +that there will be quite a full morning's program, and we will be glad +to have all of you come who can. We meet in the parlor of the Annex at +ten o'clock tomorrow morning. If any one desires to join the Association +and will speak to the secretary, he will give yow the necessary +information. + +END OF TUESDAY EVENING SESSION + + + * * * * * + + +WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1919, 10:00 A.M. + +PRESIDENT W. C. REED IN THE CHAIR + +PRESIDENT REED: Mr. O. C. Simonds of Chicago will talk to you +on "Nut Trees in Landscape work." + + + + +NUT TREES AND BUSHES IN LANDSCAPE WORK + +O. C. SIMONDS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS + + +In considering material for landscape work the places that come to mind +where such work would be required are home grounds, highways, parks, +cemeteries, school grounds, city squares and woods. The highways would +include city streets, parkways, usually called boulevards, and country +roads. + +All trees are beautiful and should serve in some place in landscape +work. Some_are more beautiful than others and where but few trees can be +used the more beautiful would naturally be chosen. + + +BLACK WALNUTS + +Not long ago, a lawyer was talking to me about the beauty of black +walnuts. To his mind there is no tree more beautiful and from what he +said, he would use it almost to the exclusion of other trees. My own +judgment does not fully coincide with his although I consider a black +walnut a very attractive tree. It grows to a large size and is generally +healthy. Its shape is good and the foliage attractive in summer. The +leaves drop early and they are not especially attractive in autumn +coloring. Black walnuts are strong in appearance. They lack the +gracefulness of the elm and if I were making a list of trees in the +order of their appearance, placing the most beautiful first and the +least attractive last, I should place several trees ahead of the black +walnut, among them sugar maples, elms and several of the oaks. Perhaps +the black walnut would come about in the center of the list for most +locations. The list itself would vary for different situations and +climates. I should advise using black walnuts plentifully along the +highways, especially country roads, and somewhat sparingly in home +grounds and the other locations which I have named. By plentifully, I +do not mean to the exclusion of other trees, for, in some places, there +should be more elms and maples than black walnuts, but highways are so +extensive that many kinds of trees could be used in abundance to give +shade. In woods there are places where black walnuts could be used in +profusion. + +The objections that one might raise to the use of black walnuts would +be, first, the comparatively short season of the leaves. These come out +rather late in the spring and drop early, probably these trees can not +be improved very much in this respect. Second, boys will sometimes throw +sticks at the trees to bring down the nuts. If a boy comes in home +grounds to do this, he will be considered a nuisance. Branches are +sometimes broken and the trees disfigured from this cause. Along +highways this objection might perhaps be lessened somewhat by planting +enough trees so that there would be more nuts than the boy would want, +or by improving the manner of the boy. Third, the trees are often +attacked by caterpillars. This objection can usually be obviated by +spraying or destroying the pests in other ways. + + +BUTTERNUTS + +The remarks made about the black walnut would apply in many ways to the +butternut, its nearest relative. Butternuts have a range extending +further north and they are more subject to disease than the black +walnuts. Like the walnut, their leaves come out late and drop early. +They are subject to the attacks of boys. When healthy, they are +attractive in appearance and they deserve to be planted in most places +where trees are used for landscape effect, but in the list I suggested, +they would come below the black walnut. + + +HICKORIES + +There is a time of the year when the shagbark, which produces such sweet +nuts, would be more attractive than any neighboring tree. It is when the +big buds swell and send out yellowish green leaves surrounded by large, +red bracts. At this time they are as showy and as beautiful as any +flowers. The bracts soon fall, but the leaves turn a rich green and are +attractive until early fall, when they are sometimes yellow, and +sometimes drop without any marked coloring. The trunk of the hickory is +unique in appearance as the bark separates from the tree in long +platelike strips which hang on at one end and give the scraggly +appearance from which the tree derives its name. All of the hickories +are attractive in appearance, but some of them drop their leaves early. +The hickories are difficult to transplant but this is nothing against +the beauty of the tree. An established tree is more valuable on this +account. In some places hickories are quite subject to disease or to the +attacks of borers. Like the walnuts, hickories which produce edible nuts +are subject to the attacks of boys, but, on account of the toughness of +the wood and the roughness of the bark, they are usually quite able to +withstand these attacks. Hickories are suitable for use in all landscape +work so far as their appearance is concerned. The fact that they are not +so used is due to the difficulty of transplanting them. In the fall when +a maple tree has colored up beautifully and a hickory near it has +dropped its leaves, we are apt to compare the two unfavorably to the +latter, but we should remember the appearance in summer and especially +when the leaves first unfold. Hickory trees are beautiful also when the +leaves are off, their branches making beautiful etchings against the sky +in winter. The pecan, which is the largest of all hickories, is an +exception to the general rule because it is planted quite extensively, +especially in the South. It is a beautiful tree and where it is hardy +there is no reason why it should not be used as a street tree, a tree in +home grounds, in parks, or any other place where deciduous trees are +needed. It is raised extensively in some nurseries, while the other +hickories are raised very sparingly, and some not at all. + + +THE BEECH + +Some would consider the beech the most beautiful of all nut trees. Its +comparatively smooth, bluish-gray bark makes it a distinctive tree at +all seasons. Its branches, spreading straight out from the trunk, give +it an appearance of strength. Its fine branches form a specially +pleasing skyline, its sharp buds are trim and neat in appearance, its +leaves are beautiful in shape and texture. Their fall coloring, while +not as brilliant as that of the maples, is really beautiful, being +either yellow or a rich brown. The leaves are apt to hang on all winter, +especially on the younger growth, and then they often turn a straw +color. If a list of beautiful trees for February were to be made, I am +rather inclined to think that the beech would stand at the head of the +list. A young beech with its bluish-gray bark, its straw colored leaves, +and flecks of snow here and there, seems to me the most beautiful of all +deciduous trees in winter. The young leaves also are especially +attractive when they first appear and the blossoms are sometimes objects +of interest, although not showy in color. + + +HAZELNUTS + +Often in old pastures one finds forlorn, scraggly looking bushes and is +told they are hazelnut bushes. One would not pick out bushes like these +to plant in his front yard, and yet, when given a chance, there is +scarcely a more attractive shrub than the hazel. It is one of the first +shrubs to blossom, the staminate flowers hanging in slender, graceful +yellowish-brown catkins, while the pistillate flowers are little points +of purplish-red protruding from the buds. These blossoms appear long +before the leaves. The latter, when fully developed, are beautiful in +outline and soft in texture and they have a rich coloring in the fall +including various shades of yellow and red. The hazel should certainly +be used extensively in landscape work. The nuts, with their leaflike +involucres, are attractive in appearance in August and September. In +connection with our own hazel one would naturally think of the filbert, +which is a European relative. The filbert is often planted for ornament. +There is a variety with purple leaves which some people admire. + + +THE OAKS + +Of all our native trees, I think the oak excels in beauty of foliage. By +many oaks might not be considered nut trees, but nearly all of the +acorns are eaten by squirrels or other wild animals and so I think it +would be proper to mention oaks when speaking of nut trees in the +landscape. In the northern states we have two groups known as the white +oak group and the red oak group. The trees of the former have soft, dull +green leaves with rounded lobes, while those of the latter have shiny +leaves with lobes ending in points of filaments. The former mature their +acorns in one year, while the latter require two years to bring them to +maturity. The acorns of the white group are sweet, while those of the +red group are more or less bitter. The foliage of all oaks is attractive +when it first appears, the small leaves varying in color from almost +white through pink, yellow, and red to the deepest purple. Perhaps the +red oak excels all other trees in the beauty of its summer foliage and +its leaves are also richly colored in autumn. The Bur Oak, in addition +to having attractive foliage, has a rough, dark bark that gives it an +attractive appearance in winter. The white oak, especially when young, +holds many of its leaves in spring and these with their brown color, +give a warmth to the snowy landscape. One could make a most beautiful +park by planting nothing but oaks and they should rank with maples and +elms as street trees. + + +CHESTNUTS + +There is a tree which a few years ago would have been considered along +with the oak in landscape work, but which now would not be thought of in +certain regions on account of a disease which has practically destroyed +it. This tree is the American chestnut. It grows to a large size, and if +it were not for this disease, would be worthy of a place in any park. +Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent without success in +endeavoring to exterminate the disease. Some of the introduced varieties +are apparently exempt from this disease, but only the future can tell +whether the chestnut will again become valuable in landscape work as +well as in the raising of food and lumber. + +In designing landscapes, we think first of open spaces and then bound +these spaces with trees and shrubs having pleasing shapes and foliage. +The tops of these trees form the skyline and the lower growth a margin +of lawns, or perhaps of walks and drives. For these purposes the +beeches, hickories, hazels, walnuts and butternuts are all valuable, +their value being approximately in the order named. + + +HORSE CHESTNUTS AND BUCKEYES + +There may be some question about including these in a list of nut trees. +I understand, however, that the seeds of all of these trees have been +used for feeding stock and perhaps some way may be found for making them +available as food for men and women. There is no question about their +usefulness for ornamental trees. In Europe, the horse chestnut has been +used extensively for park and boulevard planting and it is also largely +used in the United States. There are several varieties. The leaves +appear early, the blossoms coming out later. Our own buckeyes are +handsome in appearance and all are adapted for use in landscape work. + +The arguments for and against the use of nut trees in landscape work +would be somewhat similar to such arguments regarding fruit trees. A +luscious fruit tree like the snow apple, would be omitted from the list +of trees for the park, not because it lacks beauty, but because its +fruit would lead to its destruction. Apple trees might, however, be very +appropriate for private grounds. They have sometimes given a name to a +home, as "The Orchard". The same is true of certain nut trees, "Walnut +Hill," and "Hickory Grove" being not uncommon. The hazel, too, is +frequently used in naming home grounds, streets or localities. A name +would not be used in this way unless the object bearing it was held in +esteem. I am glad there is an association to encourage the raising of +nut trees and I hope to see such trees used in this way extensively, for +the purpose of developing attractive scenery as well as for food +production. + +MR SIMONDS: When Mr. Bixby asked me to prepare a paper and come +here and read it, I wrote back I would prepare a paper and send to him +to read; and afterwards Mr. Reed came to see me, and knowing that he +would be here, I concluded I would come. I dictated a paper and +afterwards I found I had left out a few nut trees, and I want to speak +just a word regarding those before I read my paper. One of those is the +coconut palm. I was thinking more particularly of trees in this locality +when I dictated the paper; but the coconut tree aside from raising the +coconuts, I think is the most magnificent palm that we have. There are +other trees that some like better, but I think the coconut palm is the +most picturesque, the finest tree to plant. I prefer it to the other +large palms. It has great spreading leaves, sometimes fifteen or twenty +feet long, a feathery top, and the trunk is not quite straight, and I +like it a little better because it is not. Then here is the English +walnut. I did not speak in my paper about the English walnut, but there +is a tree that is a beautiful tree, and where it is hardy it should of +course be planted for ornament as well as for the nuts. And then there +is the almond which we do not have here as a nut tree, but which they +have in California, which has some attractions, and might be planted, +although it is really not so ornamental as some of the nut trees; still +it is worth planting. (Applause). + +PRESIDENT REED: Are there any questions you would like to ask +Mr. Simonds while he is with us, or is there any discussion? + +DR. MORRIS: There are two or three points for discussion. Mr. +Simonds does not think highly of the almond. I do for decorative +purposes. When I drive in my driveway at Stamford and face that +magnificent blaze of blazing clouds of almonds in the springtime, I +think it is something worth while; it is the hard shelled almond. It +will grow as far north as the peach does. The only trouble is they are a +little more subject to leaf blight and need a little more attention. But +where the peach will grow you can raise the almond profitably. Among the +hazel nuts the most beautiful of the entire series is the tree hazel +that grows about as large as the smaller oaks, and that is said to bear +twenty-five or thirty bushels of hazelnuts a year,--enormous crops. That +is perfectly hardy here, and the beauty of the tree is such that I +believe it to be a very important addition. I would like to hear Mr. +Jones' opinion on that point. I use it for grafting purposes for other +hazels. The Japanese walnuts, almost tropical in their rapid growth, +sometimes grow six feet in a year in rich ground, and with their great +sprays of leaves sometimes a yard in length, and the seedballs of the +heart nut variety give really a tropical appearance to the grounds where +the ground is rich enough. They will grow almost any place, but in rich +ground they are certainly very wonderful. Among the chestnuts, of +course, we have a number of hybrids now that resist blight very well; +and the little chinkapins for lawn bushes are very attractive. One of +our most beautiful chestnuts is splendid for a lawn specimen and is +evergreen in the South. When I was a boy I never had plums enough; so +one of my ambitions was to have plums enough so I could see some of them +rot on the ground. We can do the same thing with nut trees--have nuts +enough so the boys will be full and have nuts enough. It seems to me it +ought to be one of our ambitions to have so many nut trees along the +roadsides in the parks, etc., that the boys and the squirrels can not +use them all up. + +MR. SIMONDS: I think the Doctor is right in some of his +criticisms. In fact, the almond is something like a peach, and I had not +prized it for use in landscape work so very much on account of certain +diseases which would be apt to affect it here if it were not taken care +of as we would take care of trees in an orchard. The hazel tree, of +course, would be attractive if it is hardy here. I have had doubts about +its being hardy because of its coming from southern Europe. + +DR. MORRIS: It is hardy in all Canada. They have fine tree +hazels in the park at Rochester. They have there probably the largest +tree hazels in the country. + +MR. C. A. REED: I would like to have more questions asked. I +feel as though I had accomplished a real achievement in getting Mr. +Simonds here. I was under him a short time a number of years ago and +learned something of his skill as a landscape gardener and the +reputation that he has; and I felt that we could not hope to have a +better authority on these points that he has discussed than we could in +Mr. Simonds; and it is something that is constantly coming up. The +Department of Agriculture have to consider that people want to know what +trees they can plant in the landscape; and I feel particularly glad to +have Mr. Simonds here. + +DR. MORRIS: It seems to me we ought to talk more about the +nut-bearing pines in the landscape, because where you are planting pine +trees, you might as well plant the nut-bearing kind as the others; they +are just as beautiful, and you combine the Greek idea of beauty and +utility. + +MR. SIMONDS: Certainly, that is a tree I have omitted, because +in this region we have not had any nuts. + +DR. MORRIS: There are four pines that will bear nuts here--the +Korean pine, the pignolia or stone pine, the Italian stone pine and the +Swiss both. There are five nut bearing pine trees that are all market +trees for nuts, that I know will grow and bear here, including the lace +bark pine. + +MR. SIMONDS: Are they raising nuts in Michigan on pines? + +DR. MORRIS: No, but they might. Those five kinds would grow +here and bear nuts here, so they have a double value. + +MR. SIMONDS: I think we ought to raise them. Of course they are +beautiful in the landscape. + +DR. MORRIS: The whole idea of your paper is to approach the +Greek ideal--add utility to beauty. + +MR. SIMONDS: That is what nature does. It makes beautiful +leaves, then uses the leaves for plant food. + +MR. C. A. REED: I wonder, Dr. Morris, if you can tell where +these pines can be had. + +DR. MORRIS: The Korean pine is from northeast Asia, and you can +get those from the original pine seed; the lace bark pine is from +northeastern Asia where the climate is like ours. The Swiss stone pine +and the Italian stone pine are from Switzerland and Italy and closely +related--both excellent trees. The fruit now you buy as the pignolia in +the markets. Both those are sold as pignolia nuts. It is a commercial +nut of Europe. The white barked pine you would get from the West. It has +a beautiful fine large nut, and you would get that from any Pacific +coast dealers in nut trees. + +MR. SIMMONDS: Has that another name? + +DR. MORRIS: I do not know of any other name for it. Wait: The +single leaved pine is one. That grows so far north on the Pacific, but +we do not know whether it will ripen its nuts here or not. It is +perfectly hardy here and would be a beautiful nut tree, grows well. The +single-leaved pine--that is _monophylla_. There are four or five pinons +that will live, but they do not grow fast enough to make it worth while +to raise them in Michigan. The Jeffrey bull pine is another one that +will grow here and bear fruit, with a beautiful blue-green foliage. The +Jeffrey bull pine is one of the most beautiful and thrifty pines. That +is the Jeffrey variety of ponderosa. The nut is very much larger than +the nut of the ordinary ponderosa. The nut of the ponderosa is small, +but the Indians use them and eat them, shell and all. When we come to +using the pines more freely for food purposes, we are going to do what +they do in Europe with some of the small seeded pines--crush them and +make a mass, squeeze the cream out from the nuts, dry it a little, and +that makes very fine rich cream; then the residue is given to the +chickens and pigs. There are in all about thirty pine trees now that are +used for market purposes where they fruit, and we will undoubtedly +increase that number. I do not doubt that fifty species of pine trees +will be planted for their fruit by two generations from now when we feel +the need more. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will be glad to have questions from any one. +I think we get more from the discussions than we do from the papers. + +VOICE: In regard to the hickory nut, the shagbark, back in +northeastern Ohio, four years ago we had quite serious trouble with +our hickories there along in the month of June, about the time we get +the common June bug, there was a large bug that looked like the June bug +that seemed to work at night mostly. We did not see them active in the +day time, but they ate the foliage entirely off the lower branches and +those limbs from which they ate the foliage died. In some cases, the +tree died. I would like to know if anyone knows anything about those. +That was new to me. I have had opportunity to answer all sorts of +questions about that. I have been asked I guess by a thousand different +people about that insect, and I have not been able to learn anything +about it. + +MR. SIMONDS: I can not tell you. + +SAME VOICE: One man told me when he knew I was coming here, +"For goodness sakes find out something about that if you can." + +DR. MORRIS: It probably is the June bug, and turkeys and ducks +would solve the problem. + +MR. C. A. REED: The only suggestion I would make is that in +Ohio you have one of the best posted authorities on nut insects there is +in the country. That is Prof. H. A. Gossard, at Wooster. If he can not +tell you about it, no one can. + +MR. J. F. JONES: I think it is no doubt it is the ordinary May +beetle that is doing the mischief. + +PRESIDENT REED: I might say we had quite a deluge of beetles +along that line in the nursery a year ago this last June, the first time +we have ever been bothered with them. They finally became so thick we +had to go through and shake the trees and shake them off. They looked +something like the May beetle, only smaller, hard shelled, and seemed to +come by the millions; but they only lasted a few days, and it was all +over, and we have never seen them since. + +MR. C. A. REED: There is one more question I would like to ask +Mr. Simonds, and that is in regard to the proper distance for spacing +nut trees along avenues and in parks. + +MR. SIMONDS: I think that in both of those situations it is +well to give the trees a natural appearance by grouping, and sometimes +they can be far apart, and sometimes I think there might be a group of +two or three close together, so that they would grow in one group. That +will give a more natural arrangement in parks, and we have room enough +along the sides of most of our highways to have the same effect there. +The policy to be pursued with regard to spacing nut trees along highways +would be the same that we would follow in planting any other trees, and +one of the most attractive streets I know is now in the city of Grand +Rapids; it used to be in the country when I lived there years ago; but +along the sides of that street there are native trees, mostly burr oaks, +and they have grown just as nature planted them. There will be a group +of two or three, then a space, may be a single tree, then there may be a +group of five or six; and that natural arrangement is really beautiful, +to me far more beautiful than a straight row of trees, uniform spaced. +On that same street sixty or seventy years ago my uncle planted where +there were no trees--it is a continuation of this street--rows of sugar +maples, and they grew and finally made splendid trees, and a great storm +came along and broke down two or three, and that was a source of great +regret to my uncle; but his son thinks, perhaps, it was a good thing, +because it opened a beautiful view out into the country. Now by grouping +trees we can save beautiful views. If we plant uniformly, we get +monotony. With this belt of burr oaks spaced as I have described, you +have variety on your sky line. Some trees are a little farther up than +others and catch the sunlight, and we get shade and light. That is the +way I should plant nut trees. If I were planting black walnuts or +butternuts I would group them, but see that the tree has in some +directions space enough to develop as far as it wishes. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Simonds is about to go. That is the reason +I precipitated this question at this point. It was asked with reference +to the law which these gentlemen, sitting at my right here, were +responsible in putting through in the legislature of this +State--provision for planting food trees along the highways; and it may +be before Mr. Simonds goes, they have something further to ask. + +PRESIDENT REED: These questions are very important to draw out +information. Is there anything else you wish to ask before we leave this +topic? If not, we will call on C. A. Reed to present his paper next. It +was carried over from last night, I believe. + + + + +NUT CULTURE IN MICHIGAN + +C. A. REED, WASHINGTON, D. C. + + +There is evidence on all sides that the people of Michigan are deeply +interested in nut culture. Some have invested in pecan lands in the Far +South; no doubt some own Persian (English) walnut, almond or filbert +orchards on the Pacific Coast; and others are at the point of planting +nut trees in Michigan. Everybody would go nutting in fall if he could. +Michigan leads all other northern states in what its institutions and +some of its people have done toward developing the nut industry. + +Some thirty years ago the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad +Company showed its interest in nut production, when it planted many +miles of chestnut trees along its tracks running north from Adrian. +Between 1888 and 1892 there were planted on the grounds of the +sub-experiment station at South Haven, a number of pecan trees of Iowa +and Missouri seed, Japanese walnuts, a number of filbert plants and a +collection of almond varieties. At about the same time, Prof L. H. +Bailey set out half dozen pecans and Japanese walnut trees on the campus +of the Michigan Agricultural College. Later, Professor L. R. Taft added +several seedling Persian (English) walnut trees to the group. + +In traveling over the southern part of Michigan, one cannot go far +without seeing signs of interest in nut trees. Everywhere the black +walnut has been spared or planted. In certain sections it is to be found +about practically every farm house or at least near enough by to furnish +the winter supply of the family nuts. The chestnut is less common in any +part of the state than is the black walnut, not appearing to any +considerable extent except in the lower southeastern corner. It has not +fared well in the state either as a native or planted tree. The Persian +or so-called English walnut has attracted considerable attention from +time to time, and under especially favorable surroundings one +occasionally finds thrifty specimen trees. The pecan, the Japanese +walnut, European hazel or more popularly called the "filbert" have all +been given limited trials at various times. Even the almond has had a +day in Michigan. Quite possibly the pistache has been through the same +experience; but if so, the fact is not generally known. That species is +from arid Asia and wholly unlikely to succeed in the latitude of +Michigan although a young tree of a Chinese species ornamental because +of its fine feathery foliage, green in summer but which takes on a +brilliant hue in fall is, or was the last we know, doing well on the +private grounds of Dr. Robert T. Morris, near Stamford, Conn. + +Among the kinds of nut trees from which we can select varieties for +planting in Michigan, there are eleven or more distinct species. With +such a range as this, one might ask, why not go into nut growing in +Michigan on the same scale as in the growing of apples and peaches. +There are probably better reasons why this is not being done, but two +very good ones are that there are not enough available trees of good +varieties to plant more than a single orchard of respectable size in the +state; and the other; it would not pay to put good Michigan land to nut +trees of such varieties as are now available even though they could be +had. + +If nut trees can't be had and wouldn't pay if they could then why +publish an article on "Nuts for Michigan Planting," is probably what +will run through the minds of most readers of these lines. It is +certainly a logical question, but there are at least ten reasons why nut +trees should be planted in Michigan. + +1. The forests of Michigan have reached the point of depletion such that +for the sake of future generations, trees of some kind other than fruit +must be planted. + +2. While planting, we may as well select those capable of performing +more than a single service; in other words, trees of maximum possible +use. Oaks, poplars, ashes, pines, elms, etc., all have their places, but +not one in the group can produce anything of food value to humankind. + +3. Nut trees of most kinds, rightly used, are valuable for timber +purposes and are very effective in the landscape. + +4. Members of the walnut family including the hickories are especially +appropriate along the highways and city streets. They are sturdy, +long-lived and not easily damaged by storms or neighbor's boys. + +5. Nuts are among the very best of the meat substitutes. They contain +much of the same food elements as do meats, although in different +proportions. Some contain starch and to that extent can be used as are +the cereals and Irish potatoes. Nuts are the only vegetable product +grown in Michigan, which in raw condition afford a complete and fairly +well balanced food for human beings. Every pound of nut food that can be +raised from a tree along the street or in the fence corner on the farm +is clear gain, and that much added to our national food supply. + +6. Nuts are rapidly assuming importance as factors in the lists of +American foods. + +7. Many species of nut trees are adapted to some parts of Michigan. By +planting the best that are now available, and by constantly being on the +lookout for better sorts, superior varieties will be certain to develop +in a short while, the same as has been the case with all older orchard +fruits and farm crops. + +8. Whoever intelligently plants nut trees performs a distinct public +service. He will receive the gratitude of more than the present +generation. + +9. Among all kinds of trees, none are more appropriate for memorial +purposes to the men who did not come back from France, than is the black +walnut. That species itself took a valiant part in warfare. It furnished +material for gunstocks the same as in previous wars, but in the World +War it rendered what was considered by eminent authority, a greater +service in supplying propellors for aeroplanes. The shells of the nuts +contributed their part toward the making of carbon for gas masks, and no +one knows the extent to which walnut kernels made up the delicacies sent +from home to the boys in the trenches. With such a service record as +this, the black walnut is entitled to a memorial of its own. Its value +as a timber tree, as an ornamental, and as a food producer, together +with its great range of adaptability from North to South and East to +West, should justly entitle it to recognition as a National tree. + +10. Michigan has a law providing for the planting of nut trees along its +highways. Thus, the state has officially put its approval on the idea +and has become a leader in the encouragement of this great kind of +economy and thrift. It has taken a step toward conservation in a +direction which is highly developed in certain parts of Europe. The +product is sold to the highest bidder and the income used in the upkeep +of the road system. In that manner the roadways of those sections take +care of themselves. In this country millions of dollars of state and +federal moneys are being used this year, (ending June 30, 1921), in the +construction and upkeep of public roads. + +Desirable as it would be to accomplish these ends, it could not all be +done at once. Even though there were an abundance of available trees of +tried kinds, it would take a long time to plant them and to care for +them until they might become of profitable bearing age, also public +opinion would need to be remolded in order to insure their care and +protection. Still it can and will be done. The movement is already on; +the Michigan law began to operate soon after being passed, and the +Division of Forestry at the Agricultural College is raising the trees +for planting. Public opinion regarding the care of the trees and their +product will take care of itself when the value of the trees and their +products becomes apparent. Both in California and in Oregon not only nut +but fruit orchards and vineyards, grow beside the roadways with no +protection other than that of public opinion; and what has been done in +one part of the country can be done in others as well. + +The eleven species referred to as being available for Michigan use are +as follows: The almond, beechnut, butternut, chestnut, filbert, (hazel), +pecan, shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, black walnut, Japanese +walnut, and the Persian or so-called English walnut. + +Taking these up in order we will consider first the + + +ALMOND + +Except as an ornamental, the almond does not offer a great deal for use +in Michigan. It is sometimes said to be as hardy as the peach, but only +as this refers to the tree and not to the fruit, is it true. Certain +hardshell almonds edible, yet so inferior to the improved varieties as +to have practically no market value, do sometimes succeed in lower +Michigan but their value is limited to their beauty when in bloom and to +the production of a low grade product. In form and general appearance +these almonds are much like peach pits. Very often they contain much of +the same bitter taste of Prussic acid common to the kernel of the +ordinary peach. They are interesting to observe while growing especially +as they begin to ripen. The covering outside the seed is thin and +leathery and while ripening, splits and peels outward in curious +fashion. + +Perhaps the only recognized variety of almond of this class which is +known to have fruited in the East is the Ridenhower from southern +Illinois. Trees can be had from some of the nurserymen. + + +THE BEECH + +One of Michigan's noblest, hardiest, and most often abused trees is the +American beech. It is common from north to south. No tree is more +handsome and none, unless possibly it be the white birch, is so often +defaced. Dr. Robt. T. Morris, of New York City, reminds us that +according to the scriptures, man, genus _Homo_, is a finished product +made by and in the image of the Creator. A safe assumption is that the +scriptural reference is not to the creature whose initials appear on the +trunk of a beech or whose knife has removed bark from white birch. His +genus is not _Homo_, and he is not scripturally recorded. + +The beech is not directly important as a nut bearing tree, but +indirectly it is as the nuts are rarely harvested. Indirectly it is of +great value. No food is better for turkeys and hogs than are beechnuts. +A bushel of beechnuts that can be used in this way replace at least a +bushel of corn. The difference in cost of production should make +beechnuts worth several times as much as corn. + +In Europe a valuable oil used as a drug and for salads is expressed from +beechnuts. Possibly individual trees could be found somewhere in +Michigan which produce nuts large enough, good enough, and in quantity +enough to justify their recognition and propagation as named varieties. + +No matter whether distinct varieties appear or not, the beech is well +worthy of planting in many places about both the farm and the city lot. + + +BUTTERNUT + +A member of the walnut family known also as "long walnut" and as "white +walnut" is the true butternut. It has a smaller range of adaptability +than does the black walnut but is found considerably farther north. On +the Atlantic coast, its native range extends into Nova Scotia. In parts +of New York State and New England, it is one of the most common species. +It is well known in Michigan where, to many people it is the favorite of +all nuts. The tree is less durable and long-lived than is the black +walnut. It is less well suited for use in the landscape and its timber +value is probably the least of any native walnut. + +Within very recent years one or two promising varieties have been +introduced by the nurserymen. The first and only one now available is +the Aiken from New Hampshire. The nut cracks well and the kernels are of +pleasant flavor, but as a variety it has not been tested long enough to +determine its adaptability to conditions in other states nor the extent +to which budded trees will be productive. + + +CHESTNUT + +Perhaps the greatest, of all tree tragedies is represented by the +chestnut. Once a dominant species in many parts of the East, it is now +merely a wreck of its former self. In whole states along the Atlantic +Seaboard, it has been wiped out by a fungus disease introduced from +Japan some 25 years ago. Pennsylvania allows no chestnut trees to be +shipped outside its limits for fear of further spreading this disease. +So far as known chestnut trees from west of the Wabash River are free +from infection. From Illinois, there have recently been introduced +several varieties of chestnut supposedly of pure American parentage +which are quite the equal in size of the European sorts but which have +the sweet flavor of true American strains. In protected places in the +southern part of the Lower Peninsula these chestnuts should be well +worthy of trial. They are, indeed, splendid chestnuts. The principal +varieties are the Rochester, Progress, Fuller and Boone. The last is not +related to the others; but is the result of an artificial cross between +the American sweet chestnut and the Japan Giant. + + +HICKORY + +Next to, or perhaps equal to the black walnut, the hickories are among +the best known of Michigan's nut trees. Belonging to the same family as +do the walnuts, they require much the same soil for their best +development. They are slower of growth and even harder to bud and graft +or to successfully transplant. Nevertheless, some of hickories bear +splendid nuts in liberal quantities. Quite a number of good varieties +have been named and a few propagated. They are mainly of the shagbark +species although some are shellbarks, some pignuts, and a few hybrids. +The true shellbark is not found in Michigan and would probably not +succeed there as well as do others. In character of growth, the +shellbark is much like the shagbark but the nuts are much larger, and +the shells extremely thick. Among the good shagbarks there are the +Swaim, Weiker, Kentucky, Manahan, Taylor and Vest. + +True hickories ordinarily do not attain important habits of bearing +until from 15 to 25 years of age. + + +PECAN + +The pecan is easily the favorite and most important nut of American +origin. Contrary to current ideas, it is not an introduced species nor +are the best pecans grown in California. The pecan has become one of the +leading nuts of this country by rapid but natural processes. In the +forests, it is indigenous as far north as the southern part of Indiana, +and in western Illinois it is found at the latitude of Chicago. Seedling +trees at South Haven and on the campus of Michigan Agricultural College +have borne occasional crops but the climate of Michigan is too severe +for pecans to bear regularly. The trees of northern origin should do +well enough over much of lower Michigan to be worthy of planting. Good +varieties are the Major, Greenriver, Niblack, Indiana, Busseron and +Posey. + + +BLACK WALNUT + +Already the black walnut had been referred to in this article. In its +further behalf may be said that like the pecan it is one of America's +most rapid growing valuable trees. It does not grow with the speed of a +poplar, a willow, or a linden. Neither does any other tree of value or +longevity. Two 6-year-old trees of the eastern black walnut grown in the +Wiliamette Valley of Western Oregon, bore approximately a peck of nuts +apiece, in 1919, when they were photographed by the writer. In good soil +and under favorable conditions of growth, it will be seen that the black +walnut is not always slow in developing but that it is sometimes a rapid +grower. + +Three varieties of black walnut are now available from the nurserymen. +They are the Thomas from Pennsylvania, the Ohio from some 20 miles south +of Toledo, and the Stabler from Howard County, Maryland 15 or 20 miles +outside the District of Columbia. All are prolific, precocious and of +superior cracking quality. The Thomas was discovered and first +propagated some 30 years ago. The young grafted trees show a tendency to +begin bearing in the nursery rows. + +At the present time, the black walnut is regarded as being of greater +promise for planting in the northern states than is any other species +either native or introduced. + + +THE JAPANESE WALNUT + +To a considerable extent this species has been confused with the Persian +walnut, although the two are quite unlike. This is a dwarfish species +with dull green rough leaflets often as many as 15 or 17 per leaf, which +often bears nuts in clusters of a dozen or more. While green the outer +hulls of the nuts are rough, and somewhat sticky. + +The Persian walnut is a standard-sized upright growing tree with bright +green leaflets, usually 5 to 7 per leaf, and smooth, round nut hulls +which split open and shed the nuts automatically. + +The Japanese walnuts hybridize freely with other species of walnuts and +produce nuts of all types; not infrequently crosses of this kind +resemble butternuts so closely as to be practically indistinguishable +from them. + +True Japanese walnuts have a range in form of two distinct types. The +better known is of guinea egg shape; the other, often known as the +heartnut, is of distinct heart shape. Neither is large; the former is of +about the size of a guinea egg or smaller; the latter is still smaller. +Both are like the black walnut in being encased in a rough outer husk, +which upon maturing shrivels and adheres to the surface of the nut. The +shells are thinner than are those of the black walnut, but thicker than +are those of the Persian walnut. When well matured, the shell of the +heartnut tends to open slightly at the apex, after which it can be +readily split in half with a knife blade. The flavor of the kernel is +much like that of the American butternut. + +The Japanese walnut is ordinarily hardy wherever the black succeeds. It +is by no means uncommon in Michigan where it is especially appropriate +for family planting. For the present, seedling trees will have to be +relied upon almost wholly, as very few varieties have been propagated. +So far as the writer is informed, the only named variety available from +a northern nursery is the Lancaster introduced by J. F. Jones, a +nurseryman at Lancaster, Pa. + + +PERSIAN WALNUT + +Perhaps no species of nut tree has attracted as great attention in +Michigan as has the Persian walnut. Under some conditions it does well +for a time in the eastern or northeastern states, but on the whole its +performance is distinctly erratic. Commercially speaking, it is of +importance in this country only on the Pacific coast. Trees on the +campus at Michigan Agricultural College and at many private places in +the central part of the state, have come to little. Usually they grow +well in summer only to freeze back nearly as much in winter. In Saranac +County, eastern Michigan, close to Lake Huron there are a few young +orchards that are in good condition, but a half mile back from the lake +the results are discouraging. The same is true next to Lake Michigan +from Grand Rapids south to the Indiana line. + +The only recommendations that can be made relative to planting the +Persian walnut in Michigan are, that it be planted very cautiously in +any part of the state and except under very favored circumstances it be +not at all in the middle of the state. + +Do not undertake to grow the trees by planting the nuts or by buying +seedlings. The most desirable trees are those of hardy varieties, budded +on the black walnut as a stock a foot or more above ground. + + +THE FILBERT + +The filbert has been one of our tantalizing species of nut trees. In +England, trees grow to ages of from one to two hundred years, bearing +profusely meanwhile. There, for many years, they are grown under apple +trees with currants below them. In Germany, we are told that +strawberries are grown below the currants and gooseberries. We are +waiting for the Yankee who will be first to grow peanuts or potatoes +below strawberries. In the eastern part of this country, plants of the +European kinds are disappointing in two ways. First, they are uncertain +as to their ability to bear; and second, they are highly susceptible to +a fungus disease found everywhere that the native hazels abound. The +native species is quite able to resist this disease, but the +introductions ordinarily succumb to it quickly. + +In the Pacific Northwest, where by many filbert culture is believed +destined to become a successful and paying industry within the next few +years, not infrequently some varieties begin to blossom as early as in +December. The blooming is largely responsible for the failure of eastern +trees to set and mature crops of nuts. + +Several nurserymen are now endeavoring to find varieties of commercial +value in the eastern part of the country. Apparently they are meeting +with some success as far as their work has gone. Many of the varieties +they are testing are proving inferior, but a few have borne good nuts in +gratifying quantity for several years. During the past winter, a good +many froze severely, although they are commonly hardy under severe +weather. + +Wherever they are planted, they should have fertile soil, from 20 to 25 +feet of space each way and should be trained to tree form. After 10 +years or so, they should be headed back severely, unless regular pruning +has been practiced in the meantime. Filberts fruit only on new wood. + +To those who have read this article to this point, it is now apparent +that the nut industry of Michigan lies almost wholly in the future. The +native varieties form an excellent ground work for that future, but to +properly take advantage of that base, it will be necessary for +practically every nut lover in the state to lend a helping hand. The +first great movement necessary is to examine the nuts in the fall as +ripen in order to find the best of the walnuts, hickories, native +hazels, beeches and introduced chestnuts, walnuts and filberts. In this +everyone can help. Whoever finds a tree of any kind bearing superior +nuts will render a great service by sending specimens, together with his +or her address and that of the owner of the tree to the Federal +Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., or to Willard G. Bixby, +Treasurer of the Association, Baldwin, Nassau County, N. Y. Be sure to +carefully note the exact tree, from which the nuts were obtained and if +specimens are sent from more than one tree, they should be kept separate +and each carefully labeled. Such nuts will be examined and if found to +be the equal or superior to the varieties already being grown, they will +be named and arrangements made for this propagation and test. + +No prizes are given by the Government but good nuts sent the Government +will be eligible to entry in the contest of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. If enough specimens are sent the Department, some will be +forwarded to the Treasurer of that Association who has charge of awards. + +According to very recent reports, the outlook for a nut crop during the +coming year was never better. This should, therefore, be an excellent +year for finding the trees bearing the best nuts. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe Mr. Reed expects to give an +additional talk tonight with lantern slides. + +MR. C. A. REED: There will be an informal talk, a question box +this evening for the benefit of any interested in the general discussion +of nut culture in the United States. I notice the guests of the +institution are deeply interested in nut growing in their particular +states; so the arrangement for this evening is to give those persons an +opportunity to come out and ask questions. + +MR. OLCOTT: While Mr. Reed is on that subject, I would like to +ask if there is a chestnut as large as the Boone or other chestnuts +grown by Mr. Riehl of as good flavor as the American Sweet chestnut. A +good many people are asking me from time to time what the merit is in +those large chestnuts. Invariably they have found that the quality is +not as good as in the American sweet chestnut. I have been assured and +Mr. Reed says that the kernel of these is very good. I wonder if there, +are some of them better than others--of the very large chestnuts. + +MR. C. A. REED: There is a difference. The Boone that Mr. +Olcott refers to is a cross between the American species and the +Japanese. The Japanese has not a good flavor; it is considerably below +that of the American; but the Boone is quite good; but there are some of +Mr. Riehl's chestnuts that are better. Mr. Riehl's are believed to be +the pure American sweet chestnuts and some of them are very good, +perhaps not quite as sweet as our American sweet, but they are +exceedingly satisfactory and very popular in the Chicago markets where +Mr. Riehl's chestnuts are going. + +MR. BIXBY: This fall I received a chestnut which I am satisfied +was Japanese, which is very large, and seemingly about as sweet as the +American. I did not have the American there to test it by, but it was +very interesting to me, and I am planning to get scions in the spring to +follow it up further. It was seemingly a Japanese chestnut, and pretty +nearly as large as the Boone. + +MR. J. F. JONES: I might say that so far as I have tested them, +some of the Japanese are quite sweet, but the meat is generally tough, +not brittle and sweet like the American. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe Mr. Linton is with us, and we shall +be glad to hear from him. + + + + +NUT TREES FOR HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC PLACES + +WILLIAM S. LINTON, SAGINAW, MICHIGAN + + +For a number of years it has been a source of gratification and pleasure +to me to be identified with the membership of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. True, "a long distance membership only," but nevertheless a +connection that all must admit has borne fruit, or nuts, as you may +prefer to state it. + +To this association and its official journal must be given full credit +for the pioneer work in a great and good movement that will sweep, not +only over the United States, but over every clime and county in the +world's Western hemisphere as well. Your seed sown in the peninsular +state of Michigan, was the first to sprout in a substantial way in so +far as public planting of nut trees by a sovereign state is concerned, +and it was our good fortune to have as staunch supporters for the plan +such able and persistent workers as my good friend, Senator Harvey A. +Penney of Saginaw, Professor A. K. Chittenden of the Michigan +Agricultural College, and last, but not least, Honorable Frank F. +Rogers, Michigan's excellent State Highway Commissioner. Upon the latter +will largely devolve the duty of carrying out the law's provisions, as +provided in Senator Penney's bill passed at the last session of the +Legislature, and that it will be well and practically done, goes without +saying. + +And now to my theme, "Should the Country Roadsides be Planted and Why." +The present high cost of living, and in fact the cost of living at any +time is a fruitful and serious problem. Our vast natural resources +during the century gone, of forests, of game, and of grazing lands, have +almost to the point of extinction been rapidly passing away, and it +behooves us, who have profited thereby and now owe a duty to our race to +artificially provide wherever and whenever we can for the future of +humankind. In what better way can this be done than in utilizing the +immense acreage of America's vast system of highways, (now absolutely +wasted except for the sole purpose of travel), to reproduce the very +finest of our country's magnificent trees, to again afford beauty, +grateful shade, valuable timber and the choicest of food in great +abundance for the generations to come. + +Were this not a convention devoted to the advancement of nut growing +alone, I would be glad to extol also for road planting fruit trees of +every kind of adequate size and character, and free or nearly so, from +the ravages of disease or insect pest, would be glad to praise the +stately, hard maple, with its clear, sweet sap, producing the syrup and +sugar that are the delight of childhood and age, and would be glad to +recommend the useful basswood with its valuable lumber and its fragrant +yellow flowers, producing that nectar from which our most delicious +honey is made, and would be glad to recommend for our highways, certain +other majestic trees needed by man and beautiful in the landscape. + +But the object of this association and convention is a specialized one, +as undoubtedly it should be, owing to the important field it covers, and +therefore the nut trees and it alone for planting on highways and in +public places should be the subject of this paper. + +If we were to confine ourselves to one native variety or species for our +Northern territory, the great majority of people would unhesitatingly +say, let it be the Black Walnut (_Juglans nigra_). Attaining as it does +a height of 100 feet and more, and a trunk of four feet and over in +diameter, with a symmetrical top of splendid foliage, bearing the +richest of nuts and its timber the most valuable in the country, with a +natural range extending from Michigan to Mississippi and from Delaware +to the Dakotas, it should be universally planted throughout the United +States along thousands of miles of our great trunk line roads. + +Its nearest American relative, the butternut (_Juglans cinerea_) +preferring lower lands along river bottoms, attaining an average height +of 60 feet with a trunk of 3 feet, its wood suitable for cabinet work, +its bark with medicinal properties, and its nuts of splendid flavor, +should be planted where soil conditions call for it. + +For their rich, delicious nuts, alone, saying nothing about their clean, +handsome foliage, their rough, strong wood--the best of any grown for +many purposes--the hickories, among which are the Shagbark (_Carya +ovata_) and the big shellbark (_Carya laciniosa_), should be planted in +many places. They both frequently attain 100 feet in height with +straight sturdy trunks averaging from three to four feet in diameter. + +The other nut trees suitable for roadside planting, are not specially +attractive to mankind for their fruits, as heretofore used or utilized, +but may eventually become so under modern methods of cooking or proper +treatment. In their raw state, however, all are edible and also +palatable to most people, but their chief food value today, is to +provide rich provender to domestic animals and birds, or the desirable +wild life of the woodlands, all of which devour them eagerly, adding +quickly to their weight and greatly to their quality and flavor of their +flesh. I refer to the three magnificent oaks producing sweet acorns, +viz., the White Oak (_Quercus albaq_), the Bur Oak (_Quercus +macrocarpa_) and the Swamp White Oak (_Quercus plantanoides_). They are +all emblematic of great strength and grandeur, reaching the majestic +height of 100 feet, with trunks four or five feet in diameter; the leaf +coloring at times is indescribably beautiful and the timber owing to its +great solidity and strength is of the utmost value. + +Last, but not least, the American beech, with a three or four foot trunk +and almost 100 feet in height, distinct and beautiful, will demand the +attention of those who plant our highways. Its nuts, feasted upon by +many forest denizens, may be classed with the sweet acorns heretofore +referred to, but the tree has a grace and charm all its own and it +thrives from the warm waters of the Gulf to the icy shores of Lake +Superior. + +At this time we cannot recommend what has been a noble, almost +fascinating tree, 100 feet its usual height and sometimes spreading 100 +feet almost in extent, with a trunk that in some cases reached a +diameter of 10 feet, with clusters of golden catkins fragrant in +midsummer, resulting in great quantities of delicious nuts in autumn. +Such was the chestnut, _Castanea dentata_, of the past, the fate of +which, and almost extinction, has been a tragedy in the ranks of our +native trees that has brought bitter regrets to all lovers of this +partician of the forest. Good news comes from the far East, however, to +the effect that some specimens of this famous tree have escaped or +proven immune to the blight, and if the latter, it means the saving of +the species and its replanting in soil and territory where it may thrive +as of yore. + +Having now enumerated the varieties of trees that should be selected in +the main for the planting of highways and in public places, the question +now arises as to the best method of carrying on the work in a practical +way throughout the country. + +Individuals or small communities certainly can not be depended upon to +do it, as the result would be of a patchwork character that would not be +pleasing to the eye or beneficial in its results. + +Only federal, state and municipal governments can take charge of this +great work and carry it forward to completion. + +The State of Michigan, now as you know, by legal enactment, causes state +authorities to plant the trunk line, highways, the county to plant the +roads of the county systems, and the cities and villages and townships +those minor roads that are within their borders. + +In case of individual effort, where an owner of land plants +food-producing trees along the highways in front of his property, he is +reimbursed by stated amounts covering each tree so planted, the returns +coming to him by a reduction in the amount of his own taxation. + +This so-called Michigan plan carried on throughout the entire country, +would call for a supply of trees of the character named far beyond the +ability of the commercial growers to supply, and in my opinion can be +worked out only by seed or seedlings of the various varieties. And why +not? The cost would be much less than of any other method, and only a +few years would pass before substantial returns would commence to come. +It has been stated and it is true, that the seeds of the trees named do +not always produce superior nuts, but in a great majority only those of +a common or inferior kind. However, choice specimens will appear also, +and from these of the better class grafting may be done to enrich all. + +Then again, it is a question as to whether the important tap roots of +the important nut species should be disturbed or destroyed in +transplanting. It would seem to be the proper plan, therefore, in order +to avoid too great an expense, that the nuts or seed should be used in a +great majority of highway planting, the trees to remain where first +placed on approved roadside lines, and the proper distance apart. + +It may be said that too great a time would elapse between the planting +of the seed and the maturity of the tree, but as time goes nowadays, it +would not be an unreasonable period, and there are those within the +sound of my voice now, who will witness in their maturity the +magnificent trees producing their valuable products and adding to the +beauty of the landscape and to the welfare of mankind. + +This Association has been the pioneer in this great movement, and it +will be the credit to those connected therewith in the generations to +come, in that they have all contributed in a very marked degree to the +everlasting benefit of mankind. + +PRESIDENT REED: Is there any discussion? + +MR. C. A. REED: I believe Senator Penney is to discuss a topic +very closely affiliated with this one and perhaps it would be well to +defer the discussion until we hear his address. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will be glad to have Senator Penney present +his paper next, then. It is along the same lines--legislation in regard +to tree planting. + +SENATOR PENNEY: When my friend, Mr. Linton, started off to +discuss his paper, he said he was a long distance member, and you can +see the effect in the fruits he has borne or the nuts he has borne. Ever +since I was taken sick up north, he has been trying to tell me I was a +nut. I was taken sick up there in the deer hunting camp, and my friend, +Mr. Linton, assisted in getting me out and rushing me to the nearest +hospital, and it happened to be an insane asylum in northern Michigan. + + + + +LEGISLATION REGARDING THE PLANTING OF NUT AND OTHER FOOD PRODUCING TREES + +SENATOR HARVEY A. PENNEY, SAGINAW, MICHIGAN + + +I wish to express my hearty appreciation to your Association for the +distinct honor of being invited to address your meeting upon the subject +of "Legislation Regarding the Planting of Nut and Other Food Trees." I +believe that my invitation came as a result of having been responsible +for introducing a tree-planting bill in the Senate of the 1919 session +of the Michigan State Legislature, and later in securing its passage. + +This bill purported "to regulate the planting of ornamental, +nut-bearing and other food-producing trees along the highways of the +State of Michigan, or in public places, and for the maintenance, +protection and care of such trees, and to provide a penalty for injury +thereof, or for stealing the products thereof." + +For several sessions of the Michigan Legislature prior to 1919, bills +had been introduced intending to accomplish this result, but each time +heretofore they have regularly failed to pass. This fate included one +introduced by the writer during the session of 1917. I am now fully +convinced that none of these bills, although a step in the right +direction, seemed to provide the proper working machinery or necessary +features to put them into practical operation, and hence did not appeal +to the legislative committees, nor to the members of the several +legislatures. + +During the regular session of 1919, with the valuable assistance of Hon. +W. S. Linton of Saginaw, a new bill was prepared providing an entirely +new method of supplying and planting such trees, and for putting such a +law into effective operation under the jurisdiction of the state. It was +made to work in harmony with the rights of the property owner adjoining +the highway, and with the duties of those state officials whose +departments were perfectly adapted and equipped for putting the law into +active operation. + +I am going to attach an enrolled copy of the tree planting bill at the +end of this paper, so that it may be made a part of the permanent +records of the Association. It will therefore be unnecessary to give a +detailed account of all the provisions contained therein. + +I will, however, mention a few of the principal points so that you may +understand its purpose. It provides that the Public Domain Commission +which has charge of the state forest reserve lands and parks, together +with the Michigan Agricultural College, are given authority to grow and +acquire suitable seeds, scions or trees for planting under the +provisions of this act. A department of the Agricultural College +determines the kind of trees which are adapted or suitable for planting +in different soils or places. In order to insure a uniform system of +planting, this duty is left to the State Highway Commission and the +State Board of Agriculture, acting jointly. The trees belong to the +state, but the nuts or other products belong to the owner of the land +adjoining the highway. A penalty is imposed if these trees are defaced +with advertisements or signs, and neither can they be cut down or +destroyed. + +But just as you find legislatures differing in their opinions upon +public matters, so you must expect them to differ more or less upon the +feasibility of most any bill that is presented for their consideration. +All kinds of arguments are made for and against any bill. I remember +that one Senator in the committee thought that trees planted along the +highways bearing nuts or fruit would constantly be subject to a lot of +tampering and molestation by the traveling public. But another Senator +came back with a reply that seemed to be very convincing, when he stated +that he had a fine row of cherry trees growing along the front of his +farm, and had never experienced any trouble of that kind from such a +source. + +I have always felt that if the merits of a good bill were properly +explained to a legislature committee, there will be no hesitancy in +having it favorably reported out and finally passed. I believe the +legislature of 1919 took this view of the tree planting bill introduced +by myself, as it was passed by both the Senate and the House, and later +received the signature of Governor Sleeper, thus making it an +established law of Michigan. + +I must not forget to mention the fact that after this bill had been +passed by the legislature and still needed the signature of the Governor +to make it a law, a number of Michigan's representative and influential +citizens wrote to Governor Sleeper, urging him to affix his signature +thereto. Among those was Dr. J. H. Kellogg of Battle Creek, who has more +than a nation-wide reputation in his profession and is at present a +strong factor in the success of this association. + +This law is intended not only to ornament the public highways of +Michigan, but also to furnish nut bearing and other food-producing trees +that should assist materially in the problems incident to the high cost +of living. It would seem that such a law should be duplicated in every +state where practicable, and also be promoted by the National Government +upon National Highways. + +The people of Michigan recently voted to amend the State Constitution so +as to permit the issuance of $50,000,000.00 worth of bonds for the +improvement of public highways. By the time that this large sum has been +apportioned over a period of say ten years, and the road moneys +furnished and expended during this time, as federal aid by the federal +government, local counties and townships are added thereto, it has been +estimated that the vast sum of nearly $200,000,000.00 will have been +used solely for the improvement of our state highways. + +With a wonderful highway system thus established, beautifully adorned by +the state with nut-bearing and other trees, the roads of Michigan should +become a great attraction in which our citizens would not only have a +just pride, but serve as a model of excellence for the whole nation to +imitate. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, I would like to ask the Senator +what danger there is likely to be in the protection of these trees when +they are once planted. Is the tree going to have right of way, or is the +telephone company going to have right of way in cutting out the top; or +is a new bred consciousness going to have authority. If it is possible +that the trees will be destroyed as many have been, perhaps the +legislation may be changed in some way. Suppose we want to give them +good care, what are we going to do? + +SENATOR PENNEY: The law has a section in it providing for +defacing and damaging the trees or cutting them down. I have a copy of +the bill there. As my throat is in bad shape perhaps it might be well to +have the secretary read the bill. It is not very long. + +MR. LINTON: In this connection I would also ask for the reading +of the bill by the secretary. This is a bill that may be copied by other +states throughout the Union, and if there is any criticism that is just, +in reason, for changing any of the features in the bill, they should be +decided upon at this meeting or by a committee. Because a uniform bill +throughout the country is really something desirable, I think, in +connection with this legislation. And I would add further: Michigan does +not have an entire monopoly of Highway legislation at the present time, +but is in a prominent position in connection therewith. The chairman of +the committee on post offices and post roads of the United States Senate +is Senator Townsend, of this State. It is his bill that will cause the +national highways to be constructed from ocean to ocean. Senator +Townsend is one of our best beloved citizens; his heart is in this work; +and I am sure from what I know of him (and he is a close friend of mine) +that he will enter heartily into the spirit of embodying in national +legislation something of the character that we have in state legislation +in Michigan so that it may apply to the whole country as well. And for +that reason I would like to have the bill read. It is a short one, and +any additions or any amendments thereto I know will be gladly received +by Senator Penny or myself. + +MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I think that is one of the most +important subjects that can come before this Association; not only +that, but the interest of every member should be enlisted particularly +in this subject. The possibilities of the extension of that work are +almost unlimited and directly in line with the objects of this +organization. + +PRESIDENT REED: I am just wondering whether we would have time +to have it read now, or postpone it to a little later. Dr. Kellogg is +with us now. + +MR. BIXBY: This bill is very short. (Read bill.) + + + Senate Bill No. 59 Introduced by Senator Penney + (File No. 150) + + STATE OF MICHIGAN + 50th Legislature + Regular Session of 1919 + SENATE ENROLLED ACT NO. 18 + + An act to regulate the planting of ornamental, nut bearing or other + food producing trees along the highways of the State of Michigan, + or in public places, and for the maintenance, protection and care + of such trees and to provide a penalty for injury thereof, or for + stealing the products thereof. + + The People of the State of Michigan enact + + Section 1. The State Highway Commissioner and the State Board of + Agriculture, acting jointly hereunder, shall have authority and it + shall be their duty to select and plant by seed, scions or + otherwise, ornamental, nut bearing, or other food producing trees, + (to be supplied by the Public Domain Commission, or the Michigan + Agricultural College, as may be recommended or approved by the + Division of Agriculture of said college,) suitable for shade trees, + along the State trunk line highways and all other highways of the + State of Michigan, upon which State reward has been paid or earned: + + Provided, that in no case shall such trees be planted except by and + with the consent of the owner of the property adjoining such + highway. The State Highway Commissioner shall establish rules and + regulations for uniform planting or proper placing of all trees + under the provisions of this act, and all such trees shall belong + to the State, but the products thereof shall belong to the owners + of the adjacent land. Nothing herein contained shall authorize the + State Highway Commissioner, or the State Board of Agriculture to + cut down or interfere with shade trees now growing along any such + highway, without permission in writing from the owner of the + adjoining property. All expenses incurred in carrying out the + provisions of this section shall be paid out of any moneys in the + State highway fund that may be available therefor. + + Section 2. Counties, townships, cities and villages may annually + appropriate money to be used in planting, pruning and protecting, + and whenever necessary in acquiring shade, nut bearing and + ornamental trees to be placed along and within the respective + limits of said municipalities. The expenditure of any such fund + shall be vested in the highway commissioner in the case of county + roads, and in the proper highway authorities of the city or village + as the case may be. + + Section 3. The owner of any real estate in the State of Michigan + that borders upon a legal highway upon which State reward has not + been paid, shall have the right to plant said approved ornamental, + nut bearing, or other food producing trees along the line of said + highway adjoining said land, and shall receive annually a credit of + five cents upon his highway repair tax for each tree so planted by + him and growing in good order, not less than six feet in height + when planted and not less than twenty and not more than forty feet + apart. All of said trees and their products shall belong to the + owner of said land: Provided, that no bounty shall be paid or + deduction allowed under the provision of this section upon any one + tree or row of trees for a longer period than five years. The owner + of such trees shall have the care thereof and shall have the duty + and responsibility for the trimming, spraying and cultivation + thereof. + + Section 4. The Michigan Agricultural College and Public Domain + Commission are hereby authorized to grow and acquire suitable + seeds, scions or trees for planting under the provisions of this + act, and to establish proper rules and regulations for distributing + the same at nominal cost, or otherwise, to counties, townships, + cities, villages, and citizens of the State for the aforesaid + purpose, and also for State parks or other public places. + + Section 5. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy, injure, deface or + break any ornamental, nut bearing, food producing or shade tree + upon any public highway or place, except where such trees shall + interfere with the proper construction or maintenance of such + highways. It shall be unlawful to affix to any such tree any + picture, announcement, play-bill, notice or advertisement, or to + paint or mark such tree, except for the purpose of protecting it, + or to negligently permit any animal to break down, injure or + destroy any such tree within the limits of any public highway. Any + person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty + of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a + fine of not less than one dollar or more than twenty-five dollars, + and in default of payment of any such fine may be imprisoned in the + county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days. Such person + shall be liable to the owner of the trees for treble the amount of + damages sustained. + + LUREN D. DICKINSON, + Lieutenant Governor, President of the Senate. + + TOM REED, + Speaker of the House of Representatives. + + Approved, March 28, 1919. + + ALBERT E. SLEEPER, + Governor. + + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Chairman, I _move_ that before adjournment +the chairman appoint a committee of three members of this association to +carefully review this bill and either report in favor of any suggestions +that they may wish to make in regard to its amendment or give approval +of the bill as it stands. + +MR. LINTON: I support the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that the chairman +appoint a committee of three to carry out the recommendations. All in +favor say Aye; contrary, No. It is CARRIED. + +SENATOR PENNEY: That law is adjusted to the laws of Michigan +and any other state proposed would have to adjust it to fit their laws. + +PRESIDENT REED: I would like to have Mr. C. A. Reed on that +committee, Mr. Olcott and Dr. Morris. + +C. A. REED: Then, Mr. President, in addition to that we are +going to take the liberty of adding an _ex officio_ member, Mr. +Littlepage, an ex-president and also a good thoroughgoing nut. + +MR. JONES: My understanding is the provision for six-ft. trees. +Six foot nut trees unless they have been transplanted several times will +hardly succeed. I would say use small trees along the highway. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think that would need to be worked out. I +think a six foot tree is a little dangerous in some varieties. The +committee might find it wise to offer some suggestions in that line. + +VOICE: If you plant a tree six feet high, you are sure of +having a tree there. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe Dr. Kellogg is about ready now, and +we will hear from Dr. Kellogg whom you are all acquainted with. + + + + +THE SOY BEAN + +DR. J. H. KELLOGG, BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN + + +It is evident that the live stock industry is shriveling up. The +livestock inhabitants of the country--the pigs, sheep and cattle--are +much smaller in population at the present time than they were +twenty-five or thirty years ago, and are getting smaller all the time. +The price of meat is high and is going to continue to climb. It is away +out of reach of the average laboring man even at the present time. I +heard Dr. Charley Mayo say at a clinic not long ago that meat is so high +he could not afford to eat it and he didn't see how anybody could; and +as a matter of fact, he didn't need it anyhow, and so we could easily +get along without it. As a matter of fact, as Mr. Bill said some years +ago it is not really so much the high cost of living as it is the cost +of high living; and the use of meat is such an extravagant and expensive +thing it is very important that people should know how to get along +without meat. + +The experimenters of the agricultural experiment stations have shown us +that it takes thirty-three pounds of dry digestible food substance to +make one pound of beef--31 or 32 pounds to make a pound of beef, and 33 +or 34 pounds to make a pound of mutton. Seven pounds of digestible food +substance will make a pound of dry milk. So we can readily see that +there is an enormous waste of foodstuff. Only about ten per cent of the +corn raised is used for feeding human beings. The rest is fed to animals +and a large part of it is wasted. + +So it is exceedingly important, it seems to me, that this nut industry +should be encouraged in every way. A half million acres of nut trees +well advanced and producing would produce all of the fat and more +digestible fat, and all the protein and more digestible protein, than we +are now using in the entire country. We are producing more than enough +food in corn and other foodstuffs to feed nearly three times our present +population, and most of it is wasted in the energy which the hog, the +steer and other animals use up in running around and keeping warm. That +is where the great loss comes. In nuts we have a choice foodstuff as +digestible as any other foodstuff, and Prof. Torrey and Prof. Mendel and +others who have recently made experiments have shown that the protein of +the nut and the protein of vegetables in general is not so putrescible +as the protein of meats. There are good reasons for it. It does not +undergo putrefaction so readily any way, and besides meat carries along +with it the bacteria which produce putrefaction. + +Meat is the filthiest thing that goes upon our tables. If the number of +bacteria in milk was as great as the number of bacteria in meat, nobody +would think of eating it. If the bacteria in water were as numerous as +in milk, no one would be willing to drink the water. It is a very +curious thing that we permit in milk and in meat a condition of things +we would not tolerate in air or water for a moment. Every morsel of meat +a person eats contains some billions of the bacteria of the very worst +sort. Bacteria found in meat are those which produce colitis, +appendicitis, abscesses of the teeth and diseased conditions of the +tonsils. They predispose to a good many infectious diseases of the +intestine, and no doubt predispose to cancer. It is pretty well +established at the present time that cancer is a disease of meat eating +men and animals. About one cow in fifty has cancer, whereas every +seventh dog taken to a hospital sick is found to have cancer. Dr. Mayo +recently gathered some statistics on this matter, and he told me and +some other doctors that dogs under eight years of age, every fourth one +has cancer; every third one of dogs ten years of age has cancer, and +half of all the dogs over twelve years of age have cancer and would die +of it if left to themselves. These statements were based on laboratory +animals that were killed when they were well and not sick, so the +observation ought to be fairly reliable. + +I was to say particularly a few words about the soy bean. I am not going +to try to tell you very much about it, because I do not know very much +about it. If you want to learn all about it, you can easily do so by +writing to Mr. W. J. Morse, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletin 973, one +of the very best on this subject, tells all about the culture of this +exceedingly useful legume. The soy bean is really the beefsteak of China +and Japan. In those oriental countries, soy beans have been used for +centuries. It is more nearly like a nut than a bean. Perhaps I better +show you the pictures first, and then have the curtains raised so we can +get a better inspection of the beans. + +The composition of the soy bean is very remarkably different from that +of the ordinary bean. It contains forty per cent of fat, on the average +and about forty per cent of protein--sometimes more than forty per cent. +The protein is sixty per cent more than in our best ordinary foods; and +the fat is five or six times as much as that found in the ordinary bean. + +A thousand different varieties of the soy bean have been gathered by the +Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture at Washington. +Five hundred of these varieties have been tested, and thirty or forty of +them have been found to be adapted to this country, and very useful. You +can see in this picture the great mass of pods to be found growing on +the plant. This slide shows how unusually well they grow in the field. +You can see the pods scattered all through the plant. A large part of +the foliage is made up of pods. This is one of our own fields of the +beans that we raised this year. It is rather difficult to raise the bean +in this latitude, because it requires a long time to mature. It requires +about 110 days for some varieties. We have, however, a variety we raised +here that we got from the agricultural department of Ontario. We found +it matured very well indeed in 120 days. We planted the bean here the +first week in May and harvested it the first week in September; so its +season was about 120 days. I found this particular bean was new to the +agricultural department at Washington, and have sent them some of the +seed, and I think they are going to make some trial of it. + +This is a view of a field of the Hahto variety which is a particularly +fine variety for use as a shelled bean. In China the soy bean is very +little used as we use beans. They do not cook the bean and eat it as we +do; but instead they make it into a cheese which they call tofu, and +this cheese is made by soaking the beans, grinding them into a pulp, +then boiling for ten or fifteen minutes with about five volumes of +water; then the milky mass is precipitated with sulphate of magnesia or +citric acid, a very small amount because they use it as a curd. I have +here a sample of the curd which I will pass around in a moment for you +to see. This picture shows this curd pressed in large cakes. The soy +bean curd is stored on wooden trays in a dark room. It is also stored in +large earthen jars. They cure it and make cheese out of it which very +closely resembles our American milk cheese. They also use the beans for +sprouting. + +The bean lacks only two things. It lacks lime and the fat-soluble +vitamines. It contains a considerable amount of the fat-soluble +vitamines. It is one of the very few seeds that is found to contain a +sufficient amount of the fat-soluble vitamine to promote growth, so that +animals will grow and develop normally on the bean alone without any +other sort of fat-soluble vitamine. If the bean is sprouted, a large +amount of this fat-soluble vitamine is produced by the plant itself. +This is also found to be a valuable means of preventing scurvy--by +sprouting the beans in this way and using the sprouts as a salad. The +sprouts are used as a green vegetable. It is an easy way of getting +green vegetables at any season of the year. It takes the place of +ordinary greens. + +Here is a courtyard full of pots in which the fermented soy beans are +placed. This is a very interesting scheme they have for making a +substitute for meat extract. By this means they prepare an extract which +closely resembles extract of beef. In fact, it is rather a finer +flavored product than meat extracts. It is made by first cooking the +beans, spreading them out in the yard on trays and allowing a fungus to +grow, and after two or three weeks the whole mass is put into pots of +brine in the yard and allowed to remain there for a year or more, and at +the end of that time the brine has become soy sauce. + +This shows a mass of soy roots. It has been suggested it might be very +useful to nut growers as a means of fertilizing the soil, a crop which +will fertilize the soil for the trees and at the same time give a +valuable return for the labor and expense. The little nodules on the +roots are very numerous and show well here. They produce nitrogen, +concentrated nitrogen from the air as do the nodules on the roots of +alfalfa. The _Scientific American_ recently stated that the soy bean is +one of the most promising of vegetables. It provides food for man and +beast. Given enough soy beans and granted the art of preparing them so +that they might be served as food having sufficient diversity and +palatableness, neither meat nor fish nor fat would be needed. In this +respect the Germans did not prepare for war. If they had had the soy +bean industry well developed it might have helped them through, and the +map of the world might have been seriously changed from what it now is. + +I think one of the finest of the soy beans is the Hahto variety. They +grow one or two in a pod. I saw some of these beans in the market in +Jerusalem forty years ago. When about three quarters grown and used as +shelled beans they are exceedingly palatable. If at the dinner table +today you will call for a soy bean omelet, you will be quite surprised. +Dr. Morris tried it this morning and was kind enough to say it was the +finest he ever ate. + +The soy bean is the best of a large part of the cookery of the orient. +We have been introducing it here the last few months, and it is very +palatable, very digestible, and our patients like it very much. If you +are interested in the soy bean, write, to W. J. Morse, or to the +Agricultural Department, Bureau of Plant Industry, and they will give +you a lot of interesting information about it. In starting the planting +of the bean, it is necessary to inoculate the soil as in the starting of +a planting of alfalfa. + +PRESIDENT REED: Mr. Bixby has prepared a paper on "Judging +Nuts" which there is not now time for him to read. It will be inserted +in the proceedings at this point. + + + + +JUDGING NUTS + +WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N. Y. + + +That there are differences in nuts is apparent to everybody. The +selecting of the best nuts out of a lot of two or three usually presents +no difficulty, and, when the number of nuts to be judged amounts to a +dozen or so, it is generally possible to pick out the best, but, when +one has before him nuts from several hundred trees, the problem becomes +a very different one, and the person who tries to pick out the best from +such a lot soon becomes aware of his own limitations. If, in addition, +he has sufficient respect for consistency to try to be so exact in his +judgment as to be able to go over a large lot of nuts today, we will +say, and several months hence go over the same lot again and render the +same verdict on each one of them, he will doubtless give the matter up +as an impossibility, and yet that is just what is wanted and expected of +those who judge the nuts which are sent in to the annual contests, which +contests have resulted in bringing to the attention of the nut growing +world the nuts of so many fine trees. + +The experience of the last two or three years in being one of the judges +who passed on the nuts which were sent in to the contests convinced me, +almost at the start, of the desirability of getting methods where it +would be possible to go over a large lot of nuts now and several months +hence, and render the same verdict on each one of them, but now how to +do it was not at first apparent, and the methods for doing it which will +be outlined are the results of much work, many attempts, and the +discarding of many of the methods tried. + +Considering the methods used in judging fruit, animals and fowl has +helped to some extent, but this assistance did not go far. The beginning +of improved methods of judging any of the above, is the establishment of +a score card, as it is called, which is nothing more than an enumeration +of the characteristics and a decision as to the relative value of each +one. Usually the values assigned to each characteristic are such that +when added up the total will be 100 points. Score cards of this +character are in general use. + +The first attempt to make a score card for use in judging the nuts to +which the Northern Nut Growers' Association gives its attention, so so +far as I am aware, was that of a committee of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association, which reported at the Fifth Annual Meeting at Evansville, +Ind., 1914, and which report will be found on page 20 of the report of +that meeting. Prof. E. R. Lake was chairman of the committee. The score +card for butternuts, black walnuts and hickories which it recommended is +noted below: + + General Values Points + Size 10 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values + Thinness 15 + Cracking 20 + + Kernel Values + Color 10 + Plumpness 5 + Flavor 10 + Quality 20 + ___ + + Total 100 + +This score card has served as a basis for all the work that has been +done in judging nuts since that work has largely fallen to me. It was +early found desirable, however, to change the score card in one or two +respects, and it has since been changed two or three times as the +experience gained in judging nuts saw it was desirable. The score card +now in use is noted below: + + General Values + Weight 10 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values + Husking Quality 5 + Thinness 10 + Cracking Quality 20 + + Kernel Values + Color 5 + Proportion of kernel 20 + Quality and Flavor 20 + ___ + + Total 100 + +The first time one attempts to judge a large number of nuts whether with +the aid of such a score card as that proposed by Prof. Lake's Committee +or without it, he gets into practical difficulties at once. These +difficulties are not with the score card but in its use. Take for +example the characteristic, size, the first one on Prof. Lake's score +card. How can a person tell from the nuts of a hundred hickory trees +which is the largest and which is the smallest and which are +intermediate; in short how can he arrange them in order of size, the +largest at one end of the line and the smallest at the other with a +uniform graduation in between. Anyone who tries to do such a thing +quickly finds that it is impossible to do this correctly if one has only +his eye to aid him in determining size. The inability to do so quickly +becomes apparent if a person tries to arrange such a lot of nuts in +order of size at one time and then several days later tries to arrange +the same lot of nuts in order of size again. It is almost certain that +they will not get arranged the same both times. The differences between +the nuts are usually so minute, and, what is more important, the +difficulties of correctly estimating size by the eye alone are so great +that it is practically impossible to do it. An expert on this point can +do it of course much better than one who is not, but even the expert is +only too well aware of his limitations and of the impossibility of +properly doing the above. The same difficulty is apparent with every +characteristic on the list and while judging by experts with the aid of +a score card, is, so far as I am aware, the method used in judging +fruit, farm animals, poultry, etc., the crudeness of this method is only +too evident to the experts themselves. Two or three years ago it seemed +very far inferior to what actually measuring these characteristics would +be, although such measurement at first seemed difficult, not to say +almost impossible. Much work has been done on this, and it is very +gratifying to say that this measurement has been found possible to an +extent that was not dreamed of before the work was started. Before +outlining the methods worked out to do this a little discussion will be +given on Prof. Lake's score card, the characteristics which it pointed +out, and the reason shown for changing some of them. + +Size is a characteristic which is apparent to everyone, yet the actual +measurement of size in the case of a large lot of nuts presents +difficulties which seem practically insurmountable. A serious attempt +was made to measure the length, breadth and height of the nuts examined +and gauges were made which should do this exactly and quickly. These +were finely discarded and the characteristic "weight" adopted in place +of size. This has to quite an extent replaced size in considering farm +products. When we used to buy potatoes by the bushel we used to get a +bushel basket full, now we get the legal weight of a bushel of potatoes +and instances of this kind might be multiplied almost indefinitely. +While weight and size are not exactly the same thing, yet they are so to +a large extent in the case of a given commodity, such as nuts of one +species, and weight can be accurately and rapidly determined. + +Plumpness is another characteristic which we all understand as far as +the difference between a nut with a plump well filled kernel is +concerned, and one with a shriveled up kernel, but when it comes to +arranging the kernels of a lot of nuts in order of their plumpness, the +one who tries to do it becomes ready to give up before he really gets +started. It was found that the ratio of the weight of kernel to the +weight of the entire nut which is termed "proportion of kernel" was +never large in the case of a nut with shriveled kernel. It was small in +the case of a nut with a thick shell and a plump well filled kernel, +but, as stated above it was never large in the case of a nut with a +shriveled kernel and a good deal of work on the subject convinced me +that the characteristic "proportion of kernel" could be very well +substituted for plumpness. + +There seemed at the present time little use for separating flavor and +quality as there seemed to be some question as to what was intended by +the terms separately and so they were considered together. I would like +to state here that little consideration has so far been given as to +whether the number of points awarded for each characteristic are such as +to cause the nut that will ultimately be considered of most value +commercially to get the first prize or not. The score card of Prof. +Lake's seemed so good that it was thought far more important at present +to develop methods of measuring these characteristics. A careful study +of the nuts sent in to the contests, it was thought, would point out +most parts of the score card where improvement could be made, and this +has already proved to be so to a considerable extent. The methods of +quantitatively measuring the different characteristics and determining +the number of points to be awarded for each will be outlined one at a +time. + +WEIGHT: This is determined by an accurate scale, one weighing +to 1/10 gram was used, and the same scale was used directly or +indirectly for determining six out of the nine characteristics +considered. In determining weight, five average nuts (as far as could be +determined by appearance) were weighed and the average weight +determined. Having at hand the weights of the largest and smallest nuts +of the species under examination, the largest nut was awarded 10 points +and the smallest 0 and the nuts of intermediate weight were awarded +intermediate figures. The method of doing this will best be seen by +taking a specific instance e. g. the Lutz black walnut, the average +weight of which is 26.4g. The Alley black walnut, the average weight of +which is 10.0g is the smallest good black walnut which has come to our +attention, while the Armknecht black walnut which weighs 28.9g is the +largest one of which we know. The Armknecht black walnut would be +awarded 10 points for weight and the Alley 0 points and a table would be +made up for use in determining the number of points to be awarded for +intermediate weights as noted below: + + + BLACK WALNUTS--WEIGHT + + Heaviest Armknecht 28.9 grams; Lightest Alley 10.0 grams. + + Weight of nut. Points. + + 28 grams and less than 30 grams 10 + 26 " " " " 28 " 9 + 24 " " " " 26 " 8 + 22 " " " " 24 " 6 + 20 " " " " 22 " 5 + 18 " " " " 20 " 4 + 16 " " " " 18 " 3 + 14 " " " " 16 " 2 + 12 " " " " 14 " 1 + 10 " " " " 12 " 0 + +After the average weight of five nuts of a given variety has been +determined, an inspection of the table shows at a glance the number of +points to be awarded for weight, which, in the case of the Lutz Black +walnut, is 9. In case a nut should be entered which was very much larger +or smaller than provided for, the table can be extended for use +temporarily. The table, however, should be revised before being used the +next year. For example, had a nut come in weighing 30.5 grams this might +have been awarded 11 points, and had one weighing 8.5 grams come in this +would have been awarded-1 point in order to give each nut full credit, +for excellence in size or to penalize it for lack of it. It will be +noticed that by the method outlined the size of a nut is determined +exactly and the same number of points for size (or weight) would be +awarded today, next week, next month, or next year, barring of course +real changes, e. g. those caused by actual loss of moisture, etc. + +FORM: It was only recently that a method of measuring this +characteristic has been suggested and this has been tried out only +experimentally. By form is meant attractive appearing shape which has +been held to be absence of hollows, ridges, angles, etc. A round, smooth +nut would be held to have perfect form in distinction from nuts that are +rough and full of ridges or edges. The only method of measuring that +has been suggested and which it is believed will work out satisfactorily +is to first select an average nut and weigh, then fill up the hollows in +the surface of the nut with wax just covering the ridges till the +surface is smooth, and weigh. This will give the weight of the nut plus +the weight of the wax needed to fill up the hollows on the surface. As +the specific gravity of the wax is 4/5 that of the nut the figure +actually used is weight of nut plus 5/4 weight of the wax, which gives +the weight of a nut of the size of the sample with the hollows in the +shell filled up or the weight of a nut of perfect form of the size of +the sample. The measurement of form is then the weight of the average +nut divided by the weight of a nut of the same size of perfect shape, +that is without hollows or ridges. + +A measurement of form of a black walnut gave the following: + + + Weight of nut 22.5 grams + Weight of nut and wax 24.6 " + Weight of wax 2.1 " + Weight of 5-4 wax 2.6 " + Weight of nut and 5-4 wax 25.1 " + Form 22.5÷25.1=89.7% + +When a nut has perfect form there will be no hollows to fill and no wax +will be needed and the weight of nut and 5/4 of the wax will be the same +as the weight of the nut and therefore its form figure will be 100%. The +number of points to be awarded for any measurement of form would be +determined by making up a table as was made up for awarding points for +weight, but such a table cannot be made up till after an examination of +form values for a large number of nuts. This will be done later. + +COLOR: The color of shell was measured by making up samples of +water colors of all gradations of color between the lightest shell and +the darkest. From these, five were selected as showing in five steps the +differences noted, the lightest being marked 5, the next 4 and so on +down to the darkest which was marked 0. With these color standards in +front of the one judging, it was only necessary to take the nut to be +judged and lay it on the standards of color and the figure on the shade +which the nut most nearly matched was the figure awarded for color. + +HUSKING QUALITY: This represents the ease with which the husk +can be removed. In view of the well known fact that husks of all nuts do +not come off with equal facility the need of such is apparent. Its +measurement will be the proportion of husk removed by a standard husking +operation. + +THINNESS OF SHELL: This was measured by providing a means for +bringing two metal surfaces together, keeping them always parallel. The +nut to be cracked was placed between these surfaces and an arrangement +of scale levers provided so that the pressure exerted on the nut could +be weighed. The surfaces were brought together till the nut was cracked +and the pressure required was noted. This measures the thinness of the +shell or more properly the strength of the shell, the weakest shell of +course being the one that takes the least pressure to crack. This +pressure was measured in kilograms for by doing so it was possible to +utilize some stock apparatus. After the pressure required to crack has +been noted a reference to the table below will tell the number of points +to be awarded. We will take for an example the the same nut as taken to +illustrate weight e. g. the Lutz black walnut whose average cracking +pressure is 312kg and which therefore would be awarded 2 points for +thinness of shell. In this connection it should be stated that this +table would seem not to be made out on the plan followed heretofore by +taking the thinnest shelled nut of which we know, the Alley, as the low +limit of the table. While the Alley black walnut takes the least +cracking pressure of any we know which we can identify as from a +particular tree, one black walnut was cracked which I believe came from +the Ten Eyck tree which had a cracking pressure below 80kg and hence the +table was made of sufficient extent to include this. It is my intention +to get additional Ten Eyck nuts this year and check the matter up. + + + BLACK WALNUTS--THINNESS OF SHELL + + Weight required to crack: Thinnest, Alley 110kg; thickest, Triplett + 348kg. + + Weight in kg. Points + + 50 and less than 80 10 + 80 and less than 110 9 + 110 and less than 140 8 + + 170 and less than 200 6 + 200 and less than 230 5 + 230 and less than 260 4 + 260 and less than 290 3 + 290 and less than 320 2 + 320 and less than 350 1 + 350 and less than 380 0 + ++-------------------------------------------------------+ +|Transcribers note: point 7 was missing in the original.| ++-------------------------------------------------------+ + +CRACKING QUALITY: This characteristic is perhaps the one which +seems to most people the most difficult to measure, but, while it was +some time before methods of measuring it did occur to anyone, its +measurement is effected very easily. In cracking nuts a part of the +kernel will usually drop right out, some times it is a large part, +occasionally all, and sometimes it is but a small portion. A perfect +cracker is one where the entire kernel drops out after cracking. This +would have 100% cracking quality. When 4/5 of the kernel drops out after +cracking and the remaining 1/5 can be extracted only by recracking or +by picking out, the nut is said to have 80% cracking quality. In other +words, the cracking quality is the ratio of the weight of the kernel +which drops out after cracking to the entire kernel. The operations of +determining cracking quality in practice are first, selecting five +average nuts; second, cracking them and weighing the part of the kernels +which drop out after cracking; third, extracting the balance of the +kernels and getting the weight of all the kernels; fourth, dividing the +weight of the part of the kernels which drop out after cracking by the +total weight of the kernels, and the result is the cracking quality. +After an examination of the figures of a large number of nuts, the table +below was made up from which the number of points to be awarded for any +given cracking quality is readily obtained. Taking the Lutz black walnut +as an example again we find that the weight of the kernels which dropped +out after cracking was 24 grams while the total weight of kernels was +32.5 grams which gives a cracking quality of 73.8% which would be +awarded 13 points for cracking quality. + + +BLACK WALNUTS--CRACKING QUALITY + + Percentage of kernel that drops out after cracking. + Highest, Alley[4], 100%; Lowest, Butler, 22.9%. + + Cracking Quality. Points. + 100% 20 + 96% and all higher percentages under 100% 19 + 92% and all higher percentages under 96% 18 + 88% and all higher percentages under 92% 17 + 84% and all higher percentages under 88% 16 + 80% and all higher percentages under 84% 15 + 76% and all higher percentages under 80% 14 + 72% and all higher percentages under 76% 13 + 68% and all higher percentages under 72% 12 + 64% and all higher percentages under 68% 11 + 60% and all higher percentages under 64% 10 + 56% and all higher percentages under 60% 9 + 52% and all higher percentages under 56% 8 + 48% and all higher percentages under 52% 7 + 44% and all higher percentages under 48% 6 + 40% and all higher percentages under 44% 5 + 36% and all higher percentages under 40% 4 + 32% and all higher percentages under 36% 3 + 28% and all higher percentages under 32% 2 + 24% and all higher percentages under 28% 1 + 20% and all higher percentages under 24% 0 + +COLOR OF KERNEL: This is determined in the same way as the +color of the shell by comparing with a standard color scale, and the +step of the scale whose color most nearly matches the color of the +kernel being examined gives the figure to be awarded. + +PROPORTION OF KERNEL: This is the ratio of the weight of the +kernels of five average nuts to the entire weight of such average nuts. +After this has been determined a comparison with the table below which +was made up after an examination of the proportion of kernel of a large +number of nuts, the number of points to be awarded is readily +determined. If we take for example the Lutz black walnuts again we find +the weight of five average nuts 132.0 grams and the weight of the +kernels of these nuts 32.5 grams which gives for the proportion of +kernel 24.0% which would be awarded 8 points. + + +BLACK WALNUTS--PROPORTION OF KERNEL + + Ratio of weight of kernel to weight of entire nut (without husk) + Highest, Ten Eyck 36.4%; Lowest, Seefeldt, 16%. + + Percent of Kernel. Points + + 36% and less than 37% 20 + 35% and less than 36% 19 + 34% and less than 35% 18 + 33% and less than 34% 17 + 32% and less than 33% 16 + 31% and less than 32% 15 + 30% and less than 31% 14 + 29% and less than 30% 13 + 28% and less than 29% 12 + 27% and less than 28% 11 + 26% and less than 27% 10 + 25% and less than 26% 9 + 24% and less than 25% 8 + 23% and less than 24% 7 + 22% and less than 23% 6 + 21% and less than 22% 5 + 20% and less than 21% 4 + 19% and less than 20% 3 + 18% and less than 19% 2 + 17% and less than 18% 1 + 16% and less than 17% 0 + +QUALITY AND FLAVOR: Absolutely no progress has so far been made +in measuring this characteristic or more correctly these characteristics +for, strictly speaking, there are a number of them instead of one and +the only method available at present is tasting by experts. It is very +much to be desired that methods for measuring this be worked out and +several lines on which to work in order to accomplish it have been +thought of but as yet no definite progress has been made. + +While the characteristic as yet unmeasured is one of the most important +and most difficult even for experts to estimate correctly when there are +large numbers of nuts to be examined, the fact that it is possible to +measure the other eight is a matter of a good deal of satisfaction and +this satisfaction is the greater because with the methods that have been +worked out it is possible for any ordinarily careful person to do the +work about as well as it is for an expert and, as the work of judging a +large number of nuts is very considerable, the elimination of a large +part of the need for expert services is very gratifying. The services +for example of such experts as Dr. Morris and Capt. Deming are +obtainable only occasionally and for a short period. Now that the nuts +sent in are rapidly increasing, it would have been impossible to have +handled the contests without some improvements in the methods used. + +While the same score card has been used for butternuts, black walnuts, +and hickories it seemingly can be used quite well for English walnuts, +Japan walnuts and pecans also, in short, for all nuts belonging to the +botanical family Juglandaceae and perhaps for hazels. Separate ones will +evidently be required for beechnuts, and chestnuts. The tables for +determining the number of points to be awarded for a given value of any +characteristic are likely to vary for each species. Inasmuch as there +are fourteen species of hickories exclusive of the pecan that have to be +considered and apparently even more species of walnuts not to mention +beechnuts, chestnuts and hazels, one might think that nearly 100 tables +would be required. A study of the matter, however, has shown that the +number really needed is very much less, and the more that nuts are +examined the more it seems possible to make one table answer for a +number of species and have the number of points a nut receives indicate +to a certain extent its value as a nut to grow, and not simply the value +of a given variety of a certain species. + +The hickories and the walnuts require a word in passing. There are at +least nine species of hickory either native in the northeastern United +States or that will grow there and it is quite possible that further +study of the hickories will add to this number. Seven of these +belong to the scale bud class, _Eucarya_, the shagbark, _Carya ovata_, +the shellbark, _Carya laciniosa_, the scaly bark, _Carya +Carolinae-septentrionalis_, the mockernut, _Carya alba_, and the +close-bark pignut, _Carya glabra_, the loose-bark pignut, +_Carya-ovalis_, and the pallid hickory, _Carya pallida_; while two +belong to the open bud class, _Apocarya_, the pecan, _Carya pecan_, and +the bitternut, _Carya cordiformis_. Hybrids between many of these +species are found occurring naturally and seemingly hybrids between any +two are possible, and the fact of many of them being hybrids is not +evident on an inspection of the nuts. It is a noteworthy fact that quite +a proportion of fine hickories that are being propagated are evidently +hybrids and the number of our fine hickories which are evidently hybrids +increases as they are studied more carefully. In many ways it would be +desirable in the contest to offer prizes for the best nuts of each +species of hickories, but the difficulty of determining the species from +the nut alone, and the fact of such a proportion of our finest nuts +being hybrids is sufficient to discourage the attempt. What was done in +the 1918 contest, and what would seem to be the best thing that can be +done is to offer the prizes for hickory nuts simply. Most of the prizes +are taken by shagbarks but when a nut not a shagbark gets into the prize +winning class, we make a class that would include it. For example, in +the 1918 Contest, three shellbarks and one mockernut came into the prize +winning class, whereupon a special lot of prizes for shellbarks and +mockernuts were given. This enables us to do what would be accomplished +in offering prizes for best nuts of each species of hickories. The same +score card and tables therefore are used for each of these species. It +is convenient, in judging nuts, to differentiate between the pecan on +the one hand and the other hickories on the other, although study +recently put on the matter would seem to show that this distinction is +not exact and that some nuts, for example, which apparently are pure +pecans are really pecan hickory hybrids. + +The differences between the structure of the shell of the nuts of +certain of the walnuts is greater than between the shell structure of +the hickories and the walnuts may be divided into three classes. Hybrids +between a number of species are found which have been formed naturally, +and seemingly hybrids between all species are possible. It is convenient +in judging nuts to differentiate between English walnuts, black walnuts, +and butternuts, which nuts are representative of the three walnut +classes and to include with the butternuts, the Japan walnuts. This will +strike many people as a strange classification, i. e. to include the +butternut and Japan walnut, but I feel sure that no one who has given +the matter much study will so consider it. Whenever the two grow in +proximity they hybridize so freely that one may be almost certain of not +getting pure species if he plants nuts and raises seedlings. Indeed I +have received many such hybrids which have been called either butternuts +or Japan walnuts. As a matter of fact the same difficulty exists in +distinguishing butternuts and Japan walnuts that exists in +distinguishing hickories. There is no name which includes the butternut +and Japan walnut as there is to include the various species of +hickories, and, as such a name is urgently needed, I have used the word +"butterjaps." This includes butternuts, Japan walnuts and hybrids +between them. While it doubtless will be convenient to continue the +names butternut and Japan walnut it should be understood that usually +they will mean simply nuts which, as far as appearance is concerned, +would seem to be one or the other, but very likely may be hybrids +between the two species and might be more properly called by some name +e. g. "butterjaps," which would include the two species and hybrids +between them. + +At this point the Convention took a recess to enable a photograph to be +taken and immediately after reassembled for a business session. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[4] An additional lot of Alley Black Walnuts received several months +after the one entered in the 1918 contest did not show 100% cracking +quality. + + + + +BUSINESS SESSION + +PRESIDENT W. C. REED IN THE CHAIR + +PRESIDENT REED: If Mr. Patterson is in the room, we will be +glad to hear from him at this time. He has a matter he wants to bring +before us. + +MR. PATTERSON: Mr. President and Gentlemen: The National Nut +Growers Association for some three years have had a standing committee +on federal aid for the nut industry. Two years ago through the +instrumentality of that committee, the appropriation for investigational +work was increased by some fifteen thousand dollars from the previous +appropriation. The total appropriation along this line now is thirty +thousand to thirty-five thousand dollars. During the past year the +almond growers felt the need of some encouragement and help from the +Department of Agriculture, and the last appropriation was increased but +was not made specific for the pecan industry, but for the nut industry +in general in the United States which was entirely agreeable to the +pecan people. And now I appear before you especially to call your +attention to this movement and to suggest that this association should +appoint a committee to co-operate with a committee from the National Nut +Growers' Association and the Almond Growers' Association, and the nut +growers of Washington and Oregon in an effort to secure an appropriation +from the Department of Agriculture which would commensurate with the +needs of the great nut industry in the United States. As we all know, it +is entirely in its infancy as a commercial proposition and I doubt not +we all agree as to its wonderful possibilities. The recommendation from +the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture has gone to the House +committee this year without any increase over the appropriation of last +year; so that it will be necessary if any increased allowance is made, +that pressure shall be brought to bear upon the House committee of +agriculture, or the Senate committee (the bill is before the House +committee at present), to get them to appreciate the importance of this +appropriation. I might say I am on my way to Washington now to see if I +can do anything in co-operation with the California Almond Growers +Association and such other co-operation as we can get to see if we can +get an increase in the appropriation over and above the appropriation +recommended by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary is not +opposed to a higher appropriation, but he has had orders from higher up +not to recommend any increase. I thank you for the privilege of bringing +this matter to the attention of the Association with the suggestion +that, if it meets with your approval you appoint a committee to +co-operate with the other committees already appointed by these other +associations. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the suggestion by Mr. Patterson. +Are there any remarks? + +MR. BIXBY: I move, Mr President, that a committee on Federal +Aid be appointed for that purpose, to co-operate with the other +associations for the purpose of securing for the nut industry an +appropriation sufficient or at least somewhere near sufficient for the +work in hand. There is much work to be done that should be done now. + +MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion, Mr. President. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion. It is moved that a +committee be appointed for this work, as suggested. All in favor of the +motion say Aye. Contrary same sign. It is CARRIED. I think it +would be well to leave that committee to the incoming president. That +was your idea, Mr. Bixby, was it? + +MR. BIXBY: I didn't think that far. + +PRESIDENT REED: That won't be far off, and I think it would be +well to leave the appointment of that committee to the incoming +president. I think also, it would be well, before appointing that +committee, to confer a little bit to see who could possibly attend, +could go to Washington, and would have the time to give to it. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will now have the report of the nominating +committee. + + +REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE + +Your committee on Nominations, having in mind the rapidly expanding +interest in Nut Culture and the need of the Northern Nut Growers +Association for a board of officers especially equipped for extending +development on broad lines, respectfully submit the following +nominations: + + _For President_--WILLIAM S. LINTON, Saginaw, Michigan. + _For Vice-President_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, Rochester, New York. + _For Secretary-Treasurer_--WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, New York. + _For Acting Secretary_--DR. W. C. DEMING, Wilton, Connecticut. + _For Executive Committee_--MESSRS. LINTON, MCGLENNON, BIXBY, + W. C. REED, AND J. RUSSELL SMITH. + + (Signed) Ralph T Olcott + James S. McGlennon + Robert T Morris + William S. Linton + J. F. Jones + +MR. OLCOTT: Secretary-Treasurer Bixby has suggested that the +work of his office be divided, he to look after the financial affairs +and the nut contests, Dr. Deming to assume the work of the Secretary +proper. The constitution provides that the three principal officers and +the last two retiring presidents be the executive committee. As the +constitution specifically provides regarding this matter, the committee +suggests the position of acting secretary for Dr. Deming until such +action may be taken as will conform to the constitution. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the report of the committee. +What is your pleasure? + +MR. C. A. REED: I move that this report of the committee be +unanimously adopted and the officers be elected, and the secretary so +cast the ballot. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: All in favor of that vote say Aye. Opposed, No. +CARRIED. I hereby instruct the secretary to cast the unanimous +ballot of the Association for the list of officers as read. + +The Secretary then cast a ballot for the persons on the report of the +Nominating Committee, and declared the following elected: + + _President_--WILLIAM S. LINTON, Saginaw, Mich. + _Vice-President_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, Rochester, N. Y. + _Secretary-Treasurer_--WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, New York. + _Executive Committee_--The above three and W. C. REED, Vincennes, + Ind., and J. RUSSELL SMITH, Swarthmore, Penn. + _Acting Secretary_--DR. W. C. DEMING, Wilton, Conn. + +PRESIDENT REED: In regard to the change in the constitution, +that will have to go over until next year. + +MR. OLCOTT: The constitution provides that notice be given to +this convention for action to be taken a year from now; or that thirty +days before action is taken, the notice be sent to the members. It seems +to me that inasmuch as the action proposed is fully understood, that +Dr. Deming is available, and Mr. Bixby kindly consented while Dr. Deming +was tied up in the war work to look after this work, that there really +is enough for two, and as both are agreeable, this is the time to take +that action to become effective a year from now unless you can bring it +about quicker. + +PRESIDENT REED: I should think it is only necessary to take the +action on that. If there is some one better posted on parliamentary law, +who thinks entire action better be taken at this time, I will entertain +a motion. If not, we will let it stand as it is at present. + +MR. OLCOTT: I move that it is the sentiment of this convention, +and that the members should be notified through the annual report and +the regular proceedings, that that action is contemplated--to divide the +office of Secretary-Treasurer at the next annual meeting, and that the +constitution be changed as follows: + +That Article IV, _Officers_, be changed as follows: There shall be a +president, a vice-president, a treasurer and a secretary, who shall be +elected at the annual meeting; and an executive committee of six persons +of which the president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president, +treasurer and secretary shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency, or county represented in the +membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the president. + +That Article VII, _Quorum_, be changed as follows: Ten members of the +association shall constitution a quorum, but must include a majority of +the executive committee, or two of the four elected officers. + +VOICE: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that this matter come +up at the next annual meeting to be voted on as presented by Mr. Olcott. +All in favor say Aye; opposed, No. CARRIED. I believe we have a +report of the auditing committee that should come up. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Chairman, I believe I am the sole member of +the Auditing Committee who is present. I have to report that the +committee has not acted, but I think we can do this if agreeable: If you +will leave it to the committee to audit the account, and if the +committee finds the account is not accurate, to report to that effect +next year and bring Mr. Bixby to time, then; otherwise say nothing about +it. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think we are willing to do it on that basis. +Mr. Secretary, are there any other things that ought to come up that you +think of? + +MR. BIXBY: I have a resolution here if this is in order now. +This resolution is sent from Mr. Littlepage. + +"Whereas this Association is justly jealous of its character and +standing among the nut-growing public of this western continent and +especially among the northern nut culturists, amateur or professional; +and + +"Whereas this Association views with distrust and some alarm the growing +and questionable practice of selling seedling pecan trees to the general +public; and + +"Whereas it developed at a recent meeting of the Southern Nurserymen's +Association held at Atlanta, Georgia, that seedling pecan trees from the +gulf states were being distributed in the territory north of the Ohio +River; and + +"Whereas this practice, if continued, will work a distinct disadvantage +to the industry in general as well as to the planters in particular; + +"Therefore be it RESOLVED, That this Association now and here +vigorously record its view on this question as follows: That we protest +against the above named practice and urge upon the nurserymen of the +United States the importance of discouraging the practice of planting +seedling pecan trees for orchard purposes in particular; and further +that especially shall extreme caution be used to prevent the shipment of +southern seedling pecan trees for planting in the territory north of the +Ohio and Potomac Rivers, and further be it + +"RESOLVED, That the secretary communicate a _copy_ of these +resolutions to the President of the American Association of Nurserymen +with the request that his organization take cognizance of this condition +and take such steps as are compatible with its authority and sentiment +to repress such reprehensible practice on the part of the American +nursery trade." + +I will introduce this as a resolution. + +VOICE: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the resolution which has been +seconded. Are there any remarks? + +MR. C. A. REED: I would like to add a word of explanation. +There are only two or three nurserymen in the South engaged in that +practice. There are several northern men who are in the nursery business +in the South who have raised the question as to the propriety of that +practice, and the question has been discussed at the meetings of this +southern association with a good deal of heat and vigor. The southern +people will not plant seedling pecan trees at all, but these few +nurserymen do a few hundred dollars' worth of business every year by +sending their product to big nurseries here in the North, general +fruit-tree nurseries and they in turn distribute these trees through the +North. These northern friends of ours who are now in the South, put +through a resolution asking that the matter be discussed at their +meeting this year at Atlanta, the meeting held in August, by myself +representing the Department of Agriculture. I was unable to be present, +but I sent down a paper which was read by my associate in the office, +and he tells us that ninety per cent of the southern nurserymen were +with us in opposing that practice; that it is only those two or three +and their associates who practice it. And it is as a result of that +situation that this resolution has been proposed. Prof. Lake, secretary +of the American Pomological Society, has been in the South working on +pecans and is quite familiar with the situation, and he drew up this +resolution. It is something that by all means should be stopped if +possible. The southern pecan does not succeed in the North anyhow, and +even it did, we do not want the kind of pecan tree up here that the +southerners would not plant themselves. + +PRESIDENT REED: Are you ready for the question? All in favor of +adopting the resolution as read, say Aye. Contrary, same sign. It is so +CARRIED. + +MR. C. A. REED: I would like to suggest that a copy of these +resolutions be sent to the secretary of the Southern Nurserymen's +Association, Mr. O. Joe Howard, Hickory, N. C. + +MR. BIXBY: I have a telegram from Mr. Littlepage which I will +read. "I regret exceedingly it is impossible to attend the meeting this +year. Signed, T. P. Littlepage." + +MR. J. F. JONES: I make a motion that Dr. Walter Van Fleet be +made an honorary member of this Association for his valuable work in nut +culture and hybridizing. + +MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It has been moved and seconded that Dr. Walter +Van Fleet be made an honorary member of this Association for his +valuable work in nut culture. All in favor say Aye. Contrary, No. It is +CARRIED. + +MR. BIXBY: The place of the next meeting is decided before the +meeting adjourns, I think, or else provision made for it. + +PRESIDENT REED: As I understand it, it is either decided or you +vote to put it in the hands of the executive committee. + +MR. BIXBY: Provision in some way is made for it. On that +subject I would like to say a word. We have an invitation from Mr. +Littlepage, and in considering the place of the 1919 meeting there were +really three different locations spoken of--one Washington, D. C., one +New York City or some point near there, and one Lancaster, Pa. +Heretofore we have practically decided the place of the meeting on +consideration of being able to see near there nut trees of interest. I +think every meeting has been decided with that idea in mind. This year +each of the three places offered promise of being very attractive in a +year or two, but not in 1919. In the case of the meeting at Washington, +we could see Mr. Littlepage's orchard of pecans, thirty acres in extent, +which year before last put out a few flowers, and this year quite a +number, and he expects nuts next year. There are also the many things to +be seen around Washington,--the Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Van +Fleet's work besides a number of other things. And at Lancaster, Pa., +there has been a chance the past year to see some remarkable work on top +worked hickories, that is, the early bearing of crops of fine nuts. Then +again very soon on Capt. Deming's place at Georgetown, Conn., is going +to be the greatest opportunity for topworked hickories anywhere to be +seen. He has more young seedling hickories top worked to fine varieties +than any one else that I know of. As a matter of suggestion it would +seem to me well--this is only a suggestion, of course--that the matter +be left with the executive committee, and next spring or summer when it +is possible to get an idea as to which of these three places offers the +most to see in the line of nut trees, then they could decide where it is +best to go. That would be the suggestion that I would make. + +MR. MCGLENNON: One of the suggestions was Rochester, N. Y. I +think there are things worth while there in nut culture to be seen, and +I know that we who are interested in nut culture would like to have the +convention there; and I know also our Chamber of Commerce in the city +would be very happy to have it there. So that in considering the place +for the next meeting, I hope Rochester, N Y., will be incorporated in +the thought. + +MR. POMEROY: Mr. President, I would also suggest you might come +to Lockport, N. Y. Out northeast of Buffalo there were shipped eighteen +hundred pounds of walnuts to the Buffalo market this fall. North of +Lockport is a man who supplies the country stores with English walnuts. +As long as there are any of these walnuts in the baskets exposed for +sale, those which were purchased from the wholesalers from California +are left unsold. I went into one store and the store-keeper had some +home grown English walnuts out in the back room. I said, "Why do you +keep them out here?" He said, "I have three bushels of California +walnuts, and I keep these here until the others are sold. If I put these +out in front, I would not sell the others at all." + +MR. BIXBY: I would be glad to include Rochester, or Lockport, +or any other place suggested, and leave it to the executive committee +with the power to act. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, we know pretty nearly what could +be seen at most of these places next year. There is not going to be a +great change in what there has been this year, and it seems to me the +sooner we can definitely decide upon this thing and get it a matter of +record, and plan for it, the better it will be. We can go around from +one place to another. We want to go to all these places during the next +three or four years, and we have a definite invitation from Mr. +Littlepage; and while he didn't so state in his telegram, in +conversation with him on Friday by telephone, he said he would like to +have them come there the latter part of August or first of September; +and to make the matter definite and know where we stand early in the +game, I move we accept Mr. Littlepage's invitation for a meeting about +the first of September. + +MR. OLCOTT: I second that motion, and add that at the Stamford +convention, that is the very argument I made. Before that meeting it had +always been left to the executive committee. It had been the custom of +Dr. Deming, the secretary, to defer the matter of the place of meeting +until a few weeks before the date for it. Nobody knew, and the committee +decided, and the time was too short to get anything like the attendance +we should have. If we should publish in the American Nut Journal for a +year where the meeting is to be, you would get a year's advertising of +that matter, and could plan better thereby. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion. + +MR. BIXBY: The only reason I had in making the suggestion I +did, was the possibility of one place or the other showing more +importance but as Mr. Reed said, we want to do all these places +mentioned at some time. It does not make much difference which we do +first. We should like to take first the place where there is most to be +seen, of course. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is no further discussion, all in favor +of accepting Mr. Littlepage's invitation for Washington for the next +meeting say Aye. Contrary, No. It is CARRIED. + +J. F. JONES: The reason I did not push Lancaster is that some +experiments on spraying are being conducted there and it will be a year +before that will show up. The nut growers could see that better the year +following. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is nothing else, I believe we are +ready to turn over the gavel to our new president. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, there is an important committee +you have not appointed. I was out of the room when Mr. Patterson +suggested this morning that a committee be appointed. Has that been +attended to? + +PRESIDENT REED: I expected to let the incoming president +appoint that committee before we adjourn. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I will make a motion that Mr. Patterson represent +us and have the endorsement of this Association as to demanding more +appropriations for the work in hand. + +J. F. JONES: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that Mr. Patterson be +appointed to represent us before congress in connection with the +appropriation. + +MR. PATTERSON: If everyone on the committee could go to +Washington as soon as we can get at the House committee for a hearing, +that would be the way to get action on the matter. Of course, the +endorsement of the Association is good, and if you could get a committee +of some one who could go down and help re-enforce it, there, we would +appreciate it very much. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think the incoming president will be one who +will be going down. If he will come forward, I am ready to turn over the +gavel. + +At this point, Mr. Linton, the newly elected president, took the chair. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Ladies and Gentlemen I am sure that you will +all concede that I have not sought official position, and no one could +have been more surprised than I, when I was presented with the report of +your committee. I have been much interested in the work that is being +carried on by this association; and of course if I can be of any value +to the association or to the cause in the position of president during +this particular year, why I accept that duty. But I would like to impose +one or two conditions. I know that your hearty co-operation will be +given. That would be one condition. But I am sure that each and every +one of you can assist in adding greatly to the membership of this +organization. We should at least have fifty members in each state within +our jurisdiction. That would mean, perhaps one-half of the states in the +Union. That would mean one thousand members. Now, in accepting this +position, I am going to ask each and every active member through his +friends and acquaintances to solicit and secure twenty-five members. +Now, I will double that amount, and agree during the year, to add fifty +good members to the association. That means over one thousand during the +year, and that is one goal that I hope we can reach during this +particular year, 1920. So far as the growing of nuts is concerned, so +far as the details connected with the work that you have been engaged in +is concerned, I propose leaving those things to those whom I consider +experts, Dr. Morris, our friend Reed from Washington, and others that I +might name; but the particular lines that I would like to follow this +year, gentlemen, and what I hope to receive your earnest support in is +an addition to your membership so that it may exceed a thousand; and +assistance in legislation throughout the country along the line that we +have worked out in our peninsular state of Michigan. I am glad that you +decided upon Washington as the place of the next meeting, and as I have +intimated in my remarks heretofore, I believe we have there a Michigan +Senator who will assist in national legislation along the lines that we +desire, because they are right ones; and in his position as chairman of +the committee on post offices and post roads of the country, being at +the head of the highway legislation, there is no man in the United +States as competent to help us along that line, and I feel sure that we +will get that assistance and support. With these few lines I will close, +and I sincerely hope you have not made any mistake at this session; and +when we have rounded up our year's work, that we can all say it has been +a successful one. I thank you. (Applause). The committee on Federal Aid +that the incoming president was to appoint, I will name as follows: J. +M. Patterson, Dr. Morris, Dr. Kellogg, Mr. Littlepage, Mr. Bixby, Mr. +Jones and Mr. McGlennon. + +MR. BIXBY: Senator Penney would like to say a word. + +SENATOR PENNEY: I hadn't any intention of saying a word. But I +am particularly pleased that you elected my friend, Mr. Linton, as +president of the organization. I have known him a good many years, and I +know he is an industrious worker. In anything that he undertakes to do, +you will always see results. I am sure that in the lines which he has +expressed himself as being anxious to cover, your membership, the +matter of legislation, I am sure that you will see some results that +will be very gratifying to the Association. I do not know as there is +anything further I wish to say. But I have been very interested in these +meetings. I am not a nut grower, and I hardly know one nut from another, +excepting that I am like the squirrel, if I get hold of a good nut I +like to eat it; but I have certainly learned a lot of things from this +association, and I am very pleased to be present. