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diff --git a/19180-8.txt b/19180-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b620ac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/19180-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6712 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, + March 18, 1871, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 + A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 5, 2006 [EBook #19180] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + + + + +A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, +CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. + + +NEW YORK, MARCH 18, 1871. + +Vol. XXIV.--No. 12. [NEW SERIES.] + +$3 per Annum [IN ADVANCE.] + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. + +PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT + +NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. + +O. D. MUNN. S. H. WALES. A. E. BEACH. + +VOL. XXIV., NO. 12 ... [NEW SERIES.] _Twenty-sixth Year_ + +NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 18, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +CONTENTS: + + +(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) + + *Knots and Splices 175 + Influence of Cold on Iron and Steel. 176 + Oak Graining in Oil Colors 176 + Knots and Splices (Explanation) 177 + Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Co.'s Report 177 + *Improved Spiral Spring for Railway Carriages 178 + *Portable Writing and Copying Case 178 + How Walking-sticks are Made 178 + Flowering of the Victoria Regia 178 + Jute 178 + Ventilation of the Liverpool Tunnel 178 + *Impregnating Wood with Tar, etc. 178 + *Boardman's Combined Tool 179 + *Belt Tightener 179 + Some Things I don't want in the Building Trades 179 + *Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines 179 + *Answer to Practical Problem 179 + Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines 179 + Test for White Lead 180 + How to Build a Chimney 180 + Crystallized Honey 180 + Rambles for Relics.--No. 2 180 + Silk Culture 181 + *Universal Boring Machine 182 + *Combined Trunk and Rocking-chair 182 + Cosmetics 182 + *Smith's Infant Dining-chair 182 + The Medicines of the Ancients 182 + *Barnes Ventilator for Mattresses 182 + Exhibition of the National Photographic Association 182 + A Scientific and Technical Awakening 183 + The Sherman Process 183 + Rubber Tires for Traction Engines 183 + Central Shaft of the Hoosac Tunnel 184 + A Museum of Art and Natural History 184 + Report of Judges, American Institute Fair. + --The Allen Engine 184 + Lyceum of Natural History 184 + Warming and Ventilating Railroad Cars 184 + The Mineral Resources of Missouri 185 + Scientific Intelligence 185 + American Institute of Mining Engineers 185 + Consumption of Sugar, Coffee, and Tea 185 + Unpleasant Discovery in the Patent Office 185 + Substitute for Albumen in Photography (omitted) 185 + Louisiana State Fair 185 + Test for Purity of Water 185 + New Books and Publications 185 + Business and Personal 186 + Answers to Correspondents 186 + Applications for the Extension of Patents 186 + Recent American and Foreign Patents 187 + Queries 187 + Inventions Patented in England by Americans 187 + List of Patents 187 + + * * * * * + + + + +THE INFLUENCE OF INTENSE COLD ON STEEL AND IRON. + +[Condensed from Nature.] + + +There has recently been a most interesting discussion at the Literary +and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on the above subject. + +The paper which gave rise to the discussion was by Mr. Brockbank, who +detailed many experiments, and ended by stating his opinion that iron +does become much weaker, both in its cast and wrought states, under +the influence of low temperature; but Mr. Brockbank's paper was +immediately followed by others by Sir W. Fairbairn, Dr. Joule, and Mr. +Spence, which at once put an entirely new complexion on the matter. + +Dr. Joule says: + +"As is usual in a severe frost, we have recently heard of many severe +accidents consequent upon the fracture of the tires of the wheels of +railway carriages. The common-sense explanation of these accidents is, +that the ground being harder than usual, the metal with which it +is brought into contact is more severely tried than in ordinary +circumstances. In order apparently to excuse certain railway +companies, a pretence has been set up that iron and steel become +brittle at a low temperature. This pretence, although put forth in +defiance, not only of all we know, of the properties of materials, but +also of the experience of everyday life, has yet obtained the credence +of so many people that I thought it would be useful to make the +following simple experiments: + +"1st. A freezing mixture of salt and snow was placed on a table. Wires +of steel and of iron were stretched, so that a part of them was in +contact with the freezing mixture and another part out of it. In every +case I tried the wire broke outside of the mixture, showing that it +was weaker at 50° F., than at about 12° F. + +"2d. I took twelve darning needles of good quality, 3 in. long, 1/24 +in. thick. The ends of these were placed against steel props, 2-1/8 +in. asunder. In making an experiment, a wire was fastened to +the middle of a needle, the other end being attached to a spring +weighing-machine. This was then pulled until the needle gave way. Six +of the needles, taken at random, were tried at a temperature of 55° +F., and the remaining six in a freezing mixture which brought down +their temperature to 12° F. The results were as follow:-- + + Warm Needles. Cold Needles. + 64 ounces broke 55 ounces broke + 65 " " 64 " " + 55 " " 72 " " + 62 " " 60 " bent + 44 " " 68 " broke + 60 " bent 40 " " + --- --- +Average, 58-1/3 Average, 59-5/6 + +"I did not notice any perceptible difference in the perfection of +elasticity in the two sets of needles. The result, as far as it goes, +is in favor of the cold metal. + +"3d. The above are doubtless decisive of the question at issue. But +as it might be alleged that the violence to which a railway wheel is +subjected is more akin to a blow than a steady pull; and as, moreover, +the pretended brittleness is attributed more to cast iron than any +other description of the metal, I have made yet another kind of +experiment. I got a quantity of cast iron garden nails, an inch and +a quarter long and 1/8 in. thick in the middle. These I weighed, +and selected such as were nearly of the same weight. I then arranged +matters so that by removing a prop I could cause the blunt edge of a +steel chisel weighted to 4lb. 2oz., to fall from a given height upon +the middle of the nail as it was supported from each end, 1-1/16 in. +asunder. In order to secure the absolute fairness of the trials, the +nails were taken at random, and an experiment with a cold nail was +always alternated with one at the ordinary temperature. The nails to +be cooled were placed in a mixture of salt and snow, from which they +were removed and struck with the hammer in less than 5"." + +The collective result of the experiments, the details of which need +not be given, was that 21 cold nails broke and 20 warm ones. + +Dr. Joule adds, "The experiments of Lavoisier and Laplace, of Smeaton, +of Dulong and Petit, and of Troughton, conspire in giving a less +expansion by heat to steel than iron, especially if the former be in +an untempered state; but this, would in certain limits have the effect +of strengthening rather than of weakening an iron wheel with a tire of +steel. + +"The general conclusion is this: Frost does _not_ make either iron +(cast or wrought), or steel, brittle. + +Mr. Spence, in his experiments, decided on having some lengths of +cast iron made of a uniform thickness of ½ in. square, from the same +metal and the same mould. + +He writes:--"Two of the four castings I got seemed to be good ones, +and I got the surface taken off, and made them as regular a thickness +as was practicable. + +"I then fixed two knife-edged wedges upon the surface of a plank, at +exactly nine inches distance from each other, with an opening in the +plank in the intervening space, the bar being laid across the wedges, +a knife-edged hook was hung in the middle of the suspended piece of +the bar, and to the hook was hung a large scale on which to place +weights. + +"The bar was tried first at a temperature of 60° F.; to find the +breaking weight I placed 56lb. weights one after another on the scale, +and when the ninth was put on the bar snapped. This was the only +unsatisfactory experiment, as 14 or 28lb. might have done it, but I +include it among others. I now adopted another precaution, by placing +the one end of the plank on a fixed point and the other end on to a +screw-jack, by raising which I could, without any vibration, bring the +weight to bear upon the bar. By this means, small weights up to 7lb. +could be put on while hanging, but when these had to be taken off and +a large weight put on, the scale was lowered to the rest, and again +raised after the change was made. I may here state that a curious +circumstance occurred twice, which seems to indicate that mere raising +of the weight, without the slightest apparent vibration, was equal in +effect to an additional weight. 3¾ cwts. were on the scale, a 14lb. +weight was added, then 7lb., then 4lb., 2lb., 1lb., and 1lb., making +4cwts. and 1lb. This was allowed to act for from one to two minutes, +and then lowered to take off the small weights, which were replaced by +a 56lb. with the intention of adding small weights when suspended; the +whole was then raised so imperceptibly by the screw, that the only way +of ascertaining that it was suspended, was by looking under the scale +to see that it was clear of the rest. As soon as it was half-an-inch +clear it snapped, thus breaking at once with one pound less than it +resisted for nearly two minutes. + +"Six experiments were carefully conducted at 60° F., the parts of the +bars being selected so as to give to each set of experiments similar +portions of both bars; the results are marked on the pieces. My +assistant now prepared a refrigerating mixture which stood at zero, +the bars were immersed for some time in this, and we prepared for the +breaking trials to be made as quickly as could be, consistently with +accuracy; and to secure the low temperature, each bar, on being placed +in the machine, had its surface at top covered with the freezing +mixture. The bars at zero broke with more regularity than at 60°, but +instead of the results confirming the general impression as to cold +rendering iron more brittle, they are calculated to substantiate +an exactly opposite idea, namely, that reduction of temperature, +_cęteris paribus_, increases the strength of cast iron. The only +doubtful experiment of the whole twelve is the first, and as it stands +much the highest, the probability is that it should be lower; yet, +even taking it as it stands, the average of the six experiments at +60° F., gives 4cwt. 4lb. as the breaking weight of the bar at that +temperature, while the average of the six experiments at zero gives +4cwt 20lb. as the breaking weight of the bar at zero, being an +increase of strength, from the reduction of temperature, equal to 3.5 +per cent." + +Sir W. Fairbairn states: "It has been asserted, in evidence given at +the coroner's inquest, in a recent railway accident, that the breaking +of the steel tire was occasioned by the intensity of the frost, which +is supposed to have rendered the metal, of which this particular +tire was composed, brittle. This is the opinion of most persons, but +judging from my own experience such is not the fact. Some years since +I endeavored to settle this question by a long and careful series +of experiments on wrought iron, from which it was proved that the +resistance to a tensile chain was as great at the temperature of zero +as it was at 60° or upwards, until it attained a scarcely visible red +heat." + +The immense number of purposes to which both iron and steel are +applied, and the changes of temperature to which they are exposed, +renders the inquiry not only interesting in a scientific point of +view, but absolutely necessary to a knowledge of their security under +the various influences of those changes. It was for these reasons +that the experiments in question were undertaken, and the summary of +results is sufficiently conclusive to show that changes of temperature +are not always the cause of failure. Sir W. Fairbairn adds: "The +danger arising from broken tires does not, according to my opinion, +arise so much from changes of temperature as from the practice of +heating them to a dull red heat, and shrinking them on to the rim of +the wheels. This, I believe, is the general practice, and the unequal, +and in some cases, the severe strains to which they are subject, has a +direct tendency to break the tires." + + * * * * * + + + + +OAK GRAINING IN OIL COLORS. + +CONDENSED FROM THE BUILDING NEWS. + + +There is a charm and feeling about work executed by the hand, which +gives it a value no mere machine work can possess. Machine work, from +its very nature, necessitates a repetition of pattern, which cannot +be avoided. Hand-work, on the contrary, can imitate every variety, and +follow nature so closely that no two pieces need be alike. There +is also in hand-work a wide scope for the inventive faculty and +the exercise of good taste (both in form and color) and skillful +workmanship. As a rule, strong contrasts between the ground and the +graining color should be avoided. The figure and grain should of +course be seen clearly, but only so clearly as to be distinct, without +interfering with the general and uniform quietness of tone necessary +to fulfil the conditions required by the laws of harmony and good +taste. Violent contrasts and gaudy coloring are always vulgar, +brilliancy and richness of color are not necessarily vulgar; it is +the absence of the guiding power of knowledge and pure taste in their +arrangement which degrades them to the rank of vulgarity. We have +before spoken of the importance of good combing, and of the various +kinds of combs used; we now proceed to describe how the work is done. +The graining color is brushed over the work, in the ordinary manner, +with a pound-brush, care being taken not to put too much color on, +or else it is very liable to be dirty. A dry duster is now used to +stipple with, which, if properly done, will distribute the color +evenly; it is now ready for combing. In the real oak it will be found, +as a rule, that the grain is invariably coarser on one side of the +panel than on the other; this arises from the very nature of the +growth of the tree; it is, therefore, well to imitate this +pattern, and in order to do so we take first a medium or coarse cut +gutta-percha comb, and draw it down one side of the panel; then use a +finer one to complete it. This comb will leave the marks of the grain +in clear unbroken lines from top to bottom of the panel. We now take a +fine steel comb and go over the whole of the previous combing, moving +it in a slanting or diagonal direction across the previous grain, or +with a quick and short wavy motion or curl; both the former and the +latter motion will break up the long lines, left by the gutta-percha +comb, into short bits, which of course represent the pores or grains +of the real wood. There are several other motions of the comb having +the same end in view; and by using the gutta-percha or cork combs, in +conjunction with the fine steel, an infinite variety of grain may be +produced. Steel combs, with one or more folds of thin rag placed +over the ends of the teeth are a style of comb which has nothing to +recommend it. A natural variation in the grain may be produced by one +comb alone, according to the manner in which it is held. For instance, +if we take a coarse or broad-toothed gutta-percha comb, and commence +at the top of a panel, with the comb, placed at its full width: if +drawn down in this position it will leave a grain of the same width +as the width of the teeth: but if we start with the full width, and +gradually turn the comb or slightly incline it to one side--that is to +say, on its edge, we thereby graduate the grain from coarse to fine +at pleasure, and by holding the comb at a certain inclination we may +actually make very fine the coarse comb. A very important point is +the formation of the joints in the wood, as much of the effect of +otherwise good work is lost in consequence of neglect in this respect. +In looking at a real oak door, the joints of the stiles and rails are +clearly and sharply defined, not by any defect of workmanship, but +by the difference in the run of the grain, the stiles being +perpendicular, and the rails horizontal. The rails being cut sharp +off by the stiles, show a perfectly straight line. The light also acts +differently upon the two, simply because the grain or fibre of the +wood is exposed to its influence under different aspects. This also +tends to produce a difference in the depth of the color of rails and +stiles, and panels also. It will be evident that no imitations can be +considered really good except they include these seemingly unimportant +points. + +It is a common practice for grainers to imitate a broad piece of heart +or sap of oak, upon the back rail of almost every door they do, and +many of them are not even content with that, but daub the stiles over +from top to bottom with it also. There is nothing so vulgar or in +such bad taste. It should only be done upon those parts of the work on +which it would appear on a real oak door, namely, on the edges of the +doors and on mouldings. There is a vulgar pretentiousness about what +we may call the sappy style of work which is very undesirable. The +figures cross the grain more or less abruptly and of course are of +different shapes, sizes, and forms, a knowledge of which can only be +acquired by study of the real wood. The figure may be wiped out with +a piece of soft rag, held tight over the thumb nail. This should have +two or three folds over the nail, the superfluous rag being held by +the other hand to prevent it hanging down and smearing the grain; and +every time a figure is wiped, the rag should be moved slightly, so +that the same part of the rag will not be used twice, thus insuring +clean work. It will often happen that the thumb-nail will get broken, +or is too weak to stand the work; in these cases, or, in fact, in +any case, a good substitute or artificial thumb-nail may be made of +gutta-percha, thus: A piece of thin sheet gutta-percha is put into +warm water, and, while soft, is wrapped around the end of the thumb up +to the first joint. It is then pressed with the hand, so as to fit +and take the shape of the thumb and nail. This cannot be done at one +heating, but will have to be put into the hot water again, and the end +pinched and squeezed into form to the shape of the nail, and to fit +easily upon the thumb. When this gets hard, it may be trimmed into +perfect form with a penknife. This artificial nail will answer the +purpose admirably if properly made; and even when the natural nail +is good, the gutta-percha will serve to save it from injury. Good +figuring may also be done by using the blank end of the steel +comb with a rag folded over its edge. We have also used a piece of +gutta-percha to take out the lights. This should be square-ended, +about one inch wide, and three or four inches long, and will do +successful work of a certain class, but not of the best. Many grainers +use a piece of thin horn, in shape something like a spatula, about +three or four inches long and three quarters of an inch wide, with +rounded ends, and quite flexible. With this tool the figure is cut +or scooped out--a sort of quick, side-long motion, very difficult to +describe, and requiring a very considerable amount of practice +before it can be worked with any success. There is, however, the same +objection to this tool as may be urged against the gutta-percha for +figuring, namely, that neither of them take the color clean away, but +leave an accumulation of color on the edge of the figure, which is +fatal to good work; and therefore we cannot honestly recommend the +use of any method but the wiping out with the thumb-nail or its +substitute. When the figure is wiped out it will require to be +softened. By softening, we mean the imitation of those half shades +seen upon and about the figures in the real wood. Between and around +the lights or figure in oak, there is always a lighter tint of color; +this is imitated by doubling a piece of rag into a small roll, and +with the side of this the grain is partially wiped away, but not to +the extent of taking off the whole of the grain. A recent but most +admirable system of graining oak, by means of over-combing, is worked +exactly the reverse of any of the foregoing methods; that is to +say, the figure is first wiped out, and the combing or grain is done +afterwards, when the graining color is dry, in this wise: The graining +color is mixed somewhat thinner than for ordinary graining, and is +brushed over the work sparingly, leaving it just sufficiently strong +to show a clear distinction between the ground and the color. The +light or figure is then softened by drawing the end of a flat hog-hair +fitch, or a small thin mottler, across each figure, and slightly +softening with the badger-hair softener. The figure is broken up a +little with fine lines across it in parts, such as may be seen in the +real wood; but previous to wiping out the figure, streaks of light +should be wiped out and softened on one side of the panel or across +the stiles, in imitation of the reflective lights seen in oak. The +color should also be partially wiped off the rails or stiles at their +junction; this tends to define the joint. The color is now let to +dry hard, when it will be ready for over-combing--that is, combing or +graining over the figure (hence its name), and this will have to be +done somewhat differently to the ordinary combing. As thus: The color +is rubbed in as before, and combed solely with the gutta-percha combs, +but these are specially cut for the purpose; they are best about 2 in. +wide. The first must be cut with teeth about three-sixteenths of an +inch in width, the next one-eighth, and the third about one-sixteenth. +The broad-toothed comb is first used, and must be drawn down the +panel, with a wavy motion, in short or long curls; either will +answer our purpose now. The next size of comb is then drawn straight +down--the straighter the better. This has the effect of breaking the +wavy combing into short and long straight bits, similar to the pores +or grain of the real wood. Both the first and second combing may be +varied by holding the comb in a slanting direction, and may be fine or +coarse, according to the width of the combs used; now take a soft rag +folded, and with this partially clear off the grain which runs over +the figure, leaving only a sufficient quantity crossing the light +or figure, to be just distinguished, exactly as it appears upon the +figure in real oak. The grain is also wiped off in parts on the plain +spaces between the figure, in order to break it up and take away any +formality. If this method be well and probably done, a thoroughly +deceptive imitation may be produced; and except this end be kept in +view, no really good work will result. + + * * * * * + + + + +KNOTS AND SPLICES. + + +[_SEE ENGRAVING ON FIRST PAGE._] + +1. Turn used in making up ropes. + +2. End tapered for the purpose of passing it readily through a loop. +To make this, we unlay the rope for the necessary length, reducing +a rope diminishing in diameter towards the end, which is finished +by interlacing the ends without cutting them, as it would weaken the +work; it is lastly "whipped" with small twine. + +3. Tapered end, covered with interlaced cordage for the purpose of +making it stronger. This is done with very small twine attached at +one end to the small eye, and at the other to the strands of the rope, +thus making a strong "webbing" around the end. + +4. Double turn used for making rope. + +5. Eye splice. The strands of the cable are brought back over +themselves, and interlaced with their original turns, as in a splice. + +6. Tie for the end of a four-strand rope. + +7. The same completed; the strands are tied together, forming loops, +laying one over the other. + +8. Commencement for making the end by interlacing the strands. + +9. Interlacing complete, but not fastened. + +10 and 11. Shell in two views used in No. 65, showing the disposition +of it at the throat. This joining is advantageous, as it does not +strain the cords, and it prevents them from cutting each other; so +that the rings pass one into the other and are joined outside the +intermediate shell. + +12. Interlacing in two directions. + +13. Mode of finishing the end by several turns of the twine continued +over the cable. + +14. Interlacing commenced, in one direction. + +15. Interlacing finished, the ends being worked under the strands, as +in a splice. + +16. Pigtail commenced. + +17. Interlacing fastened. + +18. Pigtail with the strands taut. + +19. Dead eye, shown in two views. + +20. Pigtail finished. We pass the ends of the strands, one under the +other, in the same way as if we were making a pudding splice: thus +bringing it in a line with the rope, to which it is seized fast, and +the ends cut off. + +21. Scull pigtail; instead of holding the ends by a tie, we interlace +them again, as in No. 16, the one under the other. + +22. Pigtail, or "lark's nest." We make this to the "pennant" of a +cable, which has several strands, by taking the requisite number of +turns over the pudding, in such a manner that the strands shall lay +under each other. This "pigtail" forms a knot at the end of the +rope. It thus draws together two ropes, as shown in No. 32, forming a +"shroud" knot. In these two pigtails, the strands are crossed before +finishing the ends, so that the button, a, is made with the strands, +a, and b, with those of the rope, b. + +23. Slip clinch to sailors' knot. + +24. Slip clinch, secured. + +25. Ordinary knot upon a double rope. + +26. Bowline knot for a man to sit in at his work. + +27. Called a "short splice," as it is not of great length, and +besides, can be made quickly. + +30. Long splice. This extends from a to b. We unlay the strands of +each of the ropes we intend to join, for about half the length that +the splice will be, putting each strand of the one between two strands +of the other. + +31. Simple fastening on a rope. + +32. A "shroud" knot. + +33. The ends of the rope are prepared for making the splice (No. +29) in the same manner as for the "shroud" knot in No. 32. When the +strands are untwisted, we put the ends of two cords together as close +as possible, and place the ends of the one between the strands of the +other, above and below alternately, so as to interlace them as in No. +29. This splice is not, however, very strong, and is only used when +there is not time to make a long splice, which is much the best. + +34 and 35. Marline spikes. Tools made of wood or iron, used to open +out a rope to pass the strands of another through it. + +36. Shows strands arranged as described in No. 30. + +37. Fastening when a lever is used, and is employed when hauling upon +large ropes, where the strength of several men are necessary. + +38. A "pudding splice." This is commenced, like the others, by placing +the rope end to end, the turns of the one being passed between those +of the other; having first swelled out the yarns by a "rat's-tail," we +put them, two by two, one over the other, twisting them tightly, and +opening a way for them with the marlinspike. The inconvenience of this +splice is, that it is larger in diameter than the rope itself; but +when made sufficiently long, by gradually reducing the size of the +strands, it has great strength. + +39. This shows two strands, a and b, of the ropes, A B, knotted +together, being drawn as tight as possible; we unlay the strand, +a', of the rope, A, for half the length of the splice, and twist the +strand, b', of the rope, B, strongly in its place, tying a' and b' +together tightly. The same process is again gone through on the rope, +B, the strand, a", of the rope, A, being knotted to the strand, b", +of the rope, B. When all the strands are thus knotted together, we +interlace them with the strands of the cable. Thus the strands, a a' +a", are interlocked by being passed alternately above and below the +turns of the cord, B, the ends being also sometimes "whipped." In the +same manner the strands, b b' b", pass alternately over and under +the strands of the rope, A, and are in like manner "whipped." It is +important that the several interlacings and knots should not meet at +one point; we reduce the size of the strands towards the end, so that +they loose themselves in the body of the splice, cutting off such +parts as may project. This splice is employed for joining the ends of +a rope when a chafed part has been cut out, and is quite as strong as +the rope itself. + +40. Belaying-pin opened to serve as a button; these are used where it +is necessary to stop or check velocity. + +41. Chain knot, or fastening. + +42. Variable or regulating lashing. By laying the piece, a f, +horizontally, it can be slipped along the rope, b; by raising or +lowering this, we shall raise or depress the weight, c, the cord, b, +running over the two pulleys, d, from the piece, a f, in the direction +shown in the figure. The friction of the cord, b, passing through the +hole, e, sufficiently fixes the piece, a f, and holds the weight, c, +securely. + +43. Cleet, with three ties. + +44. Cleet, showing the mode of belaying the cord. + +45. The piece, a f, of No. 42. + +46. Fair leader. + +47. Cleet to be fixed to a stay. + +48. Loop for slipping other lines. + +49. A "bend" which is only used for fear of the stoppers snapping. + +50. Bastard loop, made on the end of the rope, and whipped with yarns. + +51. Tie to pins: a, the pin; b, small cords fixed by a cross tie. + +52. Cleet, fixed to the "rail," either with screws or nails, to which +the lines are belayed. + +53. Waterman's knot. + +54. Fair leader. + +55. Tie, or bend to pier. + +56. Simple fastening to tie. + +57. Fastening by a loop. This can be tied or untied without loosening +the loop itself. It is made by following, towards the longer loop, the +direction as numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and is terminated by the loop, 6, +7, 6, finally passing it over the head of the post, A. This knot holds +itself, the turns being in opposite directions. To untie it, we slack +the turns of the cable sufficiently to again pass the loop, 6, 7, 6, +over the post, A, and turn the ends in the contrary direction to that +in which they were made (as 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). + +58. Iron "shell," in two views. + +59 and 60. "Wedding" knots; a b, eyelets; c d, the join; e, the +fastening. + +61. Lark's-head fastening to running knot. + +62. A round turn; the cord, a, is passed through the bight of the +cord, b, over the button, c, where it is secured by an ordinary knot. + +63. Belaying-pin splice. The cord, b, "stops" the pin, e, its end +being spliced upon itself, and "served" with yarn; this rope, with its +pin, is passed through the spliced eye, f of the line, g. + +64. Round button. + +65. Joint by a spherical shell, each loop, a and b, being made by ties +and splices, and surrounding the shell, c. + +66. Belaying-pin, shown separately, before being stoppered. + +67. Fastening to shears. + +68. Square mooring. When the cable is round the post, A, and the +piece, c, without being crossed, it lays in the section 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +6, 7, and the end is fastened by tying. + +69. Wooden shell in section. + +70. Crossed fastening. The turns of the cable, passing in front of the +post, B, are crossed at the back of C, in the direction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +6, 7, 8, the end, 8, being secured to the cable. + +71. Wooden shell. + +72. Double-chain fastening. + +73. Lashing for "ram" block, or "dead-eye." The ram blocks, a and b, +are strapped by the cords, e, which hold them; the small lanyards, +d, pass through the holes to make the connection, and as they are +tightened give the requisite tension to the cordage; the ends are +fastened to the main rope. Usually one of these dead-eyes is held by +an iron strap to the point where it is required to fix and strain the +cordage, which is ordinarily a shroud. + +74. Chain fastening. + + 1'. Simple band, showing the upper side. + + 2'. The same, showing the under side and the knot. + + 3'. Tie, with crossed ends, commenced; a turn is taken under the + strands, to hold the ends of the cord. + + 4'. The same, completed. + + 5'. Bend with crossed strands, commenced, the one end being looped + over the other. + + 6'. The same, completed. + + 7'. Necklace tie, seen on the upper side. + + 8'. The same, seen underneath. The greater the strain on the cords, + the tighter the knot becomes. + + 9' and 10' are similar splices to 7' and 8' with slight + modifications. + + 11' shows the commencement of 13', the legs in elevation; 12' being + a front view. An ordinary band, made by several turns of a small + rope, is lapped round them and hauled taut, and then interlaced at + the ends. This done, the legs are shifted into the shape of a St. + Andrew's cross. Thus the lashing is tightened, and, for further + security, we pass the line several times over the tie and between + the spars, knotting the ends. + + 13'. Portuguese knot. This is a lashing for shear legs, and must be + tight enough to prevent the spars slipping on each other; the + crossing of the two legs gives a means of securing the knot. + + 14'. For binding timbers; a, knot commenced. Take several turns + round the timbers, and fasten the ends by passing them under the + turns; b, knot completed. The end of a round stick, m n, termed a + packing stick, should be passed under the knob, the cord being slack + enough to allow of this. By turning the stick, the turns can be + tightened to any extent; when tight, we fasten the longer arm of the + lever to some fixed point, by a rope, p q, so that it cannot fly + back. Care must be taken not to turn the stick too far, or the rope + may be broken. As the timber dries and shrinks, the lever may be + used to make all taut again. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION AND INSURANCE COMPANY. + + +The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company makes the +following report of its inspections in January, 1871: + +During the month, there were 522 visits of inspection made, and 1,030 +boilers examined--853 externally and 363 internally, while 106 +have been tested by hydraulic pressure. Number of defects in all +discovered, 431, of which 163 were regarded as dangerous. These +defects were as follows: Furnaces out of shape, 24--3 dangerous; +fractures, 47--25 dangerous; burned plates, 29--14 dangerous; +blistered plates, 54--10 dangerous; cases of sediment and deposit, +97--18 dangerous; cases of incrustation and scale, 70--24 dangerous. +To show how little attention is paid to the internal condition of +boilers by incompetent engineers, we copy the following from a letter +of one of our inspectors: + +"In one tubular boiler I found sediment in the back end, eight inches +deep, and extending forward more than four feet. It seemed to be an +accumulation of fine scale cemented together, so that it was necessary +to break it up with a hammer and chisel before it could be removed. +The engineer said _he had cleaned the boilers only three days before_, +and objected to my making another examination. This is one of the +many cases we find, where the proprietor trusts everything about his +boilers to his engineer, supposing him to be reliable." + +With such accumulation of sediment and deposit, is it any wonder that +sheets are burned? A careful engineer will understand, if the feed +water be impure, that he must blow down two or three inches every day, +or oftener, that the sediment may be removed as it accumulates, and +then an internal examination once in two weeks, or once a month, will +insure a clean boiler. + +Cases of external corrosion, 26--10 dangerous; cases of internal +corrosion, 17--5 dangerous; cases of internal grooving, 28--11 +dangerous; water gages out of order, 50; blow-out apparatus out of +order, 15--7 dangerous; safety valves overloaded, 40--12 dangerous; +pressure gages out of order, 54--6 dangerous, varying from -15 to ++8 pounds. (We have found several gages entirely ruined from being +frozen). Boilers without gages, 4; cases of deficiency of water, +5--1 dangerous; broken braces and stays, 31--7 dangerous; boilers +condemned, 2--both dangerous. + +Two engineers were found drunk on duty, and promptly discharged. There +were 9 serious explosions during the month, by which 99 persons were +killed, and 6 wounded. Eighty-seven of the killed were passengers on +the ill-fated steamer _H.R. Arthur_, on the Mississippi River. Many +were drowned, and some burned, but the origin of the calamity was the +bad quality of the boilers, which a careless management was unable +to detect. The upper and fore part of the boat was blown away by the +exploded boilers, and, to add to the horror, what remained took fire. + +None of these exploded boilers were under the care of this company. + + * * * * * + + +Five ore-roasting furnaces are in full blast in Nevada. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED COMPOUND SPIRAL CAR SPRING FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES. + + +Our engravings illustrate an improved compound car-spring, which +appears to possess all the requisites of a first-class spring, +combining in its construction extreme simplicity with great strength, +and a feature whereby the power of the spring increases with increase +of the load, and _vice versā_, so that its flexibility remains nearly +constant for all loads. + +Fig. 1 is a perspective view of this spring, with a portion of the +side of the case broken out to show the interior arrangement of the +spiral springs. Fig. 2 is a section of the compressing plate. Fig. 3 +is a plan view, showing the arrangement of the tubes which enclose the +springs. + +[Illustration: POTT'S' SPIRAL CAR SPRING FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES. +_Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3_] + +The case is cast in two pieces. Its vertical wall is cast in a single +piece, and has at the top a flange or bead extending inwardly, against +which the compressing plate abuts when the spring is not compressed, +as shown in Fig. 2. A bottom plate completes the case. + +The spiral components of the spring are inclosed in tubes, as shown in +Figs. 1 and 3. It is not deemed essential that these tubes should be +seamless, or that their edges, brought together in bending, should be +soldered, brazed, or welded. They act merely as guides to compel the +component springs to expand or contract in vertical lines, and need +only be strong enough for that purpose. + +The compressing plate is formed with concentric steps or ledges, +as shown in Fig. 2, so that with light loads, only a portion of the +component spirals act. With a heavier load a new series of spirals is +brought into action, and so on, till the spring is loaded to its full +capacity. This feature is novel, and as important as novel, as it +gives the spring a far more easy and flexible carriage, with light +loads, than would be the case if all the spirals were permitted to +act. + +In putting the spring together, the vertical part of the case is +inverted. The compressing plate is then placed within the case, +resting upon the inner flange of the case above described. The tubes +with their inclosed springs are then arranged in position, as shown in +the plan view, Fig. 3. The bottom plate of the case is then placed in +position, and held to its place by lugs and rivets, as shown in Fig. +1; the spring is then ready for use. + +The employment of tubes in the manner described, enables springs of +the greatest practical length to be used, without the sectional or +division plates met with in other spiral car springs. A greater +and easier movement is therefore obtained. These springs can, it +is claimed, compete in price with any spring in market, and are +guaranteed by the manufacturers. Patented through the Scientific +American Patent Agency, December 27, 1870, by Albert Potts, whom +address for further information, No. 490 North Third street, +Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE WRITING AND COPYING CASE. + +This device is the invention of A. G. Buzby, of Philadelphia, Pa. It +is a combined writing and copying case. Besides the usual recesses +or chambers for pen, ink, paper, etc., it is provided with a book of +copying paper, in which copies of important letters may be made, by +damping the letters in the usual way, and pressing them between the +leaves of the copying book; or the transfer paper may be used, so that +the letter will be copied as it is written, if preferred. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + + + +HOW WALKING STICKS ARE MADE. + + +Sticks are manufactured both from large timber of from two to six +feet girth, and from small underwood of about the thickness of a man's +thumb. The timber, which is chiefly beech, is first sawed into battens +of about three feet in length and as many inches in width; and +from each of these battens two square sticks, with square heads are +afterwards cut in opposite directions, so that the middle portion +is waste wood. The corners of each are afterwards rounded off by a +planing process called "trapping," and the square head is reduced, by +a small saw, to a curve or rectangular bend, so as to form a handle. +When the sticks are brought in this way to the exact size and pattern, +they are polished with great care, are finely varnished, and packed +in boxes or bundles for the market. Many sawn sticks, however, are +supplied with bone and horn handles, which are fastened on with glue; +and then of course there is less wood waste, as a larger number of +them may be cut from one batten. + +A very different process takes place in the manufacture of sticks +from small underwood, in which there is no sawing required. The rough +unfashioned sticks, which are generally of hazel, ash, oak and thorn, +are cut with a bill in the same way as kidney bean sticks, and are +brought to the factory in large bavins or bundles, piled on a timber +tug. There must of course, be some little care in their selection, yet +it is evident that the woodmen are not very particular on this score, +for they have in general an ungainly appearance; and many are so +crooked and rough, that no drover or country boy would think it worth +while to polish the like of them with his knife. Having arrived at +this place, however, their numerous excrescences are soon pruned away, +and their ugliness converted into elegance. When sufficiently seasoned +and fit for working, they are first laid to soak in wet sand, and +rendered more tough and pliable; a workman then takes them one by one, +and securing them with an iron stock, bends them skillfully this way +and that, so as to bring out their natural crooks, and render them at +last all straight even rods. If they are not required to be knotted, +they next go to the "trapper," who puts them through a kind of +circular plane, which takes off knots, and renders them uniformly +smooth and round. The most important process of all is that of giving +them their elegantly curved handles, for which purpose they are passed +over to the "crooker." Every child knows that if we bend a tough stick +moderately when the pressure is discontinued, it will soon fly back, +more or less, to its former position; and if we bend it very much, +it will break. Now the crooker professes to accomplish the miracle of +bending a stick as it might be an iron wire, so that it shall neither +break nor "backen." To prevent the breaking, the wood is rendered +pliant by further soaking in wet sand; and a flexible band of metal +is clamped down firmly to that portion of the stick that will form the +outside of the curve; the top end is then fitted into a grooved iron +shoulder which determines the size of the crook, the other end being +brought round so as to point in the opposite direction; the metal +band during this process binding with increasing tightness against the +stretching fibers of the wood, so that they cannot snap or give way +under the strain. The crook having been made, the next thing is to fix +it, or remove from the fibers the reaction of elasticity, which would +otherwise, on the cessation of the bending force, cause it to backen +more or less, and undo the work. In the old process of crooking by +steam, as timber bending is effected, the stick was merely left till +it was cold to acquire a permanent set; but in the new process, a more +permanent set is given by turning the handle about briskly over a jet +of gas. The sticks being now fashioned, it only remains to polish +and stain or varnish them; and they are sometimes scorched or +burned brown, and carved with foliage, animal heads and other +devices.--_Chambers' Journal_. + + * * * * * + + +FLOWERING OF THE VICTORIA REGIA IN THE OPEN AIR.--Joseph Mager, Esq., +has succeeded in flowering the Victoria lily, in his pond in England. +The pond is perfectly open, but the water is heated by hot water pipes +coming from a boiler near the pond, carefully concealed. The seeds +of the Victoria were planted in May last, and the first flower was +produced Sept. 10th. Afterwards seven other flowers opened. The plant +has eight leaves, of which the largest is five feet two inches in +diameter. Mr. Mager has also succeeded in flowering a large number of +other tropical lilies in his pond. + + * * * * * + + +JUTE, a material largely used in combination with hemp, for making +cordage, sacking, mats, and carpets, is produced in India to the +extent of 300,000 tuns per annum. The scarcity of fuel prevents its +manufacture on the spot, except by the rudest and most primitive +means, so that the bulk of the growth is sent to Great Britain. + + * * * * * + + + + +VENTILATION OF THE LIVERPOOL TUNNEL. + + +This tunnel, which forms an ascending incline of a mile and a quarter +length from the terminal station in Lime-street London and N. W. +Railroad, was worked until recently by a rope and stationary engine, +to avoid fouling the air of the tunnel by the passage of locomotives; +but the increase of the traffic having necessitated the abandonment of +the rope and the substitution of locomotives for bringing the trains +up through the tunnel, it became requisite to provide some efficient +means of ventilation for clearing the tunnel speedily of the smoke and +steam after the passage of each train. A large exhausting fan has been +designed by Mr. John Ramsbottom for this purpose, which works in a +chamber situated near the middle of the length of the tunnel, and +draws the air in from the tunnel, through a cross drift; discharging +it up a tapering chimney that extends to a considerable hight above +the surface of the ground over the tunnel. The fan is about thirty +feet diameter, and is made with straight radial vanes; it revolves +on a horizontal shaft at a speed of about forty-five revolutions per +minute, within a brick casing, built concentric with the fan for the +first half of the circumference, and afterwards expanding gradually +for discharging into the base of the chimney, the air from the tunnel +being drawn in at the center of the fan at each side, and discharged +from the circumference of the fan by the revolution of the vanes. +The engine driving the fan is started by telegraph signal at each +departure of a train from the terminal station, and the fan is kept +running until the discharge from it becomes quite clear, showing that +no steam or smoke remains in the tunnel; this is usually the case in +about eight minutes after the time of the train entering the lower end +of the tunnel, the passage of the train through the tunnel occupying +about three minutes. The fan draws air in at both ends of the tunnel +simultaneously, and begins to clear the lower end immediately upon the +train entering; the clearing of the upper end commences as soon as the +train has passed out of the tunnel, and as the fan is situated nearer +the upper end of the tunnel than the lower, the clearing of both +lengths is completed almost simultaneously. The fan is so constructed +as to allow an uninterrupted passage through it, for the air, whilst +the fan is standing still; and the natural ventilation thus obtained +by means of the large chimney is found sufficient for clearing the +tunnel during the night and some portion of the day, without the fan +being worked at those times. This natural ventilation is aided by the +engine exhaust and the boiler discharging into the chimney. The fan +has now been in regular operation for three-quarters of a year, and +has been found completely successful. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPREGNATING WOOD WITH TAR OR OTHER PRESERVING MATERIAL. + + +The preservation of wood is a problem which is attracting increased +attention, as year by year diminishes the material supply of timber, +and consequently gradually increases its price. Among other methods +employed, the impregnation of wood by the vapors of tar, creosote, +petroleum, etc., has been tried, and one of the practical difficulties +met with has been the obtaining of suitable apparatus for the purpose. + +[Illustration] + +The engraving annexed is an invention intended to supply this want. +The wood is inclosed, in a tank kept hot by a steam jacket which +surrounds it, as shown. A boiler at one end is used to heat the +substance with which it is desired to impregnate the wood. An air pump +is also employed to remove the steam, generated in the heated timber, +and the air from the tank. The pores of the wood being thus rendered +vacuous, the hot liquid or vapors from the heating tank readily +penetrate the entire substance, and thoroughly impregnate it. This +apparatus is the invention of George Pustkuchen, of Hoboken, N. J. + + * * * * * + + + + +BOARDMAN'S COMBINED TOOL. + + +This tool, of which our engraving is a good representation, comprises +a screw wrench, a pipe wrench, a hammer, a nail claw, a screw-driver, +and a bit handle, or socket wrench. + +The bit handle is the entire tool, the square socket or opening being +made in the end of the handle, in which the shanks of bits may be +inserted. + +The screw driver is formed on the end of the screw bar, attached to +the outer jaw of the wrench, and is taken out from the hollow of the +handle when required for use. + +The use of the other parts of the tool will be apparent from the +engraving. + +The tool is very compact, and has this advantage over the ordinary +screw wrench, that its leverage increases as it is opened to receive +nuts of larger size. + +[Illustration] + +This invention is protected by two patents, dated respectively, May +30, 1865, and July 10, 1866. + +For further information address B. Boardman & Co., Norwich, Conn. + + * * * * * + + + + +BELT TIGHTENER. + + +[Illustration] + +This instrument will be found of great service in bringing together +the ends of belts, the weight of which is so great that they cannot +be held together by the hand while lacing. A strap engages with holes +made in the belt, at the back of the holes punched for lacing, the +tightening strap being provided with claws or hooks, as shown. A winch +axle and ratchet, adjusted in a frame as shown, are then employed +to pull the ends of the belt together and hold them firmly till the +lacing is completed. + +This is the invention of T. G. Stansberry, of Medora, Ill. Patented in +September, 1867. + + * * * * * + + + + +SOME THINGS I DON'T WANT IN THE BUILDING TRADES. + + +I don't want my house put in repair, or rather out of repair, by a +master who employs "Jacks of all Trades." + +I don't want my foreman to tell me too much at one time about the +faults of the workmen under him, as I may forget asking him about +himself. + +I don't want a builder or carpenter to give a coat of paint to any +joinery work he may be doing for me, until I have examined first the +material and workmanship. + +I don't want any jobbing carpenter or joiner, whom I may employ, to +bring a lump of putty in his tool basket. I prefer leave the use of +putty to the painters. + +I don't want jobbing plumbers to spend three days upon the roof, +soldering up a crack in the gutter, and, when done, leaving fresher +cracks behind them. The practice is something akin to "cut and come +again." + +I don't want a contractor to undertake a job at a price that he knows +will not pay, and then throw the fault of his bankruptcy on "that +blackguard building." + +I don't want any more hodmen to be carrying up the weight of +themselves in their hod, as well as their bricks; I would much prefer +seeing the poor human machines tempering the mortar or wheeling the +barrow, while the donkey engine, the hydraulic lift, or the old gray +horse, worked the pulley. + +I don't want house doors to be made badly, hung badly, or composed of +green and unseasoned timber. + +I don't want houses built first and designed afterwards, or, rather, +wedged into shape, and braced into form. + +I don't want to be compelled to pay any workman a fair day's wages for +a half day's work. + +I don't want an employer to act towards his workmen as if he thought +their sinews and thews were of iron, instead of flesh and blood. + +I don't want any kind of old rubbish of brick and stone to be bundled +into walls and partitions, and then plastered over "hurry-skurry." +Trade infamy, like murder, will out, sooner or later. + +I don't want men to wear flesh and bone, and waste sweat and blood, +in forms of labor to which machinery can be applied, and by which +valuable human life and labor can be better and more profitably +utilized. + + * * * * * + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + +_The Editors are not responsible for the opinions expressed by their +Correspondents._ + + + * * * * * + + +ACTION OF THE RECIPROCATING PARTS OF STEAM ENGINES. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I have hesitated about the propriety of replying to +the criticisms of your correspondent, J. E. Hendricks, upon my paper, +on the action of the reciprocating parts of steam engines. It is not +to be expected that a truth so opposed to commonly received +notions--the reception of which requires so much to be unlearned--should +at once receive the assent of every one. Some odd fancies on the +subject are likely to be ventilated first. + +But your correspondent touches the root of the matter, and perhaps the +fact questioned by him should be more clearly placed beyond dispute. + +I will dismiss the introductory part of his letter, merely observing +that his "logical inference" is quite gratuitous and unwarranted. He +says himself that its absurdity is obvious, in which I quite agree +with him. + +The real question is this: What is the figure representing the +acceleration of the motion of a piston, controlled by a crank which +revolves with a uniform velocity? I stated it to be a right-angled +triangle, and indicated, as I supposed, clearly enough, a simple +method by which this could be shown. Your correspondent claims that +the calculation, according to my own rule, gives a figure of a totally +different form, and one that shows the acceleration, as well as the +motion, to be reduced to zero at the commencement of the stroke. Let +us see. Let the straight line, AJ, in the following figure, represent +half the stroke of the piston, and let the distances, AB, AC, etc., on +this line, represent the versed sines of 10°, 20°, etc., up to 90°, or +the motion of the piston while the crank is moving through these arcs. +At the points A, B, C, etc., erect the perpendiculars, Aa, Bb, Cc, +etc., and let the length of each of these ordinates represent the +acceleration imparted in a given time at that point of the stroke. +Then will AJ be to Aa as IJ is to Ii, as HJ is to Hh, etc., showing +that the straight line, aJ, connects the extremities of all the +ordinates, and that the triangle, AJa, represents the acceleration of +the motion of the piston, from the commencement to the middle of the +stroke. + +[Illustration] + +The following table will enable any one to make the calculations +proving the truth of the above proposition: + +Degrees. Versed sine. Motion for 10° Acceleration during 1°. + 0° .0000000 _Aa_ .0003046 + 10° _AB_ .0151922 _AB_ .0151922 _Bb_ .0003001 + 20° _AC_ .0603074 _BC_ .0451152 _Cc_ .0002862 + 30° _AD_ .1339746 _CD_ .0736672 _Dd_ .0002638 + 40° _AE_ .2339556 _DE_ .0999810 _Ee_ .0002332 + 50° _AF_ .3572124 _EF_ .1232568 _Ff_ .0001958 + 60° _AG_ .5000000 _FG_ .1427876 _Gg_ .0001523 + 70° _AH_ .6579799 _GH_ .1579799 _Hh_ .0001041 + 80° _AI_ .8263518 _HI_ .1683719 _Ii_ .0000529 + 90° _AJ_ 1.0000000 _IJ_ .1736482 _Jj_ .0000000 + +The method of obtaining the decimals representing the acceleration for +1°, at any point, was fully explained in the paper, and compared with +the similar method of showing the uniform acceleration of a body acted +on by a constant force. The ordinary tables in the hand-books, going +only to five places of decimals, are of no use for these computations. + +I would suggest a practical experiment. Let any one having an engine +running at a good speed, loosen the crank pin brasses a little, so +that, at starting, it will thump heavily. Let the engine be lightly +loaded, so that only a small portion of the boiler pressure will need +to be admitted to the cylinder. As its speed increases, the thump +will die away; and, if at its full speed, the pressure of the steam +admitted is not so great as to overcome the centrifugal strain of the +reciprocating parts on the crank, as it passes the centers, the engine +will revolve in silence. Any one can ascertain, by the rule given +in the note to the paper, just what pressure can be admitted without +causing a thump, or this can be found by a little experimenting. I am +running an engine which does not thump with loose crank pin brasses, +under eighty pounds pressure, admitted sharply on the centers. + +Charles T. Porter. + + * * * * * + + +ANSWER TO PRACTICAL PROBLEM. + +MESSRS. EDITORS;--I submit the following solution of "Practical +Problem" on page 147: + +Given AB, arm, C, arm, D, chord of half angle of oscillation of arm, +D, and angles of arms, with line AB. + +To find angles, BAc', ABb, and length of link, E. + +1. As the length of arm, D, is to the chord of arc, ab, divided by +2, so is the radius to the sine angle oscillation of arm, D, divided +by 4. + +2. 360° is to the whole circumference as the angle bBa is to the +length of arc ab. + +3. Now arc ab is equal to arc a'c'. + +4. The whole circumference is to 360° as the length of arc a'e' is +to the angle oscillation of C divided by 2. + +5. Half angle oscillation, C, taken from angle BAa' is equal to angle +BAc'. + +6. Half angle oscillation, D, taken from angle ABa is equal to angle +ABb. + +7. The diagonal of the rectangle formed by the (sum of the sines of +the angles of the arms with AB) into (AB--sum of cosines of same) will +be the length of link, E. + +[Illustration] + +G. R. NASH, Civil Engineer. + +North Adams, Mass. + +[We have received other solutions of this problem, but as this covers +the ground in a very simple manner, we think it will be sufficient. +Those forwarding the solutions not published will accept our thanks +and assurances that it is not because they lack merit that they are +declined.--EDS. + + * * * * * + + +RECIPROCATING PARTS OF STEAM ENGINES. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--In one of the late numbers of your journal, you +publish a paper, read by Mr. Porter before some learned society in New +York, on something about the possibility or practicability of running +a steam engine at a high rate of speed, and claiming to give a +scientific explanation of the why and wherefore. Now, scientifically, +I know nothing about a steam engine; practically, I know how to stop +and start one. Therefore, you will understand that what I say is not +as coming from one who claims to be wise above what is written, but as +simply being a statement of the case, as it appears to one who wants +to learn, and takes this way to draw out the truth. A scientific +theory, invested with all its sines, coefficients, and other +paraphernalia, is a very pretty thing to look at, no doubt, for those +who understand it, and, when properly applied, is invaluable; but +when, as in this case, a practical question is to be decided, by the +aid of a scientific demonstration, it will not do to throw aside the +main elements of the problem, or any, in fact, of the minor points, no +matter how trivial they may appear. + +Mr. Porter's labors were strictly of a scientific nature. He starts +out with the proposition that what he is about to explain is very +simple, and very likely it is; but, for one, I can't see it, and I +want more light. He says that it takes a certain number of pounds to +overcome the inertia of the reciprocating parts of a certain weight, +to give it a certain speed. What is inertia? He says, "we will not +take into account the friction of parts." Now, my understanding of +this point is, that friction is practically one of the main elements +in the problem. How can we hope to obtain a correct solution when he +rubs out one of the terms of the equation? What is friction doing all +the time, while he is theoretically having his reciprocating parts +storing up power and then giving it out again, just at the right time, +and in the right quantity? + +What an immense amount of iron has been wasted by being cast into fly +wheels, when a fraction of the amount, if only put into cross heads, +would render fly wheels unnecessary! + +Mr. Porter stops short in his discussion. He should have added a table +giving the proportionate length of stroke, weight of parts, and number +of revolutions required to produce the effect of an engine running at +a high speed, without the least fraction of inequality in the strain +on the crank, and then the sun would have fairly risen in the "dawn of +a new era for the steam engine." But, as it is so very simple, we can +all figure it out for ourselves. + +In the diagram Mr. Porter gives, to illustrate the travel of the +piston, he wets his finger and draws it over another term in the +equation (a method of elimination not taught by Hutton, Davies, and +other mathematicians). It is a quick way, but is it correct? He says, +"the distance traveled by the piston is the versed sine of an angle +formed by a line from the center of the crank pin, in any part of its +stroke to the center of the circle described by the crank pin, leaving +out of the calculation the angular vibration of the connecting rod." +What he means by the "angular vibration," I do not know. He is wrong +in the statement. If he will think of it he will see it. If he meant +to say that the piston's travel was measured by the versed sine of the +angle formed by the connecting rod and the line of horizontal centers, +he is wrong again, yet nearer the truth than before, just as the +proportion between the length of the connecting rod and the half +diameter of the circle described by the crank pin. This can quickly +be seen by supposing the connecting rod to be detached, and allowed +to fall down on the center line, at any part of the stroke. If he +understood this (as no doubt he did), he should not ignore the facts. + +What I am aiming at is this. When a man attempts to demonstrate a +thing mathematically, he must take into his calculation everything +essentially connected with the problem, just exactly as it is, and not +as he would have it; otherwise, he cannot, by any possibility, attain +a correct result. When he claims, as now, the practicability of +running engines at a high speed, I think he is claiming too much. +Build an engine of proper materials, make it strong, and fit +everything as it should be, balance crank and fly wheel to a nicety, +keep everything snugly in its place, and the terrors of a quick stroke +vanish. + +S. W. H. + + * * * * * + + +TEST FOR WHITE LEAD. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I have read, with much interest, Dr. Chandler's +colorimetric test of the purity of white lead, as published in the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN sometime ago. I enclose another test, which, +though not new, is of value to all using white lead on account of its +simplicity and effectiveness. It has been in use here for nearly two +years, and has been found reliable. Having never seen it in print, I +have tried to put it in as simple words as possible. + +FELIX MCARDLE, Analytical Chemist. +St. Louis, Mo. + +Take a piece of firm, close grained charcoal, and, near one end of it, +scoop out a cavity about half an inch in diameter and a quarter of an +inch in depth. Place in the cavity a sample, of the lead to be tested, +about the size of a small pea, and apply to it continuously the +blue or hottest part of the flame of the blow pipe; if the sample be +strictly pure, it will in a very short time, say in two minutes, be +reduced to metallic lead, leaving no residue; but if it be adulterated +to the extent of ten per cent. only, with oxide of zinc, sulphate of +baryta, whiting or any other carbonate of lime, (which substances are +now the only adulterations used), or if it be composed entirely of +these materials, as is sometimes the case with cheap lead, it cannot +be reduced, but will remain on the charcoal an infusible mass. + +Dry white lead, (carbonate of lead) is composed of metallic lead, +oxygen and carbonic acid, and, when ground with linseed oil, forms the +white lead of commerce. When it is subjected to the above treatment, +the oil is first burned off, and then at a certain degree of heat, the +oxygen and carbonic acid are set free, leaving only the metallic lead +from which it was manufactured. If, however, there be present in the +sample any of the above mentioned adulterations, they cannot of course +be reduced to metallic lead, and cannot be reduced, by any heat of +the blow pipe flame, to their own metallic bases; and being intimately +incorporated and ground with the carbonate of lead, they prevent it +from being reduced. + +It is well, after blowing upon the sample, say for half a minute, by +which time the oil will be burned off, to loosen the sample from the +charcoal, with a knife blade or spatula, in order that the flame may +pass under as well as over and against it. With proper care the lead +will run into one button, instead of scattering over the charcoal, +and this is the reason why the cavity above mentioned is necessary. A +common star candle or a lard oil lamp furnishes the best flame for use +of the blow pipe; a coal oil lamp should not be used. + +By the above test, after a little practice, so small an adulteration +as one or two per cent. can be detected; it is, however, only a test +of the purity or impurity of a lead, and if found adulterated, the +degree or percentage of adulteration cannot be well ascertained by it. + +Jewellers usually have all the necessary apparatus for making the +test, and any one of them can readily make it by observing the above +directions, and from them can be obtained a blow pipe at small cost. + +If you have no open package of the lead to be tested, a sample can +most easily be obtained by boring into the side or top of a keg with +a gimlet, and with it taking out the required quantity; care should be +used to free it entirely from the borings or particles of wood, and it +should not be larger than the size mentioned; a larger quantity can be +reduced, but of course more time will be required, and the experiment +cannot be so neatly performed. + + * * * * * + + +HOW TO BUILD A CHIMNEY. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I am satisfied that a great many fires originate +through poorly constructed chimneys; and, although not a bricklayer +by trade, I would offer a few hints how to construct a fire-proof +chimney. Let the bed be laid of brick and mortar, iron, or stone; then +the workman should take a brick in his left hand, and with the trowel, +draw the mortar upon the end of the brick, from the under side, and +not from the outside edge, as is usual. Then, by pressing the brick +against the next one, the whole space between the two bricks will be +filled with mortar; and so he should point up the inside as perfectly +as the outside, as he proceeds. + +By drawing the mortar on the edge of the brick, the space between +the ends will not always be entirely filled, and will make (where the +inside pointing is not attended to) a leaky and unsafe chimney, which, +if not kept clear of soot, will, in burning out, stand a good chance +of setting the building on fire. The best thing that I know of, to +put the fire out in a burning chimney is salt; but the matter of first +importance, after having a chimney properly constructed, is to keep it +clean. + +AUSTIN B. CULVER. +Westfield, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +CRYSTALLIZED HONEY. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--Please allow me to say to the querist who, through +your columns, asks what to do with crystalline honey, that if he will +"doctor" it with almost any artificial honey of the day, it will not +become like lard in cold weather, which change is a natural proof that +it is pure. For almost any purpose, pure honey is preferable to that +which has been adulterated, but purity is a minor consideration with +many. + +Next we shall hear of some fastidious customer who objects to pure +lard, because it looks white when cold. To such we would recommend +lard oil as a great improvement, especially for cooking purposes. + +A. M. B. +Louisville, Ky. + + * * * * * + +[For the Scientific American.] + + + + +RAMBLES FOR RELICS. + +NUMBER II. + + +At a depth of fifteen feet, we were about to suspend our labors, +supposing from the nature and uniformly dark color of the earth, +that we had reached the surface of the alluvium, when a sign of the +inevitable wood and bark layer was seen in a crevice. An excavation, +five or six feet, into the wall, revealed the skeleton of a man laid +at length, having an extra coverlid of wooden material. Eighteen large +oblong beads, an ax of polished green stone, eleven arrow points, and +five implements of bone (to be described) were deposited on the +left side; and a few small beads, an ornamental shell pin, two small +hatchets, and a sharp-pointed flint knife or lance, eight inches long, +having a neck or projection at the base, suitable for a handle, or for +insertion in a shaft, on the right side. The earth behind the skull +being removed, three enormous conch shells presented their open +mouths. One of my assistants started back as if the ghost of the +departed had come to claim the treasure preserved, in accordance with +superstitious notions, for its journey to the "happy lands." The alarm +seemed to be a warning, for at the moment the embankment, overloaded +on one side, caved in, nearly burying three workmen, myself, and a +spectator. Our tools being at the bottom of the heap, and the wall on +the other side, shaken by the falling earth, giving tokens of a change +of base, our prospects of a ready deliverance were not very hopeful. +The bystanders, however, went to work with their hands, and we were +soon relieved, not without casualty, the spectator having the worst of +it. Struggling to extricate himself, instead of abiding his time, he +dragged one leg out of the pile shorter than the other. + +The occurrence of marine shells in a burial depository, especially of +the varieties pyrula and oliva, four or five hundred miles from the +Gulf and that portion of the Southern coast where the mollusks exist, +bears upon the question of migration and tribal intercourse, and +the commercial value of these articles. Obtained from a distance and +regarded as precious commodities, they were used in exchange, for the +material of ornaments, and for choice utensils. Only two or three of +these shells have been found in a perfect condition, but defective +ones are frequent, with fragments, "cuttings," and various trinkets +made out of them--such as ornamental pins, needles, crosses, buttons, +amulets, engraved plates, and beads. From one of the specimens +recovered from the mound sepulchre, the spire and columella had been +removed, leaving a hollow utensil. It would have been suitable for +a water vessel, but for a hole in the bottom, which had furnished a +button-shaped ornament, or piece of money, which was found with the +relic, and exactly corresponded to the orifice. The twirled end of the +shell, however, had been improved for a handle by shallow cavities, +one on the inside slanting from the middle longitudinal line, and one +crossing that line at right angles on the convex side, so as to be +fitted to the thumb and fore finger of the left hand, suggesting a use +of the implement as a shield, or a mask held before the face. Adair +speaks of large shells in use by the Indians of his time (1735), +suspended about the neck for shields, and regarded as badges of +priestly dignity. + +A trench was dug on the east side of the mound, nearly corresponding +in dimensions to the one on the west side, making the length of the +whole excavation, including the central cavity, thirty-two feet. + +In the last opening, eight skeletons were exhumed; the mode of burial +was the same throughout. The only article of value recovered was a +curiously wrought pipe of stone, having a "figure head" representing +the human face, which I have put down in a list of "articles stolen," +and which the thief can describe better than the writer. After filling +up all the gaps, and levelling the surface to suit the taste of the +proprietor, we closed our labors on the mound in the Bent. + +Of the skulls collected, it is sufficient to say that they belong to +the "short heads," the length and breadth having a comparative medium +proportion, a common form of cranium in the mounds of Tennessee. + +Of stone implements I specify an ax of serpentine, ten inches long, +two thick, and four broad, having plain sides and a straight edge +ground down on both of the flat faces; hatchets ("tomahawks") of +green stone, flint, and diorite, from five to eight inches long, with +rounded faces and sides, contracted to an edge at one end, and to a +flat heel at the other; a wedge of black slate, seven inches long and +half an inch thick, of a square finish on the faces and sides and at +the heel, which was diminished two inches, as compared with the length +of the edge; hatchets with a serrated edge at each end, plane on both +sides, convex on one face and flat on the other. + +With one skeleton was deposited a "set of tools," eight in number, of +the species of rock before mentioned, varying in length from two to +eight inches. Their peculiarity consists in a variety of shapes--no +two being precisely alike--and in their fitness to various uses, +such as carving, hacking, paring, and grooving. The smallest of them, +having a square finish, was held by the thumb and two fingers, and is +suitable for cutting lines and figures in wood and shells. Specimens +of this art were furnished from the mound. The largest number might +serve for hatchets, chisels, and gouges. One had been ground in the +form of a cylinder five inches long and an inch thick, and then cut +an inch on two sides to an edge, and worked into a handle with a round +bead, from the center of the elliptical faces. It might be used for +chipping wood and stone. One answered the purpose of a cold chisel; +another was somewhat similar, but had a hollow face reduced to a +curved edge for grooving. These polished instruments, wrought with +much care, seemed intended for use by the hand rather than for +insertion in a handle or socket, or attachment to a shaft by means +of a strap or withe. Only one was perforated. The drilling through +granite, quartz, and diorite, without the use of metal, was a severe +labor, even for savage patience. A long knife of silex, with a wrought +handle, lance heads, leaf shaped, of the same material, of beautiful +workmanship, arrow points of fine finish, furnished, with others +before mentioned, an assortment of arms. Several flint points, though +only an inch long, were curved like a cimeter, and used probably as +flaying instruments. True disks, of various mineral substances, from +an inch to five inches in diameter, having convex faces, complete the +list of stone implements. Those of bone comprise several like hollow +chisels, sharpened at one end, and pierced through one face, near the +other extremity, so as to be fastened to a handle; these were used +for dressing skins. One was formed like a poniard, with a worked hilt. +With these may be connected arrow heads and sharp pointed weapons of +the worked antlers of the stag, and tusks of the wild boar. + +Of ornaments, I noticed pins used for dressing the hair, made of the +columns of large sea shells. The head is generally round, sometimes +oval, from an eighth to a half of an inch in diameter, retaining the +diagonal groove of the pillar from which it is made. The stems vary +in length from one to six inches. It would be tedious even to classify +ornamental beads and buttons of shell work, such as are usually found +in the mounds. These trinkets are perforated, and, in addition to +their being articles of dress, were used probably as "wampum," the +currency of the recent Indians. + +A miscellaneous collection includes a hematite stone, wrought in +the shape of a cup weighing half a pound; when rubbed or ground it +furnished the war paint of the savages; also the extremity of a copper +tube, two inches long; needles in bone and shell, from an inch to +six inches long, with grooves round the head, to serve the purpose of +eyes; and plates of mica. The use of mica plates, which are found of +large size in some of the Western mounds, has excited some inquiry. +Of a certain thickness, they make good mirrors. Beside their use +for ornamental purposes, they were probably looking-glasses of the +beauties of the stone age. There was also found a pipe of soap stone, +having a stem five inches long, and a bowl with a broad brim, like a +Quaker's hat. + +Of earthenware, there was an endless variety of fragments of the usual +black, grey, or red compressed clay, mixed with pulverized shells or +stones. One kind I have never seen described. The sherds had a red +coating on both sides, an eighth of an inch in thickness, evidently +not a paint or a glaze. The red coloring might have come from the +pottery being burnt in the open air, instead of baked in a furnace, +were not the layer of uniform thickness and of homogeneous paste, +unlike the material of the vessel, which was a gray mixture of clay +and particles of shells. + +I give the above memoranda to the general fund of information, +touching a subject that invites inquiry on account of its novelty and +ethnological importance. Every examination of the monumental remains +of the ancient Americans brings to light some new feature in structure +or type of rudimental art. And since archęology has become a science, +investigators, for half a century, may be looking about for facts to +complete the system auspiciously introduced by the antiquarians of +Northern Europe, and advanced in our own country by the researches +of Caleb Atwater (_Archęologia Americana_) and by those of the +Smithsonian contributors to knowledge, especially Squier and Davis. +RAMBLER. + + * * * * * + + +A SMALL WATER WHEEL.--There is in the town of Meriden, Conn., a +Leffel double turbine wheel, running under 240 feet fall and driving +a manufactory. It uses only about one-half of a square inch of water, +and runs at the marvelous speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute, or 50 +revolutions per second, which is by far the most rapid rate of motion +ever imparted to a water wheel. This is, also, beyond comparison the +greatest fall applied to the propulsion of a wheel in America. The +wheel at Meriden is of the most diminutive size, scarcely exceeding in +dimensions the old-fashioned "turnip" watches which our grandfathers +used to carry in their capacious vest pockets. The complete success of +this wheel has attracted much attention and affords further evidence +of the wide range of adaptability of the Leffel turbine. + + * * * * * + +[For the Scientific American.] + + + + +SILK CULTURE. + +BY W. V. ANDREWS. + + +A vague notion that silk culture ought to form one of the industrial +pursuits of the American people seems to be prevalent enough; but it +does not take practical hold upon anybody. The nearest approach to +anything practical which we have seen, in late years--excepting, of +course, what has been done in California--occurred in New York in July +last, when a number of gentlemen pledged themselves, according to a +report given in the _Tribune_ of July 30, "to promote the native silk +trade." + +The gentlemen present at the meeting represented the most prominent +silk manufacturing and importing houses in this country. What these +gentlemen have since done towards promoting the native silk trade, I +do not know, but, having pledged themselves, it is presumed they have +done something. + +At the meeting, of which the _Tribune_ article is a report, dags, +and other things, manufactured from California silk, were exhibited; +and the report goes on to say that "Mr. Warren also exhibited samples +of native and foreign cocoons, and of raw and thrown silk, together +with the common _Cecropia_ and _Bombyx Cynthia_, species of +silkworms which feed upon oak leaves. * * Also the _Bombyx Yamamai_ +which feeds upon mulberry leaves; also the _Bombyx Pernyi_, of +which the cocoons are early as good as the cocoons of worms fed upon +mulberry leaves." + +I have given this extract, word for word, as it stands in the columns +of the _Tribune_, because it contains more blunders of one kind or +another than I remember ever to have seen in so many words. _Cecropia_ +is certainly not very particular as to its food, but it is not an oak +feeder. _Cynthia_ will thrive on nothing except ailanthus, though it +will eat one or two other things, but not oak. The _Yamamai_, on +the other hand, will eat oak, indeed it is its natural food; but Mr. +Warren errs greatly when he says that it will feed on mulberry. The +last clause of the sentence, which says that cocoons of _Pernyi_ are +nearly as good as those of worms fed on mulberry leaves, must be a +sort of entomological joke, of which the point is not discoverable by +me, so I pass it over. + +I do not, however, notice this report on account of its grammatical +and entomological mistakes. It is because of the evil effects it may, +and probably will, have on amateur silk culturists, that I notice +it; for most assuredly, failure will be the result of all attempts +to produce silk cocoons by feeding the caterpillars of the different +moths on the food prescribed by Mr. Warren. Any patriotic, money +making farmer, who believes in the _Tribune_, purchasing _Yamamai_ +eggs and setting his worms to feed upon mulberry, which they refuse to +eat, and consequently, all die, will probably give up silk culture +as being nothing more or less than a humbug. And thus the cause is +injured. + +For several years past, I have made some experiments in the rearing of +the silkworms, giving the result of my experience in the first year in +Vol. II., page 311, of the _American Naturalist_; and of a subsequent +year in the _Entomologist_, for November, 1869. + +The paper in the _Naturalist_ is devoted to my experiments with the +ailanthus silkworm, _Samia Cynthia_ (G. & R.), a naturalized species +from the East. In that paper, I have said all that is necessary to +say at present, on that species, except perhaps that I am further +convinced, from the inspection of samples of sewing and other silks, +made from the cocoons of _Cynthia_, that one day it will be reared +very extensively in the United States. It is perfectly hardy, is +double brooded, and may be reared by any one possessed of a few acres +of land, which may be good enough for growing ailanthus trees, but +not good enough to grow any thing else. The labor of a few old men, +or women, or even children, is sufficient for the purpose. The cost is +therefore trifling. + +The objection to the cultivation of _Cynthia_ is that the cocoon +cannot be reeled. But it can be carded, and if the Chinese can make +excellent silk goods from it, why cannot we? I suspect, too, that +_Cynthia_ silk can be worked in with cotton, or, perhaps, woolen +goods, adding to their beauty and durability (for it is indestructible +in wear), and thus open up branches of manufacture hitherto unknown. + +For manufacturers of coarse goods, I have no doubt that the silk +from our native silk moths, _Cecropia_ and _Polyphemus_, may be used. +Indeed, I believe that M. Trouvelot is of opinion that _Polyphemus_ +may fairly enter into competition with _Bombyx mori_, the ordinary +mulberry silkworm. The worm, however, is rather difficult to rear. + +In reference, however, to _Bombyx mori_, it is well known that the +silk crop in France and Italy has been reduced greatly, and the price +of silk goods consequently enhanced, by prevalence of disease among +the worms. So much is this the case, that silk breeders have been +obliged to look around for some silk-producing moths whose products +may, at any rate, supplement the deficient crop. _Cynthia_, as already +mentioned as one of these, and two others mentioned by Warren in the +_Tribune_ reports above adverted to, are at present the subjects of +experiment. + +My article mentioned before as appearing in the _American +Entomologist_ is mainly devoted to my experiments, and those of my +correspondents, with _Yamamai_, which, as I said before, is an oak +feeder. In Japan, which is its native country, it feeds, in its wild +state, on _Quercus serrata_. Whether that oak be found in America, I +do not know, but it is of little importance, as the worm will feed on +almost any species of oak, although I think that it prefers white oak. +The importance of acclimatizing new species of silk moths is of so +much prospective importance, that I shall devote the remainder of this +article to the consideration of whether _Yamamai_ and _Pernyi_ may not +be naturalized here. Any one, who happens to have the number of the +_Entomologist_ containing the article above alluded to, may find it +worth while to read it, but as many persons may not be able to obtain +that number, I will here repeat the substance of my remarks, adding as +much new matter as subsequent experience has afforded. + +The silk from the _Yamamai_ being considered superior to that produced +by any other of the substitute silk moths, great efforts have been +made in Europe to acclimatize it; but, it must be confessed, hitherto +with but slight success. There are exceptions, however, particularly +among amateurs in Germany, sufficient to show that success is +possible. The Baron de Bretton raises about 27,000 cocoons annually. + +In this country but little has been done, or attempted, and that +little has not been very successful. + +The fact is, that _Yamamai_ is a difficult moth to rear in a country +like this, where in early spring the temperature varies so much; but +that success is possible, I am convinced. + +The moth emerges from the cocoon in the latter part of the summer, +copulates, lays its eggs, and of course dies. And now the trouble +commences; that is, with eggs laid, say in Japan, from whence we +mainly get our supplies. + +As soon as the egg is laid, the young larva commences its formation, +which in a short time (about one month) is perfected. It lies in the +egg in a quiescent state till early spring. If the egg remain in the +country where it is laid, and is kept at a pretty even temperature, +and free from damp, the caterpillar emerges in a healthy condition. +But if it be removed some thousands of miles, passing in the transit +from heat to cold, and back to heat again: and if, in addition, it +be closely confined in a damp place, with little or no circulation of +air, the egg is attacked by a fungus which sometimes prevents the worm +from emerging at all; or, if it emerge, it is in a sickly condition. +That these conditions obtain in the transit of eggs, from Japan +to Europe, and thence to America, is evident enough; and it may, +therefore, require the efforts of many persons, continued for a long +time, to enable us to acclimatize the _Yamamai_. But this is all that +is required, and I feel confident that ultimate success is certain. + +On hatching out, the worm is of a brimstone yellow, and thinly covered +with strong hairs; after the second month it is greenish, with black, +longitudinal streaks, and the thread a dull coral red color. After the +third month it becomes of a fine apple green, with yellow tubercles +on each segment, from which issue a few black hairs. The head and legs +are chocolate brown, the prolegs reddish, and the first segment edged +with pinkish color. The greatest care is necessary, as the spring +advances, to prevent the eggs from hatching before the oak buds +are ready for them, and the temperature must be regulated with the +greatest nicety. If the eggs can be kept somewhere about 50 deg. Fah., +it would be quite safe; higher than that the mercury should not be +allowed to rise, till you are quite ready for the worms, and, on the +other hand, the eggs should not be allowed to freeze. + +On emerging from the eggs, the worms should be allowed either to crawl +to the oak branches, or rather to sprigs obtained for that purpose, +the end of which should be placed in a jar, or bottle, of water, or +the worms may be placed on gently with a camel-hair brush. The leaves +should be well sprinkled with clean water that the caterpillars may +drink. + +From some cause, not well understood, the young caterpillars have +a tendency to wander; and if care be not taken many may be lost. To +prevent this, it is well to cover the branches with a gauze bag, tied +tightly around the stems, and close to the bottle. Care must also +be taken that the caterpillars do not find their way into the water, +which they assuredly will if they have the opportunity, committing +suicide in the most reckless manner. If the number of caterpillars be +few, it is a good plan to place them at the outset with their food, +in a wide-mouthed bottle, covering the mouth with gauze. The branches, +particularly if the weather be warm, must still be occasionally +sprinkled, so that the caterpillars may have the opportunity of +drinking. It must be remembered that experiment is necessary in +rearing _Yamamai_, but one thing is ascertained, and that is, that the +worms must not be exposed to direct sunshine, at least not after seven +or eight in the morning. If the spring be warm, I am inclined to think +that a northeastern exposure is the best, and we may sum up by saying, +that comparatively cool and moist seasons are more favorable to +success that hot, dry weather. In America the worms suffer in the +early spring, from the rapid changes of temperature, 40° at 9 A.M. +increasing to 70° in the afternoon and falling off to freezing point +during the night. The worms cannot stand this. They become torpid, +refuse to eat, and consequently die. To prevent this, if the nights +be cold, they must be placed where no such change of temperature can +occur. + +It is scarcely necessary to say that an ample supply of fresh food +must be always supplied, but it may not be amiss to say that it is +well, when supplying fresh branches, to remove the worms from the old +to the new. The best way of doing this is to clip off the branch, or +leaf, on which the worm is resting, and tie, pin, or in some way affix +the same to the new branches. If this be not done, they will continue +to eat the old leaf, even if it be withered, and this induces disease. +If the worm has fastened itself for the purpose of moulting, the best +way is to remove the entire branch, clipping off all the dried +leaves before so removing it. These remarks apply, in general, to the +treatment of all silkworms, except _Bombyx mori_. + +The results of numerous experiments with _Yamamai_ go to show that it +is, as I said before, a difficult worm to rear; but it has been reared +near New York to the extent of eight hundred cocoons out of sixteen +hundred eggs, and this, although not a remunerative result, is +encouraging. + +The Chinese silk moth, _Aulterea Pernyi_, also an oak feeder, has been +successfully raised by me and by others, for several years. Eggs have +been sold to persons in States widely separated, and the results show +that this worm is perfectly hardy. + +The moth winters in the cocoon, emerges early in May, if the weather +be warm, pairs readily, and lays from 150 to 200 eggs. These hatch +out in about fourteen days, and like _Yamamai_, always about 5 or 6 +o'clock in the morning. It is necessary to be on the alert to catch +them on hatching only, and to remember that they are vagabonds, even +to a greater extent than _Yamamai_. Consequently similar precautions +must be taken. + +The worm on emerging from the egg is large, and of a chocolate-brown +color. After the first month it becomes of a yellowish green; head, +pale brown; feet and prolegs of nearly the same color. The body has +numerous reddish tubercles, from which issue a few reddish hairs. At +the base of some of the tubercles on the anterior segments are silvery +patches. + +The _Pernyi_ worm is much more easily reared than that of _Yamamai_, +but still great care is needed; fresh food of course is essential, and +a slight sprinkling of the branches and worms in very warm weather is +advisable; although it is not so necessary as with _Yamamai_. It is +remarkable that _Pernyi_ worms, fed in the open air, on oak trees, +do not, at present, thrive so well as those fed in-doors, but this, +doubtless, is a question of acclimation. I advise white oak (_Quercus +alba_) as food, if it can be readily obtained, but failing that, pin +oak (_Quercus palustris_) will do; and I have no doubt that they will +feed on any kind of oak. They will, indeed, feed on birch, and on +sweet gum (_Liquidambar_), but oak is the proper food. It is worthy of +remark that _Pernyi_ bears a strong resemblance to our _Polyphemus_, +but it is more easily reared in confinement, and double brooded; an +important fact for the silk culturist. From American reared eggs, I +obtained cocoons as early as July 4th, the perfect insect emerging on +July 31. Copulation immediately ensued, and the resulting eggs hatched +only on August 12, ten days only from the time of laying; and as the +worm feeds up in about four or five weeks, this affords plenty of +time for rearing the second brood. It must be remembered that on the +quantity and quality of food, much depends, not only with _Pernyi_ +but with all caterpillars. By furnishing food sparingly the time of +feeding would be much prolonged. + +I have already said that both _Yamamai_ and _Pernyi_ should be fed +under shelter for the reasons given, but there is another reason of +less importance. The young worms are liable to be attacked by spiders +and wasps, and even after the second month, they are not safe from +these enemies. I have seen a wasp bite a large caterpillar in two, +carry off the anterior section and return for the posterior, which +had held on by its prolegs. Did the wasp anticipate this fact, and +therefore carry off the anterior part first? As to the spiders, they +form a series of pulleys and hoist the caterpillar off its legs, +sucking its juices at leisure. + +And now I must devote a few words to the advisability of silk culture +from a pecuniary point of view. _Bombyx mori_, or the ordinary +mulberry silkworm, is, of course, the best to rear, if you can obtain +healthy eggs. But this is the difficulty, and thence arises the +necessity of cultivating other silk-producing species. I imagine +that silk can be produced in most of the States of the Union, and +manufactured from the cocoon at a large profit; but for the present, +we will leave the manufacture out of the question, and consider only, +whether it will not pay to rear eggs and cocoons for sale? It must +be remembered that European manufacturers are at this moment largely +dependent on foreign countries for the supply of both eggs and +cocoons; and this, because of the general prevalence of disease among +all the races of _Bombyx mori_. And now, to what extent does the +reader suppose this dependence exists? Of cocoons I have no returns at +hand, but, of raw silk, European manufacturers purchase, annually, not +less than $160,000,000 worth; and of eggs (_Bombyx mori_) to the +value of $10,000,000. This, then, is a business of no trifling amount. +California seems to be alive to the fact, and, I am informed, raised, +this last season, $3,000,000 cocoons; and, for sale, about 4,000 +ounces of eggs, worth at least $4 per ounce, wholesale. Now, there is +no earthly reason why California should monopolize this business. +Why are not companies formed in other States for this purpose? or if +private individuals lack the enterprise or the means, why do not the +legislatures, of those States most favorably located, do something by +way of starting the business? A few thousand dollars loaned, or even +donated, may prove to be a valuable investment for the people at +large, and, even supposing a failure, would not be a very great loss +to any body. + +So far as farmers are concerned, it may interest them to know that one +man in England, Capt. Mason, clears $50 per acre by rearing silkworms +(_Bombyx mori_ in this case), and I much doubt whether any crop raised +here pays as well. + +By way of commencement, then, let everybody that has sufficient +leisure set to work, and rear as many silkworms, of the above-named +species, as he possibly can; and if the process be not remunerative in +a pecuniary sense, it most assuredly will be in the amount of pleasure +and knowledge obtained. + +One caution I must give to those who cultivate _Bombyx mori_. Although +_Yamamai_ requires sprinkled branches, _Bombyx mori_ does not; nor +must the leaves be furnished to them while wet with rain or dew. + + * * * * * + + +EFFECT OF COLD UPON IRON.