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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/19180-8.txt b/19180-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b620ac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/19180-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6712 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, + March 18, 1871, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 + A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 5, 2006 [EBook #19180] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + + + + +A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, +CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. + + +NEW YORK, MARCH 18, 1871. + +Vol. XXIV.--No. 12. [NEW SERIES.] + +$3 per Annum [IN ADVANCE.] + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. + +PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT + +NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. + +O. D. MUNN. S. H. WALES. A. E. BEACH. + +VOL. XXIV., NO. 12 ... [NEW SERIES.] _Twenty-sixth Year_ + +NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 18, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +CONTENTS: + + +(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) + + *Knots and Splices 175 + Influence of Cold on Iron and Steel. 176 + Oak Graining in Oil Colors 176 + Knots and Splices (Explanation) 177 + Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Co.'s Report 177 + *Improved Spiral Spring for Railway Carriages 178 + *Portable Writing and Copying Case 178 + How Walking-sticks are Made 178 + Flowering of the Victoria Regia 178 + Jute 178 + Ventilation of the Liverpool Tunnel 178 + *Impregnating Wood with Tar, etc. 178 + *Boardman's Combined Tool 179 + *Belt Tightener 179 + Some Things I don't want in the Building Trades 179 + *Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines 179 + *Answer to Practical Problem 179 + Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines 179 + Test for White Lead 180 + How to Build a Chimney 180 + Crystallized Honey 180 + Rambles for Relics.--No. 2 180 + Silk Culture 181 + *Universal Boring Machine 182 + *Combined Trunk and Rocking-chair 182 + Cosmetics 182 + *Smith's Infant Dining-chair 182 + The Medicines of the Ancients 182 + *Barnes Ventilator for Mattresses 182 + Exhibition of the National Photographic Association 182 + A Scientific and Technical Awakening 183 + The Sherman Process 183 + Rubber Tires for Traction Engines 183 + Central Shaft of the Hoosac Tunnel 184 + A Museum of Art and Natural History 184 + Report of Judges, American Institute Fair. + --The Allen Engine 184 + Lyceum of Natural History 184 + Warming and Ventilating Railroad Cars 184 + The Mineral Resources of Missouri 185 + Scientific Intelligence 185 + American Institute of Mining Engineers 185 + Consumption of Sugar, Coffee, and Tea 185 + Unpleasant Discovery in the Patent Office 185 + Substitute for Albumen in Photography (omitted) 185 + Louisiana State Fair 185 + Test for Purity of Water 185 + New Books and Publications 185 + Business and Personal 186 + Answers to Correspondents 186 + Applications for the Extension of Patents 186 + Recent American and Foreign Patents 187 + Queries 187 + Inventions Patented in England by Americans 187 + List of Patents 187 + + * * * * * + + + + +THE INFLUENCE OF INTENSE COLD ON STEEL AND IRON. + +[Condensed from Nature.] + + +There has recently been a most interesting discussion at the Literary +and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on the above subject. + +The paper which gave rise to the discussion was by Mr. Brockbank, who +detailed many experiments, and ended by stating his opinion that iron +does become much weaker, both in its cast and wrought states, under +the influence of low temperature; but Mr. Brockbank's paper was +immediately followed by others by Sir W. Fairbairn, Dr. Joule, and Mr. +Spence, which at once put an entirely new complexion on the matter. + +Dr. Joule says: + +"As is usual in a severe frost, we have recently heard of many severe +accidents consequent upon the fracture of the tires of the wheels of +railway carriages. The common-sense explanation of these accidents is, +that the ground being harder than usual, the metal with which it +is brought into contact is more severely tried than in ordinary +circumstances. In order apparently to excuse certain railway +companies, a pretence has been set up that iron and steel become +brittle at a low temperature. This pretence, although put forth in +defiance, not only of all we know, of the properties of materials, but +also of the experience of everyday life, has yet obtained the credence +of so many people that I thought it would be useful to make the +following simple experiments: + +"1st. A freezing mixture of salt and snow was placed on a table. Wires +of steel and of iron were stretched, so that a part of them was in +contact with the freezing mixture and another part out of it. In every +case I tried the wire broke outside of the mixture, showing that it +was weaker at 50° F., than at about 12° F. + +"2d. I took twelve darning needles of good quality, 3 in. long, 1/24 +in. thick. The ends of these were placed against steel props, 2-1/8 +in. asunder. In making an experiment, a wire was fastened to +the middle of a needle, the other end being attached to a spring +weighing-machine. This was then pulled until the needle gave way. Six +of the needles, taken at random, were tried at a temperature of 55° +F., and the remaining six in a freezing mixture which brought down +their temperature to 12° F. The results were as follow:-- + + Warm