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: I am going to ask Senator Penney to become a +member of this association. + +MR. BIXBY: He is a member. + +SENATOR PENNEY: I have gotten two since I have been here, so I +am going to pledge myself for two or three more for the next year. + +MR. OLCOTT: I think one subject should not be overlooked, and +that is the matter of resolutions. There is Dr. Kellogg's very courteous +offer and treatment to be remembered, and perhaps some other things. If +there is not such a committee, I think some one ought to be appointed on +it to report very soon before we close. I move that a committee on +resolutions be appointed. + +C. A. REED: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion made by +Mr. Olcott. Are you ready for the question? Those who favor the motion +say Aye; opposed, No. The resolution is ADOPTED. I appoint Mr. +Olcott, Mr. Bixby, Senator Penney, Mr. Jones and Mr. Patterson. + +C. A. REED: There is a little bit of news I would like to tell +the members of the association. Yesterday afternoon, a gentleman who is +a patient across the street at the sanitarium, came down to the nut +exhibit in a wheelchair and looked on with interest at what was shown +there, and presently he called Mrs. Reed over to talk with her a little +and ask something about who was connected with that exhibit; and the +next thing he asked me to sit down by him. He was not able to get +around, to stand, and he told me this: that four years ago he met a Mr. +Page from Tulsa, Oklahoma, a man who is evidently a man of a good deal +of means in the oil business there, who is very philanthropic in his +activities, a man who has adopted two hundred children, I believe it is; +and he proposed to this gentleman, who was Mr. Dow of Jamestown, N. Y., +that he go to Oklahoma to establish a nut arboretum. He was willing to +set aside two hundred acres of land and to endow it with $200,000 if +this Mr. Dow would go and take charge of it. He also offered to build a +$23,000 house on the place. But Mr. Dow is director of the Leadsworth +Forest Arboretum, some sixty miles up the Genesee River from Rochester, +and of course he did not feel that he could leave the work he was doing +there and devote his energies to a new work. I thought that was +something that we northerners would be very much interested in, and I +think we ought to see if that offer could not be taken advantage of. + +MR. BIXBY: Can any one here tell me where seedlings of the big +western shellback, Carya laciniosa, can be obtained? I would like to get +100 of them. + +C. A. REED: Probably the best place to get that information +would be from the U. S. Forest Service. That bureau keeps in touch with +such information. They have catalogs and they have lists of nurserymen +having various trees including nut trees; the U. S. Forest Service, +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Mr. Reed informs me that it is the intention +to close this session at this time. + +J. F. JONES: I don't think we ought to close without passing a +resolution of thanks to Dr. Kellogg for the nice entertainment here, the +free service, the rooms, etc. + +VOICE: I support the motion. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: You have heard the motion offered by Mr. +Jones. We can take a recess and adjourn after we take the trip through +the buildings. + +C. A. REED: If there is no one there but the president, +officers and the committee, they would still have the authority to adopt +these resolutions, and then properly adjourn. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: If that is the consensus of opinion, we will +take a recess until called to order again by the chair following the +trip through the buildings. + +C. A. REED: The idea was to take a recess until after our trip +this afternoon and adjourn then. At that time this committee will be +prepared with its resolutions. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: We can not fix a definite time. It will be +following the afternoon session with Dr. Kellogg. If there is nothing +more to come before us at this time, a recess will be taken until after +that time. + +The convention then took a recess and reassembled at 2 p. m. at which +time an old fashioned straw sleigh ride was taken to the buildings of +the Kellogg Pure Food Company. Here Dr. Kellogg met the party and +conducted them through, explaining the various products made and the +processes by which they were made, and also that the large plant of the +company was a growth from a very humble beginning, started originally +for the purpose of providing food for the Sanitarium that was impossible +to procure any other way. Persons who had been guests of the Sanitarium, +after leaving it, have wished to get some of the food products they had +had when there, and in that way, a demand was made which had grown, till +many of them were supplied to the jobbing trade. A most enjoyable lunch +enabled the party to sample many of the products. + +From the Kellogg Pure Food Company, the sleigh took the party back to +the Sanitarium through which they were conducted and shown the +remarkable facilities for providing the guests with every kind of +medical treatment that had proved valuable. It would be difficult to +find a place where apparatus for treating every form of disease is equal +to that of the Battle Creek Sanitarium or where such facilities exist +for providing patients with all means for their comfort and for the +recovery of their health. A most interesting talk illustrated with +lantern slides, showed the growth of this institution from a modest +beginning in a dwelling house, 54 years ago. After this the convention +reassembled and adjourned at 5 p. m. + + + + +THE 1919 NUT CONTEST + +WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N. Y. + + +The nuts sent in to the 1919 contest have been finished at last but the +date is only a few days ahead of the date last year when the 1918 +contest was finished, which is to me a matter of a good deal of chagrin +as it was last year. No attempt was made to examine the nuts received +till after the first of the year as the experience of last year showed +this to be a waste of time. Several things seemed, this year, to +conspire to prevent getting started on the examination. The number of +nuts received was large and the time taken for examination quite +considerable for no attempt as yet has been made to have but one person +work on it. But the thing that has caused the greater part of the delay +was the wide variation between the results in the tests of those nuts +which were sent into both the 1918 and 1919 contests, and my +unwillingness to have these results appear in print until the reasons +for these discrepancies could be stated with certainty. + +Had the methods used been those in use for some time and whose +correctness had been proven, these differences would have caused little +concern, but inasmuch as the methods for measuring most of the nut +characteristics were used for the first time in 1918, and their had been +devised by me, I could not help feeling that there was a possibility of +the discrepancies being due to imperfections in methods for, at first, +it would seem likely that nuts borne by a given tree one year would be +like those borne the next year. I considered therefore that it was for +me to prove beyond question that the methods used were sound and that +the differences noted were real. The amount of time needed to do this at +a period when my time was well occupied with other things has been more +than I wish it had been. While many efforts were made to see if there +were imperfections in the methods used for measuring the various +characteristics, no such imperfections were found, and, for a +considerable period, all efforts made to explain the differences in +tests made on nuts borne by the same trees in different years were +unproductive of results. Finally the matter was settled to my +satisfaction as is noted in the next paragraph. + +The Clark hickory received 79 points last year when it took the first +prize. It tested out 11 points less this year when first tested which +put it entirely out of the prize winning class. Repetition of this +year's tests gave results agreeing fairly well with the first ones made +but still not all comparable to those of last year. This was decidedly +disconcerting when one of the principal results expected of the adoption +of methods of measuring nut characteristics was the possibility of +testing a given nut now and several months hence and obtaining the same +verdict. After much work designed to see if the methods of measuring nut +characteristics were faulty and nothing wrong had been found with them, +a visit was made to the tree. Mr. Clark said that it bore a good crop +every other year and but few nuts in the intervening years, and that the +nuts were much better the years when a good crop was borne than they +were in the other years. This was interesting information but I could +not help realizing the difficulty of carrying in one's mind, from one +year to the next, the merits of hickory nuts, and felt that, unless the +matter could be proven, I had not as yet done very much to solve the +problem at hand. Mr. Clark, however, gave me practically all the nuts of +the 1919 crop which he had and I returned feeling that this trip had not +done much to solve the problem as to why the tests on the 1918 nuts and +1919 nuts should be so different. Very careful examination was made of +the few Clark hickory nuts remaining in my possession of the 1918 crop +and they were compared with those of the 1919 crop. Slight differences +in shape were noted and finally one nut was found seemingly just like +the nuts that won the prize in 1918. When this nut was tested it gave +substantially the same results as those tested in 1918. Another like it +was afterward found where the result was repeated. This proved +definitely that the trouble was not with the methods, and that, in off +years, with the Clark hickory at least, some few nuts were borne that +would test out as well as those borne in good years. The results of the +tests on these good nuts borne in 1919 were substituted for those on the +inferior nuts previously tested for in contests it is always the +intention of those sending in nuts to send in the best. + +It will be noted that the number of points finally awarded the Clark +hickory for example this year is less than awarded last year. This +difference is due to the method of scoring. In a matter as new as +methods for measuring nut characteristics, the constants which have to +be determined by experience must change somewhat at first. The method +used this year in testing nuts sent in to the contest was to judge them +on the basis used in 1918, redetermine the constants that required it, +and work out the results again. An example will help to make this +clear. + +Take the matter of proportion of kernel, the highest award for which was +15 points in 1918 and also in 1919. Up to the time the 1918 contest was +decided the hickory with the largest proportion of kernel was the Beam, +Nut No. 3, of the 1918 contest with over 50% of kernel and the lowest +was the Brown mockernut of the 1918 contest with 18% of kernel. On the +basis of the difference between the highest and lowest the number of +points to be awarded each was worked out. On this basis the Clark +hickory was awarded, in 1918, 10 points for a proportion of kernel of +40.8%. In the case of the 1919 contest nuts with larger proportion of +kernel were found, the Hatch bitternut with 65%, and the Halesite +bitternuts with 69% kernel. A mockernut from Sliding Hill, Jackson, S. +C. with only 14% kernel was also found and the figures for awarding +points for proportion of kernel were recalculated as follows: + + Points Points + 69% and over 15 65.3% to 68.9% inclusive 14 + 61.7% to 65.2% inclusive 13 58.0% to 61.6% inclusive 12 + 54.3% to 57.9% inclusive 11 50.7% to 54.2% inclusive 10 + 47.0% to 50.6% inclusive 9 43.3% to 46.9% inclusive 8 + 39.7% to 43.2% inclusive 7 36.0% to 39.6% inclusive 6 + 32.3% to 35.9% inclusive 5 28.7% to 32.2% inclusive 4 + 25.0% to 28.6% inclusive 3 21.3% to 24.9% inclusive 2 + 17.7% to 21.2% inclusive 1 14.0% to 17.6% inclusive 0 + +On this basis the Clark hickory was awarded but 7 points for the same +proportion of kernel in 1919 instead of 10 as in 1918. This accounts for +3 out of the 5 points difference between the 79 points awarded in 1918 +and the 74% in 1919. The other two points can be similarly explained. +There are bound to be similar changes in the tables for awarding points +from year to year, but they will be less and less as time goes on. For +example, the Wasson butternut of the 1915 contest which weighed 18.8g +was the largest butternut received until 1919 when two larger came in, +one weighing 19.5g and the other weighing 22.6g. The Mott shellbark +hickory which weighs 29.6g which was discovered by Dr. Morris before the +founding of the Association is still the largest hickory of which we +know. On the other hand the black walnut record for size was exceeded in +1918 and also in 1919. + +The nuts received were gone over carefully and all characteristics +measured where this was possible, then the other characteristics were +passed on by me. Then the best nuts were brought to the attention of Dr. +Morris and Dr. Deming and the three of us passed on those +characteristics where methods of measurement had not been worked out. + +The results of this contest are noted in considerable detail as it is +believed that they may have value as matters of record. While an attempt +has been made to give the species of each nut tested as such information +is useful, it must be understood that the notations of species are +tentative and subject to change should further knowledge require it. It +is, frequently, difficult to positively identify a nut as to species +without having leaves, buds, bark and husk for examination and in most +instances the judges did not have these. No nut is noted as a hybrid +unless it has been proven so by evidence which it is believed is beyond +question, yet there are a number of nuts noted as pure species which +later may be proved to be hybrids. This is particularly so in the case +of the hickories. + +In explanation of the tables it should be noted that weights of nuts and +kernels are expressed in grams, while cracking pressures are expressed +in kilograms. The methods used for measuring the various characteristics +are noted in detail in the article "Judging Nuts" on pages 122 to 132 +inclusive. + +The two items cracking quality need a little explanation. Last year 20 +points were awarded for cracking quality and 5 points for plumpness of +kernel. Plumpness was very difficult of estimation. It means the reverse +of shrivelled. To assign values for this can only be done by appearance +and it seemed impossible of measurement. A study of the nuts of the 1918 +contest which were awarded high values for plumpness and those which +were awarded low values showed that in no case was a nut which had a +shrivelled kernel awarded a high value for proportion of kernel. +Sometimes a nut with a plump kernel had a very thick shell and a low +proportion of kernel but in no instance did a nut with a shrivelled +kernel have a high proportion of kernel, so it was thought that for +practical purposes the figure for proportion of kernel would answer very +well to represent excellence in both characteristics. It was also +evident that the ratio of the weight of the portion of the kernel which, +after cracking, could be easily picked out with the fingers to the total +weight of the kernel, which was taken to represent cracking quality last +year, was capable of more refinement for it was noticed that of those +nuts where the entire kernel could be easily picked out with the fingers +after cracking that some were better crackers than others, for, in some +instances, the entire kernel fell out. As the proportion of the kernel +which could be picked out easily with the fingers is seemingly the most +important this was still given 20 points and called "cracking quality +commercial," and the figure representing the proportion of kernel which +dropped out after cracking was called "cracking quality absolute," and +awarded the 5 points formerly awarded to plumpness. + +In the case of the hazel which generally has a cracking quality both +absolute and commercial of 100% the item "freedom from fibre" was +substituted for "cracking quality absolute." The hazel seems to be the +only nut where this characteristic must be considered. + +It is too bad that while practically all characteristics are determined +with exactness to a single point and could be even more precisely +determined, that the item quality and flavor of kernel to which 20 +points are justly awarded has to be determined in so crude a manner as +it is at present. It is true that formerly all characteristics were +determined in equally crude manner and we should be glad that all others +can be determined with precision but still having one quality not +precisely determined, to a certain extent prevents exact determination +of the others having the value it otherwise would. We can make only +about five graduations in quality which would be differences of five +points except at the top of the scale where it is 2 and an error in one +gradation would make a difference of 5 points generally. When it is seen +how close some of the nuts run, particularly the hickories, where the +differences in total points awarded are generally only 1 point, with +several of the same score, this crudeness of determination of one of the +most important characteristics is the more regrettable. + +The results of the 1919 contest on nuts of the various species are as +noted below: + + +HICKORIES--128 ENTRIES + +The results of the tests on the prize winning hickories are shown in the +table on page 151. + +What is said of the difficulty of identification as to species is +particularly applicable to the hickory where it is known that many of +the fine nuts that we have are hybrids. While no nut is noted as a +hybrid unless it has been so proven by evidence which it is believed is +beyond question, there is considerable question as to whether a number +of the nuts noted as shagbarks are really pure shagbarks. It will take +more observation and study than it has as yet been possible to give them +to determine this point. It is to be noted, however, that the more study +we put on the hickories notable for the excellence of the nuts they +bear, the more we find that give suggestion of hybrid parentage. + +Beside the hickories noted above which received a sufficient number of +points to entitle them to one of the eight prizes awarded the +measurements are given of the Hatch and Halesite bitternuts because +they have the thinnest shell and highest proportion of kernel of any +hickories yet discovered and of the Stanley hickory because it is the +best shellbark of which we yet know. + + + + +HICKORIES + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESIGNATION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +==================================================================== +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. | G | 1 | 5.0g|2.5g|0.0g|2.5g| 46kg| 49.6| 0.0| +|Vest hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. W. Manahan | | | | | | | | | | +|Sabillasville. Md. | G | 1 | 7.8g|3.8g|2.3g|3.4g| 99kg| 48.5| 61.2| +|Manahan hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Eugene J. Clark | | | | | | | | | | +|Ludlow, Mass. | G | 2 | 6.5g|2.6g|0.0g|2.6g| 83kg| 40.8| 0.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Ralph T. Olcott | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |GxB| 2 | 6.9g|4.0g| .7g|3.6g| 46kg| 57.5| 17.6| +|Laney hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |GxB| 2 | 7.6g|3.6g|1.8g|3.6g| 64kg| 48.1| 49.5| +|Fairbanks hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. | G | 3 | 4.7g|2.2g|1.2g|2.2g| 49kg| 46.1| 55.6| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Howard G. Barnes | | | | | | | | | | +|Fayetteville, O. | G | 4 | 5.0g|2.6g|2.6g|2.6g| 79kg| 51.4|100.0| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 4 | 3.7g|1.9g| .6g|1.9g| 43kg| 50.0| 33.3| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Charles Swaim | | | | | | | | | | +|South Bend, Ind. | G | 4 | 5.1g|2.4g|2.3g|2.4g| 42kg| 47.5| 97.2| +|Swaim hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +G. E. Beaver | | | | | | | | | | +|Millerstown, Pa. |GxB| 5 | 6.7g|3.4g|0.0g|3.4g| 29kg| 50.3| 0.0| +|Beaver hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Augusta Patton| | | | | | | | | | +|Walnut Hill. Ill. | G | 5 | 6.5g|2.7g|2.2g|2.5g| 77kg| 40.5| 81.6| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 6 | 4.6g|1.9g|1.2g|1.7g| 33kg| 41.9| 61.8| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 6 | 4.8g|1.6g| .8g|1.6g| 68kg| 33.4| 46.9| +|Hickory No. 7 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. | G | 6 | 5.0g|1.9g|1.8g|1.9g|106kg| 38.6| 94.7| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. | G | 6 | 4.7g|1.9g| .9g|1.9g| 68kg| 40.0| 50.0| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |GxL| C | 8.8g|3.1g|1.5g|3.1g|102kg| 35.3| 48.1| +|Weiker hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford. O. | G | 6 | 4.2g|1.6g|1.3g|1.6g|140kg| 37.6| 83.6| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. | G | 6 | 5.6g|2.3g|1.4g|2.3g| 52kg| 41.0| 61.4| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|W. C. Deming | | | | | | | | | | +|Wilton. Conn. | G | 7 | 5.5g|2.9g|1.4g|2.9g| 63kg| 52.8| 48.3| +|Terpenny hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William Gobble | | | | | | | | | | +|Holston, Va. | G | 7 | 9.7g|3.9g| .2g|3.9g|142kg| 40.6| 5.1| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|W. P. Griffin | | | | | | | | | | +|Creal Spring, Ill. | G | 7 | 5.2g|2.0g|1.5g|2.0g|113kg| 38.5| 75.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | G | 7 | 4.9g|1.9g| .2g|1.9g| 95kg| 39.0| 11.4| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | G | 7 | 6.0g|2.4g|1.8g|2.0g|121kg| 39.1| 76.3| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 8 | 3.6g|1.5g| .5g|1.5g| 45kg| 43.2| 34.4| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford, O. | G | 8 | 3.1g|1.3g| .6g|1.3g| 82kg| 41.3| 4.7| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Reuben J. Kurtz | | | | | | | | | | +|Holly, Mich. | G | 8 | 4.4g|1.7g|1.1g|1.6g|111kg| 39.4| 64.0| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. Pomeroy | | | | | | | | | | +|Windsor, Conn. | G | 8 | 6.8g|2.4g|1.2g|2.2g| 78kg| 35.9| 50.0| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. C. Hatch | | | | | | | | | | +|Central City, Ia. | B | | 4.7g|3.1g| .2g|3.1g| 19kg| 65.0| 6.5| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Willard G. Bixby | | | | | | | | | | +|Baldwin, N. Y. | B | | 2.3g|1.6g| .0g|1.3g| 13kg| 69.0| 0.0| +|Halesite bitternut | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. A. Sipe | | | | | | | | | | +|Carthage, Ind. | L | |19.2g|5.9g|1.2g|2.9g|138kg| 30.7| 20.5| +|Stanley hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESIGNATION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +======================================================================= +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9 | 20| 75| +|Vest hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. W. Manahan | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Sabillasville. Md. | 90.5| 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 17| 3 | 4 | 9 | 20| 75| +|Manahan hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Eugene J. Clark | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Ludlow, Mass. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 4 | 7 | 20| 74| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Ralph T. Olcott | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | 90.4| 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 17| 0 | 3 | 11| 18| 74| +|Laney hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |100.0| 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 3 | 9 | 15| 74| +|Fairbanks hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. |100.0| 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 20| 2 | 3 | 8 | 18| 73| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Howard G. Barnes | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Fayetteville, O. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 5 | 2 | 10| 15| 72| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 20| 1 | 2 | 9 | 20| 72| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Charles Swaim | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|South Bend, Ind. |100.0| 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 20| 4 | 3 | 9 | 15| 72| +|Swaim hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +G. E. Beaver | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Millerstown, Pa. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 2 | 9 | 15| 71| +|Beaver hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Augusta Patton| | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Walnut Hill. Ill. | 92.8| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 18| 4 | 2 | 7 | 18| 71| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | 87.8| 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 16| 3 | 2 | 7 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 3 | 5 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. |100.0| 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 4 | 3 | 6 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. |100.0| 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 2 | 7 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 2 | 3 | 5 | 18| 70| +|Weiker hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford. O. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 20| 4 | 3 | 6 | 18| 70| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 20| 3 | 2 | 7 | 15| 70| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|W. C. Deming | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wilton. Conn. |100.0| 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 1 | 10| 15| 69| +|Terpenny hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William Gobble | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Holston, Va. |100.0| 6 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 20| 0 | 2 | 7 | 20| 69| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +W. P. Griffin | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Creal Spring, Ill. |100.0| 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 20| 3 | 3 | 6 | 20| 69| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 3 | 6 | 20| 69| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | 82.6| 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 15| 3 | 4 | 6 | 20| 69| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. |100.0| 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 20| 1 | 1 | 7 | 20| 68| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford, O. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 4 | 7 | 18| 68| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Reuben J. Kurtz | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Holly, Mich. | 93.0| 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 18| 3 | 3 | 6 | 18| 68| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. Pomeroy | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Windsor, Conn. | 88.6| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 17| 2 | 3 | 5 | 20| 68| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. C. Hatch | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Central City, Ia. |100.0| 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 20| 0 | 2 | 13| 0| 58| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Willard G. Bixby | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Baldwin, N. Y. | 80.1| 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 10| 15| 0 | 2 | 15| 0| 54| +|Halesite bitternut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. A. Sipe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Carthage, Ind. | 49.5| 8 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 7| 1 | 3 | 4 | 15| 54| +|Stanley hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are G for shagbark +(Carya ovata), L for shellbark (Carya laciniosa), and B for bitternut +(Carya cordiformis). Where two letters appear with an x between it +means that the nut in question is a hybrid between the two species. + + +Following out the plan adopted last year (when no prizes were offered +for specific species of hickories) when a nut other than a shagbark sent +judged by the hickory standard received sufficient points to put it +among the prize winners, a special class was made for that. Some of the +nuts in the above list are disqualified for receiving prizes as they are +being "propagated." This term has been somewhat difficult of definition +and in default of action of the Association or of some committee +appointed for the purpose I have held it to mean those nuts which are +listed in the catalog of any nurseryman. That is to say, a nut is +eligible for prizes more than one year, and the mere growing a few +grafted or budded trees of a variety and distributing them privately +does not constitute "propagation" in the sense that the word is used in +the nut contests. As soon, however, as any nurseryman considers a +variety of sufficient merit so that he lists it is his catalog or in any +printed supplement to a catalog and states that he can furnish grafted +or budded trees of this variety, from that time on it is debarred from +receiving the prizes offered annually. + +Other hickories were received from: + + D. S. Bassett, Fisherville, Mass. + E. C. Beam, Mt. Orab, Ohio. (Nuts No. 5, No. 6). + W. F. Cook, Moscow, Ky. + W. E. Cornell, 302 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. + F. N. Decker, Syracuse, N. Y. (Nuts No. 1, No. 2). + Joan Deming, Danbury, Conn., Route 2. + F. Earland Gilson, Groton, Mass. + Wm. H. Kuhne, Woodbury, Conn. + Reuben J. Kurtz, Holly, Mich., R. No. 3, Box 32. + Harvey Losee, Upper Red Hook, N. Y. + Mrs. F. A. Patch, West Townsend, Mass, Box 77. + E. Pomeroy, Windsor, Conn. (Nut No. 1). + Ruth A. Reeves, Newark, N. Y. + Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Nut No. 1, seedling). + Mort Stuarts, Hazel Dell, Ill. (Nuts No. 4, No. 5, No. 6). + Walter K. Wilson, Watertown, Conn., Lock Box 2. + Kate Yawger, Port Bryon, N. Y. (Nut No. 1). + Grant Yeagley, Jamestown, Penn., R. R. No. I. + + +BLACK WALNUTS--51 ENTRIES + +The prize winning black walnuts exhibited and the prizes awarded are +noted in the table of page 154. There is but one species of walnuts of +the black walnut class native in the north eastern United States, the +eastern black walnut, _Juglans nigra_. In this contest specimens of the +Texas black walnut, _Juglans rupestris_, and of the California black +walnut, _Juglans hindsii_ were entered. Tests on these two black walnuts +are noted for the purpose of record although no characteristics of value +were noted. The California black walnut has a smoother shell than the +eastern black walnut. The Texas black walnut has beautiful willowy +foliage and grows very late in the fall and holds its leaves much longer +than the other walnuts and it is of dwarf habit of growth. Tests on the +Werner black walnut are noted because it is the largest black walnut we +have. The black walnuts sent in this year were much poorer on the whole +than those exhibited in some years. Some well known trees bore scarcely +a nut. Some well known propagated black walnuts were tested but only two +of them tested out high enough to get into the prize winning class, the +Thomas and Ten Eyck. From what we know of the variation of nuts +particularly of black walnuts, it is evident that we must test black +walnuts more than one year to get a good idea of their value. + +The nut sent in by John S. Bomberges is particularly noticeable on +account of the unusually fine flavor of the kernel and would seem to be +a standard of excellence for black walnut kernels. + +Other black walnuts received from: + + William A. Agner, Rockport, Ind., R. F. D. No. 1. + George A. Ede, Cobden, Ill. + M. H. Hoover, Lockport, N. Y. + C. S. Ketchum, Middlefield, Ohio. (Nuts No. 1, 3, 5, 11, 12). + A. H. Lang, 1628 Collingwood Ave., Toledo, Ohio, (Nut No. 1). + James E. Ripley, Tippecanoe, O., R. F. D. No. 2. (Nut No. 2). + S. A. Toy, Freeman, W. Va. (Nut No. 1). + G. G. Truman, Perrysville, Ohio. Box 167. + U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Peanut + black walnut. + Ira C. Wilson, New Truxton, Mo. + + +BLACK WALNUTS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with + fingers after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. | B | 1 |14.1g|3.6g|2.9g|3.6g|185kg| 25.5| 80.5| +|Nut No. 10 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|John S. Bomberges | | | | | | | | | | +|Lebanon, Pa. | B | 2 |16.4g|3.9g|2.5g|3.4g|208kg| 23.8| 64.1| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Henry Hicks | | | | | | | | | | +|Westbury, N. Y. | B | 3 |13.6g|3.1g|1.6g|3.1g|222kg| 22.8| 51.6| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Amy A. Alley | | | | | | | | | | +|Lagrangeville, N.Y. | B | 4 |15.8g|3.3g|2.1g|3.3g|177kg| 20.9| 53.7| +|Not the 1918 prize nut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|James E. Ripley | | | | | | | | | | +|Tippecanoe, O. | B | 4 |26.7g|6.3g|3.7g|6.3g|247kg| 23.6| 58.8| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | B | |19.7g|4.7g|3.6g|3.9g|247kg| 23.9| 76.6| +|Thomas black walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|A. H. Lang | | | | | | | | | | +|Toledo, O. | B | 5 |20.5g|4.6g|2.9g|4.1g|313kg| 22.4| 63.1| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | B | 5 |20.3g|4.5g|2.4g|3.8g|291kg| 22.2| 53.4| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|E. M. Ten Eyck | | | | | | | | | | +|So. Plainfield, N. J. | B | |16.7g|3.5g|1.8g|3.1g|154kg| 21.0| 51.5| +|Ten Eyck black walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. | B | 6 |20.1g|4.7g|2.4g|3.5g|297kg| 23.4| 51.2| +|Nut No. 9 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. A. Toy | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeman, W. Va. | B | 7 |21.9g|5.5g|1.6g|3.9g|225kg| 20.5| 29.1| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Arnold Arboretum | | | | | | | | | | +|Jamaica Pl'n., Mass. | R | | 6.1g|0.9g|0.7g|0.8g|357kg| 14.8| 67.8| +|From Rochester, N. Y. | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|G. Hunger | | | | | | | | | | +|Tolhouse, Calif. | C | |22.3g|5.0g|1.9g|3.1g|407kg| 22.4| 38.0| +|California black walnut| | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Edward A. Werner | | | | | | | | | | +|Marion, Ia. R5 | B | |30.4g|6.5g|1.4g|2.5g|353kg| 21.4| 21.5| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 20| 4 | 4 | 7 | 18| 71| +|Nut No. 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|John S. Bomberges | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lebanon, Pa. | 87.1| 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 16| 3 | 4 | 5 | 23| 69| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Henry Hicks | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Westbury, N. Y. |100.0| 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 20| 2 | 4 | 5 | 20| 68| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Amy A. Alley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lagrangeville, N.Y. |100.0| 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 20| 3 | 4 | 3 | 18| 67| +|Not the 1918 prize nut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James E. Ripley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Tippecanoe, O. |100.0| 8 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 20| 2 | 3 | 5 | 15| 67| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | 83.0| 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 15| 3 | 3 | 5 | 20| 67| +|Thomas black walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|A. H. Lang | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Toledo, O. | 89.2| 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 17| 3 | 2 | 4 | 20| 64| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | 84.5| 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 16| 2 | 4 | 4 | 20| 64| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. M. Ten Eyck | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|So. Plainfield, N. J. | 88.6| 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 17| 2 | 2 | 4 | 15| 62| +|Ten Eyck black walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. | 74.5| 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 13| 2 | 3 | 5 | 18| 61| +|Nut No. 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. A. Toy | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeman, W. Va. | 71.0| 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 12| 1 | 2 | 3 | 20| 60| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Arnold Arboretum | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jamaica Pl'n., Mass. | 89.0| 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 17| 3 | 1 | 0 | 15| 51| +|From Rochester, N. Y. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. Hunger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Tolhouse, Calif. | 62.0| 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 10| 1 | 2 | 4 | 20| 57| +|California black walnut| | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Edward A. Werner | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Marion, Ia. R5 | 38.4|10 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4| 1 | 4 | 4 | 20| 51| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: B for Black walnut +(Juglans nigra), C for California black walnut (Juglans hindsii), R for +(Juglans rupestris). + +[TN: last column in row 11 corrected to 51 from 49] + + + + +BUTTERJAPS--BUTTERNUTS, JAPAN WALNUTS, AND HYBRIDS--33 ENTRIES + + +The butternut and Japan walnuts and hybrids between them are grouped +together as they were last year although but one hybrid appeared this +year. The need of a name to include these is apparent and the name +butterjaps to include butternuts, Japan walnuts, and hybrids between +them is used this year following out last year's suggestion. It was a +very poor year for these nuts, many well known trees bearing no crop at +all. The one hybrid exhibited which was sent in as a curiosity not for +the purpose of being entered in the contest but it is interesting to +note that it took a prize, although not a high one. + +The prize winning nuts and prizes awarded are noted in the table on page +156. + + Other butternuts received from: + + C. Delp, Morrison, Ohio. (Nut No. 4). + + Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Fairbanks butternut). + + G. G. Truman, Perrysville, Ohio. (Nuts No. 2, 3). + + Other Japan walnuts received from: + + L. H. & P. J. Jr. Berckmans, 1213 Lamar Bldg., Augusta, Ga. + + +BUTTERNUTS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with + fingers after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | B | 1 | 9.6g|1.6g|1.1g|1.6g|280kg| 16.8| 67.8| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 2 |17.2g|2.7g|2.7g|2.7g|320kg| 15.7|100.0| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | B | 2 |19.5g|3.4g|2.6g|3.4g|348kg| 17.4| 76.5| +|Pumfrey 2nd | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 3 |13.3g|2.4g|2.4g|2.4g|326kg| 18.0|100.0| +|Nut No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 4 |12.6g|2.1g|2.1g|2.1g|308kg| 16.7|100.0| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. |SxB| 5 |12.4g|2.4g|0.7g|1.8g|244kg| 19.4| 28.1| +|Butterjap | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Wm. H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. | B | 6 | 8.7g|1.7g|1.0g|1.6g|232kg| 19.0| 59.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 7 |10.7g|2.1g| .0g|1.5g|250kg| 19.6| 0.0| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | B | 7 |17.5g|3.1g|1.3g|1.8g|300kg| 17.7| 42.0| +|Pumfrey 1st | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Postmaster | | | | | | | | | | +|Balsam, N. C. | B | 8 |13.9g|2.2g|0.6g|1.6g|249kg| 16.0| 27.2| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | B | |22.6g|3.3g|0.2g|1.9g|320kg| 14.6| 6.0| +|Nut No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | B | |14.4g|2.3g|0.5g|1.1g|293kg| 15.7| 22.1| +|Nut No. 1, Round shape | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. |100.0| 4| 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 20| 3 | 4 | 3 | 20| 67| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. |100.0| 8| 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 20| 5 | 3 | 3 | 18| 63| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |100.0| 10| 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 20| 3 | 2 | 3 | 20| 63| +|Pumfrey 2nd | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. |100.0| 6| 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 20| 5 | 3 | 4 | 15| 61| +|Nut No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. |100.0| 5| 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 20| 5 | 2 | 3 | 18| 60| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. | 72.7| 6| 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9| 1 | 4 | 5 | 20| 57| +|Butterjap | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Wm. H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. | 94.3| 3| 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 18| 2 | 2 | 5 | 15| 55| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | 71.5| 4| 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 11| 0 | 3 | 5 | 18| 52| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | 58.0| 9| 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8| 2 | 2 | 4 | 20| 52| +|Pumfrey 1st | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Postmaster | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Balsam, N. C. | 73.9| 7| 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9| 1 | 3 | 3 | 18| 50| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | 57.5| 12| 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7| 0 | 3 | 2 | 18| 47| +|Nut No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | 47.7| 7| 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0| 1 | 2 | 3 | 15| 37| +|Nut No. 1, Round shape | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: B for butternut +(Juglans cinerea), SxB for Siebold walnut, x butternut hybrid (Juglans +Sieboldiana x cinerea). + + +JAPAN WALNUTS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with + fingers after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | H | 1 | 7.6g|2.2g|1.8g|2.2g| 79kg| 28.3| 83.8| +|Stranger Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | H | 2 | 4.8g|1.4g|0.8g|1.4g| 79kg| 29.7| 52.7| +|Tokio Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. | H | 3 | 5.1g|1.5g|1.5g|1.5g|178kg| 29.6|100.0| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | H | 4 | 7.2g|1.8g|1.5g|1.8g|172kg| 25.2| 80.2| +|Heartnut near Mobile | | | | | | | | | | +| pecan | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. | S | 4 | 8.5g|2.2g|1.8g|2.2g|260kg| 25.9| 81.9| +|Siebold walnut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. | ? | 4 | 9.8g|2.7g|0.9g|1.9g| 75kg| 27.6| 31.1| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. | S | 5 | 5.7g|1.5g|1.1g|1.5g|215kg| 26.3| 73.3| +|Siebold walnut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | H | 6 | 9.0g|2.8g|0.5g|2.4g|234kg| 31.1| 17.8| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|L. J. Bryant & Son | | | | | | | | | | +|Newark, N. Y. | S | 7 | 6.8g|1.7g|0.9g|1.1g|138kg| 26.1| 55.8| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | S | 8 | 8.7g|1.9g|0.0g|1.7g|142kg| 22.5| 0.0| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |HxP| |12.2g|2.8g|1.3g|2.2g|419kg| 22.6| 46.4| +|Cording walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |PxS| |13.0g|2.2g|0.0g|0.5g|370kg| 16.9| 0.0| +|Siebosian walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 9| 20| 4 | 3 | 11| 18| 78| +|Stranger Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | 97.2| 0 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 9| 19| 4 | 3 | 12| 18| 76| +|Tokio Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. |100.0| 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6| 20| 5 | 4 | 12| 15| 74| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |100.0| 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 8| 20| 4 | 3 | 9| 15| 72| +|Heartnut near Mobile | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| pecan | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. |100.0| 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3| 20| 4 | 4 | 10| 18| 72| +|Siebold walnut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. | 72.6| 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 10| 12| 1 | 3 | 11| 20| 72| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. |100.0| 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5| 20| 3 | 4 | 10| 15| 69| +|Siebold walnut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | 85.6| 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4| 15| 0 | 3 | 13| 18| 68| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|L. J. Bryant & Son | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Newark, N. Y. | 66.3| 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7| 10| 2 | 3 | 10| 18| 64| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | 88.8| 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7| 16| 0 | 1 | 7| 18| 63| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | 78.2| 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0| 13| 2 | 2 | 8| 20| 60| +|Cording walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | 22.7| 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0| 0| 0 | 1 | 3| 15| 27| +|Siebosian walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations under the species column are: H for heartnut (Juglans +cordifornis), S for Siebold walnut (Juglans Sieboldiana), HxP for +heartnut x Persian walnut hybrid (Juglans cordifornis x regia), PxS for +Persian walnut x Siebold walnut hybrid (Juglans regia x Sieboldiana). In +the case of hybrids the species first named is the pistillate parent. + + +PECANS--13 VARIETIES + +Some very good northern pecans were sent in to the 1918 contest and two +of them are deemed worthy of experimental propagation. One of these Dunn +No. 1, had a particularly delicious flavor and the other the Koontz, was +also a desirable nut. They are not large but are almost exactly the size +of the Moore pecan, a southern variety now attracting a good deal of +attention. + +Specimens of three nuts of larger size were received, the Norton, +McCallister and Kline, but not in sufficient quantity to test. The +weights are given for reference. Tests of nine standard southern pecans +are also shown. It will be noticed that the best pecans sent to the 1919 +contest compare very favorably with these fine southern pecans, only the +Schley being shown superior. The northern pecans are generally smaller +than the southern, have lighter colored shell and lighter colored +kernel, flavor every bit as good, and shell just as thin. The prize +winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on page 158. + +The results of tests of southern pecans is inserted with some +hesitation. These pecans are judged by the same score cards as are the +northern pecans which is the one used for hickories. Inasmuch as the +pecans, both northern and southern, are judged by the same standards, it +is hoped that the figures may be of some value. The writer makes no +claim to being an expert on the southern pecan and does not wish these +figures taken as his opinion on the relative merits of southern pecans, +which have been grown in orchard form long enough so that regularity of +bearing, size of crops, resistance to disease, etc., have been +determined to a considerable extent. These are of such importance to the +practical pecan grower as to overbalance to quite an extent the merits +of the nut itself which are the only qualities that can be considered in +a nut contest. + + Other pecans received from: + + G. M. Brown, Van Buren, Ark. + + J. H. Burkett, Clyde, Texas. (Young grafted tree). + + Mrs. W. W. Evans, Blackwell, Okla. + + Mr. J. B. Shultz, Fulton, Ark. + + Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Pumfrey 1st, 2nd). + + +PECANS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. | P | 1 | 5.8g|3.2g|0.0g|3.2g| 34kg| 55.1| 0.0| +|Pecan No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|E. J. Koontz | | | | | | | | | | +|Richards, Mo. | P | 2 | 5.6g|3.1g|0.0g|3.1g| 35Kg| 55.4| 0.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. | P | 3 | 5.0g|2.4g|1.1g|1.7g| 53kg| 48.0| 45.8| +|Prolific | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. | P | 4 | 4.4g|2.6g|1.3g|2.6g| 61kg| 59.1| 50.0| +|Sweetmeat | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. | P | 5 | 6.3g|3.1g|0.0g|3.1g| 38kg| 49.3| 0.0| +|Pecan No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Mrs. Maida R. Wears | | | | | | | | | | +|Rich Hill, Mo. | P | 5 | 3.1g|1.5g|1.4g|1.4g| 21kg| 45.3| 93.2| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | P | 5 | 3.6g|2.0g|0.0g|2.0g| 34kg| 55.5| 0.0| +|Oberman | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. | P | 6 | 5.4g|2.7g|0.0g|2.7g| 31kg| 50.0| 0.0| +|Pecan No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|A. G. Shanklin | | | | | | | | | | +|Clemson College, S. C. | P | 7 | 5.1g|2.6g|0.4g|2.6g| 64kg| 51.0| 15.4| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Mrs. Addie G. Evans | | | | | | | | | | +|Blackwell, Okla. | P | 8 | 5.0g|2.0g|0.0g|2.0g| 35kg| 40.0| 0.0| +| | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.1g| | | | | | | +|Norton | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |PxL| |17.7g| | | | | | | +|McCallister | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |PxL| |22.0g| | | | | | | +|Klein | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 11| 20| 79| +|Pecan No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. J. Koontz | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Richards, Mo. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 5 | 11| 17| 78| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. | 70.8| 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 12| 2 | 5 | 9| 17| 77| +|Prolific | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. |100.0| 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 4 | 12| 17| 75| +|Sweetmeat | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 18| 74| +|Pecan No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Maida R. Wears | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rich Hill, Mo. | 93.2| 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 18| 4 | 5 | 8| 17| 74| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |100.0| 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 5 | 11| 15| 74| +|Oberman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 15| 72| +|Pecan No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|A. G. Shanklin | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Clemson College, S. C. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 0 | 4 | 10| 15| 71| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Addie G. Evans | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Blackwell, Okla. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 5 | 7| 15| 70| +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Norton | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|McCallister | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Klein | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Standard Southern Varieties + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +====================================================================== +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 9.5g|5.9g|0.0g|5.9g| 29kg| 62.1| 0.0 | +|Schley | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.6g|4.8g|0.0g|4.8g| 28kg| 55.8| 0.0 | +|Burkett | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 5.8g|2.9g|0.0g|2.9g| 25kg| 50.0| 0.0 | +|Moore | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.3g|5.4g|0.0g|5.4g| 39kg| 54.3| 0.0 | +|Alley | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | |10.1g|4.9g|0.0g|4.9g| 98kg| 48.5| 0.0 | +|Delmas | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 7.8g|3.5g|0.0g|3.5g| 20kg| 44.9| 0.0 | +|Moneymaker | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.7g|3.9g|0.0g|3.9g| 59kg| 44.8| 0.0 | +|Pabst | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.8g|4.1g|0.0g|4.1g| 56kg| 46.6| 0.0 | +|Stuart | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.1g|3.9g|0.0g|8.9g| 96kg| 48.2| 0.0 | +|Vandeman | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +========================================================================= +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 3 | 13| 20| 82| +|Schley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 11| 18| 78| +|Burkett | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 18| 78| +|Moore | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 20| 0 | 3 | 11| 19| 77| +|Alley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 20| 76| +|Delmas | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 20| 0 | 3 | 8| 18| 76| +|Moneymaker | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 0 | 3 | 8| 19| 74| +|Pabst | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 20| 0 | 3 | 8| 18| 72| +|Stuart | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 3 | 9| 18| 72| +|Vandeman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: P for pecan (Carya +pecan), PxL for pecan x shellbark hybrid (Carya pecan x laciniosa). + + +HAZELS--6 ENTRIES + +This is the first time I have had opportunity of testing Rush hazel +which was found by Mr. Rush 35 years ago, but which, so far as I know, +has never been propagated in the sense in which the word is used in the +contests where it means listed in the catalog of some nurseryman who is +prepared to furnish grafted or budded or layered plants. The value of +this hazel is now being recognized and doubtless it will not be long +that this will be the case for it is by far the best American hazel now +known. The prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the +table on page 160. + +Following the list of American hazels are 9 varieties of Mr. Conrad +Vollertsen's, Rochester, N. Y., most of them of German origin. These are +given with their German names. These names are given here for +convenience for readers and only for that, for they violate one of the +rules followed in naming nuts. They will be referred to the nomenclature +committee at its next session. Following Mr. Vollertsen's hazels are +five standard market hazels grown on the Pacific coast which are noted +as matters of record. + +It will be noted that the White Aveline hazel has been placed higher +than the Barcelona when judged by the score card used. Inasmuch as +orchards of White Aveline hazels in the Pacific northwest are being +replaced by Barcelona and Duchilly because White Aveline nuts are too +small to be saleable commercially, it was questioned as to whether the +score card was not at fault and whether much more emphasis should not be +put on size and less on quality than is the case with the score card +used. Inasmuch as the same score card has been used for all nuts except +where it seemed entirely unadapted (because when this was done the +figures have a value they otherwise would not in expressing the relative +value of each species) it seems very desirable this common score card be +retained for as many nuts as possible. There are some notable instances +where fruits commercially important do not rank highest in quality, e. g., +the Elberta peach, Ben Davis apple, and Kiefer pear, therefore it is +thought better not to emphasize size too strongly in the case of hazels. +It is only fair to state, however, that much less work has been put on +judging hazels than on some other nuts and perhaps our ideas will have +to be revised later. + + +HAZELS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +========================================================================== +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | Am | 1 | 2.1g|1.0g|1.0g|1.0g| 39kg| 45.7| 100.0| +|Rush hazel | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Miss Louise Littlepage | | | | | | | | | | +|Bowie, Md | Am | 2 | 2.7g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 59kg| 28.3| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. W. Strassel | | | | | | | | | | +|Rockport, Ind | Am | 2 | 1.9g| .7g| .7g| .7g| 36kg| 36.5| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Priscilla Randall | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeport, O. | Am | 3 | 1.8g| .4g| .4g| .4g| 51kg| 22.7| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. | Am | 4 | 1.8g| .6g| .6g| .6g| 49kg| 31.8| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. | Am | 5 | 1.4g| .4g| .4g| .4g| 50kg| 27.9| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | ? | | 2.2g| .9g| .9g| .9g| 46kg| 41.4| 100.0| +|Medium Long | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | P | | 2.8g|1.1g|1.1g|1.1g| 57kg| 40.4| 100.0| +|Italienische Rothe | | | | | | | | | | +| Zeller | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | M | | 2.3g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 42kg| 35.6| 100.0| +|Lambertnuss Rothe | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | M | | 2.5g| .9g| .9g| .9g| 49kg| 37.4| 100.0| +|Merveille de Bollwiller| | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | M | | 2.2g| .9g| .9g| .9g| 60kg| 40.5| 100.0| +|Lambertnuss Weisse | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | P | | 1.7g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 58kg| 20.4| 100.0| +|Gunzelebener Zeller | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | Av | | 1.8g| .7g| .7g| .7g| 63kg| 37.7| 100.0| +|Althaldensleben | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | Av | | 1.9g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 70kg| 41.6| 100.0| +|Grosse Kugelnuss | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | P | | 2.1g| .7g| .7g| .7g| 49kg| 32.6| 100.0| +|Minna's Zeller | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 3.1g|1.6g|1.6g|1.6g| 33kg| 51.0| 100.0| +|Daviana | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 2.1g|1.1g|1.1g|1.1g| 26kg| 49.3| 100.0| +|White Aveline | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 4.8g|2.1g|2.1g|2.1g| 79kg| 42.5| 100.0| +|Noce Lunghe | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 3.5g|1.2g|1.2g|1.2g| 51kg| 33.1| 100.0| +|Imperial | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 4.8g|1.8g|1.8g|1.8g| 42kg| 41.8| 100.0| +|Barcelona | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 3| 4 | 3 | 5 | 7| 20| 2 | 4 | 12| 18| 78| +|Rush hazel | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Miss Louise Littlepage | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Bowie, Md |100.0| 4| 3 | 2 | 5 | 3| 20| 4 | 4 | 2| 15| 62| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. W. Strassel | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rockport, Ind |100.0| 2| 3 | 1 | 5 | 8| 20| 3 | 1 | 7| 12| 62| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Priscilla Randall | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeport, O. |100.0| 2| 3 | 2 | 5 | 5| 20| 4 | 5 | 0| 15| 61| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. |100.0| 2| 3 | 0 | 5 | 5| 20| 2 | 2 | 4| 15| 58| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. |100.0| 1| 3 | 3 | 5 | 5| 20| 1 | 3 | 2| 10| 53| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 6| 20| 3 | 5 | 9| 20| 81| +|Medium Long | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 4| 5 | 5 | 5 | 4| 20| 3 | 4 | 9| 20| 79| +|Italienische Rothe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| Zeller | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 7| 20| 4 | 4 | 6| 18| 77| +|Lambertnuss Rothe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 4 | 5 | 5| 20| 4 | 4 | 7| 18| 75| +|Merveille de Bollwiller| | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 3| 20| 3 | 3 | 9| 18| 74| +|Lambertnuss Weisse | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 1| 5 | 4 | 5 | 4| 20| 1 | 3 | 9| 20| 72| +|Gunzelebener Zeller | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 2| 5 | 5 | 5 | 3| 20| 4 | 5 | 7| 15| 71| +|Althaldensleben | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 2| 5 | 4 | 5 | 1| 20| 2 | 3 | 10| 15| 67| +|Grosse Kugelnuss | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 5| 20| 1 | 3 | 5| 15| 67| +|Minna's Zeller | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 5| 5 | 4 | 5 | 8| 20| 4 | 3 | 15| 20| 89| +|Daviana | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 3| 5 | 3 | 5 | 10| 20| 5 | 3 | 14| 20| 88| +|White Aveline | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 10| 5 | 4 | 5 | 0| 20| 4 | 3 | 10| 18| 79| +|Noce Lunghe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 6| 5 | 4 | 5 | 5| 20| 2 | 3 | 5| 18| 78| +|Imperial | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 8| 5 | 3 | 5 | 7| 20| 2 | 0 | 10| 20| 70| +|Barcelona | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: Am for American +hazel (Corylus Americana), Av for Corylus Avellana, a European, species, +M for Corylus maxima, a European species, P for Corylus pontica, a +European species. It seems quite probable that many of the European +varieties noted above are hybrids and not pure species. The species +identification of the European varieties are those of Mr. Conrad +Vollertsen. + + +PERSIAN WALNUTS--5 ENTRIES + +The prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on +page 154. + +This is the first time that I have had opportunity to test some of the +propagated Persian walnuts. The results shown are given for what they +are worth. A sufficient number of Persian walnuts have not as yet been +examined to enable us to determine the constants so that they are as +valuable as they will be later, and as they are on the hickories, black +walnuts, and butternuts where hundreds of nuts have been examined. +Consequently, conclusions based on the figures in the table should be +conservatively drawn. The position of the Franquette at the bottom of +the list of the propagated nuts it is believed will be materially +changed with the redetermination of the constants that an examination of +a large number of nuts would require. + + +OBSERVATIONS + +The number of entries in the 1919 contest was about 50% greater than in +1918. No hickories, no black walnuts or butternuts deemed worthy of +experimental propagation appeared as was the case in 1918, but on the +other hand, two pecans, the Dunn No. 1 and Koontz, it is believed, are +well worth while propagating experimentally even though the Dunn nut +comes from a somewhat more southern section than the other northern +pecans now being propagated. The need for additional heartnuts makes it +seem advisable to propagate experimentally the Stranger heartnut, even +though it comes from Jackson, S. C., a section so far south that the +southern pecan grows and bears well. The contest has helped to bring out +the value of the Rush hazel, which has been propagated experimentally +for a long time but which, so far as I know, has never been offered to +the public by nurserymen. + +The following standards for hickories have been established: The largest +nut found so far is still the Mott shellbark, which Dr. Morris found a +number of years ago and which weighs 29.6g. The Vest hickory, which +among the seemingly pure shagbarks, had the record of the thinnest +shell up to the 1918 contest, has been surpassed by the Beam No. 1 of +the 1919 contest, which takes but 33kg to crack the shell. The figure is +surpassed by one bitternut hybrid the Beaver 29kg, and by the Hatch +bitternut 19kg, and the Halesite bitternut 13kg. The Vest of the 1914 +crop is still the seemingly pure shagbark with the largest percentage of +kernel 57.7%. This is surpassed by the Hatch bitternut 65.0%, and the +Halesite bitternut 69.0%. No hickory has been found to surpass the Vest +in the excellence of flavor of the kernel. One hickory, the Barnes, 1919 +contest, showed 100% cracking quality. + +The following standards for black walnuts have been established. The +Armknecht No. 2 which held the record last year has been surpassed by +the Werner with a weight of 30.4g. The thinnest shelled one is still the +Alley of the 1918 contest, with a cracking pressure of 110kg, although +the Ten Eyck of the 1918 contest was only slightly higher, 120kg. The +record for the greatest proportion of kernel is still with the Ten Eyck +of the 1918 contest 36.4%. The Ten Eyck black walnut exhibited in 1919 +had no such records of thinness of shell or proportion of kernel. The +Stabler is believed to be the best cracker but the Alley of the 1918 +contest showed 100%. The Bomberges black walnut of the 1919 contest +showed unusually fine quality of kernel and is believed to hold the +record for quality of kernel so far. + +The following standards for butterjaps (i. e., butternuts, Japan walnuts +and their hybrids) have been established. The Wasson butternut which +held the record for size heretofore 18.8g has been surpassed by two nuts +Pumfrey No. 2, 19.5g and Truman No. 4, 22.6g. The same high cracking +quality among the pure butternuts noted last year still continues. The +Ritchie heartnut of the 1918 contest still holds the record for +percentage of kernel, 32.7%. One pure butternut, the Kuhne of the 1919 +contest, with 19% kernel has been found. The Aiken butternut 200kg +cracking pressure is the thinnest shelled pure butternut yet found. The +thinnest shelled Japan walnut yet found is the Wilson Seibold walnut of +the 1919 contest, 75kg cracking pressure. + +The following standards for pecans have been established (including the +pecan x shellbark hybrids which generally resemble pecans in flavor and +appearance and would be classed with them). Largest, the Klein, 22.0g in +weight. Of the pure northern pecans the Norton, 8.1g in weight is the +largest. Of the pure southern pecans tested the Delmas 10.1g in weight +is the largest. Of the northern pecans the greatest percentage of kernel +yet found is the Clifford "Sweetmeat" of the 1919 contest, 57.6% of +kernel, followed closely by the Koontz, 56.1% and the Dunn, 55.5%. Of +the southern pecans the Schley, 62%, leads. + +The thinnest shelled northern pecan yet tested is the Wears of the 1919 +contest, 21kg cracking pressure; the thinnest southern pecan is the +Burkett, 27kg followed closely by the Schley 29kg. The finest flavored +among the northern pecans is Dunn No. 1, which has a kernel which is +exceptionally delicious. The finest flavored among the southern pecans +is the Schley. + +The following standards for hazels have been established. The largest +American hazel yet found is the Littlepage 2.7g but the Rush, although a +smaller nut has a larger kernel 1.0g against .8g for the Littlepage. The +Rush also has a greater proportion of kernel, 45.7%, than any other +native hazel yet tested or any foreign one excepting the White Aveline +which has 49.3%. The thinnest shelled American hazel is the Rush 39kg +and the thinnest shelled foreign one, the White Aveline 26kg. + +Those who have given the matter consideration are thoroughly convinced +of the great possibilities of systematic hybridization of nut trees. +Work of this kind will have to be carried on according to carefully +thought out plans, the details of which are not yet quite clear in all +particulars. The facts brought out by this contest have added to our +knowledge of what may be expected from our work. Take the hickory for +example; we have shellbark hickory nuts nearly three times the size of +the best southern pecans; we have bitternut hickory nuts with a +proportion of kernel greater than that of any pecan and with shell so +thin, that they can be cracked with less pressure than any pecans I have +ever seen; we have in the best shagbarks, flavor of kernel unsurpassed +in any nut. Theoretically, it should be possible to produce nuts in +which these qualities are combined to a large degree. Similar +possibilities exist with the butternut and the Japan walnut where it is +seemingly possible to produce nuts in which the qualities of both will +be combined and get smooth, thin-shelled butternuts or well flavored +Japan walnuts or desirable butterjaps, as I am inclined to call them. + +An inspection of the table of hickories show that 4 out of the 28 +receiving 68 points or over, are certainly hybrids. There are a number +of others where it seems very probable that they are hybrids. There are +a number of facts to suggest that some of our very thin shelled +hickories, which at first sight seem to be shagbarks, are hybrids of +which the shellbark or mockernut is one parent. Why the offspring of +such thick shelled nuts as the shellbark or the mockernut and the +shagbark should be thin shelled, is more than I can imagine. We have two +occurrences however which are significant. On the list of Japan walnuts +two hybrids of the Persian and Japan walnut, Cording and Siebosian are +noted. I have never tested a Persian walnut where the cracking pressure +runs much over 40kg and it is rather unusual for a Japan walnut to run +much over 200kg, yet Cording is 419kg, a strength of shell greater than +that of any other nut sent into the contest this year and which is only +found among black walnuts and shellbark hickories. Siebosian is not very +much less. If two comparatively thin shelled nuts will produce an +offspring with a shell so much thicker than either parent, it does not +seem more impossible for two thick shelled nuts to produce thin shelled +offsprings. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Tenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 19373-8.txt or 19373-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/7/19373/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the +Tenth Annual Meeting + Battle Creek, Michigan, December 9 and 10, 1919 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: September 25, 2006 [EBook #19373] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet +Blenkinship, Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p> + +<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers +Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are +not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers +Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is +intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not +mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may +have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide +applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current +label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion +of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut +trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular +time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img-cover.jpg" alt="Cover" title="Cover" /></div> + + +<h1> NORTHERN</h1> + <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1> + + + <h2>REPORT</h2> + <h2>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE</h2> + <h2>TENTH ANNUAL MEETING</h2> + + + <h3>BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN</h3> + <h3>DECEMBER 9 AND 10,</h3> + <h3>1919</h3> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Officers and Committees of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#officers'><b>4</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Members of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#MEMBERS'><b>5</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Constitution and By-Laws</td><td align='right'><a href='#CONSTITUTION'><b>9</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>President's Address, Mr W. C. Reed, Indiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Secretary-Treasurer</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Business Sessions</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Farms by the Side of the Road, Matthew Henry Hoover, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Native Nut Tree Plantations in Michigan, Prof. A. K. Chittenden, Michigan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pecans Other Than Those of the Well Known Sections, J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hazel Nuts and Filberts, Conrad Vollertsen, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Disease Resistance in the American Chestnut, Arthur H. Graves, Connecticut</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Notes on the Hickories, Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Nutritive Value of Nuts, F. A. Cajorie, Connecticut</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nut Trees and Bushes in Landscape Work, O. C. Simonds, Illinois</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nut Culture in Michigan, C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture,</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nut Trees for Highways and Public Places, Hon. William S. Linton, Michigan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></td></tr> +<tr valign='top'><td align='left'>Legislation Regarding the Planting of Nut and Other Food Producing Trees, Senator Harvey A. Penney, Michigan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Michigan Law Regarding Roadside Planting of Nut Trees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Soy Bean, Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Michigan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Judging Nuts, Willard G. Bixby, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The 1919 Nut Contest, Willard G. Bixby, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></td></tr> +</table> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="officers" id="officers"></a>OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h2> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>President</i></td><td align='left'>W. S. Linton</td><td align='left'>Saginaw, Michigan</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Vice-President</i></td><td align='left'>James S. McGlennon</td><td align='left'>Rochester, New York</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Secretary and Treasurer</i></td><td align='left'>Willard G. Bixby</td><td align='left'>Baldwin, Nassau Co., New York</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Acting Secretary</i></td><td align='left'>W. C. Deming</td><td align='left'>Wilton, Connecticut</td></tr> +</table> + + <h3>COMMITTEES</h3> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="COMMITTEES"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Auditing</i>—C. P. Close, C. A. Reed</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Executive</i>—J. Russell Smith, W. C. Reed and the Officers</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Federal Aid</i>—J. M. Patterson, R. T. Morris, J. H. Kellogg,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">T. P. Littlepage, Willard G. Bixby, J. F. Jones, J. S. McGlennon</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Finance</i>—T. P. Littlepage, Willard G. Bixby, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hybrids</i>—R. T. Morris, C. P. Close, W. C. Deming, J. G. Rush</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Membership</i>—Harry R. Weber, R. T. Olcott, F. N. Fagan.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">W. O. Potter, W. C. Deming, J. Russell Smith</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Nomenclature</i>—C. A. Reed, R. T. Morris, J. F. Jones</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Press and Publication</i>—Ralph T. Olcott, J. Russell Smith, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Programme</i>—W. C. Deming, J. Russell Smith, C. A. Reed, R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Promising Seedlings</i>—C. A. Reed, J. F. Jones</td></tr> +</table> + + + + <h3>STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS</h3> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="VICE-PRESIDENTS"> +<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='left'>T. C. Tucker</td><td align='left'>311 California St., San Francisco</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Canada</td><td align='left'>G. H. Corsan</td><td align='left'>17 Rusholme Park Crescent, Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='left'>Henry Leroy Lewis</td><td align='left'>Stratford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='left'>J. B. Wight</td><td align='left'>Cairo</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='left'>E. A. Riehl</td><td align='left'>Godfrey</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='left'>M. P. Reed</td><td align='left'>Vincennes</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='left'>C. P. Close</td><td align='left'>College Park</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='left'>James H. Bowditch</td><td align='left'>903 Tremont Building, Boston</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='left'>Dr. J. H. Kellogg</td><td align='left'>Battle Creek</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='left'>P. C. Stark</td><td align='left'>Louisiana</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='left'>C. S. Ridgway</td><td align='left'>Lumberton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='left'>M. E. Wile</td><td align='left'>37 Calumet St., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'>Harry R. Weber</td><td align='left'>601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td><td align='left'>West Willow</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='left'>R. S. Trumbull</td><td align='left'>M. S. R. R. Co., El Paso</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='left'>B. F. Hartzell</td><td align='left'>Shepherdstown</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MEMBERS" id="MEMBERS"></a>MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h2> + + + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="MEMBERS"> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Arkansas</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Drake, Prof. N. F., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>California</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cress, B. E., Tehachapi</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tucker, T. C, Manager California Almond Growers Exchange, 311</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>California St., San Francisco</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Canada</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corsan, G. H., 17 Rusholme Park Crescent, Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sager, Dr. D. S., Brantford</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Connecticut</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barrows, Paul M., May Apple Farm, High Ridge, Stamford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deming, Dr. W. C, Wilton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Filley, W. O., State Forester, Drawer 1, New Haven</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Glover, James L., Shelton, R. F. D. 7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. 2, Box 76</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>McGlashan, Archibald, Kent</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Southworth, George E., Milford, Box 172</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Staunton, Gray, 98 Park St., New Haven</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>White, Gerrard, North Granby</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>District of Columbia</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Foster, B. G., 902 G Street, N. W. Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reed, C. A., Nut Culturist, Department of Agriculture, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Taylor, Dr. Lewis H., The Cecil, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>** Van Fleet, Walter, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>England</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Georgia</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bullard, William P., Albany</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Van Duzee, C. A., Judson Orchard Farm, Cairo</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wight, J. B., Cairo</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Illinois</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Casper, O. H., Anna</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Librarian, University of Illinois, Urbana</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poll, Carl J., 1009 Maple St., Danville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riehl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Uran, B. F., Mattoon</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Indiana</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crain, Donald J., 1313 North St., Logansport</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reed, M. P., Vincennes</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reed, W. C., Vincennes</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Simpson, H. D., Vincennes</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Staderman, A. L., 120 S. Seventh St., Terre Haute</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Iowa</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snyder, D. C., Center Point (Linn Co. Nurseries)</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Kansas</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharpe, James, Council Grove, (Morris Co. Nurseries)</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Kentucky</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baker, Sam C., Beaver Dam, R. D. 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Livengood, Frank M., Berea</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Maryland</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Massachusetts</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Building, Boston</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cleaver, C. Leroy, 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Michigan</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>House, George W., Ford Building, Detroit</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Linton, W. S., President Board of Trade Saginaw</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>McKale, H. B., Lansing, Route 6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Schram, Mrs. O. E., Galesburg, Box 662</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Missouri</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mosnat, H. R., 3883 East 62 St., Kansas City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stark, P. C., Louisiana</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ward, Miss Daisy, 2019 Allen Ave., St. Louis</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Nebraska</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Caha, Wm., Wahoo</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Nevada</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swingle, C. G., Hazen</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>New Jersey</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Landmann, Miss M. V., Cranbury, R. D. 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Price, John R., 36 Ridgedale Ave., Madison</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ridgeway, C. S., Floralia, Lumberton</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>New York</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth Street, Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Atwater, C. G., The Barrett Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, Nassau Co.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Ronald J., 320 Broadway, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Buist, Dr. George J., 2 Hancock St., Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crane, Alfred J., Monroe, Box 342</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Goeltz, Mrs. M. H., 2524 Creston Ave., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Harper, G. W., Jr., 115 Broadway, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Hicks, Henry, Westbury, Long Island</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hodgson, Casper W., World Book Co., Yonkers</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> * Huntington, A. M., 15 West 81st St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>McGlennon, James S., 528 Cutler Building, Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Olcott, Ralph T., Editor American Nut Journal, Ellwanger and Barry Building, Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stephen, John W., New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Tallinger, J. F., Barnard</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Teele, A. W., 120 Broadway, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Wissman, Mrs. F. deR., Westchester, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>North Carolina</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barrett, Dr. Harvey P., 211 Vail Ave., Charlotte</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hutchings, Miss Lida G., Pine Bluff</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Ohio</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burton, J. Howard, Casstown</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Co., Painesville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ketchum, C. S., Middlefield</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Truman, G. G., Perrysville, Box 167</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Yunck, E. G., 706 Central Ave., Sandusky</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Oregon</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pearcy, Knight, Salem, R. F. D. 3, Box 187</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Pennsylvania</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Druckemiller, W. H., Sunbury</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fagan, Prof. F. N., Department of Horticulture, State College</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heffner, H., Highland Chestnut Grove, Leeper</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hile, Anthony, Curwensville National Bank, Curwensville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kaufman, M. M., Clarion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leas, F. C., Merion Station</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Murphy, P. J., Vice President L. & W. R. R. Co., Scranton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>O'Neill, William C., 328 Walnut St., Philadelphia</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Patterson, J. E., 77 N. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rife, Jacob A., Camp Hill</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rush, J. G., West Willow</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smedley, Samuel L., Newtown Square, R. F. D. 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weaver, William S., McCungie</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>* Wister, John C., Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Germantown</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>South Carolina</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shanklin, Prof. A. G., Clemson College</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Texas</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burkett, J. H., Nut Specialist, State Department of Agriculture, Clyde.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Trumbull, R. S., Agricultural Agent, El Paso & S. W., System Morenci Southern R. R. Co., El Paso</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Virginia</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Parish, John S., University</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>West Virginia</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brooks, Fred E., French Creek</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cannaday, Dr. John Egerton, Charleston, Box 693</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Jenkins, Miss, The Green Bottom Homestead, Glenwood P. O.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><th>* Life member.</th></tr> +<tr><th>** Honorary member.</th></tr> +</table> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION" id="CONSTITUTION"></a>CONSTITUTION</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">Article I</span></h4> + +<p><i>Name</i>. This society shall be known as the <span class="smcap">Northern Nut Growers +Association</span>.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article II</span></h4> + +<p><i>Object</i>. Its object shall be the promotion of interest in +nut-bearing plants, their products and their culture.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article III</span></h4> + +<p><i>Membership</i>. Membership in the society shall be open to all +persons who desire to further nut culture, without reference to +place of residence or nationality, subject to the rules and +regulations of the committee on membership.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></h4> + +<p><i>Officers</i>. There shall be a president, a vice-president and a +secretary-treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual +meeting; and an executive committee of five persons, of which the +president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president and +secretary-treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency or country represented +in the membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the +president.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article V</span></h4> + +<p><i>Election of Officers</i>. A committee of five members shall be +elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating +officers for the following year.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VI</span></h4> + +<p><i>Meetings</i>. The place and time of the annual meeting shall be +selected by the membership in session or, in the event of no +selection being made at this time, the executive committee shall +choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention. +Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the +president and executive committee.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VII</span></h4> + +<p><i>Quorum</i>. Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, +but must include a majority of the executive committee or two of +the three elected officers.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VIII</span></h4> + +<p><i>Amendments</i>. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote +of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such +amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a +copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to +each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. </p></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BY-LAWS</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">Article I</span></h4> + +<p><i>Committees</i>. The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, +and an auditing committee. The committee on membership may make +recommendations to the association as to the discipline or +expulsion of any member.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article II</span></h4> + +<p><i>Fees</i>. The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former +shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article III</span></h4> + +<p><i>Membership</i>. All annual memberships shall begin with the first day +of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the +association.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV</span></h4> + +<p><i>Amendments</i>. By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +members present at any annual meeting. </p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Northern Nut Growers Association</h2> + + +<h3>TENTH ANNUAL MEETING</h3> +<h4><span class="smcap">December 9 and 10, 1919<br /> +Battle Creek, Michigan</span> +</h4> + +<p>The tenth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers' Association was +called to order at 11:00 A. M., Tuesday, December 9, 1919, in the Annex +Parlor of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Michigan, with the +President, W. C. Reed, presiding.</p> + +<p>The meeting was opened with a short business session beginning with the +President's report as follows:</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.</span></h4> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Fellow Members, Northern Nut Growers Association,</span></h4> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">Ladies and Gentlemen:</span></p> + +<p>Our Association meets today under the most favorable surroundings. We +have this splendid building in which to hold our meetings, furnished +gratuitously also have with us in this wonderful Institution several +thousand guests, men and women of ability and prominence in their +respective communities, from all parts of the United States.</p> + +<p>Dr. Kellogg has been very kind and generous in extending an invitation +several times to this association, and your speaker has thought there +was no place quite so well suited for a winter meeting. It gives me +great pleasure to be able to be with you and preside over a meeting as +the guests of Dr. Kellogg. There is probably no man in America who has +done so much to further the use of nuts, to show their benefits, and to +explain their uses, as a food for mankind.</p> + +<p>Conditions have changed greatly since our last meeting, September 1917, +at Stamford, Connecticut. At that time the greater part of the world was +at war, and owing to conditions prevailing during 1918, it was +impossible for this association to hold its annual meeting. Your speaker +is still holding the office of President because you have had no meeting +at which new officers could be elected. It is to be regretted that the +past three years have been crowded so full of events, that it was +impossible to give the association matters the attention they deserved, +and devote the time to them I would have liked to have done.</p> + +<p>With the armistice came a cessation of war, and we are all happy that +the terrible struggle is over, but with it have come conditions that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +are almost as terrible as war. Famine and want stare millions of people +in the face on the continent of Europe. Our own country is at present in +the grip of strikes for higher wages, the like of which has never been +known. Yet we are prosperous beyond the greatest dreams of any nation on +earth, but with this prosperity comes many duties. Our yields of food +crops have been great, but to us has fallen the lot of feeding the +world, and this will continue until industrial and agricultural +conditions of Europe, have been reestablished on a pre-war condition.</p> + +<p>There never was a time when meats of all kinds were so expensive, and to +many almost prohibitive. Many have learned the use of nut meats in +varied ways until all kinds of edible nuts are quoted on the markets +today at prices undreamed of in former years. These conditions will not +always last; crop failures will come; and production will be curtailed. +Land values are advancing so rapidly that the production of cheap meats +will be impossible. To help supply this deficiency, there will be an +increased demand for nuts of all kinds.</p> + +<p>To help meet this demand, much can be done by road side planting. On our +main market highways, such trees as the grafted black walnuts could be +planted profitably, in many sections of the country; the English walnut +in some parts where they succeed the best; and the pecan and chestnut in +other parts of the country where they are specially adapted.</p> + +<p>While commercial planting of nut trees may not be attractive to the +average man, home planting of a few nut trees can be recommended for +every where space is available. They will make beautiful shade trees, +and produce crops that will eventually be of great value. To land owners +who are planting private parks, avenues and pastures, we would recommend +nut trees.</p> + +<p>The production of nut trees is very difficult, and the development and +testing of new varieties, a slow and expensive process. We need the +Government's helping hand, and are very glad that there has been set +aside by Congress an appropriation to help develop this industry. We +have with us, the Nut Culturist from the Department of Agriculture, who +is devoting his entire time along these lines.</p> + +<p>On the programme that is to be presented here, today and tomorrow, are +men of national reputation in their respective lines, who stand at the +head of their profession. To our friends and visitors here, we extend an +urgent invitation, that you attend all the meetings possible, and we +trust that you may learn much that will be of interest,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> and that this +information may be taken home to your different communities.</p> + +<p>Our sincere thanks should be extended to the Programme Committee and our +very efficient Secretary who have given so much time to this work.</p> + +<p>For an association to stand still, is usually to go backward. Owing to +war conditions, and missing one meeting, we have had little chance to +increase our membership. I sincerely trust that the Membership Committee +will be active while here, and extend an invitation to all to become +members, and to help advance an industry that will be for the good of +posterity, and should give us much pleasure during our own lifetime.</p> + +<p>We are told, the good we do unto others lives after us. May the Nut +Trees planted and fostered by the members of this association, live long +to wave their leafy branches under Heaven's purple dome, and may weary +pilgrims of future generations rest beneath their shade, and enjoy their +fruits, thanking us with a silent prayer that these trees were planted +for their benefit.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I believe the next thing in order will be the +reading of the secretary's and treasurer's reports. Does any one have +anything to present while we are waiting for the secretary, who is busy?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: How many members have we, Mr. President?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I don't know. Several have written me asking +about members, and Mr. Olcott probably knows something about it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I don't know how many there are now; but I think +there were 150 or 200 at the time of the Stamford meeting. I think there +were that many enrolled. I presume that two-thirds of those +renewed—probably something over 100 members.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: There were 138 paid members.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Dr. Kellogg says there may be a thousand men in the +audience this evening, and if there are we ought to do some propaganda +work.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I don't remember who the membership committee +was. Mr. Weber was chairman, I believe, and he is not here. Olcott is +next on the committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I didn't know I was on that committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Fagan was on that committee, Potter, Deming, +Williams, J. Russell Smith. I guess you are the only member of the +committee who is here. We are ready for the report of the secretary and +treasurer, Mr. Bixby.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER<br /> +<span class="smcap">Sept. 1, 1917-Nov. 30, 1919</span><br /></h3> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="95%" summary="REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER"> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="7" style="padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em;">RECEIPTS</td> + </tr> + <tr style="font-size: 90%;"> + <td class="tdl2" style="width: 40%;"> </td> + <td class="tdc2" style="width: 10%;">Sep. 1. '17 <br />to<br /> Dec. 31, '17</td> + <td class="tdc2" style="width: 10%;">Jan. 1, '18 <br />to<br /> May 20, '18</td> + <td class="tdc2" style="width: 10%;">May 21, '18 <br />to<br /> Dec. 31, '18</td> + <td class="tdc2" style="width: 10%;">Jan. 1, '19 <br />to<br /> Nov. 30, '19</td> + <td class="tdc2" style="width: 10%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc2" style="width: 10%;">Balance</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Balance on hand date of last report, August 31, 1917.</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">$ 15.93</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Received from annual members including joint subscriptions to American Nut Journal</td> + <td class="tdr2">$69.50</td> + <td class="tdr2">$123.54</td> + <td class="tdr2">$ 73.75</td> + <td class="tdr2">$247.35</td> + <td class="tdr2">$514.14</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Received in payment of life membership</td> + <td class="tdr2">20.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">45.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Sale of reports, brochures and leaflets</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.25</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">9.95</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.85</td> + <td class="tdr2">21.05</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Advertising in report of Stamford meetings 8th, 1917</td> + <td class="tdr2">21.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">21.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Sales of sundry material.</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">1.58</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">1.58</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Contributions for 1917 Contest</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">125.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">150.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Contribution for special hickory prizes</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;">25.00</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;">25.00</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$112.75</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$145.12</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$108.70</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$427.20</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$793.77</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black;">$793.77</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$809.70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="7" style="padding-top: .75em; padding-bottom: .5em;">EXPENDITURES</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">American Nut Journal, their portion of joint subscriptions</td> + <td class="tdr2">$ 6.75</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">$ 14.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">$ 59.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">$ 79.75</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Stationary, printing and + Supplies</td> + <td class="tdr2">.69</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">44.05</td> + <td class="tdr2">49.50</td> + <td class="tdr2">94.24</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Postage, Express, etc.</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.82</td> + <td class="tdr2">13.95</td> + <td class="tdr2">9.66</td> + <td class="tdr2">9.24</td> + <td class="tdr2">37.67</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Prizes 1917 Nut Contest</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">15.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Prize 1918 Nut Contest</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">107.00</td> + <td class="tdr2">107.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Advertising 1917 Nut Contest $10.21; expenses 1917 contest $2.90</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">13.11</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">13.11</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Advertising 1918 Nut Contest</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">51.50</td> + <td class="tdr2">51.50</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Stamford Meeting 1917 expenses</td> + <td class="tdr2">65.55</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">65.55</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Printing Report of Stamford Meeting</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">162.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">162.00</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Errors in remittance corrected</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">3.85</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">3.50</td> + <td class="tdr2">7.35</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Litchfield Savings Bank. Life membership of John Rick Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1919.</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;">20.00</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;">20.00</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$97.81</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$30.91</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$244.71</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$279.74</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$653.17</td> + <td class="tdl2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">$653.17</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: -.5em;">Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1919.</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: .25em;">Special hickory prize</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: .25em;">Life membership Lee W. Jaques</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2">25.00</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2" style="text-indent: .25em;">For regular expenses.</td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;">106.53</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2"> </td> + <td class="tdr2" style="border-top: 1pt solid black;">$809.70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="7" style="text-indent: 1em; padding-top: .5em;">I have carefully been over the above statement and found it to be correct. + C. A. REED, for Auditing Committee.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The above are records of receipts and expenditures for two years +and three months and are approximately double those noted in the +report of of the Stamford meeting. The activities of the +Association were necessarily at a low ebb in war time, and, +although a joint meeting with the National Association was planned +for the fall of 1918, it was never held.</p> + +<p>The list of members printed in this report numbers 128 while that +in the last one shows 166, apparently a very large decrease. The +last report showed 138 paid up members. Following the methods of +Secretary Deming, members who have not responded to notices and +letters have been dropped. In no case has a member been dropped +until a letter with return postage has been sent. In a number of +instances members thus written to have resigned giving various +reasons, the most common of which are change of occupation or +residence, which prevented their doing anything in the line of nut +growing or lack of success in their attempts to grow nuts. Two +members have died since the last meeting, Mr. Wendell P. Williams +and Mr. Mahlon Hutchinson; the former was in the U. S. Service at +the time of his death. 57 new members have been added to our rolls +since 1917 making a total of 410 joining since organization of whom +we now have 128, 282 having dropped out. Of the 52 who have joined +since last meeting, 21 joined before Oct. 1, 1919 the date of the +proposed meeting in Albany, Ga., which was never held, and 31 since +that date.</p> + +<p>The holding of members is a difficult problem and one that has not +been worked out at all satisfactorily. Most members join in the +hope of thereby learning how to successfully grow nut trees. They +find out that so much is still experimental that most do not +remain. This is bound to continue till we can show grafted or +budded nut trees bearing satisfactory crops, and, until that time, +there seems nothing to do but to keep on going after new members +and by means of bulletins, reports, letters and otherwise making +the membership more valuable than ever. There has been a greater +interest in nut growing during the past fall than at any time since +your Secretary-Treasurer has held office.</p> + +<p class='center'>Respectfully submitted,</p> + +<p class='author'> +WILLARD G. BIXBY,<br /> +Secretary-Treasurer.<br /><br /> +</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You have heard the report. What is your +pleasure? I believe that is usually referred to an auditing committee. +C. A. Reed was chairman of that committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Mr. Reed spoke to me about this yesterday. He said +he would be glad to audit it, but there has not been time to give it to +him. It was ready for him this morning, but he was busy on other things.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: What is the next thing on the program, Mr. +Secretary?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: The reports of committees. I do not know how much +report the standing committees have.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: There is the executive committee, the finance +committee, the hybrids committee—maybe Dr. Morris has something on +that.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: No, I have no report to make on that. I shall talk +on the subject this afternoon or in the course of my paper incidentally. +I didn't see any occasion for action in that direction since the last +meeting, so I have not acted except incidentally in the course of my +work.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: The committee on nomenclature—of course they +wouldn't have any report until after this meeting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Who is on that committee?—C. A. Reed, Dr. Morris, +and J. F. Jones. Two members of the committee are here. There is one +matter which perhaps I better bring up to the committee first,—one +matter I think they should take some action on.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I think it would be best to have that come up +at a later time.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I would like to bring in something incidentally in +relation to nomenclature in my paper. Perhaps we could have the question +discussed after I have brought up that point.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: There is a committee on promising seedlings C. +A. Reed, and J. F. Jones. I think that covers all the standing +committees. Wasn't there a committee on nominations for officers to be +elected, this morning?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: That nominating committee has to be elected.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: How many members?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: There were four or five last time, I think.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: (Reading by-laws calling for five members).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I move Mr. Olcott be on the committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: It has been moved and seconded that Mr. Olcott +be elected as a member of the nominating committee. All in favor say, +Aye. It is so ordered. Who else shall we have, for a second member?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Linton</span>: I move Mr. Bixby be a member of the committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: There is a precedent that the secretary has never +been a member of the nominating committee. He has sometimes given them +information. I move Dr. Morris, Mr. Jones, and Mr. Linton be members of +the nominating committee, and Mr. McGlennon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: The committee as you suggested it is Dr. Morris, +Mr. J. F. Jones, Mr. Linton, Mr. McGlennon and myself?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You have heard the motion. All in favor say +Aye. The committee stands elected as named. They report at tomor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>row +morning's meeting. I think there is one matter it would be well to bring +up, and that is the membership committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I was going to suggest that is an important matter, +and I think that committee should be filled out with those who are +present, inasmuch as the regular members are not here. It looks as +though a comparatively small membership would have to double up on +membership committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Have you any suggestions as to whom you want on +that committee?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Those committees, with the exception of the +nominating committee, are appointed by the president. I think myself +that the new president appoints them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: My idea was to appoint for this meeting and +help Mr. Olcott out.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I suggest Mr. McGlennon and Mr. Jones as two of the +members.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Let it stand as it is with the three and give +the chairman power to appoint two more later.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: Can the secretary tell us how many members there +are?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: One hundred sixty-four notices of this meeting were +sent out. There are 128 paid up members.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: On the matter of membership, I wonder if the +association could suggest some inducement for membership, or summarize +the inducements. As you know, the American Association of Nurserymen has +been desirous of more members, and they found it very advisable to +outline definitely the benefits of membership in that association. I am +wondering if that has been done recently and could not be emphasized in +some way to the advantage of larger membership. You have got to do +something more than say that there is in existence an association +devoted to these purposes and everybody is invited to come in. Maybe the +secretary has something on that line.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I have no suggestion. It is very evident that there +is a greatly increased interest in nut growing over what there was when +I first took up the office. That is very clearly brought out by the +amount of mail received. You may know that Capt. Deming, when in the +service, took the position of editing the nut department of the American +Fruit Grower. I saw him recently and it looks to me as if, as editor of +that department, he is answering about as many corres<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>pondents on nuts +and trying to boost the association in that way as he did when he was +secretary before. And that would appear to be in addition to the +communications that are coming to me now.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: There is interest. We get at the Journal office a +great quantity of inquiries but only a small per cent of them result in +memberships and subscriptions, and while this interest is so strong, +ought not this association to study that which is something of a +problem—perhaps something that ought to be taken up in view of the +interests and the benefits of the association shown.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I think that is a good suggestion. I think they +need something along that line. Is there anything else we want to bring +up at this morning session?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: Is this not a very good field to open up +operations along that line, right here at Battle Creek? A large number +of people who come here are people who eat nuts, and I believe that +condition would resolve itself into a material advance of membership. I +think we ought to get busy right here and see if we can not enlist the +membership of a great number of the patrons of this institution.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: That was the principal object of the membership +committee I suppose. My idea was to get the ideas of the individual +members, put them together and present a broadside of benefits in this +organization rather than have one man attempt to outline them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: There is an immense amount of interest. The +question is how to get it together and formulate it in such a way that +men will join. There is an enormous, large loose majority, and we must +have a small compact minority to swing it as the Senators do down at +Washington, you know. Prof. Murrill of the New York Botanical Garden +told me that wherever he went (he is interested in mushrooms, that is +his special subject) he had had no idea in the world there was so much +interest of the public in mushrooms; yet when it comes to getting +together members to form the base of an association to study the +subject, he finds very few members. It is simply because men haven't got +the habit, and we have got in some way to give direction to that in such +a way that it will be focused and concentrated on some one objective +point. How to do it, I don't know.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Dr. Kellogg suggested that at the meeting this +evening there will be the largest number of people, not members, that +there has been at any meeting; and he said he had had requests from +people that they wanted to hear Dr. Morris, and they wanted to hear +Prof. Cajori who used to be here, and he asked me to change those from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +this afternoon to this evening in order to accomplish that, and I said +we would switch the program. That was for that very purpose.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: Mr. President, it just occurred to me that in view +of the number of inquiries we get, and I am sure the secretary gets, and +I am also sure Dr. Deming gets from his articles, there is no doubt of +the interest, yet the joining of this Northern Association, and the +attendance of its single annual meeting, does not appeal to many. They +do not find it convenient to attend the convention; they do not see any +great amount of benefit in the membership. It occurs to me that if we +had a list of state vice-presidents and each of those could provide for +some local gathering of people interested in nut culture in the various +communities; rather, I would say that if our members, as fast as we can +increase our membership, wherever they are located, would form a nucleus +of a little circle in their neighborhood, and have them affiliated with +the Northern Association; it would accomplish this result. And afterward +it occurred to me that perhaps that could be done through state +vice-presidents. But what is really needed is to get them together in +meetings. They won't come yet. They will when you get a larger +membership, but they won't come to the annual meeting of this +association where I think they would go to a community affair and talk +over matters and refer difficult problems to the Northern Association of +which they were affiliated members. In some way, a wheel within a wheel +could work at it that way, and we could increase membership in that way.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It is a rule in psychology that you have got to +have personal interest first. If Mr. Olcott's idea of having a local +vice-president offer prizes, no matter how small, for nuts in the +vicinity, and would also state that any one finding some remarkable nut +would have that nut named after him to go down to all time, you would +have two points there in self-interest. First, a five dollar prize to +the best nut; next the name going rattling down through time in +association with it. There are two points of personal interest. We may +as well take it back to the basic principles and begin with the +psychology of the situation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Ketchum</span>: Mr. President, in regard to these vice-presidents, +that point looks to me very good for this reason. I saw it work out in +the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. They had a vice-president in +each congressional district. I was vice-president in the third district +one year myself From them reports were sent from their district by +people who were interested. They were asked to fill out blanks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> about +conditions as they found them in their neighborhood and we got great +good from it. Then this vice-president was to make a general district +report from the reports sent him, and hand it in at the annual meeting. +It was quite a success.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: There you have civic pride brought into your +psychology.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Ketchum</span>: That was in the third district which included the +northeast part of the state. It was quite a large district +geographically, and I sent out something like seventy of these blank +reports, and while the interest was very slight, I think I got 23 field +reports in return, and out of those 23 were some nine or ten that were +of some considerable importance; but it was a great big help to me in +making out my report together with what I knew in my own location. The +percentage of reports that came back showed that there was great +interest taken by those persons.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: You can arouse local pride in any locality.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I have tried that in our own state in the last +two or three years, at county fairs and local district horticultural +meetings. Several times I have offered prizes out of my own pocket +individually; then I have gotten other parties to help in some cases, +and some exhibits even at county farmers' institutes, even very +creditable exhibits and they seemed to attract as much interest even as +the school exhibits. I know of one case at Martinsville two years ago +this winter where the nut exhibit was almost as large as the fruit +exhibit, and I think it attracted more attention; and I think there was +only something like ten dollars spent in order to get it out. I think +that work along that line, missionary work of that kind, is going to do +us more good than almost any other endeavor.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I do not think that the industry is old enough or +strong enough yet, perhaps, to operate that state vice-president plan as +it would be perhaps later on, for this reason, that if you have a state +vice-president, you narrow the activity in that state to that immediate +locality. But it would probably be much better, instead of that, to +endeavor to get each member to form the nucleus of a local circle, and +so have ten or a dozen in a state, instead of one.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I think that suggestion is better.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: That was my original idea, and the state +vice-president idea came in afterwards.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: How many states are included in the northern +association territory?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: There is no limit.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Northern is a relative term.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I don't think there is any clearly defined line +where the Northern Association is.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: For the reason that men live in the North are +interested in lands in the South, and <i>vice versa</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: There are twenty-three vice-presidents on the +list here, in the last published report. Is there anything else that +should come up at the morning session? Mr. Secretary, do you know of +anything else?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I would really like to see something definite on +this line of increasing the membership. I can think of several things +that will help; but to get something that is going to have action right +away is not so clear. Recently I have had a good many people come down +to my place to look at the small orchard I have there. I aim to have +varieties of every nut tree that is being propagated, and I think if I +keep at it a few years longer I will pretty nearly have them; and in +most cases, when people have come down that way, they have become +members afterwards. Two or three of them have. I am only twenty miles +from New York City, and it is not difficult, if I find someone +interested, to invite them down to look over the trees growing there, +and usually when they come they join afterwards.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: Pardon me for speaking again, but I am on the +membership committee and I am anxious to draw out anything that may be +of use. Why could not some plan be devised by the secretary or by this +committee and sent out tentatively in the way of suggestion and perhaps +some other suggestions will be made to add to it. Perhaps also in +addition to this local community plan that I suggested, there might be +formed, all of it within the Northern Association, a subsidiary +thereto—the walnut society—people particularly interested in the +walnut, but do not care for the hickory, pecan or any other nut. You +will find people particularly interested in the black walnut, some in +the Persian walnut, some in the filbert—form a filbert society as the +American Nut Journal has suggested, and let all the enthusiasts of the +filbert get together, and if they are scattered, let them keep together +by correspondence and increased activity in that way. The same for the +butternut. Get at it from that way.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Ketchum</span>: Another thing to further our society here today, +we can make those small organizations auxiliary thereto.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Any one who is interested in one nut becomes +interested in all eventually.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I received more inquiries regarding the Persian +walnut and the pecan than any other nuts—probably more regarding the +Persian walnut. Nearly everybody who writes wants to grow Persian +walnuts; and in the great majority of instances, I have to try to switch +them onto black walnuts with the suggestion that they plant a few +Persian walnuts because we have no experimental data of the Persian +walnut succeeding in their section. In some instances they will turn to +the black walnuts; in other instances I hear nothing further from them. +The Persian walnut is the most popular with people who have not tried to +grow any nuts. Mr. Jones perhaps can tell us how his inquiries run. +Don't they run very largely for Persian walnuts?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Yes, they do. I was thinking possibly you could make +a combination—take, for instance, the membership, the nut journal, and +some nut trees. The nurserymen could make considerable concession.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: That combination is right well.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: You could give a coupon good for so much on an order +for trees or something of that sort.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: That suggestion was made and I referred it to the +executive committee. I have not had any reply.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I didn't have time to answer the communication +and get it back to you before I came here; so I thought we would decide +on that here. If there is nothing further to come up this morning, a +motion to adjourn will be in order until the afternoon session.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I might repeat that at the request of Dr. Kellogg, +in order to get the papers which he had been particularly requested to +have given so that people could hear them, Dr. Morris and Prof. Cajori +who were scheduled this afternoon, will come this evening, and Mr. +Hoover's and Mr. Graves' papers, which were scheduled for this evening, +will have to come this afternoon. Neither of the writers are present, +but the papers are here. Mr. Graves expected to be here but I had a +telegram yesterday that he could not get away. I have the paper, though +and the photographs.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: Has there been provision made for a paper on +filberts by Mr. Vollertsen? If not, I should like to have it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Certainly, there can be. It ought to come in this +afternoon. I wrote Mr. Vollertsen asking if he could deliver it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: He has the paper prepared, and I want to hear +it. I have been closely associated with Mr. Vollertsen for some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> ten +years, and I know that his whole heart and soul are in the development +of the filbert; and I know what he has done and that he is a rare +character in the nut world today, that he possesses a fund of +information. I am sure you will find intensely interesting; and +furthermore I would suggest, and I believe I speak for him when I say I +hope you will feel free to ask him questions. As I said before, he has a +fund of information that I think we nut people ought to have, and the +general public as well. We have a very good exhibit of the nuts. Mr. +Vollertsen is the practical man in the enterprise we are interested in. +I look after the business end of it. We are equally interested in it and +feel that we have made some progress.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Put Mr. McGlennon on too.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: I have said all I can say.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: You have said too much.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: If there is nothing else, we will stand +adjourned until 2:30 p. m.</p> + + +<h4> +<span class="smcap">Tuesday Afternoon, December 9, 1919, 2:30 P. M.<br /> +President W. C. Reed, in the Chair</span> +</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: The first paper is by Mr. Hoover, Matthew Henry +Hoover, of Lockport, N. Y., president of the New York State Conservation +Association. Mr. Hoover is not here, and the Secretary will read his +paper.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE FARMS BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD</h2> + +<h4> +<span class="smcap">By Matthew Henry Hoover, Lockport, N. Y.<br /> +Formerly New York Conservation Commissioner<br /> +President New York State Conservation Association</span> +</h4> + +<p>Horace Greeley is best known for his contribution to the abolition of +human slavery in the United States. Yet his service to mankind is not +fully appraised by the average American, because many of the younger +generation are unaware of his aid to agriculture. His maxim about +farmers' failing to till the most valuable part of their farms +underneath, opening the eyes of agriculturists to the efficacy of +sub-soil plowing, was the preamble to freeing American husbandry from +the slavery of antiquated and unscientific methods.</p> + +<p>Following the application of science to the cultivation of the soil, +came the students of Conservation. They were teaching the farmer the +relation of conservation of natural resources to agriculture, the +effects of forests on rainfall, moisture, erosion of soil, minimization +of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> floods that annually bury thousands of acres of arable lands in the +valleys, under rocky debris and so on.</p> + +<p>Greeley discovered the Farm Below. The Conservationists are saving the +Farm Above.</p> + +<p>Now, in these days of reclamation and reconstruction, it is high time to +pay more attention to the Farm by the Side of the Road.</p> + +<p>The Northern Nut Growers' Association is to be congratulated upon the +fact that it is blazing the trail through the forest of popular +ignorance on this vitally important conservation question; leading +public thought in the right direction; and providing both the seed and +the stock for practical efforts in behalf of the Farm by the Side of the +Road. I am going to claim a bond of brotherhood with you in this great +work, basing my claim not upon my small activities in nut cultivation, +but rather upon the fact that I was one of the conservation pioneers in +New York State in the advocacy of planting profitable trees—nut trees +and fruit trees—along the public highways.</p> + +<p>That eminent conservationist, Gifford Pinchot, addressing the National +Council of Farmers' Co-operative Associations in 1915, defined +"Conservation" as "the wise use of the earth for the benefit of the +people who live on it." That would be a perfect definition, if it did +not invite the query: Should it not be enjoined upon the people who live +upon the earth today, while enjoying its benefits, to keep faithful +stewardship of the interests of the inhabitants of tomorrow?</p> + +<p>About the time Mr. Pinchot enunciated this famous definition, the New +York State Conservation Department summed up the purposes of practical +Conservation as: "The correction of past indiscretion, the perfection of +present utilization, and the formation of future accumulation with +respect to natural resources."</p> + +<p>Conservation activities must repair errors of the past which have left +denuded forest lands and empty game covers and waters; they must afford +and direct the present use of the forests and the streams; they must +safeguard the future supply, if they would meet the requirements of a +conservation which shall raise the standards of life and lower the cost +of living. That is a conservation embracing both the aesthetic and the +economic, the only kind worth while. It is a conservation wherein the +arable areas and the so-called waste lands and waters have a very +intimate interrelation of interests. And, I submit, Gentlemen, that the +American people too long have failed to recognize and to account as in +the class of waste lands, "The Farms by the Side of the Road."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p>The reclamation of waste lands is a compromise between the activities of +the Conservationists, who claim that in the more thickly inhabited +portions of the United States the cultivated or semi-cultivated areas +are out of sane and safe proportion to the wild forest sections, and the +advocates of intensive and extensive agriculture. It is not the purpose +of this article to take sides in that controversy, but rather to invite +attention of both sides to a safe and practical field for their +endeavors, namely, the reclamation of the "wasted lands" along the +roadsides, the farms along the highways.</p> + +<p>During the War Garden campaigns of the past two years, these heretofore +largely unused strips of tillable land, forming in the aggregate +thousands of along-the-road acres in every state, received considerable +attention from the thrifty plow and hoe. But in the main, the results +were not encouraging. The public will trespass, unintentionally or +otherwise, upon the land cropped along the highway. Then, if the farms +by the side of the road are to be conserved—used by present as well as +future generations—there remains but one practical recourse: productive +trees.</p> + +<p>The American people love beautiful trees, possibly the expression of a +reaction from the sentiment of the pioneers who regarded trees as their +enemies, handicaps to agriculture to be removed as thoroughly and +expeditiously as possible. But with virgin soil producing enormous +crops, they naturally centered their interest on ornamental trees +without reference to their fruits. Hence the horse-chestnut, buck-eye, +maple, locust, oak, poplar, along the highways and byways of America, +instead of the native nut trees and the Persian or English walnut.</p> + +<p>And, speaking of highways, this is the age of concrete. Taking the hint, +I am selecting one concrete example of which I have intimate and +personal knowledge, well aware that there are numerous others that I +might cite were my acquaintance with practical nut culture more +extensive than it is. The one that I know about of my own personal +knowledge is, a very good example of the plain common sense of +productive trees which combine the useful with the ornamental.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">It Reads Like a Fairy Tale</span></h4> + +<p>In 1876 two Niagara County farmers, Norman Pomeroy and Matthew O'Connor, +neighbors, decided to go to the Centennial. They packed one carpet-bag +in common for their baggage and boarded the train for Philadelphia. +Although well to do farmers, their economic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> instincts warned them to +beware the profiteering hotel keepers. So they sought a humble boarding +house in the suburbs of the city. Returning one evening from +sight-seeing at the exposition, the travelers were so weary that they +retired immediately after supper. During the night Pomeroy was awakened +by a tapping on the window. Assuring himself that the wallet under his +pillow was still there, he investigated the cause of the disturbance of +his slumbers. The noise had ceased and he decided that the overstrain of +the day had worked an hallucination. Pomeroy dropped off to sleep, but +presently was aroused by sounds which were unmistakably caused by a +gentle tapping on the window pane. Exasperated, the man arose, picked up +a boot, slipped to the window and raised it gently ready to give the +joker or would-be burglar a rousing whack on the head if within reach. +He stuck his head out of the window for a better view of the exterior +world, and his curiosity was rewarded with a stinging blow on the cheek. +The pain aroused all the Pomeroy French Huguenot fighting blood in his +veins. Viciously he swung the boot at the unseen foe, only to hear it +crash through tree branches. Laughing softly, in his enlightenment, he +reached out into the night, grasped a branch, broke it off and turned on +the gas and lit it. On the twig were two curious nuts.