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diff --git a/19364-8.txt b/19364-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2fae0c --- /dev/null +++ b/19364-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,984 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, Volume 01, No. 05, May 1895, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration, Volume 01, No. 05, May 1895 + Two Florentine Pavements + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 24, 2006 [EBook #19364] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +THE BROCHURE SERIES + +OF ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATION. + + +VOL. I. MAY, 1895. No. 5. + +TWO FLORENTINE PAVEMENTS. + + +The church of San Miniato al Monte, just outside the walls southeast of +Florence, and the Baptistery, or church of San Giovanni Battista, in +Florence, are among the finest examples of the Tuscan Romanesque style, +and both probably date from about the same time--the early part of the +twelfth century--although the date of San Miniato has until recently +been referred several centuries further back. + +These two churches have many points of similarity, although entirely +different in plan. San Miniato was referred to in the article upon the +Byzantine-Romanesque doorways of Southern Italy in our February number, +and Fergusson's classification of Byzantine-Romanesque was, for the time +being, adopted for lack of better authority. Later writers have, +however, generally agreed that there is little or no Byzantine influence +in these two churches; that the delicate and refined treatment of +classic forms here found is not the result of Byzantine or Greek +influence, but is due entirely to the natural refinement of the Tuscan +race. The same characteristic was again shown later in the treatment of +Gothic detail, and is evident in the Renaissance work of this locality. + +The dimensions of San Miniato were given in the February number referred +to above. The interior of this church is generally considered one of the +most beautiful interiors of Italy on account of its effective basilican +plan with a crypt opening from the nave, its beautiful and rich detail, +and its fine mosaics and decorations. The pavement is not the least of +its attractions. + +The Baptistery will be remembered for its famous bronze doors, the work +of Ghiberti, which have given occasion for so much discussion, favorable +and unfavorable. It is octagonal in plan, and 108 feet in diameter +externally. It was erected originally for the cathedral of the city, but +in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was so thoroughly remodeled that +no recognizable features of the old building remain. + +The pavements, in point of design, appear quite independent of the other +ornamental work in the two buildings we are considering. + +The motives of ornament are those commonly found in the stuffs, +especially silks, of Sicily and the East, and their use here could +easily be accounted for through connection with Sicily. It is known that +the Hotel de Tiraz at Palermo, the great royal manufactory of stuffs, +artistic metal work, mosaics, etc., established in the sixth century, +and which continued until the sixteenth, supplied not only much of the +finest textile products for all of Europe in that time, but also +furnished workmen who carried with them the designs and methods of +Sicilian textile manufacture to other countries. Such manufactories were +established in several Italian cities, among them Lucca. + +The relationship seems clear, as the forms are perfectly similar. The +beasts and birds set in balancing pairs facing each other and repeated +in an all-over pattern, as in a woven fabric, strongly suggest the +Sicilian silks. Eug. Muentz in his work, "La Tapisserie," speaks of this +evident relationship. The internal evidence of the design itself would +be quite sufficient if we had no other means of tracing it. + +These two pavements are practically unique, as far as we are able to +learn. They are marble inlay, the pattern having been cut out in a slab +of white marble and pieces of black marble carefully fitted in to form +the figure. This is not true mosaic, and differs essentially in design +from the mosaic work of the same period which was derived from the Roman +mosaics made up of small pieces of marble or other material. Most of the +floor mosaics in Italy have suffered from wear and tear, and have in +many cases been very poorly restored; but these two pavements appear to +be in nearly their original condition. + +The design does not have the merit of belonging distinctively to the +material in all cases, and might just as well be applied to wood +parquetry as stone. In fact, it might be even more effective in this +material if the colors were judiciously chosen. + + + + +[Illustration: XXXIII. Portion of the Pavement in the Baptistery, +Florence, Italy.] + +[Illustration: XXXIV. Portion of the Pavement in the Baptistery, +Florence, Italy.] + +[Illustration: XXXV. Portion of the Pavement in the Baptistery, +Florence, Italy.] + +[Illustration: XXXVI. Portion of the Pavement in the Baptistery, +Florence, Italy.] + +[Illustration: XXXVII. Portion of the Pavement in the Baptistery, +Florence, Italy.] + + +XXXIII to XXXVII. + +PORTIONS OF THE PAVEMENT IN THE BAPTISTERY, FLORENCE, ITALY. + +One exception should be made to the remarks above in relation to true +mosaic. The lower left-hand portion of plate XXXVI is without doubt made +up of small pieces put together after the manner of the old Roman +mosaics, and it is possible that the portion shown in the upper +left-hand corner of the same plate is made in the same way. There are +several parts of the floor laid in this manner, but they are distinctly +secondary in interest to the inlaid portions. + +The pavement is divided irregularly by squares and rectangles, the +portion especially rich in ornament being that between the door and the +altar. The rectangular patterns are irregularly cut into by special +pavements, placed before several of the monumental tombs in the walls. + + + + +[Illustration: XXXVIII. Portion of the Pavement in the Church of San +Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy.] + +[Illustration: XXXIX. Portion of the Pavement in the Church of San +Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy.] + +[Illustration: XL. Portion of the Pavement in the Church of San Miniato +al Monte, Florence, Italy.] + + +XXXVIII to XL. + +PORTIONS OF THE PAVEMENT IN THE CHURCH OF SAN MINIATO AL MONTE, +FLORENCE, ITALY. + +In the first of these plates there is a suggestion of the mosaic +treatment commonly seen in the pavements of Rome, Venice, and Siena. +The sort of guilloche of interlacing circles was very generally used. + +Plate XL on the other hand is as plainly reminiscent of textile designs +as it well might be; and in plate XXXIII from the Baptistery the same +characteristic can be seen. + + + + +Wood Floors. + + +The addition which a fine hardwood floor makes to the attractiveness of +a room is appreciated by some architects, but good floors are not by any +means as common as they should be. The expense of hard wood is not so +much more than that of a cheap floor as to stand in the way of its use +when the final result is considered. + +It is generally admitted that a floor entirely covered with a carpet is +in many ways undesirable, especially from a sanitary point of view; +while a hardwood floor, wholly or partly covered with rugs, has every +advantage. Furthermore, the fashion, which has a great deal to do with +what shall be used, aside from any question of intrinsic merit, has set +strongly in this direction, and in many cases old floors are replaced +with new ones of hard wood for the sole purpose of giving a chance for +the use of rugs in place of carpets. This is one, even if it be a rare +instance of the agreement of fashion and good taste. In working over an +old floor a plain or ornamental border can usually be laid at no great +expense by using the thin wood carpet, manufactured by all the best +makers of parquetry, and the centre can be laid with a pattern or with +narrow strips such as the "roll goods" which are manufactured by S. C. +Johnson of Racine, which are made up of strips usually one and +three-eighths inches wide and five sixteenths of an inch thick, glued to +a backing of canvas. + +Patterns of all descriptions made from all the best foreign and domestic +woods can be obtained, as the designs of the best manufacturers include +an almost unlimited choice, and there is no end to the combinations +which can be made from the stock patterns. As an instance of this, the +catalogue of J. W. Boughton of Philadelphia contains a remarkably fine +selection of borders which can be combined and adapted to almost any +requirement, while the designs for the field or centre of the floor are +fully as varied and usable. These designs are made in such shape that +they can be easily adapted to any shape of room and fitted to all sorts +of irregular niches and jogs at slight extra expense. + +Owing to the economy of manufacturing floors made from pieces which can +be put together on a system of squares, hexagons, or octagons, most of +the patterns in common use are made up of these units, or of triangles +or rectangles combining to form these figures. Curved forms cannot be +used to good advantage in this way as it is difficult and expensive to +cut or join them properly. Nevertheless, all the principal manufacturers +will execute to order any design desired. + +When placed in a new house floors of 7/8 inch or 1-1/4 inch are usually +to be preferred, and are made in sections of convenient size for +shipment at the factory, and finished after they are in place. + +Most of the makers nail thin parquetry work through from the surface and +fill the nail holes with putty, although in some cases blind nailing is +used. + +Western manufacturers have in the last few years been making rapid +progress in this industry. While J. W. Boughton, who is one of the +oldest and best known makers of ornamental flooring, is still doing a +large and increasing business, Western houses are catering to and +obtaining a great deal of the best trade. The Interior Hardwood Company +of Indianapolis, under the business management of its vice-president, +Mr. Charles Hinman Comstock, has doubled its capacity in the last year +and shows commendable energy in pushing its business. S. C. Johnson of +Racine, Wis., is also in the front rank in first-class trade. The +Wood-Mosaic Company of Rochester should also be considered as one of the +leading and reliable houses. Its collection of designs is full and +varied and its work of the best. + +Architects will find the catalogues of these firms most valuable +reference books. + +The finishing of a good floor requires care and attention as well as +special knowledge. Oil, varnish, shellac, and wax are the finishes +ordinarily used, but wax is usually the most satisfactory. + +The floor should be carefully and thoroughly smoothed, so that no waves +or plane-marks will be seen, and then filled if the wood is at all +porous or open grained. This is done with preparations manufactured by +any of the firms mentioned above, or with fillers specially made for the +purpose such as those sold by Harrison Brothers & Company of +Philadelphia, or the Chicago Wood Finishing Company of Chicago. The wood +filler made by the latter firm is especially adapted for this purpose +and will give excellent results. The finish is then applied in one or +more coats as required, oil and shellac finishes usually requiring more +than one application and an intermediate rubbing down with fine +sandpaper. Shellac and ordinary varnish are usually unsatisfactory from +their tendency to wear unevenly. The Chicago Varnish Company of Chicago +supplies a varnish under the name of "Supremis," which has proved by +years of use under trying conditions, such as those of asylums, +hospitals, and public buildings, to be of exceptional merit. It is +elastic, tough, and gives a fine waxy surface which can be rubbed and +will preserve its finish. It has the additional merit of being easily +applied. It dries quickly and is remarkably durable. Wax should be +carefully applied and then polished to the required finish with a +weighted brush. + +Of wax finishes one very largely used is that made by the Butcher Polish +Company of Boston. It has all the best qualities of other wax finishes +and has stood the test of time and experience. + +There are numerous variations in the products referred to above suited +for different purposes. The Wood-Mosaic Company makes end-wood mosaic +7/8 inch thick made of small blocks joined by means of a lead tongue; +wood carpet similar to that of S. C. Johnson; and thick and thin +parquetry. S. C. Johnson also makes a flooring of 1/4 inch face glued to +a backing of pine to make 7/8 inch, 1 inch, or 1-1/4 inch stock which is +found to stand the changes of temperature in American houses remarkably +well. The thicker floors of 7/8 inch and upwards are frequently made +with tongued and grooved joints and blind nailed. + +These patterns when properly chosen are just as appropriate for stairs, +walls, or even ceilings, as for floors, and are frequently used for +these places. + + + + +Modern Mosaic Floors. + + +The use of mosaic floors, especially for corridors and entrances of +public and business buildings and in some positions of private +residences, is rapidly increasing, and every specimen of work gives this +art impetus. The laying of a mosaic floor is not so simple a matter as +it appears to many architects, and the fact that anyone cannot do it is +proven by the bad work one constantly runs across. It is, therefore, +advisable that work of this sort be entrusted to a concern that can be +found after the job has been finished and paid for, and that has a +reputation to maintain and a willingness to make good any imperfection +that a few months' wear will bring to light. As this number of THE +BROCHURE SERIES will often be referred to where ornamental floors are +being designed, we take pleasure not particularly in recommending a +house for executing such floors, but rather in calling attention to some +of the work executed, inspection of which will be the strongest +endorsement possible. We refer to the Murdock Parlor Grate Company of +Boston, a house known by name at least to every architect and builder of +New England. + +Organized over forty years ago, and with prospects of active existence +for as many or more years to come, their contracts contain the element +of responsibility that is the best guarantee an architect can have that +his client's interests are in good hands. + +The mosaic and terrazzo flooring department of the Murdock Parlor Grate +Company already has a list of over fifty public buildings in which +important work has been done. The terrazzo floors so much admired in the +new Public