Needles. Cold Needles. + 64 ounces broke 55 ounces broke + 65 " " 64 " " + 55 " " 72 " " + 62 " " 60 " bent + 44 " " 68 " broke + 60 " bent 40 " " + --- --- +Average, 58-1/3 Average, 59-5/6 + +"I did not notice any perceptible difference in the perfection of +elasticity in the two sets of needles. The result, as far as it goes, +is in favor of the cold metal. + +"3d. The above are doubtless decisive of the question at issue. But +as it might be alleged that the violence to which a railway wheel is +subjected is more akin to a blow than a steady pull; and as, moreover, +the pretended brittleness is attributed more to cast iron than any +other description of the metal, I have made yet another kind of +experiment. I got a quantity of cast iron garden nails, an inch and +a quarter long and 1/8 in. thick in the middle. These I weighed, +and selected such as were nearly of the same weight. I then arranged +matters so that by removing a prop I could cause the blunt edge of a +steel chisel weighted to 4lb. 2oz., to fall from a given height upon +the middle of the nail as it was supported from each end, 1-1/16 in. +asunder. In order to secure the absolute fairness of the trials, the +nails were taken at random, and an experiment with a cold nail was +always alternated with one at the ordinary temperature. The nails to +be cooled were placed in a mixture of salt and snow, from which they +were removed and struck with the hammer in less than 5"." + +The collective result of the experiments, the details of which need +not be given, was that 21 cold nails broke and 20 warm ones. + +Dr. Joule adds, "The experiments of Lavoisier and Laplace, of Smeaton, +of Dulong and Petit, and of Troughton, conspire in giving a less +expansion by heat to steel than iron, especially if the former be in +an untempered state; but this, would in certain limits have the effect +of strengthening rather than of weakening an iron wheel with a tire of +steel. + +"The general conclusion is this: Frost does _not_ make either iron +(cast or wrought), or steel, brittle. + +Mr. Spence, in his experiments, decided on having some lengths of +cast iron made of a uniform thickness of ½ in. square, from the same +metal and the same mould. + +He writes:--"Two of the four castings I got seemed to be good ones, +and I got the surface taken off, and made them as regular a thickness +as was practicable. + +"I then fixed two knife-edged wedges upon the surface of a plank, at +exactly nine inches distance from each other, with an opening in the +plank in the intervening space, the bar being laid across the wedges, +a knife-edged hook was hung in the middle of the suspended piece of +the bar, and to the hook was hung a large scale on which to place +weights. + +"The bar was tried first at a temperature of 60° F.; to find the +breaking weight I placed 56lb. weights one after another on the scale, +and when the ninth was put on the bar snapped. This was the only +unsatisfactory experiment, as 14 or 28lb. might have done it, but I +include it among others. I now adopted another precaution, by placing +the one end of the plank on a fixed point and the other end on to a +screw-jack, by raising which I could, without any vibration, bring the +weight to bear upon the bar. By this means, small weights up to 7lb. +could be put on while hanging, but when these had to be taken off and +a large weight put on, the scale was lowered to the rest, and again +raised after the change was made. I may here state that a curious +circumstance occurred twice, which seems to indicate that mere raising +of the weight, without the slightest apparent vibration, was equal in +effect to an additional weight. 3¾ cwts. were on the scale, a 14lb. +weight was added, then 7lb., then 4lb., 2lb., 1lb., and 1lb., making +4cwts. and 1lb. This was allowed to act for from one to two minutes, +and then lowered to take off the small weights, which were replaced by +a 56lb. with the intention of adding small weights when suspended; the +whole was then raised so imperceptibly by the screw, that the only way +of ascertaining that it was suspended, was by looking under the scale +to see that it was clear of the rest. As soon as it was half-an-inch +clear it snapped, thus breaking at once with one pound less than it +resisted for nearly two minutes. + +"Six experiments were carefully conducted at 60° F., the parts of the +bars being selected so as to give to each set of experiments similar +portions of both bars; the results are marked on the pieces. My +assistant now prepared a refrigerating mixture which stood at zero, +the bars were immersed for some time in this, and we prepared for the +breaking trials to be made as quickly as could be, consistently with +accuracy; and to secure the low temperature, each bar, on being placed +in the machine, had its surface at top covered with the freezing +mixture. The bars at zero broke with more regularity than at 60°, but +instead of the results confirming the general impression as to cold +rendering iron more brittle, they are calculated to substantiate +an exactly opposite idea, namely, that reduction of temperature, +_cęteris paribus_, increases the strength of cast iron. The only +doubtful experiment of the whole twelve is the first, and as it stands +much the highest, the probability is that it should be lower; yet, +even taking it as it stands, the average of the six experiments at +60° F., gives 4cwt. 4lb. as the breaking weight of the bar at that +temperature, while the average of the six experiments at zero gives +4cwt 20lb. as the breaking weight of the bar at zero, being an +increase of strength, from