--The article upon this subject, giving +experiments of Fairbairn and others, referred to in our editorial +upon the same subject, in our last issue, was crowded out by press of +matter. The reader will find it in the present number. + + * * * * * + + + + +UNIVERSAL BORING MACHINE. + + +Our readers will recollect an illustrated description of an universal +wood-working machine, published on page 79, Vol. XIII. of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The machine herewith illustrated is manufactured +by the same firm, and is a valuable addition to the many excellent +wood-working machines now in use. A boring machine, though one of the +simplest, is by no means an unimportant adjunct to a full outfit of +wood-working machines. The one shown in our engraving is one of the +most complete ever brought to our notice, and the great variety of +work it is capable of performing, renders the name chosen for it +peculiarly applicable. It is called the "Universal Boring Machine" +because the most prominent feature of its construction is its power to +bore a hole in any desired angle with the axis of the bit. + +Any sized bit required is inserted into the chuck, which is adjustable +to fit large and small shanks. The mandrel which carries the chuck is +made to traverse by a foot lever, so as to bore any depth up to twelve +inches. The mandrel is driven by belt from a cone pulley of three +faces, which gives the proper speeds for different sized bits. + +Slots and stops upon the table enable the work to be set at any +desired angle on the horizontal plane, while the table can be set on +an incline to any angle not exceeding forty-five degrees. The table +is twenty-one inches wide, with fifteen inches slide, and it can be +raised or lowered fifteen inches. + +The countershaft rests in self-adjusting boxes, and has a tight and +a loose pulley eight inches in diameter. The traversing mandrel is of +the best quality of steel, and the machine is otherwise made of iron +in a substantial manner. + +[Illustration: McBETH, BENTEL, & MARGEDANT'S UNIVERSAL BORING +MACHINE.] + +The several adjustments enable the operator to do all kinds of light +and heavy boring, with ease and with great rapidity. + +This machine was awarded the first premium at the Cincinnati +Industrial Exposition, in October, 1870, and was patented through the +Scientific American Patent Agency, Aug. 16, 1870. It is manufactured +by McBeth, Bentel and Margedant, of Hamilton, Ohio, whom address for +machines rights to manufacture, or other information. + + * * * * * + + + + +COMBINED TRUNK AND ROCKING CHAIR. + + +A unique invention, calculated to increase the comforts of travellers +on steamboats, ships, and in crowded rooms of hotels, is illustrated +in the engraving published herewith. It is the invention of T. Nye, +of Westbrook, Me., and was patented by him, June 18, 1867. It is a +combined trunk and rocking chair. The rockers are made to fold into +recesses, where they are retained by suitable appliances till wanted. +The trunk being opened, as shown, forms a back to the seat, which +is held by metallic braces. When closed, the whole presents the +appearance of an ordinary trunk. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + + + +COSMETICS. + + +The extensive use of preparations for hiding nature's bloom on the +human countenance, and presenting to our view a sort of metallic +plaster, suggests the inquiry, "how are these pigments made?" Without +going into an unnecessary analysis of the "Bloom of Youth," the +"Rejuvenator," the "Corpse Decorator," or the other inventions for +destroying the skin, with which the druggists' stores abound, we +may state again the fact, always unheeded, that all the detestable +compounds are injurious. They are nearly all metallic poisons, and, +if there be any that are innocent of this charge, they are in every +instance harmful to the health. The color and surface of the skin +cannot be changed by any application which does not close the pores; +the pores, which are so exquisitely fine that there are millions of +them to the square inch, and which must be kept open if a healthy and +cleanly body is to be preserved. There is more breathing done through +the pores of a healthy person than through the lungs; and we need not +remind our readers of a ghastly piece of cruelty once enacted in Paris +(that of gilding the body of a child, for a triumphal procession, +which killed the subject in two hours), to show that the stoppage, in +any degree, of the natural functions of so important an organ as the +skin, is injurious. The immediate effect of the use of such compounds +is to destroy the vitality of the skin, and to render it, in +appearance, a piece of shriveled parchment. We must warn our readers +that a temporary and meretricious "bloom" can only be attained at the +cost of future freshness and lively appearance, so that a year or two +of "looking like paint" is followed by a long period of "looking like +dilapidation." + + * * * * * + + + + +SMITH'S INFANT DINING CHAIR. + + +The accompanying engraving illustrates a convenient and cheap infant +dining chair, which can be attached to any of the ordinary chairs in +common use. + +[Illustration] + +It consists of a chair without legs, suspended by the posts of the +back, as shown, on pins engaging with hooked bars, which are placed +upon the back of an ordinary chair. The details of the device will be +seen by a glance at the engraving. The chair is adjusted in hight +by placing the pins in the proper holes in the posts made for this +purpose. + +For further information, address Smith, Hollenbeck & Co., Toledo, +Ohio. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MEDICINES OF THE ANCIENTS. + + +At the recent commencement of the Homeopathic College in this city, +Mr. S. H. Wales, of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN addressed the graduating +class, and from his remarks, we quote the following: + +"Many writers of our time persist in regarding this, above all others, +as the best period in the history of our race; and, doubtless, it is +true in many important respects. But I cannot forbear the suggestion +at this moment that there was a time in the history of the world +when the science of medicine was unknown, when people lived to the +incredible age of many centuries; and, even after the span of life +had been reduced to threescore and ten, sickness was comparatively +unknown. In ancient times, it was looked upon as a calamity, that +had overtaken a tribe or people, when one of its members prematurely +sickened and died. + +"Other arts and sciences flourished in Rome long before medicine +was thought of; and the historian tells us that the first doctor who +settled in Rome, some two hundred years before Christ, was banished on +account of his poor success and the very severe treatment applied to +his patients; and it was a hundred years before the next one came. He +rose to great popularity, simply because he allowed his patients to +drink all the wine they wanted, and to eat their favorite dishes. +Some writer on hygiene has made the statement that the whole code +of medical ethics presented by Moses consisted simply in bathing, +purification, and diet. This simplicity of life was not confined to +the wandering tribes who settled in the land of Canaan, but was the +universal custom of all nations of which history gives us any account. +This simple arrangement for health was considered enough in those +primitive times, when the human system had not been worn out and +exhausted by depletive medicines. The luxuries of public baths, +athletic sports and games were deemed ample, both to educate the +physical perceptions and to prevent disease. + +"All this wisdom, which had its origin in ancient games and sports +of the field, led to the erection of extensive bath-houses, and the +adoption of other healthful luxuries to which all the people could +resort to recreate their wasted powers." + + * * * * * + + + + +BARNES' VENTILATOR FOR MATTRESSES, ETC. + + +Many diseases are caused by the use of beds not properly aired; and +it is difficult, if not impossible, to properly air, or ventilate, +a mattress, made in the usual manner. If this could be done more +thoroughly than it generally is, much sickness would be avoided. + +[Illustration] + +To secure this object cheaply and efficiently is the design of the +invention herewith illustrated. By it a complete circulation of +air through the mattress is secured, which carries off all dampness +arising from constant use. Thus the mattress becomes more healthy for +sleeping purposes, more durable and better fitted for the sick room. +The ventilators consist of coiled wire, covered with coarse cloth +(to prevent the stuffing closing up the tube), running through the +mattress in all directions. The ends of the coils are secured to the +ticking by means of metal thimbles, inside of which are pieces of wire +gauze, to prevent insects getting in, but which admit air freely. The +cost of the ventilators is small, and they will last as long as any +mattress. They can be applied to any bed at small expense. + +This invention was patented through the Scientific American Patent +Agency, January 10, 1871. The right to manufacture will be disposed +of in any part of the country. Further information can be obtained by +addressing the proprietors, Barnes & Allen, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +The third annual exhibition of the National Photographic Association +takes place at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, June 6, 1871. Prof. +Morton is to deliver two lectures on Light. + + * * * * * + + + + +A SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AWAKENING. + + +Our English cotemporary, _Engineering_, appears to have seriously +exercised itself in the perusal of our good-natured article +on "English and American Scientific and Mechanical Engineering +Journalism," which appeared in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, February +4th; at least, we so judge from the tenor of an article in response +thereto, covering a full page of that journal. The article in question +is a curiosity in literature. It deserves a much wider circulation +than _Engineering_ can give it, and we would gladly transfer it to our +columns, but for its exceeding length--a serious fault generally, not +only with _Engineering's_ articles, but most other technical journals +published in England. It would scarcely do for them to be brief in +their discussions, and above all other things, spice and piquancy +must always be excluded. _Engineering_ evidently labors under the +conviction that the heavier it can make its discussions, the more +profoundly will it be able to impress its readers. Hence, we are +equally astonished and gratified to find a gleam of humor flashing out +from the ordinary sober-sided composition of our learned contemporary. +The article came to us just as we were laboring under an attack of +dyspepsia, and its reading fairly shook our atrabilious _corpus_. We +said to ourselves, "can it be possible that _Engineering_ is about to +experience the new birth, to undergo regeneration, and a baptism of +fire?" The article is really worth reading, and we begin to indulge +the hope that at least one English technical is going to try to make +itself not only useful, but readable and interesting. And what is +most perplexingly novel in this new manifestation, is the display of +a considerable amount of egotism, which we had always supposed to be +a sinful and naughty thing in technical journalism. And, as if to +magnify this self-complaisance, it actually alludes to its "_own +extensive and ever-increasing circulation in America_." Now to show +how small a thing can impart comfort to the soul of our cotemporary, +we venture to say that the circulation of _Engineering_ in this +country cannot much exceed three hundred copies per week. + +It evidently amazes our English cotemporary that a journal like the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, which, according to its own notions, is chiefly +the work of "scissors and paste," should circulate so widely; and it +even belittles our weekly circulation by several thousand copies, +in order to give point to its very amusing, and, we will also add, +generally just criticism. + +The writer in _Engineering_, whoever he may be, appears to be a sort +of literary Rip Van Winkle, just waking out of a long sleep; and +he cannot get the idea through his head that it is possible that a +technical journal can become a vehicle of popular information to +the mass of mankind, instead of being the organ of a small clique of +professional engineers or wealthy manufacturers, such as seems to +hold control of the columns of _Engineering_, and who use it either +to ventilate their own pet schemes and theories, or to advertise, by +illustration and otherwise, in the reading columns, a repetition of +lathes, axle-boxes brakes, cars, and other trade specialities, which +can lay little or no claim to novelty. It is, furthermore, a crying +sin in the estimation of our English critic that American technical +journals do not separate their advertisements from the subject matter; +and he thinks that when Yankee editors learn that trade announcements +are out of place in the body of a journal, they will see how to make +their journals pay by making them higher priced. Now we venture to +say, without intending to give offence, that Yankee editors understand +their business quite as well as do English editors; and it is +presumable, at least, that they know what suits their readers on +this side, much better than do English editors. We venture to +suggest--modestly, of course--that journalism in the two countries +is not the same, and should the editor of _Engineering_ undertake +to transfer his system of intellectual labor to this side of the +Atlantic, he would not be long in making the discovery that those +wandering Bohemian engineers, who, he tells us, are in sorrow and +heaviness over the short-comings of American technical journals, would +turn out after all to be slender props for him to lean upon. We think +it probable, however, that with a little more snap, a journal like +_Engineering_ might possibly attain a circulation, in this country, of +500 or 1000 copies weekly. + +Why, American engineers have scarcely yet been able to organize +themselves into an association for mutual advancement in their +profession, much less to give the reading public the benefit of their +experience and labors! This fact alone ought, of itself, to satisfy +_Engineering_ that no such journal could profitably exist in this +country. Whenever our American engineers are ready to support such a +journal, there will be no difficulty in finding a publisher. + +_Engineering_, in its casual reference to the various technical +journals of America, omits to name our leading scientific monthly, but +introduces with just commendation a venerable cotemporary, now upwards +of three score years of age. Now, it is no disparagement of this +really modest monthly to say, that perhaps there are not sixty hundred +people in the States who know it, even by name; and so far as the use +of "scissors and paste" are made available in our technical journals, +we venture the assertion that the editorial staff expenses of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN are as great, if not greater, than those of +_Engineering_. The question, however, is not so much one of original +outlay, but which of the two journals gives most for the money. In +this very essential particular, and with no intention to depreciate +the value of _Engineering_, we assert, with becoming modesty, that the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN occupies a position which _Engineering_ will never +be able to attain. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SHERMAN PROCESS. + + +When people boast of extraordinary successes in processes the details +of which are kept profoundly hidden from public scrutiny, and when the +evidences of success are presented in the doubtful form of specimens +which the public has no means of tracing directly to the process, the +public is apt to be skeptical, and to express skepticism often in not +very complimentary terms. + +For a considerable time, the public has been treated to highly-colored +accounts of a wonderful metallurgic process whereby the best iron and +steel were said to be made, from the very worst materials, almost +in the twinkling of an eye. This process has been called after its +assumed inventor, or discoverer, the "Sherman Process." The details of +the process are still withheld, but we last week gave an extract from +an English contemporary, which throws a little light upon the subject. + +The agent relied upon to effect the remarkable transformation claimed, +is iodine, used preferably in the form of iodide of potassium, and +very little of it is said to produce a most marvellous change in the +character of the metal. + +A very feeble attempt at explaining the rationale of this effect has +been made, in one or two English journals, which we opine will not +prove very satisfactory to chemists and scientific metallurgists. The +_Engineer_ has published two three-column articles upon the subject, +the first containing very little information, and the second a great +number of unnecessary paragraphs, but which gives the proportion of +the iodide used, in the extremely scientific and accurate formula +expressed in the terms "a small quantity." + +Assertions of remarkable success have also been given. Nothing, +however, was said of remarkable failures, of which there have +doubtless been some. A series of continued successes would, we +should think, by this time, have sufficed for the parturition of +this metallurgic process, and the discovery would ere this have been +introduced to the world, had there not been some drawbacks. + +We are not prepared to deny _in toto_ that the process is all that is +claimed for it; but the way in which it has been managed is certainly +one not likely to encourage faith in it. + +The very name of "process" implies a system perfected, and if it be +still so far back in the experimental stage that nothing definite in +the way of results can be relied upon, it is not yet a process. If, in +the use of iodine, in some instances, fine grades of iron or steel are +produced, and in as many other experiments, with the same material, +failures result, it is just as fair to attribute the failures to the +iodine, as the successes. A process worthy the name is one that acts +with approximate uniformity, and when, in its use, results vary +widely from what is usual, the variation may be traced to important +differences in the conditions of its application. + +On the whole, we are inclined to believe Mr. Sherman's experiments +have not yet developed a definite process, and we shall receive with +much allowance the glowing statements published in regard to it, until +such time as it can face the world and defy unbelief. + +The patents obtained by Mr. Sherman seem to cover the use of iodine, +rather than the manner of using it, and throw no light upon the +rationale of the process. + +A patent was granted by the United States Patent Office, Sept. 13, +1870, to J. C. Atwood, in which the inventor claims the use of iodide +of potassium in connection with the carbons and fluxes used in making +and refining iron. In his specification he states that he uses about +_fifteen grains_ of this salt to eighty pounds of the metal. This +is about 1/373 of one per cent. He uses in connection with this +exceedingly small proportion of iodide of potassium, about two ounces +of lampblack, or charcoal, and four ounces of manganese, and asserts +that steel made with these materials will be superior in quality +to that made by the old method. These claims we are inclined to +discredit. Certainly, we see no chemical reason why this small amount +of iodide should produce such an effect, and the specification itself +throws no light upon our darkness. + +If the experiments in these so-called processes have no better basis +than is apparent from such information as at present can be gathered +respecting them, it is probable we shall wait some time before the +promised revolution in iron and steel manufacture is accomplished +through their use. + + * * * * * + + + + +RUBBER TIRES FOR TRACTION ENGINES. + + +When it was first discovered that a smooth-faced driving wheel, +running on a smooth-faced rail, would "bite," the era of iron railways +and locomotive engines may be said to have fairly commenced. The +correction of a single radical error was, in this case, the dawn of a +new system of travel, so extensive in its growth and marvelous in its +results, that even the wildest dreamer could not, at that time, have +imagined the consequences of so simple a discovery. + +A popular and somewhat similar error regarding the bite of wheels on +rough and uneven surfaces, has also prevailed. We say popular error, +because engineers have not shared it, and it has obtained, to any +notable extent, only among those unfamiliar with mechanical science. +The error in question is, that hard-surfaced wheels will not bite on +a moderately rough surface, sufficiently to give an efficient tractile +power. It seems strange that this error should have diffused itself +very extensively, when it is remembered that a certain degree of +roughness is essential to frictional resistance. The smoothness of the +ordinary railway track is roughness compared to that of an oiled or +unctuous metallic surface; and it has been amply demonstrated that +the resistance of friction, of two bearing surfaces depends, not +upon their extent, but upon the pressure with which they are forced +together. A traction wheel, of given weight, resting upon two square +inches of hard earth or rock, would develop the same tractile power +as though it had a bearing surface of two square feet of similar +material. + +On very rough and stony ways, however, another element practically of +no importance on moderately rough ways, like a macadam surface or a +concrete road, where the prominences are nearly of uniform hight, and +so near together as to admit between their summits only very small +arcs of the circumference of the wheel; comes into action. This +element is the constantly recurring lifting of the superincumbent +weight of the machine. Even this would not result in loss of power, +could the power developed in falling be wholly applied to useful work +in the direction of the advance of the engine. The fact is, however, +that it is not so applied, and in any method of propulsion at present +known to engineering science, cannot be so applied. Above a certain +point where friction enough is developed to prevent slip, the more +uneven the road surface is, the greater the power demanded for the +propulsion of the locomotive. And this will hold good for both hard +and soft-tired wheels. + +What then is the advantage, if any, of rubber-tired wheels? The +advantages claimed may be enumerated as follows: increased tractile +power, with a given weight, secured without damage to roadways; ease +of carriage to the supported machinery, whereby it--the machinery--is +saved from stress and wear; and economy of the power, expended in +moving the extra weight required by rigid-tired wheels, to secure the +required frictional resistance. The last-mentioned claim depends upon +the first, and must stand or fall with it. The saving of roadway, +ease of carriage, and its favorable result upon the machinery, are +generally conceded. + +A denial of the first claim has been made, by those interested in the +manufacture of rigid-tired traction engines and others, in so far +as the rubber tires are employed on comparatively smooth surfaces; +although the increased tractile power on quite _rough_ pavements and +roads is acknowledged. + +This denial is based upon results of experiments performed on the +streets of Rochester, England, between the 9th October and the 2nd +November, 1870, by a committee of the Royal Engineers (British Army), +with a view to determine accurately the point in question. + +Care was taken to make the circumstances, under which the trials +took place, exactly alike for both the rubber and the iron tires. The +experiments were performed with an Aveling and Porter six-horse power +road engine, built in the Royal Engineers' establishment. The weight +of the engine, without rubber tires, was 11,225 pounds; with rubber +tires, it weighed 12,025 pounds. Without rubber tires it drew 2.813 +times its own weight up a gradient of 1 in 11; with rubber +tires, it drew up the same incline 2.763 times the weight of engine, +with the weight of rubber tires added; showing that, although it drew +a little over 2,200 pounds more than it could do without the rubber +tires, the increase of traction was only that which might be expected +from the additional weight. + +It is claimed, moreover, that the additional traction power and +superior ease of carriage on rough roads, secured with rubber tires, +is dearly bought at the very great increase in cost, of an engine +fitted with them, over one not so fitted. + +This is a point we regard as not fully settled, though it will not +long remain in doubt. There are enough of both types of wheels now in +use to soon answer practically any question there may be of durability +(upon which the point of economy hinges), so far as the interest on +the increased cost due to rubber tires, is offset against the greater +wear and tear of iron rimmed wheels. It is stated, on good authority +that a rubber tired engine, started at work in Aberdeen, Scotland, +wore out its tires between April and September, inclusive, and when +it is taken into consideration, that the cost of these tires is +about half that of other engines, made with solid iron rimmed driving +wheels, it will be seen that, unless very much greater durability than +this can be shown for the rubber, the advantages of such tires are +very nearly, if not more than, balanced by their disadvantages. + +The fact that one set of tires wore out so soon does not prove a rule. +There may have been causes at work which do not affect such tires +generally, and it would be, we think, quite premature to form +favorable or unfavorable judgment, of relative economy from such data +as have been yet furnished. + +The difference in the current expenses of running the two most +prominent types of engines, with hard and soft tires, now in use, does +not affect the question of rubber tires, unless it can be shown that +these tires necessitate, _per se_, such a form of engine as requires +a greater consumption of fuel, and greater cost of attendance, to +perform a given amount of work. + + * * * * * + + + + +CENTRAL SHAFT OF THE HOOSAC TUNNEL. + + +As many of our readers have evinced much interest and ingenuity on +the question of the propriety of placing reliance upon the accuracy of +dropping a perpendicular from the top to the bottom of a shaft 1,030 +feet in depth, by means of an ordinary plummet, we take the earliest +opportunity of settling the matter beyond dispute, by reporting +the results lately obtained, through a series of experiments by the +engineers in charge, for the ultimate purpose of laying down the +correct line for the tunnel. + +The perpendicular line has, of course, been dropped many times, and +the main result taken. The plummet used is made of steel, properly +balanced and polished, in shape something like a pineapple, and of +about the same size, weighing fifteen pounds. It was suspended, with +the large end downwards, by a thin copper wire, one fortieth of an +inch in diameter, immersed in water; and, after careful steadying with +the hand, occupied about an hour in assuming its final position or +motion, which, contrary to the expectation and theories of many, +resulted in a circular motion around a fixed point, the diameter of +the circle being a mean of one quarter of an inch. The suspending +wire in these operations was not quite the entire length of the shaft, +being only 900 feet; and before the plummet had settled, the wire had +stretched nearly twenty feet. + +The suspension of the plummet in water was not considered necessary +for any other reason than that water was continually trickling down +the wire, and dropping on the plummet. The experiments so far have +not been of the perfect character it is determined to attain, when the +final alignment is made, as, until the headings east and west of the +shaft have advanced to a considerable distance, any slight error would +be of no account. + +A neat and ingenious instrument has been constructed for determining +the variation of the plummet, and will be used when great accuracy is +desired; the plummet will also be suspended in oil. + +The bearing of the tunnel is about S. 81° E.; but, independently of +its near approach to the line of revolution described by the earth, +it is not considered necessary to take into account any motion it may +derive from this cause. In fact, the opinion is, that the motion of +the earth will not practically have any effect. + +On the whole, after the still imperfect experiments which have been +made, enough is established to show there is no difficulty to be +encountered, other than the accurate and delicate manipulation of the +plummet and its attachments. + +The shaft headings are progressing favorably. The rock is not so hard +or varied as that met with at the west end markings. Already nearly +300 feet have been taken out, and with the proved energy of the +contractors, this great task will doubtless be prosecuted steadily and +surely to completion, within the contract time expiring March 1, 1874. + + * * * * * + + + + +A MUSEUM OF ART AND NATURAL HISTORY. + + +Our recent articles on "Scientific Destitution in New York" and "The +Scientific Value of the Central Park," have called forth numerous +letters from correspondents, and have been extensively noticed by the +press. We now learn that the legislature of the State has taken +the matter in hand, and there is some prospect, with an honest +administration of the appropriations, of something being done to +relieve our city of the opprobrium that rests upon it. A bill is +pending, before the Senate, authorizing the Park Commissioners to +build, equip, and furnish, on Manhattan Square, or any other public +square or park, suitable fire-proof buildings, at a cost not exceeding +$500,000 for each corporation, for the purpose of establishing a +museum of art, by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and of a museum +of natural history, by the American Museum of Natural History, two +societies recently incorporated by the Legislature. This is a million +dollars to begin with, and an ample site, without cost, to the +aforementioned corporations. + +Manhattan Square extends from Seventy-seventh to Eighty-first streets, +and from Eighth to Ninth avenues, and spans about eighteen acres. +Until it was set apart by the state Board of Commissioners, for the +purposes of a Zoological Garden, it was proposed, by a number of +enlightened citizens of New York, to devote it to the uses of four of +our existing corporations, giving to each one a corner, and an equal +share in the allotment of space. The societies were, "the Academy of +Design," for art, "the Historical Society," for public records and +libraries, "the Lyceum of Natural History," for science, and "the +American Institute," for technology. These have been incorporated +for many years, and are known to include the leading artists, men +of letters, science, and the arts, of the city, on their lists of +members. The committee went so far as to have plans of the building +drawn by competent architects; but, like many other well-meant +schemes, want of money compelled the originators of the plan to +abandon any further attempts. In the meantime, the Legislature +chartered the American Botanical and Zoological Society, and gave the +Commissioners of the Park authority to set apart a portion of it, +not exceeding sixty acres, for the use of the Society, for the +establishment of a