Library, covering a surface of 60,000 square feet, the mosaic +floor of the Members' corridor in the Massachusetts State House, and +especially the entrance to the Members' vestibule, a part of this floor, +and the lobbies to the Bowdoin Square and Keith's Theatres, Boston, also +mosaic, are examples easily inspected by Boston architects. + +Other public buildings in New England in which this company have done +admirable mosaic work are the new McLean Asylum buildings, the Arlington +(Mass.) Public Library, the Exchange Club, Boston, and a number of bank +buildings. + +Throughout the Back Bay district there are numberless vestibule and +hall floors in fine residences, many of which are gems in color and +design. + +We have mentioned only a few examples, but almost every New England +architect can, by writing to the Murdock Parlor Grate Company, be +referred to examples of their work in his neighborhood, and we think he +will find their estimates as low as it is safe to accept, and their +responsibility is beyond all question. + + + + +Books. + + +_A Handbook of Architectural Styles_: Translated from the German of A. +Rosengarten by W. Collett-Sandars. New edition, 639 illustrations. New +York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1895. For sale by Bates & Guild, Boston. +$2.50. + +A review of the contents of this work is scarcely necessary, as it is +already recognized as a standard by all who are at all familiar with +architectural literature. As compared with other books upon the history +of architecture, the point of view from which the subject has been +looked at furnishes the main distinction. This cannot be better stated +than in the words of the editor of the present edition, Professor T. +Roger Smith. He says: "It is essentially that of an academic and +classical professor, and one brought up not only in familiarity with the +best examples of ancient art, but with the habit of mind which recurs to +classic and especially to Greek originals, both as a standard of taste +and as models for treatment of modern works. This feeling, which held +sway in England in the day of Chambers, of Soane, and of Cockerell, has +now almost died out from our practice and our literature. The works of +the contemporary English and French writers on architecture, which are +now widely known and read, proceed avowedly and unmistakably on a +different basis. Such writings as those of Street or Scott, +Viollet-le-Duc, and Ruskin breathe a totally different inspiration; +while even the valuable series of architectural writings which we owe to +the pen of Mr. Fergusson are too cosmopolitan in range and too impartial +in tone for such a peculiarity as is here traceable to be visible in +them." + +The illustrations show some of the wear and tear of former editions, but +are still of great value. + + + + +The Brochure Series + +of Architectural Illustration. + +PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY + +BATES & GUILD, + +6 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. + + +Subscription Rates per year 50 cents, in advance Special Club Rates for +five subscriptions $2.00 + +Entered at the Boston Post Office as Second-class Matter. + + * * * * * + +It has been called to our attention that some of our subscribers object +to duplicating, or at least object to paying for duplicating plates or +photographs which they already have in some other form. This is of +course perfectly natural and was a point which we had fully in mind in +formulating the plan of THE BROCHURE SERIES. And this was one of the +main considerations which influenced us in making the subscription price +so low. At the price of fifty cents a year, if only a dozen out of the +hundred plates are worth buying to a subscriber his year's subscription +is justified and is a good investment. + +Of necessity it will be found that we shall occasionally include +subjects which some of our subscribers already have, but the importance +of this duplication is liable to be exaggerated in the minds of those +who might notice it when the number of other desirable plates is not +kept in view. It should be remembered that the classification, which we +are following, and the complete reference index which will be published +at the end of each year, and the advantage of a compact and uniform +collection which a set of the BROCHURES will give, render it much more +usable than a collection of miscellaneous plates or photographs can +possibly be. While it is not to be expected that we can choose subjects +which are entirely new to all of our thousands of subscribers, it will +be our aim to select those which will appeal to the greatest number, and +when familiar subjects are given the best obtainable photographs will be +used, and those which are least likely to be already found in American +collections. + +It is now too late for those who have not already subscribed to obtain a +complete set of THE BROCHURE SERIES as our supply of the first three +numbers is exhausted, and no