the reduction of temperature, equal to 3.5 +per cent." + +Sir W. Fairbairn states: "It has been asserted, in evidence given at +the coroner's inquest, in a recent railway accident, that the breaking +of the steel tire was occasioned by the intensity of the frost, which +is supposed to have rendered the metal, of which this particular +tire was composed, brittle. This is the opinion of most persons, but +judging from my own experience such is not the fact. Some years since +I endeavored to settle this question by a long and careful series +of experiments on wrought iron, from which it was proved that the +resistance to a tensile chain was as great at the temperature of zero +as it was at 60° or upwards, until it attained a scarcely visible red +heat." + +The immense number of purposes to which both iron and steel are +applied, and the changes of temperature to which they are exposed, +renders the inquiry not only interesting in a scientific point of +view, but absolutely necessary to a knowledge of their security under +the various influences of those changes. It was for these reasons +that the experiments in question were undertaken, and the summary of +results is sufficiently conclusive to show that changes of temperature +are not always the cause of failure. Sir W. Fairbairn adds: "The +danger arising from broken tires does not, according to my opinion, +arise so much from changes of temperature as from the practice of +heating them to a dull red heat, and shrinking them on to the rim of +the wheels. This, I believe, is the general practice, and the unequal, +and in some cases, the severe strains to which they are subject, has a +direct tendency to break the tires." + + * * * * * + + + + +OAK GRAINING IN OIL COLORS. + +CONDENSED FROM THE BUILDING NEWS. + + +There is a charm and feeling about work executed by the hand, which +gives it a value no mere machine work can possess. Machine work, from +its very nature, necessitates a repetition of pattern, which cannot +be avoided. Hand-work, on the contrary, can imitate every variety, and +follow nature so closely that no two pieces need be alike. There +is also in hand-work a wide scope for the inventive faculty and +the exercise of good taste (both in form and color) and skillful +workmanship. As a rule, strong contrasts between the ground and the +graining color should be avoided. The figure and grain should of +course be seen clearly, but only so clearly as to be distinct, without +interfering with the general and uniform quietness of tone necessary +to fulfil the conditions required by the laws of harmony and good +taste. Violent contrasts and gaudy coloring are always vulgar, +brilliancy and richness of color are not necessarily vulgar; it is +the absence of the guiding power of knowledge and pure taste in their +arrangement which degrades them to the rank of vulgarity. We have +before spoken of the importance of good combing, and of the various +kinds of combs used; we now proceed to describe how the work is done. +The graining color is brushed over the work, in the ordinary manner, +with a pound-brush, care being taken not to put too much color on, +or else it is very liable to be dirty. A dry duster is now used to +stipple with, which, if properly done, will distribute the color +evenly; it is now ready for combing. In the real oak it will be found, +as a rule, that the grain is invariably coarser on one side of the +panel than on the other; this arises from the very nature of the +growth of the tree; it is, therefore, well to imitate this +pattern, and in order to do so we take first a medium or coarse cut +gutta-percha comb, and draw it down one side of the panel; then use a +finer one to complete it. This comb will leave the marks of the grain +in clear unbroken lines from top to bottom of the panel. We now take a +fine steel comb and go over the whole of the previous combing, moving +it in a slanting or diagonal direction across the previous grain, or +with a quick and short wavy motion or curl; both the former and the +latter motion will break up the long lines, left by the gutta-percha +comb, into short bits, which of course represent the pores or grains +of the real wood. There are several other motions of the comb having +the same end in view; and by using the gutta-percha or cork combs, in +conjunction with the fine steel, an infinite variety of grain may be +produced. Steel combs, with one or more folds of thin rag placed +over the ends of the teeth are a style of comb which has nothing to +recommend it. A natural variation in the grain may be produced by one +comb alone, according to the manner in which it is held. For instance, +if we take a coarse or broad-toothed gutta-percha comb, and commence +at the top of a panel, with the comb, placed at its full width: if +drawn down in this position it will leave a grain of the same width +as the width of the teeth: but if we start with the full width, and +gradually turn the comb or slightly incline it to one side--that is to +say, on its edge, we thereby graduate the grain from coarse to fine +at pleasure, and by holding the comb at a certain inclination we may +actually make very fine the coarse comb. A very important point is +the formation of the joints in the wood, as much of the effect of +otherwise good work is lost in consequence of neglect in this respect. +In looking at a real oak door, the joints of the stiles and rails are +clearly and sharply defined, not by any defect of workmanship, but +by the difference in the run of the grain, the stiles being +perpendicular, and the rails horizontal. The rails being cut sharp +off by