zoological and botanical garden. This society +was duly organized under the act, and Mr. Hamilton Fish was made +its president, and considerable sums of money were subscribed. But, +according to the sixth annual report of the Board of Commissioners, +"the society never manifested its desire for an allotment of ground." +It appears to have died, and made no sign. Some of our citizens, +fearing that the Central Park would go the way of every other public +work in the city, made strenuous effort to revive the Zoological +Society, for the purpose of obtaining a perpetual lease of a suitable +site, on which to establish a zoological garden, similar to those in +London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Cologne. Their object was to remove this +part of the Park beyond the reach of political intrigue. Subsequent +events have shown that the fears of these gentlemen were well founded. +The Legislature of the State, on the 25th of March, 1862, gave ample +powers to the New York Historical Society to establish a Museum of +Antiquity and Science, and a Gallery of Art, in the Central Park. +They have submitted designs for a building, but, for some reason, no +decisive steps have been taken towards its construction. + +The Lyceum of Natural History was also negotiating with the +Commissioners, for the use of the upper rooms of the arsenal for its +collections, and there is no doubt that an arrangement to this +effect would have been made, if a fire had not destroyed the entire +collections of the Lyceum. The Lyceum made great effort to raise money +to purchase a new collection, but without avail; and, although this +is the oldest scientific society in New York, and has inrolled in its +list of members, nearly every professional scientist of the city, it +is probably the poorest, in income and resources, of any academy of +sciences in the world. We do not know that the Academy of Design has +ever applied for a home in the Central Park; and we cannot speak for +the American Institute, nor for the Geographical Society, in this +particular. As we stated in our former article, the old Board of +Commissioners appears to have become weary of the unsuccessful +attempts on the part of numerous societies to divide up and apportion +the Central Park, and they applied to the Legislature for authority to +conduct matters in their own way. An act was duly passed, authorizing +the Board "to erect, establish, conduct, and maintain, on the Central +Park, a Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory, a Museum of +Natural History, and a Gallery of Art, and the buildings therefor, and +to provide the necessary instruments, furniture, and equipments for +the same." + +Here would seem to be ample power for the establishment of museums of +science and art, but nothing is said about the manner of raising the +money. One would suppose, however, that, by means of the "Central Park +Improvement Fund," abundant means could have been raised. The bill +now before the Legislature puts matters in a new light. If it does not +conflict with previous enactments, nor destroy vested rights, it has +the appearance of being a thoroughly practical way of solving the +question of art and science for the city. The Metropolitan Museum of +Art and the American Museum of Natural History are in the hands of +the most respectable citizens of New York. It would not be possible to +find a body of men of more unimpeachable integrity and greater +worth, than the gentlemen who have founded these two societies. It is +impossible that they should lend their names to anything that will +not bear the closest scrutiny; hence the proposition, now before the +Legislature, to put up buildings for them, at a cost of a million +dollars, must attract unusual attention. If the State would +appropriate the money to these corporations, giving them the control +of its expenditure, we should have considerably more confidence in its +honest administration than, we are grieved to say, we can feel under +the present circumstances; and if we knew what other institutions +are to have the remaining portions of Manhattan Square, it would be a +great relief to our minds. + +"We fear the Greeks bringing gifts," but are willing to accept the +gifts, if the officers of the two organizations are certain that it is +all right. + +The need of a Museum of Natural History, and of a Gallery of Art, in +New York, is so pressing that there is some danger of our accepting +the appropriations without a proper regard to consequences. The Court +House is not yet finished, and the foundations of the Post-office are +scarcely laid. + + * * * * * + + + + +REPORT OF THE JUDGES OF GROUP 1, DEPARTMENT V. OF THE EXHIBITION OF +THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR 1870. THE ALLEN ENGINE. + + +The labors of the judges in this department were much lighter in the +last exhibition than in the preceding one, and we are happy to say, +were, in our opinion, so far as the award of premiums is concerned, +much more fairly performed. The award of two first premiums to two +competing engines could scarcely be repeated this time, as there was +in reality no competition. The Allen engine was the only important +one entered, and of course received the first premium. The engine is, +however, one that evidently could have competed favorably with those +previously exhibited. + +We are in receipt of advanced sheets of the judges' report pertaining +to the critical examination of this engine, being a record and account +of experiments performed under the supervision of Washington Lee, C. E. +The experiments were very comprehensive, and comprised approved tests, +of each important detail, usually made by expert engineers. + +The report is too voluminous for reprint or even for condensation +in our columns. In looking it through, we are satisfied that the +experiments were accurately made, and that the engine exhibited great +working efficiency and economy. + +As the engine has been recently illustrated and described in our +columns, we deem it unnecessary to dwell upon the details of its +construction. The water test of the previous exhibition was employed, +the water being this time measured, with indisputable accuracy, in a +tank, instead of by a meter as before. + +The voluminous comparison of this engine with those previously +exhibited, seems unnecessary, and we think not in good taste in such a +report, however much it may possess of scientific interest. Moreover, +the circumstances under which the trials were respectively performed, +render the comparison difficult, if not unfair. + +Mr. Lee concludes his report with a thorough endorsement of the theory +of Mr. Porter upon the action of the reciprocating parts of engines, +as set forth by the last named gentleman in recent articles in this +journal. He says: + +"Under the resistance of 128.375 horse powers at the brake, the motion +of the engine was remarkably uniform; not the least diminution of +speed in passing the centers could be detected, illustrating very +satisfactorily the value, in this respect, of the speed employed, and +of the action of the reciprocating parts of the engine in equalizing +the rotative pressure on the crank through the stroke. The governor +was, during the trials and through the exhibition, nearly motionless, +while the load remained constant, and instantaneous in its action on +changes of resistance, maintaining a steadiness of running which left +nothing to be desired." + +The judges--Prof. F. A. P. Barnard, Thos. J. Sloan, and Robert +Weir--speak in their report as follows: + +"The performance of this engine has exceeded that of the two fine +engines which were on trial here last year. The results seem to be +without precedent in such engines. The engine ran from 11 to 12 +hours repeatedly without showing a sign of a warm bearing, displaying +thorough perfection in all its parts. In all respects the engine is +first-class, and from the fact of its presenting weight with speed, as +a requisite for perfection in steam engines, it has opened a new era +in this necessary branch--its economy having been clearly demonstrated +in the careful trials, which ought to be published in full." + + * * * * * + + + + +LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. + + +There was an unusually large attendance of members at the meeting of +the Lyceum of Natural History, on Monday evening, the 6th inst., +to listen to an address by Professor B. Waterhouse Hawkins, on the +progress of the work of the restoration of the forms of extinct +animals in the Central Park. Mr. Hawkins gave an account of the +difficulties he encountered at the outset, in finding any skeletons +of animals in New York, with which to make comparisons, and he was +finally compelled to go to Boston and Philadelphia for this purpose. +After much study and many delays, the casts of the _Hadrosaurus_ were +completed, and numerous smaller skeletons prepared. At this stage of +the proceedings an entire change in the administration of the Park +took place, and the newly appointed Commissioners decided to suspend +the work upon the Palęozoic Museum, and they dismissed Mr. Hawkins +from their service. + +The announcement that an end had thus been summarily put to one of the +most important educational projects ever started in this country, was +received by the Lyceum with profound surprise. For a few minutes after +the close of Mr. Hawkins' report, no one felt disposed to make any +comment, but as the truth of the great damage became apparent, there +was considerable disposition manifested to have the Society give +expression to its sense of the value of Mr. Hawkins' services in the +cause of education, and their regret that so important a work should +be suspended at this critical period. Remarks were made by Dr. +Newbery, Professor Joy, Mr. Andrew H. Green, Professor Seely, Dr. +Walz, Mr. E. G. Squier, and others, and the following resolutions were +unanimously adopted: + + _Resolved_, That the Lyceum of Natural History, in the city of New + York, has learned with deep regret of the temporary suspension + of the work of restoration of the forms of extinct animals, + as hitherto prosecuted in the Central Park, under the able + superintendence of Professor Waterhouse Hawkins. + + _Resolved_, That the Society considers the proposed palęozoic + museum not only a valuable acquisition to the scientific treasures + and resources of the city, but also as a most important adjunct + and complement to our great system of public education. + + * * * * * + + + + +WARMING AND VENTILATION OF RAILROAD CARS. + + +There has been enough of denunciation against the present general +method of warming and ventilating railway cars. It produces no effect +on the corporations who could, if they would, adopt appliances that +would not burn people to death in cases of accident, nor regularly and +persistently poison them with bad air. + +There is no lack of ways and means; the problem is simple and easily +solved; nay--a not very extensive search through the Patent Office +records will show that it has been solved already; perhaps not in the +most practical and perfect manner, but still solved so well, as, were +it not for corporation cupidity, would greatly add to the comfort and +safety of passengers. + +The real problem is how to compel corporations to recognize the +fact that the public has rights they are bound to respect. It is the +disregard of these rights that fills our cars with smoke, dust, and +exhalations, and puts box stoves full of hot coals in the corners, +ready to cook the human stew whenever a frisky car shall take a +notion to turn a somersault. The invention needed is a conscience for +corporations--an invention, by the way, scarcely less difficult +than the one advertised for in our last issue, namely, a plan for +preventing the sale of intoxicating liquors and tobacco in New Jersey. + +The _Railroad Gazette_, imitating the English ideal of prolixity in +discussion, for which _Engineering_ has recently patted it on the +back approvingly, treats us, in its issue of February 11th, to a page +article, to be continued, under the title of "Warming and Ventilation +of Railroad Cars." In this article the writer takes the ground that +people in general are ignorant of the effects of pure air, and not +being able to "see the foulness," they "therefore do not believe +it exists." It is quite possible they may not be able to see the +foulness, but if in the majority of railroad cars run in this country, +they are not able to feel it in gritty, grimy accumulations on skin +and linen, and smell it in suffocating stenches which serve, with +sneeze-provoking dust, to stifle anything like comfort, their skin +must be thicker, their linen more neglected, and their noses less +sensitive than those of the majority of fellow travellers it has been +our fortune to be cooped up with for a day's railroad journey. + +The _Railroad Gazette_ makes this wholesale charge of ignorance +and insensibility the excuse for an essay on the physiology of +respiration, mostly extracted from Huxley's "Elementary Lessons in +Physiology," and therefore excellent in its way, though having a +somewhat remote bearing upon the subject as announced in the title of +the article. We trust that before this journal concludes its series of +articles thus commenced, it will tell how to breathe into the breasts +of the corporations which choke us in their human packing boxes, +something resembling the soul which they are universally acknowledged +to be destitute of. When this is done, carbonic acid, ammoniacal +smells, organic exhalations, smoke, and dust, will be invited to shun +the interiors of railway cars, and comparative comfort will descend +upon the peregrinating public. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. + + +The incalculable wealth, which lies hid in the bosom of Mother Earth, +in our vast possessions of the West, is undoubtedly centered in the +State of Missouri; and the development of this fund of riches must +add to the national prosperity, not only by its immeasurable intrinsic +value, but by its affording occupation to armies of laborers, the +latter being the highest and most important consideration. + +In 1852-3, a geological survey of the State was wisely decided upon, +and a liberal provision for its execution made. Two valuable reports, +by Professor Swallow, have been printed, in the year 1855, but the +notes of his subsequent investigations have not been made public. + +In the session of 1869-70, further action, in this important public +work, was taken by the State legislature, and arrangements made for a +still more accurate and detailed examination, under the direction of +Professor A. D. Hager, of Vermont. + +The distribution of metals all over the State will be seen in the +following figures, taken from the St. Louis _Journal of Commerce_, +which show the number of counties in which the various ores are found: +Iron in 46 counties, lead in 43, coal in 36, copper in 24, marble in +11, zinc in 27, fire clay in 16, barytes in 10, nickel in 6, granite +in 4, tin in 4, plumbago in 2, gypsum in 2, alum in 1, antimony in 4. + +There is probably no country in the world so endowed as this. Of iron +alone, according to the State geologist's report for 1855, there is +ore of the best quality, sufficient to furnish 200,000,000 tuns of +iron; and this quantity lies in a small space, in the vicinity of +Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, and within 100 miles of St. Louis. + +The quality of the iron is highly spoken of by the manufacturers, and +the capacity of the smelting appliances has reached to over 150,000 +tuns per annum. The coal is well suited for reduction of ores, +either by hot or cold blast treatment. The Scotia Iron Co. commenced +operations in January, 1870; and, although the materials for building +blast furnaces had to be carried 80 miles into a desert, the first +furnace was blown into blast in August, 1870. This furnace will run +about 24 tuns per day. The company procures ore from a hill, near the +furnace, in which there is an apparently inexhaustible supply of red +oxide and brown specular. This ore yields 60 per cent of pure metal. +The erection of mills for making wrought iron is contemplated, and the +high quality and prodigious quantity of the raw material will justify +and reward any outlay of capital in this direction. + +The shipment of ore to other States goes on constantly, the last +year's account showing that 246,555 tuns were dispersed over Indiana, +Ohio, and others. The furnaces at Kingsland, South St. Louis, Lewis +Iron Co.'s Works, Carondelet, and Maramec are all well situated as +to coal and limestone, the Maramec Works having a most valuable +water-power. These latter works also ship about 40,000 tuns red +hematite ore yearly. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE. + + +According to _Petermann's Mittheilungen_, the new German empire, +including Alsatia and Lorraine, will embrace 9,901 square miles, with +40,148,209 inhabitants. Russia alone will exceed it in extent and +population, for Russia in Europe has 100,285 square miles with a +population of 69,379,500. France, after the loss of Alsatia and +Lorraine, will have 9,588 square miles of territory, with 36,428,548 +inhabitants. Austria will number 35,943,592 inhabitants spread over a +larger extent of country, namely, 10,980 square miles. Great Britain +and Ireland has 5,732 square miles, with 30,838,210 inhabitants; +and Italy, including Rome, has 5,376 square miles, with 26,470,000 +inhabitants. In the order of population, the Governments will stand: +Russia, Germany, France, Austria, and England; but in military power, +the first position must henceforth be accorded to Germany. + + +AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS. + +A circular has been issued by several mining engineers, proposing +a meeting at Wilkes-Barre, some time in April or May next, of all +persons interested in the general subjects of mining and metallurgy, +for the purpose of establishing an association, to be called "The +American Institute of Mining Engineers." The Institute will hold +meetings periodically "in the great mining and metallurgical centers, +when works of interest, such as mines, machine shops, furnaces, and +other metallurgical works, can be inspected, and the members exchange +their views, and consult, for mutual advantage, upon the difficulties +encountered by each." There will be the usual publication of +"Transactions" and "Proceedings." + +The idea of forming an association of persons thus mutually interested +in each other's occupations, is an excellent one; but it has been +suggested by a number of scientific gentlemen that the American +Association for the Advancement of Science offers every facility for +the accomplishment of the objects set forth in the circular, while it +affords the very great advantage of an assemblage of men learned in +all departments of knowledge, whose acquaintance mining engineers +would do well to make, and from whom they could learn much, while at +the same time imparting of their own knowledge. + +As a section of the American Association, the mining engineers would +have more influence before the country, and it would perhaps be +well for them to stop and consider before establishing a separate +institute. + + +CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR, COFFEE, AND TEA. + +E. Behm gives in his geographical year book, for 1870, the following +estimate of the consumption of sugar, coffee, and tea, _per capita_, +in various countries: + +COUNTRIES. Sugar, lbs. Coffee, lbs. Tea, lbs. + +Great Britain 35.96 0.90 3.190 +United States 24.63 5.68 ..... +Holland 14.86 7.03 0.800 +France 14.30 2.32 0.018 +Norway 11.04 6.92 0.060 +Sweden 9.80 0.80 0.060 +Switzerland 9.60 5.28 ..... +Germany 9.42 4.03 0.035 +Denmark 9.00 3.40 0.400 +Belgium 7.18 8.59 0.018 +Portugal 6.33 0.69 0.040 +Italy 5.20 0.90 0.020 +Austria 4.93 1.30 0.012 +Spain 4.23 0.01 0.040 +Russia 2.40 0.007 0.160 + +The entire consumption of sugar in Europe has averaged, during the +last few years, three thousand four hundred and ten million pounds +(3,410,000 pounds), and for the whole world it is set down at nearly +twice that amount. It is estimated that three fourths of the sugar is +made from cane, and one fourth from the beet. + +The consumption of coffee has doubled in most countries during the +last twenty years. + + * * * * * + + + + +UNPLEASANT DISCOVERY IN THE PATENT OFFICE--LEVYING BLACK MAIL. + + +"The Patent Office has been, during the past week, in a high state of +excitement, occasioned by the discovery of the operations of E. W. W. +Griffin, clerk in charge of the draftsmen's division, who, it appears, +has been levying black mail on the lady employés of the office, for +nearly two years. During the administration of Colonel Fisher, late +Commissioner of Patents, a large number of ladies were employed, for +the purpose of recopying drawings, when ordered by the inventors, of +patents already on file. + +"These ladies were placed under charge of Griffin, with power to +retain them in office so long as their services were satisfactory. It +has been proved that Griffin hired the ladies at regular salaries of +$1,000 per annum, the most of whom he blackmailed to the amount of +$400 per year each. It is estimated that he has made $1,000 per month +for the past two years. + +"The matter was brought to the notice of Commissioner Duncan, and an +investigation ordered, which resulted in the dismissal of Griffin. + +"It is thought that there are other cases of this kind, and the +Commissioner expresses his determination to ferret them all out, +and make a clean sweep of all parties in his department engaged in +swindling operations, against the government or against individuals. + +"The Patent Office has for a long time been considered a rich field +for operations of this kind, and investigations have often been +suggested, but passed unheeded by the proper authorities. + +"It is openly stated that an investigation into the relations existing +between certain examiners of patents and certain patent agents, would +disclose a more fearful state of blackmailing than exists in all the +other government departments combined." + +[We find the above sensational paragraph among the recent Washington +items of the _Evening Mail_. We are in a position to say that "the +high state of excitement" alluded to has existed only in the brain of +the newspaper correspondent. The facts, in brief, are these: In July, +1869, a lady, and wife of one of the clerks in the draftsmen's room, +made application to Commissioner Fisher for a position in the copying +division of the same department; and, upon the urgent solicitation and +recommendation of Mr. E. W. W. Griffin, chief of the division, she +was appointed, and has held the position from that time until now, +receiving as salary $1,000 per annum, which, with the full knowledge +of her husband, she has divided with Griffin, in consideration of his +services in procuring for her the appointment. About a month ago, one +of the lady's friends got hold of the matter, and reported it to the +Court, which resulted in an investigation and the subsequent dismissal +of Griffin. This is the only case of the kind that we have heard of, +and we have no reason to believe that there is any other, or that +corruption exists in the Examining Corps, as alleged.--EDS. + + * * * * * + + +A method of testing the purity of samples of water, by watching +the rapidity of its action on soap and similar compounds, has been +introduced by the French _savants_, MM. Boutron and Boudet. The +experiment tests, at the same time, the purity of the soap. Dissolved +in water in which lime is held in solution, the soap is precipitated +in hard white flakes. If the quantity of soap put in the lime water +be noted, it will be found that the smaller the quantity producing +precipitation, the purer the soap. The _Journal de Pharmacie et de +Chemie_ (of Paris) reports some experiments, on this subject, by M. F. +Schulze. + + * * * * * + + +LOUISIANA STATE FAIR.--The fifth State fair of the Mechanics, and +Agricultural Fair Association of Louisiana will commence in the city +of New Orleans, on Saturday, April 8, 1871, and continue nine days. +Over $20,000 in premiums are offered. Rules, regulations, and schedule +of premiums may be obtained of the Secretary and Treasurer, Luther +Homes, Esq., New Orleans, La. + + * * * * * + + +KNITTED GOODS.--John Kent advertises, in this paper, valuable +machinery for the manufacture of knitted goods, to which we invite the +attention of all who are interested in this branch of industry. Mr. +Kent has devoted many years to the perfection of these machines. + + * * * * * + + +KAOLIN, a white clay, used largely in the adulteration of flour, +starch, and candles, is found near Augusta, Ga., and is sent to the +Northern States in large quantities. + + * * * * * + + +We are indebted to James Vick, practical florist, Rochester, N. Y., +for a choice variety of flower seeds. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. + + +A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR COACH PAINTERS. Translated from the French of +M. Arlot, Coach Painter, for Eleven Years Foreman of Painting to M. +Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. +To which is added an Appendix, containing Information respecting the +Materials and the Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing, +in the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Henry Carey +Baird, Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut street. London: Sampson Low, +Son & Marston, Crown Buildings, 188 Fleet street. 1871. Price, by +mail, to any part of the United States, $1.25. + + This is another of the large number of practical works and + industrial treatises issued from the press of Mr. Baird. It is + intended as a practical manual for the use of coach painters, and + we must say, upon examination of its contents, that we think it + admirably adapted to meet the wants of that class of artisans + for which it has been prepared. There is perhaps no department of + decorative art in which there is greater room for the display of + skill and taste than in coach painting. This work, however, does + not deal with the subject of art, to any great extent. Its aim + is to give information in regard to colors, varnishes, etc., and + their management in carriage painting in the plainest manner, and + in this way it thoroughly fulfils the intention of the author. + + +ON THE GENERATION OF SPECIES. By St. George Mivart, F. R. S. London: +MACMILLAN & CO. 1871. + + The Darwinian theory of the Origin of Species, has, perhaps, + aroused more attention, excited more dispute, and won more + converts in a shorter time among scientific and unscientific + men, than any other of equal importance promulgated in the 19th + century. It seems to be the rule either to swallow the theory + whole, or reject it as unworthy of belief, and as conflicting with + orthodoxy. The author of the work before us has, however, taken + a middle ground, from which we opine it will be difficult to + dislodge him, though it is within full range of the batteries of + both the contending parties. While he admits the truth of Darwin's + views regarding the operation of natural selection as a cause of + the origin of species, he denies that it is the sole cause, yet + maintains that if it could be demonstrated to be the sole cause, + it would in no manner conflict with orthodox belief in the + Scriptures as the revelation of God to mankind. The perfect candor + of the author is one of the marked features of the discussion, + and his style is a model of pure terse English writing, seldom, + if ever, excelled by any scientific writer. The work is an octavo, + most beautifully printed on tinted paper, and illustrated by many + fine wood engravings. + + +THE ARCHITECT'S AND BUILDER'S POCKET COMPANION AND PRICE BOOK, +Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive Epitome of Decimals, +Duodecimals, Geometry and Mensuration; with Tables of U. S. Measures, +Sizes, Weights, Strengths, etc., of Iron, Wood, Stone, and Various +Other Materials; Quantities of Materials in Given Sizes and Dimensions +of Wood, Brick, and Stone; and a Full and Complete Bill of Prices for +Carpenter's Work; also Rules for Computing and Valuing Brick and +Brick Work, Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, etc. By Frank W. Vogdes +Architect. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Publisher, 406 Walnut +street. Price by mail, postpaid, $2. + + This is a small work, but printed in small type, and containing a + large amount of useful matter, thoroughly indexed for reference; + bound in morocco; and provided with a clasp, so as to be + conveniently carried in the pocket. + + +GAS SUPERINTENDENT'S POCKET COMPANION for the year 1871. By Harris & +Brother, Gas Meter Manufacturers, Nos. 1115 and 1117 Cherry street, +Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Industrial Publisher, +406 Walnut street. + + We find in this pocket-book much of interest to gas consumers, as + well as to gas makers. The subject of meters is fully discussed. + The work is bound in pocket-book style, in flexible morocco + binding. Price, by mail, postpaid, $2. + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS AND PERSONAL. + +_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. If +the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per Line will be +charged._ + + + * * * * * + +The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout the United +States--Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a line. + +Half Interest for sale in established Machinery Depot, new and +second-hand. Steam fitting connected. Small capital, with energy, +required. Address T. V. Carpenter, Advertising Agent, Box 773, New +York. + +See advertisement of a Woolen Mill for sale. A bargain. + +I am active, have a clear record, and some capital. How can I make +some money? F. Carmill, Box 1268, Boston, Mass. + +Pattern Letters for Machinists, Molders, and Inventors, to letter +patterns of castings, all sizes. Address H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, +N. Y. + +Improved mode of Graining Wood, pat. July 5, '70, by J. J. Callow, +Cleveland, O. See illustrated S. A., Dec. 17, '70. Send stamp for +circular. + +Can a round, spring-steel rod be drawn to any desired length, with +a true taper to a point, with equal elasticity the whole length, and +rolled temper? What is the price per hundred pounds, and where can +they be procured? Answer "Sportsman," Malone, N. Y. + +Manufacturers of Foot Lathes and other light machinery please address +Geo. B. Kirkham, 167 E. 33d st., N. Y. city. Business of importance! + +Safety Kerosene Lamps (Perkins & House's Patent). Explosion or +breaking impossible; light equal to gas, and no odor. Families +supplied and canvassers appointed, by Montgomery & Co., 42 Barclay +st., New York, or Cleveland, O. + +All parties wanting a water wheel will learn something of interest by +addressing P. H. Wait, Sandy Hill, N. Y., for a free circular of his +Hudson River Champion Turbine. + +Ashcroft's Low Water Detector, $15; thousands in use; 17 year's +experience. Can be applied for $1. Send for circular. E. H. Ashcroft, +Boston, Mass. + +Wanted.--Machines for manufacturing Pails, Tubs, and Matches. Also, +competent man to superintend construction of buildings, and manage all +parts of business when complete. Address, with descriptive circulars, +price, etc., No. 266 Lexington avenue, New York. + +Turbine Water Wheels, Portable and Stationary Engines, Gang and +Circular Saw Mills, Rolling Mill Machinery, and Machinery for Axe +Manufacturers, manufactured by Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa. + +For best Power Picket Header in use, apply to Wm. P. Duncan, +Bellefonte, Pa. + +New Blind Wirer and Rod Cutter. B. C. Davis & Co., Binghamton, N. Y. + +Self-testing Steam Gage. There's a difference between a chronometer +watch and a "bull's eye." Same difference between a self-tester and +common steam gage. Send for Circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass. + +See advertisement of L. & J. W. Feuchtwanger, Chemists, N. Y. + +$3.50. Stephens' Patent Combination Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, +etc. See advertisement in another column. Agents wanted. + +American Boiler Powder Co., Box 315, Pittsburgh, Pa., make the only +safe, sure, and cheap remedy for "Scaly Boilers." Orders solicited. + +Belting that is Belting.