</p> + +<p>Pomeroy was a lover of nature, as I learned by many an interesting talk +with him. He found time in his regular farming pursuits to study native +trees and shrubs, and had forbidden his hired men to cut down any of the +native nut trees on his 500 acre farm. But the nuts on the branch +retrieved from darkness were specimens new to him and he could hardly +wait for daylight to come to enable him to get acquainted with the tree +which had invited his attention so rudely. Next morning Pomeroy learned +that his new found arboreal friend was a Persian walnut. It was loaded +and the wind storm of the night had covered the ground with shucked and +unshucked nuts. By permission of the landlord, he gathered a peck of the +Persian walnuts, wrapped O'Connor's and his own belongings in a +newspaper and filled the carpet-bag with the nut treasures. Arriving +home, the tourists stopped first at O'Connor's house. There they had to +relate the experience of their great trip to an assemblage of the two +families. The recounting of the Centennial wonders took until midnight. +When Pomeroy picked up his carpet-bag to go home, it was empty! The +children had made a discrete retirement after having consumed the entire +peck of English walnuts, as the shells in the kitchen dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>closed. +Luckily for the youngsters, they were safe in bed and asleep.</p> + +<p>The next day, according to the elder Pomeroy, little Albert who had not +been at the O'Connor home the night before, heard the dolorous tale of +the wonderful tree in Philadelphia, the gift of nuts and their weird +disappearance. To confirm the sad story he picked up the carpet-bag, +turned it inside out. Within a torn lining, he triumphantly extracted +ten nuts. Child-like, he proceeded to sample them and had eaten three +when his father rescued the remainder. Seven Philadelphia walnuts were +planted in the yard, and, in due time there were seven slender, +silver-grayish seedling trees. These were carefully staked, guarded and +cultivated by Norman Pomeroy. Despite the caviling of the neighbors, who +declared that a Persian walnut tree would not thrive and bear so far +north, twelve years after planting the "lucky seven" reproduced their +kind—from a dozen to two dozen large, handsome Persian or English +walnuts. Today the seven Centennial trees are about two feet in diameter +and about 60 feet high. And as to the value of the crop, one tree alone +produced nuts which sold four years ago for $142.50.</p> + +<p>Now as to the application of this romance in real life. I must return to +the more prosaic generalizations of conservation and its relation to the +products of cultivation with which this article began.</p> + +<p>In 1913 Governor Martin H. Glynn invited me to outline for him a program +of "Practical and Progressive Conservation", applicable to the needs of +New York State. In the effort to meet the request, I drew a little from +my personal experience and observations as a sportsman, a farmer and a +newspaper man, and a great deal from what I had learned from others +among the organized sportsmen, agricultural societies, hydro-electric +engineers, forest products men, foresters, and nature lovers in general. +We then set forth the following as necessary to the realization of the +purposes of a Conservation which should meet all conditions imposed by +the past, the present and the future, as hereinbefore stated:</p> + + +<h4>"<span class="smcap">Practical and Progressive Conservation</span>"</h4> + +<p>1. Protect the birds and save the crops.</p> + +<p>2. Develop the unutilized water powers, now going to waste with +destructive effects in freshet periods to arable lands and thickly +populated communities, through public ownership and distribution; +thereby use "The People's White Coal," save coal and cussin' the +ash-sifter, giving the public cheaper light and power for the homes, the +farms, the factories, and public highways.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. Amend the constitution to permit the use of dead and down timber in +the state forest preserves, worth at least $10,000,000 annually.</p> + +<p>4. Provide free forest trees furnished by the state for all who will +plant them. (Note—The present N. Y. Conservation Commission in a +special report to be made to the Legislature of 1920 has at last adopted +that progressive policy).</p> + +<p>5. Plant productive trees along the highways—nut and fruit trees.</p> + +<p>6. Restock waters and covers more extensively and intelligently.</p> + +<p>7. Stop pollution of private and public waters.</p> + +<p>8. Harmonize the interrelated interests of farmers and sportsmen.</p> + +<p>9. Establish game and bird refuges in every county in the state.</p> + +<p>10. Sane and practical game laws, eliminating prosecutions on petty +technicalities, educate the public to co-operate in fish and game +protection, enact legislation to encourage rather than handicap the +propagation of fish and game by private enterprise.</p> + +<p>It will be noted that plank 5 in our progressive conservation platform +is urging the planting of producing trees along the highways. By that we +meant not only the native nut trees, all of which are beautiful and +ornamental, but also fruit trees, according to the wishes of the +abutting owners.</p> + +<p>In the State of New York, taking into account only improved roads coming +under the head of State or County Improved Highways, disregarding the +mileage of the rural roads several times as large, there are about 8,000 +miles of "Good Roads". There are many stretches of the highways which +nature has generously adorned with trees. Some portions of the roads +have witnessed the spoliation of the contractor's indiscriminating ax, +but in the main the workmen were as careful as possible to retain +natural shade trees along the routes. A few miles comparatively, were +planted by state agencies. Farmers, especially in the Lake Ontario Fruit +Belt of New York State, have worked wonders in ornamentation and economy +by planting cherry, apple, plum and other beautiful and productive trees +on the strip of land, "The Farms by the Side of the Road."</p> + +<p>At a very small additional expense, the State could have planted every +rod of improved highway with productive trees, putting that +forethoughtful specification into the contracts.</p> + +<p>Get out your pencil for a moment. Suppose the state had English walnuts +on the 8,000 miles, placing the trees 40 feet apart. We should have +growing then over one million productive trees and some of them would be +old enough to be bearing today. Within ten years from now,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> their +product would be worth at a conservative estimate $25 per tree, +representing a sum sufficient to carry one-third of the State's entire +cost of government.</p> + +<p>The war just won for the cause of World Democracy has opened the eyes of +the American people to many things they had not before apprehended or +realized. One is the value of productive land space. Another is the +importance of our forests, and especially the value of the native +nut-bearing trees. It was discovered, when Uncle Sam scurried around to +procure a supply of black walnut for gun stocks, that the German agents +had been ahead of him. Although thickly settled, Germany finds it +profitable to employ one-fourth of its entire area in growing forest +trees. Yet it seems the Kaiser's forests were short on this valuable +timber, so they picked up all the procurable black walnut in the United +States.</p> + +<p>This set the New York State Conservation Commissioner thinking and last +year he advised farmers to propagate and cultivate the black walnut—a +little late for the emergency; but better late than never, especially in +this case.</p> + +<p>On my little farm near Lockport, N. Y., there is a large black walnut +tree, perhaps 90 to 100 years old. It bears a nut of unusual size, of +excellent taste and good keeping qualities. This tree has produced as +high as ten bushels of shucked nuts in a season. Twenty-two years ago, +when the importance of growing native nut trees had impressed but few +people, I did have the good sense to plant several dozen nuts from the +"Niagara King Walnut." I must confess I gave the trees little attention, +and a farm hand zealously cut down all but one of the black walnuts, +mistaking them for sumac. The survivor last year bore about three +bushels of nuts. Most interesting of all is the result of observations +as to the product, and its bearing on the question of whether or not nut +trees will reproduce "true to variety." The walnuts from the young tree +differ in shape, being almost round, while the fruit of the parent tree +is almost chestnut in form. But the flavor, thickness of shell and the +keeping qualities seem identical.</p> + +<p>Six years ago I started a small black walnut and butternut tree nursery +for home use and from it have set out about four hundred trees along the +ditches and fences on the farm. The early plantings have attained a +height of from 12 to 15 feet. If every farmer would do likewise, he +would make a considerable addition to the country's food supply, to say +nothing of the value of the timber for coming gen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>erations when the +frees approach maturity. It has afforded me pleasure to send nut trees +to friends in various counties of the state and we shall watch with +interest, the reports on their growth and development under the many +variations of soil and climate. The butternut in many parts of the +country is rapidly disappearing. To save this beautiful tree with its +delicately flavored nuts, it will undoubtedly be necessary to take it +into extensive cultivation.</p> + +<p>Although apart from the subject perhaps, it may be interesting to refer +to the application of forestry to a woodlot containing native nut trees. +Like many farmers who regard every tree as just a tree, useful for +timber or fire wood, I found several years ago that indiscriminate +cutting on my woodlot was destroying walnuts, along with the commoner +species of the stand. My first step was to halt the cutting of all black +walnuts, hickories, butternuts, oaks and beeches on the seven-acre +woodlot. I took an inventory of these trees and found there were 160 +shagbark hickories from 10 to 25 years old, five butternuts about 20 +years old, and four black walnuts about 25 years old. These, of course, +were not "tolerant trees" like the evergreens, and most of them were +rapidly deteriorating from being overcrowded by more rapidly growing and +less desirable neighbors. All <i>of</i> them had been retarded in growth by +the crowded condition of the stand. Inaugurating a process of judicious +thinning with a view to giving the nut trees the advantage, the result +in a single season was surprising. Under the beneficent influence of +ample sun, air and root sustenance, the butternuts and black walnuts +bore fine crops for the first time, in the season following the winter +thinning process. The young hickories contented themselves with making +their first annual growth in years. And, Oh joy of realized hopes, in +this the third season since letting the sun into the native nut grove, +nearly all of the older shagbark hickories bore their first crops! And +now I have a nut plantation, that might have been ere this, burned up as +fire-wood, at no expense whatever, since the thinning out process +produced a very welcome supply of fire wood in these days of high-priced +coal.</p> + +<p>In a recent bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, +"Value to Farm Families of Food, Fuel and use of House," there are some +illuminating statistics on "The Farmer's Income" and "The Farmer's +Living." It is stated that "the total average of the three items of +food, fuel and use of the house for the 950 families (selected from all +parts of the United States) is $642, and 66% of $424 of this is +furnished by the farm." The Seven Pomeroy Centen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>nial. Trees in one year +produced a food product worth and actually sold for about $800 in one +year! The average annual production of those seven trees has been over +$600 for the last ten years. And what about the labor involved in +raising and harvesting the English walnut crop in question? Picking the +nuts from the ground, children gladly doing it and earning five cents +per basket.</p> + +<p>Horace Greeley's undiscovered farm under the first twelve inches was a +gold mine when turned up finally; Mr. Pinchot's farm on top rescued from +flood and other devastations is worth more money than before. But how +about the strip of land along the roadside, an aggregate waste of at +least one per cent of the acreages of eastern farms? Well worth +reclaiming, and no expensive ditching, irrigation and lumbering involved +in the process either. In addition, credit must be given also to this +enterprise for the value of ornamentation of the highways and their +protection from the elements all seasons of the year.</p> + +<p>And strange to relate, in the long list of items under the head of +"Classes of Food," given in the Federal Bulletin referred to, no mention +is made of nut foods, either native or imported nut trees. Fruits, +vegetables, meats, store groceries, everything is there but nuts.</p> + +<p>"Nutty," do we hear someone suggest? Probably not in this audience of +enlightened nut growers, but speaking to the general public we shall +say, "Well, mebbe," like Uncle Lige of Niagara. Two bad years on the +farm, four acres of tomatoes that didn't pay for the plants, nothing but +soft corn and no potatoes compelled Uncle and Aunt Tompkins to open an +account at the corner grocery. The first month the bill came in, Aunt +Sally was all in a flutter when she audited the items: Sugar, 60; +coffee, 40; oatmeal, 50; sugar, 75; ditto, 80. "Lige, you go right back +to the store and tell that cunnin' clerk that he's charged us fer what +we never got. We ain't had no 'ditto' in this house." Lige went to the +store and returned, apparently a sadder but a wiser man. "Well, Lige," +inquired the thrifty spouse, "Did you find out 'bout that 'ditto' we +didn't get? What did you find?" Lige picked up his pipe, remarking, +"Well Sally, I found I was a durned fool, and you <i>ditto</i>."</p> + +<p>We are all waking up to the fact that we did not become "nutty" soon +enough. We have found that our public agencies of conservation have been +"durn fools" and farmers and other land owners "ditto", for not having +inaugurated the systematic planting of productive trees along the +highways and farm hedgerows and ditches, many years ago.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p>Norman Pomeroy used to say with becoming modesty that he took no credit +for planting the trees that have made such a substantial income for his +family, because "I had to be slapped in the face in the dark before I +became wise, and then the natural improvidence of mankind came near +spoiling Nature's tip when the children gratified their little stomachs +in preference to planting for the future. Men are but children of an +older growth, a wise man said. That is a true but sad doctrine. We all +live too much in the present and for the present, forgetting that the +future will soon be the present, if not for ourselves, for our children +and our children's children. It takes time to realize on trees, for the +stomach or the pocketbook. It requires sacrifice to get anything worth +while and, waiting is the hardest kind of sacrifice, especially for +people of small means. But it pays in the end."</p> + +<p>The Northern Nut Growers' Association, is doing valuable work not only +in the study and planting of nut trees, but in its propaganda. But I +have discovered that the results of practical work and the worth of +propaganda, are hard to bring home to public agencies, like Governors +and Legislatures. The construction and maintenance <i>of</i> public highways +are a state function. But that duty must be incomplete in our opinion +until the state finishes its job by planting productive trees along the +highways and public roads. How shall we bring this about? Adopt +resolutions? Very good.</p> + +<p>But did the Anti-Saloon League, for example, content itself with +resolutions when it wanted real results in the halls of legislation? Not +much. Our prohibition friends were very practical. They employed trained +agents to present their cause everywhere and in every way calculated to +do the most good.</p> + +<p>Let me repeat to you tree planters the late Norman Pomeroy's favorite +lines, as I recall them:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"<i>The dead are eternized in stone,</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>The living, by living shafts are known.</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Plant thou a tree and each recurring spring</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>The stirring leaves thy lasting praise shall sing.</i>"</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Prof. Chittenden, of Michigan Agricultural +College will address you on "Native Nut Tree Plantations for Michigan."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NATIVE NUT TREE PLANTATIONS IN MICHIGAN</h2> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Professor A. K. Chittenden, Michigan Agricultural College East +Lansing, Michigan</span></h4> + +<p>I am very glad of this opportunity to tell you what the Michigan +Agricultural College is doing, and what it thinks, about nut tree +plantations in this State. I want to say first, that there is a very +general interest in nut trees among the farmers and land owners of the +State. A considerable number of the letters that the Forestry Department +of the College receives from farmers are about nut culture. They seem to +be particularly interested in pecans, English walnuts, and chestnuts. A +few years ago the State was flooded with literature urging people to +plant these trees and we are still feeling the aftermath of this +campaign. Much of this state is too far north for the successful growth +of these particular trees and we therefore have advised waiting before +investing heavily in young trees, until experiments have shown where +they would succeed and what kinds it would be safe to plant. At the same +time, we suggested the planting of one or two trees of certain varieties +as an experiment. We have for the most part recommended only our native +nut trees for planting on a large scale.</p> + +<p>We have tried many varieties of nut trees, grafted on hardy stock, at +the College, and only a few of them are alive today. All of the pecan +trees have been lost and nearly all of the English walnuts. About two +years ago, we got some of Burbank's Royal walnuts from California. All +of these trees except one, were killed back of the graft the first +winter. One of them, however, is doing well although growing very +slowly. It will doubtless succeed now, as it has pulled through two +winters, one an exceptionally cold one.</p> + +<p>About three years ago, we bought some Sober Paragon chestnuts from an +eastern nursery which had been advertising them widely in this State. +They were all infected with the Chestnut Blight disease. Now this +disease has at the present time not appeared in Michigan, except on +imported nursery stock. We have a considerable number of chestnut +plantations in the State, and if the disease can be kept out, there is +no reason why chestnuts cannot be raised more profitably. But our +experience has shown that the trees must be raised in this State and not +brought in from outside. We have some very nice chestnut trees in our +nursery at the College which are now thirteen years old and which have +been bearing nuts for four years. This fall we are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> planting them all +along the drives so as to open up the crowns and induce a greater +production of nuts.</p> + +<p>We also have some Japanese walnuts that are doing well indeed. One of +these trees on the campus is 35 years old and produces a large quantity +of nuts.</p> + +<p>There are a number of English walnuts at various places along Lake +Michigan in the fruit belt. Individual trees will often succeed, but the +chances for success are not great enough to warrant a man putting very +much money into a plantation. There are two Sober Paragon chestnuts near +Niles which are now 12 years old and are growing and bearing well. At +the College farm, near Grand Rapids, there are some pecan trees, but +their history shows that they have been repeatedly frosted back.</p> + +<p>I could mention a great many cases of success with individual imported +trees, but I do not know of any extensive plantations that have so far +succeeded.</p> + +<p>There is, however, a different story to tell of our native nut trees of +which there are many successful plantations. Our native edible nuts are +black walnut, hickories and chestnut. They will grow anywhere in the +southern part of the State and along Lake Michigan. Using these trees as +a basis, I believe we can develop, if it has not already been done, a +tree that will bear an improved quality of nuts and that will be +perfectly hardy.</p> + +<p>The black walnut is the tree that did perhaps more than any other tree +to help win the war, and, while timber raising and nut culture do not +perhaps go hand in hand, probably more black walnuts are being planted +as individual trees than any other tree in the State. The black walnut +was an invaluable tree for gun stocks and airplane propellers. The War +Department scoured the country to find trees for these purposes and +every black walnut that is now planted, may be of service to the country +in the future. The College raises thousands of black walnuts and +Japanese walnuts each year, and the demand for them is very great. When +we have in planting, a choice between two trees, one choice being a tree +suitable for shade only and the other a nut producing tree, I would say +plant the nut tree. Our trees will have a double appeal if they furnish +not only shade, but edible nuts as well. At the last session of the +State Legislature, an act was passed providing for the planting of nut +and shade trees along our highways. As a result of this act, we hope +sometime to see the highways in the southern part of the State lined +with walnut and other nut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> bearing trees. A tree that will serve a +double purpose should be planted wherever possible.</p> + +<p>Tree planting is a thing in which we are all interested. Those of you +who have been abroad remember the long rows of trees, often fruit trees, +that lined the roads. In this country we cannot plant fruit trees along +our roads as there is nobody to care for them and disease would quickly +start and spread to our orchards. But nut trees can be safely planted.</p> + +<p>We have, on certain soils in the southern part of the State, recommended +planting black walnuts for fence posts. The heart wood is very durable +and the tree grows quite rapidly under favorable conditions. Then, +perhaps when the trees are large enough for posts, the owner will decide +to keep them for the nuts and for timber production.</p> + +<p>During the past summer the College made a study of native nut tree +plantations in the State with a view to determining the profitableness +of such plantations.</p> + +<p>Among the older plantations studied was one in Berrien County. It was +planted 45 years ago and covers four acres. The soil is clay and loam +with a clay sub-soil. Three year old seedlings were used with an average +spacing of about 28 by 32 feet. The grove was cultivated for about 8 +years after planting. The trees are now in fairly good condition but +many are affected with heart-rot. They are quite spreading and bushy in +form and are not suitable for lumber. There is now about 30 cords of +wood per acre. The average diameter is 20 inches with an average height +of 60 feet. The ground is sodded over and the grove is used for grazing +sheep. The owner says that about half the trees bear and that the June +bugs are the principal source of trouble, eating the blossoms. The yield +in nuts varies from practically nothing to 25 or 30 bushels for the +entire plantation. About six years ago, the owner reports a crop of 36 +bushels, and two years ago a crop of 27 bushels. From these figures I +should say the plantation is a success.</p> + +<p>A chestnut plantation in Van Buren County was set 37 years ago and +covers one acre of sandy soil. The plantation was cultivated for about +ten years and corn was grown between the trees. The average tree is 14 +inches in diameter and 65 feet tall. The returns have been small because +the trees were planted too close together, but some years the plantation +has yielded 15 bushels of nuts. There are 67 trees on the acre, which is +too many for good nut production. The grove will produce about 20 cords +of wood or about 550 split fence posts per acre.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<p>One of the oldest plantations in the State is 56 years old and covers +1½ acres in Montcalm County. It consists of black walnuts and +chestnuts mixed together. The average black walnut is 14 inches in +diameter and 67 feet tall. The average chestnut is 20 inches in diameter +and 60 feet tall. The spacing is about 40 by 30 feet and the soil is a +gravelly sand. The yield in nuts has been quite small, six to eight +bushels a year.</p> + +<p>There are a number of such mixed plantations in the State and it would +seem that the two trees do not do very well together. In this case, I +should say that the soil is not well suited for either tree.</p> + +<p>There is a plantation of Japanese walnuts in Oakland County. It is five +years old and on sandy soil. About 500 trees were planted at the cost of +60 cents per tree. The stock came from Pennsylvania and was budded to +English walnut. The scions died back, however, and the plantation stock +came along so it is now a Japanese walnut grove. The average tree is +about 2 inches in diameter and 10 feet tall. The trees are very healthy +and vigorous and are beginning to bear a few nuts.</p> + +<p>A chestnut plantation in Van Buren County is 12 years old. Two foot +transplants were used and the trees were planted at the rate of 100 to +the acre. They were cultivated for two years. The average tree is 4 +inches in diameter and 20 feet high. The trees are healthy and in good +condition. The grove is yielding from one to two bushels of nuts a year +and should be thinned so as to open it up and encourage nut production.</p> + +<p>A black walnut plantation in Ingham County, planted about 20 years ago +for timber purposes and underplanted with white cedar to force the trees +to grow straight and tall, is in excellent condition. The average tree +is 5 inches in diameter and 34 feet tall. The plantation has not yet +borne nuts but if it were opened up, would doubtless produce a large +number in a few years.</p> + +<p>I could give more instances of nut tree plantations in the State, but I +think I have mentioned enough to show that our native nut trees can be +profitably raised. During the last few years, a great many black walnut +plantations have been established but most of them are yet too young to +be in a bearing condition. If it were not for the difficulty of getting +healthy chestnut stock, I believe Michigan would be a large producer of +these nuts.</p> + +<p>A study has been made of the volume of the wood that could be obtained +from these chestnut plantations. Owing to the open nature<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> of the +groves, the trees are mostly not suitable for lumber and the yield of +cordwood and posts is less than in a forest plantation where the trees +are closer together and force each other to grow straight and tall. It +was found, however, that a chestnut grove planted for nuts, would yield +on the average 13 standard cords of wood per acre at 20 years of age, 20 +cords at 30 years, and 25 cords at 40 years of age. Placing the value of +this wood at present prices of $7 per cord, would give a value of $91 +per acre at 20 years and $140 per acre at 30 years for the wood alone.</p> + +<p>Probably most of the chestnut plantations have been planted for the nut +and the black walnuts for timber with the nuts as a side issue.</p> + +<p>Black walnuts should be planted on fairly fertile, moist soil. We do not +recommend planting the nuts as squirrels are liable to dig them out. It +is better to use small trees.</p> + +<p>The cost of establishing black walnut plantations is quite small. Native +trees can be bought for $15 per thousand one year old seedlings. We +prefer to plant these small trees as the black walnut develops a strong +tap root early in life, making it difficult to transplant large trees.</p> + +<p>Only a comparatively small number of hickories have been planted in this +state. This is a tree that, while it grows slowly, is very valuable for +its wood and it is becoming very scarce. It should be planted more +extensively. It may well be planted in openings in the woodlot. Every +farmer knows the value of hickory and the trees can be utilized when +quite small.</p> + +<p>It is needless to say anything about the value of black walnut wood. +High prices have been paid for standing trees and for saw logs. Many +individual trees have sold for $500 apiece and even more. Prices as high +as $120 per M board feet have been paid for standing timber.</p> + +<p>At the present rate of cutting, it is only a question of a few years +before all of the merchantable black walnut will have been removed, and, +unless trees are planted, the black walnut will be a thing of the past. +It cannot be depended upon to reproduce itself in our forests as do the +maples, the ash, and many other trees with nonedible seed. For every +black walnut tree in our woods and along the roads, there are +innumerable small boys and squirrels who are after the nuts and the seed +have little chance of germinating even if they do get into the soil. If +there are to be black walnuts in our future forests, the trees must be +planted or the nuts planted and properly safeguarded. From a forestry +viewpoint, the black walnut is a good tree to plant. It has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> a high +value and the demand for the wood is very great. And, for planting, +trees should be chosen that will give a good quality nut as far as +possible.</p> + +<p>For ornamental planting, too, nut trees may often be chosen to +advantage. For the farm yard they are often the best choice. Hickories +or black walnut are long lived trees and the hickory is very ornamental. +A great many trees have been planted by the school children of the +State; and right here is a good field for planting, around our school +houses. The average country school ground is a forlorn place, usually +barren of both grass and shade. While we perhaps cannot have a lawn, we +can certainly have shade trees, and the children will take care of them +and watch their development with interest, particularly if they have a +part in planting them. A few years ago the College distributed about +6000 trees to the schools of the state for Arbor Day and many of these +trees were black walnuts. During the last few years, the Collage has not +raised enough of these trees to meet the demand.</p> + +<p>As memorial trees, also, nut trees are being quite extensively planted. +A great many black walnuts have been planted in the honor of our +soldiers who gave their lives in the war and it is a very suitable tree +to plant for this purpose.</p> + +<p>Now that our forests are becoming more scarce, we are beginning to +appreciate more fully the value of their products. Nuts, extracts, maple +syrup and many minor products are obtained from our native trees. If man +could be surrounded with the right assortment of trees, he would need +little else. He would have food in the nuts and fruit; fire wood and +building material in the stems, as well as paper and clothing from the +wood pulp. He would have sugar from the sap, medicine from the bark, and +he would have wood distillates, turpentine and resin. He could live long +and well on the products of our forests.</p> + +<p>Our forests are, however, disappearing. Our native nut trees are being +cut off. Our sugar maple orchards are being put into farm land, and +forest products are increasing rapidly in price. We have got to keep a +certain part of the country in forests in order to have the country +prosperous, and to do this we must either plant trees or so manage the +existing forests that they will renew themselves naturally. In planting +trees, we should not overlook the by-products of the trees, nuts and +syrup and bark. These products are often the main crop in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> themselves +and in any case, they will increase the receipts and make our forestry +work more profitable.</p> + +<p>There are many acres in southern Michigan and along the Lake, that will +give larger returns from nut tree plantations than from any other +source. We want first to be sure that the trees are hardy to the +locality before we recommend them. I believe there is a very big future +for such plantations. The history of southern plantations has been one +of remarkable success.</p> + +<p>We must be particularly careful in advising the establishment of nut +tree plantations. We ought to be particularly careful in not encouraging +people to buy trees that we are not sure will succeed. For every +plantation that fails means a loss of money and an obstacle to future +progress. But every tree that succeeds means an advertisement for years +to come.</p> + +<p>I do not see any reason why southern Michigan cannot raise many improved +varieties of black walnut and perhaps some other nut trees as well. Our +study of native nut tree plantations this summer, shows that with proper +care they may be very profitable and we hope to see a great extension of +such plantations in this State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Chittenden</span>: I would like to say that the College has been +very favorably impressed with the work that this Association has been +doing and the care that is used in recommending nut trees. It is a thing +the people need a lot of advice about. I thank you. (Applause).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. F. Jones</span>: I would like to ask if the pecans that were +tender were northern or southern pecans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Chittenden</span>: We got them from a nursery in New York State +and I could not say as to the source of the stock beyond that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Naturally the southern source is the cheapest tree.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Chittenden</span>: We got the trees from a nursery that had been +advertising them very extensively in Michigan. It was about five years +ago, at a time when this State had been flooded with literature from +this nursery and other nurseries about particularly pecans and +chestnuts. We were doubtful about the trees they were recommending, and +we got a considerable number and planted them out, but we took pretty +good care of them; but they all died in winter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It is a pity that people who do the most +advertising have to. Certain firms are not allowed to advertise in nut +journals at all. I think the public ought to be made aware of that fact. +It is a pity too, because the ones who spend the largest amount of money +in advertising are the ones of whom we ask the most questions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> + +<p>In regard to Prof. Chittenden's paper, it is a very important matter to +impress upon children and others who are setting out trees the idea that +a tree is not able to care for itself as a rule. It is quite the +exception for a tree set out by itself to thrive and enter into +competition with other trees and bushes and shade, in the early years, +and insects later. I suppose the number of ordinary trees including +maples that make their way to a successful old age would not represent +one in many hundred thousands that make a start in the sprouting seed. +That fact ought to be impressed on every school child who is setting out +a tree—he really should adopt that tree and make that its own child. +And if you can inculcate the maternal and the paternal instinct along +with the setting out of from one to six children of these other +children, you will then get trees on your roadsides and your waste +lands, and without a great amount of difficulty. But you have got to go +back to first principles there and realize that very few trees are able +to succeed after they have been set out unless they receive a great deal +of care subsequently. Those of us who give a great deal of attention to +trees, who pretend to care for our trees, will lose a percentage so +large that I would hardly dare state what it probably is. Among the +hundreds and thousands of trees I have set out, all from reputable +nurserymen or raised by myself; I doubt if 25% are alive today, and I +have pretty good success too. This is not to discourage anyone; it is to +encourage people, and they are to be encouraged by knowing the facts; +and when all the final facts are known about the values of trees that +are given proper attention, then people will be willing to give them +that degree of attention. Not until then are we to have success in +filling our waste lands with nut trees.</p> + +<p>Prof. Chittenden brought up one point of a great deal of consequence. In +any locality plant the species which belong to that locality. The +species which, by natural selection and adaptation have fitted +themselves to the environment are, as a rule, the trees which will do +best in that locality. That is a principle I think which ought to be +thoroughly well fixed in mind. One may experiment with any number of +trees from a distance, but the trees which naturally have adapted +themselves to a locality, the species which have done that are the +species upon which we can expend our efforts to the best advantage.</p> + +<p>In the matter of chestnut blight, we assume that the chestnut blight +will act like measles blight, scarlet fever blight, or any other +epidemic. In other words, it is due to a microbe, it is due to a +peculiar microbic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> group, a peculiar family group which happened to +start out in northern China on its invasion and got to this country +where it found trees which were not resistant. The American and European +trees are not resistant. Wherever it has gone from northern China, from +the place where blight, the tree host and enemy grew up side by side, +and represented the survival of the fittest; wherever it has gone away +from the place where we have the survival of the fittest, at any rate as +a result of struggle, there it has found susceptible individuals that it +has destroyed. When a blight of any sort sets out, chestnut blight, +measles, scarlet fever—any blight you please, you are talking natural +history, you are taking biology, about an animal or a plant, about a +microbe, a living thing. All of these living things run out of their +vital energy in time. Each microbe runs out of its energy just as a +breed of horses or of strawberries runs out of its energy. All +varieties, varietal types, run out of their natural energy, so that it +is simply a question of length of time before this family microbe or +family group of this microbe will lose its energy. We do not know how +many years that will be. It may be a great many years, and by that time, +our chestnuts may practically have disappeared. We can find here and +there a tree which resists better than others do, and we may find some +with enough resistance to be worthy of propagation as of that resistant +kind. We know that several species resist the blight very well. I found +four species that resist the blight very well among six kinds I have +tried out on my place. But some chestnuts bear so early and heavily that +we may afford to set them out, even in the presence of blight, trimming +them back and looking after them carefully: For instance, a number of +Sober Paragon chestnuts that I planted all died but one that is near the +house. It bears so heavily that it is well worth while, and it simply +means that one must give a great deal of attention to it. Some people +can afford even to set out the Paragon because of its high bearing +power. I have a number of hybrids which resist the blight very well. The +cross between the American chestnut and the Japanese, or between the +common American chestnut and the chinquapins showed the resistance very +largely of the resistant parent. But curiously enough, the ones which +look most like the American chestnut also carry that parent's weakness +in regard to blight, so that all of my hybrids between the American +chestnut and the resistant kinds which look like the American chestnut +and act like it also catch the same microbe for the most part. But one +of the hybrids does not. No. 2 which I have given Mr. Jones, is very +much like the American chestnut. It grows<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> vigorously, acts like it, and +looks like it, and it has not blighted up to the ninth year of age, +beginning to bear about the fourth year. Most of those that are like the +chinquapin or like the Chinese chestnut resist blight very well.</p> + +<p>About Japanese walnuts. If Prof. Chittenden has a large number of +Japanese walnuts about the state, he may very well select one or two of +the very best and advise the owners to top work the others with the one +or two which happen to be particularly good. Most of the Japanese +walnuts are small. Most of them are Siebold type instead of the heart +nut variety, but a few very large ones will be found here and there and +of high quality, and they graft almost as easily as peaches.</p> + +<p>In regard to Persian walnuts. If there are a few trees here and there +about the state, we need not fear the question of introducing others +because it is too far north. If you simply have one tree that is a good +one, that is enough, because you can graft over all sorts of black +walnuts, Japanese walnut and Persian walnut stocks with the one or two +trees which are known to be good in Michigan. One good tree in the state +which is bearing good nuts of desirable qualities is enough. Graft all +of your other walnuts back from it. And in setting out the native black +walnuts, chestnuts and the hickories of different species, it is +important always to distinguish in regard to intention—whether they are +to be for forest purposes or for nut purposes. That is not always clear +in the minds of a number of people whom I have seen setting out groves +of these trees. They talk about getting timber and nuts. You can not get +both profitably. I think people ought to be impressed with the fact that +if they are setting out apple trees for timber they would set them five +or six feet apart. If they are setting them out for apples, they would +set them sixty feet apart. Precisely the same thing is true of nut +trees. (Applause).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: I would like to ask Dr. Morris how he protects +grafts the first year. Grafts growing the first year are very tender, +put in late, and they will often winter kill in the tree that is +perfectly hardy otherwise.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Mr. Jones is quite right about that, and that is a +matter requiring more experience than I have at the present time. What I +have done in the way of protection fairly well is this: For instance, if +I graft Persian walnut on black walnut and it makes a late start and +then in September has a very sappy growth, or in October has a sappy +growth of three or four or five feet (they grow tremendously fast, like +weeds) if the bark at the base of the graft is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> brown or has two or +three buds that are brown or partially ripened, I cut off four or five +of the first leaves and let them harden. Then in the fall I cut off all +but those four or five buds and put wax over the end. That is the way I +avoid the winter killing of the sappy growth. As soon as the part +nearest the grafted place begins to turn brown, looks like hardening up +and two or three buds are pretty hard, I cut off four or five of those +leaves right there and let the buds ripen, and those buds will ripen +very well. I will sacrifice five or six buds for the sake of saving +three or four buds. The next year they grow all right. That is not a +nice way, but when you see you are going to lose a thing on account of +sappiness, that will sometimes work.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: I generally wrap the base of the limb in burlap.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: If the sappy tip dies, it poisons the rest. There +are poisonous enzymes that poison the rest of it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I was going to ask Prof. Chittenden if he could give +any experience with the named varieties of black walnuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Chittenden</span>: I don't think I could distinguish between the +varieties of black walnut that have been planted in this state. That is +not a thing that I feel able to discuss. I know that a number of +different varieties of black walnut have been planted. At the College we +have done a good deal of grafting on the black walnuts, and we have not +had very good success.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I had in mind improved varieties of black walnut +grafted on the black walnut stock.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Chittenden</span>: I don't think we have had any experience of +that. We always get a good deal of wood from Pennsylvania in the spring +and do the grafting in class. We can not expect a very high grade of +work when the students do it as a part of their work of instruction. +There are some black walnuts in the state that have very good nuts, and +some that have not. I have tried to get for our nursery good nuts from +trees that had a good native nut. We have had so much difficulty getting +black walnuts at all the last few years that we have taken just what we +could get. We get nuts from all over the central part of the state and +plant in the nursery to get our seedling trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I have found some of the named varieties of black +walnuts bearing in quite a number of sections of this state and other +states. They seem to bear quite young.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Mr. Jones has partly prepared a paper on +"Pecans other than those of the well known sections," but as it has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +been impossible to complete it, it will be handed to the secretary +later, and inserted in the proceedings.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PECANS OTHER THAN THOSE OF THE WELL KNOWN SECTIONS</h2> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pennsylvania</span></h4> + +<p>Pecans have been grown in the South for a good many years, and, with the +advent of budded and grafted trees of superior varieties in more recent +years, the industry made great strides and now that the product of some +of these grafted orchards is coming on the market and selling readily at +high prices, the economic value and importance of the pecan is becoming +to be more fully appreciated.</p> + +<p>The success of the pecan in the South, led some planters in the northern +states to make experimental plantings of these southern varieties but +they have proven disappointing, as might be expected, since our seasons +are too short for the nuts to mature, even where the trees are hardy. I +have seen the Stuart, one of the largest southern pecans, when grown in +Lancaster and Adams Counties, Pa., not half as large as the Indiana +sorts and with little or no kernel. The Schley, one of the finest +southern pecans, when grown in Adams Co., Pa., is so small that no one +would recognize it and it has no kernel at all.</p> + +<p>In very recent years, largely through the efforts of a few progressive +men in Indiana, fine varieties of the pecan have been discovered in +Indiana and Kentucky, and these varieties are being propagated and +planted over the northern states generally. While the discovery of these +varieties and their propagation marked a big step forward in extending +the cultural range of the pecan and making it possible to grow this nut +several hundred miles north of the southern pecan belt, not unlike the +southern varieties, the Indiana and Kentucky varieties are necessarily +limited in their range of adaptability, and it is perhaps not safe to +recommend them for planting, except possibly in the more favored +localities, north of the 40th parallel and south thereof and possibly in +the elevated or mountain sections they should not be recommended for +planting north of latitude 38 degrees. The advantages of securing +varieties for propagation therefore from as far north as possible is +obvious.</p> + +<p>I have examined a good many sample pecans from Missouri and Kansas, some +of which are excellent, but, aside from possibly being a little hardier +in tree, they have no advantage over the fine Indiana and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> Kentucky +varieties that we already have, unless of course, they should be better +adapted to planting in the western states.</p> + +<p>In its natural range, the pecan is found growing farther north along the +Mississippi River, in Iowa and Illinois, than anywhere else in the +country, and naturally we turned to these pecan forests hoping to find a +variety bearing nuts of a size and quality to merit propagation and +dissemination north of the belt where it is safe to recommend the +planting of the Indiana varieties. As a result of correspondence with an +Iowa nurseryman in the fall of 1914, I engaged the services of a +competent man to gather pecans for me at Muscatine, Iowa. Following my +instructions, this man searched the woods in that locality to find what +I wanted for propagation and as a result, nuts were sent me from several +trees which were carefully marked so that in case scions were wanted +from any of the trees, they would be readily identified. This man seemed +to be very enthusiastic about the nuts he sent me, and, as he had made a +business of gathering pecans, and he knew the pecans in that section +well, I felt that he had sent me the best that he had there. None of the +pecans sent had sufficient size and merit to propagate however, and I +gave the matter up. Fortunately, Mr. G. H. Corsan, Toronto, Canada, was +endeavoring the same fall or winter to get pecans to grow trees that +would succeed in Canada and he bought pecans from a dealer in +Burlington, Iowa. Upon receiving this lot of nuts, Mr. Corsan was +astonished at their large size, as he expected that pecans from the +northern limit of the pecan to be of small size. Thinking that this +party had sent him southern pecans, Mr. Corsan wrote him at once that he +did not want southern pecans, explaining that he wanted them for +planting. This party replied that the nuts sent him were genuine Iowa +pecans. Knowing my interest in the matter, Mr. Corsan wrote me during +the spring of 1915, giving me the facts in the case and urged that I go +to Burlington the next fall and look up a variety for propagation. Fall +came on, but with it, so much to do and with short help, due to war +conditions, that I had to give up the trip, but, at Mr. Corsan's +suggestion, I took the matter up with Mr. Ed. G. Marquardt, Burlington, +Iowa, with the result that the matter was placed in his hands, with the +assurance from Mr. Marquardt that he would do the very best he could for +us. Mr. Marquardt employed a man who had made a business of gathering +pecans there and who knew the trees bearing the largest nuts, and with +the help of this man, finally located a tree 20 miles north of +Burlington bearing very large pecans of thin shell and splendid quality. +Although most of the nuts had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> been gathered, the husks on the ground +indicated it had been bearing good crops. This tree was marked and some +of the nuts sent to me. These pecans I considered remarkably fine for so +far north. They were fully as large as the Indiana, with even a thinner +shell and a full kernel of excellent quality. With the help of Mr. +Marquardt, scions were secured from this tree the following spring, and +grafting proved very successful, which we consider very fortunate, as +this land was cleared during the war and this tree met the fate of +others, being turned into lumber and it is no more.</p> + +<p>This variety has been given Mr. Marquardt's name. Coming from 20 miles +north of Burlington, Iowa, in north latitude 41 degrees, I shall expect +the Marquardt to succeed any where south of the Great Lakes. The Indiana +and Busseron pecans originated farther north than any others of the +Indiana group, the original trees of which are growing in the Wabash +River bottom, west of Oaktown, Ind., about 10 miles south of latitude +39. Most of the Indiana and Kentucky varieties are from latitude 38 +degrees, or approximately 200 miles south of where the Marquardt +originated. The climate of Iowa is also considerably colder than is the +same latitude farther east, due to the more open character of the +country west and to the influence of the Great Lakes farther east. The +pecans there are not only necessarily hardier, but have to mature their +fruit in a shorter season, which is all important in a variety for +northern planting, as it has been shown that the pecan is hardy in tree +considerably north of where it will mature its fruit properly. Realizing +the importance of the Iowa pecans for northern planting and realizing +the building of the big power dam on the Mississippi River at Keokuk, +Iowa, and the consequent raising of the water level for considerable +distance up the river together with building of levees and clearing of +the forests, threatened the destruction of many of the pecan trees and +pecan forests, Mr. Bixby spent nearly a week during the past fall in the +pecan forests and groves along the Mississippi River around Clinton, +Ia., and Burlington, Ia. The facts of the following paragraphs (except +the last two) I have taken from his notes:</p> + +<p>These pecan trees at Clinton, Iowa, are the most northerly growing of +the native pecans so far discovered. They are on the islands in the +river and on the bottom lands, where the land at low water is only a few +feet above the water level, and at high water, several feet under water. +The trees certainly are not suffering from lack of moisture. The soil is +alluvial, seemingly of unknown depths and must be very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> fertile, +enriched as it is by the deposits left by the high waters each year, or +sometimes, several times a year. No pecan trees under six inches in +diameter were seen here, and they ranged from that size up to 24 inches +in trunk diameter 85 feet tall. No trees bearing large pecan nuts were +seen, although the flavor of the kernels of practically all of the trees +was good. Crops of nuts were irregular and seemingly not so good as they +were some years. None of the trees near Clinton were deemed worthy of +propagation.</p> + +<p>The pecans at Burlington are growing under similar conditions to those +at Clinton, but they are much more numerous, there being thousands of +them, some being larger than any seen at Clinton. Four trees, including +the Marquardt, have been discovered and brought to the attention of the +association by Mr. Ed. G. Marquardt and Mr. John H. Witte of Burlington. +Cuts of these nuts, natural size, are shown opposite page 48. The +Marquardt is being propagated by me and the other three varieties by +Snyder Bros., Center Point, Iowa.</p> + +<p>From the appearance of the leaves, buds and habit of growth of the +Marquardt pecan, it seemed to me that the tree had hickory blood in it, +although the nut did not suggest it; and I intended to look into this +matter fully, on a trip to Iowa the past fall, but finding I could not +go, I gave Mr. Bixby samples of the nuts, leaves and twigs and told him +what I expected, and he had this in mind during his trip. He never found +young pecan trees growing in the woods but did find them growing in +large numbers on the levees and on the edges of cultivated fields. A +careful examination showed a very considerable variation in leaf, bud +and habit of growth and there seemed little question but that there were +among them many hybrids between the pecan and the big bottom shellbark, +<i>Carya laciniosa</i>, which is found growing on the bottom lands and the +islands along with the pecan. As a matter of fact, two of the four Iowa +pecans selected for propagation, the Burlington and the Greenbay, show +unmistakable evidence of hybrid parentage in the nut, in the leaves and +buds. The Marquardt gives no hint of such parentage in the nut, but the +leaves and buds do suggest that it has hickory blood in its make up, and +it is believed that this is so. The Witte is seemingly a pure pecan.</p> + +<p>There has recently been much done near Burlington in reclaiming +valuable, cultivatable lands from the river which formerly overflowed +them each year so that people were afraid to plant crops and they were +therefore abandoned to the forests. Levees have recently been built to +keep the water off these lands in time of high water. Drain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>age ditches +have been made behind them and pumping plants put in to pump the water +out of them. The cost of these improvements, which has given to +cultivation much very fertile land, has been assessed on the owners of +the lands benefited, as is also the upkeep expense. Many owners had not +the money to pay the assessments and have sold the land to those who are +clearing off the timber. This means the clearing of thousands of acres +of bottom land and the pecan is one of the principle trees on these +bottom lands. This condition makes it necessary to locate and propagate +at once, the best and most promising of these Iowa pecans and hybrids +and observe their behavior afterwards in the young trees, instead of +depending on the watching of the behavior of the original trees as has +been the case in Indiana.</p> + +<p>I feel reluctant to close this address without mentioning the good work +done by Secretaries Deming and Bixby and other members of this +Association in searching for varieties of nuts that may be superior to +what we already have. Those of us who are propagating these trees, while +we may feel the inspiration that comes from doing a work that benefits +mankind, nevertheless, we hope and expect to make dollars and cents out +of growing these trees, while this is not the case with some of the +members of this Association who are not nurserymen and who do not expect +to enter this field.</p> + +<p>Dr. Deming, former Secretary of this Association, did much good work and +secured some fine nuts worthy of propagation, through advertising and +the offering of premiums, and Mr. Bixby, who very kindly took up this +work when Dr. Deming was called to the colors, has been active and is +doing a great work for northern nut culture.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: We will now have a grafting demonstration by +Mr. Jones.</p> + +<p>Mr. Jones had brought with him specimens of stock, scions and all the +materials and tools needed for the demonstration, and performed the +various operations of grafting and budding before the audience.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: We often use scions half or three-fourths of an inch +in diameter, for grafting, but they are rather hard to get. In top +working, we generally take limbs two to four inches in diameter, cut +them off, and split the bark. The nut grafting must all be done late +when the sap is up in the trees. Cut the scions all on one side. Split +the bark, slip in the scion, tie up and wax the whole scion over with +grafting wax, put it on hot and seal it up tight. Sometimes for winter +protection of the English walnut as far north as Michigan your tip might +kill back because it grows so very fast and is sappy. I have never</p> + + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img050.jpg" width="450" height="375" alt="Pecans" title="Pecans" /></div> +<h4><span class="smcap">Pecans from Burlington, Ia</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></h4> + +<p>had trees kill in that way, but I do have many people write me that they +have trees killed in that way. In nursery grafting, we usually use just +the cleft method. You should cut the cleft on one side and don't split +it, but keep it smooth all the way through.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You get better results, Mr. Jones, from waxing +the entire scion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Yes, we get better results that way. In the South we +have no success at all that way; we have to cover them with sacks.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: About what degree of heat is best for the wax?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Don't have it too hot and it can't burn. You can +tell that by the wax smoking.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: As long as the wax does not smoke, it is pretty +safe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: This illustrates what we call a side graft. Put the +scion in the side and leave the top on. You can also do it in bark +grafting. Cut your bark, split it, and stick your scion straight down as +it is here.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: How do you apply the hot wax?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: With a swab or brush. We use a carbon heater and +that makes it about the right temperature.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: How large black walnut trees could be top worked to +English walnuts?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: You can work almost any sized tree, but it is quite +a job in the large tree. Take a tree larger than six inches in diameter, +or eight, and it would not be very satisfactory. In cutting the scions +be careful to make a straight surface on the cut bevel. To do that the +knife should be held at an angle lengthwise to the scion. In our +grafting in the South we leave the scion dry and cover it with a bag. +That was in Florida.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: That is a very interesting question about the +limits of our using the method of covering the scion and all with the +wax. I shall speak of that in my own grafting demonstration which is +short. I got the point from Mr. Jones, and Mr. Jones tells me he got it +from Mr. Riehl. They use black wax and hard, strong wax.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Mr. Riehl uses a liquid wax, resin and beeswax +without the coloring matter. We use the coloring matter to toughen the +wax.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Still, that is amber. Amber will cut out light, and +it seems to me that it is a matter of a good deal of consequence, the +black or amber wax covering the graft completely, buds and all, wound, +scion,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> stock. It succeeds in the North, succeeds better than any other +method in grafting, and yet in the South it does not succeed. It is +possible that as you get further south the longer sun, the hotter sun +scalds the cambium layer of bark beneath when it would not do so in the +North. That is at least worth thinking about. In my own work during the +past year I have used transparent paraffin alone, nothing else. I have +tried different kinds of paraffin, the Parowax, the common one that the +women put up preserves with is the one that will stay on best, will not +crack and is perfectly transparent, allowing the light of the sun to act +upon the chlorophyl, in the bark and the bud and intensify the activity +of that part of the plant that depends upon light transformation by +means of chlorophyl. I am very much interested to know if this will not +succeed in the South. Paraffin would not attract the heat of the sun, +and it is possible that this will allow us to carry the method of Mr. +Jones, the best method to date, still farther south.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: I think, Doctor, it is a matter of heat, because in +the shade you can graft them almost any way. Do you cover the scion with +paraffin or only the union?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I cover the entire thing with paraffin, scions, +buds and all including the wrapping. I don't leave anything exposed to +the air. There are several principles involved there. In the first place +you have the effect of light upon chlorophyl which is important; in the +second place, the melted paraffin fills all interstices in which sap +would collect and ferment. If those interstices are filled with melted +paraffin, sap will not collect there and ferment. The microbes of +bacterial and fungus origin, that prevent union and break down the +products of repair that are thrown out for the purpose of repair, can +not do it if they can not collect in quantity, and the paraffin fills +the space in which they would collect in quantity; so that does away +with another one of the dangers. In the third place, you have the same +sap tension maintained in the scion as in the stock. The difference +between the negative and positive pressures, day and night, is very +great in spring time, and as the sap responds between day and night in +the stock, it puts a strain upon the scion. The scion can not follow the +stock with its sap movement ordinarily. But if scion and stock are +covered completely with paraffin, the tension remains the same, so that +you do away with the shock of varying negative and positive pressures. +That is an important point, it seems to me, in principle in the matter +of using the paraffin. Another point is this. You prevent evaporation +from scion that goes on ordinarily through the little breathing +lenticels, the little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> apertures between the cells of the bark which +allow moisture to escape as well as to enter. One would naturally +believe the paraffin would fill these and smother the scion, and I +presume it is that fear which has prevented the world from trying this +for the past ten thousand years, because they were skilful grafters in +Egypt, both in the tree world and the financial world, in the days of +Hammurabi there were skilful grafters in both worlds two or three +thousand years before Christ. I suppose that fear of closing the +breathing apertures in the stock has prevented people from adopting this +method; but it is not justified, because those bold, brave nurserymen +who are not afraid to smother a scion find that all the scions live. It +is a venture into the unknown, that dramatic book, in the way of +dramatically constructive progress. Another point: When you protect your +graft in the ordinary way with ordinary wrapping, ordinary wax, the +scion becomes timid, the stock becomes timid. It is not quite sure of +itself in many cases, and when it is not sure of itself, when it has a +fear, what does it do? It resorts to the protection method. What is the +first? Suberization, cork layer formation. So the frightened stock +throws cork cells over its cut surface between that and the graft, and +the suberization goes on as a result of fear on the part of the timid +stock. When you have taken away the fear by covering the whole area with +melted paraffin and it feels safe, then suberization does not go on in +this way, your stock is not frightened, you have not a scared tree at +all, and it will go on kindly and gently as a Jersey heifer to do its +work.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I would like to ask Dr. Morris about that +myself. I am very much interested in the line of grafting, as we graft +50,000 to 100,000 every spring, using this same method. I feel as Mr. +Jones does, that the losses from grafting are largely due to heat and +the fermentation of sap. We find perhaps, that the first week of +grafting in cherry, we can almost invariably secure a fairly good stand. +Following that it tapers as the warmth and air increase, although the +scions are kept in cold storage, perfectly dormant, the sap is coming +up, and the increased rays of the sun—we get a very small percentage, +and it seems to become less every day, and we have always used the dark +wax. While I have been using paraffin wax a good deal of the time, I put +lampblack in it for coloring.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I have until this year. In order to get Mr. Jones' +points, I tried to work out the philosophy of the subject and see what +values there are, what meanings in the methods which led to his success. +Then following that line of investigation, I stopped into another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> line +of observation, and arrived at the transparent paraffin method, so that +this is the first year in which I have tried it, but the results are +perfectly remarkable. I have only done it for a year, but you will see +100% of catches on almost everything, hickories, walnuts, hazels. I must +tell you of one very remarkable incident. Mrs. Morris had some dwarf +trees set out on the slope of the lawn, dwarf pear trees. One of my men +cut one of them off with a lawn mower the latter part of August. The top +kicked around under foot for three or four days, wilted in the sun. We +were walking past it along in August. I think Mr. Bixby said, "Why don't +you try grafting on that kind of material?" I said, "I will, blessed if +I don't." So I cut three pear scions from this wilted top that had been +cut by the lawnmower in August, and I put them on a scrub pear tree +under the fence near the house. And I tried this paraffin method, and in +about six days one of them started out a shoot, and I said to one of my +men, "We will transplant this. This is no place for it." I meant in the +spring, or in a year or so. He transplanted it the next day. And it grew +I think about half an inch after that, made good wood to last through +the winter. So I don't know what the limitations of this paraffin method +are. But that is a thing I would hardly dare tell about unless there +were men here in this room who had seen it. That little pear top, cut +off by mistake, kicked about under foot a few days in August, no sort of +scion that any one would ever think of using as a graft, put it in as a +joke, and with the further abuse of being transplanted; but it started +growth, and now it is going to be a good pear tree.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: The kicking around only made it good for grafting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Perhaps it ripened up to a certain extent by +that drying out, like it would in the fall.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Maybe, but I have never heard of horticulturists +propagating trees in that way and transplanting them in the same year, +and having the new wood from the graft harden for the winter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Mr. Reed spoke of grafting a cherry. You cut the top +off didn't you?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Yes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: We graft filberts by leaving the top on and cut the +graft in on the side and wax it over. We leave it there two weeks, +maybe, and cut it off, and we get perfect stands that way, and you would +on the cherry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: We use the side grafting, but we cut the top +off.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: I would like to ask Dr. Morris with regard to +the stock. Don't you think the fact that that tree was moved at the time +it was, so soon after grafting, had something to do with the retarding +of the sap and causing the tree to mature the wood it did in place of +making more growth?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: That might be. All of the expert horticultural +opinions brought to bear on this are valuable. Every suggestion that has +been made has had a meaning. It requires explanation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: If there is nothing further along that line, we +have with us Mr. Conrad Vollertsen, of Rochester, who has been asked to +prepare a paper; and we would like to hear from him. He is an expert in +the filbert, and I believe can give us some valuable information. +(Applause).</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HAZEL NUTS AND FILBERTS</h2> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Conrad Vollertsen, Rochester, N. Y.</span></h4> + +<p>Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of this Convention: I have been +approached by a member of the Northern Nut Growers' Association to +prepare a paper to be read at this convention on the growing, +cultivating, and propagating of the European hazel, together with such +other topics on the subject, as would be of interest to the members of +this association, particularly my experience and observations during the +last three or four seasons in my hazel orchard and nursery.</p> + +<p>Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am not a public speaker nor a public +writer; my business is nursery and garden work; I can use spade and pick +more freely than pen and ink, and, therefore, fear that I am not the +right party called upon, knowing as I do, that we have members in this +association far more capable and experienced, and who possess more +knowledge about the European hazel than ever I had. Nevertheless as the +growing and planting of the European hazel in the eastern and middle +states of our country so far, both for ornamental or commercial +purposes, has been more or less experimental, I think all practical +information on the subject should be welcomed, and therefore I have +consented to prepare this paper and hope it will be accepted for what it +stands.</p> + +<p>A number of years ago, after leaving school, I entered a large nursery +and garden establishment in Germany, as an apprentice boy, to learn the +garden business, to become a gardener and horticulturist, to learn how +to raise trees and other plants, to learn how to graft, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> prune and +cultivate, and, in general, to take care of all kinds of growing plants. +One of the first duties bestowed upon me in my new place was the charge +of a large plot of young hazel or filbert plants. To prune or graft +them? Not at all. At that time I did not know anything about such +skilled labor. I was merely told to weed and hoe them and to keep them +clean. It was not just very elegant work, but, ladies and gentlemen, I +enjoyed very much indeed, every minute so employed among those young +filbert bushes. I became really attached to them and knew practically +every plant in the plot, and almost believe they knew me, too.</p> + +<p>Now what was the reason for this immense pleasure I found in working +among those plants? Was it perhaps from the commercial or financial +point of view, the future income from them for fruit or when the plants +reached a saleable age? Not at all. I was then too much of a boy and did +not comprehend such a thing as that. It was merely the fond and pleasant +recollection of my childhood, of my boyhood, when, together with other +children, in the proper season, we went hunting for the common hazel +nuts, the <i>Corylus avellana</i>, as the gathering of these nuts is one of +the greatest pleasures of the German country child, and to roam through +fields and woods in late summer in those beautiful September days, when +the foliage of trees and bushes begin to color, when the birds of the +garden, field and forest begin to assemble for future migration, when +goldenrod, asters and other field flowers are reaching their greatest +beauty, then, ladies and gentlemen, the hazelnut has reached maturity. +The nut itself is a very beautiful brown color, the outer bark a golden +yellow, the leaves of the plants slightly colored with bronze, pink or +yellow, a most beautiful combination, a pleasure to look upon, and a +sight never to be forgotten. Whoever has had an opportunity to see and +admire a well fruited hazel plant, at the time of maturity, will agree +with me that it is a thing of beauty, not only during the fruit bearing +season, but in fact throughout the whole winter, with the handsome +staminate flowers or catkins appearing very abundantly in early fall, +and remaining throughout the winter, until late spring. Of all these +pleasures, these beautiful sights, etc., of which a vivid and fond +recollection caused all the pleasures in cultivating the above mentioned +hazel lot, we need not be deprived in our otherwise so richly blest +country. It is true that, at the present time, we have no American +native hazel, that can fully compete with the better European varieties, +but we hope that in time not far off, through scientific hybridization, +such will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> produced. For the time being, we have some very fine +European varieties as a substitute, which for years have stood the test +very well, and should be planted wherever a place can be spared for a +few of them, and great pleasure and enjoyment will be the result. So +much for the pleasure of raising hazel nuts. I have related the +foregoing merely to show the lasting pleasure and enjoyments derived +from the planting, cultivating and gathering of a few European hazel +nuts.</p> + +<p>But to raise hazel nuts for the pleasure of it only, would be a very +poor business proposition, and certainly not a paying one. What we +should do is to raise them in large quantities, for commercial purposes, +but here it seems to me the question should be asked: Have we had +experience enough as to recommend the planting of them in the middle and +eastern states for commercial purposes? In other words, is it worth +while to plant them with that point in view? Now, gentlemen, I do not +suppose that any one of us, at the present time, would be fully capable +or prepared to answer this question intelligently or positively, as the +planting of the hazel, for commercial purposes, has not been tried long +enough, at least not in the eastern or middle states, to warrant a +positive opinion on the subject. A great deal depends upon the variety +planted, also the location where the planting is done. Much observation +and experimenting is still required.</p> + +<p>I have growing on my ground in western New York, near Rochester, several +hundred trees or bushes, 6 to 8 years old, about 20 varieties, most of +them German varieties, a few from France, and a few from England. They +have been bearing nuts the last four seasons, and all have reached +maturity perfectly. The smaller and medium sized nuts appeared to bear a +little better than the larger varieties. The varieties received from +France have, so far, not done well with me, as the German varieties. +They are poor bearers. In the fall of 1917, I gathered from each 5 to 6 +year old tree, of the German variety, about a pound and a quarter of the +medium sized nuts, while hardly a pound from the larger fruited +varieties (same sized plants) ripened well. I was then under the +impression that the hazel not only could but should be planted in large +numbers for commercial purpose. In the fall of 1918 my crop of nuts was +very much less, and I had expected even a better harvest than in 1917, +which certainly was discouraging to me. The plants themselves were +growing beautifully, but most of the staminate blossoms or catkins were +frozen, and, consequently, very little pollenizing was accomplished, and +very little fruit the result. Such and possibly other occurrences, from +time to time we may expect and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> look for, and should be ready to +investigate thoroughly, before we can advocate or recommend the planting +of the hazel extensively.</p> + +<p>It really seems strange that while the hazel generally is at home in the +northern latitudes, it should partly freeze when the thermometer reaches +say about 12 to 18 degrees below zero, and, as I had never noticed that +before, it then occurred to me that possibly another reason could be +found, why so many of the catkins were frozen.</p> + +<p>Through my investigation in the spring of 1918, I have come to the +conclusion that the unusually wet season in our vicinity of western New +York throughout 1917 caused the hazel plants to grow until the real cold +weather was upon them, which gave the wood a very poor chance to ripen, +particularly the terminal buds, where a great many of the catkins had +formed, and caused not only them to freeze but also a certain part of +the wood. Only the lower and more protected catkins came through the +winter alright and caused what little pollenizing was done, hence the +very light harvest in the fall of 1918.</p> + +<p>Should the results of my investigation prove true, and the continuance +of the wet weather prove the main cause of freezing so many catkins, +then it seems to me there is nothing to be alarmed about, and the +planting of the European hazel, at least in this vicinity, for +commercial purposes could be conscientiously recommended, and should be +done, the sooner the better. We do not expect our apple or pear orchards +to bear an abundant crop every year, and we should not expect it of our +hazel orchards. Something will occasionally happen to them as well as to +other crops, otherwise we run no risk whatever.</p> + +<p>My trees or bushes, several hundred in number, planted in 1912 and +later, have stood all kinds of weather, extreme cold, very hot, +continuous wet, and still are growing most beautifully at the present +time. They gave a very satisfactory crop of nuts this last fall, 1919, +in spite of severe freezing weather on April 25th and 26th when the +mercury dropped to 12 to 15 degrees, and all hazel bushes in full bloom. +At the present time the prospect for a good crop of nuts next season is +certainly very bright.</p> + +<p>Neither fungus, blight, or other diseases of any kind, or troublesome +insects have so far been detected. In planting the hazel for commercial +purposes, I should recommend 12 feet distance between the plants each +way, as they require abundant sun and air. At the same time, there is an +opportunity to use the land between the rows for several years to come, +as low growing crops like potatoes, strawberries, beans, beets, carrots, +etc., could be grown there to great advantage, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> the cultivation of +these crops would be amply sufficient for the hazel plants.</p> + +<p>Now the selection of varieties to be planted for the commercial hazel +orchard is a very important part of the undertaking, and should be well +considered. To plant several varieties is absolutely necessary on +account of pollenizing, as staminate and pistillate flowers, though on +the same plant, do not always appear together in proper condition on all +plants; in fact it has been proven in my orchard that sometimes plants +bring forth a great many pistillate blossoms and not a single staminate +one on them, and still a good crop of nuts were grown on them. Here the +pollination must have taken place with the pollen from other nearby +plants conveyed to them by wind or insects. One particular plant of the +zellernut type grown in one of my city lots during the last season was +very well filled with pistillate blossoms and not one catkin on it, and +still it ripened a fairly good crop of perfect nuts, where the nearest +plants filled with staminate blossoms was at least 30 feet from it. Here +it is shown and proven that a number of varieties is a necessity.</p> + +<p>But what varieties we shall choose, will undoubtedly be an open question +for some time to come, and, no doubt, a great deal of experimental work +will have to be done to finally select the right varieties for the +different localities, the variation of temperature and location has very +much to do with the proper selection of varieties. I have among my +varieties some I could recommend and again others that are not at all +satisfactory, at least not so far, and it requires more close +observation before the very best of them can be picked out or selected.</p> + +<p>Our next operation in the hazel will be the pruning. Here I should say +above all things: "<i>Keep the suckers away.</i>" Hazel bushes are naturally +inclined to produce a great many suckers, which should be thoroughly +removed as soon as they appear; it will stop when the plants grow older. +Besides the suckers, all weak and unnecessary wood should be removed +entirely, not cut back. Our aim should be to try and get as near as +possible low standard trees, with trunk say 10 to 15 inches high and the +tree itself not to exceed 15 to 18 feet in height with the center kept +open all the time. To accomplish this, I should suggest the removing of +all crowding limbs from the center, regardless of their being +fruit-bearing limbs, which to determine is mostly guess-work at the +best. In order to keep the plants within 15 to 18 feet in height, the +terminal shoots also should be removed or reduced as the case may be, +beginning at the time of planting until the desired height<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> is reached. +After that, one or more of the old limbs may from time to time be +removed, as there always will be enough young branches to take their +places. Such pruning in my orchard, so far, has proved sufficient, as +blight has never made its appearance in my nursery.</p> + +<p>I will not be able to say much about blight. I have known trees in our +city, 4 or 5 varieties, for more than 30 years, bearing more or less +fruit year after year, and have never noticed any blight or anything +wrong with them. Should blight appear, I should remove all affected +limbs to the sound and healthy wood, as we would do to our pear and +quince trees when blight appears among them. I do not believe that +properly treated hazel bushes will ever suffer much from blight, at +least not in our vicinity. Neither do I believe that any more pruning +than I have outlined is required or necessary to our hazel plants.</p> + +<p>The next subject about which I wish to say a few words is the +propagation of hazel plants. There seems to be quite a difference of +opinion as to the mode of propagating them; some advocate grafting, +others layering, again others from suckers only. Grafting I believe +myself, will produce a finer plant and the operation of doing so seems +quite successful, but a great many varieties produce so many suckers +that the graft is liable to be choked or crowded out if not constantly +watched, and it should not be expected of the average person to know the +difference between the graft and the wild shoot, and consequently, in a +comparative short time, he would have a wild or common hazel. For that +reason grafted plants should not be used for the trade until our people +get better acquainted with hazel plants. I, therefore, should recommend +layering, thereby having the plants on their own roots, which would +prove more satisfactory everywhere. That grafted plants bear fruit +sooner than layers, does not always hold good; it may be so with some +varieties, but not with all of them. I have some three year old grafted +plants and no fruit as yet, where I had plenty of layers in the nursery +rows two years old well fruited.</p> + +<p>It is true that plants grafted on seedlings of the <i>Corylus avellana</i> +will not produce as many suckers, as plants grafted on layers of the +avellana type, but they will produce enough to confuse the average +person, as the foliage of some varieties are so nearly alike, that it +actually requires an expert to tell the difference. I, therefore, under +the existing circumstances, should advise the propagating of hazel +plants by layers only, until our people get better acquainted with the +hazel proposition in general. Why propagation by suckers only should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> be +preferred by some people, I fail to see, as they are practically the +same as layers, plants on their own roots from a parent plant, only that +layers are produced a little more scientifically and suckers more +naturally; otherwise they are identically the same thing.</p> + +<p>When I referred to propagating, I should perhaps have mentioned the +growing of hazel plants from seeds, that is from the nut, but I did not +think it necessary. I will, however, say that plants raised from seed +should never be planted for fruit bearing unless they are grafted or +budded, as it has been fully and positively proven that plants raised +from seed, even if the very finest nuts of our European hybrids are +planted, will not produce nuts as good as those planted, but will almost +invariably go back to the original type, the <i>Corylus avellana</i>. It is +alright to raise plants from seeds for the sake of getting stock to +graft or bud on, but, as to variety, the seedlings are unreliable.</p> + +<p>Before coming to a close, I would like to say a few words about the +fertilizing of the ground for hazel orchards and what experience I have +had in this matter, as I believe this would be of interest to all. It is +a well-known fact that hazel plants grow well and will thrive in almost +any kind of soil, as long as it is not too wet or too heavy, but from +time to time a little manure worked in is very beneficial both to old +and young plants, but care and judgment should be exercised, so as not +to overdo it. I have growing in one of my city lots with very fertile +soil, several bearing hazel plants, 7 to 8 years old, different +varieties. These plants grow so immensely that it plainly shows, they +are growing at the expense of the fruit, not only that the quantity of +nuts gathered from a plant there is considerably less than of same sized +plants grown on ordinary farmland, but the quality also is very much +below. My best nuts are all grown on ordinary farmland and the greatest +quantity has always been obtained from the farm where only very little +fertilizing or manuring had been done. For the growing of young plants +for commercial purposes, for the trade, I should recommend liberal +manuring at all times. (Applause.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: Is the hazel a long lived tree?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: I have known trees for almost forty years that +are bearing good fruit year after year, although not always a good crop. +They don't seem to grow so rapidly at that age as when younger.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Hazels seem to graft pretty well on each other. I +think the tree hazel is going to be our most successful stock for +grafting. However, I have grafted on the <i>Corylus avellana</i>. The tree +hazel does not put out any suckers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: Does the hazel find its way into the market +commercially?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: I would almost think so. I have had lots of +inquiries for them from storekeepers. It seems to me there are a great +many imported around here. Our American hazels are not so very good. +There may be here and there a fairly good one, but I have not found any +really good ones worth propagating. I think if we would do more +scientific work we could get very good nuts. There is no question that +they are perfectly hardy and will stand almost any climate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Some of your varieties are hybrids aren't they?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: They are all hybrids. I have a few of the real, +original <i>avellana</i> type I think got there by accident.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I believe the next paper is one the secretary +has from Mr. A. H. Graves.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>DISEASE RESISTANCE IN THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h2> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Arthur H. Graves</span></h4> + +<p class='center'>(Read by the Secretary)</p> + +<p>Your secretary, Mr. Bixby, has asked me to tell you about the native +chestnut trees in the vicinity of New York City which I have found to be +resistant to the destructive bark disease. I commenced the search for +such trees in the summer of 1918, at the suggestion of Dr. Haven +Metcalf, of the laboratory of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant +Industry. During the campaign in Pennsylvania against the bark disease, +scouts had been on the lookout for immune or resistant trees, but +without result. As far as I am aware, no systematic organized search had +been made for such individuals.</p> + +<p>It was our plan to commence the search in the region of New York City, +because this area is probably the oldest center of infection in the +United States. Apparently this is the port of entry where the +undesirable immigrants (Japanese or Chinese chestnuts) passed through +quarantine and were allowed to disembark carrying their terrible scourge +with them unnoticed. According to Metcalf and Collins,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> this was +probably as early as 1893. This was why we selected this area to begin +on, for here the disease has had a longer opportunity to run its course +than anywhere else, and, consequently, has had ample time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> (more than a +quarter of a century) to call out the non-resistant trees. Those +remaining, if any could be found, might be suspected, <i>a priori</i>, of +being resistant.</p> + +<p>As the work progressed, I soon realized that it would be most difficult, +or perhaps impossible, to locate resistant or immune trees in a region +not so long exposed to infection; for, in such a region, one would have +to inoculate all individuals suspected of possessing resistant +qualities, in order to ascertain whether their healthy condition was +actually due to resistant qualities or simply the result of a chance +escape of infection. We therefore decided to restrict the work, for the +present at least, entirely to a definite area about New York City. This +area includes all of the territory within a radius of about 16 miles +from New York City Hall, and therefore comprised in a general way, +Greater New York and the adjacent parts of New Jersey.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Results of the Survey</span></h4> + +<p>First I made a thorough canvas of Staten Island, doing the work on foot, +aided by the trolley and the Staten Island R. R., and often guided by +that genial naturalist and lover of Staten Island, Dr. Arthur Hollick of +the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, I made a careful +survey of the whole 64 square miles of which the island is composed. +After two weeks of this kind of work, I began to get fairly well +discouraged, not so much because of lack of results which, it is true, +were entirely negative, but more on account of the appearance of the +dead chestnuts. For where it was not entirely cut out, the bare, +weathered poles showed that they had been dead for many years. The only +encouraging feature was the finding of large quantities of healthy +seedlings, from 7 years of age upward, to which I will refer later.</p> + +<p>The Palisade region along the Hudson has been notable in the past for +its chestnut forests. I next attacked this, making as thorough a search +as possible from Hoboken to a little north of Alpine, N. J., which is a +small place on the Hudson opposite Yonkers. Here also the vast forests +of dead poles weathered gray with time, bore silent witness to the +completeness of the destruction.</p> + +<p>About the middle of July while ferrying across the Hudson, I noticed +north of the landing at Dyckman St., what appeared to be chestnut trees +in bloom. On investigation, I found these to be living native chestnuts, +of the peculiar strip type I shall describe later, and proceeding +further north from this, where the Harlem enters the Hudson. I was led +into a forest where I found at least 40 living chestnuts, some of which +were in good condition, and one particularly was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> leafy nearly to the +top. (Fig. 1) Naturally, one would immediately suspect that somehow +these trees had escaped infection, but this could not possibly be the +case, for mixed in with them on all sides were bare, weathered trunks +showing signs of old worn cankers, proving incontestibly that the fungus +had been present here also for a long period. Shortly afterward, Dr. +Olive, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, informed me that he had seen +living chestnuts near Hollis, L. I., and at Valley Stream, L. I., and at +each of these places I found a group similar to that near the Harlem.</p> + +<p>These, in brief, are the high spots of the survey from the point of view +of the scientist. In addition, I covered adjacent region of New Jersey +to the west, including the Watchung Mt. range about Plainfield and the +Oranges; the Bronx and Van Cortland Park and the country to Yonkers and +the north, and to the northeast of New Rochelle. Long Island, as far as +Hempstead, was also included. Altogether I travelled about 1200 miles on +foot, not counting the distance traversed on trolleys and railroads. +Always armed with opera glasses, I was careful not to use them when +anyone was looking, for on the second day of the survey I had been +arrested on the charge of being a German spy! I was also arrested on +board a train in New Jersey for looking earnestly at a topographic map, +then sharply out of the car window and noting what I had seen (dead +chestnut trees) on said map. The carrying of a botanist's tin can +(containing fungi, not bombs) was also an additional implicating +circumstance on the latter occasion.</p> + +<p>What then were the results of the survey? They may be stated briefly as +follows:</p> + +<p>1. No immune trees were found.</p> + +<p>2. For the most part the older trees (from 20 years upward) were +entirely dead, and had been so for a long period, as attested by the +bare trunks, weathered a characteristic gray color which only time can +produce.</p> + +<p>3. However, large numbers of seedlings and young saplings were located, +both healthy and diseased.</p> + +<p>4. <i>The most important result was the finding of three well defined +colonies of living mature trees; all of which, by virtue of characters +to be presently described, are offering more or less resistance to the +disease.</i></p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Seedling Trees</span></h4> + +<p>It is well known that seedlings and young saplings are naturally immune +for a certain period, which varies in extent from 8 to 15 years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> beyond +germination of the seed beginning, of course with the first formation of +the seedling. Such immunity depends, however, not on any inherent +characteristic, but on the fact that at this period the bark is usually +smooth, sound, and free from wounds of any sort where Endothia spores +and mycelium might enter. Of course, when wounded from any cause +whatever during this period of youth, this immunity ends, so that the +condition might perhaps be termed physical, in contrast to physiological +immunity.</p> + +<p>As I have already said, large numbers of seedlings, for the most part +still unattacked, were found in many places in the area surveyed. There +are of course no grounds for believing that such seedlings, descended as +they are from non-resistant trees, are physiologically immune. Where +they are free from disease, this exemption is due merely to the physical +immunity I have just mentioned. Since they therefore represent +non-resistant stock, they were used for comparative inoculation work, +which will be referred to later.</p> + +<p>I may as well say here as anywhere, that by resistance, I do not mean +total resistance, for that would be immunity. There are, of course, +degrees of resistance, in the plant world just as in the animal world. +One person may resist a cold germ or the influenza bacillus better than +another, that is, it will cause him only a little discomfort. Another +person may not be affected at all, that is, he is totally resistant or +immune. I say this because I have misunderstood when I have used the +term resistance. The trees in the New York region show all grades of +resistance, from individuals where the fungus makes very little headway +in the bark, to cases where it grows almost as fast as in the average +non-resistant tree.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Characteristics of the Resistant Trees</span></h4> + +<p>What now are the characteristics of these resistant trees? How are we +going to know one when we see it? I have outlined the leading features +as follows:</p> + +<p>1. <span class="smcap">Bark</span>. In the case of this particular disease, it is obvious +that the character of the bark is the most important feature since this +fungus is primarily parasitic in the living cortex. In other words, the +character of resistance must necessarily depend on the living cells of +the cortex. Now, careful observation of the resistant trees reveals a +most striking feature of the bark, namely its tendency to heal, by means +of a callus growth around the margins of the lesions, whether large or +small; and it is very apparent that this callus growth wards off the +advance of the fungus for a time at least. When the callus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> growth is +once formed, the fungus of the original canker encroaches on it very +slowly, or often not at all. Inoculations in the callused margins of +cankers showed usually only slight growth of the fungus after two +months' time in the summer, or in some cases no growth at all. Several +layers of wood could be counted underneath these callused margins—often +6 or 7—before reaching the annual ring exposed at the surface of the +canker. This of course, shows unquestionably that the callus had +remained healthy at that location for that period of time.</p> + +<p>2. <span class="smcap">Extension of the Callus Tissue.</span>—In many cases the callus +tissue is of considerably greater extent than the normal area one would +expect around a wound. It may even occur that the whole inner bark +around the trunk is of a callused nature, without any open cankers +showing at all. For example in a tree of which I have a photograph here +(Figs. 2 and 4), the outer bark is sloughing off, revealing callused +bark underneath of entirely different appearance, which no one would +recognize as chestnut bark. This particular tree photographed represents +an extreme in this respect. It seemed as if the whole tree was getting a +new kind of bark, and yet this same character appears in all of the +highly resistant trees. On cutting into this new callused inner bark it +was found plentifully dotted with tiny <i>Endothia</i> lesions, which +however, never penetrated deeply. (Fig 4). Close to the cambium the +white inner bark is quite healthy, generally for a thickness of 5-7 mm. +That the mycelium in the small lesions was unquestionably the <i>Endothia</i> +mycelium, was shown by the appearance of the mycelium, and the presence +of the <i>Endothia</i> pustules in many of the spots. That these were not +late infections, but only slowly growing small lesions, was shown by +inoculations in such bark, which revealed scarcely any growth after two +months.</p> + +<p><a name="resistance" id="resistance"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/img068.jpg"><img + src="images/img068-tb.jpg" + alt="FIG. 1" /></a><br /> + <b>FIG. 1<br />One of the most resistant trees, the smaller tree near the center of the +photograph, near the Harlem River, Boro of Manhattan, New York City.</b> + </div> + + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/img069.jpg"><img + src="images/img069-tb.jpg" + alt="FIG. 2" /></a><br /> + <b>FIG. 2<br />A very strikingly resistant tree at Valley Stream, Long Island, showing +peculiar inner bark. The outer bark is sloughing off.</b> + </div> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/img070.jpg"><img + src="images/img070-tb.jpg" + alt="FIG. 3" /></a><br /> + <b>FIG. 3<br />One of the "strip" trees in the forest in the Boro of Manhattan, New +York City.</b> + </div> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/img071.jpg"><img + src="images/img071-tb.jpg" + alt="FIG. 4" /></a><br /> + <b>FIG. 4<br />Showing the character of the inner bark of the Valley Stream tree (Fig. +2). At one place, near the center of the photograph, the bark has been +shaved showing the small lesions caused by the fungus.</b> + </div> + + +<p>3. <span class="smcap">The White Secretion.</span>—The most striking peculiarity of the +callus tissue, is its abundant content of a thickish, milky, white +substance. This came to light immediately when I cut into the callus, +and it showed up very clearly when I shaved off the outer layers of dead +cork tissue. The white material is not evenly distributed through the +irregular grain of the wound tissue, but is particularly abundant in +small spots or pockets which are especially conspicuous in the callused +margin of the lesion. Soon after exposure to the air the cut bark, and +particularly the white substance, redden rapidly, indicating oxidation. +This peculiarity is of course true of all chestnut bark, yet here the +reddening seems to be deeper and more rapid than the normal. No chemical +analysis has yet been made of this substance, but there is +suffi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>cient other evidence at hand to warrant a tentative statement +that it is very rich in tannin or tannin compounds, and that possibly +the quality of resistance is bound up with the nature of this material.</p> + +<p>4. <span class="smcap">The Strip Condition.</span>—Some of the trees showed the living +bark restricted to a narrow, flattened, rope-like strip running up the +trunk to one or a very few branches (Plate 1, Fig. 3). In these cases +all of the bark was of the callus nature, rich in the resistant +substance, and plentifully besprinkled with small Endothia lesions, +while underneath were a number of layers of functioning wood. The rest +of the trunk was bare, weathered gray, with traces on its surface of old +cankers, and evidently dead for a long period. This type of tree was so +commonly found that I have called it the strip tree.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Inoculations</span></h4> + +<p>The very fact that these trees are now alive in this New York region is +pretty good proof of their resistance. But of course the most conclusive +test is by inoculation with the fungus in question. If the fungus grows +slowly in these trees as compared with its growth on non-resistant +stock, then no one can deny that they are resistant. I will not bore you +with figures of tables, I will only give you the results. The average +growth of the fungus in 289 inoculations on the resistant trees was +about ⅓ as fast as on non-resistant stock, and taking the rate of +growth on those trees which are especially resistant it is about ¼ as +fast as on the non-resistant stock. For non-resistant stock the +seedlings on Staten Island were inoculated, and the growth on these +tallied very closely with growth in non-resistant trees inoculated by +Anderson and Rankin.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Another very striking result brought out by the inoculation work was +that of the 158 inoculations on branches and basal shoots of the +resistant trees, only nine had been girdled after one month's growth, +while in the same time 16 out of the 32 non-resistant Staten Island +trees were girdled. At the end of the second month, the results were +still more striking. Then, in the Staten Island trees, 22 out of 32 were +girdled, while in the inoculations on the basal shoots and branches of +resistant stock only 22 out of the 153 resulted in girdling. This +striking difference was not due to smaller diameters of the Staten +Island trees, for particular pains were taken to have them approximately +equal to the branches and shoots inoculated in the resistant trees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Summary of Evidences of Resistance</span></h4> + +<p>We may summarize the evidences of resistance as follows:</p> + +<p>1. The results of the inoculation tests show that the fungus grows in +these trees on the average from ¼ to ⅓ as fast as in ordinary +chestnut.</p> + +<p>2. The occurrence of the trees in a neighborhood long subjected to the +disease, and their presence among the trees of individuals long since +dead.</p> + +<p>3. Indications of the long period the disease has been present in the +trees themselves; such as bare weathered tops, and healed cankers.</p> + +<p>4. Peculiarities of the bark; such as extensive development of the +callus tissue, and the presence of a peculiar substance or white +secretion which is particularly conspicuous in cases of marked +resistance.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Is the Disease Resistance Here an Hereditary Character?</span></h4> + +<p>As to whether this disease resistance is an inherent character and will +be transmitted from generation to generation, or is only the result of +particularly favorable environmental conditions such as soil, light or +moisture, is a point of great practical importance. I believe that +further work will prove that the resistance is heritable, for the +following reasons:</p> + +<p>1. The resistance is not due to a particularly favorable environment of +the trees, for the three groups grow in very different soils and under +varying conditions of light and moisture.</p> + +<p>2. The finding of the trees in colonies points to a genetic variation. +At first I was unable to account for the grouping of the trees, for I +had expected to find immune or resistant trees singly, here and there. +But if we adopt the hypothesis of a heritable protoplasmic +variation—something in their "blood," so to speak, the explanation is +easy. We know that chestnut fruits or nuts do not travel far, like the +seeds of willow, poplar, maple or ash, and therefore, in any given stand +of chestnut, if we could go back from generation to generation into +earlier time, most probably the majority of the trees would be found to +have arisen from a common ancestor, although of course a few outsiders +would have found their way into the group, carried by squirrels or other +animals.</p> + +<p>3. In a considerable number of cases all the members of the same group +of coppice trunks from an old stump show a similar degree of resistance. +To attribute such a condition as due merely to chance, occurring as +often as it does, would be placing a pretty large burden on chance; and +since the coppice trunks are all off-shoots of the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> plant, the +condition is what one would expect were the resistant quality in +inherent character. A correspondence of degree of resistance was also +noted, in the inoculations made on branches, trunk, and basal shoots of +the same individual tree.</p> + +<p>Experimental work is being carried on at Washington to test out the +truth of this hypothesis, i. e. to see whether or not the disease +resistance is really heritable. The work is being carried on in +connection with the propagation of other resistant stock, Chinese, +Japanese, etc.; and, as soon as the department is sure of the product, +the results will be distributed to nut growers and others who are +interested.</p> + +<p>In the meantime we can all help by being on the lookout for resistant +native trees. I believe they will be found in many places besides the +New York region.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Illustration for this paper will be found opposite page +<a href='#resistance'><b>64</b></a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Metcalf, Haven & Collins, J. Franklin. The Control of the +Chestnut Bark Disease. Farmer's Bulletin—467, 1911, P. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Anderson, P. J. & Rankin, W. H., Endothia canker of +chestnut. Cornell Univ. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 347, 1914.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EVENING SESSION</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sanitarium Gymnasium, at 8:00 P.M.</span></h4> + +<p class='center'>President Reed in Chair</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. J. H. Kellogg</span>: Ladies and Gentlemen: Battle Creek has the +honor today and tomorrow to entertain the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. This association with other associations having similar +purposes, is undertaking to do, it seems to me, one of the most +important things that can be done for the American people—to show us +how we can get our nitrogen, our protein, and our fats without the +livestock industry which is wasting at least nine-tenths of the grain, +or in fact at least nineteen-twentieths of all our foodstuffs. The great +cause of the high cost of living at the present time is that the pigs +and the cattle are eating up our corn and other good things that we +ought to eat ourselves. If we had a sufficient area of land, perhaps +even the sides of our roadways and railways planted out to black walnuts +and other good nut trees, we would have all the protein and fat we +needed, perhaps as much as we are getting now, and more, and the cattle +industry might be entirely dismissed from consideration, and a great +deal of labor would be saved. I am sure that there is no place in the +whole United States where this Association could have a heartier welcome +than here in Battle Creek, or where people could be found who would +appreciate its labors any more. You are going to have a very interesting +program tonight. We are favored with visits from very distinguished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +gentlemen from all over the United States, among others Dr. Robert T. +Morris, the nestor of American surgeons has come all the way from New +York to tell us about some wonderful discoveries he has made, and a +fatherless walnut tree he is cultivating, and other things that will be +of great interest to us all I am sure. I take pleasure in introducing to +you the president of this Association, Mr. W. C. Reed, of Vincennes, +Indiana. Mr. Reed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: We are simply continuing our program. This +afternoon we were in session at the Annex and moved over here this +evening so as to be able to present what we have here so we could +entertain more of you than we could over there to advantage. You know +that most all men have a hobby along some line or other, and those who +constitute our leaders, whom we have to look to, and along the line of +nut trees of different species and so on, we have learned to look to Dr. +Morris as one of the leaders. I have great pleasure in introducing to +you Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York, who will address you on the +hickory.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NOTES ON THE HICKORIES</h2> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Robert T. Morris, M. D., New York City, N. Y.</span></h4> + +<p>When people speak of the "hickory" without qualification, they are apt +to have in mind some one kind of hickory which belonged to their boyhood +environment. All other kinds which they happened to know, were qualified +in some way, very much as the word "fish" in Boston stands for the +codfish only, other kinds of fish in the world being described by +qualifying names. In the northeast the hickory means the shagbark. In +Missouri it means the shellbark. Elsewhere the pignut and the mockernut +are called "hickory." Interest in the subject has increased so rapidly +of late years that we must all of us be more particular in our +descriptions and add qualifying names, speaking always of the shagbark +hickory, pecan hickory, or bitternut hickory as the case may be. Sargent +describes fifteen species of hickory and in addition a large number of +varieties by environment and by hybridization. There is a Mexican +hickory, making sixteen species for the North American continent, and +the late Mr. F. N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer from Washington, has +found a hickory in China. Previous to this discovery, it was believed +that the hickories belonged to the North American continent only.</p> + +<p>Botanists divide the hickories into two groups, Apocarya and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> Eucarya. +For convenience in every day conversation, it might be well for us to +speak of the "open-bud" group and the "closed bud" group. <i>Apocarya</i> or +the "open bud" group, includes the pecan hickory, <i>Carya pecan</i>, the +bitternut hickory, <i>Carya cordiformis</i>, the bitter pecan, <i>Carya +texana</i>, the water hickory, <i>Carya aquatica</i>, the nutmeg hickory, <i>Carya +myristicaeformis</i>, and the Chinese hickory, <i>Carya cathayensis</i>. The +winter buds of this group will be seen on examination to show the +minute, snugly curled-up leaves which are ready to burst forth when the +springtime sun opens the fronds of the ferns which have forced their way +through the hard ground with clenched fists. The scale buds in the +open-bud group do not cover the tiny leaf forms completely.</p> + +<p>In <i>Eucarya</i>, or the "closed-bud" group, stout scales close the bud +completely against the snow and ice of wintry days, so that we see +scales only when looking at the bud. The closed-bud hickories include +the shagbark, <i>Carya ovata</i>, the Carolina hickory, <i>Carya +Carolinae-septentrionalis</i>, the shellbark, <i>Carya laciniosa</i>, the +mockernut, <i>Carya alba</i>, the smooth-bark hickory, <i>Carya leiodermis</i>, +the pallid hickory, <i>Carya pallida</i>, the close-bark pignut, <i>Carya +glabra</i>, the loose-bark pignut, <i>Carya ovalis</i>, the Florida hickory, +<i>Carya Floridana</i>, the Buckley hickory, <i>Carya Buckleyi</i>, and the +Mexican hickory, <i>Carya Mexicana</i>.</p> + +<p>Hickories which have nuts with a bitter pellicle, all belong to the +open-bud group. These are the bitternut, Texas hickory, and water +hickory. Hickories with scaly bark are found in both groups. In the +open-bud group, the trunk of the water hickory carries long loose bark +strips attached by one end, and in the closed-bud group, we find this +characteristic belonging to the shagbark, shellbark, Carolina hickory, +and to one of the pignuts, Carya ovalis. That takes us to another +occasion for a note. What do we mean by "pignut?" In the North, this +term is applied to Carya glabra and Carya ovalis. In the South, it is +applied to Carya cordiformis. A name so well established, will have to +be retained, but in our Association it will perhaps be best to have an +understanding about which one of the hickories the common name pignut +should belong. So long as it already covers two species in the North as +opposed to one in the South, there are already two votes to one in favor +of retaining the name pignut for Carya glabra and Carya ovalis. We may +describe these in plain language as the smooth-bark pignut and the +loose-bark pignut. The reason for choosing the name "loose" instead of +"scaly" is because we are pretty well agreed upon applying the name +"scalybark" to the Carolina hickory, the name "shagbark" to Carya ovata, +and the name shellbark to Carya<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> laciniosa. The name bitternut may +safely be allowed to remain with Carya cordiformis because the other two +nuts with bitter pellicle already have distinctive names, Carya aquatica +being called water hickory and Carya texana being called bitter pecan. +By making fixed points in nomenclature in this way we may head off the +confusion which will become worse confounded as the interest in +hickories becomes rapidly enlarged, if our committee on nomenclature +does not take some decisive step.</p> + +<p>Concerning Latin nomenclature, we have further troubles for settlement. +Hicoria is the oldest generic name and naturally should have priority +but the Vienna Congress of Botanists adopted Carya. So far so good (or +bad). Now comes our trouble in giving specific and varietal names. The +binomial is clearly applicable enough for species, Carya pecan, for +example, but when we come to varieties of the pecan there are two kinds +of varieties to be considered, those by environment and those by +hybridization. In cases of natural variation we are still within +accepted resources in nomenclature by saying for example, Carya pecan, +var, Stuartii. When naming hybrid varieties, however, I would suggest +that in advance of the abbreviation "var", we place the abbreviation +"hyb." thus reading for Brown's pecan, "Carya pecan, hyb. var. Brownii," +instead of "Carya Brownii," which latter binomial would throw it among +the species. In view of the fact that we are to have in the future +hundreds of named hybrids, it seems to me that we must adopt some such +definite method for convenience promptly. This method of naming, relates +to convenience and is applied to the most evident parent. As a matter of +fact, in horticultural circles we are doing precisely that sort of +thing, speaking, for example, of "Brown's pecan" meaning a nut which we +recognize as being a hybrid, brought to attention by Brown but with the +pecan as parent most strongly in evidence.</p> + +<p>When I was a boy, the only hickory nuts of any sort available, were +those collected from wild trees. The popular boy was one who knew of +some trees which furnished the best nuts and who did not keep the news +to himself. The squirrels knew the best nuts as well as the boys did and +they would go past many hickory trees along fences and groves in order +to congregate in the ones which had the nuts with the thinnest shells +and plumpest meats of best quality. In the early morning hours I have +seen several squirrels in one particularly good hickory nut tree and not +a single squirrel in a tree completely filled with nuts, though its +branches touches those of the first one. Men are quite as intelligent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +as squirrels in some respects. Here and there attempts were made at +propagating fine hickory trees of various species by planting nuts. It +was not generally known at that time that the hickories were so +thoroughly crossed like the apples, that they would not reproduce true +to type from seed. Attempts were then made at grafting which were mostly +failures for many years. We are now on the verge of a great development +in hybridization or crossing of choice kinds of hickories and in +determining upon which stocks the different kinds of selected hickories +may be grown to best advantage. Hybrids between varieties of hickories +occur frequently in nature and hybrids between species of hickories +occur occasionally. A number of these accidental hybrids have been +discovered and some of them are now being propagated. For the most part +they do not represent the best quality of the best parent but it is a +notable fact that the bitterness of kinds with the bitter pellicle +appears to be a recessive character and disappears usually from hybrids +between species in which one parent has a bitter nut. Unfortunately, the +finer extractive which give character to the nut of the better parent +are prone to disappear also. This is in line with our experience in +mixing of characters along Mendelian lines. Given a sufficient number of +hybrids and we shall have here and there one with spectacular +characteristics of special value.</p> + +<p>Now that horticulturists at the present moment are turning so freely +toward the idea of producing quantities of hybrids artificially, the +next generation will see hickory nuts which were not dreamed of in the +days when I was a boy. The crossing of hickories is not difficult work. +We simply remove the male flowers from branches carrying female flowers +before the male flowers have begun to shed their pollen. The female +flowers are then covered with oiled paper bags tied over them for +protection and when the danger from self pollination has passed, we take +off the bags and add a little pollen which we have kept for the +purpose—pollen from some trees bearing remarkably valuable nuts.</p> + +<p>Nuts resulting from this cross pollination when planted, give us new +varieties of trees which never have been seen before by anybody and that +is so interesting that very many people will probably take up +hybridization as an incident in recreation. Some of the hybrids will +bear very early in their history and others very late. If one is +impatient to determine at once which ones are to be valuable, he can +hurry the process by grafting a number of cuttings from young seedling +trees into the tops of larger trees which are already bearing—labeling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +each graft, so that he may keep track of the seedling stock from which +it came. It is possible to put one hundred or more seedlings in the top +of some stock tree at one time.</p> + +<p>One reason for delay in propagation by grafting is because the hickories +like many other trees are slow in making repair of wounds. Grafts +usually perished before being accepted by the stock under grafting +methods that were in common use. The best step forward in grafting +method for hickories is one that I obtained from Mr. J. F. Jones, +Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He tells me that he obtained the method from +its originator, Mr. E. A. Riehl, Godfrey, Illinois. This consisted in +covering the entire graft, buds and all, with melted grafting wax and +including also all of the wound and wrapping of the stock. The buds make +their way through this grafting wax without any difficulty, but the +grafting wax used by Mr. Jones contained lamp black and that used by Mr. +Riehl consisted of a beeswax and rosin mixture. It was found that these +seemed to be applicable in the North but not farther south in the hotter +sun. Examining into the reasons for this, it seemed to me that in all +probability the black grafting wax used by Mr. Jones and the brown or +amber grafting wax used by Mr. Riehl, would naturally allow the heat +rays of the sun to pass through to the graft while halting the actinic +ray of light. The latter is extremely valuable for promoting the +activity of chlorophyl, which acts only in the presence of light and in +the best way in the best light. The heat rays might have certain +destructive qualities. With this theoretical idea of the situation in +mind, I employed melted paraffin in place of the grafting wax, covering +the scions completely as well as the wound in the stock and the +wrappings. This immediately proved to be a success. In fact, it appears +to have changed the entire subject of grafting nut trees in such a way +that any intelligent boy employing this method can now do better hickory +nut grafting than would have been possible at the hands of an expert two +years ago. The melted paraffin fills the interstices in which sap might +collect and ferment, but at the same time, hardening so quickly that it +does not introduce the danger of extension between points of contact +with scion and stock. The second point of value consists in allowing the +actinic ray in the sunlight to act upon the chlorophyl in bud and bark +of the scion and it does not attract the destructive heat ray. This is +perhaps the most important single point of value and due to the +transparency of the paraffin. Third, the paraffin coating, impervious to +air, maintains the sap tension equally in the course of fluctuation +between nega<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>tive and positive pressures occurring between night and +day, and under varying conditions of light and temperature. This +maintenance of equalised sap tension, I believe to be important. The +paraffin is waterproof and prevents evaporation from the scion, which +otherwise is prone to dry out before granulation of the wound has taken +place in the hickories, as in other species which callus slowly. Fifth, +under the paraffin coating of stock and scion, the plant apparently does +not have that anxiety which would otherwise lead it to introduce the +protective feature of superization, the spreading of a corky layer over +the wound surface between stock and scion, thus introducing a mechanical +obstacle to union.</p> + +<p>This method of grafting has extended the grafting season for nearly two +months, apparently. Formerly, I hurried to get all of the grafts in +while buds were bursting, in early May. During the season of 1919 I +grafted hickories up to August sixth experimentally. The last grafts +which caught well in a practical way were put in on July twenty-first. +After that the proportion of catches was small and the growth feeble. +Incidentally, it may be remarked that filberts grafted as late as August +sixth, did perfectly well. The scions employed were cut in late winter +and kept in the sawdust of my icehouse. I formerly supposed that ice +beneath the sawdust was important, but this year I could not get ice and +the scions kept just as well. In July, experiments were tried with +grafting directly from one tree to another, using wood of the season's +growth. This worked well with hazels, but not with hickories or walnuts, +only one out of many hickory grafts catching. That one, however, is +significant and I hope to work out principles which will allow of direct +grafting of hickories as readily as may be done with the hazels.</p> + +<p>When a hickory graft is to be inserted into a small stock or branch, the +ordinary cleft graft does well. In stock recipients much larger than the +graft a side cleft of the width of the scion only is desirable, or +better yet the "split bark" method devised by Mr. E. A. Riehl. A +straight split is made in the bark of the end of the stock, and the +graft crowded down into this split so that it remains between bark and +wood finally. My own method for large stocks, is what I have called "the +slot bark method." This consists in turning down a width of stock bark +measuring the same as the scion in width. When the scion has been +inserted into this slot so made, the bark is turned up over it again and +fastened there. By this method I have put scions in the trunks of trees +nearly a foot in diameter and at any chosen point, sometimes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> several +feet below the ends of cut branches. One may cut off the top of a large +hickory tree and then peg the trunk full of scions by means of bark +slots.</p> + +<p>Another important point in hickory propagation work consists in the +employment of the Spanish windlass for fastening graft and stock +together. The old time wrapping of twine or of raffia had to be released +in order to allow growth at the point of union of scion and stock. When +cord is used it cuts deeply into the new growth, and raffia, which is +placed on flat, will be burst open. In either case new wrapping is +required at a precarious time, according to old methods. The Spanish +windlass, which is used in surgery for controlling haemorrage, seemed to +me to be applicable for fastening scions in place. It consists in a +paraffined cord with ends tied in a firm knot but hanging loosely about +the graft and wound. A wooden skewer or any small lever, is then +inserted into the loose loop of cord and twisted about until the part of +the cord about the graft wound is so snug that it holds the scion in +place more firmly than it can be held by any other sort of wrapping. In +order to prevent the cord from cutting into the bark, two shields of +wood or metal an inch in length, are interposed between cord and bark. +The lever of the Spanish windlass is fastened with a cord or with a +galvanized nail in order to prevent the windlass from unwinding and the +whole covered with melted paraffin. This may remain in place for two +seasons without change, holding the scion firmly in place all of that +time and requiring no attention. The growing stock separates the two +shields very much as it might separate two stones in the field and +automatically unwinds the Spanish windlass by sheer force, just enough +to allow growth without any unloosening of its holding apparatus.</p> + +<p>In hickory grafting, much experimental work remains to be done in the +choice of stocks for grafts of different species. Almost all of the +hickories that have been grafted upon the pecan hickory stock, seem to +do pretty well upon that stock, but the converse is not true. The pecan +apparently does not do well as a rule when grafted upon other hickory +stocks, even upon those of its cousins in the open-bud group. The +shagbark hickory, in my experience, has done best upon stocks of the +shagbark or mockernut or pignut. A number of years, however, are +required in some cases for determining that point. Shagbarks which I +have grafted upon bitternuts have sometimes made a remarkably good +start. Then at the end of three or four years they begin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> to slow up, +while shagbarks on shagbark stock, starting slowly at first, surpassed +the ones on bitternut stock finally.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1919, I topworked two trees standing near together and +of about the same size (thirty feet) with Beaver hybrid (a cross between +the bitternut and the shagbark). One of the trees was a bitternut and +the other a pignut. Almost everyone of the grafts of the Beaver grew +thriftily on the bitternut. Those on the pignut stock practically all +caught and made short growth and then began to wilt back. Finally, only +one shoot remained alive. This very striking object lesson will have +bearing in varying degrees in all of our hickory grafting. According to +my experience to date, hybrid hickories are grafted more readily than +are straight species or varieties. They seem to have lost family pride +and seem to take up with any friend offering economic support. In the +case just quoted, however, caprice was shown by the Beaver hybrid which +took eagerly to a host of the species of one of its parents. It refused +to thrive on the pignut which did not represent either one of its +parents although that same pignut stock would have been accepted by +shagbark scions—the shagbark representing the other parent of the +Beaver. This sort of experience throws open the entire subject in such a +large way as to show what possibilities of success and failure lie +before us in experimental work. The same method of grafting, the +paraffin windlass method, was employed for these two trees which were +neighbors.</p> + +<p>Interesting experimental work is to be done in finding the extent to +which different species and varieties of hickories may be grown out of +their indigenous range. At Stamford, the bitter pecan from Texas, +appears to be perfectly hardy but it makes very slow growth—sometimes +less than an inch in a year. The Buckley hickory also from Texas, grows +thriftly at Stamford and so does the Carolina hickory Pecans from the +northern belt thrive at Merribrooke, but those from the southern belt +have such a long growing season, that their new wood is not yet +sufficiently well lignified to stand the winter well. Some of them pull +through a mild winter in fairly good order, but on the whole they do not +thrive.</p> + +<p>The commercial side of hickory raising, is being worked out for the +pecan only at the present time. We may assume that several of the other +species of hickory adapted to growing in the north, will equal pecans in +importance, eventually. The reason for that is because some of the other +hickories stand quite as high as the pecan in food value and general +excellence. At the time of writing, low grade seedling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> shellbark nuts +from the West are selling in the retail market in New York for forty +cents a pound. I have seen better nuts of this species being loaded on +the cars in Ohio at fifty cents a bushel. The present New York price, to +be sure, represents a profiteering war price. Fine grades of shagbark +hickories and some of the hybrids will command prices equally high with +prices for best pecans in the market of to-morrow.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: Will it be practical to plant nuts, get young plants, +and then bud or graft them?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Yes, that is what we do. It is practical to plant +nuts for the purpose of getting a stock, but not for the purpose of +getting nuts. But we plant them in the nursery rows, and then when they +are two years old, preferably (some like three-year-old trees), we graft +them over to good kinds in the nursery row; then they remain there for a +year or two, and are transferred or sold. We now have members of this +association who are experts in grafting nut trees who make that a +business. It is not generally known that we have in this country three +journals devoted wholly to the subject of nut culture. We have +nurserymen who make a specialty of grafted nut trees of the very best +sorts, so that one may perhaps take up this mode of farming more +profitably today than almost any other sort of farming. One gentleman in +Pennsylvania told me he made thirty thousand dollars on one crop of +chestnuts two years ago, cultivated chestnuts. He had thirty acres, and +no tree was yet fourteen years of age. His net profit beyond all +expenses was thirty thousand dollars that year. There are probably very +few professional men who make more than that a year. Many men are making +good, comfortable incomes out of their nut orchards. It is the best +insurance against the needs of old age, the best sort of life insurance.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: Do you use anything besides the hickory as stock for +grafting on?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Yes, we have some experimenting to do in order to +learn which stock will best serve for a certain variety. We find that +one species or variety of hickory will accept other varieties of that +species well, but perhaps it will not accept another species. We do know +that certain kinds do remarkably well on certain stocks; but the entire +range of that subject has not as yet been worked out.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: Does the stock you graft on have any effect on the +quality of the fruit?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: The stock on which you graft is supposed to have no +effect at all on the quality of the fruit. But there are some +exceptions. We learned that in orange grafting. A naval orange grafted +on the wild orange stock might be raggy, not full of juice; while when +grafted on the trifoliate orange stock might be heavy and full of juice. +So in that case the stock did have some influence upon the graft; and +there are other instances. But as a rule we assume that the stock has no +influence upon the graft in regard to the validity of character.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: Are pecans a variety of hickory?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Yes, pecans are hickories. The Indians gave it the +name of pekan. The French spelled it pecanne, so that has been spelled +as the pecan, without the necessary other part of its name, hickory. We +should always say pecan hickory—always.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Kellogg</span>: Dr. Morris, how old hickories may be used for +grafting?