the stiles, show a perfectly straight line. The light also acts +differently upon the two, simply because the grain or fibre of the +wood is exposed to its influence under different aspects. This also +tends to produce a difference in the depth of the color of rails and +stiles, and panels also. It will be evident that no imitations can be +considered really good except they include these seemingly unimportant +points. + +It is a common practice for grainers to imitate a broad piece of heart +or sap of oak, upon the back rail of almost every door they do, and +many of them are not even content with that, but daub the stiles over +from top to bottom with it also. There is nothing so vulgar or in +such bad taste. It should only be done upon those parts of the work on +which it would appear on a real oak door, namely, on the edges of the +doors and on mouldings. There is a vulgar pretentiousness about what +we may call the sappy style of work which is very undesirable. The +figures cross the grain more or less abruptly and of course are of +different shapes, sizes, and forms, a knowledge of which can only be +acquired by study of the real wood. The figure may be wiped out with +a piece of soft rag, held tight over the thumb nail. This should have +two or three folds over the nail, the superfluous rag being held by +the other hand to prevent it hanging down and smearing the grain; and +every time a figure is wiped, the rag should be moved slightly, so +that the same part of the rag will not be used twice, thus insuring +clean work. It will often happen that the thumb-nail will get broken, +or is too weak to stand the work; in these cases, or, in fact, in +any case, a good substitute or artificial thumb-nail may be made of +gutta-percha, thus: A piece of thin sheet gutta-percha is put into +warm water, and, while soft, is wrapped around the end of the thumb up +to the first joint. It is then pressed with the hand, so as to fit +and take the shape of the thumb and nail. This cannot be done at one +heating, but will have to be put into the hot water again, and the end +pinched and squeezed into form to the shape of the nail, and to fit +easily upon the thumb. When this gets hard, it may be trimmed into +perfect form with a penknife. This artificial nail will answer the +purpose admirably if properly made; and even when the natural nail +is good, the gutta-percha will serve to save it from injury. Good +figuring may also be done by using the blank end of the steel +comb with a rag folded over its edge. We have also used a piece of +gutta-percha to take out the lights. This should be square-ended, +about one inch wide, and three or four inches long, and will do +successful work of a certain class, but not of the best. Many grainers +use a piece of thin horn, in shape something like a spatula, about +three or four inches long and three quarters of an inch wide, with +rounded ends, and quite flexible. With this tool the figure is cut +or scooped out--a sort of quick, side-long motion, very difficult to +describe, and requiring a very considerable amount of practice +before it can be worked with any success. There is, however, the same +objection to this tool as may be urged against the gutta-percha for +figuring, namely, that neither of them take the color clean away, but +leave an accumulation of color on the edge of the figure, which is +fatal to good work; and therefore we cannot honestly recommend the +use of any method but the wiping out with the thumb-nail or its +substitute. When the figure is wiped out it will require to be +softened. By softening, we mean the imitation of those half shades +seen upon and about the figures in the real wood. Between and around +the lights or figure in oak, there is always a lighter tint of color; +this is imitated by doubling a piece of rag into a small roll, and +with the side of this the grain is partially wiped away, but not to +the extent of taking off the whole of the grain. A recent but most +admirable system of graining oak, by means of over-combing, is worked +exactly the reverse of any of the foregoing methods; that is to +say, the figure is first wiped out, and the combing or grain is done +afterwards, when the graining color is dry, in this wise: The graining +color is mixed somewhat thinner than for ordinary graining, and is +brushed over the work sparingly, leaving it just sufficiently strong +to show a clear distinction between the ground and the color. The +light or figure is then softened by drawing the end of a flat hog-hair +fitch, or a small thin mottler, across each figure, and slightly +softening with the badger-hair softener. The figure is broken up a +little with fine lines across it in parts, such as may be seen in the +real wood; but previous to wiping out the figure, streaks of light +should be wiped out and softened on one side of the panel or across +the stiles, in imitation of the reflective lights seen in oak. The +color should also be partially wiped off the rails or stiles at their +junction; this tends to define the joint. The color is now let to +dry hard, when it will be ready for over-combing--that is, combing or +graining over the figure (hence its name), and this will have to be +done somewhat differently to the ordinary combing. As thus: The color +is rubbed in as before, and combed solely with the gutta-percha combs, +but these are specially cut for the purpose; they are best about 2 in. +wide. The first must be cut with teeth about three-sixteenths of an +inch in width, the next one-eighth, and the third about one-sixteenth. +The broad-toothed comb is first used, and must be