initial commit of ebook 19319HEADmain

1 files changed, 1906 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/19319.txt b/19319.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c03a81c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/19319.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Description of the Bar-and-Frame-Hive, by
+W. Augustus Munn
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A Description of the Bar-and-Frame-Hive
+       With an Abstract of Wildman's Complete Guide for the Management of Bees Throughout the Year
+
+
+Author: W. Augustus Munn
+
+
+
+Release Date: September 18, 2006  [eBook #19319]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DESCRIPTION OF THE
+BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Steven Giacomelli, David Garcia, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/) from
+page images produced and generously made available by the Core Historical
+Literature in Agriculture collection of Cornell University
+(http://chla.library.cornell.edu/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 19319-h.htm or 19319-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/3/1/19319/19319-h/19319-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/3/1/19319/19319-h.zip)
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through the
+      Core Historical Literature in Agriculture collection of
+      Cornell University. See
+      http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=5017637
+
+
+
+
+
+A DESCRIPTION OF THE BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE,
+
+Invented by
+
+W. AUGUSTUS MUNN, ESQ.
+
+With an Abstract of Wildman's Complete Guide for the Management
+of Bees Throughout the Year.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Ipsa autem, seu corticibus tibi suta cavatis,
+  Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta,
+  Angustos habeant aditus; nam frigore mella
+  Cogit hiems, eademque calor liquefacta remittit.
+
+  Virgil, _G. lib._ iv.
+
+
+London:
+John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row.
+M.DCCC.XLIV.
+
+London
+Printed by S. & J. Bentley, Wilson, and Fley,
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Having been frequently requested to explain the use of the
+_bar-and-frame-hive_, in the management of bees, I have been induced to
+print the following pamphlet, to point out the advantages this new hive
+possesses over the common ones.
+
+I have added extracts from various authorities to show the importance
+of transporting bees for a change of pasturage, and thus prolonging the
+honey harvest. Regarding the natural history of the bee, I have merely
+stated a few of the leading facts connected with that interesting
+subject, drawn from Wildman's Book on Bee-management.
+
+_London, April, 1844._
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I. _FIG. 1._]
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
+
+
+PLATE I, FIGURE 1.
+
+
+A B C D E F and E F, the oblong box as shown in fig. 1, Plate I.
+
+A B C D, the top lid of the oblong box; G H, the half of it made to fall
+back, and supported at an angle by the hinges, _h h_; _l_, the upper
+part of the lock of the box; _i k_, the two gable ends of the roof; _i_,
+the perforated zinc shown as secured in a triangular frame; and _k_, the
+outside appearance of the ventilator.
+
+Q Q, the two quadrants, supporting the table, I J, which is formed by
+the side of the box, A C E E, being let down; _a a a_, &c., fifteen
+holes made to receive the back bolt, _m_, of the observation-frame, Z;
+_b b_, two bolts to fasten into the holes, _c_ and _d_, when the table
+I J, is closed, _f_, being the other part of the lock.
+
+T, one of the handles of the box (the other not seen).
+
+U, one of the blocks (the other not shown) to keep the bottom of the box
+from the ground, when the four legs L L L L, are unscrewed from the four
+corners of the box.
+
+X X B D, the front of the box; _e_, the alighting board, four inches
+wide, extending the whole length from F to F; X _2_, shows a small ledge
+to keep the wet from entering the bee-box, and X I, one of the slides
+_s_, drawn out, and extending beyond the end of the box; the other half
+slide, _s_, on the _left_ hand side, not drawn out in the sketch, the
+part under X 1, shows the opening for the ingress and egress of the bees.
+
+R, one of the two pieces of red cedar at the inside of the box, fixed at
+the ends, E F. E F. The Q Q, quadrants being made to work between the
+red cedar and the outer case or box; _v v_, the fillet fixed in the
+length of the box, on a level with the tops of red cedar; _c d_, the
+holes for the bolts _b b_, in the table I J.
+
+W W, pieces of perforated zinc laid upon the tops of the bee-frames
+resting on the fillets, _v v_.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, six of the 15 grooves, half an inch deep, 9-1/2 long,
+and 1-1/2 of an inch broad, formed on the floor-board: the holes shown
+in the floor-board above the figures being made for the reception
+of the two pins, _a b_, in the observation-frame. No. 8, shows the
+"division-frame" run into the eighth groove of the floor-board, and
+No. 14 and 15, the bee-frames run into their respective grooves, and
+the 1-1/8 of an inch openings in the back closed by the slips of tin,
+_q q q q_, &c.
+
+Y Y, the bar of mahogany with corresponding grooves, X X X X, &c. to
+those on the floor-board, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and 15-2/8 holes for
+the top bolt, _r_, of the observation-frame, Z, to fix into. _t, t, t_,
+the screw nuts at the backs of the bee-frames, &c., for the screw at the
+end of the spindle, S, to work into, and thus hold and draw out of the
+grooves the bee-frames; _w_, the bee-frame containing comb and bees,
+drawn partly into the observation-frame, Z.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A DESCRIPTION OF THE BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE.
+
+
+
+
+THE BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE.
+
+
+By first giving a general description of the "bar-and-frame-hive,"
+the details of its construction can be better explained afterwards.
+
+An oblong box is formed of well seasoned wood of an inch in thickness,
+about thirty inches long, sixteen inches high, and twelve inches broad;
+but the size may be varied to suit the convenience or taste of different
+apiarians. Instead of the lid of the box being flat, it is made in the
+shape of the roof of a cottage, and with projecting eaves to throw
+off the wet more effectually. One of the long sides of the box is
+constructed to open with hinges, and to hang on a level with the
+_bottom_ of the box, and is held up by means of two quadrants. As many
+grooves, half of an inch broad, half an inch deep, and about 9-1/2
+inches long, are formed, 1-1/8 of an inch apart, in the inside of the
+bottom of the box as its length will admit.
+
+In the other side, a long half inch slip is cut for the egress and
+ingress of the bees, having a piece of wood about an inch thick, and
+four inches wide, fastened on the outside, just under the opening, to
+form the alighting board for them.
+
+At the top, of the side of the box which is made to let down, a four
+inch piece of mahogany the length of the inside of the box is secured
+in, having corresponding grooves formed, half an inch broad, 1-1/8 of an
+inch deep, and half an inch apart, to those made in the bottom of the
+box, leaving just _twelve_ inches between the bottom grooves and the
+upper bar grooves.
+
+When the four legs are screwed into the four corners of the box, the
+small "bee-house" is ready for the reception of the "bee-frames" and
+the bees. The "bee-frames" are made of half inch mahogany, being twelve
+inches high, nine inches long, and not more than half of an inch broad,
+so that these frames will fit into the box, sliding into fifteen grooves
+formed on the bottom, and kept securely in their places by the upper
+grooves in the mahogany bar.
+
+When the fifteen, or whatever number of the bee-frames intended to be
+used, have been run into the grooves, sheets of perforated zinc are
+placed on the tops of them; the 1-1/8 of an inch openings at the backs
+of the frames being closed with slips of tin.
+
+One of the bee-frames is made solid, with sheets of zinc being fixed
+in it; this frame can then be used as a divider between any number of
+the bee-frames, and thus form the box into two compartments, either to
+augment or diminish the space in the box according to the size of the
+swarm, or the increasing wants of the bees for more room.
+
+The bees are then introduced into the hive (having first closed the
+backs of the bee-frames with the slips of tin, and fastened the side
+lid of the box against them, and also removed one of the sheets of
+perforated zinc from the tops of the bee-frames) by dislodging the bees
+from the straw-hive in which they had been previously collected, or
+shaken from the boughs of the tree, where they may have settled, so as
+to fall upon the tops of the frames within the box; when the bees have
+all congregated within the bee-frames by crawling through the open
+spaces at the top, the perforated sheet of zinc is placed over them; the
+bees can then only escape through the long slip or entrance which was
+made for them in the front of the box.
+
+The top lid can be closed and locked, when the bees will be secure from
+the gaze of the inquisitive, or the bad intentions of thieves.
+
+Before I proceed to give any directions for the construction of the
+"bar-and-frame-hive" I am _anxious_ to _warn_ all amateur carpenters,
+and those who delight to superintend the labours of a "cheap working
+country carpenter," against the fatal error of using unseasoned wood;
+for, unless the "bottom board" and the "bee-frames" are made of
+mahogany, or some well-seasoned, hard, or close-grained wood, the
+advantages of the bar and frame-hive will be quite destroyed, as the
+great object is to have the bee-frames to slide in and out of the
+grooves with the _greatest facility_. Throughout the whole of the making
+of the hive or box, no glue should be used, unless further secured with
+small SCREWS OR NAILS.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. John Milton of No. 10, Great Marylebone-street, has
+some well constructed bar and frame bee-hives of various prices.]