attempt will be made in future to carry in +stock any back numbers. Only enough copies of each issue will be printed +to supply immediate demands. On this account those who wish for the +current numbers must subscribe at once in order to make sure of them. +Less than one hundred copies of the April number are now in stock and +these are fast disappearing. Subscriptions in future will only be taken +to date from the next succeeding issue. + +We wish especially to call attention to the arrangement by which clubs +of five subscriptions may be made up for $2, or 40 cents for each +subscription. A very little inquiry among one's friends will bring to +light four who are ready to combine at this price. + + * * * * * + +The large circulation of THE BROCHURE SERIES among the younger members +of the profession furnishes an excellent opportunity for the interchange +of ideas with men who are all working with the same end in view--the +advancement of the profession of architecture. There may be a wide +difference in their aims, influenced by personal considerations, the +various differences of training and environment; but all are looking +forward to increased opportunities and a wider field of usefulness. The +experience of many young men will be found of value in shaping the +course of those who have not yet won their spurs. It is the purpose of +THE BROCHURE SERIES to furnish information as far as possible on +everything relating to the profession which will help to make the course +of such men an easy one. The articles upon the sketch clubs, +scholarships, and other educational work, have all been intended to +serve this purpose, and the cooperation of all who are working to this +end is earnestly solicited. Our pages will always be open for the +discussion of subjects of vital interest to young architects, and we +shall hope to see the opportunity largely taken advantage of. + + + + +American School of Architecture, Rome. + + +A recent circular issued by the committee of the American School of +Architecture at Rome contains a general description of the organization +of the school and its work. On the twelfth of last June, at a meeting +held in New York, it was decided to found such a school, and a committee +of control was selected including the chiefs of the schools of +architecture at the different American colleges where such exist. We +give below some quotations from this circular which will be found of +interest. + +The school is founded for the benefit of advanced students only, and is +designed to further the more disciplinary work of other institutions by +opening to young men, already well trained by them in drawing and +design, certain special lines of study, which at present can be pursued +only under great disadvantages. Beginners, accordingly, will not be +received. Such work is not suitable to their condition, and it would be +a mistake to encourage them to devote their time to it. But to the +holders of traveling scholarships, to those who have acquitted +themselves with distinction in the competitions for these scholarships, +and to members of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts of at least three years' +standing, it offers opportunities for the completion of their +professional training which students thus equipped will, it is believed, +find of inestimable value. Other well-accredited students may be +admitted to certain hospitalities of the school, at the discretion of +the secretary. + +Hitherto the holders of traveling scholarships have followed very +largely their own judgment as to their travel and study, and have +produced, as required, a certain number of carefully measured drawings, +which have borne testimony to the diligence of their authors, their +facility with pen, pencil, and brush, and the evident seriousness of +their intentions; but the work has necessarily shown no common purpose +and little consistent prosecution along carefully chosen lines. This +being their common experience, the past holders of traveling +scholarships are general in their approval of the effort to direct +foreign travel and study hereafter to more definite and specific +courses. + +The school is one of observation and research rather than of design, +aiming to form a correct taste and to impress upon the mind, by daily +contact with great examples, those principles which are essential to the +enduring quality in architecture, be the style what it may. To this end +the founders of the school believe it to be of the utmost importance for +an architect, before he begins his professional career, to study +thoroughly and on the spot the monuments of ancient architecture and +such works of the Italian Renaissance as are worthy of being considered +their successors. The monuments best suited to this purpose are those of +Greece and Italy, and the headquarters of the school are established at +Rome rather than at Athens, because of the greater amount of material +there at hand of use to the modern student not only in