drawn down the +panel, with a wavy motion, in short or long curls; either will +answer our purpose now. The next size of comb is then drawn straight +down--the straighter the better. This has the effect of breaking the +wavy combing into short and long straight bits, similar to the pores +or grain of the real wood. Both the first and second combing may be +varied by holding the comb in a slanting direction, and may be fine or +coarse, according to the width of the combs used; now take a soft rag +folded, and with this partially clear off the grain which runs over +the figure, leaving only a sufficient quantity crossing the light +or figure, to be just distinguished, exactly as it appears upon the +figure in real oak. The grain is also wiped off in parts on the plain +spaces between the figure, in order to break it up and take away any +formality. If this method be well and probably done, a thoroughly +deceptive imitation may be produced; and except this end be kept in +view, no really good work will result. + + * * * * * + + + + +KNOTS AND SPLICES. + + +[_SEE ENGRAVING ON FIRST PAGE._] + +1. Turn used in making up ropes. + +2. End tapered for the purpose of passing it readily through a loop. +To make this, we unlay the rope for the necessary length, reducing +a rope diminishing in diameter towards the end, which is finished +by interlacing the ends without cutting them, as it would weaken the +work; it is lastly "whipped" with small twine. + +3. Tapered end, covered with interlaced cordage for the purpose of +making it stronger. This is done with very small twine attached at +one end to the small eye, and at the other to the strands of the rope, +thus making a strong "webbing" around the end. + +4. Double turn used for making rope. + +5. Eye splice. The strands of the cable are brought back over +themselves, and interlaced with their original turns, as in a splice. + +6. Tie for the end of a four-strand rope. + +7. The same completed; the strands are tied together, forming loops, +laying one over the other. + +8. Commencement for making the end by interlacing the strands. + +9. Interlacing complete, but not fastened. + +10 and 11. Shell in two views used in No. 65, showing the disposition +of it at the throat. This joining is advantageous, as it does not +strain the cords, and it prevents them from cutting each other; so +that the rings pass one into the other and are joined outside the +intermediate shell. + +12. Interlacing in two directions. + +13. Mode of finishing the end by several turns of the twine continued +over the cable. + +14. Interlacing commenced, in one direction. + +15. Interlacing finished, the ends being worked under the strands, as +in a splice. + +16. Pigtail commenced. + +17. Interlacing fastened. + +18. Pigtail with the strands taut. + +19. Dead eye, shown in two views. + +20. Pigtail finished. We pass the ends of the strands, one under the +other, in the same way as if we were making a pudding splice: thus +bringing it in a line with the rope, to which it is seized fast, and +the ends cut off. + +21. Scull pigtail; instead of holding the ends by a tie, we interlace +them again, as in No. 16, the one under the other. + +22. Pigtail, or "lark's nest." We make this to the "pennant" of a +cable, which has several strands, by taking the requisite number of +turns over the pudding, in such a manner that the strands shall lay +under each other. This "pigtail" forms a knot at the end of the +rope. It thus draws together two ropes, as shown in No. 32, forming a +"shroud" knot. In these two pigtails, the strands are crossed before +finishing the ends, so that the button, a, is made with the strands, +a, and b, with those of the rope, b. + +23. Slip clinch to sailors' knot. + +24. Slip clinch, secured. + +25. Ordinary knot upon a double rope. + +26. Bowline knot for a man to sit in at his work. + +27. Called a "short splice," as it is not of great length, and +besides, can be made quickly. + +30. Long splice. This extends from a to b. We unlay the strands of +each of the ropes we intend to join, for about half the length that +the splice will be, putting each strand of the one between two strands +of the other. + +31. Simple fastening on a rope. + +32. A "shroud" knot. + +33. The ends of the rope are prepared for making the splice (No. +29) in the same manner as for the "shroud" knot in No. 32. When the +strands are untwisted, we put the ends of two cords together as close +as possible, and place the ends of the one between the strands of the +other, above and below alternately, so as to interlace them as in No. +29. This splice is not, however, very strong, and is only used when +there is not time to make a long splice, which is much the best. + +34 and 35. Marline spikes. Tools made of wood or iron, used to open +out a rope to pass the strands of another through it. + +36. Shows strands arranged as described in No. 30. + +37. Fastening when a lever is used, and is employed when hauling upon +large ropes, where the strength of several men are necessary. + +38. A "pudding splice." This is commenced, like the others, by placing +the rope end to end, the turns of the one being passed between those +of the other; having first swelled out the yarns by a "rat's-tail," we +put them, two by two, one over the other, twisting them tightly, and +opening a way for them with the marlinspike. The inconvenience of this +splice is, that it is larger in diameter than the rope itself; but +when made sufficiently long, by gradually reducing the size of the +strands, it has great strength. + +39. This shows two strands, a and b, of the ropes, A B, knotted +together, being drawn as tight as possible; we unlay the strand, +a', of the rope, A, for half the length of the splice, and twist the +strand, b', of the rope, B, strongly in its place, tying a' and b' +together tightly. The same process is again gone through on the rope, +B, the strand, a", of the rope, A, being knotted to the strand, b", +of the rope, B. When all the strands are thus knotted together, we +interlace them with the strands of the cable. Thus the strands, a a' +a", are interlocked by being passed alternately above and below the +turns of the cord, B, the ends being also sometimes "whipped." In the +same manner the strands, b b' b", pass alternately over and under +the strands of the rope, A, and are in like manner "whipped." It is +important that the several interlacings and knots should not meet at +one point; we reduce the size of the strands towards the end, so that +they loose themselves in the body of the splice, cutting off such +parts as may project. This splice is employed for joining the ends of +a rope when a chafed part has been cut out, and is quite as strong as +the rope itself. + +40. Belaying-pin opened to serve as a button; these are used where it +is necessary to stop or check velocity. + +41. Chain knot, or fastening. + +42. Variable or regulating lashing. By laying the piece, a f, +horizontally, it can be slipped along the rope, b; by raising or +lowering this, we shall raise or depress the weight, c, the cord, b, +running over the two pulleys, d, from the piece, a f, in the direction +shown in the figure. The friction of the cord, b, passing through the +hole, e, sufficiently fixes the piece, a f, and holds the weight, c, +securely. + +43. Cleet, with three ties. + +44. Cleet, showing the mode of belaying the cord. + +45. The piece, a f, of No. 42. + +46. Fair leader. + +47. Cleet to be fixed to a stay. + +48. Loop for slipping other lines. + +49. A "bend" which is only used for fear of the stoppers snapping. + +50. Bastard loop, made on the end of the rope, and whipped with yarns. + +51. Tie to pins: a, the pin; b, small cords fixed by a cross tie. + +52. Cleet, fixed to the "rail," either with screws or nails, to which +the lines are belayed. + +53. Waterman's knot. + +54. Fair leader. + +55. Tie, or bend to pier. + +56. Simple fastening to tie. + +57. Fastening by a loop. This can be tied or untied without loosening +the loop itself. It is made by following, towards the longer loop, the +direction as numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and is terminated by the loop, 6, +7, 6, finally passing it over the head of the post, A. This knot holds +itself, the turns being in opposite directions. To untie it, we slack +the turns of the cable sufficiently to again pass the loop, 6, 7, 6, +over the post, A, and turn the ends in the contrary direction to that +in which they were made (as 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). + +58. Iron "shell," in two views. + +59 and 60. "Wedding" knots; a b, eyelets; c d, the join; e, the +fastening. + +61. Lark's-head fastening to running knot. + +62. A round turn; the cord, a, is passed through the bight of the +cord, b, over the button, c, where it is secured by an ordinary knot. + +63. Belaying-pin splice. The cord, b, "stops" the pin, e, its end +being spliced upon itself, and "served" with yarn; this rope, with its +pin, is passed through the spliced eye, f of the line, g. + +64. Round button. + +65. Joint by a spherical shell, each loop, a and b, being made by ties +and splices, and surrounding the shell, c. + +66. Belaying-pin, shown separately, before being stoppered. + +67. Fastening to shears. + +68. Square mooring. When the cable is round the post, A, and the +piece, c, without being crossed, it lays in the section 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +6, 7, and the end is fastened by tying. + +69. Wooden shell in section. + +70. Crossed fastening. The turns of the cable, passing in front of the +post, B, are crossed at the back of C, in the direction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +6, 7, 8, the end, 8, being secured to the cable. + +71. Wooden shell. + +72. Double-chain fastening. + +73. Lashing for "ram" block, or "dead-eye." The ram blocks, a and b, +are strapped by the cords, e, which hold them; the small lanyards, +d, pass through the holes to make the connection, and as they are +tightened give the requisite tension to the cordage; the ends are +fastened to the main rope. Usually one of these dead-eyes is held by +an iron strap to the point where it is required to fix and strain the +cordage, which is ordinarily a shroud. + +74. Chain fastening. + + 1'. Simple band, showing the upper side. + + 2'. The same, showing the under side and the knot. + + 3'. Tie, with crossed ends, commenced; a turn is taken under the + strands, to hold the ends of the cord. + + 4'. The same, completed. + + 5'. Bend with crossed strands, commenced, the one end being looped + over the other. + + 6'. The same, completed. + + 7'. Necklace tie, seen on the upper side. + + 8'. The same, seen underneath. The greater the strain on the cords, + the tighter the knot becomes. + + 9' and 10' are similar splices to 7' and 8' with slight + modifications. + + 11' shows the commencement of 13', the legs in elevation; 12' being + a front view. An ordinary band, made by several turns of a small + rope, is lapped round them and hauled taut, and then interlaced at + the ends. This done, the legs are shifted into the shape of a St. + Andrew's cross. Thus the lashing is tightened, and, for further + security, we pass the line