+
+The oblong box, A B C D, E F and E F (Plate I, fig. 1), is to be made of
+well-seasoned poplar, fir, or deal, of an inch in thickness; the inside
+dimensions are 28 inches and 5/8 of an inch long from A to C, 10-1/2
+inches broad from A to B, and sixteen inches deep from A to E.
+
+The top lid A B C D is formed in the shape of a common roof, and made
+to project an inch, before, behind, and at the two gable ends, like the
+eaves of a cottage to throw off the wet.
+
+The half of this roof G H, is made to open and fall back with hinges
+_h h_.
+
+The two gable ends of the roof have holes cut in them, _i, k_, to admit
+the circulation of air; and secured with perforated zinc withinside to
+prevent the intrusion of wasps, or any other enemies to bees; the gable
+marked _i_, shows the perforated zinc framed into the gable, and _k_ the
+outside appearance of the ventilator.
+
+The side of the box marked A C E E, is made to let down and form a table
+I J, hung on hinges P P, and supported by the quadrants Q Q, one inch
+_below the level of the bottom board_.
+
+Two handles are fixed in the ends of the box, one shown in the sketch
+at T.
+
+Two blocks of wood are screwed on the bottom of the box (one shown at U)
+to keep it off the ground, &c., when the four legs, L L L L, at the four
+corners of the box are unscrewed for the convenience of packing, &c. In
+the opposite side or front of the box at X X, is fixed a piece of board
+_e_, four inches broad, and an inch thick, extending the whole length
+from F F; this is secured at an angle with the bottom of the box, so as
+to form a slightly inclined plain _e_, for the alighting board, which
+would be always dry for the bees to land upon. A half inch opening is
+made from F to F, just above the alighting board, for the ingress and
+egress of the bees. Slides are made _s s_, to regulate the extent of the
+openings, or to entirely close the entrance to the box; these slides can
+be drawn out when it is necessary to clean the bottom board, &c.
+
+Within-side the box, two pieces of red cedar of half an inch in
+thickness, 12-1/8 inches long, 9-1/2 inches broad, are nailed on to
+each end at E F, and E F (one of the pieces of red cedar shown at R).
+The quadrants, Q Q, being made to work between them and the outer case.
+A fillet, _v v_, is fastened on a level with the tops of the two pieces
+of red cedar, to form a ledge of about a 1/4 of an inch all round, to
+support the sheets of perforated zinc, as shown at W W.
+
+Sixteen pieces of mahogany, 1-1/8 of an inch broad, and half an inch
+deep, are to be screwed to the mahogany floor board, commencing against
+the piece of red cedar, R, and leaving a space between each piece, half
+of an inch, and finishing against the other piece of red cedar with the
+last; there will then be formed fifteen grooves, half of an inch in
+width, half an inch in depth, and 9-1/2 inches long on the floor-board
+as shown at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+A bar of mahogany, Y Y, about two inches square, having grooves,
+X X X X, &c., corresponding to those on the floor-board, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+6, &c., is let in, and fastened between A and C, having a clear space of
+twelve inches between the floor-board, and this top bar; the object of
+these grooves being to receive, and keep steadily in their places, the
+fifteen bee-frames, when introduced into them.
+
+[Illustration: _Fig. I._]
+
+The "bee-frames" are made of mahogany, nine inches long, twelve inches
+high, and half an inch broad. Each frame is _dove-tailed_ to make it
+strong at the angles, and to keep it true; the upper part is formed of
+one inch mahogany, and _bevelled_ off (as the carpenters call it) to the
+eighth of an inch, in the centre, as shown at _a_, fig. 1: on the two
+sides of this triangular bar, _b b_, pieces of glass, extending the
+length of the bar, are fixed with red lead. The two sides of the frame,
+_d, d_, are to increase in size, from half an inch at the top, to 1-1/2
+inches at the bottom. The bottom piece, _c_, is half an inch in depth.
+The back of each frame has a piece of tin, about the thickness of a
+card, fixed on it, of the exact size, viz. twelve inches long, and half
+an inch broad, _e, e_. In the centre of the back of each frame, _f_,
+a screw-nut is let in, which is made to fit a screw at the end of a
+long spindle, S, Plate I, fig. 1. This spindle with a handle, Z, will
+screw equally well into the screw-nuts of the fifteen bee-frames and
+division-frame. The use of this spindle being, to draw in and out of the
+grooves the fifteen bee-frames when required. When the bee-frames have
+been put into the grooves in the box, slips of tin about thirteen inches
+long, and and a half broad, are slipped into their backs (being run in
+between the backs of the bee-frames, and the pieces of thin tin fixed
+upon them), to close the 1-1/8 of an inch openings. And three or four
+sheets of perforated zinc are laid upon the tops of the bee-frames,
+resting on the fillets. Thus, then, when a swarm of bees has been
+introduced into this box, the bees have to build their combs within
+the fifteen bee-frames, or whatever number may have been run into the
+grooves for that purpose. The bees cannot escape from above the frames,
+as the sheets of perforated zinc prevent them, nor from the 1-1/8 of an
+inch openings at the backs of the frames, as they have been closed with
+the slips of tin; the only open part being the long narrow slip, just
+above the alighting board, which was originally left for their ingress
+and egress.
+
+The division-frame is made of half inch mahogany, twelve inches high,
+9-1/2 long, and half of an inch broad. So that it will run into any of
+the grooves formed for the bee-frames; but made to fit close to the box
+at the end, by means of a slip of wood, C C, fig. 2, to prevent the bees
+crawling between the frame and the outer-box, as they can do round the
+bee-frames.
+
+[Illustration: _Fig. II._]
+
+The division-frame itself is closed by having two sheets of zinc run
+into it as shown in fig. 2, the one marked _b b b b_, and partly drawn
+out, being of solid sheet zinc; and _a a_, the other in the frame, of
+perforated zinc; _d_, being the screw-nut (like those in the bee-frames)
+by means of which it can be drawn out into the observation-frame, &c.
+Thus, wherever this division-frame is run into the bee-box, (except of
+course at No. 1, and No. 15 grooves) it cuts off all communication with
+the bee-frames on the right or left of it; and two colonies of bees may
+be kept in the same box, and still have distinct frames to work upon,
+and separate entrances, &c.
+
+If then bees have been put into one of the bar-and-frame-hives, and
+sufficient time has been given them to build their combs within "the
+bee-frames," the frames with their contents can be drawn out into the
+"observation-frame," (which will be more fully described) whenever it
+is wished to examine the bees, &c., as the 1-1/8 of an inch spaces
+between the grooves will allow of a sufficient distance to be preserved,
+between the lateral surfaces of the perpendicular combs formed in the
+"bee-frames," and thus permit them to slide by each other with facility.
+
+[Illustration: _Fig. III._]
+
+The "observation-frame," fig. 3, is a mahogany frame, fourteen inches
+high, eleven inches long, and about four inches wide, having a single
+groove half an inch deep, and half an inch broad, running within its
+whole length of eleven inches. The two largest sides have panes of glass
+fixed in them with small brads. The top, bottom, and one end (this end
+forming the back) of this frame, are made of solid wood; the back having
+a small hole, _f_, 2/8 of an inch in diameter in the middle, to allow
+the spindle before mentioned to pass through it. The end which forms the
+front of the frame is open, so that any one of the bee-frames can be run
+into the observation-frame, but may be closed by a piece of tin (_d_)
+being slipt into the small grooves at _c c_. The observation-frame has
+two pins, _a, b_, to fit into the 2/8 holes made along the bottom board
+of the bee-box, shown by the figures, 1, 2, 3, &c., see Plate I, fig. 1,
+and also two small bolts _r_ and _m_; _r_, the upper one to fix into the
+holes above X X X, &c., in the mahogany bar; (but this bolt is only used
+during the operation of drawing out the bee-frames into the observation
+frame); and the other bolt _m_ at the back of the frame, to fasten into
+the 2/8 holes, _a, a, a_, &c., made in the lid, I J. When the two pins
+and the bolts of the observation-frame have been adjusted and fixed, the
+groove in it will be in a straight line with one of the grooves formed
+in the bottom board of the box, consequently a bee-frame can be made to
+slide, by means of the long spindle, in and out of the box, into the
+observation-frame.