--Always send for the Best Philadelphia +Oak-Tanned, to C. W. Arny, Manufacturer, 301 Cherry st., Phil'a. + +E. Howard & Co., Boston, make the best Stem-winding Watch in the +country. Ask for it at all the dealers. Office 15 Maiden Lane, N. Y. + +For mining, wrecking, pumping, drainage, and irrigating machinery, see +advertisement of Andrews' Patents in another column. + +The best place to get Working Models and parts is at T. B. Jeffery's, +160 South Water st., Chicago. + +Brown's Coalyard Quarry & Contractors' Apparatus for hoisting and +conveying material by iron cable. W. D. Andrews & Bro, 414 Water st., +N. Y. + +Improved Foot Lathes. Many a reader of this paper has one of them. +Selling in all parts of the country, Canada, Europe, etc. Catalogue +free. N. H. Baldwin, Laconia, N. H. + +Peteler Portable R. R. Co. contractors, graders. See adv'ment. + +E. P. Peacock, Manufacturer of Cutting Dies, Press Work. Patent +Articles in Metals, etc. 55 Franklin st., Chicago. + +Peck's Patent Drop Press. Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct. + +Millstone Dressing Diamond Machine--Simple, effective, durable. For +description of the above see Scientific American, Nov. 27th, 1869. +Also, Glazier's Diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., N. Y. + +Steel name stamps, figures, etc. E. H. Payn, M'f'r, Burlington, Vt. + +Cold Rolled-Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. double +compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & Laughlins, Pittsburgh, +Pa. + +Keuffel & Esser 116 Fulton st., N. Y., the best place to get 1st-class +Drawing Materials, Swiss instruments, and Rubber Triangles and Curves. + +For Solid Wrought-iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union +Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. + +For the best Self-regulating Windmill in the world, to pump water for +residences, farms, city buildings, drainage, and irrigation, address +Con. Windmill Co., 5 College Place, New York. + +The Merriman Bolt Cutter--the best made. Send for circulars. H. B. +Brown & Co., Fair Haven, Conn. + +Taft's Portable Hot Air, Vapor and Shower Bathing Apparatus. Address +Portable Bath Co., Sag Harbor, N. Y. (Send for Circular.) + +Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boilers--The only reliable +preventive. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boilers. Price +25 cents per lb. C. D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New York. + +For Fruit-Can Tools, Presses, Dies for all Metals, apply to Bliss & +Williams, successor to May & Bliss, 118, 120, and 122 Plymouth st., +Brooklyn, N. Y. Send for catalogue. + +2d-hand Worthington, Woodward and Novelty Pumps, Engines 25 to 100 +H. P., 60 Horse Loc. Boiler. W. D. Andrews & Bro., 414 Water st., N. Y. + +Agents wanted, to sell the Star Bevel. It supersedes the old style. +Send for Circular. Hallett & White, West Meriden, Conn. + +English and American Cotton Machinery and Yarns, Beam Warps and +Machine Tools. Thos. Pray, Jr., 57 Weybosset st., Providence, R. I. + +For small, soft, Gray Iron Castings, Japanned, Tinned, or Bronzed, +address Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia. + +Conklin's Detachable Rubber Lip, for bowls, etc., works like a charm. +For Rights, address O. P. Conklin, Worcester, Mass., or A. Daul, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +To Ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery +or manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's +Manufacturing News of the United States. Terms $4.00 a year. + + * * * * * + + +FACTS FOR THE LADIES. + +In 1870, Mrs. W. made, with her Wheeler & Wilson machine, 2,255 vests, +besides doing her family sewing for six persons. + + * * * * * + + +THE PITTSBURGH, PA., "LEADER" SAYS: + +"The firm of Geo. P. Rowell & Co. is the largest and best Advertising +Agency in the United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to +the attention of those who desire to advertise their business +scientifically and systematically in such a way; that is, to secure +the largest amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." + + * * * * * + + +AFTER AN EXHAUSTIVE TRIAL, at American Institute Fair for 1870, +Pratt's Astral Oil was pronounced the safest and best. + + * * * * * + + +DYSPEPSIA: Its Varieties, Causes, Symptoms, and Cure. By E. P. MILLER, +M. D. Paper, 50cts.; Muslin, $1. Address MILLER, HAYNES & CO., 41 West +Twenty-sixth st., New York city. + + * * * * * + + +VITAL FORCE: How Wasted and How Preserved; or, Abuses of the Sexual +Function, their Causes Effects and Means of Cure. By E. P. MILLER M. D. +Paper, 50cts. Address MILLER, HAYNES & CO., 41 West Twenty-sixth st., +New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. + + + * * * * * + + +_CORRESPONDENTS who expect to receive answers to their letters must, +in all cases, sign their names. We have a right to know those who seek +information from us; besides, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to +address correspondents by mail._ + +_SPECIAL NOTE.--This column is designed for the general interest and +instruction of our readers, not for gratuitous replies to questions of +a purely business or personal nature. We will publish such inquiries, +however, when paid for as advertisements at 1.00 a line, under the +head of "Business and Personal."_ + +_All reference to back numbers must be by volume and page._ + + * * * * * + + +MIXING METALS.--All the hard gray American charcoal iron, of which +car wheels and all such work are made, requires more heat and a longer +time to melt than soft iron, especially Scotch pig, which is the most +fluid and the easiest to melt of any iron. Consequently, unless the +melter exercises good judgment in charging, the Scotch pig will +melt and run off before the car-wheel iron is melted. If G. H. P. +be particular in the quality and strength of his iron, he will make +better results by using soft American charcoal pig, with old car-wheel +iron. It will make stronger castings, mix better, and melt more +uniformly; but he should always recollect in charging his furnace that +soft iron will melt before hard in the same position, in the cupola. I +also think he had better use a larger proportion of soft pig, as every +time cast iron is melted it becomes harder, so much so that iron which +can be filed and turned with ease, when re-cast will often be found +too hard to work.--J. T., of N. Y. + + +HARDENING TALLOW.--If E. H. H. will use one pound of alum for every +five pounds of tallow, his candles will be as hard and white as wax. +The alum must be dissolved in water, then put in the tallow, and +stirred until they are both melted together, and run in molds.--F. O. +H. + + +L. L., of N. Y.--According to Ure, strass is made as follows: 8 ounces +of pure rock crystal or flint, in powder, mixed with 4 ounces of +salt of tartar, are to be baked and left to cool. The mixture is then +poured into hot water, and treated with dilute nitric acid till it +ceases to effervesce, and the "frit" is then washed in water till the +water comes off tasteless. The frit is then dried, and mixed with 12 +ounces of white lead, and this last mixture reduced to fine powder, +and washed with distilled water; 1 ounce of calcined borax is now +added to every 12 ounces of the mixture, the whole rubbed together in +a porcelain mortar, melted in a clean crucible, and poured out into +pure cold water. This melting and pouring into water must be done +three times, using a clean, new crucible each time. The third frit is +pulverized, five drachms of niter added, and then melted for the last +time, when a clean, beautiful white crystal mass results. + + +C. M. S., of Wis.--There are no precise proportions observed in +making the coal-tar and gravel walks of which you speak. The aim is to +saturate the gravel with the hot tar without surplus. The interstices +of the gravel are simply to be filled, and the amount required to +do this depends wholly upon the coarseness or fineness of the gravel +employed. + + +W. P. T., of Ohio.--Two teams of horses, of equal strength, pulling +against each other, by means of a rope, would create the same tension +in the rope, as one of the teams drawing against an immovable object. + + +W. H. B., of Va.--Ice can be made by compressing air, and, after it +has radiated its heat, allowing it to extract the heat of water with +which it is brought into contact. The temperature of air at 59° Fah., +would be raised, by compressing the air to one fourth its original +volume, to 317° Fah; and the air would radiate and absorb again, in +expanding, about 190 units of heat. + + +E. T. H., of Ga.--The friable sandstone, a specimen of which you send +us, may, we think, be rendered firmer by soaking it in a solution of +silicate of soda, and allowing it to stand till dry. + + +J. A. V., of Ohio.--The use of steam expansively, by means of cut-off +appliances, enables the expansive force of the steam to be utilized, +which cannot be done when the pressure is maintained at one standard, +and steam admitted through the fall stroke. It takes no more power +to do a given amount of work in one case than in the other, but more +boiler capacity, and more fuel, as the working power of the steam is +more economically applied when the cut-off is used. + + +Geo. F. R., of Ohio.--Type metal is composed of 3 parts lead and 1 +part antimony for smallest, hardest, and most brittle types; 4 of +lead and 1 of antimony for next grade; 5 of lead and 1 of antimony for +medium sizes; 6 of lead and 1 of antimony for larger types; and 7 of +lead and 1 of antimony for the largest. + + +E. J. M., of Texas.--The term "power of a boiler" means its +evaporating power, and in that sense is proper. If its evaporative +power be sufficient to perform a given amount of work, it is proper +to estimate that work in horse power. Water can not be pumped out of a +pipe from which atmospheric air is excluded. A pipe driven into a soil +impervious to air, can never yield water unless the water is forced up +by hydraulic power, as in the artesian system. + + +A. P. Y., of N. Y.--You will find descriptions of iron enamelling +processes, on pages 297 and 408, Vol. XII. of this journal. It can be +done in colors. See Ure's "Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures." + + +H. C., of Pa.--We do not think increasing the size of the journals of +your car axles from 2½ inches to 6 inches diameter, would make them +run lighter. + + +H. H. A., of N. Y.--The lining up of a beam engine, in a vessel, is +a process for which no definite mode of procedure is exclusively +applicable. It is an operation to which common sense and judgment must +be brought, and for which each engineer must be a law unto himself. + + +J. S., of Va.--The use of horizontal propellers to force balloons up +or down is not a new suggestion. It has been tried, but, we believe, +without much practical success. + +J. T .S., of N. Y.--You will find further information on the subject +of transmitting power by compressed air, in our editorial columns of +last week. + + * * * * * + + + + +APPLICATIONS FOR EXTENSION OF PATENTS. + + +HARVESTERS.--William T. B. Read, Chicago, Ill., has petitioned for an +extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871. + +MODE OF FASTENING SHEET METAL ON ROOFS, ETC.--Asa Johnson, Brooklyn, +N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of +hearing, May 3, 1871. + +METHOD OF PRINTING IN COLORS.--Rosalie Croome, Brooklyn, N. Y., has +petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, May +3, 1871. + +MACHINERY FOR COMPRESSING GASEOUS BODIES.--William A. Royce, Newburgh, +N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of +hearing, May 10, 1871. + +PLOWS.--John S. Hall, Pittsburgh, Pa., has petitioned for an extension +of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871. + +CARRIAGE WHEELS.--James D. Sarven, New Haven, Conn., has petitioned +for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing May 24, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW PATENT LAW OF 1870. + + +INSTRUCTIONS +HOW TO OBTAIN LETTERS-PATENT +FOR NEW INVENTIONS. + + * * * * * + +INFORMATION ABOUT CAVEATS, EXTENSIONS, INTERFERENCES, DESIGNS, +TRADE-MARKS, AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + + * * * * * + + +For Twenty-five years, MUNN & CO. have occupied the leading position +of SOLICITORS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PATENTS. During this +long experience they have examined not less than _Fifty Thousand +Inventions_, and have prosecuted upwards of THIRTY THOUSAND +APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS. In addition to this they have made, at the +Patent Office, _Twenty-Five Thousand_ Special Examinations into the +novelty of various Inventions. + +The important advantage of MUNN & CO.'s American and European Patent +Agency is that the practice has been tenfold greater than that of any +other agency in existence, with the additional advantages of having +the aid of the highest professional skill in every department and a +Branch Office at Washington, that watches and supervises cases when +necessary, as they pass through Official Examination. + +MUNN & CO., + +ASK SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THEIR SYSTEM OF DOING BUSINESS. + +_CONSULTATION AND OPINIONS FREE._ + +Inventors who desire to consult with MUNN & CO. are invited to call at +their office 37 PARK ROW, or to send a sketch and description of the +invention, which will be examined and an opinion given or sent by mail +without charge. + +A SPECIAL EXAMINATION + +is made into the novelty of an invention by personal examination at +the Patent Office of all patented inventions bearing on the particular +class. This search is made by examiners of long experience, for which +a fee of $5 is charged. A report is given in writing. + +To avoid all possible misapprehension, MUNN & CO. advise generally, +that inventors send models. But the Commissioner may at his discretion +dispense with a model--this can be arranged beforehand. + +MUNN & CO. take special care in preparation of drawings and +specifications. + +If a case should for any cause be rejected it is investigated +immediately, and the rejection if an improper one set aside. + +NO EXTRA CHARGE + +is made to clients for this extra service. MUNN & CO. have skillful +experts in attendance to supervise cases and to press them forward +when necessary. + +REJECTED CASES. + +MUNN & CO. give very special attention to the examination and +prosecution of rejected cases filed by inventors and other attorneys. +In such cases a fee of $5 is required for special examination and +report; and in case of probable success by further prosecution and the +papers are found tolerably well prepared, MUNN & CO. will take up the +case and endeavor to get it through for a reasonable fee to be agreed +upon in advance of prosecution. + +CAVEATS + +Are desirable if an inventor is not fully prepared to apply for a +Patent. A Caveat affords protection for one year against the issue of +a patent to another for the same invention. Caveat papers should be +carefully prepared. + +The Government fee on filing a Caveat is $10, and MUNN & CO.'s charge +for preparing the necessary papers is usually from $10 to $12. + +REISSUES. + +A patent when discovered to be defective may be reissued by the +surrender of the original patent, and the filing of amended papers. +This proceeding should be taken with great care. + +DESIGNS, TRADE-MARKS, & COMPOSITIONS + +Can be patented for a term of years, also new medicines or medical +compounds, and useful mixtures of all kinds. + +When the invention consists of a medicine or compound, or a new +article of manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article +must be furnished, neatly put up. There should also be forwarded a +full statement of its ingredients, proportions, mode of preparation, +uses, and merits. + +CANADIANS and all other foreigners can now obtain patents upon the +same terms as citizens. + +EUROPEAN PATENTS. + +MUNN & CO. have solicited a larger number of European Patents than +any other agency. They have agents located at London, Paris, Brussels, +Berlin, and other chief cities. A pamphlet containing a synopsis of +the Foreign Patent Laws sent free. + +MUNN & CO. could refer, if necessary, to thousands of patentees who +have had the benefit of their advice and assistance, to many of the +principal business men in this and other cities, and to members of +Congress and prominent citizens throughout the country. + +All communications are treated as confidential. + +_Address_ + +MUNN & CO., +No. 37 Park Row, +_NEW YORK._ + + * * * * * + + + + +RECENT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + +_Under this heading we shall publish weekly notes of some of the more +prominent home and foreign patents._ + + + * * * * * + + +SELF-ACTING SHACKLE AND CAR BRAKE.--Lyman Alphonzo Russell, +Shrewsbury, Vt.--This invention relates to improvements in self-acting +shackles and car brakes, and consists in an improved connection of +the brakes with the shackle, for automatic operation, whereby the +connection may be readily so adjusted that the brakes will not be set +in action as when required to back up the train. + +FEED BAGS FOR HORSES.--W. A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in feed bags for +horses, and consists in making the bag self-supplying, by means of +one or more reservoirs, the discharge orifices of which reservoirs are +closed by a valve or valves. + +TRUSS.--Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y.--This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved truss, which shall be so constructed as +to yield freely to the various movements of the body of the wearer, +while holding the rupture securely in place. + +GOVERNOR FOR STEAM ENGINES.--Charles A. Conde, Indianapolis, +Ind.--This invention relates to a new method of regulating the +movement of the balls of a steam governor, with a view of adjusting +the same in proportion to the increased or diminished centrifugal +force. + +CIRCULAR SAW GUARD.--G. W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in means for protecting the +operator and others, near running circular saws, from injury, and it +consists in a movable guard, operated by means of the saw carriage, in +such a manner that, during the period of danger (when the saw is not +cutting), the guard covers the saw, and is thrown back from the saw +when the latter is in actual use. + +CARPET-CLEANING MACHINE.--J. C. Craft, Baltimore, Md.--This invention +relates to a machine, through which a carpet may be passed, and so +beaten and brushed, during its passage, as to come out of the +machine thoroughly cleansed. The invention consists in the peculiar +construction and arrangement of beaters and brushes for effecting this +result. + +COMBINED COTTON AND CORN PLANTER.--L. A. Perrault, Natchez, +Miss.--This invention relates to improvements in machinery for +planting seed, and consists in a combination, in one machine, of a +seed-dropping apparatus, adapted for corn, and another adapted for +cotton, in a manner to utilize one running gear for the two kinds of +seed, and thereby save the expense of separate gear for each. + +LIME KILN.--T. A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo.--This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved lime kiln, which shall be so constructed +as to enable the kiln to be worked from the front, in firing and in +drawing the lime and ashes, which will not allow cold or unburnt rock +to pass through, and which will consume its own smoke. + +CAR BRAKE.--S. D. Tripp, Lynn, and Luther Hill, Stoneham, Mass.--This +invention relates to improvements in railroad car brakes, and consists +in an arrangement, on the locomotive or tender, of a steam cylinder +and piston, and the arrangement, on the cars, in connection with the +brakes, of sliding rods, so that the rod of the car next to the +engine or tender, being moved backwards by the piston rod of the above +cylinder, will bring the brakes of the rear wheels down upon them, as +well as the brakes of the tender, and slacken the speed thereby, so +that the rear projecting end of the brake rod will come in contact +with the rod of the next car, and set its brakes in action in like +manner, and so on, throughout the train. The arrangement of the said +brake actuating rods is such that no matter which end of the car is +foremost, the wheels of one track will be acted on by the brakes. + +COMBINED RULER, BLOTTER, AND PAPER CUTTER.--Hugh S. Ball, +Spartanburgh, S. C.--This invention relates to a new and useful +improvement in a combined ruler, blotter, and paper cutter, three +articles indispensable for the desk, combined in one. + +REED FOR ORGANS AND MELODEONS.--Augustus Newell, Chicago, Ill.--The +object of this invention is to so construct the tongue-butts, or +shanks, of musical reeds, that the same cannot, during the vibratory +motion of the tongues, be raised from their seats. + +ANTI-FRICTION COMPOUND.--Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful compound for lubricating +railroad car axle journals, and other journal bearings. + + * * * * * + + + + +QUERIES. + +[_We present herewith a series of inquiries embracing a variety of +topics of greater or less general interest. The questions are simple, +it is true, but we prefer to elicit practical answers from our +readers, and hope to be able to make this column of inquiries and +answers a popular and useful feature of the paper._] + + + * * * * * + + +1.--EMERY WHEELS.--Can I make emery wheels similar to those used in +a foot lathe, that will answer for sharpening fine tools, such as +gouges, rounds, and hollows, and if so, how shall I proceed?--F. W. + +2.--BOILER FURNACE.--I have two boilers, twenty-four feet long and +four feet in diameter each, with five ten-inch flues. The fire passes +under the boiler, and enters the flues at the back end, passes through +the flues, and enters the smoke stack at the front end. I use hard +pine wood for fuel. Will some of your many readers give me the best +way of constructing the flue under the boiler, from the end of the +grate bars to where it enters the flues at the back end, and also +state the proper distance from the back wall to the end of the +boiler?--N. H. + +3.--MEDAL CASTS.--I have some medals which I should like to copy. +Having tried several times, and failed, I thought that I would ask +advice through your query columns. I do not know of what the medals +are manufactured. They are, I suppose, made to imitate bronze. I have +tried casting them in plaster of Paris molds, but have had very poor +success, as the surface of the medals was covered with small holes. +The metal used was lead and antimony, seven to one. I should like to +know, if there be any metal that I can cast them of, and bring out the +bronze color afterwards, or if there be any metal that I can cast them +of, and afterwards color by some solution. Also, of what should I make +my molds?--J. E. M. + +4.--REMOVING THE TASTE OF TAR FROM RAIN WATER.--Will some of your +correspondents tell me if rain water, which runs off a gravel roof, +and tastes very strongly of tar, is unhealthy, and if there be +anything that will prevent its tasting, as it is very disagreeable for +cooking purposes?--C. E. H. + +5.--SORGHUM MOLASSES.--How can I separate the molasses from the sugar, +in sorghum sugar mush, to make a dry merchantable sugar? + +6.--FLUX FOR ALUMINUM.--Will some of your readers tell me, through +your columns, the best flux to use in melting and mixing aluminum and +copper? + + * * * * * + + + + +INVENTIONS PATENTED IN ENGLAND BY AMERICANS. + +[Compiled from the Commissioners of Patents' Journal.] + +APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS PATENT. + + +350.--BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS.--Eli Whitney, New Haven, Conn. +February 10, 1871. + +352.--GOVERNOR.--Stilliman B. Allen, ----, Mass. February 10, 1871. + +357.--WINDMILL.--A. P. Brown, New York city. February 11, 1871. + +332.--FURNITURE CASTERS.--F. A. Gardner and H. S. Turrell, Danbury +Conn. February 8, 1871. + +339.--WIRE FABRICS FOR MATTRESSES.--Samuel Rogers, New York city. +February 9, 1871. + +340.--SCREW PROPELLER CANAL BOATS.--Thomas Main, Pierpoint, N. Y. +February 9, 1871. + +362.--FLYER FOR SPINNING MACHINERY.--Thomas Mayor and Geo. Chatterton, +Providence, R. I. February 14, 1871. + +373.--TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS AND DETECTORS.--W. B. Watkins, Jersey +City, N. J. February 14, 1871. + +381.--STEAM AND OTHER SAFETY VALVES.--Walter Dawson Scranton, Pa. +February 15, 1871. + +388.--IRON RAILS AND BARS, AND MODES OF MANUFACTURING THE +SAME.--Eldridge Wheeler, Philadelphia, Pa. February 15, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +OFFICIAL LIST OF PATENTS. + +ISSUED BY THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE. + +FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 7, 1871. + +_Reported Officially for the Scientific American._ + + +SCHEDULE OF PATENT FEES + +On each Caveat $10 +On each Trade-Mark $25 +On filing each application for a Patent, (seventeen years) $15 +On issuing each original Patent $20 +On appeal to Examiners-in-Chief $10 +On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 +On application for Reissue $30 +On application for Extension of Patent $50 +On granting the Extension $50 +On filing a Disclaimer $10 +On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 +On an application for Design (seven years) $15 +On an application for Design (fourteen years) $30 + + +_For Copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years_ $1 +_A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of +a machine as the Claim covers, from_ $1 + _upward, but usually at the price above-named._ + +_The full Specification of any patent issued since Nov. 20, 1866 at +which time the Patent Office commenced printing them_ $1.25 + +_Official Copies of Drawings of any patent issued since 1836, we can +supply at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the amount of +labor involved and the number of views._ + +_Full information, as to price of drawings, in each case, may be had +by addressing_ + +MUNN & CO., PATENT SOLICITORS, 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +112,309.--HOSE SPRINKLER.--William Anderson, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,310.--LOCOMOTIVE SPARK ARRESTER.--J. G. Armstrong, New Brunswick, +N. J. + +112,311.--TOOL FOR CARRIAGE MAKERS' USE.--George Atkinson, San +Francisco, Cal. + +112,312.--POTATO PROBE.--John A. Beal, Waterford, N. Y. + +112,313.--HINGE FOR CARRIAGE DOORS.--George W. Beers, Bridgeport, +Conn. + +112,314.--STOVE LEG.--James Birckhead, Jr., Baltimore, Md. + +112,315.--CLOTHES PIN.--Orris A. Bishop, Chicago, Ill. + +112,316.--MANUFACTURE OF ROCHELLE SALTS AND BORAX.--V. G. Bloede, +Brooklyn, N. Y. + +112,317.--BEEHIVE.--Felix Brewer, Waynesville, Mo. + +112,318.--THILL COUPLING.--Theodore Burr (assignor to Allen Muir and +Henry Muir), Battle Creek, Mich. + +112,319.--EVAPORATING PAN FOR SACCHARINE LIQUIDS.--F. C. Butler, +Bellows Falls, Vt., assignor to himself and James B. Williams, +Glastonbury, Conn. + +112,320.--DOOR SECURER.--William H. Caldwell, Wheeling, W. Va. + +112,321.--TOE-CALK BAR.--R. B. Caswell, Springfield, Mass. Antedated +March 2, 1871. + +112,322.--GLASS FLATTENING FURNACE AND LEER.--James Clabby, Lenox, +Mass. + +112,323.--SPRING BED BOTTOM.--Alex. Cole, Manamuskin, N. J. + +112,324.--WATER WHEEL.--E. E. Coleman, West Cummington, Mass. + +112,325.--TOY HORSE AND CARRIAGE.--John B. Cuzner, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,326.--MACKEREL-LINE HOLDER.--E. L. Decker, Southport, Me. + +112,327.--SEWING MACHINE.--J. William Dufour, Stratford, Conn. + +112,328.--STEAM BOILER.--Edwards Evans, North Tonawanda, N. Y. + +112,329.--MEDICAL COMPOUND FOR CURE OF CATARRH AND ASTHMA.--Erastus +Field, Ostrander, Ohio. + +112,330.--MACHINE FOR GRINDING THE CUTTERS OF MOWERS, ETC.--H. C. +Fisk, Wellsville, N. Y. + +112,331.--MACHINE FOR MAKING HOOKS AND EYES.--Jeremy T. Ford, San +Francisco, Cal. + +112,332.--CHURN.--Thompson Freeman, Westfield, Ill. + +112,333.--ATTACHMENT FOR REVOLVING MOLD BOARDS FOR PLOWS.--J. S. +Godfrey, Leslie, Mich., assignor to himself and S. M. Loveridge, +Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,334.--GRAIN CLEANER AND FERTILIZER SIFTER.--J. A. Green, Mill +Dale, Va. + +112,335.--SCREW PROPULSION.--E. C. Gregg (assignor to A. H. Gregg and +C. P. Gregg), Trumansburg, N. Y. + +112,336.--SEEDING MACHINE.--P. M. Gundlach, Belleville, Ill. + +112,337.--COMPOUND FOR KINDLING FIRES.--J. L. Hannum and S. H. +Stebbins, Berea, Ohio. + +112,338.--LAWN MOWER.--Benjamin Harnish, Lancaster, and D. H. Harnish, +Pequea, Pa. + +112,339.--COMPOSITION FOR PAVEMENTS.--C. B. Harris, New York city. +Antedated February 25, 1870. + +112,340.--SPRING FOR VEHICLES.--John R. Hiller, Woodland, Cal. + +112,341.--HARVESTER RAKE.--S. T. Holly, (assignor to John P. Manny), +Rockford, Ill. + +112,342.--DOOR CLAMP.--Henry O. Hooper, Diamond Springs, Cal. + +112,343.--TAPER HOLDER.--Thomas W. Houchin, Morrisania, N. Y. + +112,344.--METALLIC GARTER.--Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,345.--BOBBIN WINDER.--Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,346.--METHOD OF KNITTING STOCKINGS, ETC.--Henry A. House, +Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,347.--APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING LIQUIDS.--John +Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,348.--APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING LIQUIDS.--John +Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,349.--APPARATUS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM VEGETABLE AND OTHER +MATTERS.--Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. + +112,350.--APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM GRAIN, SEEDS, +ETC.--Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. + +112,351.--CHANDELIER.--Charles F. Jacobsen, New York city. + +112,352.--CULINARY VESSEL.--Carrie Jessup, New Haven, Conn. + +112,353.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING LEATHER.--Aberdeen Keith, North +Bridgewater, Mass. + +112,354.--ATTACHING KNOBS TO THEIR SPINDLES.--John F. Keller and +Nathaniel Sehner, Hagerstown, Md. + +112,355.--MITER MACHINE.--T. E. King, Boston, Mass. + +112,356.--TAKE-UP FOR CORSET LOOMS.--Julius Kuttner, New York city. + +112,357.--ELEVATOR AND CARRIER.--T. W. Lackore, Worth, Ill. + +112,358.--APPARATUS FOR BURNING HYDROCARBON OILS.--James R. Lee, Grass +Valley, Cal. + +112,359.--BURGLAR ALARM.--Robert Lee, Cincinnati, Ohio. + +112,360.--TELEGRAPH APPARATUS.--L. T. Lindsey, Jackson, Tenn. + +112,361.--HARVESTER.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,362.--HARVESTER.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,363.--HARVESTER RAKE.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,364.--CHEESE CURD SINK.--H. C. Markham, Collinsville, N. Y. + +112,365.--MOWING MACHINE.--H. C. Markham and Dewitt C. Markham, +Collinsville, N. Y. + +112,366.--PROPELLER.--Alex. J. Marshall, Warrenton, Va. Antedated +March 3, 1871. + +112,367.--OILER.--Edward McDuff and E. D. Forrow, Warwick, R. I. + +112,368.--WASH BOILER.--John McInnes, Oxford, Pa. + +112,369.--PROPELLING CANAL BOATS.--H. B. Meech, Fort Edward, N. Y. +Antedated February 25, 1871. + +112,370.--WATER-PROOF COMPOUND FOR COATING CLOTH WOOD, METALS, +ETC.--Peter E. Minor, Schenectady, N. Y. + +112,371.--COOKING STOVE.--W. N. Moore, Neenah, Wis. + +112,372.--BORING MACHINE.--J. H. Pardieck (assignor to himself and S. +M. Brown), Acton, Ind. + +112,373.--VAPOR BURNER.--R. W. Park, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,374.--MACHINE FOR POINTING BLANKS FOR CULTIVATOR TEETH.--John +Pedder and George Abel, West Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,375.--BALE TIE.--J. E. Perkins, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,376.--LINING WALLS WITH FELT, ETC.--James Phillips, Chicago, Ill. + +112,377.--COOKING STOVE.--Samuel Pierce, Boston, Mass. + +112,378.--TACK.--A. A. Porter, New Haven, Conn. Antedated Feb. 25, +1871. + +112,379.--MACHINE FOR SHAPING AND CUTTING GEAR CUTTERS.--F. A. Pratt +(assignor to the Pratt & Whitney Company), Hartford, Conn. + +112,380.--COMBINATION CAMERA AND DEVELOPING BOX.--E. C. Ratzell, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,381.--PUNCHING MACHINE.--J. C. Rhodes, South Abington, Mass. + +112,382.--WASHING MACHINE.--J. W. Ricker, Chelsea, Mass. + +112,383.--CURTAIN FIXTURE.--Charles Robin. Chester, Conn. + +112,384.--MACHINE FOR MAKING PRINTERS' LEADS.--Isaac Schoenberg, New +York city. + +112,385.--SLIDE VALVE FOR STEAM RIVETING MACHINES.--Coleman Sellers +(assignor to William Sellers & Co.), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,386.