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I have experimented with trees up to fifty years of +age; but the most satisfactory work, perhaps, is done with trees that +are not more than fifteen or twenty years of age and three or four or +five inches in diameter. Those are the best trees to work with. If we +cut off the limbs of a very old tree and try to top work it, it means an +enormous amount of work on the part of the orchardist, more work than my +employees like to give it. But one may topwork a tree of almost any age, +preferably a tree less than twenty-five years of age; and by choice I +should say trees not more than ten years of age. We have experts in the +audience better qualified to speak on that subject than I am.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: Do you prefer the melted paraffin to the +old-fashioned way of using bees wax?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: The old-fashioned beeswax had a certain color, and +the black wax with charcoal, with lampblack, both turned the light ray +and allowed the heat ray to enter so that the amber of the old resin +wax, and the black of the black wax both allowed damage to occur to the +tree, in the South particularly, in a hot climate early in the summer, +prevented our grafting in the summer because of the turning away of the +light ray that was wanted and the absorption of the heat ray that was +not wanted. The melted paraffin being perfectly transparent, allows the +light ray to set the chlorophyl into activity. All the life processes of +the tree are carried on under the influence of the green chlorophyl +grains, and these work only in the presence of light.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: Can you successfully graft a pecan on the pignut?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: What is the best stock to graft pecan on?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr.Morris</span>: Pecan stock, I think. I do not think we have +anything better. Mr. Reed and Mr. Jones are both experts in that field. +They have grafted hundreds of thousands of trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I think the pecan is the best. The hickory will +grow on the pecan very well, the shagbark hickory, but it will not do to +change it with any degree of success.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: The shagbarks will grow fairly well on pecans, but +the pecan not well on the shagbark. It is best I think to put shagbarks +on shagbark or shellbark. But they do well on pignut. I have got some +very good shagbarks on mockernut. On bitternut they grow fast, but at +the end of eight or ten years are inclined to slow up. Shagbark can be +put on, I suppose, ten other kinds of hickory, but the pecan can not.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: How many grafts would be necessary on a nut tree +twelve inches in diameter?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I should say you would probably have to put in +fifty. I would cut off the branches down to about two inches or an inch +and a half in diameter, and that might leave fifty stubs to graft. Graft +all of them, is one way to do it. Having done one that way, you will +then become familiar with the entire subject.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: What is the best time of year?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I don't know. Some time ago the American +Agriculturist said to its readers that there is disagreement about the +best time for pruning peach trees. Let us hear from all our readers. So +all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> of the readers wrote expressing their opinions, and the editor +said, "Summing up all of the opinions, the entire testimony in the case, +we have decided that the time to prune your peach tree is when your +knife is sharp." I had always supposed that the best time for grafting +was when the buds were first bursting in the spring, always held rigidly +to that, and at that time of the year was in a great hurry. I dropped +professional work and lost hundreds and even thousands of dollars in +order to see this work go ahead; it is more interesting than +professional work. And now this year, with this new method, I have +grafted right straight on up to the first of August, and everything +growing—deliberately, all through the summer. So that now, at the +present moment I do not know. A year ago I could have told you. When I +first graduated in medicine, I could answer any question in medicine. +After forty years of surgery, I am puzzled over a great many questions. +It is the same way regarding grafting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: In summer grafting do you remove the leaves from +scions?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: In summer grafting I have used for the most part +scions I have kept in the icebox in sawdust. I have formerly put in +twenty or thirty tons in my icehouse for my family to use during the +summer. Last winter we could not get any ice, and my scions were just as +good kept in the sawdust as if we had had ice; and I grafted those +scions in August and the grafts are living. I have also cut off the +leaves in grafting, but that is new and you can not depend on it,—stop +at one tree, cut off a piece of it, and put it on another tree and have +it grow. I have never done that until this year, and it does not succeed +in a very large percentage. It is not practical. It can be done—I have +proven that; but it is not practical. The best way is to use your scions +from last year that have been kept in cold storage in sawdust or leaves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Kellogg</span>: When should the scions be cut?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: There is some disagreement about that. Almost all +scions may suffer a little winter injury. Some men prefer to cut in the +early part of December before we have had any hard winter, then keep +them in cold storage during the entire year, moderately moist, or +protected in sand, leaves, or stratification. But I have always +preferred February myself, cutting them the last of February before the +buds begin to start, then put them in sawdust in the icehouse or cold +storage, or bury them under a thick layer of leaves. For budding you +transfer immediately. In fact, budding technically comes under the same +phy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>siologic principles as grafting. In budding I do that work in my +place at Stamford, Conn., about the latter part of July or early August.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Kellogg</span>: Do you use the same method in transferring buds?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Yes, I fix them the same way as I do the graft and +cover everything with paraffin. I have even had a little short side +graft grow using this paraffin method, a graft two or three inches long.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Kellogg</span>: Tell us about those fatherless walnuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: In the course of crossing the nut trees, we +supposed, as a matter of course, that we must always have the pollen +from one tree, or from a tree which bore the staminate or fertilizing +flowers, in order to develop nuts or fruit of any sort; but on one +occasion I covered a lot of Chinkapin female flowers with paper bags; I +didn't have pollen enough to go around and left the bags on because I +happened to be too lazy or too busy to pull them off. About a month +later when I did take them off I found a full set of chinkapin nuts +under those bags. They had received no pollen. That was an observation +of a good deal of interest. It may have been that they had gone on by +what we call parthenogenesis, and we had the children without the +father, had the female parent only, the fatherless chinkapin. It sounds +sad. I followed up the experiment with other nut trees, and found that +not infrequently we may develop fatherless nuts. The effect will be, +according to natural law, to intensify the characteristics of one +parent. The female which bears this fruit, this child, without a father, +will give to that child an intensification of her own characteristics. +That will be the effect of parthenogenesis. That may be continued +through several generations perhaps; we do not know. It is new, quite +new. (Applause).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: The next topic is the Digestibility of Nuts, by +Mr. Cajorie, of Yale University.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF NUTS</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">F. A. Cajorie, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.</span></h4> + + +<p>Mr. President and members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association: It +was with great pleasure that I accepted the invitation of your +Association to be present at this convention and give a discussion of +nuts and nut production, from the point of view of their nutritive or +food value. During the last few years our knowledge of nutrition and the +parts that individual foods may play in the diet has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> greatly +increased and in the light of the new discoveries, it is interesting and +valuable to view the place that nuts hold.</p> + +<p>As you are well aware, nuts have been used as foods by the peoples of +the world. In many places nut products have made up a very appreciable +part of the diet. Chestnut flour is extensively used in Southern Europe. +Among the peasants of Tuscany, chestnut flour forms a considerable part +of the total diet. In this region, also ground acorns are made into +bread with cereal flours and in this form is a common food. The hazel or +filbert nut is also seen in the form of flour on the shores of the Black +Sea. Races living in the tropics have utilized the many varieties of +nuts indigenous to tropical climes such as the coconut, Brazil nuts, +Java almond, Paradise nut, candle nut and African cream nut. In the +Orient, the lichi, ginko and water chestnut, and in Italy and India the +varieties of the pine nut are used to considerable extent.</p> + +<p>In America, with the exception of a few localities and among a limited +class of people, nuts have never made up a staple part of our dietaries, +rather they have been used as tasty supplements to otherwise complete +menus. That they are prized as adjuncts and are sought after is +strikingly shown when we see in our markets not only the products of our +native American nut trees, the hickory, walnut, butternut, chestnut, +pecan, beechnut and pinion, but the Brazil nut, filbert, English walnut, +peanut, coconut, all of which are derived from foreign countries or from +trees originally imported to America from other lands.</p> + +<p>Analysis of nuts have shown them to be of two types, one rich in fats +and protein, the nitrogen containing component of our foods and the +other relatively rich in carbohydrates, or starches. With the exception +of the chestnut, and the coconut, most of our more common nuts belong to +this first class, and chemists have pointed out that in these nuts we +have a concentration of protein and fat seen in no other class of +foodstuffs. For example, the protein-fat rich nuts have a percentage of +protein varying between 15 and 30% and a fat content of 50-70%; compare +this with other foods that we think of as being concentrated; eggs, 12% +protein and 10% fat; cheese 28% protein, 37% fat; round steak, 20% +protein, 14% fat; and bread, 10% protein. This nutritive concentration +in nuts places them in a unique position among our natural food +products. Our cereals, meats, fruit and vegetables all contain more or +less water or refuse that reduces their concentration, while in nuts we +find a compact form of almost pure food.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> + +<p>We are dependent on foods for the source of energy that is necessary to +perform our work and maintain our body temperature much in the same way +that a steam engine is dependent on the fuel supplied it to perform the +mechanical tasks assigned to it, and this fuel value of foods in turn, +depends on the amount of protein, carbohydrate and fat, particularly the +latter, that are present in the foods. At once we see, in our +concentrated nuts, a tremendous source of energy, provided that we can +digest these nuts and make this energy available.</p> + +<p>Despite the fact, as revealed by chemical analysis, that in nuts we have +a source of protein and fat in a concentration rarely seen in foods, +there have been relatively few experiments to actually determine the +digestibility. Prof Jaffa at the California Experiment Station was the +first to make a comprehensive investigation along these lines. He made +extensive digestion tests on men using most of the more common American +nuts. His results, as reported in a bulletin of the U. S. Department of +Agriculture, indicated that nuts when they made up a substantial portion +of the diet, were well digested by those who ate them and gave no +intestinal disturbance or discomfort.</p> + +<p>Nuts have had a reputation for indigestibility that was wide spread, not +only among people in general, but also among physicians and dieticians, +and even Prof Jaffa's clear cut experiments failed to dispell this idea +of indigestibility that had been empirically assigned to nuts. A few +years ago, a rather extensive series of digestion experiments were +inaugurated at Yale University in an effort to settle this question of +the indigestibility of nuts and also to test out some of the commercial +nut products to find what effect roasting, boiling, and other processes +that nuts are subjected to, had to do with the digestibility. Through +the courtesy of Dr Kellogg of Battle Creek, it was possible to follow up +these experiments with a series here at Battle Creek. It is the result +of these tests that I wish to speak of today. One word regarding the +method which is the conventional one for such experiments. The amount of +food eaten by the individual or animal is weighed at each meal and the +composition determined by chemical analysis. The intestinal output is +collected, weighed and analysed. From the difference in any substance +such as protein in the food and the protein which appears in the body +refuse, the amount digested and absorbed or utilized by the body is +easily determined. For example; if 10gms. of nitrogen were eaten in the +food and one gm appears in the feces, we say that the coefficient of +digestibility of that nitrogen is 90%, that is 9 of the 10 gms. eaten +were absorbed by the body. The average of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> a great many such tests on +mixed diets has the following standard coefficient: protein 93%, fat +95%, and carbohydrates 98%.</p> + +<p>Our digestion experiments show the following results: for protein +digestion of nuts, almond 89%, peanut 84%, pine nut 89%, Eng. walnut, +83%, Brazil 88%, and coconut 88%. In all cases the carbohydrate +coefficients are 98 or 99%, and in the case of the carbohydrate rich +chestnut, normal digestion took place after the nut was heated so as to +rupture the starch granules. In all of these cases the nut made up a +substantial part of each meal and was eaten in large amounts. The +experimental subject, experienced no digestive troubles or discomforture +whatsoever except in the case of the English walnut, which evidently +contains some irritating substance that causes diarrhea. Except for the +pecan which gave rather low utilization, the protein of nuts was +digested to a high degree that compares most favorably with our ordinary +foodstuffs.</p> + +<p>How then explain the undoubted discomforture that many people experience +after eating nuts? I believe that the explanation rests on the fact that +our common American way of eating nuts, is not the rational way. We +would not consider topping off a heavy meal with eggs, meats or cereals +or to eat these in large quantities between meals realizing that we are +exposing ourselves to possible digestive discomfort. No more then, can +we expect to so eat nuts which are even more concentrated or "heavy" +than meat or eggs without occasional discomfort. Unpleasant results from +so eating does not condemn the nuts as indigestible, rather it condemns +our mode of using that nut. Further, we must recognize that the nut is a +hard, compact substance and that unless completely masticated, is not +readily penetrated by the digestive juices of the alimentary canal. This +was very well brought out in our experiment with dogs. The dog bolts his +food and where there were large fragments of the nut in the food, they +appeared almost unchanged in the feces, while if the nut is ground fine +before feeding, it was readily digested. Comparisons of nut butters and +nut pastes with the whole nut also brought out this point. The +completely commuted nut butters showed consistently higher degrees of +digestion than the whole nut.</p> + +<p>With the exception of the starch rich chestnut, the heating of the nut +did not seem to effect the digestibility whether this heat was boiling, +steaming or roasting. The raw nut apparently is as well digested as the +heated products. No differences were found between nut butters whether +the process involved steaming or roasting of the nut. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> am not speaking +of the enhancing of the flavor that heating may bring about, but only of +the digestibility.</p> + +<p>Dr. Longworthy and his co-workers in the Dept. of Agriculture have +investigated in recent years the digestibility of many vegetable oils, +among them nut oils, and have found as high a percent of utilization +with these as with butter and our other common animal food fats.</p> + +<p>I believe that we are fully justified in the conclusion that nuts and +nut products, if rationally used in our diets, are as digestible and +fully as valuable from a nutritional point of view as our other +foodstuffs.</p> + +<p>While we can now definitely speak of the high digestibility of nuts, it +is necessary to consider other phases of the part played by foods in +nutrition. The fact that a food after being taken into the body can be +broken up by the digestive juices of the alimentary tract, and the +products absorbed, as we have found, to be the case with the nuts, is +not the end of the story of the function of that food.</p> + +<p>About fifteen years ago, it was discovered that during the progress of +digestion, the protein materials are reduced by the digestive juices of +our stomachs and intestines to smaller chemical compounds, and that it +is these smaller fragments of the protein molecule that are absorbed +into the blood and are used to build up our muscles and tissues. These +fragments or "building stones" as they have been fancifully called, are +all of a distant class of chemical compounds known to chemists as amino +acids. Eighteen of these acids have been found as the products of +protein digestion.</p> + +<p>We may conceive of our bodies as being continually supplied with a mass +of these 18 building stones from which it selects the kind and number +that it needs to repair the everyday wear and tear of the tissues and in +the case of the growing child builds new structures.</p> + +<p>Since the date of this important discovery regarding the fate of +indigested protein, it has been found that with few exceptions, the body +is not able to manufacture these amino acids or to change one kind into +another, and must depend on the protein eaten, for a supply of the +various kinds that go to make up the body protein. Further it has been +found, that many of our commonly used food proteins do not contain all +18 of these amino acids components. In some foods one, two, and +sometimes more are lacking, or if present are in very small amounts. If +our diet contained only proteins of an inferior grade, we can picture +our body requiring building stones of various kinds to maintain the +structure of the body and unable to obtain them due to the poor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> quality +of the food, protein. Nutritional failure would be the result. The +proteins then must be of the right quality as well as present in the +proper quantities, to prevent mal-nutrition. Bearing in mind these +facts, it is necessary in studying a food such as our nuts, to determine +the kind of protein the individual nut contains as well as to know +whether or not it can be digested by the body.</p> + +<p>During the past few years, it has been found that we must have in our +foods a certain amount of substances whose chemical nature is at present +unknown and to which the name of vitamines has been given. It is not my +purpose to discuss with you the many phases of vitamines and their +relation to nutrition, but I only wish to impress upon you the fact that +it is of the utmost importance for a dietary to contain these +substances; fully as important as that the protein, fat, carbohydrate, +and inorganic salt content shall be satisfactory. Lack of these +vitamines brings on various evidences of mal-nutrition. One vitamine +which is found in animal fats and the leaves of plants and is soluble +in, and associated with fats, is, for that reason, called fat soluble +vitamine. Another called the water soluble vitamine is widely +distributed in cereal seeds, vegetables, and legumes. The third, the +so-called antiscorbutic vitamine because of its action as preventative +and cure for scurvy, is found in certain fruits and vegetables.</p> + +<p>We then ask the next question: Are nuts adequate as far as their +proteins contain these essential amino acids, and do nuts contain +vitamines? That is, is their biological value as satisfactory as their +digestibility?</p> + +<p>Dr. Hoobler of Detroit, in a study of the diets of lactating mothers and +wet nurses, a year or so ago, compared the value of proteins from animal +and vegetable sources for the elaboration of milk. He found that a +mixture of the almond, English walnut, peanut and pecan, furnished +proteins that were equal to the animal food tried, and far superior to +other vegetable proteins. Here then is evidence that nuts provide the +necessary building stones to form milk that food par excellence for the +newly born individual. Drs. Mendel and Osborn, experimenting on white +rats have shown that the principle proteins of the Brazil nut will +maintain animals through the growing period. Bureau of Chemistry workers +and others have found similar results with the coconut and the peanut. I +have now, experiments underway at New Haven, on the biological value of +the filbert, English walnut, pine nut, almond, and pecan. While these +tests are yet incompleted, it can at least be said that to date there is +no evidence that the proteins of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> nuts are in any way less +satisfactory than those of the peanut or Brazil nut that have been +thoroughly tested out.</p> + +<p>As to the vitamine content, abundant quantities of water soluble +vitamine have been found in the peanut and the coconut. Experiments that +we have in progress as well as a series conducted here at Battle Creek +under Dr. Kellogg's direction give promise to increase this list of +vitamine containing nuts to include at least many of our common nuts. +Along with our vegetable oils in general, coconut oil and peanut oil +contain insufficient quantities of the fat soluble vitamine to maintain +growth in young animals. Whether the other nut oils will prove more +efficacious in this respect, is now under investigation. As far as I am +aware, the antiscorbutic properties of nuts have not been studied.</p> + +<p>With the population of the world on a steady increase, it continually +becomes necessary for mankind to seek out new sources of food, and +utilize products that formerly had received little attention as possible +foods. Conditions that disturb normal food production and distribution, +such for example as were brought about by the world war, produce serious +food shortages in the world, and emphasize how close is the margin that +determines whether the peoples of the world have adequate quantities of +food or whether they are faced by shortages, and, in many cases, by +starvation. In this continual development of our food resources, nuts +stand out prominently as offering possibilities which are very great. +Not only do they represent a very concentrated form of food which is +highly digestible, but they possess a number of characteristic and +highly pleasing flavors that recommends them for use in all manner of +culinary procedures. The variety of uses to which nuts can be put in the +kitchen is amply demonstrated right here in Dr. Kellogg's sanitarium and +I feel sure that even he has not exhausted the possibilities of nuts in +the dietary. The forms of nut products on the market are steadily +increasing. The nut butters, nut pastes, nut margarines, meat +substitutes, and so forth, all point to the variety of ways that nuts +can be handled as foods.</p> + +<p>The tremendous increase in the use of nut oils in the form of the oil +itself and as nut margarines within the last few years is a striking +example of the utilization on a large scale of relatively new food +products. The press cake which remains as a by-product of this oil +industry finds ready use as concentrates for cattle feeds. Many of our +ideas in the feeding of our domestic animals are undergoing development +along with the idea of human nutrition. Just recently, investi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>gators at +the Wisconsin Experiment Station, reported that the well known "home +grown ration" for dairy cows that consist of cereals, silage and hay, is +not a large milk producing diet. Their recommendation is to supplement +this ration with protein concentrates. Nut meals recommend themselves +most highly as protein concentrates. It certainly is safe to say that +the day when the fruits of our nut bearing trees will be allowed to fall +ungathered from the trees, is at an end.</p> + +<p>There are many problems that still call for an answer by the chemist and +dietitian. The nutritive value of the individual nuts should be firmly +established in all its phases. The causes that have made the use of +certain nuts unprofitable commercially, should be studied with the view +of correcting these stumbling blocks. For example, the freeing of the +horse-chestnut from its poisonous saponins and enable us to use this +starch rich nut as food is well within the range of possibility as +indicated by experiments conducted in Austria during the war. Why do nut +oils tend to become rancid easily and can this tendency be remedied? Is +the freeing of the acorn and its tannin and other objectionable +substances a practical consideration? What is the irritating principle +of the English walnut?</p> + +<p>All these problems and many others wait solution. Research on nuts is in +progress in many places. It involves time consuming experiments that are +often times expensive. As a result, progress is slow, the amount of +research being limited by the financial factor. The value of the pecan +nut crop alone of the year 1918, was over 91 million dollars and the +value of the imports and exports of nuts and nut products during the +same year amounted to over 51 million dollars. If one one-hundredth of +one per cent of this sum should be devoted by those interested in the +development of our nut industry in this country for the study of the +nutritional and chemical properties of nuts, I feel sure that they would +be amply repaid for their investment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I believe this will complete our program for +tonight. We have quite a full program for tomorrow morning. Mr. C. A. +Reed, nut culturist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is with us +and was to have been on the program tonight, but he has been busy all +day and was hardly ready for tonight's program, as he has been busy +getting the exhibit in order, and he will be on the program tomorrow +morning, and three or four others, among them Dr Kellogg, I believe, so +that there will be quite a full morning's program, and we will be glad +to have all of you come who can. We meet in the parlor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> of the Annex at +ten o'clock tomorrow morning. If any one desires to join the Association +and will speak to the secretary, he will give yow the necessary +information.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">End of Tuesday Evening Session</span><br /><br /></h4> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1919, 10:00 A.M.</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">President W. C. Reed in the Chair</span></h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Mr. O. C. Simonds of Chicago will talk to you +on "Nut Trees in Landscape work."<br /><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NUT TREES AND BUSHES IN LANDSCAPE WORK</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">O. C. Simonds, Chicago, Illinois</span></h4> + + +<p>In considering material for landscape work the places that come to mind +where such work would be required are home grounds, highways, parks, +cemeteries, school grounds, city squares and woods. The highways would +include city streets, parkways, usually called boulevards, and country +roads.</p> + +<p>All trees are beautiful and should serve in some place in landscape +work. Some_are more beautiful than others and where but few trees can be +used the more beautiful would naturally be chosen.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Black Walnuts</span></h4> + +<p>Not long ago, a lawyer was talking to me about the beauty of black +walnuts. To his mind there is no tree more beautiful and from what he +said, he would use it almost to the exclusion of other trees. My own +judgment does not fully coincide with his although I consider a black +walnut a very attractive tree. It grows to a large size and is generally +healthy. Its shape is good and the foliage attractive in summer. The +leaves drop early and they are not especially attractive in autumn +coloring. Black walnuts are strong in appearance. They lack the +gracefulness of the elm and if I were making a list of trees in the +order of their appearance, placing the most beautiful first and the +least attractive last, I should place several trees ahead of the black +walnut, among them sugar maples, elms and several of the oaks. Perhaps +the black walnut would come about in the center of the list for most +locations. The list itself would vary for different situations and +climates. I should advise using black walnuts plentifully along the +highways, especially country roads, and somewhat sparingly in home +grounds and the other locations which I have named. By plentifully,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> I +do not mean to the exclusion of other trees, for, in some places, there +should be more elms and maples than black walnuts, but highways are so +extensive that many kinds of trees could be used in abundance to give +shade. In woods there are places where black walnuts could be used in +profusion.</p> + +<p>The objections that one might raise to the use of black walnuts would +be, first, the comparatively short season of the leaves. These come out +rather late in the spring and drop early, probably these trees can not +be improved very much in this respect. Second, boys will sometimes throw +sticks at the trees to bring down the nuts. If a boy comes in home +grounds to do this, he will be considered a nuisance. Branches are +sometimes broken and the trees disfigured from this cause. Along +highways this objection might perhaps be lessened somewhat by planting +enough trees so that there would be more nuts than the boy would want, +or by improving the manner of the boy. Third, the trees are often +attacked by caterpillars. This objection can usually be obviated by +spraying or destroying the pests in other ways.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Butternuts</span></h4> + +<p>The remarks made about the black walnut would apply in many ways to the +butternut, its nearest relative. Butternuts have a range extending +further north and they are more subject to disease than the black +walnuts. Like the walnut, their leaves come out late and drop early. +They are subject to the attacks of boys. When healthy, they are +attractive in appearance and they deserve to be planted in most places +where trees are used for landscape effect, but in the list I suggested, +they would come below the black walnut.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Hickories</span></h4> + +<p>There is a time of the year when the shagbark, which produces such sweet +nuts, would be more attractive than any neighboring tree. It is when the +big buds swell and send out yellowish green leaves surrounded by large, +red bracts. At this time they are as showy and as beautiful as any +flowers. The bracts soon fall, but the leaves turn a rich green and are +attractive until early fall, when they are sometimes yellow, and +sometimes drop without any marked coloring. The trunk of the hickory is +unique in appearance as the bark separates from the tree in long +platelike strips which hang on at one end and give the scraggly +appearance from which the tree derives its name. All of the hickories +are attractive in appearance, but some of them drop their leaves early. +The hickories are difficult to transplant but this is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> nothing against +the beauty of the tree. An established tree is more valuable on this +account. In some places hickories are quite subject to disease or to the +attacks of borers. Like the walnuts, hickories which produce edible nuts +are subject to the attacks of boys, but, on account of the toughness of +the wood and the roughness of the bark, they are usually quite able to +withstand these attacks. Hickories are suitable for use in all landscape +work so far as their appearance is concerned. The fact that they are not +so used is due to the difficulty of transplanting them. In the fall when +a maple tree has colored up beautifully and a hickory near it has +dropped its leaves, we are apt to compare the two unfavorably to the +latter, but we should remember the appearance in summer and especially +when the leaves first unfold. Hickory trees are beautiful also when the +leaves are off, their branches making beautiful etchings against the sky +in winter. The pecan, which is the largest of all hickories, is an +exception to the general rule because it is planted quite extensively, +especially in the South. It is a beautiful tree and where it is hardy +there is no reason why it should not be used as a street tree, a tree in +home grounds, in parks, or any other place where deciduous trees are +needed. It is raised extensively in some nurseries, while the other +hickories are raised very sparingly, and some not at all.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Beech</span></h4> + +<p>Some would consider the beech the most beautiful of all nut trees. Its +comparatively smooth, bluish-gray bark makes it a distinctive tree at +all seasons. Its branches, spreading straight out from the trunk, give +it an appearance of strength. Its fine branches form a specially +pleasing skyline, its sharp buds are trim and neat in appearance, its +leaves are beautiful in shape and texture. Their fall coloring, while +not as brilliant as that of the maples, is really beautiful, being +either yellow or a rich brown. The leaves are apt to hang on all winter, +especially on the younger growth, and then they often turn a straw +color. If a list of beautiful trees for February were to be made, I am +rather inclined to think that the beech would stand at the head of the +list. A young beech with its bluish-gray bark, its straw colored leaves, +and flecks of snow here and there, seems to me the most beautiful of all +deciduous trees in winter. The young leaves also are especially +attractive when they first appear and the blossoms are sometimes objects +of interest, although not showy in color.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Hazelnuts</span></h4> + +<p>Often in old pastures one finds forlorn, scraggly looking bushes and is +told they are hazelnut bushes. One would not pick out bushes like these +to plant in his front yard, and yet, when given a chance, there is +scarcely a more attractive shrub than the hazel. It is one of the first +shrubs to blossom, the staminate flowers hanging in slender, graceful +yellowish-brown catkins, while the pistillate flowers are little points +of purplish-red protruding from the buds. These blossoms appear long +before the leaves. The latter, when fully developed, are beautiful in +outline and soft in texture and they have a rich coloring in the fall +including various shades of yellow and red. The hazel should certainly +be used extensively in landscape work. The nuts, with their leaflike +involucres, are attractive in appearance in August and September. In +connection with our own hazel one would naturally think of the filbert, +which is a European relative. The filbert is often planted for ornament. +There is a variety with purple leaves which some people admire.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Oaks</span></h4> + +<p>Of all our native trees, I think the oak excels in beauty of foliage. By +many oaks might not be considered nut trees, but nearly all of the +acorns are eaten by squirrels or other wild animals and so I think it +would be proper to mention oaks when speaking of nut trees in the +landscape. In the northern states we have two groups known as the white +oak group and the red oak group. The trees of the former have soft, dull +green leaves with rounded lobes, while those of the latter have shiny +leaves with lobes ending in points of filaments. The former mature their +acorns in one year, while the latter require two years to bring them to +maturity. The acorns of the white group are sweet, while those of the +red group are more or less bitter. The foliage of all oaks is attractive +when it first appears, the small leaves varying in color from almost +white through pink, yellow, and red to the deepest purple. Perhaps the +red oak excels all other trees in the beauty of its summer foliage and +its leaves are also richly colored in autumn. The Bur Oak, in addition +to having attractive foliage, has a rough, dark bark that gives it an +attractive appearance in winter. The white oak, especially when young, +holds many of its leaves in spring and these with their brown color, +give a warmth to the snowy landscape. One could make a most beautiful +park by planting nothing but oaks and they should rank with maples and +elms as street trees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Chestnuts</span></h4> + +<p>There is a tree which a few years ago would have been considered along +with the oak in landscape work, but which now would not be thought of in +certain regions on account of a disease which has practically destroyed +it. This tree is the American chestnut. It grows to a large size, and if +it were not for this disease, would be worthy of a place in any park. +Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent without success in +endeavoring to exterminate the disease. Some of the introduced varieties +are apparently exempt from this disease, but only the future can tell +whether the chestnut will again become valuable in landscape work as +well as in the raising of food and lumber.</p> + +<p>In designing landscapes, we think first of open spaces and then bound +these spaces with trees and shrubs having pleasing shapes and foliage. +The tops of these trees form the skyline and the lower growth a margin +of lawns, or perhaps of walks and drives. For these purposes the +beeches, hickories, hazels, walnuts and butternuts are all valuable, +their value being approximately in the order named.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Horse Chestnuts and Buckeyes</span></h4> + +<p>There may be some question about including these in a list of nut trees. +I understand, however, that the seeds of all of these trees have been +used for feeding stock and perhaps some way may be found for making them +available as food for men and women. There is no question about their +usefulness for ornamental trees. In Europe, the horse chestnut has been +used extensively for park and boulevard planting and it is also largely +used in the United States. There are several varieties. The leaves +appear early, the blossoms coming out later. Our own buckeyes are +handsome in appearance and all are adapted for use in landscape work.</p> + +<p>The arguments for and against the use of nut trees in landscape work +would be somewhat similar to such arguments regarding fruit trees. A +luscious fruit tree like the snow apple, would be omitted from the list +of trees for the park, not because it lacks beauty, but because its +fruit would lead to its destruction. Apple trees might, however, be very +appropriate for private grounds. They have sometimes given a name to a +home, as "The Orchard". The same is true of certain nut trees, "Walnut +Hill," and "Hickory Grove" being not uncommon. The hazel, too, is +frequently used in naming home grounds, streets or localities. A name +would not be used in this way unless the object bearing it was held in +esteem. I am glad there is an association to encourage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> the raising of +nut trees and I hope to see such trees used in this way extensively, for +the purpose of developing attractive scenery as well as for food +production.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr Simonds</span>: When Mr. Bixby asked me to prepare a paper and come +here and read it, I wrote back I would prepare a paper and send to him +to read; and afterwards Mr. Reed came to see me, and knowing that he +would be here, I concluded I would come. I dictated a paper and +afterwards I found I had left out a few nut trees, and I want to speak +just a word regarding those before I read my paper. One of those is the +coconut palm. I was thinking more particularly of trees in this locality +when I dictated the paper; but the coconut tree aside from raising the +coconuts, I think is the most magnificent palm that we have. There are +other trees that some like better, but I think the coconut palm is the +most picturesque, the finest tree to plant. I prefer it to the other +large palms. It has great spreading leaves, sometimes fifteen or twenty +feet long, a feathery top, and the trunk is not quite straight, and I +like it a little better because it is not. Then here is the English +walnut. I did not speak in my paper about the English walnut, but there +is a tree that is a beautiful tree, and where it is hardy it should of +course be planted for ornament as well as for the nuts. And then there +is the almond which we do not have here as a nut tree, but which they +have in California, which has some attractions, and might be planted, +although it is really not so ornamental as some of the nut trees; still +it is worth planting. (Applause).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Are there any questions you would like to ask +Mr. Simonds while he is with us, or is there any discussion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: There are two or three points for discussion. Mr. +Simonds does not think highly of the almond. I do for decorative +purposes. When I drive in my driveway at Stamford and face that +magnificent blaze of blazing clouds of almonds in the springtime, I +think it is something worth while; it is the hard shelled almond. It +will grow as far north as the peach does. The only trouble is they are a +little more subject to leaf blight and need a little more attention. But +where the peach will grow you can raise the almond profitably. Among the +hazel nuts the most beautiful of the entire series is the tree hazel +that grows about as large as the smaller oaks, and that is said to bear +twenty-five or thirty bushels of hazelnuts a year,—enormous crops. That +is perfectly hardy here, and the beauty of the tree is such that I +believe it to be a very important addition. I would like to hear Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +Jones' opinion on that point. I use it for grafting purposes for other +hazels. The Japanese walnuts, almost tropical in their rapid growth, +sometimes grow six feet in a year in rich ground, and with their great +sprays of leaves sometimes a yard in length, and the seedballs of the +heart nut variety give really a tropical appearance to the grounds where +the ground is rich enough. They will grow almost any place, but in rich +ground they are certainly very wonderful. Among the chestnuts, of +course, we have a number of hybrids now that resist blight very well; +and the little chinkapins for lawn bushes are very attractive. One of +our most beautiful chestnuts is splendid for a lawn specimen and is +evergreen in the South. When I was a boy I never had plums enough; so +one of my ambitions was to have plums enough so I could see some of them +rot on the ground. We can do the same thing with nut trees—have nuts +enough so the boys will be full and have nuts enough. It seems to me it +ought to be one of our ambitions to have so many nut trees along the +roadsides in the parks, etc., that the boys and the squirrels can not +use them all up.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simonds</span>: I think the Doctor is right in some of his +criticisms. In fact, the almond is something like a peach, and I had not +prized it for use in landscape work so very much on account of certain +diseases which would be apt to affect it here if it were not taken care +of as we would take care of trees in an orchard. The hazel tree, of +course, would be attractive if it is hardy here. I have had doubts about +its being hardy because of its coming from southern Europe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It is hardy in all Canada. They have fine tree +hazels in the park at Rochester. They have there probably the largest +tree hazels in the country.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I would like to have more questions asked. I +feel as though I had accomplished a real achievement in getting Mr. +Simonds here. I was under him a short time a number of years ago and +learned something of his skill as a landscape gardener and the +reputation that he has; and I felt that we could not hope to have a +better authority on these points that he has discussed than we could in +Mr. Simonds; and it is something that is constantly coming up. The +Department of Agriculture have to consider that people want to know what +trees they can plant in the landscape; and I feel particularly glad to +have Mr. Simonds here.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It seems to me we ought to talk more about the +nut-bearing pines in the landscape, because where you are planting pine +trees, you might as well plant the nut-bearing kind as the others; they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +are just as beautiful, and you combine the Greek idea of beauty and +utility.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simonds</span>: Certainly, that is a tree I have omitted, because +in this region we have not had any nuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: There are four pines that will bear nuts here—the +Korean pine, the pignolia or stone pine, the Italian stone pine and the +Swiss both. There are five nut bearing pine trees that are all market +trees for nuts, that I know will grow and bear here, including the lace +bark pine.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simonds</span>: Are they raising nuts in Michigan on pines?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: No, but they might. Those five kinds would grow +here and bear nuts here, so they have a double value.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simonds</span>: I think we ought to raise them. Of course they are +beautiful in the landscape.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: The whole idea of your paper is to approach the +Greek ideal—add utility to beauty.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simonds</span>: That is what nature does. It makes beautiful +leaves, then uses the leaves for plant food.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I wonder, Dr. Morris, if you can tell where +these pines can be had.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: The Korean pine is from northeast Asia, and you can +get those from the original pine seed; the lace bark pine is from +northeastern Asia where the climate is like ours. The Swiss stone pine +and the Italian stone pine are from Switzerland and Italy and closely +related—both excellent trees. The fruit now you buy as the pignolia in +the markets. Both those are sold as pignolia nuts. It is a commercial +nut of Europe. The white barked pine you would get from the West. It has +a beautiful fine large nut, and you would get that from any Pacific +coast dealers in nut trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simmonds</span>: Has that another name?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I do not know of any other name for it. Wait: The +single leaved pine is one. That grows so far north on the Pacific, but +we do not know whether it will ripen its nuts here or not. It is +perfectly hardy here and would be a beautiful nut tree, grows well. The +single-leaved pine—that is <i>monophylla</i>. There are four or five pinons +that will live, but they do not grow fast enough to make it worth while +to raise them in Michigan. The Jeffrey bull pine is another one that +will grow here and bear fruit, with a beautiful blue-green foliage. The +Jeffrey bull pine is one of the most beautiful and thrifty pines. That +is the Jeffrey variety of ponderosa. The nut is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> very much larger than +the nut of the ordinary ponderosa. The nut of the ponderosa is small, +but the Indians use them and eat them, shell and all. When we come to +using the pines more freely for food purposes, we are going to do what +they do in Europe with some of the small seeded pines—crush them and +make a mass, squeeze the cream out from the nuts, dry it a little, and +that makes very fine rich cream; then the residue is given to the +chickens and pigs. There are in all about thirty pine trees now that are +used for market purposes where they fruit, and we will undoubtedly +increase that number. I do not doubt that fifty species of pine trees +will be planted for their fruit by two generations from now when we feel +the need more.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: We will be glad to have questions from any one. +I think we get more from the discussions than we do from the papers.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: In regard to the hickory nut, the shagbark, back in +northeastern Ohio, four years ago we had quite serious trouble with +our hickories there along in the month of June, about the time we get +the common June bug, there was a large bug that looked like the June bug +that seemed to work at night mostly. We did not see them active in the +day time, but they ate the foliage entirely off the lower branches and +those limbs from which they ate the foliage died. In some cases, the +tree died. I would like to know if anyone knows anything about those. +That was new to me. I have had opportunity to answer all sorts of +questions about that. I have been asked I guess by a thousand different +people about that insect, and I have not been able to learn anything +about it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simonds</span>: I can not tell you.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Same Voice</span>: One man told me when he knew I was coming here, +"For goodness sakes find out something about that if you can."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It probably is the June bug, and turkeys and ducks +would solve the problem.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: The only suggestion I would make is that in +Ohio you have one of the best posted authorities on nut insects there is +in the country. That is Prof. H. A. Gossard, at Wooster. If he can not +tell you about it, no one can.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. F. Jones</span>: I think it is no doubt it is the ordinary May +beetle that is doing the mischief.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I might say we had quite a deluge of beetles +along that line in the nursery a year ago this last June, the first time +we have ever been bothered with them. They finally became so thick<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> we +had to go through and shake the trees and shake them off. They looked +something like the May beetle, only smaller, hard shelled, and seemed to +come by the millions; but they only lasted a few days, and it was all +over, and we have never seen them since.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: There is one more question I would like to ask +Mr. Simonds, and that is in regard to the proper distance for spacing +nut trees along avenues and in parks.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simonds</span>: I think that in both of those situations it is +well to give the trees a natural appearance by grouping, and sometimes +they can be far apart, and sometimes I think there might be a group of +two or three close together, so that they would grow in one group. That +will give a more natural arrangement in parks, and we have room enough +along the sides of most of our highways to have the same effect there. +The policy to be pursued with regard to spacing nut trees along highways +would be the same that we would follow in planting any other trees, and +one of the most attractive streets I know is now in the city of Grand +Rapids; it used to be in the country when I lived there years ago; but +along the sides of that street there are native trees, mostly burr oaks, +and they have grown just as nature planted them. There will be a group +of two or three, then a space, may be a single tree, then there may be a +group of five or six; and that natural arrangement is really beautiful, +to me far more beautiful than a straight row of trees, uniform spaced. +On that same street sixty or seventy years ago my uncle planted where +there were no trees—it is a continuation of this street—rows of sugar +maples, and they grew and finally made splendid trees, and a great storm +came along and broke down two or three, and that was a source of great +regret to my uncle; but his son thinks, perhaps, it was a good thing, +because it opened a beautiful view out into the country. Now by grouping +trees we can save beautiful views. If we plant uniformly, we get +monotony. With this belt of burr oaks spaced as I have described, you +have variety on your sky line. Some trees are a little farther up than +others and catch the sunlight, and we get shade and light. That is the +way I should plant nut trees. If I were planting black walnuts or +butternuts I would group them, but see that the tree has in some +directions space enough to develop as far as it wishes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: Mr. Simonds is about to go. That is the reason +I precipitated this question at this point. It was asked with reference +to the law which these gentlemen, sitting at my right here, were +responsible in putting through in the legislature of this +State—provision<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> for planting food trees along the highways; and it may +be before Mr. Simonds goes, they have something further to ask.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: These questions are very important to draw out +information. Is there anything else you wish to ask before we leave this +topic? If not, we will call on C. A. Reed to present his paper next. It +was carried over from last night, I believe.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NUT CULTURE IN MICHIGAN</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed, Washington, D. C.</span></h4> + + +<p>There is evidence on all sides that the people of Michigan are deeply +interested in nut culture. Some have invested in pecan lands in the Far +South; no doubt some own Persian (English) walnut, almond or filbert +orchards on the Pacific Coast; and others are at the point of planting +nut trees in Michigan. Everybody would go nutting in fall if he could. +Michigan leads all other northern states in what its institutions and +some of its people have done toward developing the nut industry.</p> + +<p>Some thirty years ago the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad +Company showed its interest in nut production, when it planted many +miles of chestnut trees along its tracks running north from Adrian. +Between 1888 and 1892 there were planted on the grounds of the +sub-experiment station at South Haven, a number of pecan trees of Iowa +and Missouri seed, Japanese walnuts, a number of filbert plants and a +collection of almond varieties. At about the same time, Prof L. H. +Bailey set out half dozen pecans and Japanese walnut trees on the campus +of the Michigan Agricultural College. Later, Professor L. R. Taft added +several seedling Persian (English) walnut trees to the group.</p> + +<p>In traveling over the southern part of Michigan, one cannot go far +without seeing signs of interest in nut trees. Everywhere the black +walnut has been spared or planted. In certain sections it is to be found +about practically every farm house or at least near enough by to furnish +the winter supply of the family nuts. The chestnut is less common in any +part of the state than is the black walnut, not appearing to any +considerable extent except in the lower southeastern corner. It has not +fared well in the state either as a native or planted tree. The Persian +or so-called English walnut has attracted considerable attention from +time to time, and under especially favorable surroundings one +occasionally finds thrifty specimen trees. The pecan,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> the Japanese +walnut, European hazel or more popularly called the "filbert" have all +been given limited trials at various times. Even the almond has had a +day in Michigan. Quite possibly the pistache has been through the same +experience; but if so, the fact is not generally known. That species is +from arid Asia and wholly unlikely to succeed in the latitude of +Michigan although a young tree of a Chinese species ornamental because +of its fine feathery foliage, green in summer but which takes on a +brilliant hue in fall is, or was the last we know, doing well on the +private grounds of Dr. Robert T. Morris, near Stamford, Conn.</p> + +<p>Among the kinds of nut trees from which we can select varieties for +planting in Michigan, there are eleven or more distinct species. With +such a range as this, one might ask, why not go into nut growing in +Michigan on the same scale as in the growing of apples and peaches. +There are probably better reasons why this is not being done, but two +very good ones are that there are not enough available trees of good +varieties to plant more than a single orchard of respectable size in the +state; and the other; it would not pay to put good Michigan land to nut +trees of such varieties as are now available even though they could be +had.</p> + +<p>If nut trees can't be had and wouldn't pay if they could then why +publish an article on "Nuts for Michigan Planting," is probably what +will run through the minds of most readers of these lines. It is +certainly a logical question, but there are at least ten reasons why nut +trees should be planted in Michigan.</p> + +<p>1. The forests of Michigan have reached the point of depletion such that +for the sake of future generations, trees of some kind other than fruit +must be planted.</p> + +<p>2. While planting, we may as well select those capable of performing +more than a single service; in other words, trees of maximum possible +use. Oaks, poplars, ashes, pines, elms, etc., all have their places, but +not one in the group can produce anything of food value to humankind.</p> + +<p>3. Nut trees of most kinds, rightly used, are valuable for timber +purposes and are very effective in the landscape.</p> + +<p>4. Members of the walnut family including the hickories are especially +appropriate along the highways and city streets. They are sturdy, +long-lived and not easily damaged by storms or neighbor's boys.</p> + +<p>5. Nuts are among the very best of the meat substitutes. They contain +much of the same food elements as do meats, although in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> different +proportions. Some contain starch and to that extent can be used as are +the cereals and Irish potatoes. Nuts are the only vegetable product +grown in Michigan, which in raw condition afford a complete and fairly +well balanced food for human beings. Every pound of nut food that can be +raised from a tree along the street or in the fence corner on the farm +is clear gain, and that much added to our national food supply.</p> + +<p>6. Nuts are rapidly assuming importance as factors in the lists of +American foods.</p> + +<p>7. Many species of nut trees are adapted to some parts of Michigan. By +planting the best that are now available, and by constantly being on the +lookout for better sorts, superior varieties will be certain to develop +in a short while, the same as has been the case with all older orchard +fruits and farm crops.</p> + +<p>8. Whoever intelligently plants nut trees performs a distinct public +service. He will receive the gratitude of more than the present +generation.</p> + +<p>9. Among all kinds of trees, none are more appropriate for memorial +purposes to the men who did not come back from France, than is the black +walnut. That species itself took a valiant part in warfare. It furnished +material for gunstocks the same as in previous wars, but in the World +War it rendered what was considered by eminent authority, a greater +service in supplying propellors for aeroplanes. The shells of the nuts +contributed their part toward the making of carbon for gas masks, and no +one knows the extent to which walnut kernels made up the delicacies sent +from home to the boys in the trenches. With such a service record as +this, the black walnut is entitled to a memorial of its own. Its value +as a timber tree, as an ornamental, and as a food producer, together +with its great range of adaptability from North to South and East to +West, should justly entitle it to recognition as a National tree.</p> + +<p>10. Michigan has a law providing for the planting of nut trees along its +highways. Thus, the state has officially put its approval on the idea +and has become a leader in the encouragement of this great kind of +economy and thrift. It has taken a step toward conservation in a +direction which is highly developed in certain parts of Europe. The +product is sold to the highest bidder and the income used in the upkeep +of the road system. In that manner the roadways of those sections take +care of themselves. In this country millions of dollars of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> state and +federal moneys are being used this year, (ending June 30, 1921), in the +construction and upkeep of public roads.</p> + +<p>Desirable as it would be to accomplish these ends, it could not all be +done at once. Even though there were an abundance of available trees of +tried kinds, it would take a long time to plant them and to care for +them until they might become of profitable bearing age, also public +opinion would need to be remolded in order to insure their care and +protection. Still it can and will be done. The movement is already on; +the Michigan law began to operate soon after being passed, and the +Division of Forestry at the Agricultural College is raising the trees +for planting. Public opinion regarding the care of the trees and their +product will take care of itself when the value of the trees and their +products becomes apparent. Both in California and in Oregon not only nut +but fruit orchards and vineyards, grow beside the roadways with no +protection other than that of public opinion; and what has been done in +one part of the country can be done in others as well.</p> + +<p>The eleven species referred to as being available for Michigan use are +as follows: The almond, beechnut, butternut, chestnut, filbert, (hazel), +pecan, shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, black walnut, Japanese +walnut, and the Persian or so-called English walnut.</p> + +<p>Taking these up in order we will consider first the</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Almond</span></h4> + +<p>Except as an ornamental, the almond does not offer a great deal for use +in Michigan. It is sometimes said to be as hardy as the peach, but only +as this refers to the tree and not to the fruit, is it true. Certain +hardshell almonds edible, yet so inferior to the improved varieties as +to have practically no market value, do sometimes succeed in lower +Michigan but their value is limited to their beauty when in bloom and to +the production of a low grade product. In form and general appearance +these almonds are much like peach pits. Very often they contain much of +the same bitter taste of Prussic acid common to the kernel of the +ordinary peach. They are interesting to observe while growing especially +as they begin to ripen. The covering outside the seed is thin and +leathery and while ripening, splits and peels outward in curious +fashion.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the only recognized variety of almond of this class which is +known to have fruited in the East is the Ridenhower from southern +Illinois. Trees can be had from some of the nurserymen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Beech</span></h4> + +<p>One of Michigan's noblest, hardiest, and most often abused trees is the +American beech. It is common from north to south. No tree is more +handsome and none, unless possibly it be the white birch, is so often +defaced. Dr. Robt. T. Morris, of New York City, reminds us that +according to the scriptures, man, genus <i>Homo</i>, is a finished product +made by and in the image of the Creator. A safe assumption is that the +scriptural reference is not to the creature whose initials appear on the +trunk of a beech or whose knife has removed bark from white birch. His +genus is not <i>Homo</i>, and he is not scripturally recorded.</p> + +<p>The beech is not directly important as a nut bearing tree, but +indirectly it is as the nuts are rarely harvested. Indirectly it is of +great value. No food is better for turkeys and hogs than are beechnuts. +A bushel of beechnuts that can be used in this way replace at least a +bushel of corn. The difference in cost of production should make +beechnuts worth several times as much as corn.</p> + +<p>In Europe a valuable oil used as a drug and for salads is expressed from +beechnuts. Possibly individual trees could be found somewhere in +Michigan which produce nuts large enough, good enough, and in quantity +enough to justify their recognition and propagation as named varieties.</p> + +<p>No matter whether distinct varieties appear or not, the beech is well +worthy of planting in many places about both the farm and the city lot.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Butternut</span></h4> + +<p>A member of the walnut family known also as "long walnut" and as "white +walnut" is the true butternut. It has a smaller range of adaptability +than does the black walnut but is found considerably farther north. On +the Atlantic coast, its native range extends into Nova Scotia. In parts +of New York State and New England, it is one of the most common species. +It is well known in Michigan where, to many people it is the favorite of +all nuts. The tree is less durable and long-lived than is the black +walnut. It is less well suited for use in the landscape and its timber +value is probably the least of any native walnut.</p> + +<p>Within very recent years one or two promising varieties have been +introduced by the nurserymen. The first and only one now available is +the Aiken from New Hampshire. The nut cracks well and the kernels are of +pleasant flavor, but as a variety it has not been tested long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> enough to +determine its adaptability to conditions in other states nor the extent +to which budded trees will be productive.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Chestnut</span></h4> + +<p>Perhaps the greatest, of all tree tragedies is represented by the +chestnut. Once a dominant species in many parts of the East, it is now +merely a wreck of its former self. In whole states along the Atlantic +Seaboard, it has been wiped out by a fungus disease introduced from +Japan some 25 years ago. Pennsylvania allows no chestnut trees to be +shipped outside its limits for fear of further spreading this disease. +So far as known chestnut trees from west of the Wabash River are free +from infection. From Illinois, there have recently been introduced +several varieties of chestnut supposedly of pure American parentage +which are quite the equal in size of the European sorts but which have +the sweet flavor of true American strains. In protected places in the +southern part of the Lower Peninsula these chestnuts should be well +worthy of trial. They are, indeed, splendid chestnuts. The principal +varieties are the Rochester, Progress, Fuller and Boone. The last is not +related to the others; but is the result of an artificial cross between +the American sweet chestnut and the Japan Giant.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Hickory</span></h4> + +<p>Next to, or perhaps equal to the black walnut, the hickories are among +the best known of Michigan's nut trees. Belonging to the same family as +do the walnuts, they require much the same soil for their best +development. They are slower of growth and even harder to bud and graft +or to successfully transplant. Nevertheless, some of hickories bear +splendid nuts in liberal quantities. Quite a number of good varieties +have been named and a few propagated. They are mainly of the shagbark +species although some are shellbarks, some pignuts, and a few hybrids. +The true shellbark is not found in Michigan and would probably not +succeed there as well as do others. In character of growth, the +shellbark is much like the shagbark but the nuts are much larger, and +the shells extremely thick. Among the good shagbarks there are the +Swaim, Weiker, Kentucky, Manahan, Taylor and Vest.</p> + +<p>True hickories ordinarily do not attain important habits of bearing +until from 15 to 25 years of age.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Pecan</span></h4> + +<p>The pecan is easily the favorite and most important nut of American +origin. Contrary to current ideas, it is not an introduced species<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> nor +are the best pecans grown in California. The pecan has become one of the +leading nuts of this country by rapid but natural processes. In the +forests, it is indigenous as far north as the southern part of Indiana, +and in western Illinois it is found at the latitude of Chicago. Seedling +trees at South Haven and on the campus of Michigan Agricultural College +have borne occasional crops but the climate of Michigan is too severe +for pecans to bear regularly. The trees of northern origin should do +well enough over much of lower Michigan to be worthy of planting. Good +varieties are the Major, Greenriver, Niblack, Indiana, Busseron and +Posey.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Black Walnut</span></h4> + +<p>Already the black walnut had been referred to in this article. In its +further behalf may be said that like the pecan it is one of America's +most rapid growing valuable trees. It does not grow with the speed of a +poplar, a willow, or a linden. Neither does any other tree of value or +longevity. Two 6-year-old trees of the eastern black walnut grown in the +Wiliamette Valley of Western Oregon, bore approximately a peck of nuts +apiece, in 1919, when they were photographed by the writer. In good soil +and under favorable conditions of growth, it will be seen that the black +walnut is not always slow in developing but that it is sometimes a rapid +grower.</p> + +<p>Three varieties of black walnut are now available from the nurserymen. +They are the Thomas from Pennsylvania, the Ohio from some 20 miles south +of Toledo, and the Stabler from Howard County, Maryland 15 or 20 miles +outside the District of Columbia. All are prolific, precocious and of +superior cracking quality. The Thomas was discovered and first +propagated some 30 years ago. The young grafted trees show a tendency to +begin bearing in the nursery rows.</p> + +<p>At the present time, the black walnut is regarded as being of greater +promise for planting in the northern states than is any other species +either native or introduced.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Japanese Walnut</span></h4> + +<p>To a considerable extent this species has been confused with the Persian +walnut, although the two are quite unlike. This is a dwarfish species +with dull green rough leaflets often as many as 15 or 17 per leaf, which +often bears nuts in clusters of a dozen or more. While green the outer +hulls of the nuts are rough, and somewhat sticky.</p> + +<p>The Persian walnut is a standard-sized upright growing tree with bright +green leaflets, usually 5 to 7 per leaf, and smooth, round nut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> hulls +which split open and shed the nuts automatically.</p> + +<p>The Japanese walnuts hybridize freely with other species of walnuts and +produce nuts of all types; not infrequently crosses of this kind +resemble butternuts so closely as to be practically indistinguishable +from them.</p> + +<p>True Japanese walnuts have a range in form of two distinct types. The +better known is of guinea egg shape; the other, often known as the +heartnut, is of distinct heart shape. Neither is large; the former is of +about the size of a guinea egg or smaller; the latter is still smaller. +Both are like the black walnut in being encased in a rough outer husk, +which upon maturing shrivels and adheres to the surface of the nut. The +shells are thinner than are those of the black walnut, but thicker than +are those of the Persian walnut. When well matured, the shell of the +heartnut tends to open slightly at the apex, after which it can be +readily split in half with a knife blade. The flavor of the kernel is +much like that of the American butternut.</p> + +<p>The Japanese walnut is ordinarily hardy wherever the black succeeds. It +is by no means uncommon in Michigan where it is especially appropriate +for family planting. For the present, seedling trees will have to be +relied upon almost wholly, as very few varieties have been propagated. +So far as the writer is informed, the only named variety available from +a northern nursery is the Lancaster introduced by J. F. Jones, a +nurseryman at Lancaster, Pa.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Persian Walnut</span></h4> + +<p>Perhaps no species of nut tree has attracted as great attention in +Michigan as has the Persian walnut. Under some conditions it does well +for a time in the eastern or northeastern states, but on the whole its +performance is distinctly erratic. Commercially speaking, it is of +importance in this country only on the Pacific coast. Trees on the +campus at Michigan Agricultural College and at many private places in +the central part of the state, have come to little. Usually they grow +well in summer only to freeze back nearly as much in winter. In Saranac +County, eastern Michigan, close to Lake Huron there are a few young +orchards that are in good condition, but a half mile back from the lake +the results are discouraging. The same is true next to Lake Michigan +from Grand Rapids south to the Indiana line.</p> + +<p>The only recommendations that can be made relative to planting the +Persian walnut in Michigan are, that it be planted very cautiously in +any part of the state and except under very favored circumstances it be +not at all in the middle of the state.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> + +<p>Do not undertake to grow the trees by planting the nuts or by buying +seedlings. The most desirable trees are those of hardy varieties, budded +on the black walnut as a stock a foot or more above ground.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Filbert</span></h4> + +<p>The filbert has been one of our tantalizing species of nut trees. In +England, trees grow to ages of from one to two hundred years, bearing +profusely meanwhile. There, for many years, they are grown under apple +trees with currants below them. In Germany, we are told that +strawberries are grown below the currants and gooseberries. We are +waiting for the Yankee who will be first to grow peanuts or potatoes +below strawberries. In the eastern part of this country, plants of the +European kinds are disappointing in two ways. First, they are uncertain +as to their ability to bear; and second, they are highly susceptible to +a fungus disease found everywhere that the native hazels abound. The +native species is quite able to resist this disease, but the +introductions ordinarily succumb to it quickly.</p> + +<p>In the Pacific Northwest, where by many filbert culture is believed +destined to become a successful and paying industry within the next few +years, not infrequently some varieties begin to blossom as early as in +December. The blooming is largely responsible for the failure of eastern +trees to set and mature crops of nuts.</p> + +<p>Several nurserymen are now endeavoring to find varieties of commercial +value in the eastern part of the country. Apparently they are meeting +with some success as far as their work has gone. Many of the varieties +they are testing are proving inferior, but a few have borne good nuts in +gratifying quantity for several years. During the past winter, a good +many froze severely, although they are commonly hardy under severe +weather.</p> + +<p>Wherever they are planted, they should have fertile soil, from 20 to 25 +feet of space each way and should be trained to tree form. After 10 +years or so, they should be headed back severely, unless regular pruning +has been practiced in the meantime. Filberts fruit only on new wood.</p> + +<p>To those who have read this article to this point, it is now apparent +that the nut industry of Michigan lies almost wholly in the future. The +native varieties form an excellent ground work for that future, but to +properly take advantage of that base, it will be necessary for +practically every nut lover in the state to lend a helping hand. The +first great movement necessary is to examine the nuts in the fall as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +ripen in order to find the best of the walnuts, hickories, native +hazels, beeches and introduced chestnuts, walnuts and filberts. In this +everyone can help. Whoever finds a tree of any kind bearing superior +nuts will render a great service by sending specimens, together with his +or her address and that of the owner of the tree to the Federal +Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., or to Willard G. Bixby, +Treasurer of the Association, Baldwin, Nassau County, N. Y. Be sure to +carefully note the exact tree, from which the nuts were obtained and if +specimens are sent from more than one tree, they should be kept separate +and each carefully labeled. Such nuts will be examined and if found to +be the equal or superior to the varieties already being grown, they will +be named and arrangements made for this propagation and test.</p> + +<p>No prizes are given by the Government but good nuts sent the Government +will be eligible to entry in the contest of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. If enough specimens are sent the Department, some will be +forwarded to the Treasurer of that Association who has charge of awards.</p> + +<p>According to very recent reports, the outlook for a nut crop during the +coming year was never better. This should, therefore, be an excellent +year for finding the trees bearing the best nuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I believe Mr. Reed expects to give an +additional talk tonight with lantern slides.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: There will be an informal talk, a question box +this evening for the benefit of any interested in the general discussion +of nut culture in the United States. I notice the guests of the +institution are deeply interested in nut growing in their particular +states; so the arrangement for this evening is to give those persons an +opportunity to come out and ask questions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: While Mr. Reed is on that subject, I would like to +ask if there is a chestnut as large as the Boone or other chestnuts +grown by Mr. Riehl of as good flavor as the American Sweet chestnut. A +good many people are asking me from time to time what the merit is in +those large chestnuts. Invariably they have found that the quality is +not as good as in the American sweet chestnut. I have been assured and +Mr. Reed says that the kernel of these is very good. I wonder if there, +are some of them better than others—of the very large chestnuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: There is a difference. The Boone that Mr. +Olcott refers to is a cross between the American species and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +Japanese. The Japanese has not a good flavor; it is considerably below +that of the American; but the Boone is quite good; but there are some of +Mr. Riehl's chestnuts that are better. Mr. Riehl's are believed to be +the pure American sweet chestnuts and some of them are very good, +perhaps not quite as sweet as our American sweet, but they are +exceedingly satisfactory and very popular in the Chicago markets where +Mr. Riehl's chestnuts are going.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: This fall I received a chestnut which I am satisfied +was Japanese, which is very large, and seemingly about as sweet as the +American. I did not have the American there to test it by, but it was +very interesting to me, and I am planning to get scions in the spring to +follow it up further. It was seemingly a Japanese chestnut, and pretty +nearly as large as the Boone.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. F. Jones</span>: I might say that so far as I have tested them, +some of the Japanese are quite sweet, but the meat is generally tough, +not brittle and sweet like the American.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I believe Mr. Linton is with us, and we shall +be glad to hear from him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NUT TREES FOR HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC PLACES</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">William S. Linton, Saginaw, Michigan</span></h4> + + +<p>For a number of years it has been a source of gratification and pleasure +to me to be identified with the membership of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. True, "a long distance membership only," but nevertheless a +connection that all must admit has borne fruit, or nuts, as you may +prefer to state it.</p> + +<p>To this association and its official journal must be given full credit +for the pioneer work in a great and good movement that will sweep, not +only over the United States, but over every clime and county in the +world's Western hemisphere as well. Your seed sown in the peninsular +state of Michigan, was the first to sprout in a substantial way in so +far as public planting of nut trees by a sovereign state is concerned, +and it was our good fortune to have as staunch supporters for the plan +such able and persistent workers as my good friend, Senator Harvey A. +Penney of Saginaw, Professor A. K. Chittenden of the Michigan +Agricultural College, and last, but not least, Honorable Frank F. +Rogers, Michigan's excellent State Highway Commissioner. Upon the latter +will largely devolve the duty of carrying out the law's provisions, as +provided in Senator Penney's bill passed at the last ses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>sion of the +Legislature, and that it will be well and practically done, goes without +saying.</p> + +<p>And now to my theme, "Should the Country Roadsides be Planted and Why." +The present high cost of living, and in fact the cost of living at any +time is a fruitful and serious problem. Our vast natural resources +during the century gone, of forests, of game, and of grazing lands, have +almost to the point of extinction been rapidly passing away, and it +behooves us, who have profited thereby and now owe a duty to our race to +artificially provide wherever and whenever we can for the future of +humankind. In what better way can this be done than in utilizing the +immense acreage of America's vast system of highways, (now absolutely +wasted except for the sole purpose of travel), to reproduce the very +finest of our country's magnificent trees, to again afford beauty, +grateful shade, valuable timber and the choicest of food in great +abundance for the generations to come.</p> + +<p>Were this not a convention devoted to the advancement of nut growing +alone, I would be glad to extol also for road planting fruit trees of +every kind of adequate size and character, and free or nearly so, from +the ravages of disease or insect pest, would be glad to praise the +stately, hard maple, with its clear, sweet sap, producing the syrup and +sugar that are the delight of childhood and age, and would be glad to +recommend the useful basswood with its valuable lumber and its fragrant +yellow flowers, producing that nectar from which our most delicious +honey is made, and would be glad to recommend for our highways, certain +other majestic trees needed by man and beautiful in the landscape.</p> + +<p>But the object of this association and convention is a specialized one, +as undoubtedly it should be, owing to the important field it covers, and +therefore the nut trees and it alone for planting on highways and in +public places should be the subject of this paper.</p> + +<p>If we were to confine ourselves to one native variety or species for our +Northern territory, the great majority of people would unhesitatingly +say, let it be the Black Walnut (<i>Juglans nigra</i>). Attaining as it does +a height of 100 feet and more, and a trunk of four feet and over in +diameter, with a symmetrical top of splendid foliage, bearing the +richest of nuts and its timber the most valuable in the country, with a +natural range extending from Michigan to Mississippi and from Delaware +to the Dakotas, it should be universally planted throughout the United +States along thousands of miles of our great trunk line roads.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p> + +<p>Its nearest American relative, the butternut (<i>Juglans cinerea</i>) +preferring lower lands along river bottoms, attaining an average height +of 60 feet with a trunk of 3 feet, its wood suitable for cabinet work, +its bark with medicinal properties, and its nuts of splendid flavor, +should be planted where soil conditions call for it.</p> + +<p>For their rich, delicious nuts, alone, saying nothing about their clean, +handsome foliage, their rough, strong wood—the best of any grown for +many purposes—the hickories, among which are the Shagbark (<i>Carya +ovata</i>) and the big shellbark (<i>Carya laciniosa</i>), should be planted in +many places. They both frequently attain 100 feet in height with +straight sturdy trunks averaging from three to four feet in diameter.</p> + +<p>The other nut trees suitable for roadside planting, are not specially +attractive to mankind for their fruits, as heretofore used or utilized, +but may eventually become so under modern methods of cooking or proper +treatment. In their raw state, however, all are edible and also +palatable to most people, but their chief food value today, is to +provide rich provender to domestic animals and birds, or the desirable +wild life of the woodlands, all of which devour them eagerly, adding +quickly to their weight and greatly to their quality and flavor of their +flesh. I refer to the three magnificent oaks producing sweet acorns, +viz., the White Oak (<i>Quercus albaq</i>), the Bur Oak (<i>Quercus +macrocarpa</i>) and the Swamp White Oak (<i>Quercus plantanoides</i>). They are +all emblematic of great strength and grandeur, reaching the majestic +height of 100 feet, with trunks four or five feet in diameter; the leaf +coloring at times is indescribably beautiful and the timber owing to its +great solidity and strength is of the utmost value.</p> + +<p>Last, but not least, the American beech, with a three or four foot trunk +and almost 100 feet in height, distinct and beautiful, will demand the +attention of those who plant our highways. Its nuts, feasted upon by +many forest denizens, may be classed with the sweet acorns heretofore +referred to, but the tree has a grace and charm all its own and it +thrives from the warm waters of the Gulf to the icy shores of Lake +Superior.</p> + +<p>At this time we cannot recommend what has been a noble, almost +fascinating tree, 100 feet its usual height and sometimes spreading 100 +feet almost in extent, with a trunk that in some cases reached a +diameter of 10 feet, with clusters of golden catkins fragrant in +midsummer, resulting in great quantities of delicious nuts in autumn. +Such was the chestnut, <i>Castanea dentata</i>, of the past, the fate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> of +which, and almost extinction, has been a tragedy in the ranks of our +native trees that has brought bitter regrets to all lovers of this +partician of the forest. Good news comes from the far East, however, to +the effect that some specimens of this famous tree have escaped or +proven immune to the blight, and if the latter, it means the saving of +the species and its replanting in soil and territory where it may thrive +as of yore.</p> + +<p>Having now enumerated the varieties of trees that should be selected in +the main for the planting of highways and in public places, the question +now arises as to the best method of carrying on the work in a practical +way throughout the country.</p> + +<p>Individuals or small communities certainly can not be depended upon to +do it, as the result would be of a patchwork character that would not be +pleasing to the eye or beneficial in its results.</p> + +<p>Only federal, state and municipal governments can take charge of this +great work and carry it forward to completion.</p> + +<p>The State of Michigan, now as you know, by legal enactment, causes state +authorities to plant the trunk line, highways, the county to plant the +roads of the county systems, and the cities and villages and townships +those minor roads that are within their borders.</p> + +<p>In case of individual effort, where an owner of land plants +food-producing trees along the highways in front of his property, he is +reimbursed by stated amounts covering each tree so planted, the returns +coming to him by a reduction in the amount of his own taxation.</p> + +<p>This so-called Michigan plan carried on throughout the entire country, +would call for a supply of trees of the character named far beyond the +ability of the commercial growers to supply, and in my opinion can be +worked out only by seed or seedlings of the various varieties. And why +not? The cost would be much less than of any other method, and only a +few years would pass before substantial returns would commence to come. +It has been stated and it is true, that the seeds of the trees named do +not always produce superior nuts, but in a great majority only those of +a common or inferior kind. However, choice specimens will appear also, +and from these of the better class grafting may be done to enrich all.</p> + +<p>Then again, it is a question as to whether the important tap roots of +the important nut species should be disturbed or destroyed in +transplanting. It would seem to be the proper plan, therefore, in order +to avoid too great an expense, that the nuts or seed should be used in a +great majority of highway planting, the trees to remain where first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +placed on approved roadside lines, and the proper distance apart.</p> + +<p>It may be said that too great a time would elapse between the planting +of the seed and the maturity of the tree, but as time goes nowadays, it +would not be an unreasonable period, and there are those within the +sound of my voice now, who will witness in their maturity the +magnificent trees producing their valuable products and adding to the +beauty of the landscape and to the welfare of mankind.</p> + +<p>This Association has been the pioneer in this great movement, and it +will be the credit to those connected therewith in the generations to +come, in that they have all contributed in a very marked degree to the +everlasting benefit of mankind.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Is there any discussion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I believe Senator Penney is to discuss a topic +very closely affiliated with this one and perhaps it would be well to +defer the discussion until we hear his address.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: We will be glad to have Senator Penney present +his paper next, then. It is along the same lines—legislation in regard +to tree planting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: When my friend, Mr. Linton, started off to +discuss his paper, he said he was a long distance member, and you can +see the effect in the fruits he has borne or the nuts he has borne. Ever +since I was taken sick up north, he has been trying to tell me I was a +nut. I was taken sick up there in the deer hunting camp, and my friend, +Mr. Linton, assisted in getting me out and rushing me to the nearest +hospital, and it happened to be an insane asylum in northern Michigan.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>LEGISLATION REGARDING THE PLANTING OF NUT AND OTHER FOOD PRODUCING TREES</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Senator Harvey A. Penney, Saginaw, Michigan</span></h4> + + +<p>I wish to express my hearty appreciation to your Association for the +distinct honor of being invited to address your meeting upon the subject +of "Legislation Regarding the Planting of Nut and Other Food Trees." I +believe that my invitation came as a result of having been responsible +for introducing a tree-planting bill in the Senate of the 1919 session +of the Michigan State Legislature, and later in securing its passage.</p> + +<p>This bill purported "to regulate the planting of ornamental, +nut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>-bearing and other food-producing trees along the highways of the +State of Michigan, or in public places, and for the maintenance, +protection and care of such trees, and to provide a penalty for injury +thereof, or for stealing the products thereof."</p> + +<p>For several sessions of the Michigan Legislature prior to 1919, bills +had been introduced intending to accomplish this result, but each time +heretofore they have regularly failed to pass. This fate included one +introduced by the writer during the session of 1917. I am now fully +convinced that none of these bills, although a step in the right +direction, seemed to provide the proper working machinery or necessary +features to put them into practical operation, and hence did not appeal +to the legislative committees, nor to the members of the several +legislatures.</p> + +<p>During the regular session of 1919, with the valuable assistance of Hon. +W. S. Linton of Saginaw, a new bill was prepared providing an entirely +new method of supplying and planting such trees, and for putting such a +law into effective operation under the jurisdiction of the state. It was +made to work in harmony with the rights of the property owner adjoining +the highway, and with the duties of those state officials whose +departments were perfectly adapted and equipped for putting the law into +active operation.</p> + +<p>I am going to attach an enrolled copy of the tree planting bill at the +end of this paper, so that it may be made a part of the permanent +records of the Association. It will therefore be unnecessary to give a +detailed account of all the provisions contained therein.</p> + +<p>I will, however, mention a few of the principal points so that you may +understand its purpose. It provides that the Public Domain Commission +which has charge of the state forest reserve lands and parks, together +with the Michigan Agricultural College, are given authority to grow and +acquire suitable seeds, scions or trees for planting under the +provisions of this act. A department of the Agricultural College +determines the kind of trees which are adapted or suitable for planting +in different soils or places. In order to insure a uniform system of +planting, this duty is left to the State Highway Commission and the +State Board of Agriculture, acting jointly. The trees belong to the +state, but the nuts or other products belong to the owner of the land +adjoining the highway. A penalty is imposed if these trees are defaced +with advertisements or signs, and neither can they be cut down or +destroyed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> + +<p>But just as you find legislatures differing in their opinions upon +public matters, so you must expect them to differ more or less upon the +feasibility of most any bill that is presented for their consideration. +All kinds of arguments are made for and against any bill. I remember +that one Senator in the committee thought that trees planted along the +highways bearing nuts or fruit would constantly be subject to a lot of +tampering and molestation by the traveling public. But another Senator +came back with a reply that seemed to be very convincing, when he stated +that he had a fine row of cherry trees growing along the front of his +farm, and had never experienced any trouble of that kind from such a +source.</p> + +<p>I have always felt that if the merits of a good bill were properly +explained to a legislature committee, there will be no hesitancy in +having it favorably reported out and finally passed. I believe the +legislature of 1919 took this view of the tree planting bill introduced +by myself, as it was passed by both the Senate and the House, and later +received the signature of Governor Sleeper, thus making it an +established law of Michigan.</p> + +<p>I must not forget to mention the fact that after this bill had been +passed by the legislature and still needed the signature of the Governor +to make it a law, a number of Michigan's representative and influential +citizens wrote to Governor Sleeper, urging him to affix his signature +thereto. Among those was Dr. J. H. Kellogg of Battle Creek, who has more +than a nation-wide reputation in his profession and is at present a +strong factor in the success of this association.</p> + +<p>This law is intended not only to ornament the public highways of +Michigan, but also to furnish nut bearing and other food-producing trees +that should assist materially in the problems incident to the high cost +of living. It would seem that such a law should be duplicated in every +state where practicable, and also be promoted by the National Government +upon National Highways.</p> + +<p>The people of Michigan recently voted to amend the State Constitution so +as to permit the issuance of $50,000,000.00 worth of bonds for the +improvement of public highways. By the time that this large sum has been +apportioned over a period of say ten years, and the road moneys +furnished and expended during this time, as federal aid by the federal +government, local counties and townships are added thereto, it has been +estimated that the vast sum of nearly $200,000,000.00 will have been +used solely for the improvement of our state highways.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> + +<p>With a wonderful highway system thus established, beautifully adorned by +the state with nut-bearing and other trees, the roads of Michigan should +become a great attraction in which our citizens would not only have a +just pride, but serve as a model of excellence for the whole nation to +imitate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: Mr. President, I would like to ask the Senator +what danger there is likely to be in the protection of these trees when +they are once planted. Is the tree going to have right of way, or is the +telephone company going to have right of way in cutting out the top; or +is a new bred consciousness going to have authority. If it is possible +that the trees will be destroyed as many have been, perhaps the +legislation may be changed in some way. Suppose we want to give them +good care, what are we going to do?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: The law has a section in it providing for +defacing and damaging the trees or cutting them down. I have a copy of +the bill there. As my throat is in bad shape perhaps it might be well to +have the secretary read the bill. It is not very long.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Linton</span>: In this connection I would also ask for the reading +of the bill by the secretary. This is a bill that may be copied by other +states throughout the Union, and if there is any criticism that is just, +in reason, for changing any of the features in the bill, they should be +decided upon at this meeting or by a committee. Because a uniform bill +throughout the country is really something desirable, I think, in +connection with this legislation. And I would add further: Michigan does +not have an entire monopoly of Highway legislation at the present time, +but is in a prominent position in connection therewith. The chairman of +the committee on post offices and post roads of the United States Senate +is Senator Townsend, of this State. It is his bill that will cause the +national highways to be constructed from ocean to ocean. Senator +Townsend is one of our best beloved citizens; his heart is in this work; +and I am sure from what I know of him (and he is a close friend of mine) +that he will enter heartily into the spirit of embodying in national +legislation something of the character that we have in state legislation +in Michigan so that it may apply to the whole country as well. And for +that reason I would like to have the bill read. It is a short one, and +any additions or any amendments thereto I know will be gladly received +by Senator Penny or myself.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: Mr. President, I think that is one of the most +important subjects that can come before this Association; not only +that,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> but the interest of every member should be enlisted particularly +in this subject. The possibilities of the extension of that work are +almost unlimited and directly in line with the objects of this +organization.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I am just wondering whether we would have time +to have it read now, or postpone it to a little later. Dr. Kellogg is +with us now.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: This bill is very short. (Read bill.)<br /><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><span class="left">Senate Bill No. 59 (File No. 150)</span><span class="right">Introduced by Senator Penney</span><br /></p> + + +<h3>STATE OF MICHIGAN</h3> +<h4>50th Legislature</h4> +<p class='center'>Regular Session of 1919<br /> +SENATE ENROLLED ACT NO. 18</p> + +<p>An act to regulate the planting of ornamental, nut bearing or other +food producing trees along the highways of the State of Michigan, +or in public places, and for the maintenance, protection and care +of such trees and to provide a penalty for injury thereof, or for +stealing the products thereof.</p> + +<p>The People of the State of Michigan enact</p> + +<p>Section 1. The State Highway Commissioner and the State Board of +Agriculture, acting jointly hereunder, shall have authority and it +shall be their duty to select and plant by seed, scions or +otherwise, ornamental, nut bearing, or other food producing trees, +(to be supplied by the Public Domain Commission, or the Michigan +Agricultural College, as may be recommended or approved by the +Division of Agriculture of said college,) suitable for shade trees, +along the State trunk line highways and all other highways of the +State of Michigan, upon which State reward has been paid or earned:</p> + +<p>Provided, that in no case shall such trees be planted except by and +with the consent of the owner of the property adjoining such +highway. The State Highway Commissioner shall establish rules and +regulations for uniform planting or proper placing of all trees +under the provisions of this act, and all such trees shall belong +to the State, but the products thereof shall belong to the owners +of the adjacent land. Nothing herein contained shall authorize the +State Highway Commissioner, or the State Board of Agriculture to +cut down or interfere with shade trees now growing along any such +highway, without permission in writing from the owner of the +adjoining property. All expenses incurred in carrying out the +provisions of this section shall be paid out of any moneys in the +State highway fund that may be available therefor.</p> + +<p>Section 2. Counties, townships, cities and villages may annually +appropriate money to be used in planting, pruning and protecting, +and whenever necessary in acquiring shade, nut bearing and +ornamental trees to be placed along and within the respective +limits of said municipalities. The expenditure of any such fund +shall be vested in the highway commissioner in the case of county +roads, and in the proper highway authorities of the city or village +as the case may be.</p> + +<p>Section 3. The owner of any real estate in the State of Michigan +that borders upon a legal highway upon which State reward has not +been paid, shall have the right to plant said approved ornamental, +nut bearing, or other food producing trees along the line of said +highway adjoining said land, and shall receive annually a credit of +five cents upon his highway repair tax for each tree so planted by +him and growing in good order, not less than six feet in height +when planted and not less than twenty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> and not more than forty feet +apart. All of said trees and their products shall belong to the +owner of said land: Provided, that no bounty shall be paid or +deduction allowed under the provision of this section upon any one +tree or row of trees for a longer period than five years. The owner +of such trees shall have the care thereof and shall have the duty +and responsibility for the trimming, spraying and cultivation +thereof.</p> + +<p>Section 4. The Michigan Agricultural College and Public Domain +Commission are hereby authorized to grow and acquire suitable +seeds, scions or trees for planting under the provisions of this +act, and to establish proper rules and regulations for distributing +the same at nominal cost, or otherwise, to counties, townships, +cities, villages, and citizens of the State for the aforesaid +purpose, and also for State parks or other public places.</p> + +<p>Section 5. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy, injure, deface or +break any ornamental, nut bearing, food producing or shade tree +upon any public highway or place, except where such trees shall +interfere with the proper construction or maintenance of such +highways. It shall be unlawful to affix to any such tree any +picture, announcement, play-bill, notice or advertisement, or to +paint or mark such tree, except for the purpose of protecting it, +or to negligently permit any animal to break down, injure or +destroy any such tree within the limits of any public highway. Any +person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty +of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a +fine of not less than one dollar or more than twenty-five dollars, +and in default of payment of any such fine may be imprisoned in the +county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days. Such person +shall be liable to the owner of the trees for treble the amount of +damages sustained.</p> + +<p class='center'> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 4em;">Luren D. Dickinson</span>,<br /> +Lieutenant Governor, President of the Senate.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 4em;">Tom Reed</span>,<br /> +Speaker of the House of Representatives.</p> + + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Approved, March 28, 1919.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 4em;">Albert E. Sleeper</span>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Governor.</span> +</p> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: Mr. Chairman, I <i>move</i> that before adjournment +the chairman appoint a committee of three members of this association to +carefully review this bill and either report in favor of any suggestions +that they may wish to make in regard to its amendment or give approval +of the bill as it stands.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Linton</span>: I support the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: It is moved and seconded that the chairman +appoint a committee of three to carry out the recommendations. All in +favor say Aye; contrary, No. It is <span class="smcap">Carried</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: That law is adjusted to the laws of Michigan +and any other state proposed would have to adjust it to fit their laws.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I would like to have Mr. C. A. Reed on that +committee, Mr. Olcott and Dr. Morris.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>: Then, Mr. President, in addition to that we are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +going to take the liberty of adding an <i>ex officio</i> member, Mr. +Littlepage, an ex-president and also a good thoroughgoing nut.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: My understanding is the provision for six-ft. trees. +Six foot nut trees unless they have been transplanted several times will +hardly succeed. I would say use small trees along the highway.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I think that would need to be worked out. I +think a six foot tree is a little dangerous in some varieties. The +committee might find it wise to offer some suggestions in that line.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: If you plant a tree six feet high, you are sure of +having a tree there.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I believe Dr. Kellogg is about ready now, and +we will hear from Dr. Kellogg whom you are all acquainted with.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE SOY BEAN</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan</span></h4> + + +<p>It is evident that the live stock industry is shriveling up. The +livestock inhabitants of the country—the pigs, sheep and cattle—are +much smaller in population at the present time than they were +twenty-five or thirty years ago, and are getting smaller all the time. +The price of meat is high and is going to continue to climb. It is away +out of reach of the average laboring man even at the present time. I +heard Dr. Charley Mayo say at a clinic not long ago that meat is so high +he could not afford to eat it and he didn't see how anybody could; and +as a matter of fact, he didn't need it anyhow, and so we could easily +get along without it. As a matter of fact, as Mr. Bill said some years +ago it is not really so much the high cost of living as it is the cost +of high living; and the use of meat is such an extravagant and expensive +thing it is very important that people should know how to get along +without meat.</p> + +<p>The experimenters of the agricultural experiment stations have shown us +that it takes thirty-three pounds of dry digestible food substance to +make one pound of beef—31 or 32 pounds to make a pound of beef, and 33 +or 34 pounds to make a pound of mutton. Seven pounds of digestible food +substance will make a pound of dry milk. So we can readily see that +there is an enormous waste of foodstuff. Only about ten per cent of the +corn raised is used for feeding human beings. The rest is fed to animals +and a large part of it is wasted.</p> + +<p>So it is exceedingly important, it seems to me, that this nut industry +should be encouraged in every way. A half million acres of nut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> trees +well advanced and producing would produce all of the fat and more +digestible fat, and all the protein and more digestible protein, than we +are now using in the entire country. We are producing more than enough +food in corn and other foodstuffs to feed nearly three times our present +population, and most of it is wasted in the energy which the hog, the +steer and other animals use up in running around and keeping warm. That +is where the great loss comes. In nuts we have a choice foodstuff as +digestible as any other foodstuff, and Prof. Torrey and Prof. Mendel and +others who have recently made experiments have shown that the protein of +the nut and the protein of vegetables in general is not so putrescible +as the protein of meats. There are good reasons for it. It does not +undergo putrefaction so readily any way, and besides meat carries along +with it the bacteria which produce putrefaction.</p> + +<p>Meat is the filthiest thing that goes upon our tables. If the number of +bacteria in milk was as great as the number of bacteria in meat, nobody +would think of eating it. If the bacteria in water were as numerous as +in milk, no one would be willing to drink the water. It is a very +curious thing that we permit in milk and in meat a condition of things +we would not tolerate in air or water for a moment. Every morsel of meat +a person eats contains some billions of the bacteria of the very worst +sort. Bacteria found in meat are those which produce colitis, +appendicitis, abscesses of the teeth and diseased conditions of the +tonsils. They predispose to a good many infectious diseases of the +intestine, and no doubt predispose to cancer. It is pretty well +established at the present time that cancer is a disease of meat eating +men and animals. About one cow in fifty has cancer, whereas every +seventh dog taken to a hospital sick is found to have cancer. Dr. Mayo +recently gathered some statistics on this matter, and he told me and +some other doctors that dogs under eight years of age, every fourth one +has cancer; every third one of dogs ten years of age has cancer, and +half of all the dogs over twelve years of age have cancer and would die +of it if left to themselves. These statements were based on laboratory +animals that were killed when they were well and not sick, so the +observation ought to be fairly reliable.</p> + +<p>I was to say particularly a few words about the soy bean. I am not going +to try to tell you very much about it, because I do not know very much +about it. If you want to learn all about it, you can easily do so by +writing to Mr. W. J. Morse, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' Bul<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>letin 973, one +of the very best on this subject, tells all about the culture of this +exceedingly useful legume. The soy bean is really the beefsteak of China +and Japan. In those oriental countries, soy beans have been used for +centuries. It is more nearly like a nut than a bean. Perhaps I better +show you the pictures first, and then have the curtains raised so we can +get a better inspection of the beans.</p> + +<p>The composition of the soy bean is very remarkably different from that +of the ordinary bean. It contains forty per cent of fat, on the average +and about forty per cent of protein—sometimes more than forty per cent. +The protein is sixty per cent more than in our best ordinary foods; and +the fat is five or six times as much as that found in the ordinary bean.</p> + +<p>A thousand different varieties of the soy bean have been gathered by the +Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture at Washington. +Five hundred of these varieties have been tested, and thirty or forty of +them have been found to be adapted to this country, and very useful. You +can see in this picture the great mass of pods to be found growing on +the plant. This slide shows how unusually well they grow in the field. +You can see the pods scattered all through the plant. A large part of +the foliage is made up of pods. This is one of our own fields of the +beans that we raised this year. It is rather difficult to raise the bean +in this latitude, because it requires a long time to mature. It requires +about 110 days for some varieties. We have, however, a variety we raised +here that we got from the agricultural department of Ontario. We found +it matured very well indeed in 120 days. We planted the bean here the +first week in May and harvested it the first week in September; so its +season was about 120 days. I found this particular bean was new to the +agricultural department at Washington, and have sent them some of the +seed, and I think they are going to make some trial of it.</p> + +<p>This is a view of a field of the Hahto variety which is a particularly +fine variety for use as a shelled bean. In China the soy bean is very +little used as we use beans. They do not cook the bean and eat it as we +do; but instead they make it into a cheese which they call tofu, and +this cheese is made by soaking the beans, grinding them into a pulp, +then boiling for ten or fifteen minutes with about five volumes of +water; then the milky mass is precipitated with sulphate of magnesia or +citric acid, a very small amount because they use it as a curd. I have +here a sample of the curd which I will pass around in a moment for you +to see. This picture shows this curd pressed in large cakes. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> soy +bean curd is stored on wooden trays in a dark room. It is also stored in +large earthen jars. They cure it and make cheese out of it which very +closely resembles our American milk cheese. They also use the beans for +sprouting.</p> + +<p>The bean lacks only two things. It lacks lime and the fat-soluble +vitamines. It contains a considerable amount of the fat-soluble +vitamines. It is one of the very few seeds that is found to contain a +sufficient amount of the fat-soluble vitamine to promote growth, so that +animals will grow and develop normally on the bean alone without any +other sort of fat-soluble vitamine. If the bean is sprouted, a large +amount of this fat-soluble vitamine is produced by the plant itself. +This is also found to be a valuable means of preventing scurvy—by +sprouting the beans in this way and using the sprouts as a salad. The +sprouts are used as a green vegetable. It is an easy way of getting +green vegetables at any season of the year. It takes the place of +ordinary greens.</p> + +<p>Here is a courtyard full of pots in which the fermented soy beans are +placed. This is a very interesting scheme they have for making a +substitute for meat extract. By this means they prepare an extract which +closely resembles extract of beef. In fact, it is rather a finer +flavored product than meat extracts. It is made by first cooking the +beans, spreading them out in the yard on trays and allowing a fungus to +grow, and after two or three weeks the whole mass is put into pots of +brine in the yard and allowed to remain there for a year or more, and at +the end of that time the brine has become soy sauce.</p> + +<p>This shows a mass of soy roots. It has been suggested it might be very +useful to nut growers as a means of fertilizing the soil, a crop which +will fertilize the soil for the trees and at the same time give a +valuable return for the labor and expense. The little nodules on the +roots are very numerous and show well here. They produce nitrogen, +concentrated nitrogen from the air as do the nodules on the roots of +alfalfa. The <i>Scientific American</i> recently stated that the soy bean is +one of the most promising of vegetables. It provides food for man and +beast. Given enough soy beans and granted the art of preparing them so +that they might be served as food having sufficient diversity and +palatableness, neither meat nor fish nor fat would be needed. In this +respect the Germans did not prepare for war. If they had had the soy +bean industry well developed it might have helped them through, and the +map of the world might have been seriously changed from what it now is.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + +<p>I think one of the finest of the soy beans is the Hahto variety. They +grow one or two in a pod. I saw some of these beans in the market in +Jerusalem forty years ago. When about three quarters grown and used as +shelled beans they are exceedingly palatable. If at the dinner table +today you will call for a soy bean omelet, you will be quite surprised. +Dr. Morris tried it this morning and was kind enough to say it was the +finest he ever ate.</p> + +<p>The soy bean is the best of a large part of the cookery of the orient. +We have been introducing it here the last few months, and it is very +palatable, very digestible, and our patients like it very much. If you +are interested in the soy bean, write, to W. J. Morse, or to the +Agricultural Department, Bureau of Plant Industry, and they will give +you a lot of interesting information about it. In starting the planting +of the bean, it is necessary to inoculate the soil as in the starting of +a planting of alfalfa.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Mr. Bixby has prepared a paper on "Judging +Nuts" which there is not now time for him to read. It will be inserted +in the proceedings at this point.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>JUDGING NUTS</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, Nassau Co., N. Y.</span></h4> + + +<p>That there are differences in nuts is apparent to everybody. The +selecting of the best nuts out of a lot of two or three usually presents +no difficulty, and, when the number of nuts to be judged amounts to a +dozen or so, it is generally possible to pick out the best, but, when +one has before him nuts from several hundred trees, the problem becomes +a very different one, and the person who tries to pick out the best from +such a lot soon becomes aware of his own limitations. If, in addition, +he has sufficient respect for consistency to try to be so exact in his +judgment as to be able to go over a large lot of nuts today, we will +say, and several months hence go over the same lot again and render the +same verdict on each one of them, he will doubtless give the matter up +as an impossibility, and yet that is just what is wanted and expected of +those who judge the nuts which are sent in to the annual contests, which +contests have resulted in bringing to the attention of the nut growing +world the nuts of so many fine trees.</p> + +<p>The experience of the last two or three years in being one of the judges +who passed on the nuts which were sent in to the contests convinced me, +almost at the start, of the desirability of getting methods<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> where it +would be possible to go over a large lot of nuts now and several months +hence, and render the same verdict on each one of them, but now how to +do it was not at first apparent, and the methods for doing it which will +be outlined are the results of much work, many attempts, and the +discarding of many of the methods tried.</p> + +<p>Considering the methods used in judging fruit, animals and fowl has +helped to some extent, but this assistance did not go far. The beginning +of improved methods of judging any of the above, is the establishment of +a score card, as it is called, which is nothing more than an enumeration +of the characteristics and a decision as to the relative value of each +one. Usually the values assigned to each characteristic are such that +when added up the total will be 100 points. Score cards of this +character are in general use.</p> + +<p>The first attempt to make a score card for use in judging the nuts to +which the Northern Nut Growers' Association gives its attention, so so +far as I am aware, was that of a committee of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association, which reported at the Fifth Annual Meeting at Evansville, +Ind., 1914, and which report will be found on page 20 of the report of +that meeting. Prof. E. R. Lake was chairman of the committee. The score +card for butternuts, black walnuts and hickories which it recommended is +noted below:</p> + + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><th align='left'>General Values</th><th align='right'>Points</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Size</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Form</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Color</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shell Values</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thinness</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cracking</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><th align='left'>Kernel Values</th><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Color</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Plumpness</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Flavor</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Quality</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>___</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Total</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>This score card has served as a basis for all the work that has been +done in judging nuts since that work has largely fallen to me. It was +early found desirable, however, to change the score card in one or two +respects, and it has since been changed two or three times as the +experience gained in judging nuts saw it was desirable. The score card +now in use is noted below:</p> + + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><th align='left'>General Values</th><th align='right'>Points</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weight</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Form</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Color</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><th align='left'>Shell Values</th><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Husking Quality</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thinness</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cracking Quality</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><th align='left'>Kernel Values</th><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Color</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Proportion of kernel 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Quality and Flavor</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>___</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Total</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The first time one attempts to judge a large number of nuts whether with +the aid of such a score card as that proposed by Prof. Lake's Committee +or without it, he gets into practical difficulties at once.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> These +difficulties are not with the score card but in its use. Take for +example the characteristic, size, the first one on Prof. Lake's score +card. How can a person tell from the nuts of a hundred hickory trees +which is the largest and which is the smallest and which are +intermediate; in short how can he arrange them in order of size, the +largest at one end of the line and the smallest at the other with a +uniform graduation in between. Anyone who tries to do such a thing +quickly finds that it is impossible to do this correctly if one has only +his eye to aid him in determining size. The inability to do so quickly +becomes apparent if a person tries to arrange such a lot of nuts in +order of size at one time and then several days later tries to arrange +the same lot of nuts in order of size again. It is almost certain that +they will not get arranged the same both times. The differences between +the nuts are usually so minute, and, what is more important, the +difficulties of correctly estimating size by the eye alone are so great +that it is practically impossible to do it. An expert on this point can +do it of course much better than one who is not, but even the expert is +only too well aware of his limitations and of the impossibility of +properly doing the above. The same difficulty is apparent with every +characteristic on the list and while judging by experts with the aid of +a score card, is, so far as I am aware, the method used in judging +fruit, farm animals, poultry, etc., the crudeness of this method is only +too evident to the experts themselves. Two or three years ago it seemed +very far inferior to what actually measuring these characteristics would +be, although such measurement at first seemed difficult, not to say +almost impossible. Much work has been done on this, and it is very +gratifying to say that this measurement has been found possible to an +extent that was not dreamed of before the work was started. Before +outlining the methods worked out to do this a little discussion will be +given on Prof. Lake's score card, the characteristics which it pointed +out, and the reason shown for changing some of them.</p> + +<p>Size is a characteristic which is apparent to everyone, yet the actual +measurement of size in the case of a large lot of nuts presents +difficulties which seem practically insurmountable. A serious attempt +was made to measure the length, breadth and height of the nuts examined +and gauges were made which should do this exactly and quickly. These +were finely discarded and the characteristic "weight" adopted in place +of size. This has to quite an extent replaced size in considering farm +products. When we used to buy potatoes by the bushel we used to get a +bushel basket full, now we get the legal weight of a bushel of pota<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>toes +and instances of this kind might be multiplied almost indefinitely. +While weight and size are not exactly the same thing, yet they are so to +a large extent in the case of a given commodity, such as nuts of one +species, and weight can be accurately and rapidly determined.</p> + +<p>Plumpness is another characteristic which we all understand as far as +the difference between a nut with a plump well filled kernel is +concerned, and one with a shriveled up kernel, but when it comes to +arranging the kernels of a lot of nuts in order of their plumpness, the +one who tries to do it becomes ready to give up before he really gets +started. It was found that the ratio of the weight of kernel to the +weight of the entire nut which is termed "proportion of kernel" was +never large in the case of a nut with shriveled kernel. It was small in +the case of a nut with a thick shell and a plump well filled kernel, +but, as stated above it was never large in the case of a nut with a +shriveled kernel and a good deal of work on the subject convinced me +that the characteristic "proportion of kernel" could be very well +substituted for plumpness.</p> + +<p>There seemed at the present time little use for separating flavor and +quality as there seemed to be some question as to what was intended by +the terms separately and so they were considered together. I would like +to state here that little consideration has so far been given as to +whether the number of points awarded for each characteristic are such as +to cause the nut that will ultimately be considered of most value +commercially to get the first prize or not. The score card of Prof. +Lake's seemed so good that it was thought far more important at present +to develop methods of measuring these characteristics. A careful study +of the nuts sent in to the contests, it was thought, would point out +most parts of the score card where improvement could be made, and this +has already proved to be so to a considerable extent. The methods of +quantitatively measuring the different characteristics and determining +the number of points to be awarded for each will be outlined one at a +time.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Weight</span>: This is determined by an accurate scale, one weighing +to 1/10 gram was used, and the same scale was used directly or +indirectly for determining six out of the nine characteristics +considered. In determining weight, five average nuts (as far as could be +determined by appearance) were weighed and the average weight +determined. Having at hand the weights of the largest and smallest nuts +of the species under examination, the largest nut was awarded 10 points +and the smallest 0 and the nuts of intermediate weight were awarded +inter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>mediate figures. The method of doing this will best be seen by +taking a specific instance e. g. the Lutz black walnut, the average +weight of which is 26.4g. The Alley black walnut, the average weight of +which is 10.0g is the smallest good black walnut which has come to our +attention, while the Armknecht black walnut which weighs 28.9g is the +largest one of which we know. The Armknecht black walnut would be +awarded 10 points for weight and the Alley 0 points and a table would be +made up for use in determining the number of points to be awarded for +intermediate weights as noted below:</p> + +<h4> +<span class="smcap">Black Walnuts—Weight</span></h4> + +<p class='center'>Heaviest Armknecht 28.9 grams; Lightest Alley 10.0 grams.</p> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><th colspan="2">Weight of nut.</th><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><th align='right'>Points.</th></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>28</td><td align='center'>grams</td><td align='center'>and</td><td align='center'>less</td><td align='center'>than</td><td align='right'>30</td><td align='center'>grams</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>26</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>28</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>24</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>26</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>22</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>24</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>20</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>22</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>18</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>20</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>16</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>14</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>12</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>14</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>10</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>After the average weight of five nuts of a given variety has been +determined, an inspection of the table shows at a glance the number of +points to be awarded for weight, which, in the case of the Lutz Black +walnut, is 9. In case a nut should be entered which was very much larger +or smaller than provided for, the table can be extended for use +temporarily. The table, however, should be revised before being used the +next year. For example, had a nut come in weighing 30.5 grams this might +have been awarded 11 points, and had one weighing 8.5 grams come in this +would have been awarded-1 point in order to give each nut full credit, +for excellence in size or to penalize it for lack of it. It will be +noticed that by the method outlined the size of a nut is determined +exactly and the same number of points for size (or weight) would be +awarded today, next week, next month, or next year, barring of course +real changes, e. g. those caused by actual loss of moisture, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Form</span>: It was only recently that a method of measuring this +characteristic has been suggested and this has been tried out only +experimentally. By form is meant attractive appearing shape which has +been held to be absence of hollows, ridges, angles, etc. A round, smooth +nut would be held to have perfect form in distinction from nuts that are +rough and full of ridges or edges. The only method of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> measuring that +has been suggested and which it is believed will work out satisfactorily +is to first select an average nut and weigh, then fill up the hollows in +the surface of the nut with wax just covering the ridges till the +surface is smooth, and weigh. This will give the weight of the nut plus +the weight of the wax needed to fill up the hollows on the surface. As +the specific gravity of the wax is 4/5 that of the nut the figure +actually used is weight of nut plus 5/4 weight of the wax, which gives +the weight of a nut of the size of the sample with the hollows in the +shell filled up or the weight of a nut of perfect form of the size of +the sample. The measurement of form is then the weight of the average +nut divided by the weight of a nut of the same size of perfect shape, +that is without hollows or ridges.</p> + +<p>A measurement of form of a black walnut gave the following:</p> + + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><td align='left'>Weight of nut</td><td align='right'>22.5</td><td align='center'>grams</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weight of nut and wax</td><td align='right'>24.6</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weight of wax</td><td align='right'>2.1</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weight of 5-4 wax</td><td align='right'>2.6</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weight of nut and 5-4 wax</td><td align='right'>25.1</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Form</td><td align='center' colspan="2">22.5÷25.1=89.7%</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>When a nut has perfect form there will be no hollows to fill and no wax +will be needed and the weight of nut and 5/4 of the wax will be the same +as the weight of the nut and therefore its form figure will be 100%. The +number of points to be awarded for any measurement of form would be +determined by making up a table as was made up for awarding points for +weight, but such a table cannot be made up till after an examination of +form values for a large number of nuts. This will be done later.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Color</span>: The color of shell was measured by making up samples of +water colors of all gradations of color between the lightest shell and +the darkest. From these, five were selected as showing in five steps the +differences noted, the lightest being marked 5, the next 4 and so on +down to the darkest which was marked 0. With these color standards in +front of the one judging, it was only necessary to take the nut to be +judged and lay it on the standards of color and the figure on the shade +which the nut most nearly matched was the figure awarded for color.