+
+The use of this "observation frame" must now be explained more fully:
+the top lid of the bee box, Plate I, fig. 1. G. H. being thrown up,
+will screen the "operator" from the bees, which are flying in and out
+in the front of the hive or box. The back lid, I. J., is let down, and
+supported by the quadrants Q. Q., and forms a table, the box having been
+raised from the ground by the four legs, L L L L. The observation frame
+is placed opposite to whichever bee-frame is to be examined; the two
+pins, _a, b_, fig. 3, running into the holes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c., made
+in the bottom board. The small bolts, Plate I, secured at the top, as
+at _r_, and the back _m_: the long spindle, S, is run through the 2/8
+hole in the back of the observation frame, as at Z, and the end of the
+spindle screwed into the screw socket _t_, at the back of the bee-frame
+_w_; the two pieces of tin on the right and left of the bee-frame are
+pulled out (of course the observation frame being empty, and having the
+piece of tin from its front taken out), the operator holding by the
+handle, _z_, of the spindle, gradually draws out the bee-frame into the
+observation frame, and after examining the bees and comb, gently returns
+the bee-frame into its groove in the floor-board: the two slips of
+tin are then replaced in the backs of the bee-frames: the spindle is
+unscrewed and withdrawn, the bolts are unfastened, the observation frame
+being kept firmly in its place, held by the left hand of the operator,
+whilst with the right he runs in the long slip of tin, _d_, fig. 3, into
+the front of the observation frame, to keep the bees (escaped from the
+returned bee-frame), until the observation frame is again fixed opposite
+to another bee-frame, when the tin is withdrawn and the bolts fastened
+as before. It has been shown that by these means, each bee-frame, and
+the bees and comb contained in it, can be easily drawn out and examined,
+without interfering with any other part of the hive, or occasioning the
+loss of a single bee.
+
+The whole of the interior of the hive is thus open to inspection at any
+moment, and a choice can be made of the combs containing the most honey,
+or the bee owner enabled to trace the devastation of the honey moth,
+and ascertain the presence of any other enemy, and this without the
+assistance of smoke, which must be injurious both to the bees and their
+brood.
+
+When the bee-frame is returned and secured, the observation-frame is
+removed; then the lid, I J, being shut up and bolted, and the upper lid,
+G H, closed, the box may be locked up. When the bees have been shut in
+with the slide in the front, the hive or box is ready to be transported
+anywhere, to procure new pasturage for them, which, as every experienced
+bee-keeper knows, is of the greatest benefit to prolong their
+honey-harvest.
+
+Perfect protection from wet and the vicissitudes of temperature, is
+partly ensured by the external bee-box being made of well-seasoned wood;
+poplar is recommended as of a looser grain than fir, deal, &c., and
+consequently, not so great a conductor of heat; but the objection to
+wooden bee-hives or boxes, for being more easily affected by the
+variations of the temperature, is removed by the construction of the
+"bar frame-hive;" for the bee-frames form, as it were, a smaller box
+within the oblong box, and are not in immediate contact with the
+external air, but have a half inch space nearly all round them, which
+will to a certain extent maintain an equable temperature for the bees,
+both in summer and winter.
+
+Any moisture condensed from the heated air generated by the bees, is
+carried off through the perforated sheets of zinc above the frames, and
+cool store-room for the honey is also thus secured.
+
+A feeding trough is made on the principle of a bird-glass: with a tin
+feeder and a small bottle for the liquid food to be put into.
+
+[Illustration: _Fig. IV._]
+
+The tin feeder is six inches by 7-1/2 long, and one inch deep, and just
+fits on to the top of the bee-frames, where the perforated sheets of
+zinc are laid; within this feeder a half inch opening is cut at the
+bottom, fig 4, _a_, and an inclined plane _b_, reaching half way up
+the depth of the trough; and a sheet of perforated tin, _c_ (placed
+horizontally from point _b_,) through which the bees suck the food,
+which is kept at the same level by atmospheric pressure; for as the food
+is drawn down below the mouth of the bottle, _d_, air forces itself into
+the bottle, and the same quantity of food trickles down into the feeder,
+a piece of glass, _e_, exactly the same size as the feeder, is placed
+over it, through which the bees may be seen whilst feeding, and the
+feeding trough will be nearly of the same temperature as the interior
+of the box or hive, and prevent the bees being chilled, as they would
+be in winter, if compelled to descend for their food; and besides, the
+bees are less likely to be attacked by wasps or strange bees when fed
+from above, as the intruders would have to ascend through the mass of
+bees in the box, which would be attended with danger to them.
+
+The bees can be fed when necessary by one of the sheets of perforated
+zinc being drawn on one side, and the feeding trough, with the bottle of
+food in it, being placed over the opening; when the bees will ascend
+through the half inch space at _a_, and feed themselves with the liquid,
+or carry it away and store it up for future use.
+
+
+
+
+HIVES AND BEE-BOXES.
+
+
+Having given a description of the bar-frame-hive, it will be as well to
+enter into the comparative advantages of using wooden boxes and straw
+hives.
+
+Some apiarians confine themselves to the use of straw hives, others to
+wooden boxes, and a third party use both; but as far as the bees are
+concerned it matters little what kind of hive is given them, for if the
+season be favourable, and the bee-pasturage rich with flowers, they
+collect and store up the honey in their combs in any receptacle of any
+shape or size, provided it affords them shelter from the weather.
+
+Hives made of straw are generally preferred for an out-of-door apiary,
+as being less liable to be over-heated by the rays of the sun, and
+in the winter they exclude the cold better than hives made of other
+materials, while the moisture arising from the bees is more quickly
+absorbed within the hive, and does not run down the sides as it
+generally does in wooden hives or boxes; at the same time they are
+always to be obtained from their cheapness, and from their simplicity
+easily understood and made use of; wooden boxes can only be used with
+advantage in a bee-house, they stand firmer on the bottom boards, or
+one upon another, they admit of having glass windows, through which
+to observe the operations of the bees, and they are not so liable to
+harbour moths, spiders, and other insects, as the straw hives.
+
+The objects to be attained in the construction and management of an
+apiary, are, to secure the prosperity and multiplication of the colonies
+of bees, to increase the amount of their productive labour, and to
+obtain their products with facility, and with the least possible
+detriment to the stock. It is to the interest of the owner, therefore,
+that he provide for the bees shelter against moisture, and the extremes
+of heat and cold--especially, sudden vicissitudes of temperature,
+protection from their numerous enemies, every facility for constructing
+their combs and for rearing their brood, and that the hive should be so
+constructed as to allow of every part of the combs to be inspected at
+any moment, and capable of removal when requisite: and while attention
+is paid to economy, it should be made of materials that will secure its
+durability.
+
+These observations apply equally to the straw hives, boxes, or whatever
+the bees may be lodged in or hived. Some cultivators of bees have been
+chiefly anxious to promote their multiplication, and to prevent the
+escape of the swarms in their natural way, by forming artificial swarms,
+by separating a populous hive previous to its swarming, into two parts,
+and allowing to each greater room for the construction of their works.
+Others, and the most numerous class, have contemplated only the
+abundance of the products which they yield, and the facility of
+extracting them from the hive, without showing any particular solicitude
+as to the preservation of the bees themselves. Another class of
+apiarians have, on the other hand, had it more particularly in view,
+to facilitate the prosecution of researches in the natural history and
+economy of bees.
+
+Then, again, amongst apiarians a diversity of opinion exists regarding
+the system to be adopted in the management of the hives, whether the
+bees are to be kept in single hives, caps or bell-glasses, and extra
+boxes, which may be added at the top, which is called the _storifying_
+system; or inserting additional room at the bottom, called _nadering_;
+or whether adding boxes at the sides, called the _collateral_ system,
+should be followed out; and a plan of ventilating the boxes has been
+added to the last system, but experience has proved that it is utterly
+useless, as in spite of ventilating tubes and thermometers, the bees
+have swarmed, and the queen-bee has deposited her eggs in the collateral
+boxes and destroyed the purity of the honey.
+
+No successful plan has been yet devised to ventilate the combs where
+the bees cluster; for the bees prevent the circulation of the cold air
+amongst the combs by immediately forming themselves in thick rows at the
+bottom of the combs; and instead of ranging the fields to gather honey
+or pollen, have to collect together and idle away their time to retain
+the necessary heat for the formation of the combs, or to rear their
+brood.
+
+As a single hive, Huber's leaf-hive is certainly the best; but it
+requires great attention, and none but experienced apiarists can use it
+for the purpose of trying experiments; but in the hands of experienced
+apiarists it is invaluable. All other single hives are objectionable, as
+neither the proceedings of the bees can be observed, nor the honey taken
+out, without either destroying the bees, or driving them out with smoke
+by which much of the brood is killed; or if rainy weather occur at the
+time the bees are preparing to throw off a swarm, and the hive be filled
+to its utmost limits with comb, all the bees must remain idle till the
+return of fine weather for want of room.
+
+To meet this objection, some apiarians have straw-hives with flat wooden
+tops made, or use boxes, and have holes cut in them at the top, so that
+small glasses may be added, when the bees require room. But this does
+not prevent swarming, and besides, the flatness of the roof is
+prejudicial, as it allows the moisture which exhales from the bees to
+collect in the roof, and to fall in drops at different parts, to the
+great injury of the subjacent contents of the hive, and, like the common
+straw hive or square box, the bees cannot be examined, except partially
+through the windows made in the sides.