several times over the tie and between + the spars, knotting the ends. + + 13'. Portuguese knot. This is a lashing for shear legs, and must be + tight enough to prevent the spars slipping on each other; the + crossing of the two legs gives a means of securing the knot. + + 14'. For binding timbers; a, knot commenced. Take several turns + round the timbers, and fasten the ends by passing them under the + turns; b, knot completed. The end of a round stick, m n, termed a + packing stick, should be passed under the knob, the cord being slack + enough to allow of this. By turning the stick, the turns can be + tightened to any extent; when tight, we fasten the longer arm of the + lever to some fixed point, by a rope, p q, so that it cannot fly + back. Care must be taken not to turn the stick too far, or the rope + may be broken. As the timber dries and shrinks, the lever may be + used to make all taut again. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION AND INSURANCE COMPANY. + + +The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company makes the +following report of its inspections in January, 1871: + +During the month, there were 522 visits of inspection made, and 1,030 +boilers examined--853 externally and 363 internally, while 106 +have been tested by hydraulic pressure. Number of defects in all +discovered, 431, of which 163 were regarded as dangerous. These +defects were as follows: Furnaces out of shape, 24--3 dangerous; +fractures, 47--25 dangerous; burned plates, 29--14 dangerous; +blistered plates, 54--10 dangerous; cases of sediment and deposit, +97--18 dangerous; cases of incrustation and scale, 70--24 dangerous. +To show how little attention is paid to the internal condition of +boilers by incompetent engineers, we copy the following from a letter +of one of our inspectors: + +"In one tubular boiler I found sediment in the back end, eight inches +deep, and extending forward more than four feet. It seemed to be an +accumulation of fine scale cemented together, so that it was necessary +to break it up with a hammer and chisel before it could be removed. +The engineer said _he had cleaned the boilers only three days before_, +and objected to my making another examination. This is one of the +many cases we find, where the proprietor trusts everything about his +boilers to his engineer, supposing him to be reliable." + +With such accumulation of sediment and deposit, is it any wonder that +sheets are burned? A careful engineer will understand, if the feed +water be impure, that he must blow down two or three inches every day, +or oftener, that the sediment may be removed as it accumulates, and +then an internal examination once in two weeks, or once a month, will +insure a clean boiler. + +Cases of external corrosion, 26--10 dangerous; cases of internal +corrosion, 17--5 dangerous; cases of internal grooving, 28--11 +dangerous; water gages out of order, 50; blow-out apparatus out of +order, 15--7 dangerous; safety valves overloaded, 40--12 dangerous; +pressure gages out of order, 54--6 dangerous, varying from -15 to ++8 pounds. (We have found several gages entirely ruined from being +frozen). Boilers without gages, 4; cases of deficiency of water, +5--1 dangerous; broken braces and stays, 31--7 dangerous; boilers +condemned, 2--both dangerous. + +Two engineers were found drunk on duty, and promptly discharged. There +were 9 serious explosions during the month, by which 99 persons were +killed, and 6 wounded. Eighty-seven of the killed were passengers on +the ill-fated steamer _H.R. Arthur_, on the Mississippi River. Many +were drowned, and some burned, but the origin of the calamity was the +bad quality of the boilers, which a careless management was unable +to detect. The upper and fore part of the boat was blown away by the +exploded boilers, and, to add to the horror, what remained took fire. + +None of these exploded boilers were under the care of this company. + + * * * * * + + +Five ore-roasting furnaces are in full blast in Nevada. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED COMPOUND SPIRAL CAR SPRING FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES. + + +Our engravings illustrate an improved compound car-spring, which +appears to possess all the requisites of a first-class spring, +combining in its construction extreme simplicity with great strength, +and a feature whereby the power of the spring increases with increase +of the load, and _vice versā_, so that its flexibility remains nearly +constant for all loads. + +Fig. 1 is a perspective view of this spring, with a portion of the +side of the case broken out to show the interior arrangement of the +spiral springs. Fig. 2 is a section of the compressing plate. Fig. 3 +is a plan view, showing the arrangement of the tubes which enclose the +springs. + +[Illustration: POTT'S' SPIRAL CAR SPRING FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES. +_Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3_] + +The case is cast in two pieces. Its vertical wall is cast in a single +piece, and has at the top a flange or bead extending inwardly, against +which the compressing plate abuts when the spring is not compressed, +as shown in Fig. 2. A bottom plate completes the case. + +The spiral components of the spring are inclosed in tubes, as shown in +Figs. 1 and 3. It is not deemed essential that these tubes should be +seamless, or that their edges, brought together in bending, should be +soldered, brazed, or welded. They act merely as guides to compel the +component springs to expand or contract in vertical lines, and need +only be strong enough for that