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Husking Quality</span>: This represents the ease with which the husk +can be removed. In view of the well known fact that husks of all nuts do +not come off with equal facility the need of such is apparent. Its +measurement will be the proportion of husk removed by a standard husking +operation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thinness of Shell</span>: This was measured by providing a means for +bringing two metal surfaces together, keeping them always parallel. The +nut to be cracked was placed between these surfaces and an arrangement +of scale levers provided so that the pressure exerted on the nut could +be weighed. The surfaces were brought together till the nut was cracked +and the pressure required was noted. This measures the thinness of the +shell or more properly the strength of the shell, the weakest shell of +course being the one that takes the least pressure to crack. This +pressure was measured in kilograms for by doing so it was possible to +utilize some stock apparatus. After the pressure required to crack has +been noted a reference to the table below will tell the number of points +to be awarded. We will take for an example the the same nut as taken to +illustrate weight e. g. the Lutz black walnut whose average cracking +pressure is 312kg and which therefore would be awarded 2 points for +thinness of shell. In this connection it should be stated that this +table would seem not to be made out on the plan followed heretofore by +taking the thinnest shelled nut of which we know, the Alley, as the low +limit of the table. While the Alley black walnut takes the least +cracking pressure of any we know which we can identify as from a +particular tree, one black walnut was cracked which I believe came from +the Ten Eyck tree which had a cracking pressure below 80kg and hence the +table was made of sufficient extent to include this. It is my intention +to get additional Ten Eyck nuts this year and check the matter up.</p> + +<h4> +<span class="smcap">Black Walnuts—Thinness of Shell</span> +</h4> +<p class='center'>Weight required to crack: Thinnest, Alley 110kg; thickest, Triplett 348kg.</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><th align='left'>Weight in kg.</th><th align='right'>Points</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>50 and less than 80</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>80 and less than 110</td><td align='right'>9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>110 and less than 140</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>170 and less than 200</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>200 and less than 230</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>230 and less than 260</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>260 and less than 290</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>290 and less than 320</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>320 and less than 350</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>350 and less than 380</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table> + + +<h5>Transcribers note: Point 7 was missing in the original document.</h5> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Cracking Quality</span>: This characteristic is perhaps the one which +seems to most people the most difficult to measure, but, while it was +some time before methods of measuring it did occur to anyone, its +measurement is effected very easily. In cracking nuts a part of the +kernel will usually drop right out, some times it is a large part, +occasionally all, and sometimes it is but a small portion. A perfect +cracker is one where the entire kernel drops out after cracking. This +would have 100% cracking quality. When 4/5 of the kernel drops out after +cracking and the remaining 1/5 can be extracted only by recracking or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +by picking out, the nut is said to have 80% cracking quality. In other +words, the cracking quality is the ratio of the weight of the kernel +which drops out after cracking to the entire kernel. The operations of +determining cracking quality in practice are first, selecting five +average nuts; second, cracking them and weighing the part of the kernels +which drop out after cracking; third, extracting the balance of the +kernels and getting the weight of all the kernels; fourth, dividing the +weight of the part of the kernels which drop out after cracking by the +total weight of the kernels, and the result is the cracking quality. +After an examination of the figures of a large number of nuts, the table +below was made up from which the number of points to be awarded for any +given cracking quality is readily obtained. Taking the Lutz black walnut +as an example again we find that the weight of the kernels which dropped +out after cracking was 24 grams while the total weight of kernels was +32.5 grams which gives a cracking quality of 73.8% which would be +awarded 13 points for cracking quality.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Black Walnuts—Cracking Quality</span></h4> + +<p class='center'> +Percentage of kernel that drops out after cracking.<br /> +Highest, Alley<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, 100%; Lowest, Butler, 22.9%.</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><td> </td><th align='left'>Cracking Quality.</th><td> </td><th align='right'>Points.</th></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>100%</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>96%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>100%</td><td align='right'>19</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>92%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>96%</td><td align='right'>18</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>88%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>92%</td><td align='right'>17</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>84%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>88%</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>80%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>84%</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>76%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>80%</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>72%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>76%</td><td align='right'>13</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>68%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>72%</td><td align='right'>12</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>64%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>68%</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>60%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>64%</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>56%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>60%</td><td align='right'>9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>52%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>56%</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>48%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>52%</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>44%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>48%</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>40%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>44%</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>36%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>40%</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>32%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>36%</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>28%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>32%</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>24%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>28%</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>20%</td><td align='left'>and all higher percentages under</td><td align='left'>24%</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Color of Kernel</span>: This is determined in the same way as the +color of the shell by comparing with a standard color scale, and the +step of the scale whose color most nearly matches the color of the +kernel being examined gives the figure to be awarded.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Proportion of Kernel</span>: This is the ratio of the weight of the +kernels of five average nuts to the entire weight of such average nuts. +After this has been determined a comparison with the table below which +was made up after an examination of the proportion of kernel of a large +number of nuts, the number of points to be awarded is readily +determined. If we take for example the Lutz black walnuts again we find +the weight of five average nuts 132.0 grams and the weight of the +kernels of these nuts 32.5 grams which gives for the proportion of +kernel 24.0% which would be awarded 8 points.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Black Walnuts—Proportion of Kernel</span></h4> + +<p class='center'> +Ratio of weight of kernel to weight of entire nut (without husk)<br /> +Highest, Ten Eyck 36.4%; Lowest, Seefeldt, 16%.</p> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><th align='left'>Percent of Kernel.</th><th align='right'>Points</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>36% and less than 37%</td><td align='right'>20</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>35% and less than 36%</td><td align='right'>19</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>34% and less than 35%</td><td align='right'>18</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>33% and less than 34%</td><td align='right'>17</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32% and less than 33%</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>31% and less than 32%</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>30% and less than 31%</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>29% and less than 30%</td><td align='right'>13</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>28% and less than 29%</td><td align='right'>12</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>27% and less than 28%</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>26% and less than 27%</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>25% and less than 26%</td><td align='right'>9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>24% and less than 25%</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>23% and less than 24%</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>22% and less than 23%</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>21% and less than 22%</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>20% and less than 21%</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>19% and less than 20%</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>18% and less than 19%</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17% and less than 18%</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>16% and less than 17%</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Quality and Flavor</span>: Absolutely no progress has so far been made +in measuring this characteristic or more correctly these characteristics +for, strictly speaking, there are a number of them instead of one and +the only method available at present is tasting by experts. It is very +much to be desired that methods for measuring this be worked out and +several lines on which to work in order to accomplish it have been +thought of but as yet no definite progress has been made.</p> + +<p>While the characteristic as yet unmeasured is one of the most important +and most difficult even for experts to estimate correctly when there are +large numbers of nuts to be examined, the fact that it is possible to +measure the other eight is a matter of a good deal of satisfaction and +this satisfaction is the greater because with the methods that have been +worked out it is possible for any ordinarily careful person to do the +work about as well as it is for an expert and, as the work of judging a +large number of nuts is very considerable, the elimination of a large +part of the need for expert services is very gratifying. The services +for example of such experts as Dr. Morris and Capt. Deming are +obtainable only occasionally and for a short period. Now that the nuts +sent in are rapidly increasing, it would have been impossible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> to have +handled the contests without some improvements in the methods used.</p> + +<p>While the same score card has been used for butternuts, black walnuts, +and hickories it seemingly can be used quite well for English walnuts, +Japan walnuts and pecans also, in short, for all nuts belonging to the +botanical family Juglandaceae and perhaps for hazels. Separate ones will +evidently be required for beechnuts, and chestnuts. The tables for +determining the number of points to be awarded for a given value of any +characteristic are likely to vary for each species. Inasmuch as there +are fourteen species of hickories exclusive of the pecan that have to be +considered and apparently even more species of walnuts not to mention +beechnuts, chestnuts and hazels, one might think that nearly 100 tables +would be required. A study of the matter, however, has shown that the +number really needed is very much less, and the more that nuts are +examined the more it seems possible to make one table answer for a +number of species and have the number of points a nut receives indicate +to a certain extent its value as a nut to grow, and not simply the value +of a given variety of a certain species.</p> + +<p>The hickories and the walnuts require a word in passing. There are at +least nine species of hickory either native in the northeastern United +States or that will grow there and it is quite possible that further +study of the hickories will add to this number. Seven of these belong to +the scale bud class, <i>Eucarya</i>, the shagbark, <i>Carya ovata</i>, the +shellbark, <i>Carya laciniosa</i>, the scaly bark, <i>Carya +Carolinae-septentrionalis</i>, the mockernut, <i>Carya alba</i>, and the +close-bark pignut, <i>Carya glabra</i>, the loose-bark pignut, +<i>Carya-ovalis</i>, and the pallid hickory, <i>Carya pallida</i>; while two +belong to the open bud class, <i>Apocarya</i>, the pecan, <i>Carya pecan</i>, and +the bitternut, <i>Carya cordiformis</i>. Hybrids between many of these +species are found occurring naturally and seemingly hybrids between any +two are possible, and the fact of many of them being hybrids is not +evident on an inspection of the nuts. It is a noteworthy fact that quite +a proportion of fine hickories that are being propagated are evidently +hybrids and the number of our fine hickories which are evidently hybrids +increases as they are studied more carefully. In many ways it would be +desirable in the contest to offer prizes for the best nuts of each +species of hickories, but the difficulty of determining the species from +the nut alone, and the fact of such a proportion of our finest nuts +being hybrids is sufficient to discourage the attempt. What was done in +the 1918 contest, and what would seem to be the best thing that can be +done is to offer the prizes for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> hickory nuts simply. Most of the prizes +are taken by shagbarks but when a nut not a shagbark gets into the prize +winning class, we make a class that would include it. For example, in +the 1918 Contest, three shellbarks and one mockernut came into the prize +winning class, whereupon a special lot of prizes for shellbarks and +mockernuts were given. This enables us to do what would be accomplished +in offering prizes for best nuts of each species of hickories. The same +score card and tables therefore are used for each of these species. It +is convenient, in judging nuts, to differentiate between the pecan on +the one hand and the other hickories on the other, although study +recently put on the matter would seem to show that this distinction is +not exact and that some nuts, for example, which apparently are pure +pecans are really pecan hickory hybrids.</p> + +<p>The differences between the structure of the shell of the nuts of +certain of the walnuts is greater than between the shell structure of +the hickories and the walnuts may be divided into three classes. Hybrids +between a number of species are found which have been formed naturally, +and seemingly hybrids between all species are possible. It is convenient +in judging nuts to differentiate between English walnuts, black walnuts, +and butternuts, which nuts are representative of the three walnut +classes and to include with the butternuts, the Japan walnuts. This will +strike many people as a strange classification, i. e. to include the +butternut and Japan walnut, but I feel sure that no one who has given +the matter much study will so consider it. Whenever the two grow in +proximity they hybridize so freely that one may be almost certain of not +getting pure species if he plants nuts and raises seedlings. Indeed I +have received many such hybrids which have been called either butternuts +or Japan walnuts. As a matter of fact the same difficulty exists in +distinguishing butternuts and Japan walnuts that exists in +distinguishing hickories. There is no name which includes the butternut +and Japan walnut as there is to include the various species of +hickories, and, as such a name is urgently needed, I have used the word +"butterjaps." This includes butternuts, Japan walnuts and hybrids +between them. While it doubtless will be convenient to continue the +names butternut and Japan walnut it should be understood that usually +they will mean simply nuts which, as far as appearance is concerned, +would seem to be one or the other, but very likely may be hybrids +between the two species and might be more properly called by some name +e. g. "butterjaps," which would include the two species and hybrids +between them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + +<p>At this point the Convention took a recess to enable a photograph to be +taken and immediately after reassembled for a business session.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> An additional lot of Alley Black Walnuts received several +months after the one entered in the 1918 contest did not show 100% +cracking quality.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BUSINESS SESSION</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">President W. C. Reed in the Chair</span></h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: If Mr. Patterson is in the room, we will be +glad to hear from him at this time. He has a matter he wants to bring +before us.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Patterson</span>: Mr. President and Gentlemen: The National Nut +Growers Association for some three years have had a standing committee +on federal aid for the nut industry. Two years ago through the +instrumentality of that committee, the appropriation for investigational +work was increased by some fifteen thousand dollars from the previous +appropriation. The total appropriation along this line now is thirty +thousand to thirty-five thousand dollars. During the past year the +almond growers felt the need of some encouragement and help from the +Department of Agriculture, and the last appropriation was increased but +was not made specific for the pecan industry, but for the nut industry +in general in the United States which was entirely agreeable to the +pecan people. And now I appear before you especially to call your +attention to this movement and to suggest that this association should +appoint a committee to co-operate with a committee from the National Nut +Growers' Association and the Almond Growers' Association, and the nut +growers of Washington and Oregon in an effort to secure an appropriation +from the Department of Agriculture which would commensurate with the +needs of the great nut industry in the United States. As we all know, it +is entirely in its infancy as a commercial proposition and I doubt not +we all agree as to its wonderful possibilities. The recommendation from +the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture has gone to the House +committee this year without any increase over the appropriation of last +year; so that it will be necessary if any increased allowance is made, +that pressure shall be brought to bear upon the House committee of +agriculture, or the Senate committee (the bill is before the House +committee at present), to get them to appreciate the importance of this +appropriation. I might say I am on my way to Washington now to see if I +can do anything in co-operation with the California Almond Growers +Association and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> such other co-operation as we can get to see if we can +get an increase in the appropriation over and above the appropriation +recommended by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary is not +opposed to a higher appropriation, but he has had orders from higher up +not to recommend any increase. I thank you for the privilege of bringing +this matter to the attention of the Association with the suggestion +that, if it meets with your approval you appoint a committee to +co-operate with the other committees already appointed by these other +associations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You have heard the suggestion by Mr. Patterson. +Are there any remarks?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I move, Mr President, that a committee on Federal +Aid be appointed for that purpose, to co-operate with the other +associations for the purpose of securing for the nut industry an +appropriation sufficient or at least somewhere near sufficient for the +work in hand. There is much work to be done that should be done now.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I second the motion, Mr. President.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You have heard the motion. It is moved that a +committee be appointed for this work, as suggested. All in favor of the +motion say Aye. Contrary same sign. It is <span class="smcap">Carried</span>. I think it +would be well to leave that committee to the incoming president. That +was your idea, Mr. Bixby, was it?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I didn't think that far.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: That won't be far off, and I think it would be +well to leave the appointment of that committee to the incoming +president. I think also, it would be well, before appointing that +committee, to confer a little bit to see who could possibly attend, +could go to Washington, and would have the time to give to it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: We will now have the report of the nominating +committee.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Report of the Nominating Committee</span></h4> + +<p>Your committee on Nominations, having in mind the rapidly expanding +interest in Nut Culture and the need of the Northern Nut Growers +Association for a board of officers especially equipped for extending +development on broad lines, respectfully submit the following +nominations:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>For President</i>—<span class="smcap">William S. Linton</span>, Saginaw, Michigan.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>For Vice-President</i>—<span class="smcap">James S. McGlennon</span>, Rochester, New York.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>For Secretary-Treasurer</i>—<span class="smcap">Willard G. Bixby</span>, Baldwin, New York.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>For Acting Secretary</i>—<span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming</span>, Wilton, Connecticut.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>For Executive Committee</i>—<span class="smcap">Messrs. Linton, McGlennon, Bixby, W. C. Reed,</span> and <span class="smcap">J. Russell Smith.</span></span></p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><td align='left'>(Signed)</td><td align='left'>Ralph T Olcott</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>James S. McGlennon</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Robert T Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>William S. Linton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>J. F. Jones</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: Secretary-Treasurer Bixby has suggested that the +work of his office be divided, he to look after the financial affairs +and the nut contests, Dr. Deming to assume the work of the Secretary +proper. The constitution provides that the three principal officers and +the last two retiring presidents be the executive committee. As the +constitution specifically provides regarding this matter, the committee +suggests the position of acting secretary for Dr. Deming until such +action may be taken as will conform to the constitution.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You have heard the report of the committee. +What is your pleasure?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I move that this report of the committee be +unanimously adopted and the officers be elected, and the secretary so +cast the ballot.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Smedley</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: All in favor of that vote say Aye. Opposed, No. +<span class="smcap">Carried</span>. I hereby instruct the secretary to cast the unanimous +ballot of the Association for the list of officers as read.</p> + +<p>The Secretary then cast a ballot for the persons on the report of the +Nominating Committee, and declared the following elected:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>President</i>—<span class="smcap">William S. Linton</span>, Saginaw, Mich.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Vice-President</i>—<span class="smcap">James S. McGlennon</span>, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Secretary-Treasurer</i>—<span class="smcap">Willard G. Bixby</span>, Baldwin, New York.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Executive Committee</i>—The above three and <span class="smcap">W. C. Reed</span>, Vincennes, Ind.,</span><br /><span style="margin-left: 4em;">and <span class="smcap">J. Russell Smith</span>, Swarthmore, Penn.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Acting Secretary</i>—<span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming</span>, Wilton, Conn.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: In regard to the change in the constitution, +that will have to go over until next year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: The constitution provides that notice be given to +this convention for action to be taken a year from now; or that thirty +days before action is taken, the notice be sent to the members. It seems +to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> me that inasmuch as the action proposed is fully understood, that +Dr. Deming is available, and Mr. Bixby kindly consented while Dr. Deming +was tied up in the war work to look after this work, that there really +is enough for two, and as both are agreeable, this is the time to take +that action to become effective a year from now unless you can bring it +about quicker.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I should think it is only necessary to take the +action on that. If there is some one better posted on parliamentary law, +who thinks entire action better be taken at this time, I will entertain +a motion. If not, we will let it stand as it is at present.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I move that it is the sentiment of this convention, +and that the members should be notified through the annual report and +the regular proceedings, that that action is contemplated—to divide the +office of Secretary-Treasurer at the next annual meeting, and that the +constitution be changed as follows:</p> + +<p>That Article IV, <i>Officers</i>, be changed as follows: There shall be a +president, a vice-president, a treasurer and a secretary, who shall be +elected at the annual meeting; and an executive committee of six persons +of which the president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president, +treasurer and secretary shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency, or county represented in the +membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the president.</p> + +<p>That Article VII, <i>Quorum</i>, be changed as follows: Ten members of the +association shall constitution a quorum, but must include a majority of +the executive committee, or two of the four elected officers.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: It is moved and seconded that this matter come +up at the next annual meeting to be voted on as presented by Mr. Olcott. +All in favor say Aye; opposed, No. <span class="smcap">Carried</span>. I believe we have a +report of the auditing committee that should come up.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: Mr. Chairman, I believe I am the sole member of +the Auditing Committee who is present. I have to report that the +committee has not acted, but I think we can do this if agreeable: If you +will leave it to the committee to audit the account, and if the +committee finds the account is not accurate, to report to that effect +next year and bring Mr. Bixby to time, then; otherwise say nothing about +it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I think we are willing to do it on that basis. +Mr. Secretary, are there any other things that ought to come up that you +think of?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I have a resolution here if this is in order now. +This resolution is sent from Mr. Littlepage.</p> + +<p>"Whereas this Association is justly jealous of its character and +standing among the nut-growing public of this western continent and +especially among the northern nut culturists, amateur or professional; +and</p> + +<p>"Whereas this Association views with distrust and some alarm the growing +and questionable practice of selling seedling pecan trees to the general +public; and</p> + +<p>"Whereas it developed at a recent meeting of the Southern Nurserymen's +Association held at Atlanta, Georgia, that seedling pecan trees from the +gulf states were being distributed in the territory north of the Ohio +River; and</p> + +<p>"Whereas this practice, if continued, will work a distinct disadvantage +to the industry in general as well as to the planters in particular;</p> + +<p>"Therefore be it <span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That this Association now and here +vigorously record its view on this question as follows: That we protest +against the above named practice and urge upon the nurserymen of the +United States the importance of discouraging the practice of planting +seedling pecan trees for orchard purposes in particular; and further +that especially shall extreme caution be used to prevent the shipment of +southern seedling pecan trees for planting in the territory north of the +Ohio and Potomac Rivers, and further be it</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">"Resolved</span>, That the secretary communicate a <i>copy</i> of these +resolutions to the President of the American Association of Nurserymen +with the request that his organization take cognizance of this condition +and take such steps as are compatible with its authority and sentiment +to repress such reprehensible practice on the part of the American +nursery trade."</p> + +<p>I will introduce this as a resolution.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You have heard the resolution which has been +seconded. Are there any remarks?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I would like to add a word of explanation. +There are only two or three nurserymen in the South engaged in that +practice. There are several northern men who are in the nursery business +in the South who have raised the question as to the propriety of that +practice, and the question has been discussed at the meetings of this +southern association with a good deal of heat and vigor. The southern +people will not plant seedling pecan trees at all, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> these few +nurserymen do a few hundred dollars' worth of business every year by +sending their product to big nurseries here in the North, general +fruit-tree nurseries and they in turn distribute these trees through the +North. These northern friends of ours who are now in the South, put +through a resolution asking that the matter be discussed at their +meeting this year at Atlanta, the meeting held in August, by myself +representing the Department of Agriculture. I was unable to be present, +but I sent down a paper which was read by my associate in the office, +and he tells us that ninety per cent of the southern nurserymen were +with us in opposing that practice; that it is only those two or three +and their associates who practice it. And it is as a result of that +situation that this resolution has been proposed. Prof. Lake, secretary +of the American Pomological Society, has been in the South working on +pecans and is quite familiar with the situation, and he drew up this +resolution. It is something that by all means should be stopped if +possible. The southern pecan does not succeed in the North anyhow, and +even it did, we do not want the kind of pecan tree up here that the +southerners would not plant themselves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: Are you ready for the question? All in favor of +adopting the resolution as read, say Aye. Contrary, same sign. It is so +<span class="smcap">Carried</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: I would like to suggest that a copy of these +resolutions be sent to the secretary of the Southern Nurserymen's +Association, Mr. O. Joe Howard, Hickory, N. C.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I have a telegram from Mr. Littlepage which I will +read. "I regret exceedingly it is impossible to attend the meeting this +year. Signed, T. P. Littlepage."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. F. Jones</span>: I make a motion that Dr. Walter Van Fleet be +made an honorary member of this Association for his valuable work in nut +culture and hybridizing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: It has been moved and seconded that Dr. Walter +Van Fleet be made an honorary member of this Association for his +valuable work in nut culture. All in favor say Aye. Contrary, No. It is +<span class="smcap">Carried</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: The place of the next meeting is decided before the +meeting adjourns, I think, or else provision made for it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: As I understand it, it is either decided or you +vote to put it in the hands of the executive committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Provision in some way is made for it. On that +sub<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>ject I would like to say a word. We have an invitation from Mr. +Littlepage, and in considering the place of the 1919 meeting there were +really three different locations spoken of—one Washington, D. C., one +New York City or some point near there, and one Lancaster, Pa. +Heretofore we have practically decided the place of the meeting on +consideration of being able to see near there nut trees of interest. I +think every meeting has been decided with that idea in mind. This year +each of the three places offered promise of being very attractive in a +year or two, but not in 1919. In the case of the meeting at Washington, +we could see Mr. Littlepage's orchard of pecans, thirty acres in extent, +which year before last put out a few flowers, and this year quite a +number, and he expects nuts next year. There are also the many things to +be seen around Washington,—the Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Van +Fleet's work besides a number of other things. And at Lancaster, Pa., +there has been a chance the past year to see some remarkable work on top +worked hickories, that is, the early bearing of crops of fine nuts. Then +again very soon on Capt. Deming's place at Georgetown, Conn., is going +to be the greatest opportunity for topworked hickories anywhere to be +seen. He has more young seedling hickories top worked to fine varieties +than any one else that I know of. As a matter of suggestion it would +seem to me well—this is only a suggestion, of course—that the matter +be left with the executive committee, and next spring or summer when it +is possible to get an idea as to which of these three places offers the +most to see in the line of nut trees, then they could decide where it is +best to go. That would be the suggestion that I would make.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: One of the suggestions was Rochester, N. Y. I +think there are things worth while there in nut culture to be seen, and +I know that we who are interested in nut culture would like to have the +convention there; and I know also our Chamber of Commerce in the city +would be very happy to have it there. So that in considering the place +for the next meeting, I hope Rochester, N Y., will be incorporated in +the thought.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: Mr. President, I would also suggest you might come +to Lockport, N. Y. Out northeast of Buffalo there were shipped eighteen +hundred pounds of walnuts to the Buffalo market this fall. North of +Lockport is a man who supplies the country stores with English walnuts. +As long as there are any of these walnuts in the baskets exposed for +sale, those which were purchased from the wholesalers from California +are left unsold. I went into one store and the store-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>keeper had some +home grown English walnuts out in the back room. I said, "Why do you +keep them out here?" He said, "I have three bushels of California +walnuts, and I keep these here until the others are sold. If I put these +out in front, I would not sell the others at all."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I would be glad to include Rochester, or Lockport, +or any other place suggested, and leave it to the executive committee +with the power to act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: Mr. President, we know pretty nearly what could +be seen at most of these places next year. There is not going to be a +great change in what there has been this year, and it seems to me the +sooner we can definitely decide upon this thing and get it a matter of +record, and plan for it, the better it will be. We can go around from +one place to another. We want to go to all these places during the next +three or four years, and we have a definite invitation from Mr. +Littlepage; and while he didn't so state in his telegram, in +conversation with him on Friday by telephone, he said he would like to +have them come there the latter part of August or first of September; +and to make the matter definite and know where we stand early in the +game, I move we accept Mr. Littlepage's invitation for a meeting about +the first of September.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I second that motion, and add that at the Stamford +convention, that is the very argument I made. Before that meeting it had +always been left to the executive committee. It had been the custom of +Dr. Deming, the secretary, to defer the matter of the place of meeting +until a few weeks before the date for it. Nobody knew, and the committee +decided, and the time was too short to get anything like the attendance +we should have. If we should publish in the American Nut Journal for a +year where the meeting is to be, you would get a year's advertising of +that matter, and could plan better thereby.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: You have heard the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: The only reason I had in making the suggestion I +did, was the possibility of one place or the other showing more +importance but as Mr. Reed said, we want to do all these places +mentioned at some time. It does not make much difference which we do +first. We should like to take first the place where there is most to be +seen, of course.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: If there is no further discussion, all in favor +of accepting Mr. Littlepage's invitation for Washington for the next +meeting say Aye. Contrary, No. It is <span class="smcap">Carried</span>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Jones</span>: The reason I did not push Lancaster is that some +experiments on spraying are being conducted there and it will be a year +before that will show up. The nut growers could see that better the year +following.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: If there is nothing else, I believe we are +ready to turn over the gavel to our new president.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>: Mr. President, there is an important committee +you have not appointed. I was out of the room when Mr. Patterson +suggested this morning that a committee be appointed. Has that been +attended to?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I expected to let the incoming president +appoint that committee before we adjourn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Smedley</span>: I will make a motion that Mr. Patterson represent +us and have the endorsement of this Association as to demanding more +appropriations for the work in hand.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Jones</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: It is moved and seconded that Mr. Patterson be +appointed to represent us before congress in connection with the +appropriation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Patterson</span>: If everyone on the committee could go to +Washington as soon as we can get at the House committee for a hearing, +that would be the way to get action on the matter. Of course, the +endorsement of the Association is good, and if you could get a committee +of some one who could go down and help re-enforce it, there, we would +appreciate it very much.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Reed</span>: I think the incoming president will be one who +will be going down. If he will come forward, I am ready to turn over the +gavel.</p> + +<p>At this point, Mr. Linton, the newly elected president, took the chair.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: Ladies and Gentlemen I am sure that you will +all concede that I have not sought official position, and no one could +have been more surprised than I, when I was presented with the report of +your committee. I have been much interested in the work that is being +carried on by this association; and of course if I can be of any value +to the association or to the cause in the position of president during +this particular year, why I accept that duty. But I would like to impose +one or two conditions. I know that your hearty co-operation will be +given. That would be one condition. But I am sure that each and every +one of you can assist in adding greatly to the membership of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> this +organization. We should at least have fifty members in each state within +our jurisdiction. That would mean, perhaps one-half of the states in the +Union. That would mean one thousand members. Now, in accepting this +position, I am going to ask each and every active member through his +friends and acquaintances to solicit and secure twenty-five members. +Now, I will double that amount, and agree during the year, to add fifty +good members to the association. That means over one thousand during the +year, and that is one goal that I hope we can reach during this +particular year, 1920. So far as the growing of nuts is concerned, so +far as the details connected with the work that you have been engaged in +is concerned, I propose leaving those things to those whom I consider +experts, Dr. Morris, our friend Reed from Washington, and others that I +might name; but the particular lines that I would like to follow this +year, gentlemen, and what I hope to receive your earnest support in is +an addition to your membership so that it may exceed a thousand; and +assistance in legislation throughout the country along the line that we +have worked out in our peninsular state of Michigan. I am glad that you +decided upon Washington as the place of the next meeting, and as I have +intimated in my remarks heretofore, I believe we have there a Michigan +Senator who will assist in national legislation along the lines that we +desire, because they are right ones; and in his position as chairman of +the committee on post offices and post roads of the country, being at +the head of the highway legislation, there is no man in the United +States as competent to help us along that line, and I feel sure that we +will get that assistance and support. With these few lines I will close, +and I sincerely hope you have not made any mistake at this session; and +when we have rounded up our year's work, that we can all say it has been +a successful one. I thank you. (Applause). The committee on Federal Aid +that the incoming president was to appoint, I will name as follows: J. +M. Patterson, Dr. Morris, Dr. Kellogg, Mr. Littlepage, Mr. Bixby, Mr. +Jones and Mr. McGlennon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Senator Penney would like to say a word.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: I hadn't any intention of saying a word. But I +am particularly pleased that you elected my friend, Mr. Linton, as +president of the organization. I have known him a good many years, and I +know he is an industrious worker. In anything that he undertakes to do, +you will always see results. I am sure that in the lines which he has +expressed himself as being anxious to cover, your membership,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> the +matter of legislation, I am sure that you will see some results that +will be very gratifying to the Association. I do not know as there is +anything further I wish to say. But I have been very interested in these +meetings. I am not a nut grower, and I hardly know one nut from another, +excepting that I am like the squirrel, if I get hold of a good nut I +like to eat it; but I have certainly learned a lot of things from this +association, and I am very pleased to be present.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: I am going to ask Senator Penney to become a +member of this association.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: He is a member.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: I have gotten two since I have been here, so I +am going to pledge myself for two or three more for the next year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I think one subject should not be overlooked, and +that is the matter of resolutions. There is Dr. Kellogg's very courteous +offer and treatment to be remembered, and perhaps some other things. If +there is not such a committee, I think some one ought to be appointed on +it to report very soon before we close. I move that a committee on +resolutions be appointed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion made by +Mr. Olcott. Are you ready for the question? Those who favor the motion +say Aye; opposed, No. The resolution is <span class="smcap">Adopted</span>. I appoint Mr. +Olcott, Mr. Bixby, Senator Penney, Mr. Jones and Mr. Patterson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>: There is a little bit of news I would like to tell +the members of the association. Yesterday afternoon, a gentleman who is +a patient across the street at the sanitarium, came down to the nut +exhibit in a wheelchair and looked on with interest at what was shown +there, and presently he called Mrs. Reed over to talk with her a little +and ask something about who was connected with that exhibit; and the +next thing he asked me to sit down by him. He was not able to get +around, to stand, and he told me this: that four years ago he met a Mr. +Page from Tulsa, Oklahoma, a man who is evidently a man of a good deal +of means in the oil business there, who is very philanthropic in his +activities, a man who has adopted two hundred children, I believe it is; +and he proposed to this gentleman, who was Mr. Dow of Jamestown, N. Y., +that he go to Oklahoma to establish a nut arboretum. He was willing to +set aside two hundred acres of land and to endow it with $200,000 if +this Mr. Dow would go and take charge of it. He also offered to build a +$23,000 house on the place. But Mr. Dow is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> director of the Leadsworth +Forest Arboretum, some sixty miles up the Genesee River from Rochester, +and of course he did not feel that he could leave the work he was doing +there and devote his energies to a new work. I thought that was +something that we northerners would be very much interested in, and I +think we ought to see if that offer could not be taken advantage of.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: Can any one here tell me where seedlings of the big +western shellback, Carya laciniosa, can be obtained? I would like to get +100 of them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>: Probably the best place to get that information +would be from the U. S. Forest Service. That bureau keeps in touch with +such information. They have catalogs and they have lists of nurserymen +having various trees including nut trees; the U. S. Forest Service, +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: Mr. Reed informs me that it is the intention +to close this session at this time.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Jones</span>: I don't think we ought to close without passing a +resolution of thanks to Dr. Kellogg for the nice entertainment here, the +free service, the rooms, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voice</span>: I support the motion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: You have heard the motion offered by Mr. +Jones. We can take a recess and adjourn after we take the trip through +the buildings.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>: If there is no one there but the president, +officers and the committee, they would still have the authority to adopt +these resolutions, and then properly adjourn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: If that is the consensus of opinion, we will +take a recess until called to order again by the chair following the +trip through the buildings.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>: The idea was to take a recess until after our trip +this afternoon and adjourn then. At that time this committee will be +prepared with its resolutions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: We can not fix a definite time. It will be +following the afternoon session with Dr. Kellogg. If there is nothing +more to come before us at this time, a recess will be taken until after +that time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<p>The convention then took a recess and reassembled at 2 p. m. at which +time an old fashioned straw sleigh ride was taken to the buildings of +the Kellogg Pure Food Company. Here Dr. Kellogg met the party and +conducted them through, explaining the various products made and the +processes by which they were made, and also that the large plant of the +company was a growth from a very humble beginning, started originally +for the purpose of providing food for the Sanitarium that was impossible +to procure any other way. Persons who had been guests of the Sanitarium, +after leaving it, have wished to get some of the food products they had +had when there, and in that way, a demand was made which had grown, till +many of them were supplied to the jobbing trade. A most enjoyable lunch +enabled the party to sample many of the products.</p> + +<p>From the Kellogg Pure Food Company, the sleigh took the party back to +the Sanitarium through which they were conducted and shown the +remarkable facilities for providing the guests with every kind of +medical treatment that had proved valuable. It would be difficult to +find a place where apparatus for treating every form of disease is equal +to that of the Battle Creek Sanitarium or where such facilities exist +for providing patients with all means for their comfort and for the +recovery of their health. A most interesting talk illustrated with +lantern slides, showed the growth of this institution from a modest +beginning in a dwelling house, 54 years ago. After this the convention +reassembled and adjourned at 5 p. m.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE 1919 NUT CONTEST</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, Nassau Co., N. Y.</span></h4> + + +<p>The nuts sent in to the 1919 contest have been finished at last but the +date is only a few days ahead of the date last year when the 1918 +contest was finished, which is to me a matter of a good deal of chagrin +as it was last year. No attempt was made to examine the nuts received +till after the first of the year as the experience of last year showed +this to be a waste of time. Several things seemed, this year, to +conspire to prevent getting started on the examination. The number of +nuts received was large and the time taken for examination quite +considerable for no attempt as yet has been made to have but one person +work on it. But the thing that has caused the greater part of the delay +was the wide variation between the results in the tests of those nuts +which were sent into both the 1918 and 1919 contests, and my +unwillingness to have these results appear in print until the reasons +for these discrepancies could be stated with certainty.</p> + +<p>Had the methods used been those in use for some time and whose +correctness had been proven, these differences would have caused little +concern, but inasmuch as the methods for measuring most of the nut +characteristics were used for the first time in 1918, and their had been +devised by me, I could not help feeling that there was a possibility of +the discrepancies being due to imperfections in methods for, at first, +it would seem likely that nuts borne by a given tree one year would be +like those borne the next year. I considered therefore that it was for +me to prove beyond question that the methods used were sound and that +the differences noted were real. The amount of time needed to do this at +a period when my time was well occupied with other things has been more +than I wish it had been. While many efforts were made to see if there +were imperfections in the methods used for measuring the various +characteristics, no such imperfections were found, and, for a +considerable period, all efforts made to explain the differences in +tests made on nuts borne by the same trees in different years were +unproductive of results. Finally the matter was settled to my +satisfaction as is noted in the next paragraph.</p> + +<p>The Clark hickory received 79 points last year when it took the first +prize. It tested out 11 points less this year when first tested which +put it entirely out of the prize winning class. Repetition of this +year's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> tests gave results agreeing fairly well with the first ones made +but still not all comparable to those of last year. This was decidedly +disconcerting when one of the principal results expected of the adoption +of methods of measuring nut characteristics was the possibility of +testing a given nut now and several months hence and obtaining the same +verdict. After much work designed to see if the methods of measuring nut +characteristics were faulty and nothing wrong had been found with them, +a visit was made to the tree. Mr. Clark said that it bore a good crop +every other year and but few nuts in the intervening years, and that the +nuts were much better the years when a good crop was borne than they +were in the other years. This was interesting information but I could +not help realizing the difficulty of carrying in one's mind, from one +year to the next, the merits of hickory nuts, and felt that, unless the +matter could be proven, I had not as yet done very much to solve the +problem at hand. Mr. Clark, however, gave me practically all the nuts of +the 1919 crop which he had and I returned feeling that this trip had not +done much to solve the problem as to why the tests on the 1918 nuts and +1919 nuts should be so different. Very careful examination was made of +the few Clark hickory nuts remaining in my possession of the 1918 crop +and they were compared with those of the 1919 crop. Slight differences +in shape were noted and finally one nut was found seemingly just like +the nuts that won the prize in 1918. When this nut was tested it gave +substantially the same results as those tested in 1918. Another like it +was afterward found where the result was repeated. This proved +definitely that the trouble was not with the methods, and that, in off +years, with the Clark hickory at least, some few nuts were borne that +would test out as well as those borne in good years. The results of the +tests on these good nuts borne in 1919 were substituted for those on the +inferior nuts previously tested for in contests it is always the +intention of those sending in nuts to send in the best.</p> + +<p>It will be noted that the number of points finally awarded the Clark +hickory for example this year is less than awarded last year. This +difference is due to the method of scoring. In a matter as new as +methods for measuring nut characteristics, the constants which have to +be determined by experience must change somewhat at first. The method +used this year in testing nuts sent in to the contest was to judge them +on the basis used in 1918, redetermine the constants that required it, +and work out the results again. An example will help to make this +clear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<p>Take the matter of proportion of kernel, the highest award for which was +15 points in 1918 and also in 1919. Up to the time the 1918 contest was +decided the hickory with the largest proportion of kernel was the Beam, +Nut No. 3, of the 1918 contest with over 50% of kernel and the lowest +was the Brown mockernut of the 1918 contest with 18% of kernel. On the +basis of the difference between the highest and lowest the number of +points to be awarded each was worked out. On this basis the Clark +hickory was awarded, in 1918, 10 points for a proportion of kernel of +40.8%. In the case of the 1919 contest nuts with larger proportion of +kernel were found, the Hatch bitternut with 65%, and the Halesite +bitternuts with 69% kernel. A mockernut from Sliding Hill, Jackson, S. +C. with only 14% kernel was also found and the figures for awarding +points for proportion of kernel were recalculated as follows:</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDGING NUTS"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><th align='right'>Points</th><td align='left'> </td><th align='right'>Points</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>69% and over</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='right'>65.3% to 68.9% inclusive</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>61.7% to 65.2% inclusive</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='right'>58.0% to 61.6% inclusive</td><td align='right'>12</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>54.3% to 57.9% inclusive</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>50.7% to 54.2% inclusive</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>47.0% to 50.6% inclusive</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>43.3% to 46.9% inclusive</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>39.7% to 43.2% inclusive</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>36.0% to 39.6% inclusive</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32.3% to 35.9% inclusive</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>28.7% to 32.2% inclusive</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>25.0% to 28.6% inclusive</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>21.3% to 24.9% inclusive</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17.7% to 21.2% inclusive</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>14.0% to 17.6% inclusive</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>On this basis the Clark hickory was awarded but 7 points for the same +proportion of kernel in 1919 instead of 10 as in 1918. This accounts for +3 out of the 5 points difference between the 79 points awarded in 1918 +and the 74% in 1919. The other two points can be similarly explained. +There are bound to be similar changes in the tables for awarding points +from year to year, but they will be less and less as time goes on. For +example, the Wasson butternut of the 1915 contest which weighed 18.8g +was the largest butternut received until 1919 when two larger came in, +one weighing 19.5g and the other weighing 22.6g. The Mott shellbark +hickory which weighs 29.6g which was discovered by Dr. Morris before the +founding of the Association is still the largest hickory of which we +know. On the other hand the black walnut record for size was exceeded in +1918 and also in 1919.</p> + +<p>The nuts received were gone over carefully and all characteristics +measured where this was possible, then the other characteristics were +passed on by me. Then the best nuts were brought to the attention of Dr. +Morris and Dr. Deming and the three of us passed on those +characteristics where methods of measurement had not been worked out.</p> + +<p>The results of this contest are noted in considerable detail as it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +believed that they may have value as matters of record. While an attempt +has been made to give the species of each nut tested as such information +is useful, it must be understood that the notations of species are +tentative and subject to change should further knowledge require it. It +is, frequently, difficult to positively identify a nut as to species +without having leaves, buds, bark and husk for examination and in most +instances the judges did not have these. No nut is noted as a hybrid +unless it has been proven so by evidence which it is believed is beyond +question, yet there are a number of nuts noted as pure species which +later may be proved to be hybrids. This is particularly so in the case +of the hickories.</p> + +<p>In explanation of the tables it should be noted that weights of nuts and +kernels are expressed in grams, while cracking pressures are expressed +in kilograms. The methods used for measuring the various characteristics +are noted in detail in the article "Judging Nuts" on pages 122 to 132 +inclusive.</p> + +<p>The two items cracking quality need a little explanation. Last year 20 +points were awarded for cracking quality and 5 points for plumpness of +kernel. Plumpness was very difficult of estimation. It means the reverse +of shrivelled. To assign values for this can only be done by appearance +and it seemed impossible of measurement. A study of the nuts of the 1918 +contest which were awarded high values for plumpness and those which +were awarded low values showed that in no case was a nut which had a +shrivelled kernel awarded a high value for proportion of kernel. +Sometimes a nut with a plump kernel had a very thick shell and a low +proportion of kernel but in no instance did a nut with a shrivelled +kernel have a high proportion of kernel, so it was thought that for +practical purposes the figure for proportion of kernel would answer very +well to represent excellence in both characteristics. It was also +evident that the ratio of the weight of the portion of the kernel which, +after cracking, could be easily picked out with the fingers to the total +weight of the kernel, which was taken to represent cracking quality last +year, was capable of more refinement for it was noticed that of those +nuts where the entire kernel could be easily picked out with the fingers +after cracking that some were better crackers than others, for, in some +instances, the entire kernel fell out. As the proportion of the kernel +which could be picked out easily with the fingers is seemingly the most +important this was still given 20 points and called "cracking quality +commercial," and the figure representing the propor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>tion of kernel which +dropped out after cracking was called "cracking quality absolute," and +awarded the 5 points formerly awarded to plumpness.</p> + +<p>In the case of the hazel which generally has a cracking quality both +absolute and commercial of 100% the item "freedom from fibre" was +substituted for "cracking quality absolute." The hazel seems to be the +only nut where this characteristic must be considered.</p> + +<p>It is too bad that while practically all characteristics are determined +with exactness to a single point and could be even more precisely +determined, that the item quality and flavor of kernel to which 20 +points are justly awarded has to be determined in so crude a manner as +it is at present. It is true that formerly all characteristics were +determined in equally crude manner and we should be glad that all others +can be determined with precision but still having one quality not +precisely determined, to a certain extent prevents exact determination +of the others having the value it otherwise would. We can make only +about five graduations in quality which would be differences of five +points except at the top of the scale where it is 2 and an error in one +gradation would make a difference of 5 points generally. When it is seen +how close some of the nuts run, particularly the hickories, where the +differences in total points awarded are generally only 1 point, with +several of the same score, this crudeness of determination of one of the +most important characteristics is the more regrettable.</p> + +<p>The results of the 1919 contest on nuts of the various species are as +noted below:</p> + + +<h3>HICKORIES—128 ENTRIES</h3> + +<p>The results of the tests on the prize winning hickories are shown in the +table on page 151.</p> + +<p>What is said of the difficulty of identification as to species is +particularly applicable to the hickory where it is known that many of +the fine nuts that we have are hybrids. While no nut is noted as a +hybrid unless it has been so proven by evidence which it is believed is +beyond question, there is considerable question as to whether a number +of the nuts noted as shagbarks are really pure shagbarks. It will take +more observation and study than it has as yet been possible to give them +to determine this point. It is to be noted, however, that the more study +we put on the hickories notable for the excellence of the nuts they +bear, the more we find that give suggestion of hybrid parentage.</p> + +<p>Beside the hickories noted above which received a sufficient number of +points to entitle them to one of the eight prizes awarded the +measure<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>ments are given of the Hatch and Halesite bitternuts because +they have the thinnest shell and highest proportion of kernel of any +hickories yet discovered and of the Stanley hickory because it is the +best shellbark of which we yet know.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HICKORIES</h2> + + +<h3>HICKORIES</h3> + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Hickorys KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Hickorys"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">Luther W. Vest<br /> Blacksburg, Va.<br />Vest hickory</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">46kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">49.6</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">6</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">9</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Luther W. Vest <br />Blacksburg, Va.<br />Vest hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">46kg</td> + <td class="tdr">49.6</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">G. W. Manahan<br />Sabillasville. Md.<br />Manahan hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdr">7.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">99kg</td> + <td class="tdr">48.5</td> + <td class="tdr">61.2</td> + <td class="tdr">90.5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Eugene J. Clark<br />Ludlow, Mass.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">6.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">83kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.8</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ralph T. Olcott<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Laney hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">GxB</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">6.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">46kg</td> + <td class="tdr">57.5</td> + <td class="tdr">17.6</td> + <td class="tdr">90.4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Snyder Bros.<br />Center Point, Ia.<br />Fairbanks hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">GxB</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">7.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">64kg</td> + <td class="tdr">48.1</td> + <td class="tdr">49.5</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mort Sturts<br />Hazel Dell, Ill.<br />Hickory No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdr">4.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">49kg</td> + <td class="tdr">46.1</td> + <td class="tdr">55.6</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">73</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Howard G. Barnes<br />Fayetteville, O.<br />Hickory No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">79kg</td> + <td class="tdr">51.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. C. Beam<br />Mt. Oreb, O.<br />Hickory No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">3.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">43kg</td> + <td class="tdr">50.0</td> + <td class="tdr">33.3</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Charles Swaim<br />South Bend, Ind.<br />Swaim hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">5.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">42kg</td> + <td class="tdr">47.5</td> + <td class="tdr">97.2</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">G. E. Beaver<br />Millerstown, Pa.<br />Beaver hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">GxB</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">6.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">29kg</td> + <td class="tdr">50.3</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">71</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mrs. Augusta Patton<br />Walnut Hill. Ill.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">6.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">77kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.5</td> + <td class="tdr">81.6</td> + <td class="tdr">92.8</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">71</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. C. Beam<br />Mt. Oreb, O.<br />Hickory No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">4.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">33kg</td> + <td class="tdr">41.9</td> + <td class="tdr">61.8</td> + <td class="tdr">87.8</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">16</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. C. Beam<br />Mt. Oreb, O.<br />Hickory No. 7</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">4.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">68kg</td> + <td class="tdr">33.4</td> + <td class="tdr">46.9</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">James L. Glover<br />Shelton, Conn.<br />Hickory No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">106kg</td> + <td class="tdr">38.6</td> + <td class="tdr">94.7</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">James L. Glover<br />Shelton, Conn.<br />Hickory No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">4.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">68kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.0</td> + <td class="tdr">50.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />Weiker hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">GxL</td> + <td class="tdc">C</td> + <td class="tdr">8.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">102kg</td> + <td class="tdr">35.3</td> + <td class="tdr">48.1</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Sarah Kronk<br />Minford. O.<br />Hickory No. 3</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">4.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">140kg</td> + <td class="tdr">37.6</td> + <td class="tdr">83.6</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mort Sturts<br />Hazel Dell, Ill.<br />Hickory No. 3</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">5.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">52kg</td> + <td class="tdr">41.0</td> + <td class="tdr">61.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">W. C. Deming<br />Wilton. Conn.<br />Terpenny hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">5.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">63kg</td> + <td class="tdr">52.8</td> + <td class="tdr">48.3</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">William Gobble<br />Holston, Va.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">9.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">142kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.6</td> + <td class="tdr">5.1</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">W. P. Griffin<br />Creal Spring, Ill.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">5.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">113kg</td> + <td class="tdr">38.5</td> + <td class="tdr">75.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Kate Yawger<br />Port Byron, N. Y.<br />Hickory No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">4.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">95kg</td> + <td class="tdr">39.0</td> + <td class="tdr">11.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Kate Yawger<br />Port Byron, N. Y.<br />Hickory No. 4</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">6.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">121kg</td> + <td class="tdr">39.1</td> + <td class="tdr">76.3</td> + <td class="tdr">82.6</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. C. Beam<br />Mt. Oreb, O.<br />Hickory No. 4</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">45kg</td> + <td class="tdr">43.2</td> + <td class="tdr">34.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Sarah Kronk<br />Minford, O.<br />Hickory No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">82kg</td> + <td class="tdr">41.3</td> + <td class="tdr">4.7</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Reuben J. Kurtz<br />Holly, Mich.<br />Hickory No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdr">4.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">111kg</td> + <td class="tdr">39.4</td> + <td class="tdr">64.0</td> + <td class="tdr">93.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. Pomeroy<br />Windsor, Conn.<br />Hickory No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">G</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdr">6.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">78kg</td> + <td class="tdr">35.9</td> + <td class="tdr">50.0</td> + <td class="tdr">88.6</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">R. C. Hatch<br />Central City, Ia.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">4.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">19kg</td> + <td class="tdr">65.0</td> + <td class="tdr">6.5</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">13</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">58</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Willard G. Bixby<br />Baldwin, N. Y.<br />Halesite bitternut</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">13kg</td> + <td class="tdr">69.0</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">80.1</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">54</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">S. A. Sipe<br />Carthage, Ind.<br />Stanley hickory</td> + <td class="tdc">L</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">19.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">138kg</td> + <td class="tdr">30.7</td> + <td class="tdr">20.5</td> + <td class="tdr">49.5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">54</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p style="font-size: 110%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;">The abbreviations used under the species column are G for shagbark (Carya ovata), L for shellbark (Carya laciniosa), and B for bitternut (Carya cordiformis). +Where two letters appear with an x between it means that the nut in question is a hybrid between the two species.</p> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p>Following out the plan adopted last year (when no prizes were offered +for specific species of hickories) when a nut other than a shagbark sent +judged by the hickory standard received sufficient points to put it +among the prize winners, a special class was made for that. Some of the +nuts in the above list are disqualified for receiving prizes as they are +being "propagated." This term has been somewhat difficult of definition +and in default of action of the Association or of some committee +appointed for the purpose I have held it to mean those nuts which are +listed in the catalog of any nurseryman. That is to say, a nut is +eligible for prizes more than one year, and the mere growing a few +grafted or budded trees of a variety and distributing them privately +does not constitute "propagation" in the sense that the word is used in +the nut contests. As soon, however, as any nurseryman considers a +variety of sufficient merit so that he lists it is his catalog or in any +printed supplement to a catalog and states that he can furnish grafted +or budded trees of this variety, from that time on it is debarred from +receiving the prizes offered annually.</p> + +<p>Other hickories were received from:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. S. Bassett, Fisherville, Mass.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. C. Beam, Mt. Orab, Ohio. (Nuts No. 5, No. 6).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. F. Cook, Moscow, Ky.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. E. Cornell, 302 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. N. Decker, Syracuse, N. Y. (Nuts No. 1, No. 2).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joan Deming, Danbury, Conn., Route 2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. Earland Gilson, Groton, Mass.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. H. Kuhne, Woodbury, Conn.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reuben J. Kurtz, Holly, Mich., R. No. 3, Box 32.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harvey Losee, Upper Red Hook, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. F. A. Patch, West Townsend, Mass, Box 77.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. Pomeroy, Windsor, Conn. (Nut No. 1).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruth A. Reeves, Newark, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Nut No. 1, seedling).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mort Stuarts, Hazel Dell, Ill. (Nuts No. 4, No. 5, No. 6).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter K. Wilson, Watertown, Conn., Lock Box 2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kate Yawger, Port Bryon, N. Y. (Nut No. 1).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grant Yeagley, Jamestown, Penn., R. R. No. I.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>BLACK WALNUTS—51 ENTRIES</h3> + +<p>The prize winning black walnuts exhibited and the prizes awarded are +noted in the table of page 154. There is but one species of walnuts of +the black walnut class native in the north eastern United States, the +eastern black walnut, <i>Juglans nigra</i>. In this contest specimens of the +Texas black walnut, <i>Juglans rupestris</i>, and of the California black +walnut, <i>Juglans hindsii</i> were entered. Tests on these two black walnuts +are noted for the purpose of record although no characteristics of value +were noted. The California black walnut has a smoother shell than the +eastern black walnut. The Texas black walnut has beautiful willowy +foliage and grows very late in the fall and holds its leaves much longer +than the other walnuts and it is of dwarf habit of growth. Tests on the +Werner black walnut are noted because it is the largest black walnut we +have. The black walnuts sent in this year were much poorer on the whole +than those exhibited in some years. Some well known trees bore scarcely +a nut. Some well known propagated black walnuts were tested but only two +of them tested out high enough to get into the prize winning class, the +Thomas and Ten Eyck. From what we know of the variation of nuts +particularly of black walnuts, it is evident that we must test black +walnuts more than one year to get a good idea of their value.</p> + +<p>The nut sent in by John S. Bomberges is particularly noticeable on +account of the unusually fine flavor of the kernel and would seem to be +a standard of excellence for black walnut kernels.</p> + +<p>Other black walnuts received from:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William A. Agner, Rockport, Ind., R. F. D. No. 1.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George A. Ede, Cobden, Ill.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. H. Hoover, Lockport, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. S. Ketchum, Middlefield, Ohio. (Nuts No. 1, 3, 5, 11, 12).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. H. Lang, 1628 Collingwood Ave., Toledo, Ohio, (Nut No. 1).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James E. Ripley, Tippecanoe, O., R. F. D. No. 2. (Nut No. 2).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. A. Toy, Freeman, W. Va. (Nut No. 1).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. G. Truman, Perrysville, Ohio. Box 167.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Peanut</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">black walnut.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ira C. Wilson, New Truxton, Mo.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BLACK WALNUTS</h3> + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Black Walnuts KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Black Walnuts"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">C. S. Ketchum<br />Middlefield, O.<br />Nut No. 10</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">14.1g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">185kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">25.5</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">80.5</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">7</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">7</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">18</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">71</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">C. S. Ketchum<br />Middlefield, O.<br />Nut No. 10</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdr">14.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">185kg</td> + <td class="tdr">25.5</td> + <td class="tdr">80.5</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">71</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">John S. Bomberges<br />Lebanon, Pa.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">16.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">208kg</td> + <td class="tdr">23.8</td> + <td class="tdr">64.1</td> + <td class="tdr">87.1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">16</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">23</td> + <td class="tdc">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Henry Hicks<br />Westbury, N. Y.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdr">13.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">222kg</td> + <td class="tdr">22.8</td> + <td class="tdr">51.6</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Amy A. Alley<br />Lagrangeville, N.Y.<br />Not the 1918 prize nut</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">15.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">177kg</td> + <td class="tdr">20.9</td> + <td class="tdr">53.7</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">James E. Ripley<br />Tippecanoe, O.<br />Nut No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">26.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">6.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">6.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">247kg</td> + <td class="tdr">23.6</td> + <td class="tdr">58.8</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Snyder Bros.<br />Center Point, Ia.<br />Thomas black walnut</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">19.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">247kg</td> + <td class="tdr">23.9</td> + <td class="tdr">76.6</td> + <td class="tdr">83.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">A. H. Lang<br />Toledo, O.<br />Nut No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">20.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">313kg</td> + <td class="tdr">22.4</td> + <td class="tdr">63.1</td> + <td class="tdr">89.2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">64</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Kate Yawger<br />Port Byron, N. Y.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">20.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">291kg</td> + <td class="tdr">22.2</td> + <td class="tdr">53.4</td> + <td class="tdr">84.5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">16</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">64</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. M. Ten Eyck<br />So. Plainfield, N. J.<br />Ten Eyck black walnut</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">16.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">154kg</td> + <td class="tdr">21.0</td> + <td class="tdr">51.5</td> + <td class="tdr">88.6</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">62</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">C. S. Ketchum<br />Middlefield, O.<br />Nut No. 9</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">20.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">297kg</td> + <td class="tdr">23.4</td> + <td class="tdr">51.2</td> + <td class="tdr">74.5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">13</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">61</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">S. A. Toy<br />Freeman, W. Va.<br />Nut No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">21.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">225kg</td> + <td class="tdr">20.5</td> + <td class="tdr">29.1</td> + <td class="tdr">71.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Arnold Arboretum<br />Jamaica Pl'n., Mass.<br />From Rochester, N. Y.</td> + <td class="tdc">R</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">6.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">357kg</td> + <td class="tdr">14.8</td> + <td class="tdr">67.8</td> + <td class="tdr">89.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">51</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">G. Hunger<br />Tolhouse, Calif.<br />California black walnut</td> + <td class="tdc">C</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">22.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">407kg</td> + <td class="tdr">22.4</td> + <td class="tdr">38.0</td> + <td class="tdr">62.0</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">57</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Edward A. Werner<br />Marion, Ia. R5<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">30.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">6.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">353kg</td> + <td class="tdr">21.4</td> + <td class="tdr">21.5</td> + <td class="tdr">38.4</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">51</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p style="font-size: 110%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;">The abbreviations used under the species column are: B for Black +walnut (Juglans nigra), C for California black walnut (Juglans +hindsii), R for (Juglans rupestris).</p></div> + +<h5> Transcribers Note: last column in row 11 corrected to 51 from 49</h5> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> +<h3>PERSIAN WALNUTS</h3> + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Hickorys KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Hickorys"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">D. N. Pomeroy<br />Lockport, N. Y.<br />Crocker</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">9.6g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4.4g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4.4g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">5kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">45.9</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">10</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">9</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">18</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">D. N. Pomeroy<br />Lockport, N. Y.<br />Crocker</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdr">9.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">5kg</td> + <td class="tdr">45.9</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Joseph H. Bair<br />Haddonfield, N. J.<br />Nut "L"</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">9.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">16kg</td> + <td class="tdr">53.2</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">D. N. Pomeroy<br />Lockport, N. Y.<br />Howard</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdr">9.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">11kg</td> + <td class="tdr">45.4</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Richard Bagg<br />Hartford, N. J.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">11.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">42kg</td> + <td class="tdr">44.3</td> + <td class="tdr">80.3</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">66</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">O. F. Witte<br />Amherst, O.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">9.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">22kg</td> + <td class="tdr">33.7</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">58</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />Eureka (from Calif.)</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">14.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">7.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">7.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">25kg</td> + <td class="tdr">49.6</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">82</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mrs. F. Schultz<br />Roslindale, Mass.<br />Boston</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">10.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">12kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.0</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">77</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. B. Holden<br />Hilton, N. Y.<br />Holden</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">12.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">6.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">6.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">31kg</td> + <td class="tdr">51.4</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">13</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">76</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">David Landis<br />Lancaster, P. A.<br />Rush</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">11.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">18kg</td> + <td class="tdr">46.8</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">John Garretson<br />Aspers, Pa.<br />Franquette</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">12.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">40kg</td> + <td class="tdr">45.7</td> + <td class="tdr">70.2</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">73</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p style="font-size: 110%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;">The abbreviation used under the species column is: P for Persian walnut (Juglans regia).</p> + +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BUTTERNUTS, JAPAN WALNUTS, AND HYBRIDS—33 ENTRIES</h2> + + +<p>The butternut and Japan walnuts and hybrids between them are grouped +together as they were last year although but one hybrid appeared this +year. The need of a name to include these is apparent and the name +butterjaps to include butternuts, Japan walnuts, and hybrids between +them is used this year following out last year's suggestion. It was a +very poor year for these nuts, many well known trees bearing no crop at +all. The one hybrid exhibited which was sent in as a curiosity not for +the purpose of being entered in the contest but it is interesting to +note that it took a prize, although not a high one.</p> + +<p>The prize winning nuts and prizes awarded are noted in the table on page +<a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Other butternuts received from:</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. Delp, Morrison, Ohio. (Nut No. 4).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Fairbanks butternut).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. G. Truman, Perrysville, Ohio. (Nuts No. 2, 3).</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Other Japan walnuts received from:</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. H. & P. J. Jr. Berckmans, 1213 Lamar Bldg., Augusta, Ga.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>BUTTERNUTS</h3> + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Hickorys KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Hickorys"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">G. G. Truman<br />Perrysville, O.<br />Nut No. 5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">9.6g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">280kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">16.8</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">67.8</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">C. Delp<br />Morrison, O.<br />Nut No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">17.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">320kg</td> + <td class="tdr">15.7</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">63</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">S. W. Snyder<br />Center Point, Ia.<br />Pumfrey 2nd</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">19.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">348kg</td> + <td class="tdr">17.4</td> + <td class="tdr">76.5</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">63</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">C. Delp<br />Morrison, O.<br />Nut No. 3</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdr">13.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">326kg</td> + <td class="tdr">18.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">61</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">C. Delp<br />Morrison, O.<br />Nut No. 5</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">12.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">308kg</td> + <td class="tdr">16.7</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Joe P. Wilson<br />Landon, Miss.<br />Butterjap</td> + <td class="tdc">S x B</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">12.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">244kg</td> + <td class="tdr">19.4</td> + <td class="tdr">28.1</td> + <td class="tdr">72.7</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">57</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Wm. H. Kuhne<br />Woodbury, Conn.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">8.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">232kg</td> + <td class="tdr">19.0</td> + <td class="tdr">59.0</td> + <td class="tdr">94.3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">55</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">C. Delp<br />Morrison, O.<br />Nut No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">10.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">250kg</td> + <td class="tdr">19.6</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">71.5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">52</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">S. W. Snyder<br />Center Point, Ia.<br />Pumfrey 1st</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">17.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">300kg</td> + <td class="tdr">17.7</td> + <td class="tdr">42.0</td> + <td class="tdr">58.0</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">52</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Postmaster<br />Balsam, N. C.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdr">13.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">249kg</td> + <td class="tdr">16.0</td> + <td class="tdr">27.2</td> + <td class="tdr">73.9</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">50</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">G. G. Truman<br />Perrysville, O.<br />Nut No. 4</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">22.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">320kg</td> + <td class="tdr">14.6</td> + <td class="tdr">6.0</td> + <td class="tdr">57.5</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">47</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">G. G. Truman<br />Perrysville, O.<br />Nut No. 1, Round shape</td> + <td class="tdc">B</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">14.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">293kg</td> + <td class="tdr">15.7</td> + <td class="tdr">22.1</td> + <td class="tdr">47.7</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">37</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p style="font-size: 110%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;">The abbreviations used under the species column are: B for butternut +(Juglans cinerea), SxB for Siebold walnut, x butternut hybrid +(Juglans Sieboldiana x cinerea).</p> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h3>JAPAN WALNUTS</h3> + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Hickorys KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Hickorys"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">R. Bates<br />Jackson, S. C.<br />Stranger Heartnut</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">7.6g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">79kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">28.3</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">83.8</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">2</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">2</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">9</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">11</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">18</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">78</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">R. Bates<br />Jackson, S. C.<br />Tokio Heartnut</td> + <td class="tdc">H</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">4.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">79kg</td> + <td class="tdr">29.7</td> + <td class="tdr">52.7</td> + <td class="tdr">97.2</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">19</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">76</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">O. F. Witte<br />Amherst, O.<br />Heartnut</td> + <td class="tdc">H</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdr">5.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">178kg</td> + <td class="tdr">29.6</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">R. Bates<br />Jackson, S. C.<br />Heartnut near Mobile pecan</td> + <td class="tdc">H</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">7.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">172kg</td> + <td class="tdr">25.2</td> + <td class="tdr">80.2</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">O. F. Witte<br />Amherst, O.<br />Siebold walnut No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">S</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">8.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">260kg</td> + <td class="tdr">25.9</td> + <td class="tdr">81.9</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Joe P. Wilson<br />Landon, Miss.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">?</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">9.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">75kg</td> + <td class="tdr">27.6</td> + <td class="tdr">31.1</td> + <td class="tdr">72.6</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">O. F. Witte<br />Amherst, O.<br />Siebold walnut No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc">S</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">5.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">215kg</td> + <td class="tdr">26.3</td> + <td class="tdr">73.3</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">O. D. Faust<br />Bamberg, S. C.<br />Heartnut</td> + <td class="tdc">H</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">9.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">234kg</td> + <td class="tdr">31.1</td> + <td class="tdr">17.8</td> + <td class="tdr">85.6</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">13</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">L. J. Bryant & Son<br />Newark, N. Y.<br />Siebold walnut</td> + <td class="tdc">S</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">6.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">138kg</td> + <td class="tdr">26.1</td> + <td class="tdr">55.8</td> + <td class="tdr">66.3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">64</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">O. D. Faust<br />Bamberg, S. C.<br />Siebold walnut</td> + <td class="tdc">S</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdr">8.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">142kg</td> + <td class="tdr">22.5</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">88.8</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">16</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">63</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">R. Bates<br />Jackson, S. C.<br />Cording walnut</td> + <td class="tdc">H x P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">12.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">419kg</td> + <td class="tdr">22.6</td> + <td class="tdr">46.4</td> + <td class="tdr">78.2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">13</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">R. Bates<br />Jackson, S. C.<br />Siebosian walnut</td> + <td class="tdc">P x S</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">13.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">370kg</td> + <td class="tdr">16.9</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">22.7</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">27</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p style="font-size: 110%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;">The abbreviations under the species column are: H for heartnut (Juglans +cordifornis), S for Siebold walnut (Juglans Sieboldiana), HxP for +heartnut x Persian walnut hybrid (Juglans cordifornis x regia), PxS for +Persian walnut x Siebold walnut hybrid (Juglans regia x Sieboldiana). +In the case of hybrids the species first named is the pistillate parent.</p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PECANS—13 VARIETIES</h2> + + +<p>Some very good northern pecans were sent in to the 1918 contest and two +of them are deemed worthy of experimental propagation. One of these Dunn +No. 1, had a particularly delicious flavor and the other the Koontz, was +also a desirable nut. They are not large but are almost exactly the size +of the Moore pecan, a southern variety now attracting a good deal of +attention.</p> + +<p>Specimens of three nuts of larger size were received, the Norton, +McCallister and Kline, but not in sufficient quantity to test. The +weights are given for reference. Tests of nine standard southern pecans +are also shown. It will be noticed that the best pecans sent to the 1919 +contest compare very favorably with these fine southern pecans, only the +Schley being shown superior. The northern pecans are generally smaller +than the southern, have lighter colored shell and lighter colored +kernel, flavor every bit as good, and shell just as thin. The prize +winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on page 158.</p> + +<p>The results of tests of southern pecans is inserted with some +hesitation. These pecans are judged by the same score cards as are the +northern pecans which is the one used for hickories. Inasmuch as the +pecans, both northern and southern, are judged by the same standards, it +is hoped that the figures may be of some value. The writer makes no +claim to being an expert on the southern pecan and does not wish these +figures taken as his opinion on the relative merits of southern pecans, +which have been grown in orchard form long enough so that regularity of +bearing, size of crops, resistance to disease, etc., have been +determined to a considerable extent. These are of such importance to the +practical pecan grower as to overbalance to quite an extent the merits +of the nut itself which are the only qualities that can be considered in +a nut contest.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Other pecans received from:</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. M. Brown, Van Buren, Ark.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. H. Burkett, Clyde, Texas. (Young grafted tree).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. W. W. Evans, Blackwell, Okla.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. J. B. Shultz, Fulton, Ark.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Pumfrey 1st, 2nd).</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>PECANS</h3> + + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Hickorys KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Hickorys"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">D. K. Dunn<br />Wynne, Ark.<br />Pecan No. 1</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">5.8g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3.2g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3.2g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">34kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">55.1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">7</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">11</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">79</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">E. J. Koontz<br />Richards, Mo.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">5.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">35Kg</td> + <td class="tdr">55.4</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">78</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Clifford<br />Crossville, Ill.<br />Prolific</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">53kg</td> + <td class="tdr">48.0</td> + <td class="tdr">45.8</td> + <td class="tdr">70.8</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">77</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Clifford<br />Crossville, Ill.<br />Sweetmeat</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">4.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">61kg</td> + <td class="tdr">59.1</td> + <td class="tdr">50.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">D. K. Dunn<br />Wynne, Ark.<br />Pecan No. 3</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">6.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">38kg</td> + <td class="tdr">49.3</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mrs. Maida R. Wears<br />Rich Hill, Mo.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">21kg</td> + <td class="tdr">45.3</td> + <td class="tdr">93.2</td> + <td class="tdr">93.2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">17</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">S. W. Snyder<br />Center Point, Ia.<br />Oberman</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">3.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">34kg</td> + <td class="tdr">55.5</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">D. K. Dunn<br />Wynne, Ark.<br />Pecan No. 2</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdr">5.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">31kg</td> + <td class="tdr">50.0</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">A. G. Shanklin<br />Clemson College, S. C.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdr">5.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">64kg</td> + <td class="tdr">51.0</td> + <td class="tdr">15.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">71</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mrs. Addie G. Evans<br />Blackwell, Okla.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdr">5.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">35kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.0</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Norton</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">8.1g</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />McCallister</td> + <td class="tdc">P x L</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">17.7g</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Klein</td> + <td class="tdc">P x L</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">22.0g</td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h3>STANDARD SOUTHERN VARIETIES</h3> + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Hickorys KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Hickorys"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">——<br />——<br />Schley</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;"> </td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">9.5g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">5.9g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">5.9g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">29kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">62.1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">6</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">7</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">13</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">82</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Burkett</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">8.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">28kg</td> + <td class="tdr">55.8</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">78</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Moore</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">5.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">25kg</td> + <td class="tdr">50.0</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">78</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Alley</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">8.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">5.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">39kg</td> + <td class="tdr">54.3</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">11</td> + <td class="tdc">19</td> + <td class="tdc">77</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Delmas</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">10.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">98kg</td> + <td class="tdr">48.5</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">76</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Moneymaker</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">7.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">20kg</td> + <td class="tdr">44.9</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">76</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Pabst</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">8.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">59kg</td> + <td class="tdr">44.8</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">19</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Stuart</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">8.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">4.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">56kg</td> + <td class="tdr">46.6</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">——<br />——<br />Vandeman</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">8.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">3.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0g</td> + <td class="tdr">8.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">96kg</td> + <td class="tdr">48.2</td> + <td class="tdr">0.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p style="font-size: 110%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;">The abbreviations used under the species column are: P for pecan (Carya +pecan), PxL for pecan x shellbark hybrid (Carya pecan x laciniosa).</p> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HAZELS—6 ENTRIES</h2> + + +<p>This is the first time I have had opportunity of testing Rush hazel +which was found by Mr. Rush 35 years ago, but which, so far as I know, +has never been propagated in the sense in which the word is used in the +contests where it means listed in the catalog of some nurseryman who is +prepared to furnish grafted or budded or layered plants. The value of +this hazel is now being recognized and doubtless it will not be long +that this will be the case for it is by far the best American hazel now +known. The prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the +table on page 160.</p> + +<p>Following the list of American hazels are 9 varieties of Mr. Conrad +Vollertsen's, Rochester, N. Y., most of them of German origin. These are +given with their German names. These names are given here for +convenience for readers and only for that, for they violate one of the +rules followed in naming nuts. They will be referred to the nomenclature +committee at its next session. Following Mr. Vollertsen's hazels are +five standard market hazels grown on the Pacific coast which are noted +as matters of record.</p> + +<p>It will be noted that the White Aveline hazel has been placed higher +than the Barcelona when judged by the score card used. Inasmuch as +orchards of White Aveline hazels in the Pacific northwest are being +replaced by Barcelona and Duchilly because White Aveline nuts are too +small to be saleable commercially, it was questioned as to whether the +score card was not at fault and whether much more emphasis should not be +put on size and less on quality than is the case with the score card +used. Inasmuch as the same score card has been used for all nuts except +where it seemed entirely unadapted (because when this was done the +figures have a value they otherwise would not in expressing the relative +value of each species) it seems very desirable this common score card be +retained for as many nuts as possible. There are some notable instances +where fruits commercially important do not rank highest in quality, e. g., +the Elberta peach, Ben Davis apple, and Kiefer pear, therefore it is +thought better not to emphasize size too strongly in the case of hazels. +It is only fair to state, however, that much less work has been put on +judging hazels than on some other nuts and perhaps our ideas will have +to be revised later.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>HAZELS</h3> + +<div class="centered" style="font-size: 85%;"> +<br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Hickorys KEY" style="font-size: 110%;"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">KEY:</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;">A: Species<br /> + B: Prize awarded<br /> + C: Average weight of nut<br /> + D: Average weight of kernel<br /> + E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking<br /> + F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking<br /> + G: Average cracking pressure<br /> + H: Proportion of kernel<br /> + I: Cracking quality absolute<br /> + J: Cracking quality commercial<br /> + K: Size (10)<br /></p></td> + <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><p style="line-height: 1.2em;"><br />K: Form (5)<br /> + M: Color of shell (5)<br /> + N: Husking quality (5)<br /> + O: Thinness of shell (10)<br /> + P: Cracking quality commercial (20)<br /> + Q: Cracking quality absolute (5)<br /> + R: Color of kernel (5)<br /> + S: Proportion of kernel (15)<br /> + T: Quality of kernel (20)<br /> + U: Total points awarded (100)</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Hickorys"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid;">NAME<br />ADDRESS<br />DESIGNATION</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">A</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">B</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">C</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">D</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">E</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">F</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">G</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">H</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">I</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">J</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">K</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">L</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">M</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">N</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">O</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">P</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">Q</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">R</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">S</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">T</td> + <td class="tdc" style="border-bottom: 2px black solid">U</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="width: 16%; padding-top: .25em;">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />Rush hazel</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">Am</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">1.0g</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">39kg</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">45.7</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr" style="width: 5%; padding-top: .25em;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">3</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 3%; padding-top: .25em;">5</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">7</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">20</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">2</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">4</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">12</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">18</td> + <td class="tdc" style="width: 4%; padding-top: .25em;">78</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Miss Louise Littlepage<br />Bowie, Md<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">Am</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">2.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">59kg</td> + <td class="tdr">28.3</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">62</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. W. Strassel<br />Rockport, Ind<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">Am</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">36kg</td> + <td class="tdr">36.5</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">12</td> + <td class="tdc">62</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Mrs. Priscilla Randall<br />Freeport, O.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">Am</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">51kg</td> + <td class="tdr">22.7</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">61</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Luther W. Vest<br />Blacksburg, Va.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">Am</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">49kg</td> + <td class="tdr">31.8</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">58</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">William H. Kuhne<br />Woodbury, Conn.<br />——</td> + <td class="tdc">Am</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdr">1.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">.4g</td> + <td class="tdr">50kg</td> + <td class="tdr">27.9</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">53</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Medium Long</td> + <td class="tdc">?</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">46kg</td> + <td class="tdr">41.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">81</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Italienische Rothe Zeller</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">57kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">79</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Lambertnuss Rothe</td> + <td class="tdc">M</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.3g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">42kg</td> + <td class="tdr">35.6</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">77</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Merveille de Bollwiller</td> + <td class="tdc">M</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">49kg</td> + <td class="tdr">37.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">75</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Lambertnuss Weisse</td> + <td class="tdc">M</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">60kg</td> + <td class="tdr">40.5</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Gunzelebener Zeller</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">1.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">58kg</td> + <td class="tdr">20.4</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">9</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Althaldensleben</td> + <td class="tdc">Av</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">63kg</td> + <td class="tdr">37.7</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">71</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Grosse Kugelnuss</td> + <td class="tdc">Av</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">1.9g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">70kg</td> + <td class="tdr">41.6</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conrad Vollertsen<br />Rochester, N. Y.<br />Minna's Zeller</td> + <td class="tdc">P</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">.7g</td> + <td class="tdr">49kg</td> + <td class="tdr">32.6</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">1</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />Daviana</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">3.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.6g</td> + <td class="tdr">33kg</td> + <td class="tdr">51.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">89</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />White Aveline</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">26kg</td> + <td class="tdr">49.3</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">14</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">88</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />Noce Lunghe</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">4.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">2.1g</td> + <td class="tdr">79kg</td> + <td class="tdr">42.5</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">79</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />Imperial</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">3.5g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.2g</td> + <td class="tdr">51kg</td> + <td class="tdr">33.1</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">6</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">4</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">18</td> + <td class="tdc">78</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">J. F. Jones<br />Lancaster, Pa.<br />Barcelona</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr">4.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">1.8g</td> + <td class="tdr">42kg</td> + <td class="tdr">41.8</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdc">8</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">3</td> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">7</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">2</td> + <td class="tdc">0</td> + <td class="tdc">10</td> + <td class="tdc">20</td> + <td class="tdc">70</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p style="font-size: 110%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;">The abbreviations used under the species column are: Am for American +hazel (Corylus Americana), Av for Corylus Avellana, a European, species, +M for Corylus maxima, a European species, P for Corylus pontica, a +European species. It seems quite probable that many of the European +varieties noted above are hybrids and not pure species. The species +identification of the European varieties are those of Mr. Conrad +Vollertsen.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PERSIAN WALNUTS—5 ENTRIES</h2> + +<p>The prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on +page <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>.</p> + +<p>This is the first time that I have had opportunity to test some of the +propagated Persian walnuts. The results shown are given for what they +are worth. A sufficient number of Persian walnuts have not as yet been +examined to enable us to determine the constants so that they are as +valuable as they will be later, and as they are on the hickories, black +walnuts, and butternuts where hundreds of nuts have been examined. +Consequently, conclusions based on the figures in the table should be +conservatively drawn. The position of the Franquette at the bottom of +the list of the propagated nuts it is believed will be materially +changed with the redetermination of the constants that an examination of +a large number of nuts would require.</p> + + +<h4>OBSERVATIONS</h4> + +<p>The number of entries in the 1919 contest was about 50% greater than in +1918. No hickories, no black walnuts or butternuts deemed worthy of +experimental propagation appeared as was the case in 1918, but on the +other hand, two pecans, the Dunn No. 1 and Koontz, it is believed, are +well worth while propagating experimentally even though the Dunn nut +comes from a somewhat more southern section than the other northern +pecans now being propagated. The need for additional heartnuts makes it +seem advisable to propagate experimentally the Stranger heartnut, even +though it comes from Jackson, S. C., a section so far south that the +southern pecan grows and bears well. The contest has helped to bring out +the value of the Rush hazel, which has been propagated experimentally +for a long time but which, so far as I know, has never been offered to +the public by nurserymen.</p> + +<p>The following standards for hickories have been established: The largest +nut found so far is still the Mott shellbark, which Dr. Morris found a +number of years ago and which weighs 29.6g. The Vest hickory, which +among the seemingly pure shagbarks, had the record<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> of the thinnest +shell up to the 1918 contest, has been surpassed by the Beam No. 1 of +the 1919 contest, which takes but 33kg to crack the shell. The figure is +surpassed by one bitternut hybrid the Beaver 29kg, and by the Hatch +bitternut 19kg, and the Halesite bitternut 13kg. The Vest of the 1914 +crop is still the seemingly pure shagbark with the largest percentage of +kernel 57.7%. This is surpassed by the Hatch bitternut 65.0%, and the +Halesite bitternut 69.0%. No hickory has been found to surpass the Vest +in the excellence of flavor of the kernel. One hickory, the Barnes, 1919 +contest, showed 100% cracking quality.</p> + +<p>The following standards for black walnuts have been established. The +Armknecht No. 2 which held the record last year has been surpassed by +the Werner with a weight of 30.4g. The thinnest shelled one is still the +Alley of the 1918 contest, with a cracking pressure of 110kg, although +the Ten Eyck of the 1918 contest was only slightly higher, 120kg. The +record for the greatest proportion of kernel is still with the Ten Eyck +of the 1918 contest 36.4%. The Ten Eyck black walnut exhibited in 1919 +had no such records of thinness of shell or proportion of kernel. The +Stabler is believed to be the best cracker but the Alley of the 1918 +contest showed 100%. The Bomberges black walnut of the 1919 contest +showed unusually fine quality of kernel and is believed to hold the +record for quality of kernel so far.</p> + +<p>The following standards for butterjaps (i. e., butternuts, Japan walnuts +and their hybrids) have been established. The Wasson butternut which +held the record for size heretofore 18.8g has been surpassed by two nuts +Pumfrey No. 2, 19.5g and Truman No. 4, 22.6g. The same high cracking +quality among the pure butternuts noted last year still continues. The +Ritchie heartnut of the 1918 contest still holds the record for +percentage of kernel, 32.7%. One pure butternut, the Kuhne of the 1919 +contest, with 19% kernel has been found. The Aiken butternut 200kg +cracking pressure is the thinnest shelled pure butternut yet found. The +thinnest shelled Japan walnut yet found is the Wilson Seibold walnut of +the 1919 contest, 75kg cracking pressure.</p> + +<p>The following standards for pecans have been established (including the +pecan x shellbark hybrids which generally resemble pecans in flavor and +appearance and would be classed with them). Largest, the Klein, 22.0g in +weight. Of the pure northern pecans the Norton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> 8.1g in weight is the +largest. Of the pure southern pecans tested the Delmas 10.1g in weight +is the largest. Of the northern pecans the greatest percentage of kernel +yet found is the Clifford "Sweetmeat" of the 1919 contest, 57.6% of +kernel, followed closely by the Koontz, 56.1% and the Dunn, 55.5%. Of +the southern pecans the Schley, 62%, leads.</p> + +<p>The thinnest shelled northern pecan yet tested is the Wears of the 1919 +contest, 21kg cracking pressure; the thinnest southern pecan is the +Burkett, 27kg followed closely by the Schley 29kg. The finest flavored +among the northern pecans is Dunn No. 1, which has a kernel which is +exceptionally delicious. The finest flavored among the southern pecans +is the Schley.</p> + +<p>The following standards for hazels have been established. The largest +American hazel yet found is the Littlepage 2.7g but the Rush, although a +smaller nut has a larger kernel 1.0g against .8g for the Littlepage. The +Rush also has a greater proportion of kernel, 45.7%, than any other +native hazel yet tested or any foreign one excepting the White Aveline +which has 49.3%. The thinnest shelled American hazel is the Rush 39kg +and the thinnest shelled foreign one, the White Aveline 26kg.</p> + +<p>Those who have given the matter consideration are thoroughly convinced +of the great possibilities of systematic hybridization of nut trees. +Work of this kind will have to be carried on according to carefully +thought out plans, the details of which are not yet quite clear in all +particulars. The facts brought out by this contest have added to our +knowledge of what may be expected from our work. Take the hickory for +example; we have shellbark hickory nuts nearly three times the size of +the best southern pecans; we have bitternut hickory nuts with a +proportion of kernel greater than that of any pecan and with shell so +thin, that they can be cracked with less pressure than any pecans I have +ever seen; we have in the best shagbarks, flavor of kernel unsurpassed +in any nut. Theoretically, it should be possible to produce nuts in +which these qualities are combined to a large degree. Similar +possibilities exist with the butternut and the Japan walnut where it is +seemingly possible to produce nuts in which the qualities of both will +be combined and get smooth, thin-shelled butternuts or well flavored +Japan walnuts or desirable butterjaps, as I am inclined to call them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + +<p>An inspection of the table of hickories show that 4 out of the 28 +receiving 68 points or over, are certainly hybrids. There are a number +of others where it seems very probable that they are hybrids. There are +a number of facts to suggest that some of our very thin shelled +hickories, which at first sight seem to be shagbarks, are hybrids of +which the shellbark or mockernut is one parent. Why the offspring of +such thick shelled nuts as the shellbark or the mockernut and the +shagbark should be thin shelled, is more than I can imagine. We have two +occurrences however which are significant. On the list of Japan walnuts +two hybrids of the Persian and Japan walnut, Cording and Siebosian are +noted. I have never tested a Persian walnut where the cracking pressure +runs much over 40kg and it is rather unusual for a Japan walnut to run +much over 200kg, yet Cording is 419kg, a strength of shell greater than +that of any other nut sent into the contest this year and which is only +found among black walnuts and shellbark hickories. Siebosian is not very +much less. If two comparatively thin shelled nuts will produce an +offspring with a shell so much thicker than either parent, it does not +seem more impossible for two thick shelled nuts to produce thin shelled +offsprings.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Tenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 19373-h.htm or 19373-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/7/19373/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the +Tenth Annual Meeting + Battle Creek, Michigan, December 9 and 10, 1919 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: September 25, 2006 [EBook #19373] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet +Blenkinship, Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | +| | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + + NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + REPORT + + OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE + + TENTH ANNUAL MEETING + + BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN + + DECEMBER 9 AND 10, 1919 + + + + + CONTENTS + Page + + Officers and Committees of the Association 4 + + Members of the Association 5 + + Constitution and By-Laws 9 + + Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention 11 + + President's Address, Mr W. C. Reed, Indiana 11 + + Report of the Secretary-Treasurer 14 + + Business Sessions 15, 133 + + The Farms by the Side of the Road, + Matthew Henry Hoover, New York 23 + + Native Nut Tree Plantations in Michigan, + Prof. A. K. Chittenden, Michigan 33 + + Pecans Other Than Those of the Well Known Sections, + J. F. Jones, Pennsylvania 44 + + Hazel Nuts and Filberts, + Conrad Vollertsen, New York 53 + + Disease Resistance in the American Chestnut, + Arthur H. Graves, Connecticut 60 + + Notes on the Hickories, + Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York 68 + + The Nutritive Value of Nuts, + F. A. Cajorie, Connecticut 80 + + Nut Trees and Bushes in Landscape Work, + O. C. Simonds, Illinois 88 + + Nut Culture in Michigan, + C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 98 + + Nut Trees for Highways and Public Places, + Hon. William S. Linton, Michigan 108 + + Legislation Regarding the Planting of Nut and Other Food + Producing Trees, Senator Harvey A. Penney, Michigan 112 + + Michigan Law Regarding Roadside Planting of Nut Trees 116 + + The Soy Bean, Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Michigan 118 + + Judging Nuts, Willard G. Bixby, New York 122 + + The 1919 Nut Contest, Willard G. Bixby, New York 146 + + + + + OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + + _President_ W. S. LINTON Saginaw, Michigan + + _Vice-President_ JAMES S. MCGLENNON Rochester, New York + + _Secretary and Treasurer_ WILLARD G. BIXBY Baldwin, Nassau Co., + New York + + _Acting Secretary_ W. C. DEMING Wilton, Connecticut + + + COMMITTEES + + _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED + + _Executive_--J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. C. REED AND THE OFFICERS + + _Federal Aid_--J. M. PATTERSON, R. T. MORRIS, J. H. KELLOGG, T. P. + LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, J. F. JONES, J. S. MCGLENNON + + _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. C. DEMING, J. G. RUSH + + Membership--HARRY R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, F. N. FAGAN. W. O. + POTTER, W. C. DEMING, J. RUSSELL SMITH + + _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES + + _Press and Publication_--RALPH T. OLCOTT, J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. C. + DEMING + + _Programme_--W. C. DEMING, J. RUSSELL SMITH, C. A. REED, R. T. + MORRIS + + _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES + + + STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + California T. C. Tucker 311 California St., San Francisco + + Canada G. H. Corsan 17 Rusholme Park Crescent, Toronto + + Connecticut Henry Leroy Lewis Stratford + + Georgia J. B. Wight Cairo + + Illinois E. A. Riehl Godfrey + + Indiana M. P. Reed Vincennes + + Maryland C. P. Close College Park + + Massachusetts James H. Bowditch 903 Tremont Building, Boston + + Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek + + Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana + + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + + New York M. E. Wile 37 Calumet St., Rochester + + Ohio Harry R. Weber 601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati + + Pennsylvania J. G. Rush West Willow + + Texas R. S. Trumbull M. S. R. R. Co., El Paso + + West Virginia B. F. Hartzell Shepherdstown + + + + + MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + + ARKANSAS + + * Drake, Prof. N. F., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville + + + CALIFORNIA + + Cress, B. E., Tehachapi + + Tucker, T. C, Manager California Almond Growers Exchange, 311 + California St., San Francisco + + + CANADA + + Corsan, G. H., 17 Rusholme Park Crescent, Toronto + Sager, Dr. D. S., Brantford + + + CONNECTICUT + + Barrows, Paul M., May Apple Farm, High Ridge, Stamford + Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford + Deming, Dr. W. C, Wilton + Filley, W. O., State Forester, Drawer 1, New Haven + Glover, James L., Shelton, R. F. D. 7 + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. 