+
+To remedy this evil, the further plan of _storifying_ hives or boxes,
+was introduced, and by this method swarming may to an extent be
+prevented, and the wax and honey can be taken without destroying the
+bees; and with the same view was introduced the _collateral_ system,
+which is adding room at the sides (of course preserving a free
+communication between the boxes and hives). But there are objections to
+the _collateral_ system, as it is now a very well established fact, that
+partitions of any kind are detrimental to the prosperity of the bees;
+and the same applies, though perhaps in an inferior degree, to the
+_storied_ system, or hives and boxes divided into stories one above
+another; besides that which holds good equally to all hives or boxes,
+that it is not possible to proportion the hives in all cases to the
+magnitude of the swarms, or the energy with which they labour.
+
+In single hives the honey becomes bad and discoloured from being put
+into the old breeding cells. In double storied, or collateral hives,
+the bees are divided, and live in different families; while their own
+preservation, and that of the brood, requires them to live in the
+strictest union; the heat also necessary for the secretion of wax is
+lessened by the division of the bees into different groups. And,
+besides, all these different hives or boxes should have some sort of
+protection from the weather, either in the way of eaves or covers,
+or be placed in a shed or bee-house.
+
+They require also centre boards and division tins, &c. to separate
+one hive or box from another, floor boards for them to stand upon,
+as well as stands or stools to raise them from the ground, &c., for
+a description of which, and a full history of all hives and boxes,
+I refer the reader to Dr. Bevan's "Honey-bee."
+
+In mentioning the defects of these different boxes and hives, I do not
+mean to condemn them as useless, for they will all answer to a certain
+extent the purposes for which they were intended, rewarding the
+attentive bee-keeper, according to the seasons, and enabling the bees to
+send forth many swarms, and collecting and storing up their treasures of
+honey; but my object has been to point out briefly to those anxious for
+the better, more extended, and economical mode of bee-management, the
+difficulties to be provided against, and to recommend to their
+consideration the advantages offered in the bar frame-hive. But,
+however, I should not be doing justice to Mr. R. Golding, if I did not
+particularly mention his "improved Grecian hive" by the use of which
+combs may be removed from the interior of the hive and inspected at
+pleasure: this improvement he has effected by carefully investigating
+the laws of the insects for whose use the hives were intended, and by a
+particular arrangement of the bars, (every alternate one being furnished
+with guide combs,) the bees have been induced, in a manner at once
+simple and beautiful, to construct a uniform range of combs. When the
+hive is filled with honey, two or three, or more of the bars may be,
+at any time, removed, or exchanged for unoccupied bars, without much
+disturbing the brood combs, all annoyance from the bees being prevented
+by a whiff or two of tobacco smoke being blown into the hive at the time
+of the removal of the bars. With the protection of a bee-house these
+hives can be applied to many of the systems of bee-management, and prove
+equally profitable, and more manageable than some of the newly-invented
+hives.
+
+
+
+
+THE APIARY.
+
+
+Next of importance to the kind of hive and the system to be followed, is
+the proper situation of an apiary. This subject engaged the attention of
+bee-keepers in ancient as much as in modern times; but the directions
+given by Columella and Virgil are as good now as when they were written;
+and as is observed by the writer in No. CXLI. of the Quarterly Review,
+in the amusing article on "Bee-books,"--"It would amply repay (and this
+is saying a great deal,) the most forgetful country gentleman to rub
+up his schoolboy Latin, for the sole pleasure he would derive from the
+perusal of the fourth Georgic." The aspect has been regarded as of the
+first importance; but there are points of greater consequence, namely
+the vicinity of good bee pasturage, the shelter of the hives from the
+winds by trees or houses, and their distance from ponds or rivers, as
+the high winds might dash the bees into the water.
+
+Various aspects have been recommended, but the south, with a point to
+the east or west, according to its situation as respects the shelter it
+may receive from walls or trees, &c. is the best: care, however, must be
+taken that neither walls, trees, nor anything else impede the going
+forth of the bees to their pasturage.
+
+"I have ever found it best," says Wildman, "to place the mouth of
+the hives to the west in spring, care being taken that they have the
+afternoon sun; the morning sun is extremely dangerous during the colder
+months, when its glare often tempts these industrious insects out to
+their ruin; whereas the mouth of the hive being then in the shade, the
+bees remain at home; and as clouds generally obscure the afternoon's sun
+at that season, the bees escape the temptation of going out. When food
+is to be obtained, the warmth of the air continues round the hive in
+the afternoon, which enables the bees to pursue their labours without
+danger.
+
+A valley is a better situation for an apiary than a hill, being more
+convenient to the bees returning home with their loads; and, besides,
+bees are not so apt to fly away when swarming as when on a hill: but
+when swarms take a distant flight, they generally fly against the wind,
+so that the stragglers of the swarms may better hear the direction of
+the course taken by their fellow emigrants.
+
+I recommend a hard gravel terrace for the hives to be placed upon, as
+being drier both in summer and winter for the bee-master to walk upon,
+when inspecting his bees, and also as less likely to afford shelter for
+ants or other enemies to bees; and, besides, it is better for the bees,
+which when much fatigued by their journeys, or benumbed by the cold, are
+apt to fall around the hives, and would recover more quickly from the
+warmth of the dry ground than if they had alighted on damp grass.
+
+The hives should not be placed where water from the eaves of houses,
+from hedges, or trees, drop upon them; but they should be near the
+mansion house for the convenience of watching the bees, &c.
+
+A small stream of water running near the hives is thought to be of
+advantage, especially in dry seasons, with gently declining banks,
+in order that the bees may have safe access to it.
+
+Heaths, or places abounding in wild flowers, constitute the best
+neighbourhood for an apiary, and in default of this pasturage, there
+should be gardens where flowers are cultivated, and fields in which
+buck-wheat, clover, or sainfoin, is sown.
+
+But cultivating small gardens of flowers for bees is useless, except a
+few early flowers near the hives for the bees to collect some pollen for
+the brood, such as the common kinds of crocus, white alyssum, single
+blue hepaticas, helleborus niger, and tussilago petasites, all of which
+flower early; but should any of the tribe of the willows grow near,
+there will be no necessity for cultivating the flowers above-mentioned,
+as they yield an abundant harvest of farina, or pollen.
+
+A rich corn country is well known to be a barren desert to the bees
+during a greater portion of the year. Hence the judicious practice of
+shifting the bees from place to place according to the circumstances of
+the season, and the custom of other nations in this particular well
+deserves our imitation.
+
+Few places are so happily situated as to afford bees proper pasturage
+both in the beginning of the season and also the autumn; it was the
+advice of Celsus that, after the vernal pastures are consumed, they
+should be transported to places abounding with autumnal flowers; as was
+practised by conveying the bees from Achaia to Attica, from Euboea and
+the Cyclad Islands to Syrus, and also in Sicily, where they were brought
+to Hybla from other parts of the island.
+
+Pliny states that the custom of removing bees from place to place for
+fresh pasturage was frequent in the Roman territories, and such is still
+the practice of the Italians who live near the banks of the Po, (the
+river which Pliny particularly instances,) mentioned by Alexander de
+Montfort, who says that the Italians treat their bees in nearly the same
+manner as the Egyptians did and still do; that they load boats with
+hives and convey them to the neighbourhood of the mountains of Piedmont;
+that in proportion as the bees gather in their harvest, the boats, by
+growing heavier, sink deeper into the water; and that the watermen
+determine from this, when their hives are loaded sufficiently, and it is
+time to carry them back to their places from which they came. The same
+author relates that the people of the country of Juliers used the same
+practice; for that, at a certain season of the year, they carried their
+bees to the foot of mountains that were covered with wild thyme.
+
+M. Maillet, who was the French Consul in Egypt in 1692, says in his
+curious description of Egypt; "that in spite of the ignorance and
+rusticity which have got possession of that country, there yet remain in
+it several traces of the industry and skill of the ancient Egyptians."
+One of their most admirable contrivances is, the sending their bees
+annually into different districts to collect food, at a time when they
+could not find any at home.
+
+About the end October, all such inhabitants of Lower Egypt, as have
+hives of bees, embark them on the Nile, and convey them up that river
+quite into Upper Egypt; observing to time it so that they arrive there
+just when the inundation is withdrawn, the lands have been sown, and the
+flowers begin to bud. The hives thus sent are marked and numbered by
+their respective owners, and placed pyramidically in boats prepared for
+the purpose. After they have remained some time at their furthest
+station, and are supposed to have gathered all the pollen and honey they
+could find in the fields within two or three leagues around, their
+conductors convey them in the same boats, two or three leagues lower
+down, and there leave the laborious insects so long a time as is
+necessary for them to collect all the riches of this spot. Thus the
+nearer they come to the place of their more permanent abode, they find
+the plants which afford them food, forward in proportion.