--MACHINE FOR POLISHING THREAD.--Samuel Semple, Sr., John +Semple, Samuel Semple, Jr., and R. A. Semple, Mount Holly, N. J. + +112,387.--PAINT BRUSH.--F. S. Shearer, Washington, Ill. + +112,388.--BEE HIVE.--S. A. Short, F. J. Short, J. B. Short, and Jasper +Kile, Decatur, Ala. + +112,389.--APPARATUS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM VEGETABLE AND OTHER +MATTER.--Thomas Sim, Baltimore, Md. + +112,390.--RETORT FOR PRODUCING BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.--Thomas Sim, +Baltimore, Md. + +112,391.--UTILIZING THE SILKY DOWN OF THE WILD COTTON.--M. H. Simpson, +Boston, Mass. + +112,392.--PRUNING SHEARS.--Frank Smiley, Batavia, N. Y. + +112,393.--WATER-CLOSET VALVE.--A. J. Smith, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,394.--GANG PLOW.--J. W. Sursa, San Leandro, Cal. + +112,395.--GRINDING PAN AND AMALGAMATOR.--W. H. Thoss, West Point, Cal. + +112,396.--STREET LANTERN.--Augustus Tufts, Malden, Mass. + +112,397.--COOKING STOVE.--Alvin Warren, Swanton, Ohio. + +112,398.--SAFETY BRIDLE.--James Weatherhead, San José, Cal. + +112,399.--FIRE GRATE.--George Wellhouse, Akron, Ohio. + +112,400.--HAY KNIFE.--G. F. Weymouth, Dresden, Me. + +112,401.--CLAW BAR.--Charles Winter, Chillicothe, Ohio. + +112,402.--STEAM GENERATOR.--J. C. Woodhead, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,403.--ANIMAL TRAP.--W. D. Wrightson, Queenstown England. + +112,404.--BRUSH.--John Ames, Lansingburg, N. Y. + +112,405.--CLOD FENDER.--F. L. Bailey, Freeport, Ind. + +112,406.--RULER.--H. S. Ball, Spartanburg, S. C. + +112,407.--FANNING MILL.--Benjamin Barney, Time, Ill. + +112,408.--ICE-CUTTING MACHINE.--Lafayett Barnum (assignor to himself +and A. R. Hale), Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,409.--MANUFACTURE OF ICE.--T. J. Bigger, Kansas City, Mo. + +112,410.--MACHINE FOR HEADING BOLTS AND SPIKES.--Reinhold Boeklen, +Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to himself and Henry Torstrick New York +city. Antedated Feb. 28, 1871. + +112,411.--WASHING MACHINE.--Joseph Boswell, L. M. Boswell, Jonathan +Palmer, and J. H. James (assignors to themselves and Thomas Starbuck), +Wilmington, Ohio. + +112,412.--WATER WHEEL.--E. C. Boyles, New York city. + +112,413.--COTTON PRESS.--R. M. Brooks, Pike county, Ga. + +112,414.--PAPER-CUTTING MACHINE.--Samuel Brown (assignor to himself +and C. R. Carver), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,415.--GOVERNOR FOR DIRECT-ACTING ENGINES.--A. S. Cameron, New York +city. + +112,416.--GOVERNOR FOR DIRECT-ACTING ENGINES.--A. S. Cameron, New York +city. + +112,417.--BUTT HINGE.--J. W. Carleton (assignor to the Union +Manufacturing Co.), New Britain, Conn. + +112,418.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING SHEET METAL.--C. R. Choate, East +Saginaw, Mich. + +112,419.--BIT BRACE.--William Cleveland, Lawrence, Mass., assignor to +himself and James Swan, Seymour, Conn. + +112,420.--STEAM ENGINE GOVERNOR.--C. A. Condé, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,421.--CARPET-CLEANING MACHINE.--J. C. Craft (assignor to himself +and Antonio Rosello), Baltimore, Md. + +112,422.--STEAM REGULATOR FOR PAPER DRYERS.--Daniel Crosby, Hampden, +Me. + +112 423.--METALLIC PISTON AND VALVE ROD PACKING.--G. M. Cruickshank, +Providence, R. I. + +112,424.--GRAIN-THRASHING AND SEPARATING MACHINE.--John Culham, Grand +Rapids, Mich. Antedated Feb. 25, 1871. + +112,425.--COOKING STOVE.--David Curtis, Mishawaka, assignor to himself +and C. B. Graham, South Bend, Ind. + +112,426.--LIGHTNING ROD.--S. D. Cushman, New Lisbon, Ohio. + +112,427.--HOSE BRIDGE.--Patrick Daily (assignor to himself and J. J. +Kehoe), New York city. + +112,428.--COVER FOR OPENINGS IN SIDEWALKS.--William Dale, New York +city. + +112,429.--ROTARY PUMP.--F. O. Deschamps, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,430.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING FILES.--James Dodge, Manchester, +England, assignor to David Blake, Spencertown, N. Y. + +112,431.--COUPLING FOR RAILWAY CARS.--Henry Dubs and S. G. +Goodall-Copestake, Glasgow, Great Britain. + +112,432.--TOBACCO PIPE.--P. J. Dwyer, Elizabethport, N. J. + +112,433.--BASKET FOR HOUSE PLANTS.--Albert P. Eastman, Washington, D. C. + +112,434.--SULKY PLOW.--Milo A. Elliott, Stratford Hollow, N. H. + +112,435.--STRETCHER FOR PAINTINGS.--James Fairman, New York city. + +112,436.--BODY LANTERN HOLDER.--Samuel C. Fessenden, Stamford, Conn. + +112,437.--STOVE LEG.--Amon L. Finch, Sing Sing, N. Y. + +112,438.--PUMP PISTON.--John S. Follansbee and George Doolittle +(assignors to the Forrester Manufacturing Company), Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,439.--SHOE.--Samuel W. Francis (assignor to himself and W. H. +Newton), Newport, R. I. + +112,440.--GUARD-FINGER FOR HARVESTERS.--George Fyfe and Chester Hard, +Ottawa, Ill. + +112,441.--DINING TABLE.--S. R. Gardner (assignor to himself and S. M. +Marquette), Independence, Iowa. + +112,442.--STEP LADDER.--M. Boland Geary, New York City. + +112,443.--OILCLOTH PRINTING MACHINERY.--Ebenezer A. Goodes (assignor +to Philadelphia Patent and Novelty Company), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,444.--TENONING MACHINE.--Lyman Gould, Norwich, Conn. + +112,445.--PRINTER'S CASE.--Wm. H. A. Gresham, Atlanta, Ga. + +112,446.--LAMP CHIMNEY.--Geo. W. Griswold, Factoryville, Pa. + +112,447.--GRAIN SEPARATOR.--Philander Griswold, Hudson, Mich. + +112,448.--CLAMP FOR THILL COUPLINGS.--John W. Guider (assignor to +himself and John Kiefer), St. Joseph, Mo. + +112,449.--BIRD CAGE.--Gottlob Gunther, New York city. + +112,450.--STOP COCK AND VALVE.--William Haas, New York city. + +112,451.--VALVE FOR STEAM ENGINES.--Joseph L. Harley, Baltimore, Md., +and Xaver Fendrich, Georgetown, D. C. + +112,452.--METALLIC HUB.--John H. Harper, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,453.--COMPOSITION FOR LUBRICATING MACHINERY.--E. Q. Henderson +(assignor to John C. Burroughs and Richard A. Springs) Charlotte, N. C. + +112,454.--POST-HOLE DIGGER.--Bryant B. Herrick, Decatur, Mich. + +112,455.--DOOR CHECK.--Levi S. Hicks (assignor to himself, J. Perrin +Johnson, and John Buell), Peoria, Ill. + +112,456.--RAILWAY-CAR BRAKE.--Luther Hill, Stoneham, and Seth D. +Tripp, Lynn, Mass. + +112,457.--TRUSS.--Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y. + +112,458.--FEED BAG FOR HORSES.--Walter A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y. + +112,459.--SHADE HOLDER FOR LAMPS--Mark W. House, Cleveland, Ohio. + +112,460.--LAMP CHIMNEY.--Mark Wiggins House (assignor to the Cleveland +Non-Explosive Lamp Company), Cleveland, Ohio. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,461.--HORSE HAY RAKE.--James Howard and E. T. Bousfield, Bedford, +England. + +112,462.--TONGS FOR ROLLING BARRELS.--Mark W. Ingle, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,463.--PITMAN.--George W. Jayson, Lodi, Ohio. + +112,464.--PASTE FOR PAPER HANGINGS.--John Jones (assignor to himself +and Henry A. Smith), New York city. + +112,465.--TWINE HOLDER.--Edward M. Judd, New Haven, Ct. + +112,466.--CLOTHES PIN OR CLASP.--Amos L. Keeports and William Yount, +Littletown, Pa. + +112,467.--PUTTING UP HAMS.--Samuel Edward Kelly, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,468.--LIMN KILN.--Thomas A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo. + +112,469.--FASTENING FOR SEATS FOR WAGONS OR SLEIGHS.--John G. Knapp +and John F. Robertson (assignors of one third their right to James H. +Holly), Warwick, N. Y. + +112,470.--POTATO PLANTER.--George Knowlton (assignor for one-half his +right to N. Haynes), Johnstown, Pa. + +112,471.--REVOLVING FIREARM.--Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., +assignor by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing +Company," Hartford, Conn. + +112,472.--REVOLVING FIREARM.--Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., +assignor, by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms +Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn. + +112,473.--RAILROAD CATTLE-GUARD GATE.--J. H. Mallory, La Porte, Ind. + +112,474.--BACK-REFLECTING MIRROR.--Richard Mason (assignor to himself +and Matthew Ely), Newark, N. J. + +112,475.--VENTILATOR AND CHIMNEY TOP.--James McGowan (assignor to +himself and Daniel H. Waring), New York city. + +112,476.--APPARATUS FOR RECTIFYING AND REFINING SPIRITS.--Frederick +Measey (assignor to himself and Henry D. Fling), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,477.--TIN CAN.--John F. Merrill (assignor to himself and Alexander +Stewart), Cincinnati, Ohio. + +112,478.--TAKE-UP MECHANISM FOR LOOMS.--John Michna and Joseph +Fischer, New York city. + +112,479.--COMBINED BAKER AND BROILER.--Wm. H. Miller, Brandenburg, Ky. + +112,480.--SHUTTLE FOR SEWING MACHINES.--James D. Moore, Grinnell, +Iowa. + +112,481.--COTTON CHOPPER AND GRAIN CULTIVATOR.--Daniel Mosely, Osark, +Arkansas. + +112,482.--SAD AND FLUTING IRON.--Frederick Myers, New York city. + +112,483.--REED FOR ORGANS AND MELODEONS.--Augustus Newell, Chicago, +Ill. + +112,484.--STRAW CUTTER.--Amon Park, Germanville, Iowa. + +112,485.--APPARATUS FOR AGING WHISKY AND OTHER SPIRITS.--Josiah +Peiffer and Samuel Richards, Valonia, Pa. + +112,486.--COMBINED COTTON AND CORN PLANTER.--Louis A. Perrault +(assignor to himself and Joseph Huber), Natchez, Miss. + +112,487.--FAUCET.--Solomon Pfleger, Reading, assignor to himself and +J. S. Pfleger, Tamaqua, Pa. + +112,488.--TREADLE.--George K. Proctor, Salem, Mass. + +112,489.--LUBRICATING COMPOUND.--Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. + +112,490.--FERTILIZER AND SEEDING MACHINE.--Archibald Putnam (assignor +to Elizabeth Putnam), Owego, N. Y. + +112,491.--ROTARY PUMP.--George W. Putnam, South Glens Falls, N. Y. + +112,492.--HAT BRUSH.--Robert Dunbar Radcliffe, Palmyra, N. Y. + +112,493.--REFRIGERATING SHOW CASE.--Thomas L. Rankin, Lyndon, Kansas, +assignor to himself and D. W. Rockwell, Elyria, Ohio. + +112,494.--DEVICE FOR STARTING AND STOPPING CARS.--Philip Rhoads, +Carlisle, Pa. + +112,495.--PIPE-MOLDING MACHINE.--George Richardson, Milwaukee, Wis. + +112,496.--SULKY CULTIVATOR.--Richard B. Robbins, Adrian, Mich. + +112,497.--HAND PLOW.--Nelson Rue, Harrodsburg, Ky. + +112,498.--MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.--Edward G. Russell, Ravenna, Ohio. + +112,499.--RAILWAY CAR BRAKE.--Lyman Alphonzo Russell, Shrewsbury, Vt. + +112,500.--STOVEPIPE CLEANER.--David Sanford, Ashton, Ill. + +112,501.--TWINE HOLDER.--Joseph B. Sargent and Purmont Bradford +(assignors to Sargent & Co.), New Haven, Conn. + +112,502.--DOVETAILING MACHINE.--James M. Seymour, Newark, N. J. + +112,503.--WOODEN PAVEMENT.--Eaton Shaw, Portland, Me. + +112,504.--GUARD FOR CIRCULAR SAWS.--George W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y. + +112,505.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--Dexter Smith and Martin J. +Chamberlin, Springfield, Mass. + +112,506.--SPARK ARRESTER.--James Smith, Altoona, Pa. + +112,507.--HORSE HAY RAKE.--Solomon P. Smith, Waterford, N. Y. + +112,508.--PLOW.--S. M. Stewart, New Harrisburg, Ohio. + +112,509.--MEDICAL COMPOUND FOR TREATING FEVER AND AGUE.--George E. +Swan, Mount Vernon, Ohio. + +112,510.--DEVICE FOR COOLING JOURNALS OF CAR AXLES.--Henry G. +Thompson, Milford, Conn. + +112,511.--COOLING JOURNAL OF CAR AXLES.--Henry G. Thompson, Milford, +Conn. + +112,512.--COOLING JOURNAL OF CAR-WHEEL AXLES.--Henry G. Thompson, +Milford, Conn. + +112,513.--DEVICE FOR COOLING JOURNALS OF RAILWAY CARS.--Henry G. +Thompson, Milford, Conn. + +112,514.--NON-HEATING HANDLE FOR SAD IRONS, ETC.--William H. Towers, +Boston, Mass. + +112,515.--LUBRICATOR.--John Erst Uhl, Renovo, Pa. + +112,516.--COMBINED CORN PLANTER AND CULTIVATOR.--Franklin Underwood, +South Rutland, N. Y. + +112,517.--KING BOLT.--Wendel Vondersaar, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,518.--WHEAT ROASTER.--George W. Waitt (assignor to himself and +Robert B. Fitts), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,519.--PLASTER SOWER.--Thomas J. West, Alfred Center, N. Y. + +112,520.--TICKET HOLDER.--Henry Wexel, Providence, R. I. + +112,521.--TOBACCO PRESS.--Abraham N. Zell, Lancaster, Pa. + +112,522.--COMBINED BAG HOLDER AND SCALES.--William Zimmerman, Lebanon, +Pa. Antedated February 25, 1871. + +112,523.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--James M. Mason, Washington, D. C. + + * * * * * + + +REISSUES. + +4,287.--TREATING FRUITS TO DRY, SACCHARIFY, AND PRESERVE +THEM.--Charles Alden, Newburg, assignor of part interest to Alden +Fruit Preserving Company, New York city. Patent No. 100,835, dated +March 5, 1870; reissue No. 4,011, dated June 7, 1870. + +4,288.--DEVICE FOR SECURING PULLEYS TO SHAFT.--John H. Buckman +(assignor to himself and Peter W. Reinshagen), Cincinnati, Ohio. +Patent No. 98,144, dated December 21, 1839. + +4,289.--SHAWL STRAP.--George Crouch, Westport, Conn. Patent No. +82,606, dated September 29, 1868. + +4,290.--ATMOSPHERIC DENTAL PLATE.--Nehemiah T. Folsom, Laconia, N. H. +Patent No. 60,871, dated January 1, 1867. + +4,291.--PESSARY.--William R. Gardner, Leonardsville, N. Y. Patent No. +105,191, dated July 12, 1870. + +4,292.--DIVISION A.--SKATE.--James L. Plimpton, New York city. Patent +No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated April 5, +1870. + +4,293.--DIVISION B.--SKATE.--James L. Plimpton, New York city. Patent +No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated April 5, +1870. + +4,294.--APPARATUS FOR PITCHING BARRELS.--Louis Schulze, Baltimore, Md. +Patent No. 106,964, dated August 30, 1870. + + * * * * * + + +DESIGNS. + +4,694.--PICTURE FRAME.--John H. Bellamy, Charlestown, Mass. + +4,695.--BELL CRANK AND ESCUTCHEON.--Pietro Cinquini, West Meriden, +Conn., assignor to Parker & Whipple Company. + +4,696.--PEDESTAL FOR A CAKE DISH.--George Gill (assignor to Reed & +Barton), Taunton, Mass. + +4,697.--TABLE CASTER.--William Parkin (assignor to Reed & Barton), +Taunton, Mass. + +4,698.--BUCKLE FRAME.--John E. Smith, Waterbury, Conn. + +4,699.--BACK OF A CHAIR OR SOFA.--George Unverzagt, Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +TRADE-MARKS. + +182.--HAT.--Nathan A. Baldwin, Milford, Conn., James H. Prentice, +Brooklyn, and John R. Waller, New York city. + +183.--SPOOL COTTON.--Lewis Coleman & Co., Boston, Mass. + +184.--SALVE.--Robert Dobbins, Binghamton, N. Y. + +185.--SOAP.--Leberman & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. + +186.--MEDICINE.--Ridenour, Coblentz & Co., Springfield, Ohio. + +187.--PAPER.--Union Manufacturing Company, Springfield, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +EXTENSIONS. + +WAGONS.--Edgar Huson, Ithaca, N. Y. Letters Patent No. 16,648, dated +February 17, 1857; reissue No. 2,500, dated March 5, 1867. + +OPERATING VALVE OF STEAM ENGINE.--Samuel R. Wilmot, Bridgeport, Conn. +Letters Patent No. 16,668, dated February 17, 1857. + +HINGES.--John David Browne, Cincinnati, Ohio. Letters Patent No. +16,678, dated February 24, 1857. + +KEEPER FOR RIGHT AND LEFT HAND DOOR LOCKS.--Calvin Adams, Pittsburgh, +Pa. Letters Patent No. 16,676, dated February 24, 1857. + +SOLAR CAMERA.--David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters Patent No. +16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated July 10, +1866. + +CAST SEAMLESS THIMBLE SKEINS FOR WAGONS.--John Benedict, Kenosha, +Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. Letters Patent No. +16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated July 27, 1858; +reissue No. 1,229, dated October 8, 1861. + +MODE OF CASTING SEAMLESS SKEINS FOR WAGONS.--John Benedict, Kenosha, +Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. Letters Patent No. +16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated July 27, 1858; +reissue No. 1,228, dated October 8, 1861. + +BREECH-LOADING FIREARMS.--William Cleveland Hicks, Summit, N. J. +Letters Patent No. 16,797, dated March 10, 1857; reissue No. 1,952, +dated May 9, 1865; reissue No. 3,798, dated January 18, 1870; reissue +No. 3,860, dated March 1, 1870. + +SEEDING MACHINE.--Lewis B. Myers and Henry A. Myers, Elmore, Ohio. +Letters Patent No. 16,772, dated March 3, 1857. + + * * * * * + + +DISCLAIMER. + +SOLAR CAMERA.--David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters Patent No. +16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated July 10, +1866. Filed February 23, 1871. + + * * * * * + +CITY SUBSCRIBERS.--THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be delivered in +every part of the city at $3.50 a year. Single copies for sale at the +News-stands in this city, Brooklyn, Jersey City, and Williamsburgh, +and by most of the News Dealers in the United States. + + * * * * * + +RECEIPTS--When money is paid at the office for subscriptions, a +receipt for it will be given; but when subscribers remit their money +by mail, they may consider the arrival of the first paper a bona-fide +acknowledgment of their funds. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + + + * * * * * + +_The value of the_ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN _as an advertising medium +cannot be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten times greater than +that of any similar journal now published. It goes into all the +States and Territories, and is read in all the principal libraries and +reading-rooms of the world. We invite the attention of those who wish +to make their business known to the annexed rates. A business man +wants something more than to see his advertisement in a printed +newspaper. He wants circulation. If it is worth 25 cents per line to +advertise in a paper of three thousand circulation, it is worth $2.50 +per line to advertise in one of thirty thousand._ + +RATES OF ADVERTISING. + + BACK PAGE - - - - 1.00 A LINE, + INSIDE PAGE - - - 75 CENTS A LINE, + +_for each insertion_. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter-press_. + + * * * * * + + +TO MANUFACTURERS OF KNITTED GOODS. + +JOHN KENT is now in England, completing arrangements so as to be able +to supply his American friends with his improved Knitting Machines +with greater dispatch, and with all the latest improvements. He would +beg to call especial attention to + +The Improved Rib Top Frame, now so well known, and acknowledged to +be the best rib top frame ever built, for speed and quality of goods +produced. Price, delivered free in New York, $520, currency. + +The Improved Circular Web Frame, for drawers and shirts, built of any +size and gage. Price for a 4-head set, 17 inch to 20 inch diameter, +$810, currency, delivered free in New York. + +The Circular Stocking Frame, from 2 in. to 5½ in. diameter. These +circular frames, with my last improvements, are as near perfection as +possible. + +The Patent Full-fashioned Shirt, Drawers and Stocking Frames produce +the most perfect goods ever made by steam-power machinery, and cost +fifty per cent less to keep in repair than any other Knitting Machine. +Built 10 to 24 gage, and from 30 to 140 inch wide, to order. + +The Improved Circular Looping Frame, for putting on shirt cuffs, +drawers bands, clearing the top of circular shirts, &c., built to +order, of any size, from 2 in. to 22 in. diameter, and of any gage. + +Steel Needles and Sinkers to pattern. + +Persons wishing to order while Mr. Kent is in England, will please +address JOHN KENT, Nottingham, up to April 12th, or, if they prefer, +may send through depot. + +Address JOHN KENT, 348 Pearl st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +PUMPS.--For Description, Price Lists etc., of the Best Centrifugal Pump +ever invented, with Overwhelming Testimony in its favor, send for +new illustrated pamphlet (40 pp.) to Messrs. HEALD, SISCO & CO., +Baldwinsville, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +BRICK PRESSES. FOR RED AND FIRE BRICK. Factory 309 S. Fifth street, +Philadelphia, Pa. S. P. MILLER. + + * * * * * + + +ST. JOSEPH, Mo., Nov. 10, 1870. + +T. R. BAILEY & VAIL, LOCKPORT, N. Y.: + +GENTLEMEN:--The Lathe you shipped me has arrived, and I have it in +full operation. It works perfectly, and I think it the best lathe made +in the world for Bedstead and Chair work. I would recommend it to any +one desirous of obtaining such a lathe. Yours truly, + +H. R. BRISTOL. + + * * * * * + + +WOOLEN MILL FOR SALE. + +With House and 3 acres of land, Seymour, Ct., (Naugatuck Valley,) 2 +miles from R. R. depot. Never-failing stream. 3 ft. fall, dam and wheel +in good condition. Inquire of JAS. ORMSBEE, on the premises. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE & STATIONARY STEAM ENGINES +AND HOISTING ENGINES. A good article at low prices. Every machine +warranted. Send for descriptive Price List. + +H. B. BIGELOW & CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES + +[Illustration] + +Of the most approved kinds, of various sizes, to saw bevel as well as +square, without inclining the table, by FIRST & PRYIBIL, 452 to 456 +Tenth ave., New York. Price $250, $275, $350, and $400. At present +(Oct. 16), there are in operation, in this city alone, 88 of our +machines. Send for circular. Manufacture, also, an improved saw-filing +apparatus; price, $30. Have also on hand a large stock of best FRENCH +BANDSAW BLADES. + + * * * * * + + +L. & J. W. FEUCHTWANGER, 55 CEDAR ST., NEW YORK, CHEMISTS, +MANUFACTURERS, AND IMPORTERS OF SPECIALITIES, SILICATES, SODA AND +POTASH, CHLORIDE OF CALCIUM, PEROXIDE OF MANGANESE, HYDROFLUORIC +ACID, METALLIC OXIDES, STEEL AND GLASS MAKERS' AND POTTERS' ARTICLES, +PUBLISHERS OF TREATISES ON "SOLUBLE GLASS," "GEMS," AND "FERMENTED +LIQUORS." + + * * * * * + + +PIMLICO BRACES, SOMETHING NEW. + +THIS invention is based on a strictly scientific principle, and is +a valuable improvement on old style suspenders. It is simple in +construction, and combines the qualities of Brace and Suspender. They +are unequaled for elegance, durability and comfort. Manufactured +at the Monumental Silk Works, Baltimore. JOHN M. DAVIES & CO., Sole +Agents, 384 & 386 B'd'y, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +DR. J. ARMSTRONG'S (Patent) IMPROVED HEATER, FILTER, LIME EXTRACTOR, +AND CONDENSER COMBINED, FOR STEAM BOILERS. + +[Illustration] + +MANUFACTURED BY ARMSTRONG & STARR, Toledo, Ohio. + +_Send for Circulars._ + +Formerly Armstrong & Welsh. + + * * * * * + + +FOR SALE.--An Engine, 12×36 in. cylinder, and two Boilers, 4×15 feet, +in good order, will be sold cheap. J. J. TAYLOR & CO., 68 Courtlandt +st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +HUNTING, Trapping and Fishing. All about it. SENT FREE. Address +"HUNTER," Hinsdale, N. H. + + * * * * * + + +FIRST PREMIUM awarded by Am. Inst., 1870 +MICROSCOPES, } Illustrated price list and catalogues +MAGIC LANTERNS, } free to any address. +T. H. McALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau st., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +Rare and Beautiful Flowers +--AND-- +CHOICE VEGETABLES +Can always be obtained by Sowing + +[Illustration: BLISS'S SELECT GARDEN SEEDS.] + +BLISS'S SELECT GARDEN SEEDS. + +The Seventeenth Annual Edition of their celebrated "SEED CATALOGUE +AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN," is now ready for +distribution. It contains FOUR BEAUTIFULLY COLORED LITHOGRAPHS, and +about 300 choice Engravings of favorite Flowers and Vegetables, 136 +pages of closely-printed matter, and a list of Twenty-five Hundred +species and varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with explicit +directions for their culture, and much other useful information upon +the subject of Gardening. A copy will be mailed to all applicants +inclosing 25 cts. Regular customers supplied gratis. Address + +B. K. BLISS & SONS, +Nos. 23 Park Place, and 20 Murray st., P. O. Box No. 5712. +New York. + + * * * * * + + +SCIENCE FOR THE MILLION. + + +THE BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, + +DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF HOME LIFE, THE ARTS, AGRICULTURE, AND +MEDICINE. + +JAMES R. NICHOLS, M. D.,} +WILLIAM A. ROLFE, A. M.,} Editors. + +ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. + + +A paper which commends itself at once to Physicians, Druggists, +Chemists, Teachers, Farmers, Mechanics--in short, to Professional and +Practical Men of every class. + +The Domestic Recipes and Formulę for Art Processes are of themselves +worth many times the cost of subscription. + +---> SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE. + +Address +BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, +150 Congress st., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +FOOT LATHES, +And all kinds of small tools. Illustrated catalogue free. +GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +AGENTS WANTED.--To sell Stephens' PATENT COMBINATION RULE, which +embraces a Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, Slope Level, T Square, +etc., in one compact tool. These instruments retail at $3.50 each, and +energetic salesmen can make money by selling them among mechanics. We +warrant them in every particular, as the construction and graduation +is faultless. Send for descriptive circular, cuts, and terms. + +STEPHENS & CO., Riverton, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +FELT. THE BEST, CHEAPEST and MOST DURABLE non-conductor known, for +sale by the Original Manufacturer, at the BOILER FELTING WORKS, 46 +Courtland st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNIVERSAL WOOD WORKER. For Agricultural, Railroad, Car, Carriage, and +Wagon Works, Planing Mill, Sash, Door and Blind, Bedstead, Cabinet and +Furniture Factories. + +McBETH, BENTEL & MARGEDANT, Hamilton, O. + + * * * * * + + +INVENTOR'S EXCHANGE, +245 BROADWAY, N. Y., +"AM. AGRICULTURIST" BUILDING. +TANGIBLE INVENTIONS NEGOTIATED. +No goods received unless ordered. +B. F. KEMP, Proprietor. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINISTS' TOOLS, at greatly reduced prices. Also, some Woodworth +Planers and Second-hand Tools. 97 to 113 R. R. ave., Newark, N. J. + +E. & R. J. GOULD, successors to Gould Machine Co. + + * * * * * + + +N. B. PATENTED Articles introduced. +Also, State and County Rights sold for Inventors. +STONE, PUGH & CO., 55 N. 6th st., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +GOLDEN HILL Seminary for young ladies, Bridgeport, Conn. Miss EMILY +NELSON, Principal. + + * * * * * + + +1826 USE THE VEGETABLE 1870 + PULMONARY BALSAM. + +The old standard remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption. +"Nothing Better." CUTLER BROS. & Co., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +THE CALVERT IRON ROLLING MILLS are offered at private sale. These +mills are situated in the city of Baltimore, and cover 1½ acres of +ground. The Machinery is of the most approved description, for +making all sizes of round and square bar iron, from ¼ in. to 3 in. +diameter, and flat bars of all widths, up to 7 inches. + +The buildings are ample and commodious. + +In addition to the Rolling Mills are two brick buildings (50×125 +feet and 40×90 feet), now containing an 80 H. P. Engine, and Spike +Machinery, but which could be used for the manufacture of Nails, +Horseshoes, or any other branch of heavy hardware. + +This property offers an unusual opportunity to capitalists, and will +be sold at a reasonable price. + +For further description address + +MARSHALL P. SMITH, +P. O. Box 1158, Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + + +BURDON IRON WORKS.--Manufacturers of Pumping Engines for Water Works, +High & Low Pressure Engines, Portable Engines and Boilers, of all +kinds, Sugar Mills, Screw, Lever, Drop, & Hydraulic Presses, Machinery +in general. HUBBARD & WHITTAKER, 102 Front st., Brooklyn. + + * * * * * + + +ENGINES AND MACHINERY FOR SALE, at a great sacrifice. Two new Steam +Engines, 12 and 20 horse power; 1 Faribain's Riveting Machine; 1 large +Power Shears; 1 ditto Table Punch; 2 ditto Flange Punches; 1 set Power +Bending Rolls; together with a large lot of Turning Lathes, Drilling +Machines, Machinists' and Smiths' Hand Tools, Pulleys, Hangers, and 6 +Fairbanks' Platform Scales. Send for catalogue, or apply at the South +Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. Imlay and Summit sts., Brooklyn. + + * * * * * + + +SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE-- + +Law's Patent with Trevor & Co.'s Improvements. The Simplest and Best +in use. Also, Shingle, Heading and Stave Jointers, Equalizers, +Heading Turners, Planers etc. Address + +TREVOR & CO., Lockport, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +AGENTS WANTED--($225 A MONTH) by the AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. +Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +THE +_UNITED STATES_ +BRICK MACHINE +IS THE +BEST IN THE WORLD, +BECAUSE IT MAKES THE +GREATEST NUMBER, +THE BEST, and +THE CHEAPEST +BRICKS. + +IT IS THE PERFECTION OF SIMPLICITY. + +IT IS DURABLE, AND NOT LIKELY TO GET OUT OF REPAIR. + +See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Sept. 17, 1870. + +For Descriptive Circular apply to + +F. C. WELLS, PRESIDENT, +ROOM 13, 98 MADISON ST., +CHICAGO. + +MACHINES can be seen in operation at the Company's Works, Chicago; at +rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and at Novelty Iron Works, corner of +Delord and Peter sts., New Orleans. + + * * * * * + + +PREPARED + +ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT. + +[Illustration] + +This new prepared production is ready coated, and can be applied on +the roof without further trouble. It is easy of application, and does +not require any repairs for a long time. It is more durable than +some slates, and has been found a suitable substitute for iron or +tin roofs. It has a sanded or stony surface, which renders it +UNINFLAMMABLE and FIRE-PROOF. Exposed to the most intense fire, and +sparks falling upon it, it will not propagate the fire. Under the +influence of the sun it will not run, which makes it specially adapted +to hot climates. Its easy application and pleasing appearance have +made it a favorite roofing material throughout all the Indies and +other colonies. Being not cumbrous for transport, it is of invaluable +service to settlers and farmers in far remote districts. When used for +temporary purposes it may be taken off and applied again to another +construction. It replaces common Asphalting on Terraces, Lobbies, +Counting-houses, Office Floors, etc.; is a great preservative against +dampness and vermin, and equalizes the temperature. It is 32 inches +wide, and made in rolls of 25 yards each. Send for circular to + +E. H. MARTIN, +70 MAIDEN LANE AND 9 LIBERTY ST., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +J. J. H. GREGORY'S + +SEED CATALOGUE. + +My Annual Illustrated Catalogue, containing a list of many new and +rare Vegetables, some of which are not found in any other catalogue, +and all the standard vegetables of the farm and garden (over one +hundred of which I grow on my three seed farms), with a carefully +selected list of flower seed, will be sent free to all. All my seed is +sold under three warrants: + + 1st. That all money sent shall reach me. + 2d. That all seed ordered shall reach the purchaser. + 3d. That my seeds shall be fresh and true to name. + +JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +THE NEW WILSON +UNDER-FEED SHUTTLE +SEWING MACHINES! + +$25 CHEAPER THAN ANY OTHER! + +[Illustration] + +For Simplicity, Durability and Beauty they stand _UNRIVALLED!_ For +STITCHING, HEMMING, TUCKING, FELLING, Quilting, CORDING, BINDING, +BRAIDING, GATHERING, Gathering & sewing on gathers, _they are +unexcelled!_ + +For particulars address + +Wilson Sewing Machine Co., +Cleveland, O., or +St. Louis, Mo. + +AGENTS WANTED. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINERY, + +NEW AND 2d-HAND.--Send for Circular. CHAS. PLACE & CO., 60 Vesey st., +New York. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINISTS. + +Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of all kinds of small Tools and +Materials sent free to any address. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, +Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +P. BLAISDELL & CO. + +MANUFACTURERS of the "BLAISDELL" PATENT DRILL PRESSES, with quick +return motion, Agricultural Drills, Improved Engine Lathes, from 12 +in. to 28 in. swing, Planers, Gear Cutters, Boring Mills, Hand Lathes, +and other first-class Machinists' Tools. + +Jackson st., Worcester, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT +BEDSTEAD FASTENING. + +The BEST, CHEAPEST, and STRONGEST FASTENING ever invented. + +Rights for States and Territories for sale. Address JOHN DOMINGOS and +BENJAMIN ESSIG, Sacramento, Cal. + + * * * * * + + +BENT, GOODNOW & CO., + +Boston, Mass., Publishers of "PATENT STAR", sell Patent Rights and +goods of all kinds. Orders solicited. + +AGENTS WANTED. + +---> Send stamp for copy. + + * * * * * + + +TO THE WORKING CLASS.