2, Box 76 + Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden + Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford + McGlashan, Archibald, Kent + * Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95 + Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor + Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol + Southworth, George E., Milford, Box 172 + Staunton, Gray, 98 Park St., New Haven + White, Gerrard, North Granby + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + Foster, B. G., 902 G Street, N. W. Washington + * Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington + Reed, C. A., Nut Culturist, Department of Agriculture, Washington + Taylor, Dr. Lewis H., The Cecil, Washington + ** Van Fleet, Walter, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington + + + ENGLAND + + Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire + + + GEORGIA + + Bullard, William P., Albany + Van Duzee, C. A., Judson Orchard Farm, Cairo + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + + ILLINOIS + + Casper, O. H., Anna + Librarian, University of Illinois, Urbana + Poll, Carl J., 1009 Maple St., Danville + Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion + Riehl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2 + Uran, B. F., Mattoon + + INDIANA + + Crain, Donald J., 1313 North St., Logansport + Reed, M. P., Vincennes + Reed, W. C., Vincennes + Simpson, H. D., Vincennes + Staderman, A. L., 120 S. Seventh St., Terre Haute + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + IOWA + + Snyder, D. C., Center Point (Linn Co. Nurseries) + + KANSAS + + Sharpe, James, Council Grove, (Morris Co. Nurseries) + + KENTUCKY + + Baker, Sam C., Beaver Dam, R. D. 2 + Livengood, Frank M., Berea + + MARYLAND + + Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill + Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood + Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie + + MASSACHUSETTS + + * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Building, Boston + Cleaver, C. Leroy, 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston + + MICHIGAN + + House, George W., Ford Building, Detroit + Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek + Linton, W. S., President Board of Trade Saginaw + McKale, H. B., Lansing, Route 6 + Schram, Mrs. O. E., Galesburg, Box 662 + + MISSOURI + + Mosnat, H. R., 3883 East 62 St., Kansas City + Stark, P. C., Louisiana + Ward, Miss Daisy, 2019 Allen Ave., St. Louis + + NEBRASKA + + Caha, Wm., Wahoo + + NEVADA + + Swingle, C. G., Hazen + + NEW JERSEY + + * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights + Landmann, Miss M. V., Cranbury, R. D. 2 + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Price, John R., 36 Ridgedale Ave., Madison + Ridgeway, C. S., Floralia, Lumberton + + NEW YORK + + Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth Street, Brooklyn + Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton + Atwater, C. G., The Barrett Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City + Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, Nassau Co. + Brown, Ronald J., 320 Broadway, New York City + Buist, Dr. George J., 2 Hancock St., Brooklyn + Crane, Alfred J., Monroe, Box 342 + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Goeltz, Mrs. M. H., 2524 Creston Ave., New York City + Harper, G. W., Jr., 115 Broadway, New York City + Hicks, Henry, Westbury, Long Island + Hodgson, Casper W., World Book Co., Yonkers + * Huntington, A. M., 15 West 81st St., New York City + McGlennon, James S., 528 Cutler Building, Rochester + Olcott, Ralph T., Editor American Nut Journal, Ellwanger and + Barry Building, Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Stephen, John W., New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse + Tallinger, J. F., Barnard + Teele, A. W., 120 Broadway, New York City + Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City + Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester + Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City + * Wissman, Mrs. F. deR., Westchester, New York City + + NORTH CAROLINA + + Barrett, Dr. Harvey P., 211 Vail Ave., Charlotte + Hutchings, Miss Lida G., Pine Bluff + North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona + + OHIO + + Burton, J. Howard, Casstown + Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Co., Painesville + Ketchum, C. S., Middlefield + Truman, G. G., Perrysville, Box 167 + Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati + Yunck, E. G., 706 Central Ave., Sandusky + + OREGON + + Pearcy, Knight, Salem, R. F. D. 3, Box 187 + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Druckemiller, W. H., Sunbury + Fagan, Prof. F. N., Department of Horticulture, State College + Heffner, H., Highland Chestnut Grove, Leeper + Hile, Anthony, Curwensville National Bank, Curwensville + Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia + * Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Kaufman, M. M., Clarion + Leas, F. C., Merion Station + Murphy, P. J., Vice President L. & W. R. R. Co., Scranton + O'Neill, William C., 328 Walnut St., Philadelphia + Patterson, J. E., 77 N. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre + * Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading + Rife, Jacob A., Camp Hill + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Smedley, Samuel L., Newtown Square, R. F. D. 1 + * Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg + Weaver, William S., McCungie + Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion + * Wister, John C., Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Germantown + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + Shanklin, Prof. A. G., Clemson College + + TEXAS + + Burkett, J. H., Nut Specialist, State Department of Agriculture, Clyde. + Trumbull, R. S., Agricultural Agent, El Paso & S. W., System Morenci + Southern R. R. Co., El Paso + + VIRGINIA + + Parish, John S., University + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Brooks, Fred E., French Creek + Cannaday, Dr. John Egerton, Charleston, Box 693 + Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown + Jenkins, Miss, The Green Bottom Homestead, Glenwood P. O. + + * Life member. + + ** Honorary member. + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + +ARTICLE I + +_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' +ASSOCIATION. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing +plants, their products and their culture. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on +membership. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president and a +secretary-treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual +meeting; and an executive committee of five persons, of which the +president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president and +secretary-treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency, or country represented in +the membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the +president. + +ARTICLE V + +_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +following year. + +ARTICLE VI + +_Meetings._--The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. + + +ARTICLE VII + +_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but +must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three +elected officers. + + +ARTICLE VIII + +_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment +having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the +proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member +thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + + +BY-LAWS + + +ARTICLE I + +_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and an +auditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations +to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Fees._ The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former +shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin with the first day of +the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association. + +ARTICLE IV + +_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members +present at any annual meeting. + + + + + Northern Nut Growers Association + + TENTH ANNUAL MEETING + DECEMBER 9 AND 10, 1919 + BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN + + +The tenth annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers' Association was +called to order at 11:00 A. M., Tuesday, December 9, 1919, in the Annex +Parlor of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Michigan, with the +President, W. C. Reed, presiding. + +The meeting was opened with a short business session beginning with the +President's report as follows: + + + + +PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS + +W. C. REED, VINCENNES, IND. + + +FELLOW MEMBERS, NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, LADIES AND +GENTLEMEN: + +Our Association meets today under the most favorable surroundings. We +have this splendid building in which to hold our meetings, furnished +gratuitously also have with us in this wonderful Institution several +thousand guests, men and women of ability and prominence in their +respective communities, from all parts of the United States. + +Dr. Kellogg has been very kind and generous in extending an invitation +several times to this association, and your speaker has thought there +was no place quite so well suited for a winter meeting. It gives me +great pleasure to be able to be with you and preside over a meeting as +the guests of Dr. Kellogg. There is probably no man in America who has +done so much to further the use of nuts, to show their benefits, and to +explain their uses, as a food for mankind. + +Conditions have changed greatly since our last meeting, September 1917, +at Stamford, Connecticut. At that time the greater part of the world was +at war, and owing to conditions prevailing during 1918, it was +impossible for this association to hold its annual meeting. Your speaker +is still holding the office of President because you have had no meeting +at which new officers could be elected. It is to be regretted that the +past three years have been crowded so full of events, that it was +impossible to give the association matters the attention they deserved, +and devote the time to them I would have liked to have done. + +With the armistice came a cessation of war, and we are all happy that +the terrible struggle is over, but with it have come conditions that +are almost as terrible as war. Famine and want stare millions of people +in the face on the continent of Europe. Our own country is at present in +the grip of strikes for higher wages, the like of which has never been +known. Yet we are prosperous beyond the greatest dreams of any nation on +earth, but with this prosperity comes many duties. Our yields of food +crops have been great, but to us has fallen the lot of feeding the +world, and this will continue until industrial and agricultural +conditions of Europe, have been reestablished on a pre-war condition. + +There never was a time when meats of all kinds were so expensive, and to +many almost prohibitive. Many have learned the use of nut meats in +varied ways until all kinds of edible nuts are quoted on the markets +today at prices undreamed of in former years. These conditions will not +always last; crop failures will come; and production will be curtailed. +Land values are advancing so rapidly that the production of cheap meats +will be impossible. To help supply this deficiency, there will be an +increased demand for nuts of all kinds. + +To help meet this demand, much can be done by road side planting. On our +main market highways, such trees as the grafted black walnuts could be +planted profitably, in many sections of the country; the English walnut +in some parts where they succeed the best; and the pecan and chestnut in +other parts of the country where they are specially adapted. + +While commercial planting of nut trees may not be attractive to the +average man, home planting of a few nut trees can be recommended for +every where space is available. They will make beautiful shade trees, +and produce crops that will eventually be of great value. To land owners +who are planting private parks, avenues and pastures, we would recommend +nut trees. + +The production of nut trees is very difficult, and the development and +testing of new varieties, a slow and expensive process. We need the +Government's helping hand, and are very glad that there has been set +aside by Congress an appropriation to help develop this industry. We +have with us, the Nut Culturist from the Department of Agriculture, who +is devoting his entire time along these lines. + +On the programme that is to be presented here, today and tomorrow, are +men of national reputation in their respective lines, who stand at the +head of their profession. To our friends and visitors here, we extend an +urgent invitation, that you attend all the meetings possible, and we +trust that you may learn much that will be of interest, and that this +information may be taken home to your different communities. + +Our sincere thanks should be extended to the Programme Committee and our +very efficient Secretary who have given so much time to this work. + +For an association to stand still, is usually to go backward. Owing to +war conditions, and missing one meeting, we have had little chance to +increase our membership. I sincerely trust that the Membership Committee +will be active while here, and extend an invitation to all to become +members, and to help advance an industry that will be for the good of +posterity, and should give us much pleasure during our own lifetime. + +We are told, the good we do unto others lives after us. May the Nut +Trees planted and fostered by the members of this association, live long +to wave their leafy branches under Heaven's purple dome, and may weary +pilgrims of future generations rest beneath their shade, and enjoy their +fruits, thanking us with a silent prayer that these trees were planted +for their benefit. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe the next thing in order will be the +reading of the secretary's and treasurer's reports. Does any one have +anything to present while we are waiting for the secretary, who is busy? + +DR. MORRIS: How many members have we, Mr. President? + +PRESIDENT REED: I don't know. Several have written me asking +about members, and Mr. Olcott probably knows something about it. + +MR. OLCOTT: I don't know how many there are now; but I think +there were 150 or 200 at the time of the Stamford meeting. I think there +were that many enrolled. I presume that two-thirds of those +renewed--probably something over 100 members. + +PRESIDENT REED: There were 138 paid members. + +DR. MORRIS: Dr. Kellogg says there may be a thousand men in the +audience this evening, and if there are we ought to do some propaganda +work. + +PRESIDENT REED: I don't remember who the membership committee +was. Mr. Weber was chairman, I believe, and he is not here. Olcott is +next on the committee. + +MR. OLCOTT: I didn't know I was on that committee. + +PRESIDENT REED: Fagan was on that committee, Potter, Deming, +Williams, J. Russell Smith. I guess you are the only member of the +committee who is here. We are ready for the report of the secretary and +treasurer, Mr. Bixby. + + + * * * * * + + + REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER + SEPT. 1, 1917-NOV. 30, 1919 + +Key: +A: Sep. 1. '17 to Dec. 31, '17 +B: Jan. 1, '18 to May 20, '18 +C: May 21, '18 to Dec. 31, '18 +D: Jan. 1, '19 to Nov. 30, '19 + + RECEIPTS + + A B C D Total Balance + +Balance on hand date of + last report, August 31, + 1917. $ 15.93 +Received from annual + members including joint + subscriptions to + American Nut Journal $69.50 $123.54 $ 73.75 $247.35 $514.14 +Received in payment of + life membership 20.00 25.00 45.00 +Sale of reports, brochures + and leaflets 2.25 4.00 9.95 4.85 21.05 +Advertising in report of + Stamford meetings 8th, + 1917 21.00 21.00 +Sales of sundry material. 1.58 1.58 +Contributions for 1917 + Contest 25.00 125.00 150.00 +Contribution for special + hickory prizes 25.00 25.00 + ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- + $112.75 $145.12 $108.70 $427.20 $793.77 $793.77 + ------- + $809.70 + + EXPENDITURES + +American Nut Journal, + their portion of joint + subscriptions $ 6.75 $ 14.00 $ 59.00 $ 79.75 +Stationary, printing and + Supplies .69 44.05 49.50 94.24 +Postage, Express, etc. 4.82 13.95 9.66 9.24 37.67 +Prizes 1917 Nut Contest 15.00 15.00 +Prize 1918 Nut Contest 107.00 107.00 +Advertising 1917 Nut + Contest $10.21; expenses + 1917 contest $2.90 13.11 13.11 +Advertising 1918 Nut + Contest 51.50 51.50 +Stamford Meeting 1917 + expenses 65.55 65.55 +Printing Report of + Stamford Meeting 162.00 162.00 +Errors in remittance + corrected 3.85 3.50 7.35 +Litchfield Savings Bank. + Life membership of John + Rick Balance on hand + Dec. 1, 1919. 20.00 20.00 + ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- + $97.81 $30.91 $244.71 $279.74 $653.17 + $653.17 + +Balance on hand Dec. 1, 1919. + Special hickory prize 25.00 + Life membership Lee W. + Jaques 25.00 + For regular expenses. 106.53 + + ------- + $809.70 + +I have carefully been over the above statement and found it to be correct. +C. A. REED, for Auditing Committee. + + The above are records of receipts and expenditures for two years + and three months and are approximately double those noted in the + report of of the Stamford meeting. The activities of the + Association were necessarily at a low ebb in war time, and, + although a joint meeting with the National Association was planned + for the fall of 1918, it was never held. + + The list of members printed in this report numbers 128 while that + in the last one shows 166, apparently a very large decrease. The + last report showed 138 paid up members. Following the methods of + Secretary Deming, members who have not responded to notices and + letters have been dropped. In no case has a member been dropped + until a letter with return postage has been sent. In a number of + instances members thus written to have resigned giving various + reasons, the most common of which are change of occupation or + residence, which prevented their doing anything in the line of nut + growing or lack of success in their attempts to grow nuts. Two + members have died since the last meeting, Mr. Wendell P. Williams + and Mr. Mahlon Hutchinson; the former was in the U. S. Service at + the time of his death. 57 new members have been added to our rolls + since 1917 making a total of 410 joining since organization of whom + we now have 128, 282 having dropped out. Of the 52 who have joined + since last meeting, 21 joined before Oct. 1, 1919 the date of the + proposed meeting in Albany, Ga., which was never held, and 31 since + that date. + + The holding of members is a difficult problem and one that has not + been worked out at all satisfactorily. Most members join in the + hope of thereby learning how to successfully grow nut trees. They + find out that so much is still experimental that most do not + remain. This is bound to continue till we can show grafted or + budded nut trees bearing satisfactory crops, and, until that time, + there seems nothing to do but to keep on going after new members + and by means of bulletins, reports, letters and otherwise making + the membership more valuable than ever. There has been a greater + interest in nut growing during the past fall than at any time since + your Secretary-Treasurer has held office. + + Respectfully submitted, + + WILLARD G. BIXBY, + Secretary-Treasurer. + + + * * * * * + + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the report. What is your +pleasure? I believe that is usually referred to an auditing committee. +C. A. Reed was chairman of that committee. + +MR. BIXBY: Mr. Reed spoke to me about this yesterday. He said +he would be glad to audit it, but there has not been time to give it to +him. It was ready for him this morning, but he was busy on other things. + +PRESIDENT REED: What is the next thing on the program, Mr. +Secretary? + +MR. BIXBY: The reports of committees. I do not know how much +report the standing committees have. + +PRESIDENT REED: There is the executive committee, the finance +committee, the hybrids committee--maybe Dr. Morris has something on +that. + +DR. MORRIS: No, I have no report to make on that. I shall talk +on the subject this afternoon or in the course of my paper incidentally. +I didn't see any occasion for action in that direction since the last +meeting, so I have not acted except incidentally in the course of my +work. + +PRESIDENT REED: The committee on nomenclature--of course they +wouldn't have any report until after this meeting. + +MR. BIXBY: Who is on that committee?--C. A. Reed, Dr. Morris, +and J. F. Jones. Two members of the committee are here. There is one +matter which perhaps I better bring up to the committee first,--one +matter I think they should take some action on. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think it would be best to have that come up +at a later time. + +DR. MORRIS: I would like to bring in something incidentally in +relation to nomenclature in my paper. Perhaps we could have the question +discussed after I have brought up that point. + +PRESIDENT REED: There is a committee on promising seedlings C. +A. Reed, and J. F. Jones. I think that covers all the standing +committees. Wasn't there a committee on nominations for officers to be +elected, this morning? + +MR. BIXBY: That nominating committee has to be elected. + +PRESIDENT REED: How many members? + +MR. BIXBY: There were four or five last time, I think. + +PRESIDENT REED: (Reading by-laws calling for five members). + +MR. BIXBY: I move Mr. Olcott be on the committee. + +VOICE: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It has been moved and seconded that Mr. Olcott +be elected as a member of the nominating committee. All in favor say, +Aye. It is so ordered. Who else shall we have, for a second member? + +MR. LINTON: I move Mr. Bixby be a member of the committee. + +MR. BIXBY: There is a precedent that the secretary has never +been a member of the nominating committee. He has sometimes given them +information. I move Dr. Morris, Mr. Jones, and Mr. Linton be members of +the nominating committee, and Mr. McGlennon. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I second the motion. + +MR. OLCOTT: The committee as you suggested it is Dr. Morris, +Mr. J. F. Jones, Mr. Linton, Mr. McGlennon and myself? + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion. All in favor say +Aye. The committee stands elected as named. They report at tomorrow +morning's meeting. I think there is one matter it would be well to bring +up, and that is the membership committee. + +MR. OLCOTT: I was going to suggest that is an important matter, +and I think that committee should be filled out with those who are +present, inasmuch as the regular members are not here. It looks as +though a comparatively small membership would have to double up on +membership committee. + +PRESIDENT REED: Have you any suggestions as to whom you want on +that committee? + +MR. BIXBY: Those committees, with the exception of the +nominating committee, are appointed by the president. I think myself +that the new president appoints them. + +PRESIDENT REED: My idea was to appoint for this meeting and +help Mr. Olcott out. + +MR. OLCOTT: I suggest Mr. McGlennon and Mr. Jones as two of the +members. + +PRESIDENT REED: Let it stand as it is with the three and give +the chairman power to appoint two more later. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Can the secretary tell us how many members there +are? + +MR. BIXBY: One hundred sixty-four notices of this meeting were +sent out. There are 128 paid up members. + +MR. OLCOTT: On the matter of membership, I wonder if the +association could suggest some inducement for membership, or summarize +the inducements. As you know, the American Association of Nurserymen has +been desirous of more members, and they found it very advisable to +outline definitely the benefits of membership in that association. I am +wondering if that has been done recently and could not be emphasized in +some way to the advantage of larger membership. You have got to do +something more than say that there is in existence an association +devoted to these purposes and everybody is invited to come in. Maybe the +secretary has something on that line. + +MR. BIXBY: I have no suggestion. It is very evident that there +is a greatly increased interest in nut growing over what there was when +I first took up the office. That is very clearly brought out by the +amount of mail received. You may know that Capt. Deming, when in the +service, took the position of editing the nut department of the American +Fruit Grower. I saw him recently and it looks to me as if, as editor of +that department, he is answering about as many correspondents on nuts +and trying to boost the association in that way as he did when he was +secretary before. And that would appear to be in addition to the +communications that are coming to me now. + +MR. OLCOTT: There is interest. We get at the Journal office a +great quantity of inquiries but only a small per cent of them result in +memberships and subscriptions, and while this interest is so strong, +ought not this association to study that which is something of a +problem--perhaps something that ought to be taken up in view of the +interests and the benefits of the association shown. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think that is a good suggestion. I think they +need something along that line. Is there anything else we want to bring +up at this morning session? + +MR. MCGLENNON: Is this not a very good field to open up +operations along that line, right here at Battle Creek? A large number +of people who come here are people who eat nuts, and I believe that +condition would resolve itself into a material advance of membership. I +think we ought to get busy right here and see if we can not enlist the +membership of a great number of the patrons of this institution. + +MR. OLCOTT: That was the principal object of the membership +committee I suppose. My idea was to get the ideas of the individual +members, put them together and present a broadside of benefits in this +organization rather than have one man attempt to outline them. + +DR. MORRIS: There is an immense amount of interest. The +question is how to get it together and formulate it in such a way that +men will join. There is an enormous, large loose majority, and we must +have a small compact minority to swing it as the Senators do down at +Washington, you know. Prof. Murrill of the New York Botanical Garden +told me that wherever he went (he is interested in mushrooms, that is +his special subject) he had had no idea in the world there was so much +interest of the public in mushrooms; yet when it comes to getting +together members to form the base of an association to study the +subject, he finds very few members. It is simply because men haven't got +the habit, and we have got in some way to give direction to that in such +a way that it will be focused and concentrated on some one objective +point. How to do it, I don't know. + +MR. BIXBY: Dr. Kellogg suggested that at the meeting this +evening there will be the largest number of people, not members, that +there has been at any meeting; and he said he had had requests from +people that they wanted to hear Dr. Morris, and they wanted to hear +Prof. Cajori who used to be here, and he asked me to change those from +this afternoon to this evening in order to accomplish that, and I said +we would switch the program. That was for that very purpose. + +MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, it just occurred to me that in view +of the number of inquiries we get, and I am sure the secretary gets, and +I am also sure Dr. Deming gets from his articles, there is no doubt of +the interest, yet the joining of this Northern Association, and the +attendance of its single annual meeting, does not appeal to many. They +do not find it convenient to attend the convention; they do not see any +great amount of benefit in the membership. It occurs to me that if we +had a list of state vice-presidents and each of those could provide for +some local gathering of people interested in nut culture in the various +communities; rather, I would say that if our members, as fast as we can +increase our membership, wherever they are located, would form a nucleus +of a little circle in their neighborhood, and have them affiliated with +the Northern Association; it would accomplish this result. And afterward +it occurred to me that perhaps that could be done through state +vice-presidents. But what is really needed is to get them together in +meetings. They won't come yet. They will when you get a larger +membership, but they won't come to the annual meeting of this +association where I think they would go to a community affair and talk +over matters and refer difficult problems to the Northern Association of +which they were affiliated members. In some way, a wheel within a wheel +could work at it that way, and we could increase membership in that way. + +DR. MORRIS: It is a rule in psychology that you have got to +have personal interest first. If Mr. Olcott's idea of having a local +vice-president offer prizes, no matter how small, for nuts in the +vicinity, and would also state that any one finding some remarkable nut +would have that nut named after him to go down to all time, you would +have two points there in self-interest. First, a five dollar prize to +the best nut; next the name going rattling down through time in +association with it. There are two points of personal interest. We may +as well take it back to the basic principles and begin with the +psychology of the situation. + +MR. KETCHUM: Mr. President, in regard to these vice-presidents, +that point looks to me very good for this reason. I saw it work out in +the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. They had a vice-president in +each congressional district. I was vice-president in the third district +one year myself From them reports were sent from their district by +people who were interested. They were asked to fill out blanks about +conditions as they found them in their neighborhood and we got great +good from it. Then this vice-president was to make a general district +report from the reports sent him, and hand it in at the annual meeting. +It was quite a success. + +DR. MORRIS: There you have civic pride brought into your psychology. + +MR. KETCHUM: That was in the third district which included the +northeast part of the state. It was quite a large district +geographically, and I sent out something like seventy of these blank +reports, and while the interest was very slight, I think I got 23 field +reports in return, and out of those 23 were some nine or ten that were +of some considerable importance; but it was a great big help to me in +making out my report together with what I knew in my own location. The +percentage of reports that came back showed that there was great +interest taken by those persons. + +DR. MORRIS: You can arouse local pride in any locality. + +PRESIDENT REED: I have tried that in our own state in the last +two or three years, at county fairs and local district horticultural +meetings. Several times I have offered prizes out of my own pocket +individually; then I have gotten other parties to help in some cases, +and some exhibits even at county farmers' institutes, even very +creditable exhibits and they seemed to attract as much interest even as +the school exhibits. I know of one case at Martinsville two years ago +this winter where the nut exhibit was almost as large as the fruit +exhibit, and I think it attracted more attention; and I think there was +only something like ten dollars spent in order to get it out. I think +that work along that line, missionary work of that kind, is going to do +us more good than almost any other endeavor. + +MR. OLCOTT: I do not think that the industry is old enough or +strong enough yet, perhaps, to operate that state vice-president plan as +it would be perhaps later on, for this reason, that if you have a state +vice-president, you narrow the activity in that state to that immediate +locality. But it would probably be much better, instead of that, to +endeavor to get each member to form the nucleus of a local circle, and +so have ten or a dozen in a state, instead of one. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think that suggestion is better. + +MR. OLCOTT: That was my original idea, and the state +vice-president idea came in afterwards. + +MR. MCGLENNON: How many states are included in the northern association +territory? + +MR. BIXBY: There is no limit. + +DR. MORRIS: Northern is a relative term. + +PRESIDENT REED: I don't think there is any clearly defined line +where the Northern Association is. + +MR. OLCOTT: For the reason that men live in the North are +interested in lands in the South, and _vice versa_. + +PRESIDENT REED: There are twenty-three vice-presidents on the +list here, in the last published report. Is there anything else that +should come up at the morning session? Mr. Secretary, do you know of +anything else? + +MR. BIXBY: I would really like to see something definite on +this line of increasing the membership. I can think of several things +that will help; but to get something that is going to have action right +away is not so clear. Recently I have had a good many people come down +to my place to look at the small orchard I have there. I aim to have +varieties of every nut tree that is being propagated, and I think if I +keep at it a few years longer I will pretty nearly have them; and in +most cases, when people have come down that way, they have become +members afterwards. Two or three of them have. I am only twenty miles +from New York City, and it is not difficult, if I find someone +interested, to invite them down to look over the trees growing there, +and usually when they come they join afterwards. + +MR. OLCOTT: Pardon me for speaking again, but I am on the +membership committee and I am anxious to draw out anything that may be +of use. Why could not some plan be devised by the secretary or by this +committee and sent out tentatively in the way of suggestion and perhaps +some other suggestions will be made to add to it. Perhaps also in +addition to this local community plan that I suggested, there might be +formed, all of it within the Northern Association, a subsidiary +thereto--the walnut society--people particularly interested in the +walnut, but do not care for the hickory, pecan or any other nut. You +will find people particularly interested in the black walnut, some in +the Persian walnut, some in the filbert--form a filbert society as the +American Nut Journal has suggested, and let all the enthusiasts of the +filbert get together, and if they are scattered, let them keep together +by correspondence and increased activity in that way. The same for the +butternut. Get at it from that way. + +MR. KETCHUM: Another thing to further our society here today, +we can make those small organizations auxiliary thereto. + +DR. MORRIS: Any one who is interested in one nut becomes +interested in all eventually. + +MR. BIXBY: I received more inquiries regarding the Persian +walnut and the pecan than any other nuts--probably more regarding the +Persian walnut. Nearly everybody who writes wants to grow Persian +walnuts; and in the great majority of instances, I have to try to switch +them onto black walnuts with the suggestion that they plant a few +Persian walnuts because we have no experimental data of the Persian +walnut succeeding in their section. In some instances they will turn to +the black walnuts; in other instances I hear nothing further from them. +The Persian walnut is the most popular with people who have not tried to +grow any nuts. Mr. Jones perhaps can tell us how his inquiries run. +Don't they run very largely for Persian walnuts? + +MR. JONES: Yes, they do. I was thinking possibly you could make +a combination--take, for instance, the membership, the nut journal, and +some nut trees. The nurserymen could make considerable concession. + +DR. MORRIS: That combination is right well. + +MR. JONES: You could give a coupon good for so much on an order +for trees or something of that sort. + +MR. BIXBY: That suggestion was made and I referred it to the +executive committee. I have not had any reply. + +PRESIDENT REED: I didn't have time to answer the communication +and get it back to you before I came here; so I thought we would decide +on that here. If there is nothing further to come up this morning, a +motion to adjourn will be in order until the afternoon session. + +MR. BIXBY: I might repeat that at the request of Dr. Kellogg, +in order to get the papers which he had been particularly requested to +have given so that people could hear them, Dr. Morris and Prof. Cajori +who were scheduled this afternoon, will come this evening, and Mr. +Hoover's and Mr. Graves' papers, which were scheduled for this evening, +will have to come this afternoon. Neither of the writers are present, +but the papers are here. Mr. Graves expected to be here but I had a +telegram yesterday that he could not get away. I have the paper, though +and the photographs. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Has there been provision made for a paper on +filberts by Mr. Vollertsen? If not, I should like to have it. + +MR. BIXBY: Certainly, there can be. It ought to come in this +afternoon. I wrote Mr. Vollertsen asking if he could deliver it. + +MR. MCGLENNON: He has the paper prepared, and I want to hear +it. I have been closely associated with Mr. Vollertsen for some ten +years, and I know that his whole heart and soul are in the development +of the filbert; and I know what he has done and that he is a rare +character in the nut world today, that he possesses a fund of +information. I am sure you will find intensely interesting; and +furthermore I would suggest, and I believe I speak for him when I say I +hope you will feel free to ask him questions. As I said before, he has a +fund of information that I think we nut people ought to have, and the +general public as well. We have a very good exhibit of the nuts. Mr. +Vollertsen is the practical man in the enterprise we are interested in. +I look after the business end of it. We are equally interested in it and +feel that we have made some progress. + +DR. MORRIS: Put Mr. McGlennon on too. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I have said all I can say. + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: You have said too much. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is nothing else, we will stand +adjourned until 2:30 p. m. + + + * * * * * + + + TUESDAY AFTERNOON, DECEMBER 9, 1919, 2:30 P. M. + PRESIDENT W. C. REED, IN THE CHAIR + +PRESIDENT REED: The first paper is by Mr. Hoover, Matthew Henry +Hoover, of Lockport, N. Y., president of the New York State Conservation +Association. Mr. Hoover is not here, and the Secretary will read his +paper. + + + + +THE FARMS BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD + + BY MATTHEW HENRY HOOVER, LOCKPORT, N. Y. + FORMERLY NEW YORK CONSERVATION COMMISSIONER + PRESIDENT NEW YORK STATE CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION + +Horace Greeley is best known for his contribution to the abolition of +human slavery in the United States. Yet his service to mankind is not +fully appraised by the average American, because many of the younger +generation are unaware of his aid to agriculture. His maxim about +farmers' failing to till the most valuable part of their farms +underneath, opening the eyes of agriculturists to the efficacy of +sub-soil plowing, was the preamble to freeing American husbandry from +the slavery of antiquated and unscientific methods. + +Following the application of science to the cultivation of the soil, +came the students of Conservation. They were teaching the farmer the +relation of conservation of natural resources to agriculture, the +effects of forests on rainfall, moisture, erosion of soil, minimization +of floods that annually bury thousands of acres of arable lands in the +valleys, under rocky debris and so on. + +Greeley discovered the Farm Below. The Conservationists are saving the +Farm Above. + +Now, in these days of reclamation and reconstruction, it is high time to +pay more attention to the Farm by the Side of the Road. + +The Northern Nut Growers' Association is to be congratulated upon the +fact that it is blazing the trail through the forest of popular +ignorance on this vitally important conservation question; leading +public thought in the right direction; and providing both the seed and +the stock for practical efforts in behalf of the Farm by the Side of the +Road. I am going to claim a bond of brotherhood with you in this great +work, basing my claim not upon my small activities in nut cultivation, +but rather upon the fact that I was one of the conservation pioneers in +New York State in the advocacy of planting profitable trees--nut trees +and fruit trees--along the public highways. + +That eminent conservationist, Gifford Pinchot, addressing the National +Council of Farmers' Co-operative Associations in 1915, defined +"Conservation" as "the wise use of the earth for the benefit of the +people who live on it." That would be a perfect definition, if it did +not invite the query: Should it not be enjoined upon the people who live +upon the earth today, while enjoying its benefits, to keep faithful +stewardship of the interests of the inhabitants of tomorrow? + +About the time Mr. Pinchot enunciated this famous definition, the New +York State Conservation Department summed up the purposes of practical +Conservation as: "The correction of past indiscretion, the perfection of +present utilization, and the formation of future accumulation with +respect to natural resources." + +Conservation activities must repair errors of the past which have left +denuded forest lands and empty game covers and waters; they must afford +and direct the present use of the forests and the streams; they must +safeguard the future supply, if they would meet the requirements of a +conservation which shall raise the standards of life and lower the cost +of living. That is a conservation embracing both the aesthetic and the +economic, the only kind worth while. It is a conservation wherein the +arable areas and the so-called waste lands and waters have a very +intimate interrelation of interests. And, I submit, Gentlemen, that the +American people too long have failed to recognize and to account as in +the class of waste lands, "The Farms by the Side of the Road." + +The reclamation of waste lands is a compromise between the activities of +the Conservationists, who claim that in the more thickly inhabited +portions of the United States the cultivated or semi-cultivated areas +are out of sane and safe proportion to the wild forest sections, and the +advocates of intensive and extensive agriculture. It is not the purpose +of this article to take sides in that controversy, but rather to invite +attention of both sides to a safe and practical field for their +endeavors, namely, the reclamation of the "wasted lands" along the +roadsides, the farms along the highways. + +During the War Garden campaigns of the past two years, these heretofore +largely unused strips of tillable land, forming in the aggregate +thousands of along-the-road acres in every state, received considerable +attention from the thrifty plow and hoe. But in the main, the results +were not encouraging. The public will trespass, unintentionally or +otherwise, upon the land cropped along the highway. Then, if the farms +by the side of the road are to be conserved--used by present as well as +future generations--there remains but one practical recourse: productive +trees. + +The American people love beautiful trees, possibly the expression of a +reaction from the sentiment of the pioneers who regarded trees as their +enemies, handicaps to agriculture to be removed as thoroughly and +expeditiously as possible. But with virgin soil producing enormous +crops, they naturally centered their interest on ornamental trees +without reference to their fruits. Hence the horse-chestnut, buck-eye, +maple, locust, oak, poplar, along the highways and byways of America, +instead of the native nut trees and the Persian or English walnut. + +And, speaking of highways, this is the age of concrete. Taking the hint, +I am selecting one concrete example of which I have intimate and +personal knowledge, well aware that there are numerous others that I +might cite were my acquaintance with practical nut culture more +extensive than it is. The one that I know about of my own personal +knowledge is, a very good example of the plain common sense of +productive trees which combine the useful with the ornamental. + + +IT READS LIKE A FAIRY TALE + +In 1876 two Niagara County farmers, Norman Pomeroy and Matthew O'Connor, +neighbors, decided to go to the Centennial. They packed one carpet-bag +in common for their baggage and boarded the train for Philadelphia. +Although well to do farmers, their economic instincts warned them to +beware the profiteering hotel keepers. So they sought a humble boarding +house in the suburbs of the city. Returning one evening from +sight-seeing at the exposition, the travelers were so weary that they +retired immediately after supper. During the night Pomeroy was awakened +by a tapping on the window. Assuring himself that the wallet under his +pillow was still there, he investigated the cause of the disturbance of +his slumbers. The noise had ceased and he decided that the overstrain of +the day had worked an hallucination. Pomeroy dropped off to sleep, but +presently was aroused by sounds which were unmistakably caused by a +gentle tapping on the window pane. Exasperated, the man arose, picked up +a boot, slipped to the window and raised it gently ready to give the +joker or would-be burglar a rousing whack on the head if within reach. +He stuck his head out of the window for a better view of the exterior +world, and his curiosity was rewarded with a stinging blow on the cheek. +The pain aroused all the Pomeroy French Huguenot fighting blood in his +veins. Viciously he swung the boot at the unseen foe, only to hear it +crash through tree branches. Laughing softly, in his enlightenment, he +reached out into the night, grasped a branch, broke it off and turned on +the gas and lit it. On the twig were two curious nuts. + +Pomeroy was a lover of nature, as I learned by many an interesting talk +with him. He found time in his regular farming pursuits to study native +trees and shrubs, and had forbidden his hired men to cut down any of the +native nut trees on his 500 acre farm. But the nuts on the branch +retrieved from darkness were specimens new to him and he could hardly +wait for daylight to come to enable him to get acquainted with the tree +which had invited his attention so rudely. Next morning Pomeroy learned +that his new found arboreal friend was a Persian walnut. It was loaded +and the wind storm of the night had covered the ground with shucked and +unshucked nuts. By permission of the landlord, he gathered a peck of the +Persian walnuts, wrapped O'Connor's and his own belongings in a +newspaper and filled the carpet-bag with the nut treasures. Arriving +home, the tourists stopped first at O'Connor's house. There they had to +relate the experience of their great trip to an assemblage of the two +families. The recounting of the Centennial wonders took until midnight. +When Pomeroy picked up his carpet-bag to go home, it was empty! The +children had made a discrete retirement after having consumed the entire +peck of English walnuts, as the shells in the kitchen disclosed. +Luckily for the youngsters, they were safe in bed and asleep. + +The next day, according to the elder Pomeroy, little Albert who had not +been at the O'Connor home the night before, heard the dolorous tale of +the wonderful tree in Philadelphia, the gift of nuts and their weird +disappearance. To confirm the sad story he picked up the carpet-bag, +turned it inside out. Within a torn lining, he triumphantly extracted +ten nuts. Child-like, he proceeded to sample them and had eaten three +when his father rescued the remainder. Seven Philadelphia walnuts were +planted in the yard, and, in due time there were seven slender, +silver-grayish seedling trees. These were carefully staked, guarded and +cultivated by Norman Pomeroy. Despite the caviling of the neighbors, who +declared that a Persian walnut tree would not thrive and bear so far +north, twelve years after planting the "lucky seven" reproduced their +kind--from a dozen to two dozen large, handsome Persian or English +walnuts. Today the seven Centennial trees are about two feet in diameter +and about 60 feet high. And as to the value of the crop, one tree alone +produced nuts which sold four years ago for $142.50. + +Now as to the application of this romance in real life. I must return to +the more prosaic generalizations of conservation and its relation to the +products of cultivation with which this article began. + +In 1913 Governor Martin H. Glynn invited me to outline for him a program +of "Practical and Progressive Conservation", applicable to the needs of +New York State. In the effort to meet the request, I drew a little from +my personal experience and observations as a sportsman, a farmer and a +newspaper man, and a great deal from what I had learned from others +among the organized sportsmen, agricultural societies, hydro-electric +engineers, forest products men, foresters, and nature lovers in general. +We then set forth the following as necessary to the realization of the +purposes of a Conservation which should meet all conditions imposed by +the past, the present and the future, as hereinbefore stated: + + +"PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION" + +1. Protect the birds and save the crops. + +2. Develop the unutilized water powers, now going to waste with +destructive effects in freshet periods to arable lands and thickly +populated communities, through public ownership and distribution; +thereby use "The People's White Coal," save coal and cussin' the +ash-sifter, giving the public cheaper light and power for the homes, the +farms, the factories, and public highways. + +3. Amend the constitution to permit the use of dead and down timber in +the state forest preserves, worth at least $10,000,000 annually. + +4. Provide free forest trees furnished by the state for all who will +plant them. (Note--The present N. Y. Conservation Commission in a +special report to be made to the Legislature of 1920 has at last adopted +that progressive policy). + +5. Plant productive trees along the highways--nut and fruit trees. + +6. Restock waters and covers more extensively and intelligently. + +7. Stop pollution of private and public waters. + +8. Harmonize the interrelated interests of farmers and sportsmen. + +9. Establish game and bird refuges in every county in the state. + +10. Sane and practical game laws, eliminating prosecutions on petty +technicalities, educate the public to co-operate in fish and game +protection, enact legislation to encourage rather than handicap the +propagation of fish and game by private enterprise. + +It will be noted that plank 5 in our progressive conservation platform +is urging the planting of producing trees along the highways. By that we +meant not only the native nut trees, all of which are beautiful and +ornamental, but also fruit trees, according to the wishes of the +abutting owners. + +In the State of New York, taking into account only improved roads coming +under the head of State or County Improved Highways, disregarding the +mileage of the rural roads several times as large, there are about 8,000 +miles of "Good Roads". There are many stretches of the highways which +nature has generously adorned with trees. Some portions of the roads +have witnessed the spoliation of the contractor's indiscriminating ax, +but in the main the workmen were as careful as possible to retain +natural shade trees along the routes. A few miles comparatively, were +planted by state agencies. Farmers, especially in the Lake Ontario Fruit +Belt of New York State, have worked wonders in ornamentation and economy +by planting cherry, apple, plum and other beautiful and productive trees +on the strip of land, "The Farms by the Side of the Road." + +At a very small additional expense, the State could have planted every +rod of improved highway with productive trees, putting that +forethoughtful specification into the contracts. + +Get out your pencil for a moment. Suppose the state had English walnuts +on the 8,000 miles, placing the trees 40 feet apart. We should have +growing then over one million productive trees and some of them would be +old enough to be bearing today. Within ten years from now, their +product would be worth at a conservative estimate $25 per tree, +representing a sum sufficient to carry one-third of the State's entire +cost of government. + +The war just won for the cause of World Democracy has opened the eyes of +the American people to many things they had not before apprehended or +realized. One is the value of productive land space. Another is the +importance of our forests, and especially the value of the native +nut-bearing trees. It was discovered, when Uncle Sam scurried around to +procure a supply of black walnut for gun stocks, that the German agents +had been ahead of him. Although thickly settled, Germany finds it +profitable to employ one-fourth of its entire area in growing forest +trees. Yet it seems the Kaiser's forests were short on this valuable +timber, so they picked up all the procurable black walnut in the United +States. + +This set the New York State Conservation Commissioner thinking and last +year he advised farmers to propagate and cultivate the black walnut--a +little late for the emergency; but better late than never, especially in +this case. + +On my little farm near Lockport, N. Y., there is a large black walnut +tree, perhaps 90 to 100 years old. It bears a nut of unusual size, of +excellent taste and good keeping qualities. This tree has produced as +high as ten bushels of shucked nuts in a season. Twenty-two years ago, +when the importance of growing native nut trees had impressed but few +people, I did have the good sense to plant several dozen nuts from the +"Niagara King Walnut." I must confess I gave the trees little attention, +and a farm hand zealously cut down all but one of the black walnuts, +mistaking them for sumac. The survivor last year bore about three +bushels of nuts. Most interesting of all is the result of observations +as to the product, and its bearing on the question of whether or not nut +trees will reproduce "true to variety." The walnuts from the young tree +differ in shape, being almost round, while the fruit of the parent tree +is almost chestnut in form. But the flavor, thickness of shell and the +keeping qualities seem identical. + +Six years ago I started a small black walnut and butternut tree nursery +for home use and from it have set out about four hundred trees along the +ditches and fences on the farm. The early plantings have attained a +height of from 12 to 15 feet. If every farmer would do likewise, he +would make a considerable addition to the country's food supply, to say +nothing of the value of the timber for coming generations when the +frees approach maturity. It has afforded me pleasure to send nut trees +to friends in various counties of the state and we shall watch with +interest, the reports on their growth and development under the many +variations of soil and climate. The butternut in many parts of the +country is rapidly disappearing. To save this beautiful tree with its +delicately flavored nuts, it will undoubtedly be necessary to take it +into extensive cultivation. + +Although apart from the subject perhaps, it may be interesting to refer +to the application of forestry to a woodlot containing native nut trees. +Like many farmers who regard every tree as just a tree, useful for +timber or fire wood, I found several years ago that indiscriminate +cutting on my woodlot was destroying walnuts, along with the commoner +species of the stand. My first step was to halt the cutting of all black +walnuts, hickories, butternuts, oaks and beeches on the seven-acre +woodlot. I took an inventory of these trees and found there were 160 +shagbark hickories from 10 to 25 years old, five butternuts about 20 +years old, and four black walnuts about 25 years old. These, of course, +were not "tolerant trees" like the evergreens, and most of them were +rapidly deteriorating from being overcrowded by more rapidly growing and +less desirable neighbors. All _of_ them had been retarded in growth by +the crowded condition of the stand. Inaugurating a process of judicious +thinning with a view to giving the nut trees the advantage, the result +in a single season was surprising. Under the beneficent influence of +ample sun, air and root sustenance, the butternuts and black walnuts +bore fine crops for the first time, in the season following the winter +thinning process. The young hickories contented themselves with making +their first annual growth in years. And, Oh joy of realized hopes, in +this the third season since letting the sun into the native nut grove, +nearly all of the older shagbark hickories bore their first crops! And +now I have a nut plantation, that might have been ere this, burned up as +fire-wood, at no expense whatever, since the thinning out process +produced a very welcome supply of fire wood in these days of high-priced +coal. + +In a recent bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, +"Value to Farm Families of Food, Fuel and use of House," there are some +illuminating statistics on "The Farmer's Income" and "The Farmer's +Living." It is stated that "the total average of the three items of +food, fuel and use of the house for the 950 families (selected from all +parts of the United States) is $642, and 66% of $424 of this is +furnished by the farm." The Seven Pomeroy Centennial. Trees in one year +produced a food product worth and actually sold for about $800 in one +year! The average annual production of those seven trees has been over +$600 for the last ten years. And what about the labor involved in +raising and harvesting the English walnut crop in question? Picking the +nuts from the ground, children gladly doing it and earning five cents +per basket. + +Horace Greeley's undiscovered farm under the first twelve inches was a +gold mine when turned up finally; Mr. Pinchot's farm on top rescued from +flood and other devastations is worth more money than before. But how +about the strip of land along the roadside, an aggregate waste of at +least one per cent of the acreages of eastern farms? Well worth +reclaiming, and no expensive ditching, irrigation and lumbering involved +in the process either. In addition, credit must be given also to this +enterprise for the value of ornamentation of the highways and their +protection from the elements all seasons of the year. + +And strange to relate, in the long list of items under the head of +"Classes of Food," given in the Federal Bulletin referred to, no mention +is made of nut foods, either native or imported nut trees. Fruits, +vegetables, meats, store groceries, everything is there but nuts. + +"Nutty," do we hear someone suggest? Probably not in this audience of +enlightened nut growers, but speaking to the general public we shall +say, "Well, mebbe," like Uncle Lige of Niagara. Two bad years on the +farm, four acres of tomatoes that didn't pay for the plants, nothing but +soft corn and no potatoes compelled Uncle and Aunt Tompkins to open an +account at the corner grocery. The first month the bill came in, Aunt +Sally was all in a flutter when she audited the items: Sugar, 60; +coffee, 40; oatmeal, 50; sugar, 75; ditto, 80. "Lige, you go right back +to the store and tell that cunnin' clerk that he's charged us fer what +we never got. We ain't had no 'ditto' in this house." Lige went to the +store and returned, apparently a sadder but a wiser man. "Well, Lige," +inquired the thrifty spouse, "Did you find out 'bout that 'ditto' we +didn't get? What did you find?" Lige picked up his pipe, remarking, +"Well Sally, I found I was a durned fool, and you _ditto_." + +We are all waking up to the fact that we did not become "nutty" soon +enough. We have found that our public agencies of conservation have been +"durn fools" and farmers and other land owners "ditto", for not having +inaugurated the systematic planting of productive trees along the +highways and farm hedgerows and ditches, many years ago. + +Norman Pomeroy used to say with becoming modesty that he took no credit +for planting the trees that have made such a substantial income for his +family, because "I had to be slapped in the face in the dark before I +became wise, and then the natural improvidence of mankind came near +spoiling Nature's tip when the children gratified their little stomachs +in preference to planting for the future. Men are but children of an +older growth, a wise man said. That is a true but sad doctrine. We all +live too much in the present and for the present, forgetting that the +future will soon be the present, if not for ourselves, for our children +and our children's children. It takes time to realize on trees, for the +stomach or the pocketbook. It requires sacrifice to get anything worth +while and, waiting is the hardest kind of sacrifice, especially for +people of small means. But it pays in the end." + +The Northern Nut Growers' Association, is doing valuable work not only +in the study and planting of nut trees, but in its propaganda. But I +have discovered that the results of practical work and the worth of +propaganda, are hard to bring home to public agencies, like Governors +and Legislatures. The construction and maintenance _of_ public highways +are a state function. But that duty must be incomplete in our opinion +until the state finishes its job by planting productive trees along the +highways and public roads. How shall we bring this about? Adopt +resolutions? Very good. + +But did the Anti-Saloon League, for example, content itself with +resolutions when it wanted real results in the halls of legislation? Not +much. Our prohibition friends were very practical. They employed trained +agents to present their cause everywhere and in every way calculated to +do the most good. + +Let me repeat to you tree planters the late Norman Pomeroy's favorite +lines, as I recall them: + + "_The dead are eternized in stone,_ + _The living, by living shafts are known._ + _Plant thou a tree and each recurring spring_ + _The stirring leaves thy lasting praise shall sing._" + +PRESIDENT REED: Prof. Chittenden, of Michigan Agricultural +College will address you on "Native Nut Tree Plantations for Michigan." + + + + +NATIVE NUT TREE PLANTATIONS IN MICHIGAN + + +PROFESSOR A. K. CHITTENDEN, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EAST +LANSING, MICHIGAN + +I am very glad of this opportunity to tell you what the Michigan +Agricultural College is doing, and what it thinks, about nut tree +plantations in this State. I want to say first, that there is a very +general interest in nut trees among the farmers and land owners of the +State. A considerable number of the letters that the Forestry Department +of the College receives from farmers are about nut culture. They seem to +be particularly interested in pecans, English walnuts, and chestnuts. A +few years ago the State was flooded with literature urging people to +plant these trees and we are still feeling the aftermath of this +campaign. Much of this state is too far north for the successful growth +of these particular trees and we therefore have advised waiting before +investing heavily in young trees, until experiments have shown where +they would succeed and what kinds it would be safe to plant. At the same +time, we suggested the planting of one or two trees of certain varieties +as an experiment. We have for the most part recommended only our native +nut trees for planting on a large scale. + +We have tried many varieties of nut trees, grafted on hardy stock, at +the College, and only a few of them are alive today. All of the pecan +trees have been lost and nearly all of the English walnuts. About two +years ago, we got some of Burbank's Royal walnuts from California. All +of these trees except one, were killed back of the graft the first +winter. One of them, however, is doing well although growing very +slowly. It will doubtless succeed now, as it has pulled through two +winters, one an exceptionally cold one. + +About three years ago, we bought some Sober Paragon chestnuts from an +eastern nursery which had been advertising them widely in this State. +They were all infected with the Chestnut Blight disease. Now this +disease has at the present time not appeared in Michigan, except on +imported nursery stock. We have a considerable number of chestnut +plantations in the State, and if the disease can be kept out, there is +no reason why chestnuts cannot be raised more profitably. But our +experience has shown that the trees must be raised in this State and not +brought in from outside. We have some very nice chestnut trees in our +nursery at the College which are now thirteen years old and which have +been bearing nuts for four years. This fall we are planting them all +along the drives so as to open up the crowns and induce a greater +production of nuts. + +We also have some Japanese walnuts that are doing well indeed. One of +these trees on the campus is 35 years old and produces a large quantity +of nuts. + +There are a number of English walnuts at various places along Lake +Michigan in the fruit belt. Individual trees will often succeed, but the +chances for success are not great enough to warrant a man putting very +much money into a plantation. There are two Sober Paragon chestnuts near +Niles which are now 12 years old and are growing and bearing well. At +the College farm, near Grand Rapids, there are some pecan trees, but +their history shows that they have been repeatedly frosted back. + +I could mention a great many cases of success with individual imported +trees, but I do not know of any extensive plantations that have so far +succeeded. + +There is, however, a different story to tell of our native nut trees of +which there are many successful plantations. Our native edible nuts are +black walnut, hickories and chestnut. They will grow anywhere in the +southern part of the State and along Lake Michigan. Using these trees as +a basis, I believe we can develop, if it has not already been done, a +tree that will bear an improved quality of nuts and that will be +perfectly hardy. + +The black walnut is the tree that did perhaps more than any other tree +to help win the war, and, while timber raising and nut culture do not +perhaps go hand in hand, probably more black walnuts are being planted +as individual trees than any other tree in the State. The black walnut +was an invaluable tree for gun stocks and airplane propellers. The War +Department scoured the country to find trees for these purposes and +every black walnut that is now planted, may be of service to the country +in the future. The College raises thousands of black walnuts and +Japanese walnuts each year, and the demand for them is very great. When +we have in planting, a choice between two trees, one choice being a tree +suitable for shade only and the other a nut producing tree, I would say +plant the nut tree. Our trees will have a double appeal if they furnish +not only shade, but edible nuts as well. At the last session of the +State Legislature, an act was passed providing for the planting of nut +and shade trees along our highways. As a result of this act, we hope +sometime to see the highways in the southern part of the State lined +with walnut and other nut bearing trees. A tree that will serve a +double purpose should be planted wherever possible. + +Tree planting is a thing in which we are all interested. Those of you +who have been abroad remember the long rows of trees, often fruit trees, +that lined the roads. In this country we cannot plant fruit trees along +our roads as there is nobody to care for them and disease would quickly +start and spread to our orchards. But nut trees can be safely planted. + +We have, on certain soils in the southern part of the State, recommended +planting black walnuts for fence posts. The heart wood is very durable +and the tree grows quite rapidly under favorable conditions. Then, +perhaps when the trees are large enough for posts, the owner will decide +to keep them for the nuts and for timber production. + +During the past summer the College made a study of native nut tree +plantations in the State with a view to determining the profitableness +of such plantations. + +Among the older plantations studied was one in Berrien County. It was +planted 45 years ago and covers four acres. The soil is clay and loam +with a clay sub-soil. Three year old seedlings were used with an average +spacing of about 28 by 32 feet. The grove was cultivated for about 8 +years after planting. The trees are now in fairly good condition but +many are affected with heart-rot. They are quite spreading and bushy in +form and are not suitable for lumber. There is now about 30 cords of +wood per acre. The average diameter is 20 inches with an average height +of 60 feet. The ground is sodded over and the grove is used for grazing +sheep. The owner says that about half the trees bear and that the June +bugs are the principal source of trouble, eating the blossoms. The yield +in nuts varies from practically nothing to 25 or 30 bushels for the +entire plantation. About six years ago, the owner reports a crop of 36 +bushels, and two years ago a crop of 27 bushels. From these figures I +should say the plantation is a success. + +A chestnut plantation in Van Buren County was set 37 years ago and +covers one acre of sandy soil. The plantation was cultivated for about +ten years and corn was grown between the trees. The average tree is 14 +inches in diameter and 65 feet tall. The returns have been small because +the trees were planted too close together, but some years the plantation +has yielded 15 bushels of nuts. There are 67 trees on the acre, which is +too many for good nut production. The grove will produce about 20 cords +of wood or about 550 split fence posts per acre. + +One of the oldest plantations in the State is 56 years old and covers +1-1/2 acres in Montcalm County. It consists of black walnuts and +chestnuts mixed together. The average black walnut is 14 inches in +diameter and 67 feet tall. The average chestnut is 20 inches in diameter +and 60 feet tall. The spacing is about 40 by 30 feet and the soil is a +gravelly sand. The yield in nuts has been quite small, six to eight +bushels a year. + +There are a number of such mixed plantations in the State and it would +seem that the two trees do not do very well together. In this case, I +should say that the soil is not well suited for either tree. + +There is a plantation of Japanese walnuts in Oakland County. It is five +years old and on sandy soil. About 500 trees were planted at the cost of +60 cents per tree. The stock came from Pennsylvania and was budded to +English walnut. The scions died back, however, and the plantation stock +came along so it is now a Japanese walnut grove. The average tree is +about 2 inches in diameter and 10 feet tall. The trees are very healthy +and vigorous and are beginning to bear a few nuts. + +A chestnut plantation in Van Buren County is 12 years old. Two foot +transplants were used and the trees were planted at the rate of 100 to +the acre. They were cultivated for two years. The average tree is 4 +inches in diameter and 20 feet high. The trees are healthy and in good +condition. The grove is yielding from one to two bushels of nuts a year +and should be thinned so as to open it up and encourage nut production. + +A black walnut plantation in Ingham County, planted about 20 years ago +for timber purposes and underplanted with white cedar to force the trees +to grow straight and tall, is in excellent condition. The average tree +is 5 inches in diameter and 34 feet tall. The plantation has not yet +borne nuts but if it were opened up, would doubtless produce a large +number in a few years. + +I could give more instances of nut tree plantations in the State, but I +think I have mentioned enough to show that our native nut trees can be +profitably raised. During the last few years, a great many black walnut +plantations have been established but most of them are yet too young to +be in a bearing condition. If it were not for the difficulty of getting +healthy chestnut stock, I believe Michigan would be a large producer of +these nuts. + +A study has been made of the volume of the wood that could be obtained +from these chestnut plantations. Owing to the open nature of the +groves, the trees are mostly not suitable for lumber and the yield of +cordwood and posts is less than in a forest plantation where the trees +are closer together and force each other to grow straight and tall. It +was found, however, that a chestnut grove planted for nuts, would yield +on the average 13 standard cords of wood per acre at 20 years of age, 20 +cords at 30 years, and 25 cords at 40 years of age. Placing the value of +this wood at present prices of $7 per cord, would give a value of $91 +per acre at 20 years and $140 per acre at 30 years for the wood alone. + +Probably most of the chestnut plantations have been planted for the nut +and the black walnuts for timber with the nuts as a side issue. + +Black walnuts should be planted on fairly fertile, moist soil. We do not +recommend planting the nuts as squirrels are liable to dig them out. It +is better to use small trees. + +The cost of establishing black walnut plantations is quite small. Native +trees can be bought for $15 per thousand one year old seedlings. We +prefer to plant these small trees as the black walnut develops a strong +tap root early in life, making it difficult to transplant large trees. + +Only a comparatively small number of hickories have been planted in this +state. This is a tree that, while it grows slowly, is very valuable for +its wood and it is becoming very scarce. It should be planted more +extensively. It may well be planted in openings in the woodlot. Every +farmer knows the value of hickory and the trees can be utilized when +quite small. + +It is needless to say anything about the value of black walnut wood. +High prices have been paid for standing trees and for saw logs. Many +individual trees have sold for $500 apiece and even more. Prices as high +as $120 per M board feet have been paid for standing timber. + +At the present rate of cutting, it is only a question of a few years +before all of the merchantable black walnut will have been removed, and, +unless trees are planted, the black walnut will be a thing of the past. +It cannot be depended upon to reproduce itself in our forests as do the +maples, the ash, and many other trees with nonedible seed. For every +black walnut tree in our woods and along the roads, there are +innumerable small boys and squirrels who are after the nuts and the seed +have little chance of germinating even if they do get into the soil. If +there are to be black walnuts in our future forests, the trees must be +planted or the nuts planted and properly safeguarded. From a forestry +viewpoint, the black walnut is a good tree to plant. It has a high +value and the demand for the wood is very great. And, for planting, +trees should be chosen that will give a good quality nut as far as +possible. + +For ornamental planting, too, nut trees may often be chosen to +advantage. For the farm yard they are often the best choice. Hickories +or black walnut are long lived trees and the hickory is very ornamental. +A great many trees have been planted by the school children of the +State; and right here is a good field for planting, around our school +houses. The average country school ground is a forlorn place, usually +barren of both grass and shade. While we perhaps cannot have a lawn, we +can certainly have shade trees, and the children will take care of them +and watch their development with interest, particularly if they have a +part in planting them. A few years ago the College distributed about +6000 trees to the schools of the state for Arbor Day and many of these +trees were black walnuts. During the last few years, the Collage has not +raised enough of these trees to meet the demand. + +As memorial trees, also, nut trees are being quite extensively planted. +A great many black walnuts have been planted in the honor of our +soldiers who gave their lives in the war and it is a very suitable tree +to plant for this purpose. + +Now that our forests are becoming more scarce, we are beginning to +appreciate more fully the value of their products. Nuts, extracts, maple +syrup and many minor products are obtained from our native trees. If man +could be surrounded with the right assortment of trees, he would need +little else. He would have food in the nuts and fruit; fire wood and +building material in the stems, as well as paper and clothing from the +wood pulp. He would have sugar from the sap, medicine from the bark, and +he would have wood distillates, turpentine and resin. He could live long +and well on the products of our forests. + +Our forests are, however, disappearing. Our native nut trees are being +cut off. Our sugar maple orchards are being put into farm land, and +forest products are increasing rapidly in price. We have got to keep a +certain part of the country in forests in order to have the country +prosperous, and to do this we must either plant trees or so manage the +existing forests that they will renew themselves naturally. In planting +trees, we should not overlook the by-products of the trees, nuts and +syrup and bark. These products are often the main crop in themselves +and in any case, they will increase the receipts and make our forestry +work more profitable. + +There are many acres in southern Michigan and along the Lake, that will +give larger returns from nut tree plantations than from any other +source. We want first to be sure that the trees are hardy to the +locality before we recommend them. I believe there is a very big future +for such plantations. The history of southern plantations has been one +of remarkable success. + +We must be particularly careful in advising the establishment of nut +tree plantations. We ought to be particularly careful in not encouraging +people to buy trees that we are not sure will succeed. For every +plantation that fails means a loss of money and an obstacle to future +progress. But every tree that succeeds means an advertisement for years +to come. + +I do not see any reason why southern Michigan cannot raise many improved +varieties of black walnut and perhaps some other nut trees as well. Our +study of native nut tree plantations this summer, shows that with proper +care they may be very profitable and we hope to see a great extension of +such plantations in this State. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: I would like to say that the College has been +very favorably impressed with the work that this Association has been +doing and the care that is used in recommending nut trees. It is a thing +the people need a lot of advice about. I thank you. (Applause). + +MR. J. F. JONES: I would like to ask if the pecans that were +tender were northern or southern pecans. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: We got them from a nursery in New York State +and I could not say as to the source of the stock beyond that. + +MR. JONES: Naturally the southern source is the cheapest tree. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: We got the trees from a nursery that had been +advertising them very extensively in Michigan. It was about five years +ago, at a time when this State had been flooded with literature from +this nursery and other nurseries about particularly pecans and +chestnuts. We were doubtful about the trees they were recommending, and +we got a considerable number and planted them out, but we took pretty +good care of them; but they all died in winter. + +DR. MORRIS: It is a pity that people who do the most +advertising have to. Certain firms are not allowed to advertise in nut +journals at all. I think the public ought to be made aware of that fact. +It is a pity too, because the ones who spend the largest amount of money +in advertising are the ones of whom we ask the most questions. + +In regard to Prof. Chittenden's paper, it is a very important matter to +impress upon children and others who are setting out trees the idea that +a tree is not able to care for itself as a rule. It is quite the +exception for a tree set out by itself to thrive and enter into +competition with other trees and bushes and shade, in the early years, +and insects later. I suppose the number of ordinary trees including +maples that make their way to a successful old age would not represent +one in many hundred thousands that make a start in the sprouting seed. +That fact ought to be impressed on every school child who is setting out +a tree--he really should adopt that tree and make that its own child. +And if you can inculcate the maternal and the paternal instinct along +with the setting out of from one to six children of these other +children, you will then get trees on your roadsides and your waste +lands, and without a great amount of difficulty. But you have got to go +back to first principles there and realize that very few trees are able +to succeed after they have been set out unless they receive a great deal +of care subsequently. Those of us who give a great deal of attention to +trees, who pretend to care for our trees, will lose a percentage so +large that I would hardly dare state what it probably is. Among the +hundreds and thousands of trees I have set out, all from reputable +nurserymen or raised by myself; I doubt if 25% are alive today, and I +have pretty good success too. This is not to discourage anyone; it is to +encourage people, and they are to be encouraged by knowing the facts; +and when all the final facts are known about the values of trees that +are given proper attention, then people will be willing to give them +that degree of attention. Not until then are we to have success in +filling our waste lands with nut trees. + +Prof. Chittenden brought up one point of a great deal of consequence. In +any locality plant the species which belong to that locality. The +species which, by natural selection and adaptation have fitted +themselves to the environment are, as a rule, the trees which will do +best in that locality. That is a principle I think which ought to be +thoroughly well fixed in mind. One may experiment with any number of +trees from a distance, but the trees which naturally have adapted +themselves to a locality, the species which have done that are the +species upon which we can expend our efforts to the best advantage. + +In the matter of chestnut blight, we assume that the chestnut blight +will act like measles blight, scarlet fever blight, or any other +epidemic. In other words, it is due to a microbe, it is due to a +peculiar microbic group, a peculiar family group which happened to +start out in northern China on its invasion and got to this country +where it found trees which were not resistant. The American and European +trees are not resistant. Wherever it has gone from northern China, from +the place where blight, the tree host and enemy grew up side by side, +and represented the survival of the fittest; wherever it has gone away +from the place where we have the survival of the fittest, at any rate as +a result of struggle, there it has found susceptible individuals that it +has destroyed. When a blight of any sort sets out, chestnut blight, +measles, scarlet fever--any blight you please, you are talking natural +history, you are taking biology, about an animal or a plant, about a +microbe, a living thing. All of these living things run out of their +vital energy in time. Each microbe runs out of its energy just as a +breed of horses or of strawberries runs out of its energy. All +varieties, varietal types, run out of their natural energy, so that it +is simply a question of length of time before this family microbe or +family group of this microbe will lose its energy. We do not know how +many years that will be. It may be a great many years, and by that time, +our chestnuts may practically have disappeared. We can find here and +there a tree which resists better than others do, and we may find some +with enough resistance to be worthy of propagation as of that resistant +kind. We know that several species resist the blight very well. I found +four species that resist the blight very well among six kinds I have +tried out on my place. But some chestnuts bear so early and heavily that +we may afford to set them out, even in the presence of blight, trimming +them back and looking after them carefully: For instance, a number of +Sober Paragon chestnuts that I planted all died but one that is near the +house. It bears so heavily that it is well worth while, and it simply +means that one must give a great deal of attention to it. Some people +can afford even to set out the Paragon because of its high bearing +power. I have a number of hybrids which resist the blight very well. The +cross between the American chestnut and the Japanese, or between the +common American chestnut and the chinquapins showed the resistance very +largely of the resistant parent. But curiously enough, the ones which +look most like the American chestnut also carry that parent's weakness +in regard to blight, so that all of my hybrids between the American +chestnut and the resistant kinds which look like the American chestnut +and act like it also catch the same microbe for the most part. But one +of the hybrids does not. No. 2 which I have given Mr. Jones, is very +much like the American chestnut. It grows vigorously, acts like it, and +looks like it, and it has not blighted up to the ninth year of age, +beginning to bear about the fourth year. Most of those that are like the +chinquapin or like the Chinese chestnut resist blight very well. + +About Japanese walnuts. If Prof. Chittenden has a large number of +Japanese walnuts about the state, he may very well select one or two of +the very best and advise the owners to top work the others with the one +or two which happen to be particularly good. Most of the Japanese +walnuts are small. Most of them are Siebold type instead of the heart +nut variety, but a few very large ones will be found here and there and +of high quality, and they graft almost as easily as peaches. + +In regard to Persian walnuts. If there are a few trees here and there +about the state, we need not fear the question of introducing others +because it is too far north. If you simply have one tree that is a good +one, that is enough, because you can graft over all sorts of black +walnuts, Japanese walnut and Persian walnut stocks with the one or two +trees which are known to be good in Michigan. One good tree in the state +which is bearing good nuts of desirable qualities is enough. Graft all +of your other walnuts back from it. And in setting out the native black +walnuts, chestnuts and the hickories of different species, it is +important always to distinguish in regard to intention--whether they are +to be for forest purposes or for nut purposes. That is not always clear +in the minds of a number of people whom I have seen setting out groves +of these trees. They talk about getting timber and nuts. You can not get +both profitably. I think people ought to be impressed with the fact that +if they are setting out apple trees for timber they would set them five +or six feet apart. If they are setting them out for apples, they would +set them sixty feet apart. Precisely the same thing is true of nut +trees. (Applause). + +MR. JONES: I would like to ask Dr. Morris how he protects +grafts the first year. Grafts growing the first year are very tender, +put in late, and they will often winter kill in the tree that is +perfectly hardy otherwise. + +DR. MORRIS: Mr. Jones is quite right about that, and that is a +matter requiring more experience than I have at the present time. What I +have done in the way of protection fairly well is this: For instance, if +I graft Persian walnut on black walnut and it makes a late start and +then in September has a very sappy growth, or in October has a sappy +growth of three or four or five feet (they grow tremendously fast, like +weeds) if the bark at the base of the graft is brown or has two or +three buds that are brown or partially ripened, I cut off four or five +of the first leaves and let them harden. Then in the fall I cut off all +but those four or five buds and put wax over the end. That is the way I +avoid the winter killing of the sappy growth. As soon as the part +nearest the grafted place begins to turn brown, looks like hardening up +and two or three buds are pretty hard, I cut off four or five of those +leaves right there and let the buds ripen, and those buds will ripen +very well. I will sacrifice five or six buds for the sake of saving +three or four buds. The next year they grow all right. That is not a +nice way, but when you see you are going to lose a thing on account of +sappiness, that will sometimes work. + +MR. JONES: I generally wrap the base of the limb in burlap. + +DR. MORRIS: If the sappy tip dies, it poisons the rest. There +are poisonous enzymes that poison the rest of it. + +MR. BIXBY: I was going to ask Prof. Chittenden if he could give +any experience with the named varieties of black walnuts. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: I don't think I could distinguish between the +varieties of black walnut that have been planted in this state. That is +not a thing that I feel able to discuss. I know that a number of +different varieties of black walnut have been planted. At the College we +have done a good deal of grafting on the black walnuts, and we have not +had very good success. + +MR. BIXBY: I had in mind improved varieties of black walnut +grafted on the black walnut stock. + +PROF. CHITTENDEN: I don't think we have had any experience of +that. We always get a good deal of wood from Pennsylvania in the spring +and do the grafting in class. We can not expect a very high grade of +work when the students do it as a part of their work of instruction. +There are some black walnuts in the state that have very good nuts, and +some that have not. I have tried to get for our nursery good nuts from +trees that had a good native nut. We have had so much difficulty getting +black walnuts at all the last few years that we have taken just what we +could get. We get nuts from all over the central part of the state and +plant in the nursery to get our seedling trees. + +MR. BIXBY: I have found some of the named varieties of black +walnuts bearing in quite a number of sections of this state and other +states. They seem to bear quite young. + +PRESIDENT REED: Mr. Jones has partly prepared a paper on +"Pecans other than those of the well known sections," but as it has +been impossible to complete it, it will be handed to the secretary +later, and inserted in the proceedings. + + + + +PECANS OTHER THAN THOSE OF THE WELL KNOWN SECTIONS + + +J. F. JONES, LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA + +Pecans have been grown in the South for a good many years, and, with the +advent of budded and grafted trees of superior varieties in more recent +years, the industry made great strides and now that the product of some +of these grafted orchards is coming on the market and selling readily at +high prices, the economic value and importance of the pecan is becoming +to be more fully appreciated. + +The success of the pecan in the South, led some planters in the northern +states to make experimental plantings of these southern varieties but +they have proven disappointing, as might be expected, since our seasons +are too short for the nuts to mature, even where the trees are hardy. I +have seen the Stuart, one of the largest southern pecans, when grown in +Lancaster and Adams Counties, Pa., not half as large as the Indiana +sorts and with little or no kernel. The Schley, one of the finest +southern pecans, when grown in Adams Co., Pa., is so small that no one +would recognize it and it has no kernel at all. + +In very recent years, largely through the efforts of a few progressive +men in Indiana, fine varieties of the pecan have been discovered in +Indiana and Kentucky, and these varieties are being propagated and +planted over the northern states generally. While the discovery of these +varieties and their propagation marked a big step forward in extending +the cultural range of the pecan and making it possible to grow this nut +several hundred miles north of the southern pecan belt, not unlike the +southern varieties, the Indiana and Kentucky varieties are necessarily +limited in their range of adaptability, and it is perhaps not safe to +recommend them for planting, except possibly in the more favored +localities, north of the 40th parallel and south thereof and possibly in +the elevated or mountain sections they should not be recommended for +planting north of latitude 38 degrees. The advantages of securing +varieties for propagation therefore from as far north as possible is +obvious. + +I have examined a good many sample pecans from Missouri and Kansas, some +of which are excellent, but, aside from possibly being a little hardier +in tree, they have no advantage over the fine Indiana and Kentucky +varieties that we already have, unless of course, they should be better +adapted to planting in the western states. + +In its natural range, the pecan is found growing farther north along the +Mississippi River, in Iowa and Illinois, than anywhere else in the +country, and naturally we turned to these pecan forests hoping to find a +variety bearing nuts of a size and quality to merit propagation and +dissemination north of the belt where it is safe to recommend the +planting of the Indiana varieties. As a result of correspondence with an +Iowa nurseryman in the fall of 1914, I engaged the services of a +competent man to gather pecans for me at Muscatine, Iowa. Following my +instructions, this man searched the woods in that locality to find what +I wanted for propagation and as a result, nuts were sent me from several +trees which were carefully marked so that in case scions were wanted +from any of the trees, they would be readily identified. This man seemed +to be very enthusiastic about the nuts he sent me, and, as he had made a +business of gathering pecans, and he knew the pecans in that section +well, I felt that he had sent me the best that he had there. None of the +pecans sent had sufficient size and merit to propagate however, and I +gave the matter up. Fortunately, Mr. G. H. Corsan, Toronto, Canada, was +endeavoring the same fall or winter to get pecans to grow trees that +would succeed in Canada and he bought pecans from a dealer in +Burlington, Iowa. Upon receiving this lot of nuts, Mr. Corsan was +astonished at their large size, as he expected that pecans from the +northern limit of the pecan to be of small size. Thinking that this +party had sent him southern pecans, Mr. Corsan wrote him at once that he +did not want southern pecans, explaining that he wanted them for +planting. This party replied that the nuts sent him were genuine Iowa +pecans. Knowing my interest in the matter, Mr. Corsan wrote me during +the spring of 1915, giving me the facts in the case and urged that I go +to Burlington the next fall and look up a variety for propagation. Fall +came on, but with it, so much to do and with short help, due to war +conditions, that I had to give up the trip, but, at Mr. Corsan's +suggestion, I took the matter up with Mr. Ed. G. Marquardt, Burlington, +Iowa, with the result that the matter was placed in his hands, with the +assurance from Mr. Marquardt that he would do the very best he could for +us. Mr. Marquardt employed a man who had made a business of gathering +pecans there and who knew the trees bearing the largest nuts, and with +the help of this man, finally located a tree 20 miles north of +Burlington bearing very large pecans of thin shell and splendid quality. +Although most of the nuts had been gathered, the husks on the ground +indicated it had been bearing good crops. This tree was marked and some +of the nuts sent to me. These pecans I considered remarkably fine for so +far north. They were fully as large as the Indiana, with even a thinner +shell and a full kernel of excellent quality. With the help of Mr. +Marquardt, scions were secured from this tree the following spring, and +grafting proved very successful, which we consider very fortunate, as +this land was cleared during the war and this tree met the fate of +others, being turned into lumber and it is no more. + +This variety has been given Mr. Marquardt's name. Coming from 20 miles +north of Burlington, Iowa, in north latitude 41 degrees, I shall expect +the Marquardt to succeed any where south of the Great Lakes. The Indiana +and Busseron pecans originated farther north than any others of the +Indiana group, the original trees of which are growing in the Wabash +River bottom, west of Oaktown, Ind., about 10 miles south of latitude +39. Most of the Indiana and Kentucky varieties are from latitude 38 +degrees, or approximately 200 miles south of where the Marquardt +originated. The climate of Iowa is also considerably colder than is the +same latitude farther east, due to the more open character of the +country west and to the influence of the Great Lakes farther east. The +pecans there are not only necessarily hardier, but have to mature their +fruit in a shorter season, which is all important in a variety for +northern planting, as it has been shown that the pecan is hardy in tree +considerably north of where it will mature its fruit properly. Realizing +the importance of the Iowa pecans for northern planting and realizing +the building of the big power dam on the Mississippi River at Keokuk, +Iowa, and the consequent raising of the water level for considerable +distance up the river together with building of levees and clearing of +the forests, threatened the destruction of many of the pecan trees and +pecan forests, Mr. Bixby spent nearly a week during the past fall in the +pecan forests and groves along the Mississippi River around Clinton, +Ia., and Burlington, Ia. The facts of the following paragraphs (except +the last two) I have taken from his notes: + +These pecan trees at Clinton, Iowa, are the most northerly growing of +the native pecans so far discovered. They are on the islands in the +river and on the bottom lands, where the land at low water is only a few +feet above the water level, and at high water, several feet under water. +The trees certainly are not suffering from lack of moisture. The soil is +alluvial, seemingly of unknown depths and must be very fertile, +enriched as it is by the deposits left by the high waters each year, or +sometimes, several times a year. No pecan trees under six inches in +diameter were seen here, and they ranged from that size up to 24 inches +in trunk diameter 85 feet tall. No trees bearing large pecan nuts were +seen, although the flavor of the kernels of practically all of the trees +was good. Crops of nuts were irregular and seemingly not so good as they +were some years. None of the trees near Clinton were deemed worthy of +propagation. + +The pecans at Burlington are growing under similar conditions to those +at Clinton, but they are much more numerous, there being thousands of +them, some being larger than any seen at Clinton. Four trees, including +the Marquardt, have been discovered and brought to the attention of the +association by Mr. Ed. G. Marquardt and Mr. John H. Witte of Burlington. +Cuts of these nuts, natural size, are shown opposite page 48. The +Marquardt is being propagated by me and the other three varieties by +Snyder Bros., Center Point, Iowa. + +From the appearance of the leaves, buds and habit of growth of the +Marquardt pecan, it seemed to me that the tree had hickory blood in it, +although the nut did not suggest it; and I intended to look into this +matter fully, on a trip to Iowa the past fall, but finding I could not +go, I gave Mr. Bixby samples of the nuts, leaves and twigs and told him +what I expected, and he had this in mind during his trip. He never found +young pecan trees growing in the woods but did find them growing in +large numbers on the levees and on the edges of cultivated fields. A +careful examination showed a very considerable variation in leaf, bud +and habit of growth and there seemed little question but that there were +among them many hybrids between the pecan and the big bottom shellbark, +_Carya laciniosa_, which is found growing on the bottom lands and the +islands along with the pecan. As a matter of fact, two of the four Iowa +pecans selected for propagation, the Burlington and the Greenbay, show +unmistakable evidence of hybrid parentage in the nut, in the leaves and +buds. The Marquardt gives no hint of such parentage in the nut, but the +leaves and buds do suggest that it has hickory blood in its make up, and +it is believed that this is so. The Witte is seemingly a pure pecan. + +There has recently been much done near Burlington in reclaiming +valuable, cultivatable lands from the river which formerly overflowed +them each year so that people were afraid to plant crops and they were +therefore abandoned to the forests. Levees have recently been built to +keep the water off these lands in time of high water. Drainage ditches +have been made behind them and pumping plants put in to pump the water +out of them. The cost of these improvements, which has given to +cultivation much very fertile land, has been assessed on the owners of +the lands benefited, as is also the upkeep expense. Many owners had not +the money to pay the assessments and have sold the land to those who are +clearing off the timber. This means the clearing of thousands of acres +of bottom land and the pecan is one of the principle trees on these +bottom lands. This condition makes it necessary to locate and propagate +at once, the best and most promising of these Iowa pecans and hybrids +and observe their behavior afterwards in the young trees, instead of +depending on the watching of the behavior of the original trees as has +been the case in Indiana. + +I feel reluctant to close this address without mentioning the good work +done by Secretaries Deming and Bixby and other members of this +Association in searching for varieties of nuts that may be superior to +what we already have. Those of us who are propagating these trees, while +we may feel the inspiration that comes from doing a work that benefits +mankind, nevertheless, we hope and expect to make dollars and cents out +of growing these trees, while this is not the case with some of the +members of this Association who are not nurserymen and who do not expect +to enter this field. + +Dr. Deming, former Secretary of this Association, did much good work and +secured some fine nuts worthy of propagation, through advertising and +the offering of premiums, and Mr. Bixby, who very kindly took up this +work when Dr. Deming was called to the colors, has been active and is +doing a great work for northern nut culture. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will now have a grafting demonstration by +Mr. Jones. + +Mr. Jones had brought with him specimens of stock, scions and all the +materials and tools needed for the demonstration, and performed the +various operations of grafting and budding before the audience. + +MR. JONES: We often use scions half or three-fourths of an inch +in diameter, for grafting, but they are rather hard to get. In top +working, we generally take limbs two to four inches in diameter, cut +them off, and split the bark. The nut grafting must all be done late +when the sap is up in the trees. Cut the scions all on one side. Split +the bark, slip in the scion, tie up and wax the whole scion over with +grafting wax, put it on hot and seal it up tight. Sometimes for winter +protection of the English walnut as far north as Michigan your tip might +kill back because it grows so very fast and is sappy. I have never + +[Illustration: PECANS FROM BURLINGTON, IA] + +had trees kill in that way, but I do have many people write me that they +have trees killed in that way. In nursery grafting, we usually use just +the cleft method. You should cut the cleft on one side and don't split +it, but keep it smooth all the way through. + +PRESIDENT REED: You get better results, Mr. Jones, from waxing +the entire scion? + +MR. JONES: Yes, we get better results that way. In the South we +have no success at all that way; we have to cover them with sacks. + +VOICE: About what degree of heat is best for the wax? + +MR. JONES: Don't have it too hot and it can't burn. You can +tell that by the wax smoking. + +PRESIDENT REED: As long as the wax does not smoke, it is pretty +safe. + +MR. JONES: This illustrates what we call a side graft. Put the +scion in the side and leave the top on. You can also do it in bark +grafting. Cut your bark, split it, and stick your scion straight down as +it is here. + +VOICE: How do you apply the hot wax? + +MR. JONES: With a swab or brush. We use a carbon heater and +that makes it about the right temperature. + +VOICE: How large black walnut trees could be top worked to +English walnuts? + +MR. JONES: You can work almost any sized tree, but it is quite +a job in the large tree. Take a tree larger than six inches in diameter, +or eight, and it would not be very satisfactory. In cutting the scions +be careful to make a straight surface on the cut bevel. To do that the +knife should be held at an angle lengthwise to the scion. In our +grafting in the South we leave the scion dry and cover it with a bag. +That was in Florida. + +DR. MORRIS: That is a very interesting question about the +limits of our using the method of covering the scion and all with the +wax. I shall speak of that in my own grafting demonstration which is +short. I got the point from Mr. Jones, and Mr. Jones tells me he got it +from Mr. Riehl. They use black wax and hard, strong wax. + +MR. JONES: Mr. Riehl uses a liquid wax, resin and beeswax +without the coloring matter. We use the coloring matter to toughen the +wax. + +DR. MORRIS: Still, that is amber. Amber will cut out light, and +it seems to me that it is a matter of a good deal of consequence, the +black or amber wax covering the graft completely, buds and all, wound, +scion, stock. It succeeds in the North, succeeds better than any other +method in grafting, and yet in the South it does not succeed. It is +possible that as you get further south the longer sun, the hotter sun +scalds the cambium layer of bark beneath when it would not do so in the +North. That is at least worth thinking about. In my own work during the +past year I have used transparent paraffin alone, nothing else. I have +tried different kinds of paraffin, the Parowax, the common one that the +women put up preserves with is the one that will stay on best, will not +crack and is perfectly transparent, allowing the light of the sun to act +upon the chlorophyl, in the bark and the bud and intensify the activity +of that part of the plant that depends upon light transformation by +means of chlorophyl. I am very much interested to know if this will not +succeed in the South. Paraffin would not attract the heat of the sun, +and it is possible that this will allow us to carry the method of Mr. +Jones, the best method to date, still farther south. + +MR. JONES: I think, Doctor, it is a matter of heat, because in +the shade you can graft them almost any way. Do you cover the scion with +paraffin or only the union? + +DR. MORRIS: I cover the entire thing with paraffin, scions, +buds and all including the wrapping. I don't leave anything exposed to +the air. There are several principles involved there. In the first place +you have the effect of light upon chlorophyl which is important; in the +second place, the melted paraffin fills all interstices in which sap +would collect and ferment. If those interstices are filled with melted +paraffin, sap will not collect there and ferment. The microbes of +bacterial and fungus origin, that prevent union and break down the +products of repair that are thrown out for the purpose of repair, can +not do it if they can not collect in quantity, and the paraffin fills +the space in which they would collect in quantity; so that does away +with another one of the dangers. In the third place, you have the same +sap tension maintained in the scion as in the stock. The difference +between the negative and positive pressures, day and night, is very +great in spring time, and as the sap responds between day and night in +the stock, it puts a strain upon the scion. The scion can not follow the +stock with its sap movement ordinarily. But if scion and stock are +covered completely with paraffin, the tension remains the same, so that +you do away with the shock of varying negative and positive pressures. +That is an important point, it seems to me, in principle in the matter +of using the paraffin. Another point is this. You prevent evaporation +from scion that goes on ordinarily through the little breathing +lenticels, the little apertures between the cells of the bark which +allow moisture to escape as well as to enter. One would naturally +believe the paraffin would fill these and smother the scion, and I +presume it is that fear which has prevented the world from trying this +for the past ten thousand years, because they were skilful grafters in +Egypt, both in the tree world and the financial world, in the days of +Hammurabi there were skilful grafters in both worlds two or three +thousand years before Christ. I suppose that fear of closing the +breathing apertures in the stock has prevented people from adopting this +method; but it is not justified, because those bold, brave nurserymen +who are not afraid to smother a scion find that all the scions live. It +is a venture into the unknown, that dramatic book, in the way of +dramatically constructive progress. Another point: When you protect your +graft in the ordinary way with ordinary wrapping, ordinary wax, the +scion becomes timid, the stock becomes timid. It is not quite sure of +itself in many cases, and when it is not sure of itself, when it has a +fear, what does it do? It resorts to the protection method. What is the +first? Suberization, cork layer formation. So the frightened stock +throws cork cells over its cut surface between that and the graft, and +the suberization goes on as a result of fear on the part of the timid +stock. When you have taken away the fear by covering the whole area with +melted paraffin and it feels safe, then suberization does not go on in +this way, your stock is not frightened, you have not a scared tree at +all, and it will go on kindly and gently as a Jersey heifer to do its +work. + +PRESIDENT REED: I would like to ask Dr. Morris about that +myself. I am very much interested in the line of grafting, as we graft +50,000 to 100,000 every spring, using this same method. I feel as Mr. +Jones does, that the losses from grafting are largely due to heat and +the fermentation of sap. We find perhaps, that the first week of +grafting in cherry, we can almost invariably secure a fairly good stand. +Following that it tapers as the warmth and air increase, although the +scions are kept in cold storage, perfectly dormant, the sap is coming +up, and the increased rays of the sun--we get a very small percentage, +and it seems to become less every day, and we have always used the dark +wax. While I have been using paraffin wax a good deal of the time, I put +lampblack in it for coloring. + +DR. MORRIS: I have until this year. In order to get Mr. Jones' +points, I tried to work out the philosophy of the subject and see what +values there are, what meanings in the methods which led to his success. +Then following that line of investigation, I stopped into another line +of observation, and arrived at the transparent paraffin method, so that +this is the first year in which I have tried it, but the results are +perfectly remarkable. I have only done it for a year, but you will see +100% of catches on almost everything, hickories, walnuts, hazels. I must +tell you of one very remarkable incident. Mrs. Morris had some dwarf +trees set out on the slope of the lawn, dwarf pear trees. One of my men +cut one of them off with a lawn mower the latter part of August. The top +kicked around under foot for three or four days, wilted in the sun. We +were walking past it along in August. I think Mr. Bixby said, "Why don't +you try grafting on that kind of material?" I said, "I will, blessed if +I don't." So I cut three pear scions from this wilted top that had been +cut by the lawnmower in August, and I put them on a scrub pear tree +under the fence near the house. And I tried this paraffin method, and in +about six days one of them started out a shoot, and I said to one of my +men, "We will transplant this. This is no place for it." I meant in the +spring, or in a year or so. He transplanted it the next day. And it grew +I think about half an inch after that, made good wood to last through +the winter. So I don't know what the limitations of this paraffin method +are. But that is a thing I would hardly dare tell about unless there +were men here in this room who had seen it. That little pear top, cut +off by mistake, kicked about under foot a few days in August, no sort of +scion that any one would ever think of using as a graft, put it in as a +joke, and with the further abuse of being transplanted; but it started +growth, and now it is going to be a good pear tree. + +MR. JONES: The kicking around only made it good for grafting. + +PRESIDENT REED: Perhaps it ripened up to a certain extent by +that drying out, like it would in the fall. + +DR. MORRIS: Maybe, but I have never heard of horticulturists +propagating trees in that way and transplanting them in the same year, +and having the new wood from the graft harden for the winter. + +MR. JONES: Mr. Reed spoke of grafting a cherry. You cut the top +off didn't you? + +PRESIDENT REED: Yes. + +MR. JONES: We graft filberts by leaving the top on and cut the +graft in on the side and wax it over. We leave it there two weeks, +maybe, and cut it off, and we get perfect stands that way, and you would +on the cherry. + +PRESIDENT REED: We use the side grafting, but we cut the top +off. + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: I would like to ask Dr. Morris with regard to +the stock. Don't you think the fact that that tree was moved at the time +it was, so soon after grafting, had something to do with the retarding +of the sap and causing the tree to mature the wood it did in place of +making more growth? + +DR. MORRIS: That might be. All of the expert horticultural +opinions brought to bear on this are valuable. Every suggestion that has +been made has had a meaning. It requires explanation. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is nothing further along that line, we +have with us Mr. Conrad Vollertsen, of Rochester, who has been asked to +prepare a paper; and we would like to hear from him. He is an expert in +the filbert, and I believe can give us some valuable information. +(Applause). + + + + +HAZEL NUTS AND FILBERTS + + +CONRAD VOLLERTSEN, ROCHESTER, N. Y. + +Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of this Convention: I have been +approached by a member of the Northern Nut Growers' Association to +prepare a paper to be read at this convention on the growing, +cultivating, and propagating of the European hazel, together with such +other topics on the subject, as would be of interest to the members of +this association, particularly my experience and observations during the +last three or four seasons in my hazel orchard and nursery. + +Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am not a public speaker nor a public +writer; my business is nursery and garden work; I can use spade and pick +more freely than pen and ink, and, therefore, fear that I am not the +right party called upon, knowing as I do, that we have members in this +association far more capable and experienced, and who possess more +knowledge about the European hazel than ever I had. Nevertheless as the +growing and planting of the European hazel in the eastern and middle +states of our country so far, both for ornamental or commercial +purposes, has been more or less experimental, I think all practical +information on the subject should be welcomed, and therefore I have +consented to prepare this paper and hope it will be accepted for what it +stands. + +A number of years ago, after leaving school, I entered a large nursery +and garden establishment in Germany, as an apprentice boy, to learn the +garden business, to become a gardener and horticulturist, to learn how +to raise trees and other plants, to learn how to graft, to prune and +cultivate, and, in general, to take care of all kinds of growing plants. +One of the first duties bestowed upon me in my new place was the charge +of a large plot of young hazel or filbert plants. To prune or graft +them? Not at all. At that time I did not know anything about such +skilled labor. I was merely told to weed and hoe them and to keep them +clean. It was not just very elegant work, but, ladies and gentlemen, I +enjoyed very much indeed, every minute so employed among those young +filbert bushes. I became really attached to them and knew practically +every plant in the plot, and almost believe they knew me, too. + +Now what was the reason for this immense pleasure I found in working +among those plants? Was it perhaps from the commercial or financial +point of view, the future income from them for fruit or when the plants +reached a saleable age? Not at all. I was then too much of a boy and did +not comprehend such a thing as that. It was merely the fond and pleasant +recollection of my childhood, of my boyhood, when, together with other +children, in the proper season, we went hunting for the common hazel +nuts, the _Corylus avellana_, as the gathering of these nuts is one of +the greatest pleasures of the German country child, and to roam through +fields and woods in late summer in those beautiful September days, when +the foliage of trees and bushes begin to color, when the birds of the +garden, field and forest begin to assemble for future migration, when +goldenrod, asters and other field flowers are reaching their greatest +beauty, then, ladies and gentlemen, the hazelnut has reached maturity. +The nut itself is a very beautiful brown color, the outer bark a golden +yellow, the leaves of the plants slightly colored with bronze, pink or +yellow, a most beautiful combination, a pleasure to look upon, and a +sight never to be forgotten. Whoever has had an opportunity to see and +admire a well fruited hazel plant, at the time of maturity, will agree +with me that it is a thing of beauty, not only during the fruit bearing +season, but in fact throughout the whole winter, with the handsome +staminate flowers or catkins appearing very abundantly in early fall, +and remaining throughout the winter, until late spring. Of all these +pleasures, these beautiful sights, etc., of which a vivid and fond +recollection caused all the pleasures in cultivating the above mentioned +hazel lot, we need not be deprived in our otherwise so richly blest +country. It is true that, at the present time, we have no American +native hazel, that can fully compete with the better European varieties, +but we hope that in time not far off, through scientific hybridization, +such will be produced. For the time being, we have some very fine +European varieties as a substitute, which for years have stood the test +very well, and should be planted wherever a place can be spared for a +few of them, and great pleasure and enjoyment will be the result. So +much for the pleasure of raising hazel nuts. I have related the +foregoing merely to show the lasting pleasure and enjoyments derived +from the planting, cultivating and gathering of a few European hazel +nuts. + +But to raise hazel nuts for the pleasure of it only, would be a very +poor business proposition, and certainly not a paying one. What we +should do is to raise them in large quantities, for commercial purposes, +but here it seems to me the question should be asked: Have we had +experience enough as to recommend the planting of them in the middle and +eastern states for commercial purposes? In other words, is it worth +while to plant them with that point in view? Now, gentlemen, I do not +suppose that any one of us, at the present time, would be fully capable +or prepared to answer this question intelligently or positively, as the +planting of the hazel, for commercial purposes, has not been tried long +enough, at least not in the eastern or middle states, to warrant a +positive opinion on the subject. A great deal depends upon the variety +planted, also the location where the planting is done. Much observation +and experimenting is still required. + +I have growing on my ground in western New York, near Rochester, several +hundred trees or bushes, 6 to 8 years old, about 20 varieties, most of +them German varieties, a few from France, and a few from England. They +have been bearing nuts the last four seasons, and all have reached +maturity perfectly. The smaller and medium sized nuts appeared to bear a +little better than the larger varieties. The varieties received from +France have, so far, not done well with me, as the German varieties. +They are poor bearers. In the fall of 1917, I gathered from each 5 to 6 +year old tree, of the German variety, about a pound and a quarter of the +medium sized nuts, while hardly a pound from the larger fruited +varieties (same sized plants) ripened well. I was then under the +impression that the hazel not only could but should be planted in large +numbers for commercial purpose. In the fall of 1918 my crop of nuts was +very much less, and I had expected even a better harvest than in 1917, +which certainly was discouraging to me. The plants themselves were +growing beautifully, but most of the staminate blossoms or catkins were +frozen, and, consequently, very little pollenizing was accomplished, and +very little fruit the result. Such and possibly other occurrences, from +time to time we may expect and look for, and should be ready to +investigate thoroughly, before we can advocate or recommend the planting +of the hazel extensively. + +It really seems strange that while the hazel generally is at home in the +northern latitudes, it should partly freeze when the thermometer reaches +say about 12 to 18 degrees below zero, and, as I had never noticed that +before, it then occurred to me that possibly another reason could be +found, why so many of the catkins were frozen. + +Through my investigation in the spring of 1918, I have come to the +conclusion that the unusually wet season in our vicinity of western New +York throughout 1917 caused the hazel plants to grow until the real cold +weather was upon them, which gave the wood a very poor chance to ripen, +particularly the terminal buds, where a great many of the catkins had +formed, and caused not only them to freeze but also a certain part of +the wood. Only the lower and more protected catkins came through the +winter alright and caused what little pollenizing was done, hence the +very light harvest in the fall of 1918. + +Should the results of my investigation prove true, and the continuance +of the wet weather prove the main cause of freezing so many catkins, +then it seems to me there is nothing to be alarmed about, and the +planting of the European hazel, at least in this vicinity, for +commercial purposes could be conscientiously recommended, and should be +done, the sooner the better. We do not expect our apple or pear orchards +to bear an abundant crop every year, and we should not expect it of our +hazel orchards. Something will occasionally happen to them as well as to +other crops, otherwise we run no risk whatever. + +My trees or bushes, several hundred in number, planted in 1912 and +later, have stood all kinds of weather, extreme cold, very hot, +continuous wet, and still are growing most beautifully at the present +time. They gave a very satisfactory crop of nuts this last fall, 1919, +in spite of severe freezing weather on April 25th and 26th when the +mercury dropped to 12 to 15 degrees, and all hazel bushes in full bloom. +At the present time the prospect for a good crop of nuts next season is +certainly very bright. + +Neither fungus, blight, or other diseases of any kind, or troublesome +insects have so far been detected. In planting the hazel for commercial +purposes, I should recommend 12 feet distance between the plants each +way, as they require abundant sun and air. At the same time, there is an +opportunity to use the land between the rows for several years to come, +as low growing crops like potatoes, strawberries, beans, beets, carrots, +etc., could be grown there to great advantage, and the cultivation of +these crops would be amply sufficient for the hazel plants. + +Now the selection of varieties to be planted for the commercial hazel +orchard is a very important part of the undertaking, and should be well +considered. To plant several varieties is absolutely necessary on +account of pollenizing, as staminate and pistillate flowers, though on +the same plant, do not always appear together in proper condition on all +plants; in fact it has been proven in my orchard that sometimes plants +bring forth a great many pistillate blossoms and not a single staminate +one on them, and still a good crop of nuts were grown on them. Here the +pollination must have taken place with the pollen from other nearby +plants conveyed to them by wind or insects. One particular plant of the +zellernut type grown in one of my city lots during the last season was +very well filled with pistillate blossoms and not one catkin on it, and +still it ripened a fairly good crop of perfect nuts, where the nearest +plants filled with staminate blossoms was at least 30 feet from it. Here +it is shown and proven that a number of varieties is a necessity. + +But what varieties we shall choose, will undoubtedly be an open question +for some time to come, and, no doubt, a great deal of experimental work +will have to be done to finally select the right varieties for the +different localities, the variation of temperature and location has very +much to do with the proper selection of varieties. I have among my +varieties some I could recommend and again others that are not at all +satisfactory, at least not so far, and it requires more close +observation before the very best of them can be picked out or selected. + +Our next operation in the hazel will be the pruning. Here I should say +above all things: "_Keep the suckers away._" Hazel bushes are naturally +inclined to produce a great many suckers, which should be thoroughly +removed as soon as they appear; it will stop when the plants grow older. +Besides the suckers, all weak and unnecessary wood should be removed +entirely, not cut back. Our aim should be to try and get as near as +possible low standard trees, with trunk say 10 to 15 inches high and the +tree itself not to exceed 15 to 18 feet in height with the center kept +open all the time. To accomplish this, I should suggest the removing of +all crowding limbs from the center, regardless of their being +fruit-bearing limbs, which to determine is mostly guess-work at the +best. In order to keep the plants within 15 to 18 feet in height, the +terminal shoots also should be removed or reduced as the case may be, +beginning at the time of planting until the desired height is reached. +After that, one or more of the old limbs may from time to time be +removed, as there always will be enough young branches to take their +places. Such pruning in my orchard, so far, has proved sufficient, as +blight has never made its appearance in my nursery. + +I will not be able to say much about blight. I have known trees in our +city, 4 or 5 varieties, for more than 30 years, bearing more or less +fruit year after year, and have never noticed any blight or anything +wrong with them. Should blight appear, I should remove all affected +limbs to the sound and healthy wood, as we would do to our pear and +quince trees when blight appears among them. I do not believe that +properly treated hazel bushes will ever suffer much from blight, at +least not in our vicinity. Neither do I believe that any more pruning +than I have outlined is required or necessary to our hazel plants. + +The next subject about which I wish to say a few words is the +propagation of hazel plants. There seems to be quite a difference of +opinion as to the mode of propagating them; some advocate grafting, +others layering, again others from suckers only. Grafting I believe +myself, will produce a finer plant and the operation of doing so seems +quite successful, but a great many varieties produce so many suckers +that the graft is liable to be choked or crowded out if not constantly +watched, and it should not be expected of the average person to know the +difference between the graft and the wild shoot, and consequently, in a +comparative short time, he would have a wild or common hazel. For that +reason grafted plants should not be used for the trade until our people +get better acquainted with hazel plants. I, therefore, should recommend +layering, thereby having the plants on their own roots, which would +prove more satisfactory everywhere. That grafted plants bear fruit +sooner than layers, does not always hold good; it may be so with some +varieties, but not with all of them. I have some three year old grafted +plants and no fruit as yet, where I had plenty of layers in the nursery +rows two years old well fruited. + +It is true that plants grafted on seedlings of the _Corylus avellana_ +will not produce as many suckers, as plants grafted on layers of the +avellana type, but they will produce enough to confuse the average +person, as the foliage of some varieties are so nearly alike, that it +actually requires an expert to tell the difference. I, therefore, under +the existing circumstances, should advise the propagating of hazel +plants by layers only, until our people get better acquainted with the +hazel proposition in general. Why propagation by suckers only should be +preferred by some people, I fail to see, as they are practically the +same as layers, plants on their own roots from a parent plant, only that +layers are produced a little more scientifically and suckers more +naturally; otherwise they are identically the same thing. + +When I referred to propagating, I should perhaps have mentioned the +growing of hazel plants from seeds, that is from the nut, but I did not +think it necessary. I will, however, say that plants raised from seed +should never be planted for fruit bearing unless they are grafted or +budded, as it has been fully and positively proven that plants raised +from seed, even if the very finest nuts of our European hybrids are +planted, will not produce nuts as good as those planted, but will almost +invariably go back to the original type, the _Corylus avellana_. It is +alright to raise plants from seeds for the sake of getting stock to +graft or bud on, but, as to variety, the seedlings are unreliable. + +Before coming to a close, I would like to say a few words about the +fertilizing of the ground for hazel orchards and what experience I have +had in this matter, as I believe this would be of interest to all. It is +a well-known fact that hazel plants grow well and will thrive in almost +any kind of soil, as long as it is not too wet or too heavy, but from +time to time a little manure worked in is very beneficial both to old +and young plants, but care and judgment should be exercised, so as not +to overdo it. I have growing in one of my city lots with very fertile +soil, several bearing hazel plants, 7 to 8 years old, different +varieties. These plants grow so immensely that it plainly shows, they +are growing at the expense of the fruit, not only that the quantity of +nuts gathered from a plant there is considerably less than of same sized +plants grown on ordinary farmland, but the quality also is very much +below. My best nuts are all grown on ordinary farmland and the greatest +quantity has always been obtained from the farm where only very little +fertilizing or manuring had been done. For the growing of young plants +for commercial purposes, for the trade, I should recommend liberal +manuring at all times. (Applause.) + +QUESTION: Is the hazel a long lived tree? + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: I have known trees for almost forty years that +are bearing good fruit year after year, although not always a good crop. +They don't seem to grow so rapidly at that age as when younger. + +DR. MORRIS: Hazels seem to graft pretty well on each other. I +think the tree hazel is going to be our most successful stock for +grafting. However, I have grafted on the _Corylus avellana_. The tree +hazel does not put out any suckers. + +QUESTION: Does the hazel find its way into the market +commercially? + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: I would almost think so. I have had lots of +inquiries for them from storekeepers. It seems to me there are a great +many imported around here. Our American hazels are not so very good. +There may be here and there a fairly good one, but I have not found any +really good ones worth propagating. I think if we would do more +scientific work we could get very good nuts. There is no question that +they are perfectly hardy and will stand almost any climate. + +MR. JONES: Some of your varieties are hybrids aren't they? + +MR. VOLLERTSEN: They are all hybrids. I have a few of the real, +original _avellana_ type I think got there by accident. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe the next paper is one the secretary +has from Mr. A. H. Graves. + + + + +DISEASE RESISTANCE IN THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT[1] + + +ARTHUR H. GRAVES + +(Read by the Secretary) + +Your secretary, Mr. Bixby, has asked me to tell you about the native +chestnut trees in the vicinity of New York City which I have found to be +resistant to the destructive bark disease. I commenced the search for +such trees in the summer of 1918, at the suggestion of Dr. Haven +Metcalf, of the laboratory of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant +Industry. During the campaign in Pennsylvania against the bark disease, +scouts had been on the lookout for immune or resistant trees, but +without result. As far as I am aware, no systematic organized search had +been made for such individuals. + +It was our plan to commence the search in the region of New York City, +because this area is probably the oldest center of infection in the +United States. Apparently this is the port of entry where the +undesirable immigrants (Japanese or Chinese chestnuts) passed through +quarantine and were allowed to disembark carrying their terrible scourge +with them unnoticed. According to Metcalf and Collins,[2] this was +probably as early as 1893. This was why we selected this area to begin +on, for here the disease has had a longer opportunity to run its course +than anywhere else, and, consequently, has had ample time (more than a +quarter of a century) to call out the non-resistant trees. Those +remaining, if any could be found, might be suspected, _a priori_, of +being resistant. + +As the work progressed, I soon realized that it would be most difficult, +or perhaps impossible, to locate resistant or immune trees in a region +not so long exposed to infection; for, in such a region, one would have +to inoculate all individuals suspected of possessing resistant +qualities, in order to ascertain whether their healthy condition was +actually due to resistant qualities or simply the result of a chance +escape of infection. We therefore decided to restrict the work, for the +present at least, entirely to a definite area about New York City. This +area includes all of the territory within a radius of about 16 miles +from New York City Hall, and therefore comprised in a general way, +Greater New York and the adjacent parts of New Jersey. + + +RESULTS OF THE SURVEY + +First I made a thorough canvas of Staten Island, doing the work on foot, +aided by the trolley and the Staten Island R. R., and often guided by +that genial naturalist and lover of Staten Island, Dr. Arthur Hollick of +the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, I made a careful +survey of the whole 64 square miles of which the island is composed. +After two weeks of this kind of work, I began to get fairly well +discouraged, not so much because of lack of results which, it is true, +were entirely negative, but more on account of the appearance of the +dead chestnuts. For where it was not entirely cut out, the bare, +weathered poles showed that they had been dead for many years. The only +encouraging feature was the finding of large quantities of healthy +seedlings, from 7 years of age upward, to which I will refer later. + +The Palisade region along the Hudson has been notable in the past for +its chestnut forests. I next attacked this, making as thorough a search +as possible from Hoboken to a little north of Alpine, N. J., which is a +small place on the Hudson opposite Yonkers. Here also the vast forests +of dead poles weathered gray with time, bore silent witness to the +completeness of the destruction. + +About the middle of July while ferrying across the Hudson, I noticed +north of the landing at Dyckman St., what appeared to be chestnut trees +in bloom. On investigation, I found these to be living native chestnuts, +of the peculiar strip type I shall describe later, and proceeding +further north from this, where the Harlem enters the Hudson. I was led +into a forest where I found at least 40 living chestnuts, some of which +were in good condition, and one particularly was leafy nearly to the +top. (Fig. 1) Naturally, one would immediately suspect that somehow +these trees had escaped infection, but this could not possibly be the +case, for mixed in with them on all sides were bare, weathered trunks +showing signs of old worn cankers, proving incontestibly that the fungus +had been present here also for a long period. Shortly afterward, Dr. +Olive, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, informed me that he had seen +living chestnuts near Hollis, L. I., and at Valley Stream, L. I., and at +each of these places I found a group similar to that near the Harlem. + +These, in brief, are the high spots of the survey from the point of view +of the scientist. In addition, I covered adjacent region of New Jersey +to the west, including the Watchung Mt. range about Plainfield and the +Oranges; the Bronx and Van Cortland Park and the country to Yonkers and +the north, and to the northeast of New Rochelle. Long Island, as far as +Hempstead, was also included. Altogether I travelled about 1200 miles on +foot, not counting the distance traversed on trolleys and railroads. +Always armed with opera glasses, I was careful not to use them when +anyone was looking, for on the second day of the survey I had been +arrested on the charge of being a German spy! I was also arrested on +board a train in New Jersey for looking earnestly at a topographic map, +then sharply out of the car window and noting what I had seen (dead +chestnut trees) on said map. The carrying of a botanist's tin can +(containing fungi, not bombs) was also an additional implicating +circumstance on the latter occasion. + +What then were the results of the survey? They may be stated briefly as +follows: + +1. No immune trees were found. + +2. For the most part the older trees (from 20 years upward) were +entirely dead, and had been so for a long period, as attested by the +bare trunks, weathered a characteristic gray color which only time can +produce. + +3. However, large numbers of seedlings and young saplings were located, +both healthy and diseased. + +4. _The most important result was the finding of three well defined +colonies of living mature trees; all of which, by virtue of characters +to be presently described, are offering more or less resistance to the +disease._ + + +SEEDLING TREES + +It is well known that seedlings and young saplings are naturally immune +for a certain period, which varies in extent from 8 to 15 years beyond +germination of the seed beginning, of course with the first formation of +the seedling. Such immunity depends, however, not on any inherent +characteristic, but on the fact that at this period the bark is usually +smooth, sound, and free from wounds of any sort where Endothia spores +and mycelium might enter. Of course, when wounded from any cause +whatever during this period of youth, this immunity ends, so that the +condition might perhaps be termed physical, in contrast to physiological +immunity. + +As I have already said, large numbers of seedlings, for the most part +still unattacked, were found in many places in the area surveyed. There +are of course no grounds for believing that such seedlings, descended as +they are from non-resistant trees, are physiologically immune. Where +they are free from disease, this exemption is due merely to the physical +immunity I have just mentioned. Since they therefore represent +non-resistant stock, they were used for comparative inoculation work, +which will be referred to later. + +I may as well say here as anywhere, that by resistance, I do not mean +total resistance, for that would be immunity. There are, of course, +degrees of resistance, in the plant world just as in the animal world. +One person may resist a cold germ or the influenza bacillus better than +another, that is, it will cause him only a little discomfort. Another +person may not be affected at all, that is, he is totally resistant or +immune. I say this because I have misunderstood when I have used the +term resistance. The trees in the New York region show all grades of +resistance, from individuals where the fungus makes very little headway +in the bark, to cases where it grows almost as fast as in the average +non-resistant tree. + + +CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESISTANT TREES + +What now are the characteristics of these resistant trees? How are we +going to know one when we see it? I have outlined the leading features +as follows: + +1. BARK. In the case of this particular disease, it is obvious +that the character of the bark is the most important feature since this +fungus is primarily parasitic in the living cortex. In other words, the +character of resistance must necessarily depend on the living cells of +the cortex. Now, careful observation of the resistant trees reveals a +most striking feature of the bark, namely its tendency to heal, by means +of a callus growth around the margins of the lesions, whether large or +small; and it is very apparent that this callus growth wards off the +advance of the fungus for a time at least. When the callus growth is +once formed, the fungus of the original canker encroaches on it very +slowly, or often not at all. Inoculations in the callused margins of +cankers showed usually only slight growth of the fungus after two +months' time in the summer, or in some cases no growth at all. Several +layers of wood could be counted underneath these callused margins--often +6 or 7--before reaching the annual ring exposed at the surface of the +canker. This of course, shows unquestionably that the callus had +remained healthy at that location for that period of time. + +2. EXTENSION OF THE CALLUS TISSUE.