+
+In fine, about the beginning of February, after having travelled through
+the whole length of Egypt, and gathered all the rich produce of the
+delightful banks of the Nile, they arrive at the mouth of that river,
+towards the ocean; from whence they had set out: care is taken to keep
+an exact register of every district from whence the hives were sent
+in the beginning of the season, of their numbers, of the names of the
+persons who sent them, and likewise of the mark or number of the boat
+in which they were placed.
+
+Niebuhr saw upon the Nile, between Cairo and Damietta, a convoy of
+four thousand hives, in their transit from Upper Egypt to the Delta.
+Savary, in his letters on Egypt, also gives an account of the manner of
+transporting the hives down the Nile. In France floating bee-houses are
+common. Goldsmith describes from his own observation, a kind of floating
+apiary in some parts of France and Piedmont. "They have on board of one
+barge," he says, "three score or a hundred bee-hives, well defended
+from the inclemency of an accidental storm, and with these the owners
+float quietly down the stream: one bee-hive yields the proprietor a
+considerable income. Why," he adds, "a method similar to this has never
+been adopted in England where we have more gentle rivers, and more
+flowery banks, than in any part of the world, I know not; certainly it
+might be turned to advantage."
+
+They have also a method of transporting their hives by land in carts in
+Germany; and particularly in Hanover travelling caravans of bees may be
+seen during the season.
+
+I have thus briefly quoted from famous authorities, to impress upon
+those who keep apiaries the importance of transporting their bees from
+pasture to pasture.
+
+The advantage to weak swarms is very great, "but whilst so little of the
+true principles of bee management is understood, as that the destruction
+of the bees has been considered absolutely essential, in order to the
+attainment of their stores, it is no wonder that so little attention
+should have been paid to their cultivation in this country, and that it
+should not have proved a more productive department of rural economy."
+
+"Bees, like everything else worth possessing, require care and
+attention; but persons generally think it is quite sufficient to procure
+a hive and a swarm, and set it down in the middle of a garden, and that
+streams of honey and money will forthwith flow; and, perhaps, commence
+calculating, from the perusal of the statements of the profits made by
+Thorley from a single hive, which he estimates to be 4300_l._ 16_s._
+from 8192 hives kept during fourteen years! deducting ten shillings and
+sixpence, the cost of the first hive!"
+
+The bar and frame-hives are so constructed that they can be moved from
+place to place with the greatest ease, and, perhaps, this may be an
+inducement for bee-masters to try the recommendations of transporting
+bees, and thus avoid one expense of feeding them during the winter.
+
+Connected with the foregoing subject of transporting bees from place to
+place, is the question of the distance to which bees extend their flight
+in search of food, &c.; and the comparative excellence of the position
+of an apiary depends in some measure on the greater or less distance the
+bees will have to fly to their pasturage.
+
+Dr. Chambers, and Dr. Hunter were of opinion, that the bee cannot extend
+its flight beyond a mile, which idea they adopted on the authority of
+Schirach; but then it must be recollected that the German mile of
+Schirach is equal to about 3-1/2 English miles.
+
+It was the opinion of Huber, that the radii of the circle of the
+flight of the bee extended nearly to four English miles. And Huish says
+"The travelling apiaries of Germany, particularly those of Hanover,
+are regulated by the prevailing opinion, that the bee can, and does,
+extend its flight to four and even five miles; and acting upon that
+supposition, when the bee-masters move their apiaries, they always
+travel about two _stunden_, that is, about eight miles, as they then
+calculate that the bees are beyond the former range of their pasture
+by four miles." And adds, "a travelling apiary of 80 or 100 hives will
+exhaust the food within the area of a circle of four miles in about
+a fortnight or three weeks."
+
+"But certainly there is no reason to fear that any part of this country
+will be overstocked with bees, for where one hive is now kept, fifty
+might be kept without running any risk of overstocking the country; for
+the average number of hives in the various apiaries does not exceed
+five."
+
+"It has been calculated" says another authority, "that the pastures of
+Scotland could maintain as many bees as would produce 4,000,000 pints
+of honey, and 1,000,000 lbs. of wax; and were these quantities tripled
+for England and Ireland, the produce of the British empire would be
+12,000,000 pints of honey, and 3,000,000 lbs. of wax per annum, worth
+about five shillings per pint for the honey, and one shilling and
+sixpence per lb. for the wax, making an annual produce in money of about
+3,225,000_l._
+
+But in consequence of the present neglect of this branch of rural
+economy, we pay annually nearly 12,000_l._ for honey alone.
+
+The imports and exports of wax bleached and unbleached were as follows:
+
+
+                                             Returned
+               Imported.      Exported.      for home          the rate
+                                             Consumption.      of Duty
+
+             1831.   1832.   1831.   1832.   1831.   1832.
+
+                      Cwt.            Cwt.            Cwt.     L  s. d.
+ Unbleached   7,005           1,878          10,002            1 10  0
+                      4,349           2,536             826
+ Bleached       195             504              94            3  0  0
+
+
+                             Produce of Duty.
+
+                          Unbleached    L 10,262
+                          Bleached           823
+
+
+The price of wax varies (duty included) from 5_l._ to 10_l._ a cwt.
+
+In 1831, 7,203 cwt. of wax were imported, of which 3,892 cwt. of it came
+from Western Africa; 1,551, from Tripoli, Barbary, &c.; and 910 cwt.
+from the United States.
+
+In 1839, imports were 6,314 cwt., in 1841, 4,483 cwt. of wax; in 1838,
+675 cwt. of honey; and in 1841, 3,761 cwt. valued at 12,000_l._ brought
+principally from the West Indies, Germany, and Portugal.
+
+The above statement proves the demand there is in this country for honey
+and wax.
+
+It is mentioned in Wildman's pamphlet that, when Corsica was subject to
+the Romans, a tribute was imposed upon it of no less than two hundred
+thousand pounds of wax yearly; but this is no proof of the excellence
+of their honey, which, according to Ovid, was of very ill account, and
+seems to be the reason why the tributary tax was exacted in wax, in
+preference to honey.
+
+The honey collected by the bees at all times retains qualities derived
+from the kind of plant from whence it has been procured, as is manifest
+not only by the peculiar odour of the honey, such as that collected from
+leek blossoms and all the onion tribe, but by the effects produced by
+the use of honey obtained from certain plants, chiefly from the subtribe
+Rhodoraceae, such as the kalmia, azalea, rhododendron, &c., which yield a
+honey frequently poisonous and intoxicating, as has been proved by the
+fatal effects on persons in America. It is recorded by Xenophon in his
+Anabasis that, during the retreat of the ten thousand, the soldiers
+sucked some honey-combs in a place near Trebizonde, and in consequence
+became intoxicated, and did not recover their strength for three or four
+days; and these effects are supposed to have been produced from the
+honey having been extracted by the bees from the rhododendron ponticum
+or azalea pontica of Linnaeus.
+
+Although many of these plants have been introduced into this country,
+yet, probably from their small proportion to the whole of the flowers in
+bloom, the honey collected by the bees has not been found to be injured
+or to have produced any evil consequences.
+
+The goodness and flavour of honey depend on the fragrance of the plants
+from which the bees collect it, and hence it is that the honey of
+different places is held in different degrees of estimation.
+
+The honey gathered from the genus erica (termed _heather honey_) and
+most labiate plants, is wholesome. That which is made early in the year
+is preferred to what is collected in the latter end of the season.
+Whilst on the subject of honey, I will add the directions given by
+Wildman, how to separate the honey from the wax: "Take," he says, "the
+combs which have been extracted from the different hives or boxes into
+a close room, rather warm than otherwise, that the honey may drain more
+freely, and keep the doors and windows shut, to prevent the bees from
+entering, or else they will be very troublesome, and will attack and
+carry away the greater part of the honey from the combs.
+
+"Lay aside such combs as have young bees or brood in them, as they
+would give your honey a bad flavour and render it unwholesome, and the
+bee-brood must also be separated and melted with the brood-combs. When
+you have thus separated the combs, let such as are very fine be nicely
+drained by themselves, without the least pressing whatever, having been
+carefully cleaned of every sort of filth, or insects, and dividing each
+comb in such a manner that the cells may be open at both ends, and
+placing them upon a sieve or coarse cloth, that the honey may drain
+off quite pure and undefiled. The remainder of the combs from which
+the honey has been thus drained, together with those which contained
+the bee-bread and brood, must be put into a coarse cloth or bag, and
+squeezed or pressed to get all the honey out. This will make it inferior
+in quality, and unfit for many uses, therefore it should be put into
+pots or bottles by itself, to feed bees with, for which purpose it will
+be better than pure honey, on account of the bee-bread that will be
+mixed with it, which is necessary for their subsistence.