--We are now prepared to furnish all classes with +constant employment at home, the whole of the time or for the spare +moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons of either sex +easily earn from 50c. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by +devoting their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly +as much as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, +and test the business, we make this unparalleled offer: To such as are +not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing. +Full particulars, a valuable sample which will do to commence work on, +and a copy of _The People's Literary Companion_--one of the largest +and best family newspapers published--all sent free by mail. Reader, +if you want permanent, profitable work, address + +D. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine. + + * * * * * + + +_IMPORTANT_ + +TO MACHINISTS.--The Best Metal for all Machine Uses is the MARTIN +STEEL, made by THE NEW JERSEY STEEL AND IRON CO., Trenton, N. J. This +steel is made by an entirely different process from any other and is +tougher than wrought iron. It can be turned without annealing, being +entirely free from hard spots. Every one who uses it pronounces it +just what they have long wanted, for a multitude of uses, such as +Crank Pins, Lathe Spindles and Screws, Cotton Machinery Rollers, Saw +and Fan Spindles, etc., etc. Also, particularly adapted for Firebox +Plates. Prices low. Send for further information, or a sample, stating +use to which it is to be applied. + + * * * * * + + +OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING +MACHINERY. +OTIS, BROS. & CO. +No. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: TRADE MARK.] + +Union Emery Wheels. + +Solid and with Stone Center. +UNION STONE CO., Boston, Mass. +Branch Office, 93 Liberty st., N. Y. + +General Agents for the Am. Twist Drill Co.'s Superior Grinder and +other Emery Wheel Machinery and Tools. Send for Circular. + + * * * * * + + +WOODBURY'S PATENT _PLANING AND MATCHING_ and Molding Machines, Gray +& Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw Arbors, and other wood working +machinery. + + S. A. WOODS, {91 Liberty street, N. Y.; +Send for Circulars. {67 Sudbury street, Boston. + + * * * * * + + +RICHARDSON, MERIAM & CO., Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent +Daniels' and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash, and molding, +Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, Shaping, Vertical, and Circular Re-sawing +Machines, Saw Mills Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and +Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various other +kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues and price lists sent on +application. Manufactory, Worcester, Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., +New York. 17 1 + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +REYNOLDS' TURBINE WATER WHEELS. + +The Oldest and Newest. All others only imitations of each other in +their strife after complications to confuse the public. We do not +boast but quietly excel them all in staunch reliable, economical +power. Beautiful pamphlet free. GEO. TALLCOT, 96 Liberty st., New +York. + +GEARING, SHAFTING. + + * * * * * + + +_NIAGARA STEAM PUMP._ +CHAS. B. HARDICK, +Adams st., Brooklyn, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENTAL, and other machinery, Models for the +Patent Office, built to order by HOLSKE MACHINE CO., Nos. 528, 530, +and 532 Water st., near Jefferson. Refer to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN +office. 14 tf + + * * * * * + + +1832. +SCHENCK'S PATENT. +1870. +WOODWORTH PLANERS. + +And Re-Sawing Machines, Wood and Iron Working Machinery, Engines, +Boilers, etc. JOHN B. SCHENCK & SON, Matteawan, N. Y., and 118 Liberty +st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +WANTED--AGENTS, $20 PER DAY, TO sell the celebrated HOME SHUTTLE +SEWING MACHINE. Has the under-feed, makes the "lock stitch" alike on +both sides, and is fully licensed. The best and cheapest Family Sewing +Machine in the market. Address JOHNSON, CLARK & CO., Boston, Mass.; +Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill., or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +MILLING MACHINE, INDEX, STANDARD, UNIVERSAL, AND HORIZONTAL.--The +largest variety to be found in the country, on hand and finishing. +Workmanship, Material, and Design unsurpassed. Machines on exhibition +at Fair of American Institute. UNION VISE CO. OF BOSTON. Office 80 +Milk st. Works at Hyde Park, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +_ANDREW'S PATENTS._ NOISELESS, FRICTION GROOVED, PORTABLE, AND +WAREHOUSE HOISTERS. FRICTION OR GEARED MINING & QUARRY HOISTERS. +SMOKE-BURNING SAFETY BOILERS. OSCILLATING ENGINES, DOUBLE AND SINGLE, +1-2 TO 100-HORSE POWER. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, 100 TO 100,000 GALLONS PER +MINUTE, BEST PUMPS IN THE WORLD, PASS MUD, SAND, GRAVEL, COAL, GRAIN, +ETC., WITHOUT INJURY. ALL LIGHT, SIMPLE, DURABLE, AND ECONOMICAL. SEND +FOR CIRCULARS. + +WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., +414 Water street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +$150 A MONTH! EMPLOYMENT! +EXTRA INDUCEMENTS! + +A premium HORSE and WAGON for Agents. We desire to employ agents for +a term of seven years, to sell the Buckeye $20.00 Shuttle Sewing +Machine. It makes a stitch alike on both sides, and is the best +low-priced licensed machine in the world. W. A. HENDERSON & CO., +Cleveland, Ohio, or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +ALLCOTT'S LATHES, for Broom, Hoe, and Rake Handles, for sale by + +L. W. POND, 98 Liberty st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNRIVALLED Hand Saw Mill, Self-feeding, with ease. Rip 3-in. lumber; +guaranteed do work of 3 men. The only hand saw machine known, does as +represented. Thousands in use. Send for circular. + +WM. H. HOAG, Sole Manufacturer, 214 Pearl st. N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +U. S. PIANO CO. N. Y. Best in the World--$290. Sent on trial--See large +cut and terms in Scientific American. Oct. 1st 1870. + + * * * * * + + +_DOVETAILING MACHINE._ WILL MAKE 400 DRAWERS PER DAY. See SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN, Jan. 11, '71. H. H. EVARTS, 93 Liberty st.; TREVOR & CO., +Lockport N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +CIRCULAR SAW MILLS. HAYS & NEWMAN'S PATENT DOUBLE PARALLEL EDGERS, +FOSTER'S PATENT LOG-CANTING MACHINES, and Sawmill Machinery generally, +manufactured by the WASHINGTON MOWING MACHINE COMPANY. LEROY MOWRY, +Agent, Sandy Hill, Wash. Co., N. Y. Send for Illustrated Circulars and +Price Lists. + + * * * * * + + +_TO ELECTRO-PLATERS._ BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in sets +or single, with books of instruction, manufactured and sold by THOMAS +HALL, Manufacturing Electrician, 19 Bromfield street, Boston, Mass. +Illustrated catalogue sent free on application. + + * * * * * + + +PRIZE MEDAL SCROLL SAW.-- +THOS. L. CORNELL, DERBY, CONN. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT RIGHTS SOLD ON COMMISSION. + +By E. E. ROBERTS & CO., Consulting Engineers, 15 Wall St., N. Y. Send +Stamp for Circular. + + * * * * * + + +NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING. + +A Book of 125 closely printed pages, lately issued, contains a list of +the best American Advertising Mediums giving the names, circulations, +and full particulars concerning the leading Daily and Weekly +Political and Family Newspapers, together with all those having large +circulations, published in the interest of Religion, Agriculture, +Literature, etc., etc. Every Advertiser, and every person who +contemplates becoming such, will find this book of great value. Mailed +free to any address on receipt of 25c. + +GEO. P. ROWELL & CO., + +Publishers, No. 40 Park Row, New York. + +The Pittsburgh (Pa.) Leader, in its issue of May 29, 1870 says: + +"The firm of G. P. Rowell & Co., which issues this interesting and +valuable book, is the largest and best Advertising Agency in the +United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to the attention +of those who desire to advertise their business SCIENTIFICALLY and +SYSTEMATICALLY in such a way: that is, so as to secure the largest +amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." + + * * * * * + + +THE CELEBRATED +_COLD-ROLLED SHAFTING._ + +This Shafting is in every particular superior to any turned Shafting +ever made. It is the most ECONOMICAL SHAFTING to buy, being so very +much stronger than turned Shafting. Less diameter answers every +purpose, causing a great saving in coupling, pulleys and hangers. +It is perfectly round, and made to Whitworth Gage. All who give it a +trial continue to use it exclusively. We have it in large quantities. +Call and examine it, or send for price list. + +Address +GEORGE PLACE & CO., +126 and 128 Chambers st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_N. Y. MACHINERY DEPOT._ + +GEORGE PLACE & CO., Manufacturers and Dealers in Wood and Iron Working +Machinery, of every description, Stationary and Portable Engines +and Boilers, Leather and Rubber Belting, and all articles needful in +Machine or Railroad Repair Shops. 126 and 128 Chamber st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_STURTEVANT BLOWERS._ + +These are in every particular the best and most perfect Blower ever +made. A full assortment of every size on hand, ready to deliver. + +Address +GEORGE PLACE & CO., +126 and 128 Chamber St., New York. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: WROUGHT IRON Beams & Girders] + +The Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. The attention of Engineers and +Architects is called to our improved Wrought-iron Beams and Girders +(patented), in which the compound welds between the stem and flanges, +which have proved so objectionable in the old mode of manufacturing, +are entirely avoided, we are prepared to furnish all sizes at terms +as favorable as can be obtained elsewhere. For descriptive lithograph +address Carnegie, Kloman & Co., Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +MILL OWNERS, ATTENTION.--Our Turbine Water Wheels still ahead. No +complications. Simple, compact, and durable. Prices moderate. + +VALENTINE & CO., Ft. Edward, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +THE WOODWARD STEAM-PUMP MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Manufacturers of the +Woodward Pat. Improved Safety Steam Pump and Fire Engine, Steam, +Water, and Gas Fittings of all kinds. Also Dealers in Wrought-iron +Pipe, Boiler Tubes, etc. Hotels, Churches, Factories, & Public +Buildings heated by Steam. Low Pressure. Woodward Building, 76 and 78 +Center st., cor. of Worth st. (formerly of 77 Beekman st., N. Y.) All +parties are hereby cautioned against infringing the Pat. Right of the +above Pump. G. M. WOODWARD, Pres't. + + * * * * * + + +BUERK'S WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR.--Important for all large +Corporations and Manufacturing concerns--capable of controlling with +the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the same +reaches different stations of his beat. Send for a Circular. + +J. E. BUERK, +P. O. Box 1,057 Boston, Mass. + +N. B.--This detector is covered by two U. S. Patents. Parties using or +selling these instruments without authority from me will be dealt with +according to law. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COMBINING the maximum of efficiency, +durability and economy, with the minimum of weight and price. They are +widely and favorably known, more than 750 being in use. All warranted +satisfactory or no sale. Descriptive circulars sent on application. +Address + +J. C. HOADLEY & CO., Lawrence, Mass. +46. Cortlandt st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +$5 TO $10 PER DAY. + +MEN, WOMEN, BOYS and GIRLS who engage in our new business make from +$5 TO $10 PER DAY in their own localities. Full particulars and +instructions sent free by mail. Those in need of permanent, profitable +work, should address at once. GEORGE STINSON & CO., Portland, Maine. + + * * * * * + + +_AGENTS! READ THIS!_ + +WE WILL PAY AGENTS A SALARY OF $30 PER WEEK and expenses, or allow a +large commission, to sell our new and wonderful inventions. + +Address +M. WAGNER & CO., Marshall, Mich. + + * * * * * + + +EPILEPSY OR FITS. + +A sure cure for this distressing complaint is now made known in +a Treatise of 48 octavo pages, on Foreign and Native Herbal +Preparations, published by Dr. O. Phelps Brown. The prescription +was discovered by him in such a providential manner that he cannot +conscientiously refuse to make it known, as it has cured everybody +who has used it for Fits, never having failed in a single case. The +ingredients may be obtained from any druggist. Persons desiring a copy +may address Dr. O. Phelps Brown, No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City, +N. J., and it will be sent by return mail. + + * * * * * + + +WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY GENERALLY. Specialties, Woodworth Planers and +Richardson's Patent Improved Tenon Machines. Nos. 24 and 26 Central, +corner Union st., Worcester, Mass. Warerooms 42 Cortlandt st., New +York. + +WITHERBY RUGG, & RICHARDSON. + + * * * * * + + +CINCINNATI BRASS WORKS.--Engineers and Steam Fitters' Brass Work, Best +Quality at very Low Prices. F. LUNKENHEIMER, Prop'r. + + * * * * * + + +HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE. + +The simplest, cheapest, and best in use. Has but one needle! A child +can run it! + +AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY TOWN. + +Send for Circular and Sample Stocking to + +HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE CO., Bath, Me. + + * * * * * + + +LATHE CHUCKS--HORTON'S PATENT + +from 4 to 36 inches. Also for car wheels. Address + +E. HORTON & SON, Windsor Locks, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +SILICATE OF SODA, IN ITS VARIOUS forms, manufactured as a specialty, +by Philadelphia Quartz Co., 783 South 2d st. Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + +_Advertisements will be admitted on this page at the rate of $1.00 +per line for each insertion. Engravings may head advertisements at the +same rate per line, by measurement, as the letter-press._ + + * * * * * + + +_AN IMPORTANT FACT._ +MARVIN & CO.'S +SPHERICAL SAFES +HAVE NEVER BEEN ROBBED. +Hundreds are in use by Banks, Bankers, and Merchants. + {265 Broadway, New York. + {721 Chestnut st., Philadelphia. +Warehouses, {108 Bank st., Cleveland. + { 93 Main st., Buffalo. + + * * * * * + + +L: L: SMITH & CO., +NICKEL PLATERS, +6 HOWARD ST., NEW YORK, +Between Elm and Centre. + + * * * * * + + +_SAVE YOUR FUEL._ + +[Illustration] + +THE ORIGINAL L. B. TUPPER'S +FURNACE GRATE BAR. + +Guaranteed to make from 5 to 10 lbs. more steam, with less fuel, than +any other bar. Adapted to all kinds of fuel; no alteration of furnace +required. Received Silver Medal at Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, +1870; Silver Medal at Worcester Co. Mechanics' Association, 1866; +Medal and Diploma at American Institute Fair, 1870; Honorable Mention +at Paris Exposition. Send for descriptive pamphlet. Now in use in +10,000 places. + +L. B. TUPPER, 120 West st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +PYROMETERS. + +For Blast Furnaces, Bakers' Ovens, Boiler Flues, Superheated Steam Oil +Stills, Zinc and Lead Baths. E. BROWN, 311 Walnut st., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +_AGENTS WANTED._ + +To sell the UNIVERSAL SASH LOCK. IT IS SELF-ACTING AND BURGLAR-PROOF. +Send stamp for circulars. Carpenters and Builders can make from $10 to +$20 selling them. Address G. S. LACEY, care of Patterson Brothers, No. +27 Park Row, New York city. + + * * * * * + + +SPERM OIL, _strictly pure_, for SEWING MACHINES and fine Machinery, in +bottles and bbls. + +Sample by mail, 25 cts. W. F. NYE, New Bedford, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +_THE REASONS WHY_ + +DOOLEY'S YEAST POWDER is preferred to any other Baking Powder in +market, are owing to its perfect purity, quality, quantity, +and economy. The ingredients are strictly free from deleterious +substances, and hence the full strength of each is obtained, and the +results are uniform every time it is used. This cannot be the case in +those of ordinary manufacture, and for proof of our assertion, we ask +those who have never used DOOLEY'S YEAST POWDER to give it a trial. +Your grocer keeps it. DOOLEY & BROTHER, Manufacturers, 69 New st., New +York. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT CUTTERS for the Teeth of Gear Wheels, which can be sharpened by +grinding, without changing their form. Cutters made on this plan +will last many times as long as those of the common form, with the +advantage of being always ready for use. Descriptive circular, with +price list, sent per mail on application. BROWN & SHARPE M'F'G CO., +Providence, R. I. + + * * * * * + + +A SPRING OF WATER AT THE TOP OF THE HOUSE. + +HOUGHTON'S AUTOMATIC WATER ELEVATOR, patented Feb. 7, 1871, No. +111,542, delivers water from the well or cistern in the tank at the +top of the house. Is operated by the fire in the kitchen range without +additional fuel; is simple in construction, reliable and cheap. +Reliable parties wanted to introduce them into use in all the States +except New England. For drawings and full description address + +CHARLES HOUGHTON, 41 State St., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +SHORT HAND.--150 words per minute in four weeks. Send stamp for +Circular. + +PROF. GRAY, P. O. Box 4847, New York. + + * * * * * + + +WATCHES THAT ARE WATCHES. + +WE SHALL BE PLEASED TO SEND OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LIST OF GENUINE +WALTHAM WATCHES, TOGETHER WITH AN ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET ENTITLED A +HISTORY OF WATCHMAKING, TO ALL WHO SEND US THEIR ADDRESS. NO MATTER +HOW REMOTE YOU ARE FROM NEW YORK, WE CAN SELL YOU A WATCH AT THE SAME +PRICE AS IF YOU WERE HERE. WHEN YOU WRITE MENTION THAT YOU SAW THIS +NOTICE IN THE SCIENTIFIC AMER. HOWARD & CO., 865 BROADWAY, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +ENGINES, TOOLS, MACHINERY, ETC., +FOR SALE AT THE +NOVELTY IRON WORKS, +FOOT OF EAST 12TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY, + +EMBRACING Engines, Planers, Lathes, Smith and Boiler Makers' Tools, +and Machinery and Patterns of the most approved kinds, etc. Also, +1 High Pressure Engine, 12-inch diameter by 30-inch stroke: 2 +Stevenson's Patent Turbine Water Wheels, 66-inch diameter, and 1 +Marine Beam Engine, 60-inches by 10-feet stroke. Send for catalogue. + +JNO. S. SCHULTZE, + +RECEIVER OF THE NOVELTY IRON WORKS. +New York, March 1, 1871. + + * * * * * + + +FOR CIRCULAR ILLUSTRATING A NEW and greatly improved TURBINE WHEEL, +believed to be the best and cheapest in the market, apply to + +PUSEY JONES & CO., +Wilmington, Delaware + + * * * * * + + +HOTCHKISS BRICK AND TILE MACHINE.--Send for Circular to Room 7, No. 19 +Cliff street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +PRATT'S +ASTRAL +OIL: + +Not the cheapest, but the best Illuminating Oil ever made. Does not +take fire or explode if the lamp be upset or broken. Over 100,000 +families continue to use it, and no accidents of any description, +directly or indirectly, have occurred from it. + +Oil House of CHARLES PRATT, +Established 1770, New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNION +SPOKE WORKS. + +SPOKES, RIMS, AND PLOW HANDLES. +All goods warranted seasoned, and of the best quality. + +JOHN G. DAVIS & SON, +Southwest cor. of Leopard and Otter sts., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +Vertical & Horizontal +CORN MILLS. +30-inch grinds 30 bus. per hour, +and 20-in. 15. Price $280 and $140. +EDWARD HARRISON, +New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +IRON STEAMSHIP BUILDERS. +NEAFIE & LEVY, +PENN WORKS, +MARINE ENGINES, BOILERS, ETC., +PHILADELPHIA, PA. + + * * * * * + + +SWAIN TURBINE. + +"OUR LOW-WATER WHEEL FROM THIS ON" + +WILL DO TEN PER CENT MORE WORK on small streams, in a dry season, than +any wheel ever invented. Gave the best results, in every respect, at +the Lowell Tests. + +For Report of tests at Lowell, with Diagrams and Tables of Power, +address + +THE SWAIN TURBINE CO., +NORTH CHELMSFORD, MASS. + + * * * * * + + +BUILDING PAPER +OF THREE GRADES. +TARRED SHEATHING, + +For outside of Studding, under Clapboards. A non-conductor of cold, +heat, and dampness. + +PREPARED PLASTERING BOARD, + +a cheap and perfect substitute for lath and plaster; makes a smooth, +warm, and substantial wall, at less than half the usual cost. + +DOUBLE THICK ROOFING + +and Quartz Cement, make a good water and fire-proof roof, for less +than $3.50 per square. + +Sample and Circulars sent free, by +ROCK RIVER PAPER CO., +Chicago; or, +B. E. HALE, +22 & 24 Frankfort street, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, Drills, and other Machinists' Tools, +of superior quality, on hand, and finishing. For sale low. For +Description and Price address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO. New Haven +Conn. + + * * * * * + + +_RUMPFF & LUTZ,_ + +IMPORTERS and Manufacturers of Aniline Colors and Dyestuffs, Colors +for Paperhangers and Stainers. Reliable recipes for Dyeing and +Printing on Silk, Wool, and Cotton. All new improvements in the art of +Dyeing, and new Colors are transmitted to us by our friends in Europe, +as soon as they appear. + +42 Beaver street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +PAGE'S +_PATENT TANNED BELTING_ + +Runs 25 per cent more machinery, is nearly twice as strong, and wears +50 per c. longer than any other. Send for circular containing price +lists and discounts. + +PAGE BROTHERS, SOLE MANUF'RS, FRANKLIN, N. H. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +STEAM ENGINES & BOILERS + +From 4 to 500 horse power including Corliss Engines, Slide Valve +Stationary Engines, Portable Engines, etc. Also, Circular Saw Mills, +Shafting, Pulleys etc. Wheat and Corn Mills, Circular Saws, etc. + +Send for Price List. + +WOOD & MANN +STEAM ENGINE COMPANY, +WORKS--UTICA, N. Y. +PRINCIPAL OFFICE--42 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +DRILLS +DIAMOND POINTED +_STEAM DRILLS._ + +FOR ALL KINDS OF ROCK DRILLING, Mining, Quarrying, Tunneling, Railroad +Grading, Well Boring, Prospecting, etc. Fifty to Seventy-five per cent +of cost and time of hand labor saved. "Test Cores," in form of solid +cylinders of rock or mineral taken out of mines from any depth not +exceeding one thousand feet, showing true value, stratification, etc. +No percussion. Never require sharpening. FIRST PREMIUMS awarded in +both American and Europe. Illustrated Circulars sent on application. +Beware of infringements. + +SEVERANCE & HOLT, +Proprietors and Manufacturers, +Office 16 Wall st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_NICKEL PLATING._ +BEARDSLEE NICKEL AND MANUFACTURING CO., +82 AND 84 FULTON ST., BROOKLYN, N. Y. + +RIGHTS sold for the use of, and instruction given in the best method +of Nickel Plating. An experience of twelve years enables us to offer a +solution and apparatus that remain practically unchanged for years, in +constant use. + +FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED + +us by the AMERICAN INSTITUTE in 1870. Critical examination of our +work solicited. All goods sent to our Factory will meet with prompt +attention. + +New York Office--4 DEV ST., ROOM 2. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +BEST DAMPER REGULATOR +for Steam Boiler. Send for Circulars. +Agents wanted. MURRILL & KEIZER, Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + + +PAT. SOLID EMERY WHEELS AND OIL STONES, for Brass and Iron Work, Saw +Mills, and Edge Tools. Northampton Emery Wheel Co., Leeds, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +NO +LIVE MECHANIC +Can afford to be without some of +BAIRD'S +BOOKS +FOR PRACTICAL MEN. + +My new and enlarged Catalogue of PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 82 +pages, 8vo., will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will favor +me with his address. + +HENRY CAREY BAIRD, +Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut St., +PHILADELPHIA. + + * * * * * + + +THE FIFTH GRAND STATE FAIR +OF THE +MECHANICS AND AGRICULTURAL STATE ASSOCIATION OF LOUISIANA + +Will be held on the Fair Grounds of the Association, in the city of +New Orleans, commencing SATURDAY, APRIL 8, 1871, and continuing nine +days. Exhibitors are invited from every section of America. Railroads, +steamships, and other transportation lines, as named in the Premium +Catalogues, will carry exhibitors and their wares to and from the +Fair at one half the usual rates. For further information see Premium +Catalogue, which will be sent to any address free of charge. + +LUTHER HOMES, Secretary and Treasurer, +New Orleans, La. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +ROOT'S SAFETY BOILER. +For Pamphlets with Price +List and Testimonials, address +ROOT STEAM ENGINE CO,, +2d Ave., cor. 28th st., N. Y. +THE BEST IN THE MARKET. + + * * * * * + + +_WIRE ROPE._ +JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS, +MANUFACTURERS, TRENTON, N. J. + +For Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rigging, Bridges, Ferries, Stays, +or Guys on Derricks & Cranes, Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of Copper +and Iron, Lightning Conductors of Copper. Special attention given +to hoisting rope of all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Apply for +circular, giving price and other information. Send for pamphlet on +Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes. A large stock constantly on hand +at New York Warehouse, No. 117 Liberty street. + + * * * * * + + +$732 IN 31 DAYS, + +Made by one Agent, selling Silver's Broom. 100,000 in use. Recommended +by Horace Greeley and _Am. Agriculturist_. One county for each Agent. +_Prices Reduced_. C. A. CLEGG & CO., New York, or Chicago, Ill. + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN SAW CO., MANUFACTURERS OF + +[Illustration: + +EMERSON'S PATENT +MOVEABLE TOOTHED +CIRCULAR SAWS] + +And Perforated Circular and Long Saws. Also Solid Saws of all kinds. +No. 1 Ferry St., cor. Gold street, New York. Branch Office for Pacific +Coast, No. 606 Front street, San Francisco, Cal. + + * * * * * + + +_MACHINE SCREWS,_ +For all purposes, with square, round, and +hexagon heads. A. W. GIFFORD & CO., +Worcester, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT +COLD ROLLED +SHAFTING. + +The fact that this Shafting has 75 per cent greater strength, a +finer finish, and is truer to gage, than any other in use, renders it +undoubtedly the most economical. We are also the sole manufacturers +of the CELEBRATED COLLINS PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, +etc., of the most approved styles. Price Lists mailed on application +to + +JONES & LAUGHLINS, +120 Water street, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +---> Stocks of this Shafting in store and for sale by + +FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass. +GEO. PLACE & CO., 126 Chambers street, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: + +SCHLENKER'S PATENT +BOLT CUTTER +NEW INVENTION. ADDRESS, +HOWARD IRON WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y. +] + + * * * * * + + +_STEAM SUPER-HEATER,_ + +For Saving Fuel, and supplying Dry Steam of any desired temperature. +Safe, durable, easily attached. + +H. W. BULKLEY Engineer, 98 Liberty st., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +FOR CIRCULAR OF TREMPER'S PATENT VARIABLE CUT-OFF, for high and low +pressure Steam Engines, address + +PUSEY JONES & CO. Wilmington Delaware. + + * * * * * + + +HARRISON +SAFETY +BOILER. + +First-class Medal, World's Fair, London, 1862. And American Institute +Fair, New York, 1869. + +Over 1,000 Boilers in Use. + +WESTON'S PATENT DIFFERENTIAL + +PULLEY BLOCKS. + +75,000 IN USE. + +Address +HARRISON BOILER WORKS, +PHILADELPHIA, PA. +or, JOHN A. COLEMAN, Agent, +110 Broadway, New York, and 139 Federal st., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +_DOYLE'S_ +PATENT DIFFERENTIAL +PULLEY BLOCKS, + +The celebrated DOYLE BLOCKS have taken premiums over the differential +Blocks of all other makers at every Fair where they have been +exhibited at the same time. WHEN YOU BUY, SEE THAT THE BLOCKS ARE +MARKED J. J. DOYLE. Pat. Jan. 8, 1861. All others are infringements. + +SAMUEL HALL'S SON & CO., +SOLE MANUFACTURERS. +229 WEST 10TH STREET, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +HEAVY CASTINGS FOR FORGE AND MILL WORK. The M. & T. SAULT CO. Steam +Engine Builders & Founders, New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +EMPLOYMENT. + +$250 A MONTH with Stencil Dies. Samples free. Address + +S. M. SPENCER Brattleboro Vt. + + * * * * * + + +THE +TANITE EMERY WHEEL. +Does not Glaze, Gum, Heat, or Smell. Address +THE TANITE CO., +Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa. + + * * * * * + + +A. S. & J. GEAR & CO., Boston, furnish every description of Wood and +Iron Working Machinery and Supplies. The best in use, regardless of +maker, at lowest possible rates. + + * * * * * + + +_WORKING MODELS_ + +And Experimental Machinery, Metal, or Wood, made to order, by J. F. +WERNER 62 Center st. N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +McNAB & HARLAN, Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Pipe and Fittings, +Brass Cocks, Valves, Gage Cocks, Whistles, Water Gages, and Oil Cups, +Harlin's Patent Lubricator, Plumber's Brass Work, Getty's Patent Pipe +Cutter, Getty's Patent Proving Pump and Gage. No. 86 John st., New +York. + + * * * * * + + +THE +ALLEN ENGINE WORKS, +THE ALLEN ENGINE. + +Fourth avenue and 130th and 131st sts., New York city Manufacturers of + +PORTER'S GOVERNOR, +THE ALLEN BOILER, AND +STANDARD STRAIGHT EDGES, SURFACE PLATES, AND +ANGLE PLATES. + +Four first premiums were awarded to us at the Fair of the American +Institute, 1870. + +Send for our illustrated circular. + + * * * * * + + +_L. W. POND--NEW TOOLS._ + +EXTRA HEAVY AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. + +LATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, of all sizes; Vertical Boring Mills, ten +feet swing, and under; Milling Machines, Gear and Bolt Cutters; Hand +Punches and Shears for Iron. + +Office and Warerooms, 98 Liberty st., New York; Works at Worcester, +Mass. + +A. C. STEBBINS, New York, Agent. + + * * * * * + + +WATER-PROOF +_BUILDING PAPER_ + +(No Tar), for Roofing, Sheathing, Ceilings, Oil-cloths, Shoe +Stiffenings, Tags, Trunks, Cartridges, Blasting, Pass-book Covers, +Grain and Flour Bins, etc., for sale by + +J. HUNTER, JR., +Paper Warehouse, 59 Duane st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +FOR 1871. + +TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR. + +EVERY NUMBER is printed on fine paper, and elegantly illustrated with +original engravings representing + +NEW INVENTIONS, NOVELTIES IN MECHANICS, MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, +PHOTOGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE. AGRICULTURE. ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND ART. + +Farmers, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Chemists Manufacturers and +People of all Professions or Trades will find the + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +of great value and interest. + +The Editors are assisted by many of the ablest American and European +Writers, and having access to all the leading Scientific and +Mechanical Journals of the world, the columns of the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN are constantly enriched with the choicest Information. + +An Official List of all the Patents Issued is published Weekly. + +The Yearly Numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN make two splendid +Volumes of nearly ONE THOUSAND PAGES equivalent in size to FOUR +THOUSAND ordinary book pages. + +SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE. + +TERMS--$3.00 a year, $1.50 half year; Clubs of Ten Copies for one +year, at $2.50 each, $25.00, + +With a SPLENDID PREMIUM to the person who forms the Club, consisting +of a copy of the celebrated Steel Plate Engraving, "Men of Progress." + +Address + +MUNN & CO., +PUBLISHERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. +37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. 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