the art of +architecture itself, but in that of mural painting and in the decorative +arts, including architectural sculpture. + +The school was formally opened under the charge of Mr. Austin W. Lord, +as secretary, on the first of November last, in temporary quarters in +the upper story of the Palazzo Torlonia, on the southwest corner of the +Via dei Condotti and the Via Bocca di Leone, between the Corso and the +Piazza di Spagna; but a permanent home has now been secured in the +building known as the Casino dell'Aurora, occupying a part of the +grounds formerly belonging to the Villa Ludovisi. This building is +situated upon an isolated plot of ground, raised fifteen or twenty feet +above the surrounding streets, and comprising about eighty thousand +square feet, which is the size of the enclosed space in Gramercy Park in +the city of New York. It is on the Pincian Hill, not far from the French +Academy in the Villa Medici. The building contains about thirty rooms; +some of these are decorated with well-known frescoes, among which is the +Aurora of Guercino. The grounds, which were laid out by Lenôtre, are +well covered with trees and shrubs, and afford ample space for the +erection of additional one story buildings, should such be required at +any time for workrooms or studios. + + + + +Personal. + + +Mr. A. L. Nicholson, formerly with Davis & Von Storch, architects, +Scranton, Pa., has accepted a position with De Lemos & Cordes, Fulton +Building, Fulton and Nassau Streets, New York. + +Mr. Dwight H. Perkins, of the firm of Perkins & Selby, Marshall Field +Building, Chicago, opened a new office on May 1 at 1107 Steinway Hall +Building, Chicago. + +Mr. Myron H. Hunt, recently returned from an extended trip abroad, has +gone into the office of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge in Chicago. + +Mr. F. N. Reed, who has distinguished himself in the Rotch Scholarship +competition, having been given second place each time in the last three +years, is now with Cabot, Everett & Mead of Boston. + + + + +Brochure Series Competition No. 1. + + +[Illustration] + +Program: The Henry F. Miller Piano Company of Boston, with the idea of +turning the attention of designers to the problem of artistic piano +cases, has placed in the hands of publishers of THE BROCHURE SERIES $50, +to be awarded for sketches of piano cases. Three prizes of $25, $15, and +$10 will be given for the three best designs submitted, the judges to be +the officers, of the company, assisted by an architect who shall be +appointed by the publishers. + +It is not the idea of the Henry F. Miller Piano Company to secure +designs for actual use, as their work in special case design is almost +entirely to order, carrying out designs for architects and decorators. +Therefore, only sketches are required which may be executed in any +medium the designer may choose, although due regard should be paid to +the reproductive character of the drawing. A perspective sketch, showing +the right end and front of the case, is required to be made on paper, +not exceeding 8x12 in. in size. + +The diagram above gives the necessary dimensions. In designing the end +the only thing to be borne in mind is the construction of the case, the +front telescoping into the back or frame, as shown by the plan of the +end. The quarter round finish of the back is not necessary, the +treatment of the end being optional so long as dimensions and +construction are regarded. + +The arm or end of the keyboard (_c_), the foot (_a_), the "truss" (_b_), +which supports the keyboard, are all left entirely to the designer, the +only dimensions to be regarded being the height of keyboard from the +floor (2 ft. 1 in.), the top of the keys (4-1/2 in. higher), and the +space (4 ft.) occupied by the keys. The arm projects 1 ft. 1 in. beyond +the front. + +Drawings must be sent carriage paid so as to reach the editor of THE +BROCHURE SERIES on or before July 15, 1895. + +The prize designs will become the property of the Henry F. Miller Piano +Company. The other designs will be returned to their authors. It is to +be understood, however, that any or all designs may be exhibited or +published, and that they may be retained a reasonable time after +judgment for these purposes. + +The details and management of the competition are left entirely to the +publishers of THE BROCHURE SERIES, and it is hoped that this, the first +of a number of competitions they will endeavor to arrange, will bring +out the work of the best designers. If there is any portion of this +program not clearly understood, the publishers will explain more in +detail upon request. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, Volume 01, No. 05, May 1895, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF *** + +***** This file should be named 19364-8.txt or 19364-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/6/19364/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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