+
+"In order to obtain the wax in a pure state, what remains of the combs
+after separating the honey, together with the empty combs which had been
+laid aside, should be put into a copper with clean water; made to boil
+gently over a slow fire, keeping it constantly stirring. When it is
+melted, run it through a coarse cloth or bag made for the purpose, and
+put it into a press to separate the wax from the dross. Let the wax run
+from the press into a vessel placed under it, into which put some water
+to prevent the wax adhering to the sides.
+
+"If this process of boiling and pressing is repeated twice or even three
+times, the wax will be much purer and consequently of greater value.
+Set it in a place where it may cool by degrees, in pans of the size you
+would choose your cakes to be, with some water in them, to prevent the
+wax sticking to the sides whilst hot. Honey should be kept only in stone
+jars, called Bristol ware, and in a cool and dry situation, but not
+corked up until a week or two after it has transuded through the sieve,
+&c., but should be carefully covered with perforated sheets of zinc to
+keep out insects and flies, &c. after which period the jars may be
+secured and put into the store-rooms.
+
+"The only protection necessary for gentlemen,--for ladies, I presume,
+would never venture to undertake the dangerous task of extracting the
+honey combs from hives or boxes,--will be a pair of buckskin gloves,
+with a pair of worsted gloves over them extending to the elbows; so that
+the bees should not be able to creep between the gloves and the sleeves;
+for the face a piece of wire pattern gauze net, made in the shape of a
+bag, to draw with a string round the hat above the brim, which will keep
+it from the face, and the other open end being secured under the neck
+handkerchief, and with the assistance of a puff or two of smoke into any
+hive intended to be operated upon, the bee-master may fearlessly turn up
+the hive, and cut out combs or dislodge bees from their habitations, &c.
+with impunity."
+
+
+
+
+THE ENEMIES TO BEES, &c.
+
+
+The proprietor having provided shelter for his bees, and as great a
+plenty of pasture as he possibly can, should next be careful to guard
+them from the numerous enemies which prey upon them, and destroy their
+honey-combs. Bees themselves, in the autumn and spring, are very often
+great enemies to one another, and rob each other's hives, especially
+in dry seasons, when the honey gathering is almost over; and the bees
+from over-stocked hives, not having honey sufficient for their winter's
+store, will through necessity attack the old hives or stocks, which are
+thinned by over swarming, carry away all their honey, and often destroy
+their queens. In order to prevent this havoc, contract the entrance or
+entrances of the hive attempted to be robbed, so that a few bees only
+can enter at a time, by which means the old stocks will be better
+able to defend themselves. If, notwithstanding this narrowness of the
+passage, robbers attack a hive, the entrance should be instantly closed
+and kept so till the thieves are gone, and it will be advisable in the
+evening to examine the state of the hive, especially as to weight, and
+if the queen be safe, remove it to another place, at least a mile from
+the old locality. The person who is thus employed, at a time when the
+bees are full of resentment, should be well defended from their stings.
+But, should he be so unfortunate as to get stung for his interference,
+the first thing is to extract the sting. To alleviate the irritation,
+cooling lotions should be applied, but the pain of a sting is relieved
+by applying spirits of hartshorn, or liquor potassae, to the spot where
+the sting entered.
+
+One would imagine the moth to be an enemy of no consequence, but the
+wax-moth (_Tinea mellonella_) is a most formidable enemy. She lays her
+eggs under the very skirts of the hive, or in the rubbish on the floor,
+or even in the combs of the bees; these eggs when hatched produce a
+small whitish worm or larva, and it is in this stage that it commits its
+ravages, extending its galleries through every quarter of the combs,
+detaching them from the tops and sides of the hives, and causing them
+to fall together.
+
+The way to destroy them is frequently to lift up the hive in the
+morning, and kill all you can see. The most effectual way is to drive
+the bees into a new hive, but this can be only done in the height of
+the honey season; or the affected combs may be cut out, and the bees
+restored to their old habitation.
+
+Mice are likewise very destructive to bees; sometimes they enter at the
+door, but most commonly near the top of the hive; this they do generally
+during winter, when the bees are in a torpid state; when this is
+suspected, set a few traps about the hives.
+
+The common bat will also sometimes take possession of a hive, and commit
+very great havoc amongst the bees.
+
+Wasps and hornets must be destroyed, if possible, either by gunpowder,
+or by the more primitive mode of placing limed twigs before the holes,
+when you have discovered their nests.
+
+The spring is the time to kill the female wasps and hornets, for then,
+by the death of one female, a whole nest is destroyed. Or place bottles
+half full of sugar and beer where the wasps frequent; they will go in to
+drink, and drown themselves in the liquor, not being able to get out of
+the bottle again. Spiders must be killed, and their nets or webs broken
+down, otherwise they will catch and destroy many bees.
+
+Swallows, frogs, ants, earwigs, snails, woodlice, poultry, and small
+birds of almost all kinds, are reckoned amongst their foes. And,
+therefore, there should be no lack of vigilance on the part of the owner
+of bees, to keep the bee-house as clean as possible from all vermin.
+
+The signs of dysentery having commenced in any colony of bees may be
+known by the floor-boards and combs being covered with stains, by the
+dark coloured evacuations, producing an offensive smell, and frequent
+deaths amongst the bees. "Bees," says Gelieu, "have no real disease;
+they are always in good health as long as they are at liberty, are kept
+warm, and provided with plenty of food. All their pretended diseases are
+the result of cold, hunger, or the infection produced by a too close and
+long confinement during winter, and by exposure to damp, &c."
+
+They appear however sometimes to be seized, in the spring, with
+dysentery; this is occasioned by their feeding too greedily, it is
+supposed, on honey dew, without the mixture of pollen and other
+wholesome nutriment.
+
+The only remedy that has been found for this disease, is to give the
+bees plenty of honey, such honey as that extracted from the refuse combs
+in the autumn, that had abundance of bee-bread pressed amongst it,--the
+more the better,--mixing with it a table-spoonful of salt, and giving
+the bees their full liberty, and a clean hive. Many things are necessary
+for the preservation of bees, but more especially in this country, where
+the bees have only one season in five, on an average of years, really
+good for their honey harvest; wherefore the owner should take care to
+provide the light stocks with a sufficient quantity of food, which they
+have not been able to secure by their own industry, either through the
+badness of the bee-pasturage, the inclemency of the seasons, the
+weakness of the colony, or the spoil made by their enemies; and
+sometimes by the ill-judged management of their owners, in robbing the
+bees beyond the bounds of reason.
+
+By this last unjust way of proceeding, these poor industrious little
+insects are absolutely starved, and their greedy masters deservedly
+experience the old proverb; that "Too much covetousness breaks the bag."
+
+It is impossible to ascertain what quantity of honey will serve a hive
+of bees the whole winter, because the number in the hive may be more or
+less, and in some years, the spring is more forward than in others; but
+25 lbs. is said to be the quantity required in a common cottage-hive.
+During frost, the bees consume very little food indeed; and still less
+during severe cold weather. Mr. White (with many other apiarians) is of
+opinion, that a greater degree of cold than is commonly imagined to be
+proper for bees is favourable to them in winter, for the bees during
+that period, are in so lethargic a state, that little food supports
+them.
+
+The best method to feed the weak stocks, if in one of Mr. R. Golding's
+improved Grecian hives, is to place some combs (drone combs reserved for
+that purpose) filled on one side with honey, over the centre-board, and
+covering it over with a common hive.
+
+The advantage of feeding bees from above is great; they are less likely
+to be attacked by the bees from other hives, and they do not become
+benumbed by the cold, as the same temperature is maintained above as in
+the rest of the hive.
+
+But in all cases, bees should be fed in autumn, and before they are in
+absolute want of food, otherwise they will be so poor and weak that they
+will not be able to ascend or descend to feed themselves. When that
+happens, it is almost too late to save them; however, you may try and
+feed them, by first tying a piece of gauze over the bottom of the hive,
+turning it up to receive the heat of the sun or fire, and, if the bees
+revive at all, place a pewter dish with some liquid honey in it, on the
+floor-board, and the hive over it, when the bees will draw up the honey
+through the gauze or net without smearing themselves, the the pewter
+dish having been filled with hot water to keep the honey liquid, and to
+diffuse a genial warmth throughout the hive, and thus secure them for
+a time from the cold, which would chill and even kill the bees in the
+winter, when they came down to the bottom of the hive to feed on the
+proffered bounty.