--In many cases the callus +tissue is of considerably greater extent than the normal area one would +expect around a wound. It may even occur that the whole inner bark +around the trunk is of a callused nature, without any open cankers +showing at all. For example in a tree of which I have a photograph here +(Figs. 2 and 4), the outer bark is sloughing off, revealing callused +bark underneath of entirely different appearance, which no one would +recognize as chestnut bark. This particular tree photographed represents +an extreme in this respect. It seemed as if the whole tree was getting a +new kind of bark, and yet this same character appears in all of the +highly resistant trees. On cutting into this new callused inner bark it +was found plentifully dotted with tiny _Endothia_ lesions, which +however, never penetrated deeply. (Fig 4). Close to the cambium the +white inner bark is quite healthy, generally for a thickness of 5-7 mm. +That the mycelium in the small lesions was unquestionably the _Endothia_ +mycelium, was shown by the appearance of the mycelium, and the presence +of the _Endothia_ pustules in many of the spots. That these were not +late infections, but only slowly growing small lesions, was shown by +inoculations in such bark, which revealed scarcely any growth after two +months. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1 + +One of the most resistant trees, the smaller tree near the center of the +photograph, near the Harlem River, Boro of Manhattan, New York City.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2 + +A very strikingly resistant tree at Valley Stream, Long Island, showing +peculiar inner bark. The outer bark is sloughing off.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 3 + +One of the "strip" trees in the forest in the Boro of Manhattan, New +York City.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4 + +Showing the character of the inner bark of the Valley Stream tree (Fig. +2). At one place, near the center of the photograph, the bark has been +shaved showing the small lesions caused by the fungus.] + +3. THE WHITE SECRETION.--The most striking peculiarity of the +callus tissue, is its abundant content of a thickish, milky, white +substance. This came to light immediately when I cut into the callus, +and it showed up very clearly when I shaved off the outer layers of dead +cork tissue. The white material is not evenly distributed through the +irregular grain of the wound tissue, but is particularly abundant in +small spots or pockets which are especially conspicuous in the callused +margin of the lesion. Soon after exposure to the air the cut bark, and +particularly the white substance, redden rapidly, indicating oxidation. +This peculiarity is of course true of all chestnut bark, yet here the +reddening seems to be deeper and more rapid than the normal. No chemical +analysis has yet been made of this substance, but there is +sufficient other evidence at hand to warrant a tentative statement +that it is very rich in tannin or tannin compounds, and that possibly +the quality of resistance is bound up with the nature of this material. + +4. THE STRIP CONDITION.--Some of the trees showed the living +bark restricted to a narrow, flattened, rope-like strip running up the +trunk to one or a very few branches (Plate 1, Fig. 3). In these cases +all of the bark was of the callus nature, rich in the resistant +substance, and plentifully besprinkled with small Endothia lesions, +while underneath were a number of layers of functioning wood. The rest +of the trunk was bare, weathered gray, with traces on its surface of old +cankers, and evidently dead for a long period. This type of tree was so +commonly found that I have called it the strip tree. + + +INOCULATIONS + +The very fact that these trees are now alive in this New York region is +pretty good proof of their resistance. But of course the most conclusive +test is by inoculation with the fungus in question. If the fungus grows +slowly in these trees as compared with its growth on non-resistant +stock, then no one can deny that they are resistant. I will not bore you +with figures of tables, I will only give you the results. The average +growth of the fungus in 289 inoculations on the resistant trees was +about 1/3 as fast as on non-resistant stock, and taking the rate of +growth on those trees which are especially resistant it is about 1/4 as +fast as on the non-resistant stock. For non-resistant stock the +seedlings on Staten Island were inoculated, and the growth on these +tallied very closely with growth in non-resistant trees inoculated by +Anderson and Rankin.[3] + +Another very striking result brought out by the inoculation work was +that of the 158 inoculations on branches and basal shoots of the +resistant trees, only nine had been girdled after one month's growth, +while in the same time 16 out of the 32 non-resistant Staten Island +trees were girdled. At the end of the second month, the results were +still more striking. Then, in the Staten Island trees, 22 out of 32 were +girdled, while in the inoculations on the basal shoots and branches of +resistant stock only 22 out of the 153 resulted in girdling. This +striking difference was not due to smaller diameters of the Staten +Island trees, for particular pains were taken to have them approximately +equal to the branches and shoots inoculated in the resistant trees. + +SUMMARY OF EVIDENCES OF RESISTANCE + +We may summarize the evidences of resistance as follows: + +1. The results of the inoculation tests show that the fungus grows in +these trees on the average from 1/4 to 1/3 as fast as in ordinary +chestnut. + +2. The occurrence of the trees in a neighborhood long subjected to the +disease, and their presence among the trees of individuals long since +dead. + +3. Indications of the long period the disease has been present in the +trees themselves; such as bare weathered tops, and healed cankers. + +4. Peculiarities of the bark; such as extensive development of the +callus tissue, and the presence of a peculiar substance or white +secretion which is particularly conspicuous in cases of marked +resistance. + + +IS THE DISEASE RESISTANCE HERE AN HEREDITARY CHARACTER? + +As to whether this disease resistance is an inherent character and will +be transmitted from generation to generation, or is only the result of +particularly favorable environmental conditions such as soil, light or +moisture, is a point of great practical importance. I believe that +further work will prove that the resistance is heritable, for the +following reasons: + +1. The resistance is not due to a particularly favorable environment of +the trees, for the three groups grow in very different soils and under +varying conditions of light and moisture. + +2. The finding of the trees in colonies points to a genetic variation. +At first I was unable to account for the grouping of the trees, for I +had expected to find immune or resistant trees singly, here and there. +But if we adopt the hypothesis of a heritable protoplasmic +variation--something in their "blood," so to speak, the explanation is +easy. We know that chestnut fruits or nuts do not travel far, like the +seeds of willow, poplar, maple or ash, and therefore, in any given stand +of chestnut, if we could go back from generation to generation into +earlier time, most probably the majority of the trees would be found to +have arisen from a common ancestor, although of course a few outsiders +would have found their way into the group, carried by squirrels or other +animals. + +3. In a considerable number of cases all the members of the same group +of coppice trunks from an old stump show a similar degree of resistance. +To attribute such a condition as due merely to chance, occurring as +often as it does, would be placing a pretty large burden on chance; and +since the coppice trunks are all off-shoots of the same plant, the +condition is what one would expect were the resistant quality in +inherent character. A correspondence of degree of resistance was also +noted, in the inoculations made on branches, trunk, and basal shoots of +the same individual tree. + +Experimental work is being carried on at Washington to test out the +truth of this hypothesis, i. e. to see whether or not the disease +resistance is really heritable. The work is being carried on in +connection with the propagation of other resistant stock, Chinese, +Japanese, etc.; and, as soon as the department is sure of the product, +the results will be distributed to nut growers and others who are +interested. + +In the meantime we can all help by being on the lookout for resistant +native trees. I believe they will be found in many places besides the +New York region. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Illustration for this paper will be found opposite page 64. + +[2] Metcalf, Haven & Collins, J. Franklin. The Control of the Chestnut +Bark Disease. Farmer's Bulletin--467, 1911, P. 5. + +[3] Anderson, P. J. & Rankin, W. H., Endothia canker of chestnut. +Cornell Univ. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 347, 1914. + + + + +EVENING SESSION + +SANITARIUM GYMNASIUM, at 8:00 P.M. + +President Reed in Chair + +DR. J. H. KELLOGG: Ladies and Gentlemen: Battle Creek has the +honor today and tomorrow to entertain the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. This association with other associations having similar +purposes, is undertaking to do, it seems to me, one of the most +important things that can be done for the American people--to show us +how we can get our nitrogen, our protein, and our fats without the +livestock industry which is wasting at least nine-tenths of the grain, +or in fact at least nineteen-twentieths of all our foodstuffs. The great +cause of the high cost of living at the present time is that the pigs +and the cattle are eating up our corn and other good things that we +ought to eat ourselves. If we had a sufficient area of land, perhaps +even the sides of our roadways and railways planted out to black walnuts +and other good nut trees, we would have all the protein and fat we +needed, perhaps as much as we are getting now, and more, and the cattle +industry might be entirely dismissed from consideration, and a great +deal of labor would be saved. I am sure that there is no place in the +whole United States where this Association could have a heartier welcome +than here in Battle Creek, or where people could be found who would +appreciate its labors any more. You are going to have a very interesting +program tonight. We are favored with visits from very distinguished +gentlemen from all over the United States, among others Dr. Robert T. +Morris, the nestor of American surgeons has come all the way from New +York to tell us about some wonderful discoveries he has made, and a +fatherless walnut tree he is cultivating, and other things that will be +of great interest to us all I am sure. I take pleasure in introducing to +you the president of this Association, Mr. W. C. Reed, of Vincennes, +Indiana. Mr. Reed. + +PRESIDENT REED: We are simply continuing our program. This +afternoon we were in session at the Annex and moved over here this +evening so as to be able to present what we have here so we could +entertain more of you than we could over there to advantage. You know +that most all men have a hobby along some line or other, and those who +constitute our leaders, whom we have to look to, and along the line of +nut trees of different species and so on, we have learned to look to Dr. +Morris as one of the leaders. I have great pleasure in introducing to +you Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York, who will address you on the +hickory. + + + + +NOTES ON THE HICKORIES + + +ROBERT T. MORRIS, M. D., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. + +When people speak of the "hickory" without qualification, they are apt +to have in mind some one kind of hickory which belonged to their boyhood +environment. All other kinds which they happened to know, were qualified +in some way, very much as the word "fish" in Boston stands for the +codfish only, other kinds of fish in the world being described by +qualifying names. In the northeast the hickory means the shagbark. In +Missouri it means the shellbark. Elsewhere the pignut and the mockernut +are called "hickory." Interest in the subject has increased so rapidly +of late years that we must all of us be more particular in our +descriptions and add qualifying names, speaking always of the shagbark +hickory, pecan hickory, or bitternut hickory as the case may be. Sargent +describes fifteen species of hickory and in addition a large number of +varieties by environment and by hybridization. There is a Mexican +hickory, making sixteen species for the North American continent, and +the late Mr. F. N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer from Washington, has +found a hickory in China. Previous to this discovery, it was believed +that the hickories belonged to the North American continent only. + +Botanists divide the hickories into two groups, Apocarya and Eucarya. +For convenience in every day conversation, it might be well for us to +speak of the "open-bud" group and the "closed bud" group. _Apocarya_ or +the "open bud" group, includes the pecan hickory, _Carya pecan_, the +bitternut hickory, _Carya cordiformis_, the bitter pecan, _Carya +texana_, the water hickory, _Carya aquatica_, the nutmeg hickory, _Carya +myristicaeformis_, and the Chinese hickory, _Carya cathayensis_. The +winter buds of this group will be seen on examination to show the +minute, snugly curled-up leaves which are ready to burst forth when the +springtime sun opens the fronds of the ferns which have forced their way +through the hard ground with clenched fists. The scale buds in the +open-bud group do not cover the tiny leaf forms completely. + +In _Eucarya_, or the "closed-bud" group, stout scales close the bud +completely against the snow and ice of wintry days, so that we see +scales only when looking at the bud. The closed-bud hickories include +the shagbark, _Carya ovata_, the Carolina hickory, _Carya +Carolinae-septentrionalis_, the shellbark, _Carya laciniosa_, the +mockernut, _Carya alba_, the smooth-bark hickory, _Carya leiodermis_, +the pallid hickory, _Carya pallida_, the close-bark pignut, _Carya +glabra_, the loose-bark pignut, _Carya ovalis_, the Florida hickory, +_Carya Floridana_, the Buckley hickory, _Carya Buckleyi_, and the +Mexican hickory, _Carya Mexicana_. + +Hickories which have nuts with a bitter pellicle, all belong to the +open-bud group. These are the bitternut, Texas hickory, and water +hickory. Hickories with scaly bark are found in both groups. In the +open-bud group, the trunk of the water hickory carries long loose bark +strips attached by one end, and in the closed-bud group, we find this +characteristic belonging to the shagbark, shellbark, Carolina hickory, +and to one of the pignuts, Carya ovalis. That takes us to another +occasion for a note. What do we mean by "pignut?" In the North, this +term is applied to Carya glabra and Carya ovalis. In the South, it is +applied to Carya cordiformis. A name so well established, will have to +be retained, but in our Association it will perhaps be best to have an +understanding about which one of the hickories the common name pignut +should belong. So long as it already covers two species in the North as +opposed to one in the South, there are already two votes to one in favor +of retaining the name pignut for Carya glabra and Carya ovalis. We may +describe these in plain language as the smooth-bark pignut and the +loose-bark pignut. The reason for choosing the name "loose" instead of +"scaly" is because we are pretty well agreed upon applying the name +"scalybark" to the Carolina hickory, the name "shagbark" to Carya ovata, +and the name shellbark to Carya laciniosa. The name bitternut may +safely be allowed to remain with Carya cordiformis because the other two +nuts with bitter pellicle already have distinctive names, Carya aquatica +being called water hickory and Carya texana being called bitter pecan. +By making fixed points in nomenclature in this way we may head off the +confusion which will become worse confounded as the interest in +hickories becomes rapidly enlarged, if our committee on nomenclature +does not take some decisive step. + +Concerning Latin nomenclature, we have further troubles for settlement. +Hicoria is the oldest generic name and naturally should have priority +but the Vienna Congress of Botanists adopted Carya. So far so good (or +bad). Now comes our trouble in giving specific and varietal names. The +binomial is clearly applicable enough for species, Carya pecan, for +example, but when we come to varieties of the pecan there are two kinds +of varieties to be considered, those by environment and those by +hybridization. In cases of natural variation we are still within +accepted resources in nomenclature by saying for example, Carya pecan, +var, Stuartii. When naming hybrid varieties, however, I would suggest +that in advance of the abbreviation "var", we place the abbreviation +"hyb." thus reading for Brown's pecan, "Carya pecan, hyb. var. Brownii," +instead of "Carya Brownii," which latter binomial would throw it among +the species. In view of the fact that we are to have in the future +hundreds of named hybrids, it seems to me that we must adopt some such +definite method for convenience promptly. This method of naming, relates +to convenience and is applied to the most evident parent. As a matter of +fact, in horticultural circles we are doing precisely that sort of +thing, speaking, for example, of "Brown's pecan" meaning a nut which we +recognize as being a hybrid, brought to attention by Brown but with the +pecan as parent most strongly in evidence. + +When I was a boy, the only hickory nuts of any sort available, were +those collected from wild trees. The popular boy was one who knew of +some trees which furnished the best nuts and who did not keep the news +to himself. The squirrels knew the best nuts as well as the boys did and +they would go past many hickory trees along fences and groves in order +to congregate in the ones which had the nuts with the thinnest shells +and plumpest meats of best quality. In the early morning hours I have +seen several squirrels in one particularly good hickory nut tree and not +a single squirrel in a tree completely filled with nuts, though its +branches touches those of the first one. Men are quite as intelligent +as squirrels in some respects. Here and there attempts were made at +propagating fine hickory trees of various species by planting nuts. It +was not generally known at that time that the hickories were so +thoroughly crossed like the apples, that they would not reproduce true +to type from seed. Attempts were then made at grafting which were mostly +failures for many years. We are now on the verge of a great development +in hybridization or crossing of choice kinds of hickories and in +determining upon which stocks the different kinds of selected hickories +may be grown to best advantage. Hybrids between varieties of hickories +occur frequently in nature and hybrids between species of hickories +occur occasionally. A number of these accidental hybrids have been +discovered and some of them are now being propagated. For the most part +they do not represent the best quality of the best parent but it is a +notable fact that the bitterness of kinds with the bitter pellicle +appears to be a recessive character and disappears usually from hybrids +between species in which one parent has a bitter nut. Unfortunately, the +finer extractive which give character to the nut of the better parent +are prone to disappear also. This is in line with our experience in +mixing of characters along Mendelian lines. Given a sufficient number of +hybrids and we shall have here and there one with spectacular +characteristics of special value. + +Now that horticulturists at the present moment are turning so freely +toward the idea of producing quantities of hybrids artificially, the +next generation will see hickory nuts which were not dreamed of in the +days when I was a boy. The crossing of hickories is not difficult work. +We simply remove the male flowers from branches carrying female flowers +before the male flowers have begun to shed their pollen. The female +flowers are then covered with oiled paper bags tied over them for +protection and when the danger from self pollination has passed, we take +off the bags and add a little pollen which we have kept for the +purpose--pollen from some trees bearing remarkably valuable nuts. + +Nuts resulting from this cross pollination when planted, give us new +varieties of trees which never have been seen before by anybody and that +is so interesting that very many people will probably take up +hybridization as an incident in recreation. Some of the hybrids will +bear very early in their history and others very late. If one is +impatient to determine at once which ones are to be valuable, he can +hurry the process by grafting a number of cuttings from young seedling +trees into the tops of larger trees which are already bearing--labeling +each graft, so that he may keep track of the seedling stock from which +it came. It is possible to put one hundred or more seedlings in the top +of some stock tree at one time. + +One reason for delay in propagation by grafting is because the hickories +like many other trees are slow in making repair of wounds. Grafts +usually perished before being accepted by the stock under grafting +methods that were in common use. The best step forward in grafting +method for hickories is one that I obtained from Mr. J. F. Jones, +Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He tells me that he obtained the method from +its originator, Mr. E. A. Riehl, Godfrey, Illinois. This consisted in +covering the entire graft, buds and all, with melted grafting wax and +including also all of the wound and wrapping of the stock. The buds make +their way through this grafting wax without any difficulty, but the +grafting wax used by Mr. Jones contained lamp black and that used by Mr. +Riehl consisted of a beeswax and rosin mixture. It was found that these +seemed to be applicable in the North but not farther south in the hotter +sun. Examining into the reasons for this, it seemed to me that in all +probability the black grafting wax used by Mr. Jones and the brown or +amber grafting wax used by Mr. Riehl, would naturally allow the heat +rays of the sun to pass through to the graft while halting the actinic +ray of light. The latter is extremely valuable for promoting the +activity of chlorophyl, which acts only in the presence of light and in +the best way in the best light. The heat rays might have certain +destructive qualities. With this theoretical idea of the situation in +mind, I employed melted paraffin in place of the grafting wax, covering +the scions completely as well as the wound in the stock and the +wrappings. This immediately proved to be a success. In fact, it appears +to have changed the entire subject of grafting nut trees in such a way +that any intelligent boy employing this method can now do better hickory +nut grafting than would have been possible at the hands of an expert two +years ago. The melted paraffin fills the interstices in which sap might +collect and ferment, but at the same time, hardening so quickly that it +does not introduce the danger of extension between points of contact +with scion and stock. The second point of value consists in allowing the +actinic ray in the sunlight to act upon the chlorophyl in bud and bark +of the scion and it does not attract the destructive heat ray. This is +perhaps the most important single point of value and due to the +transparency of the paraffin. Third, the paraffin coating, impervious to +air, maintains the sap tension equally in the course of fluctuation +between negative and positive pressures occurring between night and +day, and under varying conditions of light and temperature. This +maintenance of equalised sap tension, I believe to be important. The +paraffin is waterproof and prevents evaporation from the scion, which +otherwise is prone to dry out before granulation of the wound has taken +place in the hickories, as in other species which callus slowly. Fifth, +under the paraffin coating of stock and scion, the plant apparently does +not have that anxiety which would otherwise lead it to introduce the +protective feature of superization, the spreading of a corky layer over +the wound surface between stock and scion, thus introducing a mechanical +obstacle to union. + +This method of grafting has extended the grafting season for nearly two +months, apparently. Formerly, I hurried to get all of the grafts in +while buds were bursting, in early May. During the season of 1919 I +grafted hickories up to August sixth experimentally. The last grafts +which caught well in a practical way were put in on July twenty-first. +After that the proportion of catches was small and the growth feeble. +Incidentally, it may be remarked that filberts grafted as late as August +sixth, did perfectly well. The scions employed were cut in late winter +and kept in the sawdust of my icehouse. I formerly supposed that ice +beneath the sawdust was important, but this year I could not get ice and +the scions kept just as well. In July, experiments were tried with +grafting directly from one tree to another, using wood of the season's +growth. This worked well with hazels, but not with hickories or walnuts, +only one out of many hickory grafts catching. That one, however, is +significant and I hope to work out principles which will allow of direct +grafting of hickories as readily as may be done with the hazels. + +When a hickory graft is to be inserted into a small stock or branch, the +ordinary cleft graft does well. In stock recipients much larger than the +graft a side cleft of the width of the scion only is desirable, or +better yet the "split bark" method devised by Mr. E. A. Riehl. A +straight split is made in the bark of the end of the stock, and the +graft crowded down into this split so that it remains between bark and +wood finally. My own method for large stocks, is what I have called "the +slot bark method." This consists in turning down a width of stock bark +measuring the same as the scion in width. When the scion has been +inserted into this slot so made, the bark is turned up over it again and +fastened there. By this method I have put scions in the trunks of trees +nearly a foot in diameter and at any chosen point, sometimes several +feet below the ends of cut branches. One may cut off the top of a large +hickory tree and then peg the trunk full of scions by means of bark +slots. + +Another important point in hickory propagation work consists in the +employment of the Spanish windlass for fastening graft and stock +together. The old time wrapping of twine or of raffia had to be released +in order to allow growth at the point of union of scion and stock. When +cord is used it cuts deeply into the new growth, and raffia, which is +placed on flat, will be burst open. In either case new wrapping is +required at a precarious time, according to old methods. The Spanish +windlass, which is used in surgery for controlling haemorrage, seemed to +me to be applicable for fastening scions in place. It consists in a +paraffined cord with ends tied in a firm knot but hanging loosely about +the graft and wound. A wooden skewer or any small lever, is then +inserted into the loose loop of cord and twisted about until the part of +the cord about the graft wound is so snug that it holds the scion in +place more firmly than it can be held by any other sort of wrapping. In +order to prevent the cord from cutting into the bark, two shields of +wood or metal an inch in length, are interposed between cord and bark. +The lever of the Spanish windlass is fastened with a cord or with a +galvanized nail in order to prevent the windlass from unwinding and the +whole covered with melted paraffin. This may remain in place for two +seasons without change, holding the scion firmly in place all of that +time and requiring no attention. The growing stock separates the two +shields very much as it might separate two stones in the field and +automatically unwinds the Spanish windlass by sheer force, just enough +to allow growth without any unloosening of its holding apparatus. + +In hickory grafting, much experimental work remains to be done in the +choice of stocks for grafts of different species. Almost all of the +hickories that have been grafted upon the pecan hickory stock, seem to +do pretty well upon that stock, but the converse is not true. The pecan +apparently does not do well as a rule when grafted upon other hickory +stocks, even upon those of its cousins in the open-bud group. The +shagbark hickory, in my experience, has done best upon stocks of the +shagbark or mockernut or pignut. A number of years, however, are +required in some cases for determining that point. Shagbarks which I +have grafted upon bitternuts have sometimes made a remarkably good +start. Then at the end of three or four years they begin to slow up, +while shagbarks on shagbark stock, starting slowly at first, surpassed +the ones on bitternut stock finally. + +In the spring of 1919, I topworked two trees standing near together and +of about the same size (thirty feet) with Beaver hybrid (a cross between +the bitternut and the shagbark). One of the trees was a bitternut and +the other a pignut. Almost everyone of the grafts of the Beaver grew +thriftily on the bitternut. Those on the pignut stock practically all +caught and made short growth and then began to wilt back. Finally, only +one shoot remained alive. This very striking object lesson will have +bearing in varying degrees in all of our hickory grafting. According to +my experience to date, hybrid hickories are grafted more readily than +are straight species or varieties. They seem to have lost family pride +and seem to take up with any friend offering economic support. In the +case just quoted, however, caprice was shown by the Beaver hybrid which +took eagerly to a host of the species of one of its parents. It refused +to thrive on the pignut which did not represent either one of its +parents although that same pignut stock would have been accepted by +shagbark scions--the shagbark representing the other parent of the +Beaver. This sort of experience throws open the entire subject in such a +large way as to show what possibilities of success and failure lie +before us in experimental work. The same method of grafting, the +paraffin windlass method, was employed for these two trees which were +neighbors. + +Interesting experimental work is to be done in finding the extent to +which different species and varieties of hickories may be grown out of +their indigenous range. At Stamford, the bitter pecan from Texas, +appears to be perfectly hardy but it makes very slow growth--sometimes +less than an inch in a year. The Buckley hickory also from Texas, grows +thriftly at Stamford and so does the Carolina hickory Pecans from the +northern belt thrive at Merribrooke, but those from the southern belt +have such a long growing season, that their new wood is not yet +sufficiently well lignified to stand the winter well. Some of them pull +through a mild winter in fairly good order, but on the whole they do not +thrive. + +The commercial side of hickory raising, is being worked out for the +pecan only at the present time. We may assume that several of the other +species of hickory adapted to growing in the north, will equal pecans in +importance, eventually. The reason for that is because some of the other +hickories stand quite as high as the pecan in food value and general +excellence. At the time of writing, low grade seedling shellbark nuts +from the West are selling in the retail market in New York for forty +cents a pound. I have seen better nuts of this species being loaded on +the cars in Ohio at fifty cents a bushel. The present New York price, to +be sure, represents a profiteering war price. Fine grades of shagbark +hickories and some of the hybrids will command prices equally high with +prices for best pecans in the market of to-morrow. + +VOICE: Will it be practical to plant nuts, get young plants, +and then bud or graft them? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, that is what we do. It is practical to plant +nuts for the purpose of getting a stock, but not for the purpose of +getting nuts. But we plant them in the nursery rows, and then when they +are two years old, preferably (some like three-year-old trees), we graft +them over to good kinds in the nursery row; then they remain there for a +year or two, and are transferred or sold. We now have members of this +association who are experts in grafting nut trees who make that a +business. It is not generally known that we have in this country three +journals devoted wholly to the subject of nut culture. We have +nurserymen who make a specialty of grafted nut trees of the very best +sorts, so that one may perhaps take up this mode of farming more +profitably today than almost any other sort of farming. One gentleman in +Pennsylvania told me he made thirty thousand dollars on one crop of +chestnuts two years ago, cultivated chestnuts. He had thirty acres, and +no tree was yet fourteen years of age. His net profit beyond all +expenses was thirty thousand dollars that year. There are probably very +few professional men who make more than that a year. Many men are making +good, comfortable incomes out of their nut orchards. It is the best +insurance against the needs of old age, the best sort of life insurance. + +VOICE: Do you use anything besides the hickory as stock for +grafting on? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, we have some experimenting to do in order to +learn which stock will best serve for a certain variety. We find that +one species or variety of hickory will accept other varieties of that +species well, but perhaps it will not accept another species. We do know +that certain kinds do remarkably well on certain stocks; but the entire +range of that subject has not as yet been worked out. + +QUESTION: Does the stock you graft on have any effect on the +quality of the fruit? + +DR. MORRIS: The stock on which you graft is supposed to have no +effect at all on the quality of the fruit. But there are some +exceptions. We learned that in orange grafting. A naval orange grafted +on the wild orange stock might be raggy, not full of juice; while when +grafted on the trifoliate orange stock might be heavy and full of juice. +So in that case the stock did have some influence upon the graft; and +there are other instances. But as a rule we assume that the stock has no +influence upon the graft in regard to the validity of character. + +QUESTION: Are pecans a variety of hickory? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, pecans are hickories. The Indians gave it the +name of pekan. The French spelled it pecanne, so that has been spelled +as the pecan, without the necessary other part of its name, hickory. We +should always say pecan hickory--always. + +DR. KELLOGG: Dr. Morris, how old hickories may be used for +grafting? + +DR. MORRIS: I have experimented with trees up to fifty years of +age; but the most satisfactory work, perhaps, is done with trees that +are not more than fifteen or twenty years of age and three or four or +five inches in diameter. Those are the best trees to work with. If we +cut off the limbs of a very old tree and try to top work it, it means an +enormous amount of work on the part of the orchardist, more work than my +employees like to give it. But one may topwork a tree of almost any age, +preferably a tree less than twenty-five years of age; and by choice I +should say trees not more than ten years of age. We have experts in the +audience better qualified to speak on that subject than I am. + +QUESTION: Do you prefer the melted paraffin to the +old-fashioned way of using bees wax? + +DR. MORRIS: The old-fashioned beeswax had a certain color, and +the black wax with charcoal, with lampblack, both turned the light ray +and allowed the heat ray to enter so that the amber of the old resin +wax, and the black of the black wax both allowed damage to occur to the +tree, in the South particularly, in a hot climate early in the summer, +prevented our grafting in the summer because of the turning away of the +light ray that was wanted and the absorption of the heat ray that was +not wanted. The melted paraffin being perfectly transparent, allows the +light ray to set the chlorophyl into activity. All the life processes of +the tree are carried on under the influence of the green chlorophyl +grains, and these work only in the presence of light. + +QUESTION: Can you successfully graft a pecan on the pignut? + +QUESTION: What is the best stock to graft pecan on? + +DR.MORRIS: Pecan stock, I think. I do not think we have +anything better. Mr. Reed and Mr. Jones are both experts in that field. +They have grafted hundreds of thousands of trees. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think the pecan is the best. The hickory will +grow on the pecan very well, the shagbark hickory, but it will not do to +change it with any degree of success. + +DR. MORRIS: The shagbarks will grow fairly well on pecans, but +the pecan not well on the shagbark. It is best I think to put shagbarks +on shagbark or shellbark. But they do well on pignut. I have got some +very good shagbarks on mockernut. On bitternut they grow fast, but at +the end of eight or ten years are inclined to slow up. Shagbark can be +put on, I suppose, ten other kinds of hickory, but the pecan can not. + +QUESTION: How many grafts would be necessary on a nut tree +twelve inches in diameter? + +DR. MORRIS: I should say you would probably have to put in +fifty. I would cut off the branches down to about two inches or an inch +and a half in diameter, and that might leave fifty stubs to graft. Graft +all of them, is one way to do it. Having done one that way, you will +then become familiar with the entire subject. + +QUESTION: What is the best time of year? + +DR. MORRIS: I don't know. Some time ago the American +Agriculturist said to its readers that there is disagreement about the +best time for pruning peach trees. Let us hear from all our readers. So +all of the readers wrote expressing their opinions, and the editor +said, "Summing up all of the opinions, the entire testimony in the case, +we have decided that the time to prune your peach tree is when your +knife is sharp." I had always supposed that the best time for grafting +was when the buds were first bursting in the spring, always held rigidly +to that, and at that time of the year was in a great hurry. I dropped +professional work and lost hundreds and even thousands of dollars in +order to see this work go ahead; it is more interesting than +professional work. And now this year, with this new method, I have +grafted right straight on up to the first of August, and everything +growing--deliberately, all through the summer. So that now, at the +present moment I do not know. A year ago I could have told you. When I +first graduated in medicine, I could answer any question in medicine. +After forty years of surgery, I am puzzled over a great many questions. +It is the same way regarding grafting. + +QUESTION: In summer grafting do you remove the leaves from +scions? + +DR. MORRIS: In summer grafting I have used for the most part +scions I have kept in the icebox in sawdust. I have formerly put in +twenty or thirty tons in my icehouse for my family to use during the +summer. Last winter we could not get any ice, and my scions were just as +good kept in the sawdust as if we had had ice; and I grafted those +scions in August and the grafts are living. I have also cut off the +leaves in grafting, but that is new and you can not depend on it,--stop +at one tree, cut off a piece of it, and put it on another tree and have +it grow. I have never done that until this year, and it does not succeed +in a very large percentage. It is not practical. It can be done--I have +proven that; but it is not practical. The best way is to use your scions +from last year that have been kept in cold storage in sawdust or leaves. + +DR. KELLOGG: When should the scions be cut? + +DR. MORRIS: There is some disagreement about that. Almost all +scions may suffer a little winter injury. Some men prefer to cut in the +early part of December before we have had any hard winter, then keep +them in cold storage during the entire year, moderately moist, or +protected in sand, leaves, or stratification. But I have always +preferred February myself, cutting them the last of February before the +buds begin to start, then put them in sawdust in the icehouse or cold +storage, or bury them under a thick layer of leaves. For budding you +transfer immediately. In fact, budding technically comes under the same +physiologic principles as grafting. In budding I do that work in my +place at Stamford, Conn., about the latter part of July or early August. + +DR. KELLOGG: Do you use the same method in transferring buds? + +DR. MORRIS: Yes, I fix them the same way as I do the graft and +cover everything with paraffin. I have even had a little short side +graft grow using this paraffin method, a graft two or three inches long. + +DR. KELLOGG: Tell us about those fatherless walnuts. + +DR. MORRIS: In the course of crossing the nut trees, we +supposed, as a matter of course, that we must always have the pollen +from one tree, or from a tree which bore the staminate or fertilizing +flowers, in order to develop nuts or fruit of any sort; but on one +occasion I covered a lot of Chinkapin female flowers with paper bags; I +didn't have pollen enough to go around and left the bags on because I +happened to be too lazy or too busy to pull them off. About a month +later when I did take them off I found a full set of chinkapin nuts +under those bags. They had received no pollen. That was an observation +of a good deal of interest. It may have been that they had gone on by +what we call parthenogenesis, and we had the children without the +father, had the female parent only, the fatherless chinkapin. It sounds +sad. I followed up the experiment with other nut trees, and found that +not infrequently we may develop fatherless nuts. The effect will be, +according to natural law, to intensify the characteristics of one +parent. The female which bears this fruit, this child, without a father, +will give to that child an intensification of her own characteristics. +That will be the effect of parthenogenesis. That may be continued +through several generations perhaps; we do not know. It is new, quite +new. (Applause). + +PRESIDENT REED: The next topic is the Digestibility of Nuts, by +Mr. Cajorie, of Yale University. + + + + +THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF NUTS + +F. A. CAJORIE, YALE UNIVERSITY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. + + +Mr. President and members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association: It +was with great pleasure that I accepted the invitation of your +Association to be present at this convention and give a discussion of +nuts and nut production, from the point of view of their nutritive or +food value. During the last few years our knowledge of nutrition and the +parts that individual foods may play in the diet has been greatly +increased and in the light of the new discoveries, it is interesting and +valuable to view the place that nuts hold. + +As you are well aware, nuts have been used as foods by the peoples of +the world. In many places nut products have made up a very appreciable +part of the diet. Chestnut flour is extensively used in Southern Europe. +Among the peasants of Tuscany, chestnut flour forms a considerable part +of the total diet. In this region, also ground acorns are made into +bread with cereal flours and in this form is a common food. The hazel or +filbert nut is also seen in the form of flour on the shores of the Black +Sea. Races living in the tropics have utilized the many varieties of +nuts indigenous to tropical climes such as the coconut, Brazil nuts, +Java almond, Paradise nut, candle nut and African cream nut. In the +Orient, the lichi, ginko and water chestnut, and in Italy and India the +varieties of the pine nut are used to considerable extent. + +In America, with the exception of a few localities and among a limited +class of people, nuts have never made up a staple part of our dietaries, +rather they have been used as tasty supplements to otherwise complete +menus. That they are prized as adjuncts and are sought after is +strikingly shown when we see in our markets not only the products of our +native American nut trees, the hickory, walnut, butternut, chestnut, +pecan, beechnut and pinion, but the Brazil nut, filbert, English walnut, +peanut, coconut, all of which are derived from foreign countries or from +trees originally imported to America from other lands. + +Analysis of nuts have shown them to be of two types, one rich in fats +and protein, the nitrogen containing component of our foods and the +other relatively rich in carbohydrates, or starches. With the exception +of the chestnut, and the coconut, most of our more common nuts belong to +this first class, and chemists have pointed out that in these nuts we +have a concentration of protein and fat seen in no other class of +foodstuffs. For example, the protein-fat rich nuts have a percentage of +protein varying between 15 and 30% and a fat content of 50-70%; compare +this with other foods that we think of as being concentrated; eggs, 12% +protein and 10% fat; cheese 28% protein, 37% fat; round steak, 20% +protein, 14% fat; and bread, 10% protein. This nutritive concentration +in nuts places them in a unique position among our natural food +products. Our cereals, meats, fruit and vegetables all contain more or +less water or refuse that reduces their concentration, while in nuts we +find a compact form of almost pure food. + +We are dependent on foods for the source of energy that is necessary to +perform our work and maintain our body temperature much in the same way +that a steam engine is dependent on the fuel supplied it to perform the +mechanical tasks assigned to it, and this fuel value of foods in turn, +depends on the amount of protein, carbohydrate and fat, particularly the +latter, that are present in the foods. At once we see, in our +concentrated nuts, a tremendous source of energy, provided that we can +digest these nuts and make this energy available. + +Despite the fact, as revealed by chemical analysis, that in nuts we have +a source of protein and fat in a concentration rarely seen in foods, +there have been relatively few experiments to actually determine the +digestibility. Prof Jaffa at the California Experiment Station was the +first to make a comprehensive investigation along these lines. He made +extensive digestion tests on men using most of the more common American +nuts. His results, as reported in a bulletin of the U. S. Department of +Agriculture, indicated that nuts when they made up a substantial portion +of the diet, were well digested by those who ate them and gave no +intestinal disturbance or discomfort. + +Nuts have had a reputation for indigestibility that was wide spread, not +only among people in general, but also among physicians and dieticians, +and even Prof Jaffa's clear cut experiments failed to dispell this idea +of indigestibility that had been empirically assigned to nuts. A few +years ago, a rather extensive series of digestion experiments were +inaugurated at Yale University in an effort to settle this question of +the indigestibility of nuts and also to test out some of the commercial +nut products to find what effect roasting, boiling, and other processes +that nuts are subjected to, had to do with the digestibility. Through +the courtesy of Dr Kellogg of Battle Creek, it was possible to follow up +these experiments with a series here at Battle Creek. It is the result +of these tests that I wish to speak of today. One word regarding the +method which is the conventional one for such experiments. The amount of +food eaten by the individual or animal is weighed at each meal and the +composition determined by chemical analysis. The intestinal output is +collected, weighed and analysed. From the difference in any substance +such as protein in the food and the protein which appears in the body +refuse, the amount digested and absorbed or utilized by the body is +easily determined. For example; if 10gms. of nitrogen were eaten in the +food and one gm appears in the feces, we say that the coefficient of +digestibility of that nitrogen is 90%, that is 9 of the 10 gms. eaten +were absorbed by the body. The average of a great many such tests on +mixed diets has the following standard coefficient: protein 93%, fat +95%, and carbohydrates 98%. + +Our digestion experiments show the following results: for protein +digestion of nuts, almond 89%, peanut 84%, pine nut 89%, Eng. walnut, +83%, Brazil 88%, and coconut 88%. In all cases the carbohydrate +coefficients are 98 or 99%, and in the case of the carbohydrate rich +chestnut, normal digestion took place after the nut was heated so as to +rupture the starch granules. In all of these cases the nut made up a +substantial part of each meal and was eaten in large amounts. The +experimental subject, experienced no digestive troubles or discomforture +whatsoever except in the case of the English walnut, which evidently +contains some irritating substance that causes diarrhea. Except for the +pecan which gave rather low utilization, the protein of nuts was +digested to a high degree that compares most favorably with our ordinary +foodstuffs. + +How then explain the undoubted discomforture that many people experience +after eating nuts? I believe that the explanation rests on the fact that +our common American way of eating nuts, is not the rational way. We +would not consider topping off a heavy meal with eggs, meats or cereals +or to eat these in large quantities between meals realizing that we are +exposing ourselves to possible digestive discomfort. No more then, can +we expect to so eat nuts which are even more concentrated or "heavy" +than meat or eggs without occasional discomfort. Unpleasant results from +so eating does not condemn the nuts as indigestible, rather it condemns +our mode of using that nut. Further, we must recognize that the nut is a +hard, compact substance and that unless completely masticated, is not +readily penetrated by the digestive juices of the alimentary canal. This +was very well brought out in our experiment with dogs. The dog bolts his +food and where there were large fragments of the nut in the food, they +appeared almost unchanged in the feces, while if the nut is ground fine +before feeding, it was readily digested. Comparisons of nut butters and +nut pastes with the whole nut also brought out this point. The +completely commuted nut butters showed consistently higher degrees of +digestion than the whole nut. + +With the exception of the starch rich chestnut, the heating of the nut +did not seem to effect the digestibility whether this heat was boiling, +steaming or roasting. The raw nut apparently is as well digested as the +heated products. No differences were found between nut butters whether +the process involved steaming or roasting of the nut. I am not speaking +of the enhancing of the flavor that heating may bring about, but only of +the digestibility. + +Dr. Longworthy and his co-workers in the Dept. of Agriculture have +investigated in recent years the digestibility of many vegetable oils, +among them nut oils, and have found as high a percent of utilization +with these as with butter and our other common animal food fats. + +I believe that we are fully justified in the conclusion that nuts and +nut products, if rationally used in our diets, are as digestible and +fully as valuable from a nutritional point of view as our other +foodstuffs. + +While we can now definitely speak of the high digestibility of nuts, it +is necessary to consider other phases of the part played by foods in +nutrition. The fact that a food after being taken into the body can be +broken up by the digestive juices of the alimentary tract, and the +products absorbed, as we have found, to be the case with the nuts, is +not the end of the story of the function of that food. + +About fifteen years ago, it was discovered that during the progress of +digestion, the protein materials are reduced by the digestive juices of +our stomachs and intestines to smaller chemical compounds, and that it +is these smaller fragments of the protein molecule that are absorbed +into the blood and are used to build up our muscles and tissues. These +fragments or "building stones" as they have been fancifully called, are +all of a distant class of chemical compounds known to chemists as amino +acids. Eighteen of these acids have been found as the products of +protein digestion. + +We may conceive of our bodies as being continually supplied with a mass +of these 18 building stones from which it selects the kind and number +that it needs to repair the everyday wear and tear of the tissues and in +the case of the growing child builds new structures. + +Since the date of this important discovery regarding the fate of +indigested protein, it has been found that with few exceptions, the body +is not able to manufacture these amino acids or to change one kind into +another, and must depend on the protein eaten, for a supply of the +various kinds that go to make up the body protein. Further it has been +found, that many of our commonly used food proteins do not contain all +18 of these amino acids components. In some foods one, two, and +sometimes more are lacking, or if present are in very small amounts. If +our diet contained only proteins of an inferior grade, we can picture +our body requiring building stones of various kinds to maintain the +structure of the body and unable to obtain them due to the poor quality +of the food, protein. Nutritional failure would be the result. The +proteins then must be of the right quality as well as present in the +proper quantities, to prevent mal-nutrition. Bearing in mind these +facts, it is necessary in studying a food such as our nuts, to determine +the kind of protein the individual nut contains as well as to know +whether or not it can be digested by the body. + +During the past few years, it has been found that we must have in our +foods a certain amount of substances whose chemical nature is at present +unknown and to which the name of vitamines has been given. It is not my +purpose to discuss with you the many phases of vitamines and their +relation to nutrition, but I only wish to impress upon you the fact that +it is of the utmost importance for a dietary to contain these +substances; fully as important as that the protein, fat, carbohydrate, +and inorganic salt content shall be satisfactory. Lack of these +vitamines brings on various evidences of mal-nutrition. One vitamine +which is found in animal fats and the leaves of plants and is soluble +in, and associated with fats, is, for that reason, called fat soluble +vitamine. Another called the water soluble vitamine is widely +distributed in cereal seeds, vegetables, and legumes. The third, the +so-called antiscorbutic vitamine because of its action as preventative +and cure for scurvy, is found in certain fruits and vegetables. + +We then ask the next question: Are nuts adequate as far as their +proteins contain these essential amino acids, and do nuts contain +vitamines? That is, is their biological value as satisfactory as their +digestibility? + +Dr. Hoobler of Detroit, in a study of the diets of lactating mothers and +wet nurses, a year or so ago, compared the value of proteins from animal +and vegetable sources for the elaboration of milk. He found that a +mixture of the almond, English walnut, peanut and pecan, furnished +proteins that were equal to the animal food tried, and far superior to +other vegetable proteins. Here then is evidence that nuts provide the +necessary building stones to form milk that food par excellence for the +newly born individual. Drs. Mendel and Osborn, experimenting on white +rats have shown that the principle proteins of the Brazil nut will +maintain animals through the growing period. Bureau of Chemistry workers +and others have found similar results with the coconut and the peanut. I +have now, experiments underway at New Haven, on the biological value of +the filbert, English walnut, pine nut, almond, and pecan. While these +tests are yet incompleted, it can at least be said that to date there is +no evidence that the proteins of these nuts are in any way less +satisfactory than those of the peanut or Brazil nut that have been +thoroughly tested out. + +As to the vitamine content, abundant quantities of water soluble +vitamine have been found in the peanut and the coconut. Experiments that +we have in progress as well as a series conducted here at Battle Creek +under Dr. Kellogg's direction give promise to increase this list of +vitamine containing nuts to include at least many of our common nuts. +Along with our vegetable oils in general, coconut oil and peanut oil +contain insufficient quantities of the fat soluble vitamine to maintain +growth in young animals. Whether the other nut oils will prove more +efficacious in this respect, is now under investigation. As far as I am +aware, the antiscorbutic properties of nuts have not been studied. + +With the population of the world on a steady increase, it continually +becomes necessary for mankind to seek out new sources of food, and +utilize products that formerly had received little attention as possible +foods. Conditions that disturb normal food production and distribution, +such for example as were brought about by the world war, produce serious +food shortages in the world, and emphasize how close is the margin that +determines whether the peoples of the world have adequate quantities of +food or whether they are faced by shortages, and, in many cases, by +starvation. In this continual development of our food resources, nuts +stand out prominently as offering possibilities which are very great. +Not only do they represent a very concentrated form of food which is +highly digestible, but they possess a number of characteristic and +highly pleasing flavors that recommends them for use in all manner of +culinary procedures. The variety of uses to which nuts can be put in the +kitchen is amply demonstrated right here in Dr. Kellogg's sanitarium and +I feel sure that even he has not exhausted the possibilities of nuts in +the dietary. The forms of nut products on the market are steadily +increasing. The nut butters, nut pastes, nut margarines, meat +substitutes, and so forth, all point to the variety of ways that nuts +can be handled as foods. + +The tremendous increase in the use of nut oils in the form of the oil +itself and as nut margarines within the last few years is a striking +example of the utilization on a large scale of relatively new food +products. The press cake which remains as a by-product of this oil +industry finds ready use as concentrates for cattle feeds. Many of our +ideas in the feeding of our domestic animals are undergoing development +along with the idea of human nutrition. Just recently, investigators at +the Wisconsin Experiment Station, reported that the well known "home +grown ration" for dairy cows that consist of cereals, silage and hay, is +not a large milk producing diet. Their recommendation is to supplement +this ration with protein concentrates. Nut meals recommend themselves +most highly as protein concentrates. It certainly is safe to say that +the day when the fruits of our nut bearing trees will be allowed to fall +ungathered from the trees, is at an end. + +There are many problems that still call for an answer by the chemist and +dietitian. The nutritive value of the individual nuts should be firmly +established in all its phases. The causes that have made the use of +certain nuts unprofitable commercially, should be studied with the view +of correcting these stumbling blocks. For example, the freeing of the +horse-chestnut from its poisonous saponins and enable us to use this +starch rich nut as food is well within the range of possibility as +indicated by experiments conducted in Austria during the war. Why do nut +oils tend to become rancid easily and can this tendency be remedied? Is +the freeing of the acorn and its tannin and other objectionable +substances a practical consideration? What is the irritating principle +of the English walnut? + +All these problems and many others wait solution. Research on nuts is in +progress in many places. It involves time consuming experiments that are +often times expensive. As a result, progress is slow, the amount of +research being limited by the financial factor. The value of the pecan +nut crop alone of the year 1918, was over 91 million dollars and the +value of the imports and exports of nuts and nut products during the +same year amounted to over 51 million dollars. If one one-hundredth of +one per cent of this sum should be devoted by those interested in the +development of our nut industry in this country for the study of the +nutritional and chemical properties of nuts, I feel sure that they would +be amply repaid for their investment. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe this will complete our program for +tonight. We have quite a full program for tomorrow morning. Mr. C. A. +Reed, nut culturist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is with us +and was to have been on the program tonight, but he has been busy all +day and was hardly ready for tonight's program, as he has been busy +getting the exhibit in order, and he will be on the program tomorrow +morning, and three or four others, among them Dr Kellogg, I believe, so +that there will be quite a full morning's program, and we will be glad +to have all of you come who can. We meet in the parlor of the Annex at +ten o'clock tomorrow morning. If any one desires to join the Association +and will speak to the secretary, he will give yow the necessary +information. + +END OF TUESDAY EVENING SESSION + + + * * * * * + + +WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1919, 10:00 A.M. + +PRESIDENT W. C. REED IN THE CHAIR + +PRESIDENT REED: Mr. O. C. Simonds of Chicago will talk to you +on "Nut Trees in Landscape work." + + + + +NUT TREES AND BUSHES IN LANDSCAPE WORK + +O. C. SIMONDS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS + + +In considering material for landscape work the places that come to mind +where such work would be required are home grounds, highways, parks, +cemeteries, school grounds, city squares and woods. The highways would +include city streets, parkways, usually called boulevards, and country +roads. + +All trees are beautiful and should serve in some place in landscape +work. Some_are more beautiful than others and where but few trees can be +used the more beautiful would naturally be chosen. + + +BLACK WALNUTS + +Not long ago, a lawyer was talking to me about the beauty of black +walnuts. To his mind there is no tree more beautiful and from what he +said, he would use it almost to the exclusion of other trees. My own +judgment does not fully coincide with his although I consider a black +walnut a very attractive tree. It grows to a large size and is generally +healthy. Its shape is good and the foliage attractive in summer. The +leaves drop early and they are not especially attractive in autumn +coloring. Black walnuts are strong in appearance. They lack the +gracefulness of the elm and if I were making a list of trees in the +order of their appearance, placing the most beautiful first and the +least attractive last, I should place several trees ahead of the black +walnut, among them sugar maples, elms and several of the oaks. Perhaps +the black walnut would come about in the center of the list for most +locations. The list itself would vary for different situations and +climates. I should advise using black walnuts plentifully along the +highways, especially country roads, and somewhat sparingly in home +grounds and the other locations which I have named. By plentifully, I +do not mean to the exclusion of other trees, for, in some places, there +should be more elms and maples than black walnuts, but highways are so +extensive that many kinds of trees could be used in abundance to give +shade. In woods there are places where black walnuts could be used in +profusion. + +The objections that one might raise to the use of black walnuts would +be, first, the comparatively short season of the leaves. These come out +rather late in the spring and drop early, probably these trees can not +be improved very much in this respect. Second, boys will sometimes throw +sticks at the trees to bring down the nuts. If a boy comes in home +grounds to do this, he will be considered a nuisance. Branches are +sometimes broken and the trees disfigured from this cause. Along +highways this objection might perhaps be lessened somewhat by planting +enough trees so that there would be more nuts than the boy would want, +or by improving the manner of the boy. Third, the trees are often +attacked by caterpillars. This objection can usually be obviated by +spraying or destroying the pests in other ways. + + +BUTTERNUTS + +The remarks made about the black walnut would apply in many ways to the +butternut, its nearest relative. Butternuts have a range extending +further north and they are more subject to disease than the black +walnuts. Like the walnut, their leaves come out late and drop early. +They are subject to the attacks of boys. When healthy, they are +attractive in appearance and they deserve to be planted in most places +where trees are used for landscape effect, but in the list I suggested, +they would come below the black walnut. + + +HICKORIES + +There is a time of the year when the shagbark, which produces such sweet +nuts, would be more attractive than any neighboring tree. It is when the +big buds swell and send out yellowish green leaves surrounded by large, +red bracts. At this time they are as showy and as beautiful as any +flowers. The bracts soon fall, but the leaves turn a rich green and are +attractive until early fall, when they are sometimes yellow, and +sometimes drop without any marked coloring. The trunk of the hickory is +unique in appearance as the bark separates from the tree in long +platelike strips which hang on at one end and give the scraggly +appearance from which the tree derives its name. All of the hickories +are attractive in appearance, but some of them drop their leaves early. +The hickories are difficult to transplant but this is nothing against +the beauty of the tree. An established tree is more valuable on this +account. In some places hickories are quite subject to disease or to the +attacks of borers. Like the walnuts, hickories which produce edible nuts +are subject to the attacks of boys, but, on account of the toughness of +the wood and the roughness of the bark, they are usually quite able to +withstand these attacks. Hickories are suitable for use in all landscape +work so far as their appearance is concerned. The fact that they are not +so used is due to the difficulty of transplanting them. In the fall when +a maple tree has colored up beautifully and a hickory near it has +dropped its leaves, we are apt to compare the two unfavorably to the +latter, but we should remember the appearance in summer and especially +when the leaves first unfold. Hickory trees are beautiful also when the +leaves are off, their branches making beautiful etchings against the sky +in winter. The pecan, which is the largest of all hickories, is an +exception to the general rule because it is planted quite extensively, +especially in the South. It is a beautiful tree and where it is hardy +there is no reason why it should not be used as a street tree, a tree in +home grounds, in parks, or any other place where deciduous trees are +needed. It is raised extensively in some nurseries, while the other +hickories are raised very sparingly, and some not at all. + + +THE BEECH + +Some would consider the beech the most beautiful of all nut trees. Its +comparatively smooth, bluish-gray bark makes it a distinctive tree at +all seasons. Its branches, spreading straight out from the trunk, give +it an appearance of strength. Its fine branches form a specially +pleasing skyline, its sharp buds are trim and neat in appearance, its +leaves are beautiful in shape and texture. Their fall coloring, while +not as brilliant as that of the maples, is really beautiful, being +either yellow or a rich brown. The leaves are apt to hang on all winter, +especially on the younger growth, and then they often turn a straw +color. If a list of beautiful trees for February were to be made, I am +rather inclined to think that the beech would stand at the head of the +list. A young beech with its bluish-gray bark, its straw colored leaves, +and flecks of snow here and there, seems to me the most beautiful of all +deciduous trees in winter. The young leaves also are especially +attractive when they first appear and the blossoms are sometimes objects +of interest, although not showy in color. + + +HAZELNUTS + +Often in old pastures one finds forlorn, scraggly looking bushes and is +told they are hazelnut bushes. One would not pick out bushes like these +to plant in his front yard, and yet, when given a chance, there is +scarcely a more attractive shrub than the hazel. It is one of the first +shrubs to blossom, the staminate flowers hanging in slender, graceful +yellowish-brown catkins, while the pistillate flowers are little points +of purplish-red protruding from the buds. These blossoms appear long +before the leaves. The latter, when fully developed, are beautiful in +outline and soft in texture and they have a rich coloring in the fall +including various shades of yellow and red. The hazel should certainly +be used extensively in landscape work. The nuts, with their leaflike +involucres, are attractive in appearance in August and September. In +connection with our own hazel one would naturally think of the filbert, +which is a European relative. The filbert is often planted for ornament. +There is a variety with purple leaves which some people admire. + + +THE OAKS + +Of all our native trees, I think the oak excels in beauty of foliage. By +many oaks might not be considered nut trees, but nearly all of the +acorns are eaten by squirrels or other wild animals and so I think it +would be proper to mention oaks when speaking of nut trees in the +landscape. In the northern states we have two groups known as the white +oak group and the red oak group. The trees of the former have soft, dull +green leaves with rounded lobes, while those of the latter have shiny +leaves with lobes ending in points of filaments. The former mature their +acorns in one year, while the latter require two years to bring them to +maturity. The acorns of the white group are sweet, while those of the +red group are more or less bitter. The foliage of all oaks is attractive +when it first appears, the small leaves varying in color from almost +white through pink, yellow, and red to the deepest purple. Perhaps the +red oak excels all other trees in the beauty of its summer foliage and +its leaves are also richly colored in autumn. The Bur Oak, in addition +to having attractive foliage, has a rough, dark bark that gives it an +attractive appearance in winter. The white oak, especially when young, +holds many of its leaves in spring and these with their brown color, +give a warmth to the snowy landscape. One could make a most beautiful +park by planting nothing but oaks and they should rank with maples and +elms as street trees. + + +CHESTNUTS + +There is a tree which a few years ago would have been considered along +with the oak in landscape work, but which now would not be thought of in +certain regions on account of a disease which has practically destroyed +it. This tree is the American chestnut. It grows to a large size, and if +it were not for this disease, would be worthy of a place in any park. +Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent without success in +endeavoring to exterminate the disease. Some of the introduced varieties +are apparently exempt from this disease, but only the future can tell +whether the chestnut will again become valuable in landscape work as +well as in the raising of food and lumber. + +In designing landscapes, we think first of open spaces and then bound +these spaces with trees and shrubs having pleasing shapes and foliage. +The tops of these trees form the skyline and the lower growth a margin +of lawns, or perhaps of walks and drives. For these purposes the +beeches, hickories, hazels, walnuts and butternuts are all valuable, +their value being approximately in the order named. + + +HORSE CHESTNUTS AND BUCKEYES + +There may be some question about including these in a list of nut trees. +I understand, however, that the seeds of all of these trees have been +used for feeding stock and perhaps some way may be found for making them +available as food for men and women. There is no question about their +usefulness for ornamental trees. In Europe, the horse chestnut has been +used extensively for park and boulevard planting and it is also largely +used in the United States. There are several varieties. The leaves +appear early, the blossoms coming out later. Our own buckeyes are +handsome in appearance and all are adapted for use in landscape work. + +The arguments for and against the use of nut trees in landscape work +would be somewhat similar to such arguments regarding fruit trees. A +luscious fruit tree like the snow apple, would be omitted from the list +of trees for the park, not because it lacks beauty, but because its +fruit would lead to its destruction. Apple trees might, however, be very +appropriate for private grounds. They have sometimes given a name to a +home, as "The Orchard". The same is true of certain nut trees, "Walnut +Hill," and "Hickory Grove" being not uncommon. The hazel, too, is +frequently used in naming home grounds, streets or localities. A name +would not be used in this way unless the object bearing it was held in +esteem. I am glad there is an association to encourage the raising of +nut trees and I hope to see such trees used in this way extensively, for +the purpose of developing attractive scenery as well as for food +production. + +MR SIMONDS: When Mr. Bixby asked me to prepare a paper and come +here and read it, I wrote back I would prepare a paper and send to him +to read; and afterwards Mr. Reed came to see me, and knowing that he +would be here, I concluded I would come. I dictated a paper and +afterwards I found I had left out a few nut trees, and I want to speak +just a word regarding those before I read my paper. One of those is the +coconut palm. I was thinking more particularly of trees in this locality +when I dictated the paper; but the coconut tree aside from raising the +coconuts, I think is the most magnificent palm that we have. There are +other trees that some like better, but I think the coconut palm is the +most picturesque, the finest tree to plant. I prefer it to the other +large palms. It has great spreading leaves, sometimes fifteen or twenty +feet long, a feathery top, and the trunk is not quite straight, and I +like it a little better because it is not. Then here is the English +walnut. I did not speak in my paper about the English walnut, but there +is a tree that is a beautiful tree, and where it is hardy it should of +course be planted for ornament as well as for the nuts. And then there +is the almond which we do not have here as a nut tree, but which they +have in California, which has some attractions, and might be planted, +although it is really not so ornamental as some of the nut trees; still +it is worth planting. (Applause). + +PRESIDENT REED: Are there any questions you would like to ask +Mr. Simonds while he is with us, or is there any discussion? + +DR. MORRIS: There are two or three points for discussion. Mr. +Simonds does not think highly of the almond. I do for decorative +purposes. When I drive in my driveway at Stamford and face that +magnificent blaze of blazing clouds of almonds in the springtime, I +think it is something worth while; it is the hard shelled almond. It +will grow as far north as the peach does. The only trouble is they are a +little more subject to leaf blight and need a little more attention. But +where the peach will grow you can raise the almond profitably. Among the +hazel nuts the most beautiful of the entire series is the tree hazel +that grows about as large as the smaller oaks, and that is said to bear +twenty-five or thirty bushels of hazelnuts a year,--enormous crops. That +is perfectly hardy here, and the beauty of the tree is such that I +believe it to be a very important addition. I would like to hear Mr. +Jones' opinion on that point. I use it for grafting purposes for other +hazels. The Japanese walnuts, almost tropical in their rapid growth, +sometimes grow six feet in a year in rich ground, and with their great +sprays of leaves sometimes a yard in length, and the seedballs of the +heart nut variety give really a tropical appearance to the grounds where +the ground is rich enough. They will grow almost any place, but in rich +ground they are certainly very wonderful. Among the chestnuts, of +course, we have a number of hybrids now that resist blight very well; +and the little chinkapins for lawn bushes are very attractive. One of +our most beautiful chestnuts is splendid for a lawn specimen and is +evergreen in the South. When I was a boy I never had plums enough; so +one of my ambitions was to have plums enough so I could see some of them +rot on the ground. We can do the same thing with nut trees--have nuts +enough so the boys will be full and have nuts enough. It seems to me it +ought to be one of our ambitions to have so many nut trees along the +roadsides in the parks, etc., that the boys and the squirrels can not +use them all up. + +MR. SIMONDS: I think the Doctor is right in some of his +criticisms. In fact, the almond is something like a peach, and I had not +prized it for use in landscape work so very much on account of certain +diseases which would be apt to affect it here if it were not taken care +of as we would take care of trees in an orchard. The hazel tree, of +course, would be attractive if it is hardy here. I have had doubts about +its being hardy because of its coming from southern Europe. + +DR. MORRIS: It is hardy in all Canada. They have fine tree +hazels in the park at Rochester. They have there probably the largest +tree hazels in the country. + +MR. C. A. REED: I would like to have more questions asked. I +feel as though I had accomplished a real achievement in getting Mr. +Simonds here. I was under him a short time a number of years ago and +learned something of his skill as a landscape gardener and the +reputation that he has; and I felt that we could not hope to have a +better authority on these points that he has discussed than we could in +Mr. Simonds; and it is something that is constantly coming up. The +Department of Agriculture have to consider that people want to know what +trees they can plant in the landscape; and I feel particularly glad to +have Mr. Simonds here. + +DR. MORRIS: It seems to me we ought to talk more about the +nut-bearing pines in the landscape, because where you are planting pine +trees, you might as well plant the nut-bearing kind as the others; they +are just as beautiful, and you combine the Greek idea of beauty and +utility. + +MR. SIMONDS: Certainly, that is a tree I have omitted, because +in this region we have not had any nuts. + +DR. MORRIS: There are four pines that will bear nuts here--the +Korean pine, the pignolia or stone pine, the Italian stone pine and the +Swiss both. There are five nut bearing pine trees that are all market +trees for nuts, that I know will grow and bear here, including the lace +bark pine. + +MR. SIMONDS: Are they raising nuts in Michigan on pines? + +DR. MORRIS: No, but they might. Those five kinds would grow +here and bear nuts here, so they have a double value. + +MR. SIMONDS: I think we ought to raise them. Of course they are +beautiful in the landscape. + +DR. MORRIS: The whole idea of your paper is to approach the +Greek ideal--add utility to beauty. + +MR. SIMONDS: That is what nature does. It makes beautiful +leaves, then uses the leaves for plant food. + +MR. C. A. REED: I wonder, Dr. Morris, if you can tell where +these pines can be had. + +DR. MORRIS: The Korean pine is from northeast Asia, and you can +get those from the original pine seed; the lace bark pine is from +northeastern Asia where the climate is like ours. The Swiss stone pine +and the Italian stone pine are from Switzerland and Italy and closely +related--both excellent trees. The fruit now you buy as the pignolia in +the markets. Both those are sold as pignolia nuts. It is a commercial +nut of Europe. The white barked pine you would get from the West. It has +a beautiful fine large nut, and you would get that from any Pacific +coast dealers in nut trees. + +MR. SIMMONDS: Has that another name? + +DR. MORRIS: I do not know of any other name for it. Wait: The +single leaved pine is one. That grows so far north on the Pacific, but +we do not know whether it will ripen its nuts here or not. It is +perfectly hardy here and would be a beautiful nut tree, grows well. The +single-leaved pine--that is _monophylla_. There are four or five pinons +that will live, but they do not grow fast enough to make it worth while +to raise them in Michigan. The Jeffrey bull pine is another one that +will grow here and bear fruit, with a beautiful blue-green foliage. The +Jeffrey bull pine is one of the most beautiful and thrifty pines. That +is the Jeffrey variety of ponderosa. The nut is very much larger than +the nut of the ordinary ponderosa. The nut of the ponderosa is small, +but the Indians use them and eat them, shell and all. When we come to +using the pines more freely for food purposes, we are going to do what +they do in Europe with some of the small seeded pines--crush them and +make a mass, squeeze the cream out from the nuts, dry it a little, and +that makes very fine rich cream; then the residue is given to the +chickens and pigs. There are in all about thirty pine trees now that are +used for market purposes where they fruit, and we will undoubtedly +increase that number. I do not doubt that fifty species of pine trees +will be planted for their fruit by two generations from now when we feel +the need more. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will be glad to have questions from any one. +I think we get more from the discussions than we do from the papers. + +VOICE: In regard to the hickory nut, the shagbark, back in +northeastern Ohio, four years ago we had quite serious trouble with +our hickories there along in the month of June, about the time we get +the common June bug, there was a large bug that looked like the June bug +that seemed to work at night mostly. We did not see them active in the +day time, but they ate the foliage entirely off the lower branches and +those limbs from which they ate the foliage died. In some cases, the +tree died. I would like to know if anyone knows anything about those. +That was new to me. I have had opportunity to answer all sorts of +questions about that. I have been asked I guess by a thousand different +people about that insect, and I have not been able to learn anything +about it. + +MR. SIMONDS: I can not tell you. + +SAME VOICE: One man told me when he knew I was coming here, +"For goodness sakes find out something about that if you can." + +DR. MORRIS: It probably is the June bug, and turkeys and ducks +would solve the problem. + +MR. C. A. REED: The only suggestion I would make is that in +Ohio you have one of the best posted authorities on nut insects there is +in the country. That is Prof. H. A. Gossard, at Wooster. If he can not +tell you about it, no one can. + +MR. J. F. JONES: I think it is no doubt it is the ordinary May +beetle that is doing the mischief. + +PRESIDENT REED: I might say we had quite a deluge of beetles +along that line in the nursery a year ago this last June, the first time +we have ever been bothered with them. They finally became so thick we +had to go through and shake the trees and shake them off. They looked +something like the May beetle, only smaller, hard shelled, and seemed to +come by the millions; but they only lasted a few days, and it was all +over, and we have never seen them since. + +MR. C. A. REED: There is one more question I would like to ask +Mr. Simonds, and that is in regard to the proper distance for spacing +nut trees along avenues and in parks. + +MR. SIMONDS: I think that in both of those situations it is +well to give the trees a natural appearance by grouping, and sometimes +they can be far apart, and sometimes I think there might be a group of +two or three close together, so that they would grow in one group. That +will give a more natural arrangement in parks, and we have room enough +along the sides of most of our highways to have the same effect there. +The policy to be pursued with regard to spacing nut trees along highways +would be the same that we would follow in planting any other trees, and +one of the most attractive streets I know is now in the city of Grand +Rapids; it used to be in the country when I lived there years ago; but +along the sides of that street there are native trees, mostly burr oaks, +and they have grown just as nature planted them. There will be a group +of two or three, then a space, may be a single tree, then there may be a +group of five or six; and that natural arrangement is really beautiful, +to me far more beautiful than a straight row of trees, uniform spaced. +On that same street sixty or seventy years ago my uncle planted where +there were no trees--it is a continuation of this street--rows of sugar +maples, and they grew and finally made splendid trees, and a great storm +came along and broke down two or three, and that was a source of great +regret to my uncle; but his son thinks, perhaps, it was a good thing, +because it opened a beautiful view out into the country. Now by grouping +trees we can save beautiful views. If we plant uniformly, we get +monotony. With this belt of burr oaks spaced as I have described, you +have variety on your sky line. Some trees are a little farther up than +others and catch the sunlight, and we get shade and light. That is the +way I should plant nut trees. If I were planting black walnuts or +butternuts I would group them, but see that the tree has in some +directions space enough to develop as far as it wishes. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Simonds is about to go. That is the reason +I precipitated this question at this point. It was asked with reference +to the law which these gentlemen, sitting at my right here, were +responsible in putting through in the legislature of this +State--provision for planting food trees along the highways; and it may +be before Mr. Simonds goes, they have something further to ask. + +PRESIDENT REED: These questions are very important to draw out +information. Is there anything else you wish to ask before we leave this +topic? If not, we will call on C. A. Reed to present his paper next. It +was carried over from last night, I believe. + + + + +NUT CULTURE IN MICHIGAN + +C. A. REED, WASHINGTON, D. C. + + +There is evidence on all sides that the people of Michigan are deeply +interested in nut culture. Some have invested in pecan lands in the Far +South; no doubt some own Persian (English) walnut, almond or filbert +orchards on the Pacific Coast; and others are at the point of planting +nut trees in Michigan. Everybody would go nutting in fall if he could. +Michigan leads all other northern states in what its institutions and +some of its people have done toward developing the nut industry. + +Some thirty years ago the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad +Company showed its interest in nut production, when it planted many +miles of chestnut trees along its tracks running north from Adrian. +Between 1888 and 1892 there were planted on the grounds of the +sub-experiment station at South Haven, a number of pecan trees of Iowa +and Missouri seed, Japanese walnuts, a number of filbert plants and a +collection of almond varieties. At about the same time, Prof L. H. +Bailey set out half dozen pecans and Japanese walnut trees on the campus +of the Michigan Agricultural College. Later, Professor L. R. Taft added +several seedling Persian (English) walnut trees to the group. + +In traveling over the southern part of Michigan, one cannot go far +without seeing signs of interest in nut trees. Everywhere the black +walnut has been spared or planted. In certain sections it is to be found +about practically every farm house or at least near enough by to furnish +the winter supply of the family nuts. The chestnut is less common in any +part of the state than is the black walnut, not appearing to any +considerable extent except in the lower southeastern corner. It has not +fared well in the state either as a native or planted tree. The Persian +or so-called English walnut has attracted considerable attention from +time to time, and under especially favorable surroundings one +occasionally finds thrifty specimen trees. The pecan, the Japanese +walnut, European hazel or more popularly called the "filbert" have all +been given limited trials at various times. Even the almond has had a +day in Michigan. Quite possibly the pistache has been through the same +experience; but if so, the fact is not generally known. That species is +from arid Asia and wholly unlikely to succeed in the latitude of +Michigan although a young tree of a Chinese species ornamental because +of its fine feathery foliage, green in summer but which takes on a +brilliant hue in fall is, or was the last we know, doing well on the +private grounds of Dr. Robert T. Morris, near Stamford, Conn. + +Among the kinds of nut trees from which we can select varieties for +planting in Michigan, there are eleven or more distinct species. With +such a range as this, one might ask, why not go into nut growing in +Michigan on the same scale as in the growing of apples and peaches. +There are probably better reasons why this is not being done, but two +very good ones are that there are not enough available trees of good +varieties to plant more than a single orchard of respectable size in the +state; and the other; it would not pay to put good Michigan land to nut +trees of such varieties as are now available even though they could be +had. + +If nut trees can't be had and wouldn't pay if they could then why +publish an article on "Nuts for Michigan Planting," is probably what +will run through the minds of most readers of these lines. It is +certainly a logical question, but there are at least ten reasons why nut +trees should be planted in Michigan. + +1. The forests of Michigan have reached the point of depletion such that +for the sake of future generations, trees of some kind other than fruit +must be planted. + +2. While planting, we may as well select those capable of performing +more than a single service; in other words, trees of maximum possible +use. Oaks, poplars, ashes, pines, elms, etc., all have their places, but +not one in the group can produce anything of food value to humankind. + +3. Nut trees of most kinds, rightly used, are valuable for timber +purposes and are very effective in the landscape. + +4. Members of the walnut family including the hickories are especially +appropriate along the highways and city streets. They are sturdy, +long-lived and not easily damaged by storms or neighbor's boys. + +5. Nuts are among the very best of the meat substitutes. They contain +much of the same food elements as do meats, although in different +proportions. Some contain starch and to that extent can be used as are +the cereals and Irish potatoes. Nuts are the only vegetable product +grown in Michigan, which in raw condition afford a complete and fairly +well balanced food for human beings. Every pound of nut food that can be +raised from a tree along the street or in the fence corner on the farm +is clear gain, and that much added to our national food supply. + +6. Nuts are rapidly assuming importance as factors in the lists of +American foods. + +7. Many species of nut trees are adapted to some parts of Michigan. By +planting the best that are now available, and by constantly being on the +lookout for better sorts, superior varieties will be certain to develop +in a short while, the same as has been the case with all older orchard +fruits and farm crops. + +8. Whoever intelligently plants nut trees performs a distinct public +service. He will receive the gratitude of more than the present +generation. + +9. Among all kinds of trees, none are more appropriate for memorial +purposes to the men who did not come back from France, than is the black +walnut. That species itself took a valiant part in warfare. It furnished +material for gunstocks the same as in previous wars, but in the World +War it rendered what was considered by eminent authority, a greater +service in supplying propellors for aeroplanes. The shells of the nuts +contributed their part toward the making of carbon for gas masks, and no +one knows the extent to which walnut kernels made up the delicacies sent +from home to the boys in the trenches. With such a service record as +this, the black walnut is entitled to a memorial of its own. Its value +as a timber tree, as an ornamental, and as a food producer, together +with its great range of adaptability from North to South and East to +West, should justly entitle it to recognition as a National tree. + +10. Michigan has a law providing for the planting of nut trees along its +highways. Thus, the state has officially put its approval on the idea +and has become a leader in the encouragement of this great kind of +economy and thrift. It has taken a step toward conservation in a +direction which is highly developed in certain parts of Europe. The +product is sold to the highest bidder and the income used in the upkeep +of the road system. In that manner the roadways of those sections take +care of themselves. In this country millions of dollars of state and +federal moneys are being used this year, (ending June 30, 1921), in the +construction and upkeep of public roads. + +Desirable as it would be to accomplish these ends, it could not all be +done at once. Even though there were an abundance of available trees of +tried kinds, it would take a long time to plant them and to care for +them until they might become of profitable bearing age, also public +opinion would need to be remolded in order to insure their care and +protection. Still it can and will be done. The movement is already on; +the Michigan law began to operate soon after being passed, and the +Division of Forestry at the Agricultural College is raising the trees +for planting. Public opinion regarding the care of the trees and their +product will take care of itself when the value of the trees and their +products becomes apparent. Both in California and in Oregon not only nut +but fruit orchards and vineyards, grow beside the roadways with no +protection other than that of public opinion; and what has been done in +one part of the country can be done in others as well. + +The eleven species referred to as being available for Michigan use are +as follows: The almond, beechnut, butternut, chestnut, filbert, (hazel), +pecan, shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, black walnut, Japanese +walnut, and the Persian or so-called English walnut. + +Taking these up in order we will consider first the + + +ALMOND + +Except as an ornamental, the almond does not offer a great deal for use +in Michigan. It is sometimes said to be as hardy as the peach, but only +as this refers to the tree and not to the fruit, is it true. Certain +hardshell almonds edible, yet so inferior to the improved varieties as +to have practically no market value, do sometimes succeed in lower +Michigan but their value is limited to their beauty when in bloom and to +the production of a low grade product. In form and general appearance +these almonds are much like peach pits. Very often they contain much of +the same bitter taste of Prussic acid common to the kernel of the +ordinary peach. They are interesting to observe while growing especially +as they begin to ripen. The covering outside the seed is thin and +leathery and while ripening, splits and peels outward in curious +fashion. + +Perhaps the only recognized variety of almond of this class which is +known to have fruited in the East is the Ridenhower from southern +Illinois. Trees can be had from some of the nurserymen. + + +THE BEECH + +One of Michigan's noblest, hardiest, and most often abused trees is the +American beech. It is common from north to south. No tree is more +handsome and none, unless possibly it be the white birch, is so often +defaced. Dr. Robt. T. Morris, of New York City, reminds us that +according to the scriptures, man, genus _Homo_, is a finished product +made by and in the image of the Creator. A safe assumption is that the +scriptural reference is not to the creature whose initials appear on the +trunk of a beech or whose knife has removed bark from white birch. His +genus is not _Homo_, and he is not scripturally recorded. + +The beech is not directly important as a nut bearing tree, but +indirectly it is as the nuts are rarely harvested. Indirectly it is of +great value. No food is better for turkeys and hogs than are beechnuts. +A bushel of beechnuts that can be used in this way replace at least a +bushel of corn. The difference in cost of production should make +beechnuts worth several times as much as corn. + +In Europe a valuable oil used as a drug and for salads is expressed from +beechnuts. Possibly individual trees could be found somewhere in +Michigan which produce nuts large enough, good enough, and in quantity +enough to justify their recognition and propagation as named varieties. + +No matter whether distinct varieties appear or not, the beech is well +worthy of planting in many places about both the farm and the city lot. + + +BUTTERNUT + +A member of the walnut family known also as "long walnut" and as "white +walnut" is the true butternut. It has a smaller range of adaptability +than does the black walnut but is found considerably farther north. On +the Atlantic coast, its native range extends into Nova Scotia. In parts +of New York State and New England, it is one of the most common species. +It is well known in Michigan where, to many people it is the favorite of +all nuts. The tree is less durable and long-lived than is the black +walnut. It is less well suited for use in the landscape and its timber +value is probably the least of any native walnut. + +Within very recent years one or two promising varieties have been +introduced by the nurserymen. The first and only one now available is +the Aiken from New Hampshire. The nut cracks well and the kernels are of +pleasant flavor, but as a variety it has not been tested long enough to +determine its adaptability to conditions in other states nor the extent +to which budded trees will be productive. + + +CHESTNUT + +Perhaps the greatest, of all tree tragedies is represented by the +chestnut. Once a dominant species in many parts of the East, it is now +merely a wreck of its former self. In whole states along the Atlantic +Seaboard, it has been wiped out by a fungus disease introduced from +Japan some 25 years ago. Pennsylvania allows no chestnut trees to be +shipped outside its limits for fear of further spreading this disease. +So far as known chestnut trees from west of the Wabash River are free +from infection. From Illinois, there have recently been introduced +several varieties of chestnut supposedly of pure American parentage +which are quite the equal in size of the European sorts but which have +the sweet flavor of true American strains. In protected places in the +southern part of the Lower Peninsula these chestnuts should be well +worthy of trial. They are, indeed, splendid chestnuts. The principal +varieties are the Rochester, Progress, Fuller and Boone. The last is not +related to the others; but is the result of an artificial cross between +the American sweet chestnut and the Japan Giant. + + +HICKORY + +Next to, or perhaps equal to the black walnut, the hickories are among +the best known of Michigan's nut trees. Belonging to the same family as +do the walnuts, they require much the same soil for their best +development. They are slower of growth and even harder to bud and graft +or to successfully transplant. Nevertheless, some of hickories bear +splendid nuts in liberal quantities. Quite a number of good varieties +have been named and a few propagated. They are mainly of the shagbark +species although some are shellbarks, some pignuts, and a few hybrids. +The true shellbark is not found in Michigan and would probably not +succeed there as well as do others. In character of growth, the +shellbark is much like the shagbark but the nuts are much larger, and +the shells extremely thick. Among the good shagbarks there are the +Swaim, Weiker, Kentucky, Manahan, Taylor and Vest. + +True hickories ordinarily do not attain important habits of bearing +until from 15 to 25 years of age. + + +PECAN + +The pecan is easily the favorite and most important nut of American +origin. Contrary to current ideas, it is not an introduced species nor +are the best pecans grown in California. The pecan has become one of the +leading nuts of this country by rapid but natural processes. In the +forests, it is indigenous as far north as the southern part of Indiana, +and in western Illinois it is found at the latitude of Chicago. Seedling +trees at South Haven and on the campus of Michigan Agricultural College +have borne occasional crops but the climate of Michigan is too severe +for pecans to bear regularly. The trees of northern origin should do +well enough over much of lower Michigan to be worthy of planting. Good +varieties are the Major, Greenriver, Niblack, Indiana, Busseron and +Posey. + + +BLACK WALNUT + +Already the black walnut had been referred to in this article. In its +further behalf may be said that like the pecan it is one of America's +most rapid growing valuable trees. It does not grow with the speed of a +poplar, a willow, or a linden. Neither does any other tree of value or +longevity. Two 6-year-old trees of the eastern black walnut grown in the +Wiliamette Valley of Western Oregon, bore approximately a peck of nuts +apiece, in 1919, when they were photographed by the writer. In good soil +and under favorable conditions of growth, it will be seen that the black +walnut is not always slow in developing but that it is sometimes a rapid +grower. + +Three varieties of black walnut are now available from the nurserymen. +They are the Thomas from Pennsylvania, the Ohio from some 20 miles south +of Toledo, and the Stabler from Howard County, Maryland 15 or 20 miles +outside the District of Columbia. All are prolific, precocious and of +superior cracking quality. The Thomas was discovered and first +propagated some 30 years ago. The young grafted trees show a tendency to +begin bearing in the nursery rows. + +At the present time, the black walnut is regarded as being of greater +promise for planting in the northern states than is any other species +either native or introduced. + + +THE JAPANESE WALNUT + +To a considerable extent this species has been confused with the Persian +walnut, although the two are quite unlike. This is a dwarfish species +with dull green rough leaflets often as many as 15 or 17 per leaf, which +often bears nuts in clusters of a dozen or more. While green the outer +hulls of the nuts are rough, and somewhat sticky. + +The Persian walnut is a standard-sized upright growing tree with bright +green leaflets, usually 5 to 7 per leaf, and smooth, round nut hulls +which split open and shed the nuts automatically. + +The Japanese walnuts hybridize freely with other species of walnuts and +produce nuts of all types; not infrequently crosses of this kind +resemble butternuts so closely as to be practically indistinguishable +from them. + +True Japanese walnuts have a range in form of two distinct types. The +better known is of guinea egg shape; the other, often known as the +heartnut, is of distinct heart shape. Neither is large; the former is of +about the size of a guinea egg or smaller; the latter is still smaller. +Both are like the black walnut in being encased in a rough outer husk, +which upon maturing shrivels and adheres to the surface of the nut. The +shells are thinner than are those of the black walnut, but thicker than +are those of the Persian walnut. When well matured, the shell of the +heartnut tends to open slightly at the apex, after which it can be +readily split in half with a knife blade. The flavor of the kernel is +much like that of the American butternut. + +The Japanese walnut is ordinarily hardy wherever the black succeeds. It +is by no means uncommon in Michigan where it is especially appropriate +for family planting. For the present, seedling trees will have to be +relied upon almost wholly, as very few varieties have been propagated. +So far as the writer is informed, the only named variety available from +a northern nursery is the Lancaster introduced by J. F. Jones, a +nurseryman at Lancaster, Pa. + + +PERSIAN WALNUT + +Perhaps no species of nut tree has attracted as great attention in +Michigan as has the Persian walnut. Under some conditions it does well +for a time in the eastern or northeastern states, but on the whole its +performance is distinctly erratic. Commercially speaking, it is of +importance in this country only on the Pacific coast. Trees on the +campus at Michigan Agricultural College and at many private places in +the central part of the state, have come to little. Usually they grow +well in summer only to freeze back nearly as much in winter. In Saranac +County, eastern Michigan, close to Lake Huron there are a few young +orchards that are in good condition, but a half mile back from the lake +the results are discouraging. The same is true next to Lake Michigan +from Grand Rapids south to the Indiana line. + +The only recommendations that can be made relative to planting the +Persian walnut in Michigan are, that it be planted very cautiously in +any part of the state and except under very favored circumstances it be +not at all in the middle of the state. + +Do not undertake to grow the trees by planting the nuts or by buying +seedlings. The most desirable trees are those of hardy varieties, budded +on the black walnut as a stock a foot or more above ground. + + +THE FILBERT + +The filbert has been one of our tantalizing species of nut trees. In +England, trees grow to ages of from one to two hundred years, bearing +profusely meanwhile. There, for many years, they are grown under apple +trees with currants below them. In Germany, we are told that +strawberries are grown below the currants and gooseberries. We are +waiting for the Yankee who will be first to grow peanuts or potatoes +below strawberries. In the eastern part of this country, plants of the +European kinds are disappointing in two ways. First, they are uncertain +as to their ability to bear; and second, they are highly susceptible to +a fungus disease found everywhere that the native hazels abound. The +native species is quite able to resist this disease, but the +introductions ordinarily succumb to it quickly. + +In the Pacific Northwest, where by many filbert culture is believed +destined to become a successful and paying industry within the next few +years, not infrequently some varieties begin to blossom as early as in +December. The blooming is largely responsible for the failure of eastern +trees to set and mature crops of nuts. + +Several nurserymen are now endeavoring to find varieties of commercial +value in the eastern part of the country. Apparently they are meeting +with some success as far as their work has gone. Many of the varieties +they are testing are proving inferior, but a few have borne good nuts in +gratifying quantity for several years. During the past winter, a good +many froze severely, although they are commonly hardy under severe +weather. + +Wherever they are planted, they should have fertile soil, from 20 to 25 +feet of space each way and should be trained to tree form. After 10 +years or so, they should be headed back severely, unless regular pruning +has been practiced in the meantime. Filberts fruit only on new wood. + +To those who have read this article to this point, it is now apparent +that the nut industry of Michigan lies almost wholly in the future. The +native varieties form an excellent ground work for that future, but to +properly take advantage of that base, it will be necessary for +practically every nut lover in the state to lend a helping hand. The +first great movement necessary is to examine the nuts in the fall as +ripen in order to find the best of the walnuts, hickories, native +hazels, beeches and introduced chestnuts, walnuts and filberts. In this +everyone can help. Whoever finds a tree of any kind bearing superior +nuts will render a great service by sending specimens, together with his +or her address and that of the owner of the tree to the Federal +Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., or to Willard G. Bixby, +Treasurer of the Association, Baldwin, Nassau County, N. Y. Be sure to +carefully note the exact tree, from which the nuts were obtained and if +specimens are sent from more than one tree, they should be kept separate +and each carefully labeled. Such nuts will be examined and if found to +be the equal or superior to the varieties already being grown, they will +be named and arrangements made for this propagation and test. + +No prizes are given by the Government but good nuts sent the Government +will be eligible to entry in the contest of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. If enough specimens are sent the Department, some will be +forwarded to the Treasurer of that Association who has charge of awards. + +According to very recent reports, the outlook for a nut crop during the +coming year was never better. This should, therefore, be an excellent +year for finding the trees bearing the best nuts. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe Mr. Reed expects to give an +additional talk tonight with lantern slides. + +MR. C. A. REED: There will be an informal talk, a question box +this evening for the benefit of any interested in the general discussion +of nut culture in the United States. I notice the guests of the +institution are deeply interested in nut growing in their particular +states; so the arrangement for this evening is to give those persons an +opportunity to come out and ask questions. + +MR. OLCOTT: While Mr. Reed is on that subject, I would like to +ask if there is a chestnut as large as the Boone or other chestnuts +grown by Mr. Riehl of as good flavor as the American Sweet chestnut. A +good many people are asking me from time to time what the merit is in +those large chestnuts. Invariably they have found that the quality is +not as good as in the American sweet chestnut. I have been assured and +Mr. Reed says that the kernel of these is very good. I wonder if there, +are some of them better than others--of the very large chestnuts. + +MR. C. A. REED: There is a difference. The Boone that Mr. +Olcott refers to is a cross between the American species and the +Japanese. The Japanese has not a good flavor; it is considerably below +that of the American; but the Boone is quite good; but there are some of +Mr. Riehl's chestnuts that are better. Mr. Riehl's are believed to be +the pure American sweet chestnuts and some of them are very good, +perhaps not quite as sweet as our American sweet, but they are +exceedingly satisfactory and very popular in the Chicago markets where +Mr. Riehl's chestnuts are going. + +MR. BIXBY: This fall I received a chestnut which I am satisfied +was Japanese, which is very large, and seemingly about as sweet as the +American. I did not have the American there to test it by, but it was +very interesting to me, and I am planning to get scions in the spring to +follow it up further. It was seemingly a Japanese chestnut, and pretty +nearly as large as the Boone. + +MR. J. F. JONES: I might say that so far as I have tested them, +some of the Japanese are quite sweet, but the meat is generally tough, +not brittle and sweet like the American. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe Mr. Linton is with us, and we shall +be glad to hear from him. + + + + +NUT TREES FOR HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC PLACES + +WILLIAM S. LINTON, SAGINAW, MICHIGAN + + +For a number of years it has been a source of gratification and pleasure +to me to be identified with the membership of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. True, "a long distance membership only," but nevertheless a +connection that all must admit has borne fruit, or nuts, as you may +prefer to state it. + +To this association and its official journal must be given full credit +for the pioneer work in a great and good movement that will sweep, not +only over the United States, but over every clime and county in the +world's Western hemisphere as well. Your seed sown in the peninsular +state of Michigan, was the first to sprout in a substantial way in so +far as public planting of nut trees by a sovereign state is concerned, +and it was our good fortune to have as staunch supporters for the plan +such able and persistent workers as my good friend, Senator Harvey A. +Penney of Saginaw, Professor A. K. Chittenden of the Michigan +Agricultural College, and last, but not least, Honorable Frank F. +Rogers, Michigan's excellent State Highway Commissioner. Upon the latter +will largely devolve the duty of carrying out the law's provisions, as +provided in Senator Penney's bill passed at the last session of the +Legislature, and that it will be well and practically done, goes without +saying. + +And now to my theme, "Should the Country Roadsides be Planted and Why." +The present high cost of living, and in fact the cost of living at any +time is a fruitful and serious problem. Our vast natural resources +during the century gone, of forests, of game, and of grazing lands, have +almost to the point of extinction been rapidly passing away, and it +behooves us, who have profited thereby and now owe a duty to our race to +artificially provide wherever and whenever we can for the future of +humankind. In what better way can this be done than in utilizing the +immense acreage of America's vast system of highways, (now absolutely +wasted except for the sole purpose of travel), to reproduce the very +finest of our country's magnificent trees, to again afford beauty, +grateful shade, valuable timber and the choicest of food in great +abundance for the generations to come. + +Were this not a convention devoted to the advancement of nut growing +alone, I would be glad to extol also for road planting fruit trees of +every kind of adequate size and character, and free or nearly so, from +the ravages of disease or insect pest, would be glad to praise the +stately, hard maple, with its clear, sweet sap, producing the syrup and +sugar that are the delight of childhood and age, and would be glad to +recommend the useful basswood with its valuable lumber and its fragrant +yellow flowers, producing that nectar from which our most delicious +honey is made, and would be glad to recommend for our highways, certain +other majestic trees needed by man and beautiful in the landscape. + +But the object of this association and convention is a specialized one, +as undoubtedly it should be, owing to the important field it covers, and +therefore the nut trees and it alone for planting on highways and in +public places should be the subject of this paper. + +If we were to confine ourselves to one native variety or species for our +Northern territory, the great majority of people would unhesitatingly +say, let it be the Black Walnut (_Juglans nigra_). Attaining as it does +a height of 100 feet and more, and a trunk of four feet and over in +diameter, with a symmetrical top of splendid foliage, bearing the +richest of nuts and its timber the most valuable in the country, with a +natural range extending from Michigan to Mississippi and from Delaware +to the Dakotas, it should be universally planted throughout the United +States along thousands of miles of our great trunk line roads. + +Its nearest American relative, the butternut (_Juglans cinerea_) +preferring lower lands along river bottoms, attaining an average height +of 60 feet with a trunk of 3 feet, its wood suitable for cabinet work, +its bark with medicinal properties, and its nuts of splendid flavor, +should be planted where soil conditions call for it. + +For their rich, delicious nuts, alone, saying nothing about their clean, +handsome foliage, their rough, strong wood--the best of any grown for +many purposes--the hickories, among which are the Shagbark (_Carya +ovata_) and the big shellbark (_Carya laciniosa_), should be planted in +many places. They both frequently attain 100 feet in height with +straight sturdy trunks averaging from three to four feet in diameter. + +The other nut trees suitable for roadside planting, are not specially +attractive to mankind for their fruits, as heretofore used or utilized, +but may eventually become so under modern methods of cooking or proper +treatment. In their raw state, however, all are edible and also +palatable to most people, but their chief food value today, is to +provide rich provender to domestic animals and birds, or the desirable +wild life of the woodlands, all of which devour them eagerly, adding +quickly to their weight and greatly to their quality and flavor of their +flesh. I refer to the three magnificent oaks producing sweet acorns, +viz., the White Oak (_Quercus albaq_), the Bur Oak (_Quercus +macrocarpa_) and the Swamp White Oak (_Quercus plantanoides_). They are +all emblematic of great strength and grandeur, reaching the majestic +height of 100 feet, with trunks four or five feet in diameter; the leaf +coloring at times is indescribably beautiful and the timber owing to its +great solidity and strength is of the utmost value. + +Last, but not least, the American beech, with a three or four foot trunk +and almost 100 feet in height, distinct and beautiful, will demand the +attention of those who plant our highways. Its nuts, feasted upon by +many forest denizens, may be classed with the sweet acorns heretofore +referred to, but the tree has a grace and charm all its own and it +thrives from the warm waters of the Gulf to the icy shores of Lake +Superior. + +At this time we cannot recommend what has been a noble, almost +fascinating tree, 100 feet its usual height and sometimes spreading 100 +feet almost in extent, with a trunk that in some cases reached a +diameter of 10 feet, with clusters of golden catkins fragrant in +midsummer, resulting in great quantities of delicious nuts in autumn. +Such was the chestnut, _Castanea dentata_, of the past, the fate of +which, and almost extinction, has been a tragedy in the ranks of our +native trees that has brought bitter regrets to all lovers of this +partician of the forest. Good news comes from the far East, however, to +the effect that some specimens of this famous tree have escaped or +proven immune to the blight, and if the latter, it means the saving of +the species and its replanting in soil and territory where it may thrive +as of yore. + +Having now enumerated the varieties of trees that should be selected in +the main for the planting of highways and in public places, the question +now arises as to the best method of carrying on the work in a practical +way throughout the country. + +Individuals or small communities certainly can not be depended upon to +do it, as the result would be of a patchwork character that would not be +pleasing to the eye or beneficial in its results. + +Only federal, state and municipal governments can take charge of this +great work and carry it forward to completion. + +The State of Michigan, now as you know, by legal enactment, causes state +authorities to plant the trunk line, highways, the county to plant the +roads of the county systems, and the cities and villages and townships +those minor roads that are within their borders. + +In case of individual effort, where an owner of land plants +food-producing trees along the highways in front of his property, he is +reimbursed by stated amounts covering each tree so planted, the returns +coming to him by a reduction in the amount of his own taxation. + +This so-called Michigan plan carried on throughout the entire country, +would call for a supply of trees of the character named far beyond the +ability of the commercial growers to supply, and in my opinion can be +worked out only by seed or seedlings of the various varieties. And why +not? The cost would be much less than of any other method, and only a +few years would pass before substantial returns would commence to come. +It has been stated and it is true, that the seeds of the trees named do +not always produce superior nuts, but in a great majority only those of +a common or inferior kind. However, choice specimens will appear also, +and from these of the better class grafting may be done to enrich all. + +Then again, it is a question as to whether the important tap roots of +the important nut species should be disturbed or destroyed in +transplanting. It would seem to be the proper plan, therefore, in order +to avoid too great an expense, that the nuts or seed should be used in a +great majority of highway planting, the trees to remain where first +placed on approved roadside lines, and the proper distance apart. + +It may be said that too great a time would elapse between the planting +of the seed and the maturity of the tree, but as time goes nowadays, it +would not be an unreasonable period, and there are those within the +sound of my voice now, who will witness in their maturity the +magnificent trees producing their valuable products and adding to the +beauty of the landscape and to the welfare of mankind. + +This Association has been the pioneer in this great movement, and it +will be the credit to those connected therewith in the generations to +come, in that they have all contributed in a very marked degree to the +everlasting benefit of mankind. + +PRESIDENT REED: Is there any discussion? + +MR. C. A. REED: I believe Senator Penney is to discuss a topic +very closely affiliated with this one and perhaps it would be well to +defer the discussion until we hear his address. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will be glad to have Senator Penney present +his paper next, then. It is along the same lines--legislation in regard +to tree planting. + +SENATOR PENNEY: When my friend, Mr. Linton, started off to +discuss his paper, he said he was a long distance member, and you can +see the effect in the fruits he has borne or the nuts he has borne. Ever +since I was taken sick up north, he has been trying to tell me I was a +nut. I was taken sick up there in the deer hunting camp, and my friend, +Mr. Linton, assisted in getting me out and rushing me to the nearest +hospital, and it happened to be an insane asylum in northern Michigan. + + + + +LEGISLATION REGARDING THE PLANTING OF NUT AND OTHER FOOD PRODUCING TREES + +SENATOR HARVEY A. PENNEY, SAGINAW, MICHIGAN + + +I wish to express my hearty appreciation to your Association for the +distinct honor of being invited to address your meeting upon the subject +of "Legislation Regarding the Planting of Nut and Other Food Trees." I +believe that my invitation came as a result of having been responsible +for introducing a tree-planting bill in the Senate of the 1919 session +of the Michigan State Legislature, and later in securing its passage. + +This bill purported "to regulate the planting of ornamental, +nut-bearing and other food-producing trees along the highways of the +State of Michigan, or in public places, and for the maintenance, +protection and care of such trees, and to provide a penalty for injury +thereof, or for stealing the products thereof." + +For several sessions of the Michigan Legislature prior to 1919, bills +had been introduced intending to accomplish this result, but each time +heretofore they have regularly failed to pass. This fate included one +introduced by the writer during the session of 1917. I am now fully +convinced that none of these bills, although a step in the right +direction, seemed to provide the proper working machinery or necessary +features to put them into practical operation, and hence did not appeal +to the legislative committees, nor to the members of the several +legislatures. + +During the regular session of 1919, with the valuable assistance of Hon. +W. S. Linton of Saginaw, a new bill was prepared providing an entirely +new method of supplying and planting such trees, and for putting such a +law into effective operation under the jurisdiction of the state. It was +made to work in harmony with the rights of the property owner adjoining +the highway, and with the duties of those state officials whose +departments were perfectly adapted and equipped for putting the law into +active operation. + +I am going to attach an enrolled copy of the tree planting bill at the +end of this paper, so that it may be made a part of the permanent +records of the Association. It will therefore be unnecessary to give a +detailed account of all the provisions contained therein. + +I will, however, mention a few of the principal points so that you may +understand its purpose. It provides that the Public Domain Commission +which has charge of the state forest reserve lands and parks, together +with the Michigan Agricultural College, are given authority to grow and +acquire suitable seeds, scions or trees for planting under the +provisions of this act. A department of the Agricultural College +determines the kind of trees which are adapted or suitable for planting +in different soils or places. In order to insure a uniform system of +planting, this duty is left to the State Highway Commission and the +State Board of Agriculture, acting jointly. The trees belong to the +state, but the nuts or other products belong to the owner of the land +adjoining the highway. A penalty is imposed if these trees are defaced +with advertisements or signs, and neither can they be cut down or +destroyed. + +But just as you find legislatures differing in their opinions upon +public matters, so you must expect them to differ more or less upon the +feasibility of most any bill that is presented for their consideration. +All kinds of arguments are made for and against any bill. I remember +that one Senator in the committee thought that trees planted along the +highways bearing nuts or fruit would constantly be subject to a lot of +tampering and molestation by the traveling public. But another Senator +came back with a reply that seemed to be very convincing, when he stated +that he had a fine row of cherry trees growing along the front of his +farm, and had never experienced any trouble of that kind from such a +source. + +I have always felt that if the merits of a good bill were properly +explained to a legislature committee, there will be no hesitancy in +having it favorably reported out and finally passed. I believe the +legislature of 1919 took this view of the tree planting bill introduced +by myself, as it was passed by both the Senate and the House, and later +received the signature of Governor Sleeper, thus making it an +established law of Michigan. + +I must not forget to mention the fact that after this bill had been +passed by the legislature and still needed the signature of the Governor +to make it a law, a number of Michigan's representative and influential +citizens wrote to Governor Sleeper, urging him to affix his signature +thereto. Among those was Dr. J. H. Kellogg of Battle Creek, who has more +than a nation-wide reputation in his profession and is at present a +strong factor in the success of this association. + +This law is intended not only to ornament the public highways of +Michigan, but also to furnish nut bearing and other food-producing trees +that should assist materially in the problems incident to the high cost +of living. It would seem that such a law should be duplicated in every +state where practicable, and also be promoted by the National Government +upon National Highways. + +The people of Michigan recently voted to amend the State Constitution so +as to permit the issuance of $50,000,000.00 worth of bonds for the +improvement of public highways. By the time that this large sum has been +apportioned over a period of say ten years, and the road moneys +furnished and expended during this time, as federal aid by the federal +government, local counties and townships are added thereto, it has been +estimated that the vast sum of nearly $200,000,000.00 will have been +used solely for the improvement of our state highways. + +With a wonderful highway system thus established, beautifully adorned by +the state with nut-bearing and other trees, the roads of Michigan should +become a great attraction in which our citizens would not only have a +just pride, but serve as a model of excellence for the whole nation to +imitate. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, I would like to ask the Senator +what danger there is likely to be in the protection of these trees when +they are once planted. Is the tree going to have right of way, or is the +telephone company going to have right of way in cutting out the top; or +is a new bred consciousness going to have authority. If it is possible +that the trees will be destroyed as many have been, perhaps the +legislation may be changed in some way. Suppose we want to give them +good care, what are we going to do? + +SENATOR PENNEY: The law has a section in it providing for +defacing and damaging the trees or cutting them down. I have a copy of +the bill there. As my throat is in bad shape perhaps it might be well to +have the secretary read the bill. It is not very long. + +MR. LINTON: In this connection I would also ask for the reading +of the bill by the secretary. This is a bill that may be copied by other +states throughout the Union, and if there is any criticism that is just, +in reason, for changing any of the features in the bill, they should be +decided upon at this meeting or by a committee. Because a uniform bill +throughout the country is really something desirable, I think, in +connection with this legislation. And I would add further: Michigan does +not have an entire monopoly of Highway legislation at the present time, +but is in a prominent position in connection therewith. The chairman of +the committee on post offices and post roads of the United States Senate +is Senator Townsend, of this State. It is his bill that will cause the +national highways to be constructed from ocean to ocean. Senator +Townsend is one of our best beloved citizens; his heart is in this work; +and I am sure from what I know of him (and he is a close friend of mine) +that he will enter heartily into the spirit of embodying in national +legislation something of the character that we have in state legislation +in Michigan so that it may apply to the whole country as well. And for +that reason I would like to have the bill read. It is a short one, and +any additions or any amendments thereto I know will be gladly received +by Senator Penny or myself. + +MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I think that is one of the most +important subjects that can come before this Association; not only +that, but the interest of every member should be enlisted particularly +in this subject. The possibilities of the extension of that work are +almost unlimited and directly in line with the objects of this +organization. + +PRESIDENT REED: I am just wondering whether we would have time +to have it read now, or postpone it to a little later. Dr. Kellogg is +with us now. + +MR. BIXBY: This bill is very short. (Read bill.) + + + Senate Bill No. 59 Introduced by Senator Penney + (File No. 150) + + STATE OF MICHIGAN + 50th Legislature + Regular Session of 1919 + SENATE ENROLLED ACT NO. 18 + + An act to regulate the planting of ornamental, nut bearing or other + food producing trees along the highways of the State of Michigan, + or in public places, and for the maintenance, protection and care + of such trees and to provide a penalty for injury thereof, or for + stealing the products thereof. + + The People of the State of Michigan enact + + Section 1. The State Highway Commissioner and the State Board of + Agriculture, acting jointly hereunder, shall have authority and it + shall be their duty to select and plant by seed, scions or + otherwise, ornamental, nut bearing, or other food producing trees, + (to be supplied by the Public Domain Commission, or the Michigan + Agricultural College, as may be recommended or approved by the + Division of Agriculture of said college,) suitable for shade trees, + along the State trunk line highways and all other highways of the + State of Michigan, upon which State reward has been paid or earned: + + Provided, that in no case shall such trees be planted except by and + with the consent of the owner of the property adjoining such + highway. The State Highway Commissioner shall establish rules and + regulations for uniform planting or proper placing of all trees + under the provisions of this act, and all such trees shall belong + to the State, but the products thereof shall belong to the owners + of the adjacent land. Nothing herein contained shall authorize the + State Highway Commissioner, or the State Board of Agriculture to + cut down or interfere with shade trees now growing along any such + highway, without permission in writing from the owner of the + adjoining property. All expenses incurred in carrying out the + provisions of this section shall be paid out of any moneys in the + State highway fund that may be available therefor. + + Section 2. Counties, townships, cities and villages may annually + appropriate money to be used in planting, pruning and protecting, + and whenever necessary in acquiring shade, nut bearing and + ornamental trees to be placed along and within the respective + limits of said municipalities. The expenditure of any such fund + shall be vested in the highway commissioner in the case of county + roads, and in the proper highway authorities of the city or village + as the case may be. + + Section 3. The owner of any real estate in the State of Michigan + that borders upon a legal highway upon which State reward has not + been paid, shall have the right to plant said approved ornamental, + nut bearing, or other food producing trees along the line of said + highway adjoining said land, and shall receive annually a credit of + five cents upon his highway repair tax for each tree so planted by + him and growing in good order, not less than six feet in height + when planted and not less than twenty and not more than forty feet + apart. All of said trees and their products shall belong to the + owner of said land: Provided, that no bounty shall be paid or + deduction allowed under the provision of this section upon any one + tree or row of trees for a longer period than five years. The owner + of such trees shall have the care thereof and shall have the duty + and responsibility for the trimming, spraying and cultivation + thereof. + + Section 4. The Michigan Agricultural College and Public Domain + Commission are hereby authorized to grow and acquire suitable + seeds, scions or trees for planting under the provisions of this + act, and to establish proper rules and regulations for distributing + the same at nominal cost, or otherwise, to counties, townships, + cities, villages, and citizens of the State for the aforesaid + purpose, and also for State parks or other public places. + + Section 5. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy, injure, deface or + break any ornamental, nut bearing, food producing or shade tree + upon any public highway or place, except where such trees shall + interfere with the proper construction or maintenance of such + highways. It shall be unlawful to affix to any such tree any + picture, announcement, play-bill, notice or advertisement, or to + paint or mark such tree, except for the purpose of protecting it, + or to negligently permit any animal to break down, injure or + destroy any such tree within the limits of any public highway. Any + person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty + of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a + fine of not less than one dollar or more than twenty-five dollars, + and in default of payment of any such fine may be imprisoned in the + county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days. Such person + shall be liable to the owner of the trees for treble the amount of + damages sustained. + + LUREN D. DICKINSON, + Lieutenant Governor, President of the Senate. + + TOM REED, + Speaker of the House of Representatives. + + Approved, March 28, 1919. + + ALBERT E. SLEEPER, + Governor. + + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Chairman, I _move_ that before adjournment +the chairman appoint a committee of three members of this association to +carefully review this bill and either report in favor of any suggestions +that they may wish to make in regard to its amendment or give approval +of the bill as it stands. + +MR. LINTON: I support the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that the chairman +appoint a committee of three to carry out the recommendations. All in +favor say Aye; contrary, No. It is CARRIED. + +SENATOR PENNEY: That law is adjusted to the laws of Michigan +and any other state proposed would have to adjust it to fit their laws. + +PRESIDENT REED: I would like to have Mr. C. A. Reed on that +committee, Mr. Olcott and Dr. Morris. + +C. A. REED: Then, Mr. President, in addition to that we are +going to take the liberty of adding an _ex officio_ member, Mr. +Littlepage, an ex-president and also a good thoroughgoing nut. + +MR. JONES: My understanding is the provision for six-ft. trees. +Six foot nut trees unless they have been transplanted several times will +hardly succeed. I would say use small trees along the highway. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think that would need to be worked out. I +think a six foot tree is a little dangerous in some varieties. The +committee might find it wise to offer some suggestions in that line. + +VOICE: If you plant a tree six feet high, you are sure of +having a tree there. + +PRESIDENT REED: I believe Dr. Kellogg is about ready now, and +we will hear from Dr. Kellogg whom you are all acquainted with. + + + + +THE SOY BEAN + +DR. J. H. KELLOGG, BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN + + +It is evident that the live stock industry is shriveling up. The +livestock inhabitants of the country--the pigs, sheep and cattle--are +much smaller in population at the present time than they were +twenty-five or thirty years ago, and are getting smaller all the time. +The price of meat is high and is going to continue to climb. It is away +out of reach of the average laboring man even at the present time. I +heard Dr. Charley Mayo say at a clinic not long ago that meat is so high +he could not afford to eat it and he didn't see how anybody could; and +as a matter of fact, he didn't need it anyhow, and so we could easily +get along without it. As a matter of fact, as Mr. Bill said some years +ago it is not really so much the high cost of living as it is the cost +of high living; and the use of meat is such an extravagant and expensive +thing it is very important that people should know how to get along +without meat. + +The experimenters of the agricultural experiment stations have shown us +that it takes thirty-three pounds of dry digestible food substance to +make one pound of beef--31 or 32 pounds to make a pound of beef, and 33 +or 34 pounds to make a pound of mutton. Seven pounds of digestible food +substance will make a pound of dry milk. So we can readily see that +there is an enormous waste of foodstuff. Only about ten per cent of the +corn raised is used for feeding human beings. The rest is fed to animals +and a large part of it is wasted. + +So it is exceedingly important, it seems to me, that this nut industry +should be encouraged in every way. A half million acres of nut trees +well advanced and producing would produce all of the fat and more +digestible fat, and all the protein and more digestible protein, than we +are now using in the entire country. We are producing more than enough +food in corn and other foodstuffs to feed nearly three times our present +population, and most of it is wasted in the energy which the hog, the +steer and other animals use up in running around and keeping warm. That +is where the great loss comes. In nuts we have a choice foodstuff as +digestible as any other foodstuff, and Prof. Torrey and Prof. Mendel and +others who have recently made experiments have shown that the protein of +the nut and the protein of vegetables in general is not so putrescible +as the protein of meats. There are good reasons for it. It does not +undergo putrefaction so readily any way, and besides meat carries along +with it the bacteria which produce putrefaction. + +Meat is the filthiest thing that goes upon our tables. If the number of +bacteria in milk was as great as the number of bacteria in meat, nobody +would think of eating it. If the bacteria in water were as numerous as +in milk, no one would be willing to drink the water. It is a very +curious thing that we permit in milk and in meat a condition of things +we would not tolerate in air or water for a moment. Every morsel of meat +a person eats contains some billions of the bacteria of the very worst +sort. Bacteria found in meat are those which produce colitis, +appendicitis, abscesses of the teeth and diseased conditions of the +tonsils. They predispose to a good many infectious diseases of the +intestine, and no doubt predispose to cancer. It is pretty well +established at the present time that cancer is a disease of meat eating +men and animals. About one cow in fifty has cancer, whereas every +seventh dog taken to a hospital sick is found to have cancer. Dr. Mayo +recently gathered some statistics on this matter, and he told me and +some other doctors that dogs under eight years of age, every fourth one +has cancer; every third one of dogs ten years of age has cancer, and +half of all the dogs over twelve years of age have cancer and would die +of it if left to themselves. These statements were based on laboratory +animals that were killed when they were well and not sick, so the +observation ought to be fairly reliable. + +I was to say particularly a few words about the soy bean. I am not going +to try to tell you very much about it, because I do not know very much +about it. If you want to learn all about it, you can easily do so by +writing to Mr. W. J. Morse, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletin 973, one +of the very best on this subject, tells all about the culture of this +exceedingly useful legume. The soy bean is really the beefsteak of China +and Japan. In those oriental countries, soy beans have been used for +centuries. It is more nearly like a nut than a bean. Perhaps I better +show you the pictures first, and then have the curtains raised so we can +get a better inspection of the beans. + +The composition of the soy bean is very remarkably different from that +of the ordinary bean. It contains forty per cent of fat, on the average +and about forty per cent of protein--sometimes more than forty per cent. +The protein is sixty per cent more than in our best ordinary foods; and +the fat is five or six times as much as that found in the ordinary bean. + +A thousand different varieties of the soy bean have been gathered by the +Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture at Washington. +Five hundred of these varieties have been tested, and thirty or forty of +them have been found to be adapted to this country, and very useful. You +can see in this picture the great mass of pods to be found growing on +the plant. This slide shows how unusually well they grow in the field. +You can see the pods scattered all through the plant. A large part of +the foliage is made up of pods. This is one of our own fields of the +beans that we raised this year. It is rather difficult to raise the bean +in this latitude, because it requires a long time to mature. It requires +about 110 days for some varieties. We have, however, a variety we raised +here that we got from the agricultural department of Ontario. We found +it matured very well indeed in 120 days. We planted the bean here the +first week in May and harvested it the first week in September; so its +season was about 120 days. I found this particular bean was new to the +agricultural department at Washington, and have sent them some of the +seed, and I think they are going to make some trial of it. + +This is a view of a field of the Hahto variety which is a particularly +fine variety for use as a shelled bean. In China the soy bean is very +little used as we use beans. They do not cook the bean and eat it as we +do; but instead they make it into a cheese which they call tofu, and +this cheese is made by soaking the beans, grinding them into a pulp, +then boiling for ten or fifteen minutes with about five volumes of +water; then the milky mass is precipitated with sulphate of magnesia or +citric acid, a very small amount because they use it as a curd. I have +here a sample of the curd which I will pass around in a moment for you +to see. This picture shows this curd pressed in large cakes. The soy +bean curd is stored on wooden trays in a dark room. It is also stored in +large earthen jars. They cure it and make cheese out of it which very +closely resembles our American milk cheese. They also use the beans for +sprouting. + +The bean lacks only two things. It lacks lime and the fat-soluble +vitamines. It contains a considerable amount of the fat-soluble +vitamines. It is one of the very few seeds that is found to contain a +sufficient amount of the fat-soluble vitamine to promote growth, so that +animals will grow and develop normally on the bean alone without any +other sort of fat-soluble vitamine. If the bean is sprouted, a large +amount of this fat-soluble vitamine is produced by the plant itself. +This is also found to be a valuable means of preventing scurvy--by +sprouting the beans in this way and using the sprouts as a salad. The +sprouts are used as a green vegetable. It is an easy way of getting +green vegetables at any season of the year. It takes the place of +ordinary greens. + +Here is a courtyard full of pots in which the fermented soy beans are +placed. This is a very interesting scheme they have for making a +substitute for meat extract. By this means they prepare an extract which +closely resembles extract of beef. In fact, it is rather a finer +flavored product than meat extracts. It is made by first cooking the +beans, spreading them out in the yard on trays and allowing a fungus to +grow, and after two or three weeks the whole mass is put into pots of +brine in the yard and allowed to remain there for a year or more, and at +the end of that time the brine has become soy sauce. + +This shows a mass of soy roots. It has been suggested it might be very +useful to nut growers as a means of fertilizing the soil, a crop which +will fertilize the soil for the trees and at the same time give a +valuable return for the labor and expense. The little nodules on the +roots are very numerous and show well here. They produce nitrogen, +concentrated nitrogen from the air as do the nodules on the roots of +alfalfa. The _Scientific American_ recently stated that the soy bean is +one of the most promising of vegetables. It provides food for man and +beast. Given enough soy beans and granted the art of preparing them so +that they might be served as food having sufficient diversity and +palatableness, neither meat nor fish nor fat would be needed. In this +respect the Germans did not prepare for war. If they had had the soy +bean industry well developed it might have helped them through, and the +map of the world might have been seriously changed from what it now is. + +I think one of the finest of the soy beans is the Hahto variety. They +grow one or two in a pod. I saw some of these beans in the market in +Jerusalem forty years ago. When about three quarters grown and used as +shelled beans they are exceedingly palatable. If at the dinner table +today you will call for a soy bean omelet, you will be quite surprised. +Dr. Morris tried it this morning and was kind enough to say it was the +finest he ever ate. + +The soy bean is the best of a large part of the cookery of the orient. +We have been introducing it here the last few months, and it is very +palatable, very digestible, and our patients like it very much. If you +are interested in the soy bean, write, to W. J. Morse, or to the +Agricultural Department, Bureau of Plant Industry, and they will give +you a lot of interesting information about it. In starting the planting +of the bean, it is necessary to inoculate the soil as in the starting of +a planting of alfalfa. + +PRESIDENT REED: Mr. Bixby has prepared a paper on "Judging +Nuts" which there is not now time for him to read. It will be inserted +in the proceedings at this point. + + + + +JUDGING NUTS + +WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N. Y. + + +That there are differences in nuts is apparent to everybody. The +selecting of the best nuts out of a lot of two or three usually presents +no difficulty, and, when the number of nuts to be judged amounts to a +dozen or so, it is generally possible to pick out the best, but, when +one has before him nuts from several hundred trees, the problem becomes +a very different one, and the person who tries to pick out the best from +such a lot soon becomes aware of his own limitations. If, in addition, +he has sufficient respect for consistency to try to be so exact in his +judgment as to be able to go over a large lot of nuts today, we will +say, and several months hence go over the same lot again and render the +same verdict on each one of them, he will doubtless give the matter up +as an impossibility, and yet that is just what is wanted and expected of +those who judge the nuts which are sent in to the annual contests, which +contests have resulted in bringing to the attention of the nut growing +world the nuts of so many fine trees. + +The experience of the last two or three years in being one of the judges +who passed on the nuts which were sent in to the contests convinced me, +almost at the start, of the desirability of getting methods where it +would be possible to go over a large lot of nuts now and several months +hence, and render the same verdict on each one of them, but now how to +do it was not at first apparent, and the methods for doing it which will +be outlined are the results of much work, many attempts, and the +discarding of many of the methods tried. + +Considering the methods used in judging fruit, animals and fowl has +helped to some extent, but this assistance did not go far. The beginning +of improved methods of judging any of the above, is the establishment of +a score card, as it is called, which is nothing more than an enumeration +of the characteristics and a decision as to the relative value of each +one. Usually the values assigned to each characteristic are such that +when added up the total will be 100 points. Score cards of this +character are in general use. + +The first attempt to make a score card for use in judging the nuts to +which the Northern Nut Growers' Association gives its attention, so so +far as I am aware, was that of a committee of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association, which reported at the Fifth Annual Meeting at Evansville, +Ind., 1914, and which report will be found on page 20 of the report of +that meeting. Prof. E. R. Lake was chairman of the committee. The score +card for butternuts, black walnuts and hickories which it recommended is +noted below: + + General Values Points + Size 10 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values + Thinness 15 + Cracking 20 + + Kernel Values + Color 10 + Plumpness 5 + Flavor 10 + Quality 20 + ___ + + Total 100 + +This score card has served as a basis for all the work that has been +done in judging nuts since that work has largely fallen to me. It was +early found desirable, however, to change the score card in one or two +respects, and it has since been changed two or three times as the +experience gained in judging nuts saw it was desirable. The score card +now in use is noted below: + + General Values + Weight 10 + Form 5 + Color 5 + + Shell Values + Husking Quality 5 + Thinness 10 + Cracking Quality 20 + + Kernel Values + Color 5 + Proportion of kernel 20 + Quality and Flavor 20 + ___ + + Total 100 + +The first time one attempts to judge a large number of nuts whether with +the aid of such a score card as that proposed by Prof. Lake's Committee +or without it, he gets into practical difficulties at once. These +difficulties are not with the score card but in its use. Take for +example the characteristic, size, the first one on Prof. Lake's score +card. How can a person tell from the nuts of a hundred hickory trees +which is the largest and which is the smallest and which are +intermediate; in short how can he arrange them in order of size, the +largest at one end of the line and the smallest at the other with a +uniform graduation in between. Anyone who tries to do such a thing +quickly finds that it is impossible to do this correctly if one has only +his eye to aid him in determining size. The inability to do so quickly +becomes apparent if a person tries to arrange such a lot of nuts in +order of size at one time and then several days later tries to arrange +the same lot of nuts in order of size again. It is almost certain that +they will not get arranged the same both times. The differences between +the nuts are usually so minute, and, what is more important, the +difficulties of correctly estimating size by the eye alone are so great +that it is practically impossible to do it. An expert on this point can +do it of course much better than one who is not, but even the expert is +only too well aware of his limitations and of the impossibility of +properly doing the above. The same difficulty is apparent with every +characteristic on the list and while judging by experts with the aid of +a score card, is, so far as I am aware, the method used in judging +fruit, farm animals, poultry, etc., the crudeness of this method is only +too evident to the experts themselves. Two or three years ago it seemed +very far inferior to what actually measuring these characteristics would +be, although such measurement at first seemed difficult, not to say +almost impossible. Much work has been done on this, and it is very +gratifying to say that this measurement has been found possible to an +extent that was not dreamed of before the work was started. Before +outlining the methods worked out to do this a little discussion will be +given on Prof. Lake's score card, the characteristics which it pointed +out, and the reason shown for changing some of them. + +Size is a characteristic which is apparent to everyone, yet the actual +measurement of size in the case of a large lot of nuts presents +difficulties which seem practically insurmountable. A serious attempt +was made to measure the length, breadth and height of the nuts examined +and gauges were made which should do this exactly and quickly. These +were finely discarded and the characteristic "weight" adopted in place +of size. This has to quite an extent replaced size in considering farm +products. When we used to buy potatoes by the bushel we used to get a +bushel basket full, now we get the legal weight of a bushel of potatoes +and instances of this kind might be multiplied almost indefinitely. +While weight and size are not exactly the same thing, yet they are so to +a large extent in the case of a given commodity, such as nuts of one +species, and weight can be accurately and rapidly determined. + +Plumpness is another characteristic which we all understand as far as +the difference between a nut with a plump well filled kernel is +concerned, and one with a shriveled up kernel, but when it comes to +arranging the kernels of a lot of nuts in order of their plumpness, the +one who tries to do it becomes ready to give up before he really gets +started. It was found that the ratio of the weight of kernel to the +weight of the entire nut which is termed "proportion of kernel" was +never large in the case of a nut with shriveled kernel. It was small in +the case of a nut with a thick shell and a plump well filled kernel, +but, as stated above it was never large in the case of a nut with a +shriveled kernel and a good deal of work on the subject convinced me +that the characteristic "proportion of kernel" could be very well +substituted for plumpness. + +There seemed at the present time little use for separating flavor and +quality as there seemed to be some question as to what was intended by +the terms separately and so they were considered together. I would like +to state here that little consideration has so far been given as to +whether the number of points awarded for each characteristic are such as +to cause the nut that will ultimately be considered of most value +commercially to get the first prize or not. The score card of Prof. +Lake's seemed so good that it was thought far more important at present +to develop methods of measuring these characteristics. A careful study +of the nuts sent in to the contests, it was thought, would point out +most parts of the score card where improvement could be made, and this +has already proved to be so to a considerable extent. The methods of +quantitatively measuring the different characteristics and determining +the number of points to be awarded for each will be outlined one at a +time. + +WEIGHT: This is determined by an accurate scale, one weighing +to 1/10 gram was used, and the same scale was used directly or +indirectly for determining six out of the nine characteristics +considered. In determining weight, five average nuts (as far as could be +determined by appearance) were weighed and the average weight +determined. Having at hand the weights of the largest and smallest nuts +of the species under examination, the largest nut was awarded 10 points +and the smallest 0 and the nuts of intermediate weight were awarded +intermediate figures. The method of doing this will best be seen by +taking a specific instance e. g. the Lutz black walnut, the average +weight of which is 26.4g. The Alley black walnut, the average weight of +which is 10.0g is the smallest good black walnut which has come to our +attention, while the Armknecht black walnut which weighs 28.9g is the +largest one of which we know. The Armknecht black walnut would be +awarded 10 points for weight and the Alley 0 points and a table would be +made up for use in determining the number of points to be awarded for +intermediate weights as noted below: + + + BLACK WALNUTS--WEIGHT + + Heaviest Armknecht 28.9 grams; Lightest Alley 10.0 grams. + + Weight of nut. Points. + + 28 grams and less than 30 grams 10 + 26 " " " " 28 " 9 + 24 " " " " 26 " 8 + 22 " " " " 24 " 6 + 20 " " " " 22 " 5 + 18 " " " " 20 " 4 + 16 " " " " 18 " 3 + 14 " " " " 16 " 2 + 12 " " " " 14 " 1 + 10 " " " " 12 " 0 + +After the average weight of five nuts of a given variety has been +determined, an inspection of the table shows at a glance the number of +points to be awarded for weight, which, in the case of the Lutz Black +walnut, is 9. In case a nut should be entered which was very much larger +or smaller than provided for, the table can be extended for use +temporarily. The table, however, should be revised before being used the +next year. For example, had a nut come in weighing 30.5 grams this might +have been awarded 11 points, and had one weighing 8.5 grams come in this +would have been awarded-1 point in order to give each nut full credit, +for excellence in size or to penalize it for lack of it. It will be +noticed that by the method outlined the size of a nut is determined +exactly and the same number of points for size (or weight) would be +awarded today, next week, next month, or next year, barring of course +real changes, e. g. those caused by actual loss of moisture, etc. + +FORM: It was only recently that a method of measuring this +characteristic has been suggested and this has been tried out only +experimentally. By form is meant attractive appearing shape which has +been held to be absence of hollows, ridges, angles, etc. A round, smooth +nut would be held to have perfect form in distinction from nuts that are +rough and full of ridges or edges. The only method of measuring that +has been suggested and which it is believed will work out satisfactorily +is to first select an average nut and weigh, then fill up the hollows in +the surface of the nut with wax just covering the ridges till the +surface is smooth, and weigh. This will give the weight of the nut plus +the weight of the wax needed to fill up the hollows on the surface. As +the specific gravity of the wax is 4/5 that of the nut the figure +actually used is weight of nut plus 5/4 weight of the wax, which gives +the weight of a nut of the size of the sample with the hollows in the +shell filled up or the weight of a nut of perfect form of the size of +the sample. The measurement of form is then the weight of the average +nut divided by the weight of a nut of the same size of perfect shape, +that is without hollows or ridges. + +A measurement of form of a black walnut gave the following: + + + Weight of nut 22.5 grams + Weight of nut and wax 24.6 " + Weight of wax 2.1 " + Weight of 5-4 wax 2.6 " + Weight of nut and 5-4 wax 25.1 " + Form 22.5/25.1=89.7% + +When a nut has perfect form there will be no hollows to fill and no wax +will be needed and the weight of nut and 5/4 of the wax will be the same +as the weight of the nut and therefore its form figure will be 100%. The +number of points to be awarded for any measurement of form would be +determined by making up a table as was made up for awarding points for +weight, but such a table cannot be made up till after an examination of +form values for a large number of nuts. This will be done later. + +COLOR: The color of shell was measured by making up samples of +water colors of all gradations of color between the lightest shell and +the darkest. From these, five were selected as showing in five steps the +differences noted, the lightest being marked 5, the next 4 and so on +down to the darkest which was marked 0. With these color standards in +front of the one judging, it was only necessary to take the nut to be +judged and lay it on the standards of color and the figure on the shade +which the nut most nearly matched was the figure awarded for color. + +HUSKING QUALITY: This represents the ease with which the husk +can be removed. In view of the well known fact that husks of all nuts do +not come off with equal facility the need of such is apparent. Its +measurement will be the proportion of husk removed by a standard husking +operation. + +THINNESS OF SHELL: This was measured by providing a means for +bringing two metal surfaces together, keeping them always parallel. The +nut to be cracked was placed between these surfaces and an arrangement +of scale levers provided so that the pressure exerted on the nut could +be weighed. The surfaces were brought together till the nut was cracked +and the pressure required was noted. This measures the thinness of the +shell or more properly the strength of the shell, the weakest shell of +course being the one that takes the least pressure to crack. This +pressure was measured in kilograms for by doing so it was possible to +utilize some stock apparatus. After the pressure required to crack has +been noted a reference to the table below will tell the number of points +to be awarded. We will take for an example the the same nut as taken to +illustrate weight e. g. the Lutz black walnut whose average cracking +pressure is 312kg and which therefore would be awarded 2 points for +thinness of shell. In this connection it should be stated that this +table would seem not to be made out on the plan followed heretofore by +taking the thinnest shelled nut of which we know, the Alley, as the low +limit of the table. While the Alley black walnut takes the least +cracking pressure of any we know which we can identify as from a +particular tree, one black walnut was cracked which I believe came from +the Ten Eyck tree which had a cracking pressure below 80kg and hence the +table was made of sufficient extent to include this. It is my intention +to get additional Ten Eyck nuts this year and check the matter up. + + + BLACK WALNUTS--THINNESS OF SHELL + + Weight required to crack: Thinnest, Alley 110kg; thickest, Triplett + 348kg. + + Weight in kg. Points + + 50 and less than 80 10 + 80 and less than 110 9 + 110 and less than 140 8 + + 170 and less than 200 6 + 200 and less than 230 5 + 230 and less than 260 4 + 260 and less than 290 3 + 290 and less than 320 2 + 320 and less than 350 1 + 350 and less than 380 0 + ++-------------------------------------------------------+ +|Transcribers note: point 7 was missing in the original.| ++-------------------------------------------------------+ + +CRACKING QUALITY: This characteristic is perhaps the one which +seems to most people the most difficult to measure, but, while it was +some time before methods of measuring it did occur to anyone, its +measurement is effected very easily. In cracking nuts a part of the +kernel will usually drop right out, some times it is a large part, +occasionally all, and sometimes it is but a small portion. A perfect +cracker is one where the entire kernel drops out after cracking. This +would have 100% cracking quality. When 4/5 of the kernel drops out after +cracking and the remaining 1/5 can be extracted only by recracking or +by picking out, the nut is said to have 80% cracking quality. In other +words, the cracking quality is the ratio of the weight of the kernel +which drops out after cracking to the entire kernel. The operations of +determining cracking quality in practice are first, selecting five +average nuts; second, cracking them and weighing the part of the kernels +which drop out after cracking; third, extracting the balance of the +kernels and getting the weight of all the kernels; fourth, dividing the +weight of the part of the kernels which drop out after cracking by the +total weight of the kernels, and the result is the cracking quality. +After an examination of the figures of a large number of nuts, the table +below was made up from which the number of points to be awarded for any +given cracking quality is readily obtained. Taking the Lutz black walnut +as an example again we find that the weight of the kernels which dropped +out after cracking was 24 grams while the total weight of kernels was +32.5 grams which gives a cracking quality of 73.8% which would be +awarded 13 points for cracking quality. + + +BLACK WALNUTS--CRACKING QUALITY + + Percentage of kernel that drops out after cracking. + Highest, Alley[4], 100%; Lowest, Butler, 22.9%. + + Cracking Quality. Points. + 100% 20 + 96% and all higher percentages under 100% 19 + 92% and all higher percentages under 96% 18 + 88% and all higher percentages under 92% 17 + 84% and all higher percentages under 88% 16 + 80% and all higher percentages under 84% 15 + 76% and all higher percentages under 80% 14 + 72% and all higher percentages under 76% 13 + 68% and all higher percentages under 72% 12 + 64% and all higher percentages under 68% 11 + 60% and all higher percentages under 64% 10 + 56% and all higher percentages under 60% 9 + 52% and all higher percentages under 56% 8 + 48% and all higher percentages under 52% 7 + 44% and all higher percentages under 48% 6 + 40% and all higher percentages under 44% 5 + 36% and all higher percentages under 40% 4 + 32% and all higher percentages under 36% 3 + 28% and all higher percentages under 32% 2 + 24% and all higher percentages under 28% 1 + 20% and all higher percentages under 24% 0 + +COLOR OF KERNEL: This is determined in the same way as the +color of the shell by comparing with a standard color scale, and the +step of the scale whose color most nearly matches the color of the +kernel being examined gives the figure to be awarded. + +PROPORTION OF KERNEL: This is the ratio of the weight of the +kernels of five average nuts to the entire weight of such average nuts. +After this has been determined a comparison with the table below which +was made up after an examination of the proportion of kernel of a large +number of nuts, the number of points to be awarded is readily +determined. If we take for example the Lutz black walnuts again we find +the weight of five average nuts 132.0 grams and the weight of the +kernels of these nuts 32.5 grams which gives for the proportion of +kernel 24.0% which would be awarded 8 points. + + +BLACK WALNUTS--PROPORTION OF KERNEL + + Ratio of weight of kernel to weight of entire nut (without husk) + Highest, Ten Eyck 36.4%; Lowest, Seefeldt, 16%. + + Percent of Kernel. Points + + 36% and less than 37% 20 + 35% and less than 36% 19 + 34% and less than 35% 18 + 33% and less than 34% 17 + 32% and less than 33% 16 + 31% and less than 32% 15 + 30% and less than 31% 14 + 29% and less than 30% 13 + 28% and less than 29% 12 + 27% and less than 28% 11 + 26% and less than 27% 10 + 25% and less than 26% 9 + 24% and less than 25% 8 + 23% and less than 24% 7 + 22% and less than 23% 6 + 21% and less than 22% 5 + 20% and less than 21% 4 + 19% and less than 20% 3 + 18% and less than 19% 2 + 17% and less than 18% 1 + 16% and less than 17% 0 + +QUALITY AND FLAVOR: Absolutely no progress has so far been made +in measuring this characteristic or more correctly these characteristics +for, strictly speaking, there are a number of them instead of one and +the only method available at present is tasting by experts. It is very +much to be desired that methods for measuring this be worked out and +several lines on which to work in order to accomplish it have been +thought of but as yet no definite progress has been made. + +While the characteristic as yet unmeasured is one of the most important +and most difficult even for experts to estimate correctly when there are +large numbers of nuts to be examined, the fact that it is possible to +measure the other eight is a matter of a good deal of satisfaction and +this satisfaction is the greater because with the methods that have been +worked out it is possible for any ordinarily careful person to do the +work about as well as it is for an expert and, as the work of judging a +large number of nuts is very considerable, the elimination of a large +part of the need for expert services is very gratifying. The services +for example of such experts as Dr. Morris and Capt. Deming are +obtainable only occasionally and for a short period. Now that the nuts +sent in are rapidly increasing, it would have been impossible to have +handled the contests without some improvements in the methods used. + +While the same score card has been used for butternuts, black walnuts, +and hickories it seemingly can be used quite well for English walnuts, +Japan walnuts and pecans also, in short, for all nuts belonging to the +botanical family Juglandaceae and perhaps for hazels. Separate ones will +evidently be required for beechnuts, and chestnuts. The tables for +determining the number of points to be awarded for a given value of any +characteristic are likely to vary for each species. Inasmuch as there +are fourteen species of hickories exclusive of the pecan that have to be +considered and apparently even more species of walnuts not to mention +beechnuts, chestnuts and hazels, one might think that nearly 100 tables +would be required. A study of the matter, however, has shown that the +number really needed is very much less, and the more that nuts are +examined the more it seems possible to make one table answer for a +number of species and have the number of points a nut receives indicate +to a certain extent its value as a nut to grow, and not simply the value +of a given variety of a certain species. + +The hickories and the walnuts require a word in passing. There are at +least nine species of hickory either native in the northeastern United +States or that will grow there and it is quite possible that further +study of the hickories will add to this number. Seven of these +belong to the scale bud class, _Eucarya_, the shagbark, _Carya ovata_, +the shellbark, _Carya laciniosa_, the scaly bark, _Carya +Carolinae-septentrionalis_, the mockernut, _Carya alba_, and the +close-bark pignut, _Carya glabra_, the loose-bark pignut, +_Carya-ovalis_, and the pallid hickory, _Carya pallida_; while two +belong to the open bud class, _Apocarya_, the pecan, _Carya pecan_, and +the bitternut, _Carya cordiformis_. Hybrids between many of these +species are found occurring naturally and seemingly hybrids between any +two are possible, and the fact of many of them being hybrids is not +evident on an inspection of the nuts. It is a noteworthy fact that quite +a proportion of fine hickories that are being propagated are evidently +hybrids and the number of our fine hickories which are evidently hybrids +increases as they are studied more carefully. In many ways it would be +desirable in the contest to offer prizes for the best nuts of each +species of hickories, but the difficulty of determining the species from +the nut alone, and the fact of such a proportion of our finest nuts +being hybrids is sufficient to discourage the attempt. What was done in +the 1918 contest, and what would seem to be the best thing that can be +done is to offer the prizes for hickory nuts simply. Most of the prizes +are taken by shagbarks but when a nut not a shagbark gets into the prize +winning class, we make a class that would include it. For example, in +the 1918 Contest, three shellbarks and one mockernut came into the prize +winning class, whereupon a special lot of prizes for shellbarks and +mockernuts were given. This enables us to do what would be accomplished +in offering prizes for best nuts of each species of hickories. The same +score card and tables therefore are used for each of these species. It +is convenient, in judging nuts, to differentiate between the pecan on +the one hand and the other hickories on the other, although study +recently put on the matter would seem to show that this distinction is +not exact and that some nuts, for example, which apparently are pure +pecans are really pecan hickory hybrids. + +The differences between the structure of the shell of the nuts of +certain of the walnuts is greater than between the shell structure of +the hickories and the walnuts may be divided into three classes. Hybrids +between a number of species are found which have been formed naturally, +and seemingly hybrids between all species are possible. It is convenient +in judging nuts to differentiate between English walnuts, black walnuts, +and butternuts, which nuts are representative of the three walnut +classes and to include with the butternuts, the Japan walnuts. This will +strike many people as a strange classification, i. e. to include the +butternut and Japan walnut, but I feel sure that no one who has given +the matter much study will so consider it. Whenever the two grow in +proximity they hybridize so freely that one may be almost certain of not +getting pure species if he plants nuts and raises seedlings. Indeed I +have received many such hybrids which have been called either butternuts +or Japan walnuts. As a matter of fact the same difficulty exists in +distinguishing butternuts and Japan walnuts that exists in +distinguishing hickories. There is no name which includes the butternut +and Japan walnut as there is to include the various species of +hickories, and, as such a name is urgently needed, I have used the word +"butterjaps." This includes butternuts, Japan walnuts and hybrids +between them. While it doubtless will be convenient to continue the +names butternut and Japan walnut it should be understood that usually +they will mean simply nuts which, as far as appearance is concerned, +would seem to be one or the other, but very likely may be hybrids +between the two species and might be more properly called by some name +e. g. "butterjaps," which would include the two species and hybrids +between them. + +At this point the Convention took a recess to enable a photograph to be +taken and immediately after reassembled for a business session. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[4] An additional lot of Alley Black Walnuts received several months +after the one entered in the 1918 contest did not show 100% cracking +quality. + + + + +BUSINESS SESSION + +PRESIDENT W. C. REED IN THE CHAIR + +PRESIDENT REED: If Mr. Patterson is in the room, we will be +glad to hear from him at this time. He has a matter he wants to bring +before us. + +MR. PATTERSON: Mr. President and Gentlemen: The National Nut +Growers Association for some three years have had a standing committee +on federal aid for the nut industry. Two years ago through the +instrumentality of that committee, the appropriation for investigational +work was increased by some fifteen thousand dollars from the previous +appropriation. The total appropriation along this line now is thirty +thousand to thirty-five thousand dollars. During the past year the +almond growers felt the need of some encouragement and help from the +Department of Agriculture, and the last appropriation was increased but +was not made specific for the pecan industry, but for the nut industry +in general in the United States which was entirely agreeable to the +pecan people. And now I appear before you especially to call your +attention to this movement and to suggest that this association should +appoint a committee to co-operate with a committee from the National Nut +Growers' Association and the Almond Growers' Association, and the nut +growers of Washington and Oregon in an effort to secure an appropriation +from the Department of Agriculture which would commensurate with the +needs of the great nut industry in the United States. As we all know, it +is entirely in its infancy as a commercial proposition and I doubt not +we all agree as to its wonderful possibilities. The recommendation from +the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture has gone to the House +committee this year without any increase over the appropriation of last +year; so that it will be necessary if any increased allowance is made, +that pressure shall be brought to bear upon the House committee of +agriculture, or the Senate committee (the bill is before the House +committee at present), to get them to appreciate the importance of this +appropriation. I might say I am on my way to Washington now to see if I +can do anything in co-operation with the California Almond Growers +Association and such other co-operation as we can get to see if we can +get an increase in the appropriation over and above the appropriation +recommended by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary is not +opposed to a higher appropriation, but he has had orders from higher up +not to recommend any increase. I thank you for the privilege of bringing +this matter to the attention of the Association with the suggestion +that, if it meets with your approval you appoint a committee to +co-operate with the other committees already appointed by these other +associations. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the suggestion by Mr. Patterson. +Are there any remarks? + +MR. BIXBY: I move, Mr President, that a committee on Federal +Aid be appointed for that purpose, to co-operate with the other +associations for the purpose of securing for the nut industry an +appropriation sufficient or at least somewhere near sufficient for the +work in hand. There is much work to be done that should be done now. + +MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion, Mr. President. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion. It is moved that a +committee be appointed for this work, as suggested. All in favor of the +motion say Aye. Contrary same sign. It is CARRIED. I think it +would be well to leave that committee to the incoming president. That +was your idea, Mr. Bixby, was it? + +MR. BIXBY: I didn't think that far. + +PRESIDENT REED: That won't be far off, and I think it would be +well to leave the appointment of that committee to the incoming +president. I think also, it would be well, before appointing that +committee, to confer a little bit to see who could possibly attend, +could go to Washington, and would have the time to give to it. + +PRESIDENT REED: We will now have the report of the nominating +committee. + + +REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE + +Your committee on Nominations, having in mind the rapidly expanding +interest in Nut Culture and the need of the Northern Nut Growers +Association for a board of officers especially equipped for extending +development on broad lines, respectfully submit the following +nominations: + + _For President_--WILLIAM S. LINTON, Saginaw, Michigan. + _For Vice-President_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, Rochester, New York. + _For Secretary-Treasurer_--WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, New York. + _For Acting Secretary_--DR. W. C. DEMING, Wilton, Connecticut. + _For Executive Committee_--MESSRS. LINTON, MCGLENNON, BIXBY, + W. C. REED, AND J. RUSSELL SMITH. + + (Signed) Ralph T Olcott + James S. McGlennon + Robert T Morris + William S. Linton + J. F. Jones + +MR. OLCOTT: Secretary-Treasurer Bixby has suggested that the +work of his office be divided, he to look after the financial affairs +and the nut contests, Dr. Deming to assume the work of the Secretary +proper. The constitution provides that the three principal officers and +the last two retiring presidents be the executive committee. As the +constitution specifically provides regarding this matter, the committee +suggests the position of acting secretary for Dr. Deming until such +action may be taken as will conform to the constitution. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the report of the committee. +What is your pleasure? + +MR. C. A. REED: I move that this report of the committee be +unanimously adopted and the officers be elected, and the secretary so +cast the ballot. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: All in favor of that vote say Aye. Opposed, No. +CARRIED. I hereby instruct the secretary to cast the unanimous +ballot of the Association for the list of officers as read. + +The Secretary then cast a ballot for the persons on the report of the +Nominating Committee, and declared the following elected: + + _President_--WILLIAM S. LINTON, Saginaw, Mich. + _Vice-President_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, Rochester, N. Y. + _Secretary-Treasurer_--WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, New York. + _Executive Committee_--The above three and W. C. REED, Vincennes, + Ind., and J. RUSSELL SMITH, Swarthmore, Penn. + _Acting Secretary_--DR. W. C. DEMING, Wilton, Conn. + +PRESIDENT REED: In regard to the change in the constitution, +that will have to go over until next year. + +MR. OLCOTT: The constitution provides that notice be given to +this convention for action to be taken a year from now; or that thirty +days before action is taken, the notice be sent to the members. It seems +to me that inasmuch as the action proposed is fully understood, that +Dr. Deming is available, and Mr. Bixby kindly consented while Dr. Deming +was tied up in the war work to look after this work, that there really +is enough for two, and as both are agreeable, this is the time to take +that action to become effective a year from now unless you can bring it +about quicker. + +PRESIDENT REED: I should think it is only necessary to take the +action on that. If there is some one better posted on parliamentary law, +who thinks entire action better be taken at this time, I will entertain +a motion. If not, we will let it stand as it is at present. + +MR. OLCOTT: I move that it is the sentiment of this convention, +and that the members should be notified through the annual report and +the regular proceedings, that that action is contemplated--to divide the +office of Secretary-Treasurer at the next annual meeting, and that the +constitution be changed as follows: + +That Article IV, _Officers_, be changed as follows: There shall be a +president, a vice-president, a treasurer and a secretary, who shall be +elected at the annual meeting; and an executive committee of six persons +of which the president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president, +treasurer and secretary shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency, or county represented in the +membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the president. + +That Article VII, _Quorum_, be changed as follows: Ten members of the +association shall constitution a quorum, but must include a majority of +the executive committee, or two of the four elected officers. + +VOICE: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that this matter come +up at the next annual meeting to be voted on as presented by Mr. Olcott. +All in favor say Aye; opposed, No. CARRIED. I believe we have a +report of the auditing committee that should come up. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. Chairman, I believe I am the sole member of +the Auditing Committee who is present. I have to report that the +committee has not acted, but I think we can do this if agreeable: If you +will leave it to the committee to audit the account, and if the +committee finds the account is not accurate, to report to that effect +next year and bring Mr. Bixby to time, then; otherwise say nothing about +it. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think we are willing to do it on that basis. +Mr. Secretary, are there any other things that ought to come up that you +think of? + +MR. BIXBY: I have a resolution here if this is in order now. +This resolution is sent from Mr. Littlepage. + +"Whereas this Association is justly jealous of its character and +standing among the nut-growing public of this western continent and +especially among the northern nut culturists, amateur or professional; +and + +"Whereas this Association views with distrust and some alarm the growing +and questionable practice of selling seedling pecan trees to the general +public; and + +"Whereas it developed at a recent meeting of the Southern Nurserymen's +Association held at Atlanta, Georgia, that seedling pecan trees from the +gulf states were being distributed in the territory north of the Ohio +River; and + +"Whereas this practice, if continued, will work a distinct disadvantage +to the industry in general as well as to the planters in particular; + +"Therefore be it RESOLVED, That this Association now and here +vigorously record its view on this question as follows: That we protest +against the above named practice and urge upon the nurserymen of the +United States the importance of discouraging the practice of planting +seedling pecan trees for orchard purposes in particular; and further +that especially shall extreme caution be used to prevent the shipment of +southern seedling pecan trees for planting in the territory north of the +Ohio and Potomac Rivers, and further be it + +"RESOLVED, That the secretary communicate a _copy_ of these +resolutions to the President of the American Association of Nurserymen +with the request that his organization take cognizance of this condition +and take such steps as are compatible with its authority and sentiment +to repress such reprehensible practice on the part of the American +nursery trade." + +I will introduce this as a resolution. + +VOICE: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the resolution which has been +seconded. Are there any remarks? + +MR. C. A. REED: I would like to add a word of explanation. +There are only two or three nurserymen in the South engaged in that +practice. There are several northern men who are in the nursery business +in the South who have raised the question as to the propriety of that +practice, and the question has been discussed at the meetings of this +southern association with a good deal of heat and vigor. The southern +people will not plant seedling pecan trees at all, but these few +nurserymen do a few hundred dollars' worth of business every year by +sending their product to big nurseries here in the North, general +fruit-tree nurseries and they in turn distribute these trees through the +North. These northern friends of ours who are now in the South, put +through a resolution asking that the matter be discussed at their +meeting this year at Atlanta, the meeting held in August, by myself +representing the Department of Agriculture. I was unable to be present, +but I sent down a paper which was read by my associate in the office, +and he tells us that ninety per cent of the southern nurserymen were +with us in opposing that practice; that it is only those two or three +and their associates who practice it. And it is as a result of that +situation that this resolution has been proposed. Prof. Lake, secretary +of the American Pomological Society, has been in the South working on +pecans and is quite familiar with the situation, and he drew up this +resolution. It is something that by all means should be stopped if +possible. The southern pecan does not succeed in the North anyhow, and +even it did, we do not want the kind of pecan tree up here that the +southerners would not plant themselves. + +PRESIDENT REED: Are you ready for the question? All in favor of +adopting the resolution as read, say Aye. Contrary, same sign. It is so +CARRIED. + +MR. C. A. REED: I would like to suggest that a copy of these +resolutions be sent to the secretary of the Southern Nurserymen's +Association, Mr. O. Joe Howard, Hickory, N. C. + +MR. BIXBY: I have a telegram from Mr. Littlepage which I will +read. "I regret exceedingly it is impossible to attend the meeting this +year. Signed, T. P. Littlepage." + +MR. J. F. JONES: I make a motion that Dr. Walter Van Fleet be +made an honorary member of this Association for his valuable work in nut +culture and hybridizing. + +MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It has been moved and seconded that Dr. Walter +Van Fleet be made an honorary member of this Association for his +valuable work in nut culture. All in favor say Aye. Contrary, No. It is +CARRIED. + +MR. BIXBY: The place of the next meeting is decided before the +meeting adjourns, I think, or else provision made for it. + +PRESIDENT REED: As I understand it, it is either decided or you +vote to put it in the hands of the executive committee. + +MR. BIXBY: Provision in some way is made for it. On that +subject I would like to say a word. We have an invitation from Mr. +Littlepage, and in considering the place of the 1919 meeting there were +really three different locations spoken of--one Washington, D. C., one +New York City or some point near there, and one Lancaster, Pa. +Heretofore we have practically decided the place of the meeting on +consideration of being able to see near there nut trees of interest. I +think every meeting has been decided with that idea in mind. This year +each of the three places offered promise of being very attractive in a +year or two, but not in 1919. In the case of the meeting at Washington, +we could see Mr. Littlepage's orchard of pecans, thirty acres in extent, +which year before last put out a few flowers, and this year quite a +number, and he expects nuts next year. There are also the many things to +be seen around Washington,--the Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Van +Fleet's work besides a number of other things. And at Lancaster, Pa., +there has been a chance the past year to see some remarkable work on top +worked hickories, that is, the early bearing of crops of fine nuts. Then +again very soon on Capt. Deming's place at Georgetown, Conn., is going +to be the greatest opportunity for topworked hickories anywhere to be +seen. He has more young seedling hickories top worked to fine varieties +than any one else that I know of. As a matter of suggestion it would +seem to me well--this is only a suggestion, of course--that the matter +be left with the executive committee, and next spring or summer when it +is possible to get an idea as to which of these three places offers the +most to see in the line of nut trees, then they could decide where it is +best to go. That would be the suggestion that I would make. + +MR. MCGLENNON: One of the suggestions was Rochester, N. Y. I +think there are things worth while there in nut culture to be seen, and +I know that we who are interested in nut culture would like to have the +convention there; and I know also our Chamber of Commerce in the city +would be very happy to have it there. So that in considering the place +for the next meeting, I hope Rochester, N Y., will be incorporated in +the thought. + +MR. POMEROY: Mr. President, I would also suggest you might come +to Lockport, N. Y. Out northeast of Buffalo there were shipped eighteen +hundred pounds of walnuts to the Buffalo market this fall. North of +Lockport is a man who supplies the country stores with English walnuts. +As long as there are any of these walnuts in the baskets exposed for +sale, those which were purchased from the wholesalers from California +are left unsold. I went into one store and the store-keeper had some +home grown English walnuts out in the back room. I said, "Why do you +keep them out here?" He said, "I have three bushels of California +walnuts, and I keep these here until the others are sold. If I put these +out in front, I would not sell the others at all." + +MR. BIXBY: I would be glad to include Rochester, or Lockport, +or any other place suggested, and leave it to the executive committee +with the power to act. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, we know pretty nearly what could +be seen at most of these places next year. There is not going to be a +great change in what there has been this year, and it seems to me the +sooner we can definitely decide upon this thing and get it a matter of +record, and plan for it, the better it will be. We can go around from +one place to another. We want to go to all these places during the next +three or four years, and we have a definite invitation from Mr. +Littlepage; and while he didn't so state in his telegram, in +conversation with him on Friday by telephone, he said he would like to +have them come there the latter part of August or first of September; +and to make the matter definite and know where we stand early in the +game, I move we accept Mr. Littlepage's invitation for a meeting about +the first of September. + +MR. OLCOTT: I second that motion, and add that at the Stamford +convention, that is the very argument I made. Before that meeting it had +always been left to the executive committee. It had been the custom of +Dr. Deming, the secretary, to defer the matter of the place of meeting +until a few weeks before the date for it. Nobody knew, and the committee +decided, and the time was too short to get anything like the attendance +we should have. If we should publish in the American Nut Journal for a +year where the meeting is to be, you would get a year's advertising of +that matter, and could plan better thereby. + +PRESIDENT REED: You have heard the motion. + +MR. BIXBY: The only reason I had in making the suggestion I +did, was the possibility of one place or the other showing more +importance but as Mr. Reed said, we want to do all these places +mentioned at some time. It does not make much difference which we do +first. We should like to take first the place where there is most to be +seen, of course. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is no further discussion, all in favor +of accepting Mr. Littlepage's invitation for Washington for the next +meeting say Aye. Contrary, No. It is CARRIED. + +J. F. JONES: The reason I did not push Lancaster is that some +experiments on spraying are being conducted there and it will be a year +before that will show up. The nut growers could see that better the year +following. + +PRESIDENT REED: If there is nothing else, I believe we are +ready to turn over the gavel to our new president. + +MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, there is an important committee +you have not appointed. I was out of the room when Mr. Patterson +suggested this morning that a committee be appointed. Has that been +attended to? + +PRESIDENT REED: I expected to let the incoming president +appoint that committee before we adjourn. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I will make a motion that Mr. Patterson represent +us and have the endorsement of this Association as to demanding more +appropriations for the work in hand. + +J. F. JONES: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT REED: It is moved and seconded that Mr. Patterson be +appointed to represent us before congress in connection with the +appropriation. + +MR. PATTERSON: If everyone on the committee could go to +Washington as soon as we can get at the House committee for a hearing, +that would be the way to get action on the matter. Of course, the +endorsement of the Association is good, and if you could get a committee +of some one who could go down and help re-enforce it, there, we would +appreciate it very much. + +PRESIDENT REED: I think the incoming president will be one who +will be going down. If he will come forward, I am ready to turn over the +gavel. + +At this point, Mr. Linton, the newly elected president, took the chair. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Ladies and Gentlemen I am sure that you will +all concede that I have not sought official position, and no one could +have been more surprised than I, when I was presented with the report of +your committee. I have been much interested in the work that is being +carried on by this association; and of course if I can be of any value +to the association or to the cause in the position of president during +this particular year, why I accept that duty. But I would like to impose +one or two conditions. I know that your hearty co-operation will be +given. That would be one condition. But I am sure that each and every +one of you can assist in adding greatly to the membership of this +organization. We should at least have fifty members in each state within +our jurisdiction. That would mean, perhaps one-half of the states in the +Union. That would mean one thousand members. Now, in accepting this +position, I am going to ask each and every active member through his +friends and acquaintances to solicit and secure twenty-five members. +Now, I will double that amount, and agree during the year, to add fifty +good members to the association. That means over one thousand during the +year, and that is one goal that I hope we can reach during this +particular year, 1920. So far as the growing of nuts is concerned, so +far as the details connected with the work that you have been engaged in +is concerned, I propose leaving those things to those whom I consider +experts, Dr. Morris, our friend Reed from Washington, and others that I +might name; but the particular lines that I would like to follow this +year, gentlemen, and what I hope to receive your earnest support in is +an addition to your membership so that it may exceed a thousand; and +assistance in legislation throughout the country along the line that we +have worked out in our peninsular state of Michigan. I am glad that you +decided upon Washington as the place of the next meeting, and as I have +intimated in my remarks heretofore, I believe we have there a Michigan +Senator who will assist in national legislation along the lines that we +desire, because they are right ones; and in his position as chairman of +the committee on post offices and post roads of the country, being at +the head of the highway legislation, there is no man in the United +States as competent to help us along that line, and I feel sure that we +will get that assistance and support. With these few lines I will close, +and I sincerely hope you have not made any mistake at this session; and +when we have rounded up our year's work, that we can all say it has been +a successful one. I thank you. (Applause). The committee on Federal Aid +that the incoming president was to appoint, I will name as follows: J. +M. Patterson, Dr. Morris, Dr. Kellogg, Mr. Littlepage, Mr. Bixby, Mr. +Jones and Mr. McGlennon. + +MR. BIXBY: Senator Penney would like to say a word. + +SENATOR PENNEY: I hadn't any intention of saying a word. But I +am particularly pleased that you elected my friend, Mr. Linton, as +president of the organization. I have known him a good many years, and I +know he is an industrious worker. In anything that he undertakes to do, +you will always see results. I am sure that in the lines which he has +expressed himself as being anxious to cover, your membership, the +matter of legislation, I am sure that you will see some results that +will be very gratifying to the Association. I do not know as there is +anything further I wish to say. But I have been very interested in these +meetings. I am not a nut grower, and I hardly know one nut from another, +excepting that I am like the squirrel, if I get hold of a good nut I +like to eat it; but I have certainly learned a lot of things from this +association, and I am very pleased to be present. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: I am going to ask Senator Penney to become a +member of this association. + +MR. BIXBY: He is a member. + +SENATOR PENNEY: I have gotten two since I have been here, so I +am going to pledge myself for two or three more for the next year. + +MR. OLCOTT: I think one subject should not be overlooked, and +that is the matter of resolutions. There is Dr. Kellogg's very courteous +offer and treatment to be remembered, and perhaps some other things. If +there is not such a committee, I think some one ought to be appointed on +it to report very soon before we close. I move that a committee on +resolutions be appointed. + +C. A. REED: I second the motion. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion made by +Mr. Olcott. Are you ready for the question? Those who favor the motion +say Aye; opposed, No. The resolution is ADOPTED. I appoint Mr. +Olcott, Mr. Bixby, Senator Penney, Mr. Jones and Mr. Patterson. + +C. A. REED: There is a little bit of news I would like to tell +the members of the association. Yesterday afternoon, a gentleman who is +a patient across the street at the sanitarium, came down to the nut +exhibit in a wheelchair and looked on with interest at what was shown +there, and presently he called Mrs. Reed over to talk with her a little +and ask something about who was connected with that exhibit; and the +next thing he asked me to sit down by him. He was not able to get +around, to stand, and he told me this: that four years ago he met a Mr. +Page from Tulsa, Oklahoma, a man who is evidently a man of a good deal +of means in the oil business there, who is very philanthropic in his +activities, a man who has adopted two hundred children, I believe it is; +and he proposed to this gentleman, who was Mr. Dow of Jamestown, N. Y., +that he go to Oklahoma to establish a nut arboretum. He was willing to +set aside two hundred acres of land and to endow it with $200,000 if +this Mr. Dow would go and take charge of it. He also offered to build a +$23,000 house on the place. But Mr. Dow is director of the Leadsworth +Forest Arboretum, some sixty miles up the Genesee River from Rochester, +and of course he did not feel that he could leave the work he was doing +there and devote his energies to a new work. I thought that was +something that we northerners would be very much interested in, and I +think we ought to see if that offer could not be taken advantage of. + +MR. BIXBY: Can any one here tell me where seedlings of the big +western shellback, Carya laciniosa, can be obtained? I would like to get +100 of them. + +C. A. REED: Probably the best place to get that information +would be from the U. S. Forest Service. That bureau keeps in touch with +such information. They have catalogs and they have lists of nurserymen +having various trees including nut trees; the U. S. Forest Service, +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Mr. Reed informs me that it is the intention +to close this session at this time. + +J. F. JONES: I don't think we ought to close without passing a +resolution of thanks to Dr. Kellogg for the nice entertainment here, the +free service, the rooms, etc. + +VOICE: I support the motion. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: You have heard the motion offered by Mr. +Jones. We can take a recess and adjourn after we take the trip through +the buildings. + +C. A. REED: If there is no one there but the president, +officers and the committee, they would still have the authority to adopt +these resolutions, and then properly adjourn. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: If that is the consensus of opinion, we will +take a recess until called to order again by the chair following the +trip through the buildings. + +C. A. REED: The idea was to take a recess until after our trip +this afternoon and adjourn then. At that time this committee will be +prepared with its resolutions. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: We can not fix a definite time. It will be +following the afternoon session with Dr. Kellogg. If there is nothing +more to come before us at this time, a recess will be taken until after +that time. + +The convention then took a recess and reassembled at 2 p. m. at which +time an old fashioned straw sleigh ride was taken to the buildings of +the Kellogg Pure Food Company. Here Dr. Kellogg met the party and +conducted them through, explaining the various products made and the +processes by which they were made, and also that the large plant of the +company was a growth from a very humble beginning, started originally +for the purpose of providing food for the Sanitarium that was impossible +to procure any other way. Persons who had been guests of the Sanitarium, +after leaving it, have wished to get some of the food products they had +had when there, and in that way, a demand was made which had grown, till +many of them were supplied to the jobbing trade. A most enjoyable lunch +enabled the party to sample many of the products. + +From the Kellogg Pure Food Company, the sleigh took the party back to +the Sanitarium through which they were conducted and shown the +remarkable facilities for providing the guests with every kind of +medical treatment that had proved valuable. It would be difficult to +find a place where apparatus for treating every form of disease is equal +to that of the Battle Creek Sanitarium or where such facilities exist +for providing patients with all means for their comfort and for the +recovery of their health. A most interesting talk illustrated with +lantern slides, showed the growth of this institution from a modest +beginning in a dwelling house, 54 years ago. After this the convention +reassembled and adjourned at 5 p. m. + + + + +THE 1919 NUT CONTEST + +WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N. Y. + + +The nuts sent in to the 1919 contest have been finished at last but the +date is only a few days ahead of the date last year when the 1918 +contest was finished, which is to me a matter of a good deal of chagrin +as it was last year. No attempt was made to examine the nuts received +till after the first of the year as the experience of last year showed +this to be a waste of time. Several things seemed, this year, to +conspire to prevent getting started on the examination. The number of +nuts received was large and the time taken for examination quite +considerable for no attempt as yet has been made to have but one person +work on it. But the thing that has caused the greater part of the delay +was the wide variation between the results in the tests of those nuts +which were sent into both the 1918 and 1919 contests, and my +unwillingness to have these results appear in print until the reasons +for these discrepancies could be stated with certainty. + +Had the methods used been those in use for some time and whose +correctness had been proven, these differences would have caused little +concern, but inasmuch as the methods for measuring most of the nut +characteristics were used for the first time in 1918, and their had been +devised by me, I could not help feeling that there was a possibility of +the discrepancies being due to imperfections in methods for, at first, +it would seem likely that nuts borne by a given tree one year would be +like those borne the next year. I considered therefore that it was for +me to prove beyond question that the methods used were sound and that +the differences noted were real. The amount of time needed to do this at +a period when my time was well occupied with other things has been more +than I wish it had been. While many efforts were made to see if there +were imperfections in the methods used for measuring the various +characteristics, no such imperfections were found, and, for a +considerable period, all efforts made to explain the differences in +tests made on nuts borne by the same trees in different years were +unproductive of results. Finally the matter was settled to my +satisfaction as is noted in the next paragraph. + +The Clark hickory received 79 points last year when it took the first +prize. It tested out 11 points less this year when first tested which +put it entirely out of the prize winning class. Repetition of this +year's tests gave results agreeing fairly well with the first ones made +but still not all comparable to those of last year. This was decidedly +disconcerting when one of the principal results expected of the adoption +of methods of measuring nut characteristics was the possibility of +testing a given nut now and several months hence and obtaining the same +verdict. After much work designed to see if the methods of measuring nut +characteristics were faulty and nothing wrong had been found with them, +a visit was made to the tree. Mr. Clark said that it bore a good crop +every other year and but few nuts in the intervening years, and that the +nuts were much better the years when a good crop was borne than they +were in the other years. This was interesting information but I could +not help realizing the difficulty of carrying in one's mind, from one +year to the next, the merits of hickory nuts, and felt that, unless the +matter could be proven, I had not as yet done very much to solve the +problem at hand. Mr. Clark, however, gave me practically all the nuts of +the 1919 crop which he had and I returned feeling that this trip had not +done much to solve the problem as to why the tests on the 1918 nuts and +1919 nuts should be so different. Very careful examination was made of +the few Clark hickory nuts remaining in my possession of the 1918 crop +and they were compared with those of the 1919 crop. Slight differences +in shape were noted and finally one nut was found seemingly just like +the nuts that won the prize in 1918. When this nut was tested it gave +substantially the same results as those tested in 1918. Another like it +was afterward found where the result was repeated. This proved +definitely that the trouble was not with the methods, and that, in off +years, with the Clark hickory at least, some few nuts were borne that +would test out as well as those borne in good years. The results of the +tests on these good nuts borne in 1919 were substituted for those on the +inferior nuts previously tested for in contests it is always the +intention of those sending in nuts to send in the best. + +It will be noted that the number of points finally awarded the Clark +hickory for example this year is less than awarded last year. This +difference is due to the method of scoring. In a matter as new as +methods for measuring nut characteristics, the constants which have to +be determined by experience must change somewhat at first. The method +used this year in testing nuts sent in to the contest was to judge them +on the basis used in 1918, redetermine the constants that required it, +and work out the results again. An example will help to make this +clear. + +Take the matter of proportion of kernel, the highest award for which was +15 points in 1918 and also in 1919. Up to the time the 1918 contest was +decided the hickory with the largest proportion of kernel was the Beam, +Nut No. 3, of the 1918 contest with over 50% of kernel and the lowest +was the Brown mockernut of the 1918 contest with 18% of kernel. On the +basis of the difference between the highest and lowest the number of +points to be awarded each was worked out. On this basis the Clark +hickory was awarded, in 1918, 10 points for a proportion of kernel of +40.8%. In the case of the 1919 contest nuts with larger proportion of +kernel were found, the Hatch bitternut with 65%, and the Halesite +bitternuts with 69% kernel. A mockernut from Sliding Hill, Jackson, S. +C. with only 14% kernel was also found and the figures for awarding +points for proportion of kernel were recalculated as follows: + + Points Points + 69% and over 15 65.3% to 68.9% inclusive 14 + 61.7% to 65.2% inclusive 13 58.0% to 61.6% inclusive 12 + 54.3% to 57.9% inclusive 11 50.7% to 54.2% inclusive 10 + 47.0% to 50.6% inclusive 9 43.3% to 46.9% inclusive 8 + 39.7% to 43.2% inclusive 7 36.0% to 39.6% inclusive 6 + 32.3% to 35.9% inclusive 5 28.7% to 32.2% inclusive 4 + 25.0% to 28.6% inclusive 3 21.3% to 24.9% inclusive 2 + 17.7% to 21.2% inclusive 1 14.0% to 17.6% inclusive 0 + +On this basis the Clark hickory was awarded but 7 points for the same +proportion of kernel in 1919 instead of 10 as in 1918. This accounts for +3 out of the 5 points difference between the 79 points awarded in 1918 +and the 74% in 1919. The other two points can be similarly explained. +There are bound to be similar changes in the tables for awarding points +from year to year, but they will be less and less as time goes on. For +example, the Wasson butternut of the 1915 contest which weighed 18.8g +was the largest butternut received until 1919 when two larger came in, +one weighing 19.5g and the other weighing 22.6g. The Mott shellbark +hickory which weighs 29.6g which was discovered by Dr. Morris before the +founding of the Association is still the largest hickory of which we +know. On the other hand the black walnut record for size was exceeded in +1918 and also in 1919. + +The nuts received were gone over carefully and all characteristics +measured where this was possible, then the other characteristics were +passed on by me. Then the best nuts were brought to the attention of Dr. +Morris and Dr. Deming and the three of us passed on those +characteristics where methods of measurement had not been worked out. + +The results of this contest are noted in considerable detail as it is +believed that they may have value as matters of record. While an attempt +has been made to give the species of each nut tested as such information +is useful, it must be understood that the notations of species are +tentative and subject to change should further knowledge require it. It +is, frequently, difficult to positively identify a nut as to species +without having leaves, buds, bark and husk for examination and in most +instances the judges did not have these. No nut is noted as a hybrid +unless it has been proven so by evidence which it is believed is beyond +question, yet there are a number of nuts noted as pure species which +later may be proved to be hybrids. This is particularly so in the case +of the hickories. + +In explanation of the tables it should be noted that weights of nuts and +kernels are expressed in grams, while cracking pressures are expressed +in kilograms. The methods used for measuring the various characteristics +are noted in detail in the article "Judging Nuts" on pages 122 to 132 +inclusive. + +The two items cracking quality need a little explanation. Last year 20 +points were awarded for cracking quality and 5 points for plumpness of +kernel. Plumpness was very difficult of estimation. It means the reverse +of shrivelled. To assign values for this can only be done by appearance +and it seemed impossible of measurement. A study of the nuts of the 1918 +contest which were awarded high values for plumpness and those which +were awarded low values showed that in no case was a nut which had a +shrivelled kernel awarded a high value for proportion of kernel. +Sometimes a nut with a plump kernel had a very thick shell and a low +proportion of kernel but in no instance did a nut with a shrivelled +kernel have a high proportion of kernel, so it was thought that for +practical purposes the figure for proportion of kernel would answer very +well to represent excellence in both characteristics. It was also +evident that the ratio of the weight of the portion of the kernel which, +after cracking, could be easily picked out with the fingers to the total +weight of the kernel, which was taken to represent cracking quality last +year, was capable of more refinement for it was noticed that of those +nuts where the entire kernel could be easily picked out with the fingers +after cracking that some were better crackers than others, for, in some +instances, the entire kernel fell out. As the proportion of the kernel +which could be picked out easily with the fingers is seemingly the most +important this was still given 20 points and called "cracking quality +commercial," and the figure representing the proportion of kernel which +dropped out after cracking was called "cracking quality absolute," and +awarded the 5 points formerly awarded to plumpness. + +In the case of the hazel which generally has a cracking quality both +absolute and commercial of 100% the item "freedom from fibre" was +substituted for "cracking quality absolute." The hazel seems to be the +only nut where this characteristic must be considered. + +It is too bad that while practically all characteristics are determined +with exactness to a single point and could be even more precisely +determined, that the item quality and flavor of kernel to which 20 +points are justly awarded has to be determined in so crude a manner as +it is at present. It is true that formerly all characteristics were +determined in equally crude manner and we should be glad that all others +can be determined with precision but still having one quality not +precisely determined, to a certain extent prevents exact determination +of the others having the value it otherwise would. We can make only +about five graduations in quality which would be differences of five +points except at the top of the scale where it is 2 and an error in one +gradation would make a difference of 5 points generally. When it is seen +how close some of the nuts run, particularly the hickories, where the +differences in total points awarded are generally only 1 point, with +several of the same score, this crudeness of determination of one of the +most important characteristics is the more regrettable. + +The results of the 1919 contest on nuts of the various species are as +noted below: + + +HICKORIES--128 ENTRIES + +The results of the tests on the prize winning hickories are shown in the +table on page 151. + +What is said of the difficulty of identification as to species is +particularly applicable to the hickory where it is known that many of +the fine nuts that we have are hybrids. While no nut is noted as a +hybrid unless it has been so proven by evidence which it is believed is +beyond question, there is considerable question as to whether a number +of the nuts noted as shagbarks are really pure shagbarks. It will take +more observation and study than it has as yet been possible to give them +to determine this point. It is to be noted, however, that the more study +we put on the hickories notable for the excellence of the nuts they +bear, the more we find that give suggestion of hybrid parentage. + +Beside the hickories noted above which received a sufficient number of +points to entitle them to one of the eight prizes awarded the +measurements are given of the Hatch and Halesite bitternuts because +they have the thinnest shell and highest proportion of kernel of any +hickories yet discovered and of the Stanley hickory because it is the +best shellbark of which we yet know. + + + + +HICKORIES + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESIGNATION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +==================================================================== +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. | G | 1 | 5.0g|2.5g|0.0g|2.5g| 46kg| 49.6| 0.0| +|Vest hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. W. Manahan | | | | | | | | | | +|Sabillasville. Md. | G | 1 | 7.8g|3.8g|2.3g|3.4g| 99kg| 48.5| 61.2| +|Manahan hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Eugene J. Clark | | | | | | | | | | +|Ludlow, Mass. | G | 2 | 6.5g|2.6g|0.0g|2.6g| 83kg| 40.8| 0.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Ralph T. Olcott | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |GxB| 2 | 6.9g|4.0g| .7g|3.6g| 46kg| 57.5| 17.6| +|Laney hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |GxB| 2 | 7.6g|3.6g|1.8g|3.6g| 64kg| 48.1| 49.5| +|Fairbanks hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. | G | 3 | 4.7g|2.2g|1.2g|2.2g| 49kg| 46.1| 55.6| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Howard G. Barnes | | | | | | | | | | +|Fayetteville, O. | G | 4 | 5.0g|2.6g|2.6g|2.6g| 79kg| 51.4|100.0| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 4 | 3.7g|1.9g| .6g|1.9g| 43kg| 50.0| 33.3| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Charles Swaim | | | | | | | | | | +|South Bend, Ind. | G | 4 | 5.1g|2.4g|2.3g|2.4g| 42kg| 47.5| 97.2| +|Swaim hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +G. E. Beaver | | | | | | | | | | +|Millerstown, Pa. |GxB| 5 | 6.7g|3.4g|0.0g|3.4g| 29kg| 50.3| 0.0| +|Beaver hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Augusta Patton| | | | | | | | | | +|Walnut Hill. Ill. | G | 5 | 6.5g|2.7g|2.2g|2.5g| 77kg| 40.5| 81.6| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 6 | 4.6g|1.9g|1.2g|1.7g| 33kg| 41.9| 61.8| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 6 | 4.8g|1.6g| .8g|1.6g| 68kg| 33.4| 46.9| +|Hickory No. 7 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. | G | 6 | 5.0g|1.9g|1.8g|1.9g|106kg| 38.6| 94.7| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. | G | 6 | 4.7g|1.9g| .9g|1.9g| 68kg| 40.0| 50.0| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |GxL| C | 8.8g|3.1g|1.5g|3.1g|102kg| 35.3| 48.1| +|Weiker hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford. O. | G | 6 | 4.2g|1.6g|1.3g|1.6g|140kg| 37.6| 83.6| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. | G | 6 | 5.6g|2.3g|1.4g|2.3g| 52kg| 41.0| 61.4| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|W. C. Deming | | | | | | | | | | +|Wilton. Conn. | G | 7 | 5.5g|2.9g|1.4g|2.9g| 63kg| 52.8| 48.3| +|Terpenny hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William Gobble | | | | | | | | | | +|Holston, Va. | G | 7 | 9.7g|3.9g| .2g|3.9g|142kg| 40.6| 5.1| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|W. P. Griffin | | | | | | | | | | +|Creal Spring, Ill. | G | 7 | 5.2g|2.0g|1.5g|2.0g|113kg| 38.5| 75.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | G | 7 | 4.9g|1.9g| .2g|1.9g| 95kg| 39.0| 11.4| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | G | 7 | 6.0g|2.4g|1.8g|2.0g|121kg| 39.1| 76.3| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | G | 8 | 3.6g|1.5g| .5g|1.5g| 45kg| 43.2| 34.4| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford, O. | G | 8 | 3.1g|1.3g| .6g|1.3g| 82kg| 41.3| 4.7| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Reuben J. Kurtz | | | | | | | | | | +|Holly, Mich. | G | 8 | 4.4g|1.7g|1.1g|1.6g|111kg| 39.4| 64.0| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. Pomeroy | | | | | | | | | | +|Windsor, Conn. | G | 8 | 6.8g|2.4g|1.2g|2.2g| 78kg| 35.9| 50.0| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. C. Hatch | | | | | | | | | | +|Central City, Ia. | B | | 4.7g|3.1g| .2g|3.1g| 19kg| 65.0| 6.5| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Willard G. Bixby | | | | | | | | | | +|Baldwin, N. Y. | B | | 2.3g|1.6g| .0g|1.3g| 13kg| 69.0| 0.0| +|Halesite bitternut | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. A. Sipe | | | | | | | | | | +|Carthage, Ind. | L | |19.2g|5.9g|1.2g|2.9g|138kg| 30.7| 20.5| +|Stanley hickory | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESIGNATION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +======================================================================= +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9 | 20| 75| +|Vest hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. W. Manahan | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Sabillasville. Md. | 90.5| 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 17| 3 | 4 | 9 | 20| 75| +|Manahan hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Eugene J. Clark | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Ludlow, Mass. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 4 | 7 | 20| 74| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Ralph T. Olcott | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | 90.4| 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 17| 0 | 3 | 11| 18| 74| +|Laney hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |100.0| 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 3 | 9 | 15| 74| +|Fairbanks hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. |100.0| 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 20| 2 | 3 | 8 | 18| 73| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Howard G. Barnes | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Fayetteville, O. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 5 | 2 | 10| 15| 72| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 20| 1 | 2 | 9 | 20| 72| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Charles Swaim | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|South Bend, Ind. |100.0| 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 20| 4 | 3 | 9 | 15| 72| +|Swaim hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +G. E. Beaver | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Millerstown, Pa. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 2 | 9 | 15| 71| +|Beaver hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Augusta Patton| | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Walnut Hill. Ill. | 92.8| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 18| 4 | 2 | 7 | 18| 71| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. | 87.8| 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 16| 3 | 2 | 7 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 3 | 5 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. |100.0| 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 4 | 3 | 6 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James L. Glover | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Shelton, Conn. |100.0| 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 2 | 7 | 20| 70| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 2 | 3 | 5 | 18| 70| +|Weiker hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford. O. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 20| 4 | 3 | 6 | 18| 70| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mort Sturts | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Hazel Dell, Ill. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 20| 3 | 2 | 7 | 15| 70| +|Hickory No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|W. C. Deming | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wilton. Conn. |100.0| 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 1 | 10| 15| 69| +|Terpenny hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William Gobble | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Holston, Va. |100.0| 6 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 20| 0 | 2 | 7 | 20| 69| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +W. P. Griffin | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Creal Spring, Ill. |100.0| 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 20| 3 | 3 | 6 | 20| 69| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. |100.0| 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 3 | 6 | 20| 69| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | 82.6| 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 15| 3 | 4 | 6 | 20| 69| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. C. Beam | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Mt. Oreb, O. |100.0| 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 20| 1 | 1 | 7 | 20| 68| +|Hickory No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Sarah Kronk | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Minford, O. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 4 | 7 | 18| 68| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Reuben J. Kurtz | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Holly, Mich. | 93.0| 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 18| 3 | 3 | 6 | 18| 68| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. Pomeroy | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Windsor, Conn. | 88.6| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 17| 2 | 3 | 5 | 20| 68| +|Hickory No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. C. Hatch | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Central City, Ia. |100.0| 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 20| 0 | 2 | 13| 0| 58| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Willard G. Bixby | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Baldwin, N. Y. | 80.1| 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 10| 15| 0 | 2 | 15| 0| 54| +|Halesite bitternut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. A. Sipe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Carthage, Ind. | 49.5| 8 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 7| 1 | 3 | 4 | 15| 54| +|Stanley hickory | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are G for shagbark +(Carya ovata), L for shellbark (Carya laciniosa), and B for bitternut +(Carya cordiformis). Where two letters appear with an x between it +means that the nut in question is a hybrid between the two species. + + +Following out the plan adopted last year (when no prizes were offered +for specific species of hickories) when a nut other than a shagbark sent +judged by the hickory standard received sufficient points to put it +among the prize winners, a special class was made for that. Some of the +nuts in the above list are disqualified for receiving prizes as they are +being "propagated." This term has been somewhat difficult of definition +and in default of action of the Association or of some committee +appointed for the purpose I have held it to mean those nuts which are +listed in the catalog of any nurseryman. That is to say, a nut is +eligible for prizes more than one year, and the mere growing a few +grafted or budded trees of a variety and distributing them privately +does not constitute "propagation" in the sense that the word is used in +the nut contests. As soon, however, as any nurseryman considers a +variety of sufficient merit so that he lists it is his catalog or in any +printed supplement to a catalog and states that he can furnish grafted +or budded trees of this variety, from that time on it is debarred from +receiving the prizes offered annually. + +Other hickories were received from: + + D. S. Bassett, Fisherville, Mass. + E. C. Beam, Mt. Orab, Ohio. (Nuts No. 5, No. 6). + W. F. Cook, Moscow, Ky. + W. E. Cornell, 302 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. + F. N. Decker, Syracuse, N. Y. (Nuts No. 1, No. 2). + Joan Deming, Danbury, Conn., Route 2. + F. Earland Gilson, Groton, Mass. + Wm. H. Kuhne, Woodbury, Conn. + Reuben J. Kurtz, Holly, Mich., R. No. 3, Box 32. + Harvey Losee, Upper Red Hook, N. Y. + Mrs. F. A. Patch, West Townsend, Mass, Box 77. + E. Pomeroy, Windsor, Conn. (Nut No. 1). + Ruth A. Reeves, Newark, N. Y. + Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Nut No. 1, seedling). + Mort Stuarts, Hazel Dell, Ill. (Nuts No. 4, No. 5, No. 6). + Walter K. Wilson, Watertown, Conn., Lock Box 2. + Kate Yawger, Port Bryon, N. Y. (Nut No. 1). + Grant Yeagley, Jamestown, Penn., R. R. No. I. + + +BLACK WALNUTS--51 ENTRIES + +The prize winning black walnuts exhibited and the prizes awarded are +noted in the table of page 154. There is but one species of walnuts of +the black walnut class native in the north eastern United States, the +eastern black walnut, _Juglans nigra_. In this contest specimens of the +Texas black walnut, _Juglans rupestris_, and of the California black +walnut, _Juglans hindsii_ were entered. Tests on these two black walnuts +are noted for the purpose of record although no characteristics of value +were noted. The California black walnut has a smoother shell than the +eastern black walnut. The Texas black walnut has beautiful willowy +foliage and grows very late in the fall and holds its leaves much longer +than the other walnuts and it is of dwarf habit of growth. Tests on the +Werner black walnut are noted because it is the largest black walnut we +have. The black walnuts sent in this year were much poorer on the whole +than those exhibited in some years. Some well known trees bore scarcely +a nut. Some well known propagated black walnuts were tested but only two +of them tested out high enough to get into the prize winning class, the +Thomas and Ten Eyck. From what we know of the variation of nuts +particularly of black walnuts, it is evident that we must test black +walnuts more than one year to get a good idea of their value. + +The nut sent in by John S. Bomberges is particularly noticeable on +account of the unusually fine flavor of the kernel and would seem to be +a standard of excellence for black walnut kernels. + +Other black walnuts received from: + + William A. Agner, Rockport, Ind., R. F. D. No. 1. + George A. Ede, Cobden, Ill. + M. H. Hoover, Lockport, N. Y. + C. S. Ketchum, Middlefield, Ohio. (Nuts No. 1, 3, 5, 11, 12). + A. H. Lang, 1628 Collingwood Ave., Toledo, Ohio, (Nut No. 1). + James E. Ripley, Tippecanoe, O., R. F. D. No. 2. (Nut No. 2). + S. A. Toy, Freeman, W. Va. (Nut No. 1). + G. G. Truman, Perrysville, Ohio. Box 167. + U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Peanut + black walnut. + Ira C. Wilson, New Truxton, Mo. + + +BLACK WALNUTS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with + fingers after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. | B | 1 |14.1g|3.6g|2.9g|3.6g|185kg| 25.5| 80.5| +|Nut No. 10 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|John S. Bomberges | | | | | | | | | | +|Lebanon, Pa. | B | 2 |16.4g|3.9g|2.5g|3.4g|208kg| 23.8| 64.1| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Henry Hicks | | | | | | | | | | +|Westbury, N. Y. | B | 3 |13.6g|3.1g|1.6g|3.1g|222kg| 22.8| 51.6| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Amy A. Alley | | | | | | | | | | +|Lagrangeville, N.Y. | B | 4 |15.8g|3.3g|2.1g|3.3g|177kg| 20.9| 53.7| +|Not the 1918 prize nut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|James E. Ripley | | | | | | | | | | +|Tippecanoe, O. | B | 4 |26.7g|6.3g|3.7g|6.3g|247kg| 23.6| 58.8| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | B | |19.7g|4.7g|3.6g|3.9g|247kg| 23.9| 76.6| +|Thomas black walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|A. H. Lang | | | | | | | | | | +|Toledo, O. | B | 5 |20.5g|4.6g|2.9g|4.1g|313kg| 22.4| 63.1| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | B | 5 |20.3g|4.5g|2.4g|3.8g|291kg| 22.2| 53.4| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|E. M. Ten Eyck | | | | | | | | | | +|So. Plainfield, N. J. | B | |16.7g|3.5g|1.8g|3.1g|154kg| 21.0| 51.5| +|Ten Eyck black walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. | B | 6 |20.1g|4.7g|2.4g|3.5g|297kg| 23.4| 51.2| +|Nut No. 9 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. A. Toy | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeman, W. Va. | B | 7 |21.9g|5.5g|1.6g|3.9g|225kg| 20.5| 29.1| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Arnold Arboretum | | | | | | | | | | +|Jamaica Pl'n., Mass. | R | | 6.1g|0.9g|0.7g|0.8g|357kg| 14.8| 67.8| +|From Rochester, N. Y. | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|G. Hunger | | | | | | | | | | +|Tolhouse, Calif. | C | |22.3g|5.0g|1.9g|3.1g|407kg| 22.4| 38.0| +|California black walnut| | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Edward A. Werner | | | | | | | | | | +|Marion, Ia. R5 | B | |30.4g|6.5g|1.4g|2.5g|353kg| 21.4| 21.5| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 20| 4 | 4 | 7 | 18| 71| +|Nut No. 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|John S. Bomberges | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lebanon, Pa. | 87.1| 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 16| 3 | 4 | 5 | 23| 69| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Henry Hicks | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Westbury, N. Y. |100.0| 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 20| 2 | 4 | 5 | 20| 68| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Amy A. Alley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lagrangeville, N.Y. |100.0| 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 20| 3 | 4 | 3 | 18| 67| +|Not the 1918 prize nut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|James E. Ripley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Tippecanoe, O. |100.0| 8 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 20| 2 | 3 | 5 | 15| 67| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Snyder Bros. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | 83.0| 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 15| 3 | 3 | 5 | 20| 67| +|Thomas black walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|A. H. Lang | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Toledo, O. | 89.2| 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 17| 3 | 2 | 4 | 20| 64| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Kate Yawger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Port Byron, N. Y. | 84.5| 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 16| 2 | 4 | 4 | 20| 64| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. M. Ten Eyck | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|So. Plainfield, N. J. | 88.6| 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 17| 2 | 2 | 4 | 15| 62| +|Ten Eyck black walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. S. Ketchum | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Middlefield, O. | 74.5| 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 13| 2 | 3 | 5 | 18| 61| +|Nut No. 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. A. Toy | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeman, W. Va. | 71.0| 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 12| 1 | 2 | 3 | 20| 60| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Arnold Arboretum | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jamaica Pl'n., Mass. | 89.0| 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 17| 3 | 1 | 0 | 15| 51| +|From Rochester, N. Y. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. Hunger | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Tolhouse, Calif. | 62.0| 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 10| 1 | 2 | 4 | 20| 57| +|California black walnut| | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Edward A. Werner | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Marion, Ia. R5 | 38.4|10 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4| 1 | 4 | 4 | 20| 51| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: B for Black walnut +(Juglans nigra), C for California black walnut (Juglans hindsii), R for +(Juglans rupestris). + +[TN: last column in row 11 corrected to 51 from 49] + + + + +BUTTERJAPS--BUTTERNUTS, JAPAN WALNUTS, AND HYBRIDS--33 ENTRIES + + +The butternut and Japan walnuts and hybrids between them are grouped +together as they were last year although but one hybrid appeared this +year. The need of a name to include these is apparent and the name +butterjaps to include butternuts, Japan walnuts, and hybrids between +them is used this year following out last year's suggestion. It was a +very poor year for these nuts, many well known trees bearing no crop at +all. The one hybrid exhibited which was sent in as a curiosity not for +the purpose of being entered in the contest but it is interesting to +note that it took a prize, although not a high one. + +The prize winning nuts and prizes awarded are noted in the table on page +156. + + Other butternuts received from: + + C. Delp, Morrison, Ohio. (Nut No. 4). + + Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Fairbanks butternut). + + G. G. Truman, Perrysville, Ohio. (Nuts No. 2, 3). + + Other Japan walnuts received from: + + L. H. & P. J. Jr. Berckmans, 1213 Lamar Bldg., Augusta, Ga. + + +BUTTERNUTS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with + fingers after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | B | 1 | 9.6g|1.6g|1.1g|1.6g|280kg| 16.8| 67.8| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 2 |17.2g|2.7g|2.7g|2.7g|320kg| 15.7|100.0| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | B | 2 |19.5g|3.4g|2.6g|3.4g|348kg| 17.4| 76.5| +|Pumfrey 2nd | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 3 |13.3g|2.4g|2.4g|2.4g|326kg| 18.0|100.0| +|Nut No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 4 |12.6g|2.1g|2.1g|2.1g|308kg| 16.7|100.0| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. |SxB| 5 |12.4g|2.4g|0.7g|1.8g|244kg| 19.4| 28.1| +|Butterjap | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Wm. H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. | B | 6 | 8.7g|1.7g|1.0g|1.6g|232kg| 19.0| 59.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | B | 7 |10.7g|2.1g| .0g|1.5g|250kg| 19.6| 0.0| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | B | 7 |17.5g|3.1g|1.3g|1.8g|300kg| 17.7| 42.0| +|Pumfrey 1st | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Postmaster | | | | | | | | | | +|Balsam, N. C. | B | 8 |13.9g|2.2g|0.6g|1.6g|249kg| 16.0| 27.2| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | B | |22.6g|3.3g|0.2g|1.9g|320kg| 14.6| 6.0| +|Nut No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | B | |14.4g|2.3g|0.5g|1.1g|293kg| 15.7| 22.1| +|Nut No. 1, Round shape | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. |100.0| 4| 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 20| 3 | 4 | 3 | 20| 67| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. |100.0| 8| 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 20| 5 | 3 | 3 | 18| 63| +|Nut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |100.0| 10| 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 20| 3 | 2 | 3 | 20| 63| +|Pumfrey 2nd | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. |100.0| 6| 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 20| 5 | 3 | 4 | 15| 61| +|Nut No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. |100.0| 5| 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 20| 5 | 2 | 3 | 18| 60| +|Nut No. 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. | 72.7| 6| 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9| 1 | 4 | 5 | 20| 57| +|Butterjap | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Wm. H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. | 94.3| 3| 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 18| 2 | 2 | 5 | 15| 55| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|C. Delp | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Morrison, O. | 71.5| 4| 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 11| 0 | 3 | 5 | 18| 52| +|Nut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | 58.0| 9| 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8| 2 | 2 | 4 | 20| 52| +|Pumfrey 1st | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Postmaster | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Balsam, N. C. | 73.9| 7| 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9| 1 | 3 | 3 | 18| 50| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | 57.5| 12| 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7| 0 | 3 | 2 | 18| 47| +|Nut No. 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|G. G. Truman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Perrysville, O. | 47.7| 7| 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0| 1 | 2 | 3 | 15| 37| +|Nut No. 1, Round shape | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: B for butternut +(Juglans cinerea), SxB for Siebold walnut, x butternut hybrid (Juglans +Sieboldiana x cinerea). + + +JAPAN WALNUTS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with + fingers after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | H | 1 | 7.6g|2.2g|1.8g|2.2g| 79kg| 28.3| 83.8| +|Stranger Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | H | 2 | 4.8g|1.4g|0.8g|1.4g| 79kg| 29.7| 52.7| +|Tokio Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. | H | 3 | 5.1g|1.5g|1.5g|1.5g|178kg| 29.6|100.0| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | H | 4 | 7.2g|1.8g|1.5g|1.8g|172kg| 25.2| 80.2| +|Heartnut near Mobile | | | | | | | | | | +| pecan | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. | S | 4 | 8.5g|2.2g|1.8g|2.2g|260kg| 25.9| 81.9| +|Siebold walnut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. | ? | 4 | 9.8g|2.7g|0.9g|1.9g| 75kg| 27.6| 31.1| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. | S | 5 | 5.7g|1.5g|1.1g|1.5g|215kg| 26.3| 73.3| +|Siebold walnut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | H | 6 | 9.0g|2.8g|0.5g|2.4g|234kg| 31.1| 17.8| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|L. J. Bryant & Son | | | | | | | | | | +|Newark, N. Y. | S | 7 | 6.8g|1.7g|0.9g|1.1g|138kg| 26.1| 55.8| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | S | 8 | 8.7g|1.9g|0.0g|1.7g|142kg| 22.5| 0.0| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |HxP| |12.2g|2.8g|1.3g|2.2g|419kg| 22.6| 46.4| +|Cording walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |PxS| |13.0g|2.2g|0.0g|0.5g|370kg| 16.9| 0.0| +|Siebosian walnut | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |100.0| 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 9| 20| 4 | 3 | 11| 18| 78| +|Stranger Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | 97.2| 0 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 9| 19| 4 | 3 | 12| 18| 76| +|Tokio Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. |100.0| 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6| 20| 5 | 4 | 12| 15| 74| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. |100.0| 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 8| 20| 4 | 3 | 9| 15| 72| +|Heartnut near Mobile | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| pecan | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. |100.0| 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3| 20| 4 | 4 | 10| 18| 72| +|Siebold walnut No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Joe P. Wilson | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Landon, Miss. | 72.6| 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 10| 12| 1 | 3 | 11| 20| 72| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. F. Witte | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Amherst, O. |100.0| 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5| 20| 3 | 4 | 10| 15| 69| +|Siebold walnut No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | 85.6| 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4| 15| 0 | 3 | 13| 18| 68| +|Heartnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|L. J. Bryant & Son | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Newark, N. Y. | 66.3| 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7| 10| 2 | 3 | 10| 18| 64| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|O. D. Faust | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Bamberg, S. C. | 88.8| 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7| 16| 0 | 1 | 7| 18| 63| +|Siebold walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | 78.2| 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0| 13| 2 | 2 | 8| 20| 60| +|Cording walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|R. Bates | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Jackson, S. C. | 22.7| 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0| 0| 0 | 1 | 3| 15| 27| +|Siebosian walnut | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations under the species column are: H for heartnut (Juglans +cordifornis), S for Siebold walnut (Juglans Sieboldiana), HxP for +heartnut x Persian walnut hybrid (Juglans cordifornis x regia), PxS for +Persian walnut x Siebold walnut hybrid (Juglans regia x Sieboldiana). In +the case of hybrids the species first named is the pistillate parent. + + +PECANS--13 VARIETIES + +Some very good northern pecans were sent in to the 1918 contest and two +of them are deemed worthy of experimental propagation. One of these Dunn +No. 1, had a particularly delicious flavor and the other the Koontz, was +also a desirable nut. They are not large but are almost exactly the size +of the Moore pecan, a southern variety now attracting a good deal of +attention. + +Specimens of three nuts of larger size were received, the Norton, +McCallister and Kline, but not in sufficient quantity to test. The +weights are given for reference. Tests of nine standard southern pecans +are also shown. It will be noticed that the best pecans sent to the 1919 +contest compare very favorably with these fine southern pecans, only the +Schley being shown superior. The northern pecans are generally smaller +than the southern, have lighter colored shell and lighter colored +kernel, flavor every bit as good, and shell just as thin. The prize +winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on page 158. + +The results of tests of southern pecans is inserted with some +hesitation. These pecans are judged by the same score cards as are the +northern pecans which is the one used for hickories. Inasmuch as the +pecans, both northern and southern, are judged by the same standards, it +is hoped that the figures may be of some value. The writer makes no +claim to being an expert on the southern pecan and does not wish these +figures taken as his opinion on the relative merits of southern pecans, +which have been grown in orchard form long enough so that regularity of +bearing, size of crops, resistance to disease, etc., have been +determined to a considerable extent. These are of such importance to the +practical pecan grower as to overbalance to quite an extent the merits +of the nut itself which are the only qualities that can be considered in +a nut contest. + + Other pecans received from: + + G. M. Brown, Van Buren, Ark. + + J. H. Burkett, Clyde, Texas. (Young grafted tree). + + Mrs. W. W. Evans, Blackwell, Okla. + + Mr. J. B. Shultz, Fulton, Ark. + + Snyder Bros., Center Point, Ia. (Pumfrey 1st, 2nd). + + +PECANS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +======================================================================== +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. | P | 1 | 5.8g|3.2g|0.0g|3.2g| 34kg| 55.1| 0.0| +|Pecan No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|E. J. Koontz | | | | | | | | | | +|Richards, Mo. | P | 2 | 5.6g|3.1g|0.0g|3.1g| 35Kg| 55.4| 0.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. | P | 3 | 5.0g|2.4g|1.1g|1.7g| 53kg| 48.0| 45.8| +|Prolific | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. | P | 4 | 4.4g|2.6g|1.3g|2.6g| 61kg| 59.1| 50.0| +|Sweetmeat | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. | P | 5 | 6.3g|3.1g|0.0g|3.1g| 38kg| 49.3| 0.0| +|Pecan No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Mrs. Maida R. Wears | | | | | | | | | | +|Rich Hill, Mo. | P | 5 | 3.1g|1.5g|1.4g|1.4g| 21kg| 45.3| 93.2| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. | P | 5 | 3.6g|2.0g|0.0g|2.0g| 34kg| 55.5| 0.0| +|Oberman | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. | P | 6 | 5.4g|2.7g|0.0g|2.7g| 31kg| 50.0| 0.0| +|Pecan No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|A. G. Shanklin | | | | | | | | | | +|Clemson College, S. C. | P | 7 | 5.1g|2.6g|0.4g|2.6g| 64kg| 51.0| 15.4| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|Mrs. Addie G. Evans | | | | | | | | | | +|Blackwell, Okla. | P | 8 | 5.0g|2.0g|0.0g|2.0g| 35kg| 40.0| 0.0| +| | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.1g| | | | | | | +|Norton | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |PxL| |17.7g| | | | | | | +|McCallister | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |PxL| |22.0g| | | | | | | +|Klein | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 11| 20| 79| +|Pecan No. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|E. J. Koontz | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Richards, Mo. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 5 | 11| 17| 78| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. | 70.8| 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 12| 2 | 5 | 9| 17| 77| +|Prolific | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Clifford | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Crossville, Ill. |100.0| 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 20| 2 | 4 | 12| 17| 75| +|Sweetmeat | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 18| 74| +|Pecan No. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Maida R. Wears | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rich Hill, Mo. | 93.2| 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 18| 4 | 5 | 8| 17| 74| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|S. W. Snyder | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Center Point, Ia. |100.0| 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 5 | 11| 15| 74| +|Oberman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|D. K. Dunn | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Wynne, Ark. |100.0| 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 15| 72| +|Pecan No. 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|A. G. Shanklin | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Clemson College, S. C. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 0 | 4 | 10| 15| 71| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Addie G. Evans | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Blackwell, Okla. |100.0| 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 5 | 7| 15| 70| +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Norton | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|McCallister | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Klein | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Standard Southern Varieties + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +====================================================================== +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 9.5g|5.9g|0.0g|5.9g| 29kg| 62.1| 0.0 | +|Schley | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.6g|4.8g|0.0g|4.8g| 28kg| 55.8| 0.0 | +|Burkett | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 5.8g|2.9g|0.0g|2.9g| 25kg| 50.0| 0.0 | +|Moore | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.3g|5.4g|0.0g|5.4g| 39kg| 54.3| 0.0 | +|Alley | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | |10.1g|4.9g|0.0g|4.9g| 98kg| 48.5| 0.0 | +|Delmas | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 7.8g|3.5g|0.0g|3.5g| 20kg| 44.9| 0.0 | +|Moneymaker | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.7g|3.9g|0.0g|3.9g| 59kg| 44.8| 0.0 | +|Pabst | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.8g|4.1g|0.0g|4.1g| 56kg| 46.6| 0.0 | +|Stuart | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +|---- | P | | 8.1g|3.9g|0.0g|8.9g| 96kg| 48.2| 0.0 | +|Vandeman | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +========================================================================= +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 3 | 13| 20| 82| +|Schley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 20| 0 | 4 | 11| 18| 78| +|Burkett | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 18| 78| +|Moore | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 20| 0 | 3 | 11| 19| 77| +|Alley | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 4 | 9| 20| 76| +|Delmas | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 20| 0 | 3 | 8| 18| 76| +|Moneymaker | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 20| 0 | 3 | 8| 19| 74| +|Pabst | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 20| 0 | 3 | 8| 18| 72| +|Stuart | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|---- |100.0| 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 20| 0 | 3 | 9| 18| 72| +|Vandeman | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: P for pecan (Carya +pecan), PxL for pecan x shellbark hybrid (Carya pecan x laciniosa). + + +HAZELS--6 ENTRIES + +This is the first time I have had opportunity of testing Rush hazel +which was found by Mr. Rush 35 years ago, but which, so far as I know, +has never been propagated in the sense in which the word is used in the +contests where it means listed in the catalog of some nurseryman who is +prepared to furnish grafted or budded or layered plants. The value of +this hazel is now being recognized and doubtless it will not be long +that this will be the case for it is by far the best American hazel now +known. The prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the +table on page 160. + +Following the list of American hazels are 9 varieties of Mr. Conrad +Vollertsen's, Rochester, N. Y., most of them of German origin. These are +given with their German names. These names are given here for +convenience for readers and only for that, for they violate one of the +rules followed in naming nuts. They will be referred to the nomenclature +committee at its next session. Following Mr. Vollertsen's hazels are +five standard market hazels grown on the Pacific coast which are noted +as matters of record. + +It will be noted that the White Aveline hazel has been placed higher +than the Barcelona when judged by the score card used. Inasmuch as +orchards of White Aveline hazels in the Pacific northwest are being +replaced by Barcelona and Duchilly because White Aveline nuts are too +small to be saleable commercially, it was questioned as to whether the +score card was not at fault and whether much more emphasis should not be +put on size and less on quality than is the case with the score card +used. Inasmuch as the same score card has been used for all nuts except +where it seemed entirely unadapted (because when this was done the +figures have a value they otherwise would not in expressing the relative +value of each species) it seems very desirable this common score card be +retained for as many nuts as possible. There are some notable instances +where fruits commercially important do not rank highest in quality, e. g., +the Elberta peach, Ben Davis apple, and Kiefer pear, therefore it is +thought better not to emphasize size too strongly in the case of hazels. +It is only fair to state, however, that much less work has been put on +judging hazels than on some other nuts and perhaps our ideas will have +to be revised later. + + +HAZELS + +KEY: +A: Species +B: Prize awarded +C: Average weight of nut +D: Average weight of kernel +E: Average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking +F: Average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers + after cracking +G: Average cracking pressure +H: Proportion of kernel +I: Cracking quality absolute +J: Cracking quality commercial +K: Size (10) +K: Form (5) +M: Color of shell (5) +N: Husking quality (5) +O: Thinness of shell (10) +P: Cracking quality commercial (20) +Q: Cracking quality absolute (5) +R: Color of kernel (5) +S: Proportion of kernel (15) +T: Quality of kernel (20) +U: Total points awarded (100) + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | +========================================================================== +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | Am | 1 | 2.1g|1.0g|1.0g|1.0g| 39kg| 45.7| 100.0| +|Rush hazel | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Miss Louise Littlepage | | | | | | | | | | +|Bowie, Md | Am | 2 | 2.7g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 59kg| 28.3| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. W. Strassel | | | | | | | | | | +|Rockport, Ind | Am | 2 | 1.9g| .7g| .7g| .7g| 36kg| 36.5| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Priscilla Randall | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeport, O. | Am | 3 | 1.8g| .4g| .4g| .4g| 51kg| 22.7| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. | Am | 4 | 1.8g| .6g| .6g| .6g| 49kg| 31.8| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. | Am | 5 | 1.4g| .4g| .4g| .4g| 50kg| 27.9| 100.0| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | ? | | 2.2g| .9g| .9g| .9g| 46kg| 41.4| 100.0| +|Medium Long | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | P | | 2.8g|1.1g|1.1g|1.1g| 57kg| 40.4| 100.0| +|Italienische Rothe | | | | | | | | | | +| Zeller | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | M | | 2.3g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 42kg| 35.6| 100.0| +|Lambertnuss Rothe | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | M | | 2.5g| .9g| .9g| .9g| 49kg| 37.4| 100.0| +|Merveille de Bollwiller| | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | M | | 2.2g| .9g| .9g| .9g| 60kg| 40.5| 100.0| +|Lambertnuss Weisse | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | P | | 1.7g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 58kg| 20.4| 100.0| +|Gunzelebener Zeller | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | Av | | 1.8g| .7g| .7g| .7g| 63kg| 37.7| 100.0| +|Althaldensleben | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | Av | | 1.9g| .8g| .8g| .8g| 70kg| 41.6| 100.0| +|Grosse Kugelnuss | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. | P | | 2.1g| .7g| .7g| .7g| 49kg| 32.6| 100.0| +|Minna's Zeller | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 3.1g|1.6g|1.6g|1.6g| 33kg| 51.0| 100.0| +|Daviana | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 2.1g|1.1g|1.1g|1.1g| 26kg| 49.3| 100.0| +|White Aveline | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 4.8g|2.1g|2.1g|2.1g| 79kg| 42.5| 100.0| +|Noce Lunghe | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 3.5g|1.2g|1.2g|1.2g| 51kg| 33.1| 100.0| +|Imperial | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. | | | 4.8g|1.8g|1.8g|1.8g| 42kg| 41.8| 100.0| +|Barcelona | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +|NAME +|ADDRESS +|DESCRIPTION | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | +=========================================================================== +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 3| 4 | 3 | 5 | 7| 20| 2 | 4 | 12| 18| 78| +|Rush hazel | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Miss Louise Littlepage | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Bowie, Md |100.0| 4| 3 | 2 | 5 | 3| 20| 4 | 4 | 2| 15| 62| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. W. Strassel | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rockport, Ind |100.0| 2| 3 | 1 | 5 | 8| 20| 3 | 1 | 7| 12| 62| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Mrs. Priscilla Randall | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Freeport, O. |100.0| 2| 3 | 2 | 5 | 5| 20| 4 | 5 | 0| 15| 61| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Luther W. Vest | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Blacksburg, Va. |100.0| 2| 3 | 0 | 5 | 5| 20| 2 | 2 | 4| 15| 58| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|William H. Kuhne | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Woodbury, Conn. |100.0| 1| 3 | 3 | 5 | 5| 20| 1 | 3 | 2| 10| 53| +|---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 6| 20| 3 | 5 | 9| 20| 81| +|Medium Long | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 4| 5 | 5 | 5 | 4| 20| 3 | 4 | 9| 20| 79| +|Italienische Rothe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| Zeller | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 7| 20| 4 | 4 | 6| 18| 77| +|Lambertnuss Rothe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 4 | 5 | 5| 20| 4 | 4 | 7| 18| 75| +|Merveille de Bollwiller| | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 3| 20| 3 | 3 | 9| 18| 74| +|Lambertnuss Weisse | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 1| 5 | 4 | 5 | 4| 20| 1 | 3 | 9| 20| 72| +|Gunzelebener Zeller | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 2| 5 | 5 | 5 | 3| 20| 4 | 5 | 7| 15| 71| +|Althaldensleben | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 2| 5 | 4 | 5 | 1| 20| 2 | 3 | 10| 15| 67| +|Grosse Kugelnuss | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|Conrad Vollertsen | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Rochester, N. Y. |100.0| 3| 5 | 5 | 5 | 5| 20| 1 | 3 | 5| 15| 67| +|Minna's Zeller | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 5| 5 | 4 | 5 | 8| 20| 4 | 3 | 15| 20| 89| +|Daviana | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 3| 5 | 3 | 5 | 10| 20| 5 | 3 | 14| 20| 88| +|White Aveline | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 10| 5 | 4 | 5 | 0| 20| 4 | 3 | 10| 18| 79| +|Noce Lunghe | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 6| 5 | 4 | 5 | 5| 20| 2 | 3 | 5| 18| 78| +|Imperial | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +|J. F. Jones | | | | | | | | | | | | | +|Lancaster, Pa. |100.0| 8| 5 | 3 | 5 | 7| 20| 2 | 0 | 10| 20| 70| +|Barcelona | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The abbreviations used under the species column are: Am for American +hazel (Corylus Americana), Av for Corylus Avellana, a European, species, +M for Corylus maxima, a European species, P for Corylus pontica, a +European species. It seems quite probable that many of the European +varieties noted above are hybrids and not pure species. The species +identification of the European varieties are those of Mr. Conrad +Vollertsen. + + +PERSIAN WALNUTS--5 ENTRIES + +The prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on +page 154. + +This is the first time that I have had opportunity to test some of the +propagated Persian walnuts. The results shown are given for what they +are worth. A sufficient number of Persian walnuts have not as yet been +examined to enable us to determine the constants so that they are as +valuable as they will be later, and as they are on the hickories, black +walnuts, and butternuts where hundreds of nuts have been examined. +Consequently, conclusions based on the figures in the table should be +conservatively drawn. The position of the Franquette at the bottom of +the list of the propagated nuts it is believed will be materially +changed with the redetermination of the constants that an examination of +a large number of nuts would require. + + +OBSERVATIONS + +The number of entries in the 1919 contest was about 50% greater than in +1918. No hickories, no black walnuts or butternuts deemed worthy of +experimental propagation appeared as was the case in 1918, but on the +other hand, two pecans, the Dunn No. 1 and Koontz, it is believed, are +well worth while propagating experimentally even though the Dunn nut +comes from a somewhat more southern section than the other northern +pecans now being propagated. The need for additional heartnuts makes it +seem advisable to propagate experimentally the Stranger heartnut, even +though it comes from Jackson, S. C., a section so far south that the +southern pecan grows and bears well. The contest has helped to bring out +the value of the Rush hazel, which has been propagated experimentally +for a long time but which, so far as I know, has never been offered to +the public by nurserymen. + +The following standards for hickories have been established: The largest +nut found so far is still the Mott shellbark, which Dr. Morris found a +number of years ago and which weighs 29.6g. The Vest hickory, which +among the seemingly pure shagbarks, had the record of the thinnest +shell up to the 1918 contest, has been surpassed by the Beam No. 1 of +the 1919 contest, which takes but 33kg to crack the shell. The figure is +surpassed by one bitternut hybrid the Beaver 29kg, and by the Hatch +bitternut 19kg, and the Halesite bitternut 13kg. The Vest of the 1914 +crop is still the seemingly pure shagbark with the largest percentage of +kernel 57.7%. This is surpassed by the Hatch bitternut 65.0%, and the +Halesite bitternut 69.0%. No hickory has been found to surpass the Vest +in the excellence of flavor of the kernel. One hickory, the Barnes, 1919 +contest, showed 100% cracking quality. + +The following standards for black walnuts have been established. The +Armknecht No. 2 which held the record last year has been surpassed by +the Werner with a weight of 30.4g. The thinnest shelled one is still the +Alley of the 1918 contest, with a cracking pressure of 110kg, although +the Ten Eyck of the 1918 contest was only slightly higher, 120kg. The +record for the greatest proportion of kernel is still with the Ten Eyck +of the 1918 contest 36.4%. The Ten Eyck black walnut exhibited in 1919 +had no such records of thinness of shell or proportion of kernel. The +Stabler is believed to be the best cracker but the Alley of the 1918 +contest showed 100%. The Bomberges black walnut of the 1919 contest +showed unusually fine quality of kernel and is believed to hold the +record for quality of kernel so far. + +The following standards for butterjaps (i. e., butternuts, Japan walnuts +and their hybrids) have been established. The Wasson butternut which +held the record for size heretofore 18.8g has been surpassed by two nuts +Pumfrey No. 2, 19.5g and Truman No. 4, 22.6g. The same high cracking +quality among the pure butternuts noted last year still continues. The +Ritchie heartnut of the 1918 contest still holds the record for +percentage of kernel, 32.7%. One pure butternut, the Kuhne of the 1919 +contest, with 19% kernel has been found. The Aiken butternut 200kg +cracking pressure is the thinnest shelled pure butternut yet found. The +thinnest shelled Japan walnut yet found is the Wilson Seibold walnut of +the 1919 contest, 75kg cracking pressure. + +The following standards for pecans have been established (including the +pecan x shellbark hybrids which generally resemble pecans in flavor and +appearance and would be classed with them). Largest, the Klein, 22.0g in +weight. Of the pure northern pecans the Norton, 8.1g in weight is the +largest. Of the pure southern pecans tested the Delmas 10.1g in weight +is the largest. Of the northern pecans the greatest percentage of kernel +yet found is the Clifford "Sweetmeat" of the 1919 contest, 57.6% of +kernel, followed closely by the Koontz, 56.1% and the Dunn, 55.5%. Of +the southern pecans the Schley, 62%, leads. + +The thinnest shelled northern pecan yet tested is the Wears of the 1919 +contest, 21kg cracking pressure; the thinnest southern pecan is the +Burkett, 27kg followed closely by the Schley 29kg. The finest flavored +among the northern pecans is Dunn No. 1, which has a kernel which is +exceptionally delicious. The finest flavored among the southern pecans +is the Schley. + +The following standards for hazels have been established. The largest +American hazel yet found is the Littlepage 2.7g but the Rush, although a +smaller nut has a larger kernel 1.0g against .8g for the Littlepage. The +Rush also has a greater proportion of kernel, 45.7%, than any other +native hazel yet tested or any foreign one excepting the White Aveline +which has 49.3%. The thinnest shelled American hazel is the Rush 39kg +and the thinnest shelled foreign one, the White Aveline 26kg. + +Those who have given the matter consideration are thoroughly convinced +of the great possibilities of systematic hybridization of nut trees. +Work of this kind will have to be carried on according to carefully +thought out plans, the details of which are not yet quite clear in all +particulars. The facts brought out by this contest have added to our +knowledge of what may be expected from our work. Take the hickory for +example; we have shellbark hickory nuts nearly three times the size of +the best southern pecans; we have bitternut hickory nuts with a +proportion of kernel greater than that of any pecan and with shell so +thin, that they can be cracked with less pressure than any pecans I have +ever seen; we have in the best shagbarks, flavor of kernel unsurpassed +in any nut. Theoretically, it should be possible to produce nuts in +which these qualities are combined to a large degree. Similar +possibilities exist with the butternut and the Japan walnut where it is +seemingly possible to produce nuts in which the qualities of both will +be combined and get smooth, thin-shelled butternuts or well flavored +Japan walnuts or desirable butterjaps, as I am inclined to call them. + +An inspection of the table of hickories show that 4 out of the 28 +receiving 68 points or over, are certainly hybrids. There are a number +of others where it seems very probable that they are hybrids. There are +a number of facts to suggest that some of our very thin shelled +hickories, which at first sight seem to be shagbarks, are hybrids of +which the shellbark or mockernut is one parent. Why the offspring of +such thick shelled nuts as the shellbark or the mockernut and the +shagbark should be thin shelled, is more than I can imagine. We have two +occurrences however which are significant. On the list of Japan walnuts +two hybrids of the Persian and Japan walnut, Cording and Siebosian are +noted. I have never tested a Persian walnut where the cracking pressure +runs much over 40kg and it is rather unusual for a Japan walnut to run +much over 200kg, yet Cording is 419kg, a strength of shell greater than +that of any other nut sent into the contest this year and which is only +found among black walnuts and shellbark hickories. Siebosian is not very +much less. If two comparatively thin shelled nuts will produce an +offspring with a shell so much thicker than either parent, it does not +seem more impossible for two thick shelled nuts to produce thin shelled +offsprings. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Tenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 19373.txt or 19373.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/7/19373/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. 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