+
+In prosperous hives or colonies, as soon as the severity of the winter's
+frost is past, the queen-bee begins to lay her eggs in the various cells
+in the combs, and proceeds in proportion to the mildness of the season
+to deposit a succession. The number of young bees that may by this means
+rise in a hive, may endanger the lives of all the bees by famine, for
+the increased multitude consume a great deal of honey, an accident
+likely to happen if the mild weather of January or February should be
+succeeded by cold, rainy, or even dry weather; for it is found that the
+flowers do not secrete the sweet juices, which constitute honey, so
+freely during the prevalence of dry easterly winds; and thus present a
+barren field for the out-of-door labours of the bees.
+
+On this account, the proprietor should examine the hives frequently at
+this season, that, if necessary, he may give them a proper supply, in
+which he should be bountiful rather than otherwise, because the bees are
+faithful stewards, and will return with interest what is thus in their
+great need bestowed upon them.
+
+The time of the bees' swarming is generally in the months of May and
+June, and sometimes July, but the latter is too late, as there are then
+fewer bees than in the earlier swarms, and they seldom live through the
+winter without much care and feeding.
+
+The later swarms should be hived in rather smaller hives than the first,
+that, by clustering together, they may the better nourish and keep
+themselves warm.
+
+The hours of their swarming are for the most part about twelve o'clock
+at noon, never before eight, and seldom after four in the afternoon.
+
+The symptom of swarming, is generally the unusual number of bees seen
+hanging at the mouth of the hive, and if a piping noise, or a shrill
+note, which is made by the queen is heard, it is a sure index the bees
+will swarm, if the weather be warm and dry.
+
+If the bees work a comb under the floor-board, as is sometimes the case,
+it is a sign they will not swarm; a more certain sign is when they throw
+out the young dead queens with the drone brood. When they retain the
+drones in the hives after August, it is a bad omen, as they are then
+reserved for the sake of the young queens, which they are expecting to
+raise; and the season being too far advanced, and their failing in the
+attempt, and being without a queen, the colony will most certainly
+dwindle away, before the next season.
+
+Always choose a hive proportionable to the size of your swarm, and
+prepare to hive them as soon as possible, lest they should rise again.
+It is not unusual to ring a bell or tinkle a brass pan, &c., at the time
+the bees swarm; it is also a common method to dress the hives with
+honey, balm, &c.
+
+I mention these things, because they are customs of long standing: the
+tinkling of bells is of little use, as the bees will generally settle
+near the hive; and as to dressing the hives, I by no means recommend it,
+as the bees like a clean new hive much better, for it does not give them
+so much trouble to clean, &c.
+
+If the swarm should rise in the full heat of the day, and the sun shine
+hot upon them, they will not continue long in their first situation; for
+when they find they have all got their company together, they will soon
+uncluster, rise again, fly to some particular spot which has been fixed
+upon for that purpose by detached parties of bees, who return and
+acquaint the swarm; therefore I would advise to hive them as soon as
+possible, and remove them in the evening to the place where they are
+to remain.
+
+The supposed relative value of early and late swarms is thus mentioned
+in an old English proverb:--
+
+  A swarm in May,
+  Is worth a load of hay.
+  A swarm in June,
+  Is worth a silver spoon;
+  A swarm in July,
+  Is not worth a fly.
+
+
+
+
+SWARMING AND HIVING THE BEES.
+
+
+Every good swarm should weigh about 5 lbs., and according to the account
+given in Key's Treatise, would contain 23,000 bees. The manner of hiving
+them must be regulated chiefly by the places upon which they alight.
+
+If they settle on a dead hedge, or upon the ground, set a hive over
+them, putting props under it if necessary, and, with a large spoon or
+brush of wet weeds, stir them softly underneath, and they will go in.
+
+If they should happen to settle upon a small bough, you may cut it off,
+and laying it quietly on a cloth, place a hive over them; or if you
+cannot conveniently separate the bough from the body of the tree, you
+may shake or sweep them off into the hive.
+
+If the sun shines hot upon it, shade it with a few boughs, &c., but let
+it remain near the place where the bees settled until the evening, at
+which time move it to the bee-house, or the place where it is to stand
+during the season, as just directed.
+
+If the bees have hung a considerable time to the place where they first
+settled, you will, perhaps, find it difficult entirely to dislodge them,
+as they will neglect their labour and fly about the spot for many days
+afterwards. The best method to prevent this is, by rubbing the branches
+with rue, or any kind of herb disagreeable to the bees; but be careful
+not to hurt any of the bees.
+
+Swarms seldom return home again, when they are well settled, and if you
+find them inclined to do so, depend upon it, some accident has happened
+to their queen, which you will easily ascertain by their making a
+murmuring noise, and running in a distracted manner over and about the
+sides of the hive. When you observe this, immediately seek about for
+her, beginning with the stock-hive from whence the swarm rose, and
+pursue the track they took at setting out; you will seldom miss finding
+her, for she is never alone, but generally encompassed with a cluster of
+bees, who would sooner perish than leave her in danger.
+
+When you have found her, take her up gently, and put her to the swarm,
+and you will soon find the cause of their dissatisfaction removed by the
+arrival of the queen.
+
+The greatest care must be taken to have your hive clean and sweet, free
+from loose straws or other obstacles, which will create great trouble
+and loss of time to the bees, if left to them to remove.
+
+If bees have flowers suitable to their tastes, and no great distance
+to travel to them, they will fill their hives both with honey and wax,
+in about a month or five weeks, and, if the season has proved fair and
+pleasant, in less time; but the bee-keeper must expect four out of every
+five seasons to be unpropitious to his little charge, and, therefore,
+he must be on the watch to assist them with food in the time of need.
+
+Scarcely has the swarm arrived at its new habitation, when the working
+bees labour with the utmost diligence, to procure food and build their
+combs. Their principal aim is not only to have cells in which they may
+deposit the honey and pollen, but a stronger motive seems to animate
+them; they seem to know that their queen is about to deposit her eggs;
+and their industry is such, that in four and twenty hours they will
+have made combs, twelve inches long, and three or four inches wide.
+They build more combs during the first fortnight, than they do during
+all the rest of the year.
+
+Other bees are at the same time busy in stopping all the holes and
+crevices they happen to find in their new hive, in order to guard
+against the entrance of insects which covet their honey, their wax, or
+themselves; and also to exclude the cold air; for it is indispensably
+necessary that they be lodged warm and secure from damp, &c.
+
+A second swarm scarcely is, and much less are the third ones called
+_casts_ worth keeping single, because, being few in number, they cannot
+allow so large a proportion of working bees to go abroad in search of
+provisions, as more numerous swarms can, after retaining a proper number
+for the various works to be done within the hive.
+
+Bees sometimes swarm so often that the mother-hive is too much weakened
+or reduced in population. In this case they should be restored; and this
+should also be done when a swarm produces a swarm the first summer, as
+is sometimes the case in early seasons.
+
+The best way, indeed, is to prevent such swarming, by giving the bees
+more room; though this, again, will not answer where there is a prolific
+young queen in the hive; as she well knows that her life is the forfeit
+of her remaining at home.
+
+Before the union of one or two casts or late swarms is made, it is
+better to kill one of the queens, if possible, to prevent the queens
+destroying one another.
+
+If an old hive is full of bees, and yet shows no disposition to swarm,
+puff in a little smoke at the entrance of the hive, then turn the hive
+up, and give it some slight strokes on the sides so as to alarm the
+bees. They will immediately run to the extremities of the combs, and
+if you then attentively examine them, you will, in all probability,
+perceive the queen-bee the foremost amongst them. Seize her between your
+fore finger and thumb, and confine her in your hand till most part of
+the bees take wing; let her then go, the bees will soon join her, and
+settle on some branch of a tree. Put them into an empty hive. Restore
+the old hive in its place, that the bees which have been out in the
+fields may enter it on their return, and having allowed them to remain
+there an hour or two, place it upon another stand near or next to its
+own.
+
+The hive having what may now be called a swarm in it, is then placed
+on the stand of the old stock; and if the bees in both hives work
+regularly, carrying in loads of pollen on their thighs, all is well.
+
+Bees are not apt to sting when they swarm naturally, therefore, it is
+not necessary then to take extraordinary precaution against them; but
+when any of these violent and artificial modes are attempted, I should
+advise the operator to be well guarded at all points.
+
+Wildman weighed bees and found it required 4,928 bees to make a pound of
+sixteen ounces, but the different circumstances in bees may occasion a
+considerable difference in their weight. When the bees swarm, they come
+out loaded with wax secreted in their wax pockets and honey in their
+honey bags, and would weigh heavier than bees taken for that purpose
+by chance; and, therefore, the number of the bees is not to be thus
+computed, from the weight of the swarm; for one fourth of the number at
+least should be deducted, in lieu of the wax and honey they have brought
+off with them. There is also another allowance to be made, namely, that
+when alive, they do not probably weigh so heavy as when dead.
+
+The person who intends to erect an apiary, should purchase a proper
+number of hives at the latter end of the year, when they are cheapest.
+The hives should be full of combs, and well stored with bees.
+
+The purchaser should examine the combs, in order to know the age of the
+hives. The combs of that season are white, those of a darkish yellow are
+of the previous year; and, where the combs are black, the hives should
+be rejected, because old hives are most liable to vermin and other
+accidents.
+
+If the number of hives wanted were not purchased in the autumn, it will
+be necessary to remedy this neglect after the severity of the cold is
+past in the spring. At this season, bees which are in good condition,
+will get into the fields early in the morning, return loaded, enter
+boldly, and do not come out of the hive in bad weather; for when they
+do, this indicates that they are in great want of provisions.
+
+They are alert on the least disturbance; and by the loudness of their
+humming, you can judge of their strength. They preserve their hives
+free from filth, and are ready to defend it against every enemy that
+approaches.
+
+But the better plan is at once to commence with new hives, and purchase
+the first and strong swarms to put into them, and introduce them into
+the bee-house.
+
+There are various substances found in a hive, such as the _wax_, with
+which the combs are built, the _honey_, the _farina_ or _pollen_, with
+which the bee-brood is fed, and _propolis_.
+
+_Honey_, is a fluid or semi-fluid substance, the materials of which are
+collected by the bees, from the nectaries at the base of the corollae of
+flowers, where this vegetable production is secreted.
+
+It cannot be said to be a purely vegetable production when found
+in the combs, for after being collected by the insect by means of its
+proboscis, it is transmitted into what is called the honey bag, where it
+is elaborated, and, hurrying homewards with its precious load, the bee
+regurgitates it into the cell of the honey comb. It takes a great many
+drops to fill a cell, as the honey bag when full does not exceed the
+size of a small pea.
+
+When the cell is full, it is sealed up with a mixture of of wax and
+pollen, and reserved for future use in winter and spring.
+
+_Wax_. There are several varieties of this substance, but bees-wax is a
+secretion of that insect from its ventral scales. With this substance
+the comb is constructed; it takes the bees, according to Huber's
+account, twenty-four hours to secrete the six laminae of wax in the wax
+pockets, which may be seen to exude between the segments of the under
+side of the abdomen of the bee. For the purpose of the formation of wax,
+the bees have to cluster and form themselves into festoons from the top
+of the hive, and after the elapse of the necessary period, the wax
+scales are formed, with which the bees commence immediately to build
+their combs, and the various cells for the reception of the brood or
+food, according to the season of the year.
+
+_Propolis_, is a tenacious, semi-transparent substance, having a
+balsamic odour; which the bees gather from the buds of certain trees in
+the spring, such as the horse-chestnut, the willow, the poplar, and the
+birch.
+
+This tenacious substance is employed by the bees to attach more firmly
+the combs to the top or foundation, and also the edges of the combs to
+the sides of the hive or box, to stop the crevices, and fasten the hives
+or boxes to the floor-boards, and in forming barriers against the
+intrusion of enemies.
+
+_Farina_, or _Pollen_, is the dust or minute globules contained in the
+anthers of flowers, and is the fertilizing property of flowers, which
+the bees thus assist to carry, whilst travelling from flower to flower,
+without which the flowers would not fructify. The bees have been found
+to continue collecting pollen from the same species of flowers, and
+prevent the multiplication of hybrid plants. They collect and carry
+this substance on the outer surface of the tibia, or the middle joint
+of the hinder leg; this part of the leg is broad, and on one side it
+is concave, and furnished with a row of strong hairs on its margins,
+forming as it were a natural basket, well adapted for the purpose. This
+substance mixed with honey, forms the food of the larvae or young brood,
+after undergoing, perhaps, a peculiar elaboration by the working or
+nurse bees.
+
+Having thus mentioned the different substances found in a hive, it only
+remains to add a short history of the inmates of the hive. Every swarm
+of bees comprises three distinct kinds of the same species, namely, the
+_female_ or _queen_, the _neuter_ or _worker-bee_, and the _male_ or
+_drone_.
+
+As there is only one _queen-bee_ in each swarm or colony, she is seldom
+to be seen amidst the thousands of other bees; but she is easily
+distinguished from the rest by her slower movements, her greater length
+and larger size; and the general appearance of her body, being of a more
+dark orange colour, and her hinder legs having neither brushes nor
+pollen baskets upon them, although longer than those of the worker-bee;
+her wings also appear stronger, and she possesses a more curved sting,
+which she seldom uses, except when asserting her rights to the
+sovereignty of the hive.
+
+Without a _queen-bee_ no swarm can thrive, for she is not only the
+ruler, but chiefly the mother of the community in which she dwells, and
+wherever she goes, the greatest attention is paid her. In the hive, the
+utmost solicitude is evinced to satisfy her in every wish; wherever she
+moves the bees anxiously clear away before her, and turn their heads
+towards their sovereign, and with much affection touch her with their
+antennae, and supply her, as often as she needs, with honey or other
+delicacy which their own exertions, or those of their fellow labourers,
+have gathered for her use.
+
+The queen-bee is said to live four or five years, and is generally
+succeeded on her throne by one of her own descendants duly brought up
+for the purpose; but in the event of her untimely decease, the workers
+have the power of raising a sovereign from amongst themselves, and
+fitting her for the station she is intended to occupy; this they do
+by selecting one of the larvae of the worker-bee of a certain age,
+and, enlarging the cell which it is to occupy, supplying it with a
+nourishment different from that which they give to the worker and
+drone-brood.
+
+A _queen-bee_ takes seventeen days to arrive at maturity, that is to
+say, from the egg-state to the fully developed queen, but this period
+will vary as a sudden change of temperature will prolong the interval;
+and this also applies to the perfect _queen_ herself, who will not
+deposit her eggs in the cells, when any severe weather happens at the
+period she may be expected to produce the eggs.
+
+The fecundity of the queen-bee is very great, for it is estimated that
+during breeding time, unless prevented by the cold weather, she lays
+at the rate of from one hundred to two hundred eggs a day, causing
+an increase of not less than eighty thousand worker-bees, and drones
+included, in a season when circumstances are favourable.
+
+The cells formed for the royal brood are very different from those of
+the males or the workers, and are generally suspended from the sides
+or edges of the combs; in shape they are very much like a pear, the
+thickest end joining the comb, and the small end having the mouth or
+entrance to the cell, and hanging downwards, and being almost as large
+as a lady's thimble.
+
+The _drones_ or _males_ in a hive are computed at from six hundred
+to two thousand, but the numbers are remarkably irregular, and the
+proportion is not regulated by the number of bees contained in a hive;
+for a small swarm or colony will contain as many, or more sometimes,
+than a large one.
+
+The drone may be easily distinguished from the _queen_ or _workers_,
+from its greater breadth, having large eyes which meet at the top of the
+head, and no sting, and from its making a loud humming whilst flying.
+
+It takes twenty-four days from the time of the laying of the drone _egg_
+to its coming forth a perfect insect. Drones are generally hatched about
+the end of April or the beginning of May; they venture out of the hive
+only in warm weather, and then only in the middle of the day, and they
+are generally expelled by the bees from the hives about July or August,
+after the impregnation of the young queens has taken place.
+
+When the destruction of the drones takes place earlier, it may be
+considered a certain indication that no swarming will take place during
+that season; but the retention of the drones after August, is a very bad
+sign, as the swarm must certainly perish in the winter, unless their
+vacant throne is supplied with a prolific queen.
+
+The _neuter_ or _worker-bee_, is the least of the three, and of a dark
+brown colour; the abdomen is conical, and composed of six distinct
+segments, and armed with a straight sting; it possesses a long flexible
+trunk, known by the name of a proboscis, and has on its two hinder legs
+a hollow or basket, to receive the propolis and farina which it collects
+as before described.
+
+The number of workers in a well-stocked hive is about fifteen thousand
+or twenty thousand. Upon them devolves the whole care and labour of the
+colony, to collect pollen, propolis, and honey; to build the combs and
+to attend upon the brood or young bees.
+
+The _worker-bee_ is short-lived, seldom surviving more than a year, but
+this is more from the toil they have to endure, though it be a labour
+of love, and the many risks they run upon each occasion of going out in
+search of food, &c., from the weather, or their numerous winged enemies.
+
+
+  "Sunt quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti:
+  Inque vicem speculantur aquas et nubila coeli,
+  Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
+  Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent.
+  Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella."
+
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, and FLEY,
+  Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+Transcribers notes:
+
+   A page of Errata appearing here has been applied to the text and
+   removed.
+
+   Inconsistency in the hyphenation of phrases has been retained.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DESCRIPTION OF THE
+BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 19319.txt or 19319.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/3/1/19319
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+