purpose. + +The compressing plate is formed with concentric steps or ledges, +as shown in Fig. 2, so that with light loads, only a portion of the +component spirals act. With a heavier load a new series of spirals is +brought into action, and so on, till the spring is loaded to its full +capacity. This feature is novel, and as important as novel, as it +gives the spring a far more easy and flexible carriage, with light +loads, than would be the case if all the spirals were permitted to +act. + +In putting the spring together, the vertical part of the case is +inverted. The compressing plate is then placed within the case, +resting upon the inner flange of the case above described. The tubes +with their inclosed springs are then arranged in position, as shown in +the plan view, Fig. 3. The bottom plate of the case is then placed in +position, and held to its place by lugs and rivets, as shown in Fig. +1; the spring is then ready for use. + +The employment of tubes in the manner described, enables springs of +the greatest practical length to be used, without the sectional or +division plates met with in other spiral car springs. A greater +and easier movement is therefore obtained. These springs can, it +is claimed, compete in price with any spring in market, and are +guaranteed by the manufacturers. Patented through the Scientific +American Patent Agency, December 27, 1870, by Albert Potts, whom +address for further information, No. 490 North Third street, +Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE WRITING AND COPYING CASE. + +This device is the invention of A. G. Buzby, of Philadelphia, Pa. It +is a combined writing and copying case. Besides the usual recesses +or chambers for pen, ink, paper, etc., it is provided with a book of +copying paper, in which copies of important letters may be made, by +damping the letters in the usual way, and pressing them between the +leaves of the copying book; or the transfer paper may be used, so that +the letter will be copied as it is written, if preferred. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + + + +HOW WALKING STICKS ARE MADE. + + +Sticks are manufactured both from large timber of from two to six +feet girth, and from small underwood of about the thickness of a man's +thumb. The timber, which is chiefly beech, is first sawed into battens +of about three feet in length and as many inches in width; and +from each of these battens two square sticks, with square heads are +afterwards cut in opposite directions, so that the middle portion +is waste wood. The corners of each are afterwards rounded off by a +planing process called "trapping," and the square head is reduced, by +a small saw, to a curve or rectangular bend, so as to form a handle. +When the sticks are brought in this way to the exact size and pattern, +they are polished with great care, are finely varnished, and packed +in boxes or bundles for the market. Many sawn sticks, however, are +supplied with bone and horn handles, which are fastened on with glue; +and then of course there is less wood waste, as a larger number of +them may be cut from one batten. + +A very different process takes place in the manufacture of sticks +from small underwood, in which there is no sawing required. The rough +unfashioned sticks, which are generally of hazel, ash, oak and thorn, +are cut with a bill in the same way as kidney bean sticks, and are +brought to the factory in large bavins or bundles, piled on a timber +tug. There must of course, be some little care in their selection, yet +it is evident that the woodmen are not very particular on this score, +for they have in general an ungainly appearance; and many are so +crooked and rough, that no drover or country boy would think it worth +while to polish the like of them with his knife. Having arrived at +this place, however, their numerous excrescences are soon pruned away, +and their ugliness converted into elegance. When sufficiently seasoned +and fit for working, they are first laid to soak in wet sand, and +rendered more tough and pliable; a workman then takes them one by one, +and securing them with an iron stock, bends them skillfully this way +and that, so as to bring out their natural crooks, and render them at +last all straight even rods. If they are not required to be knotted, +they next go to the "trapper," who puts them through a kind of +circular plane, which takes off knots, and renders them uniformly +smooth and round. The most important process of all is that of giving +them their elegantly curved handles, for which purpose they are passed +over to the "crooker." Every child knows that if we bend a tough stick +moderately when the pressure is discontinued, it will soon fly back, +more or less, to its former position; and if we bend it very much, +it will break. Now the crooker professes to accomplish the miracle of +bending a stick as it might be an iron wire, so that it shall neither +break nor "backen." To prevent the breaking, the wood is rendered +pliant by further soaking in wet sand; and a flexible band of metal +is clamped down firmly to that portion of the stick that will form the +outside of the curve; the top end is then fitted into a grooved iron +shoulder which determines the size of the crook, the other end being +brought round so as to point in the opposite direction; the metal +band during this process binding with increasing tightness against the +stretching fibers of the wood, so that they cannot snap or give way +under the strain. The crook having been made, the next thing is to fix +it, or remove from the fibers the reaction of elasticity, which would +otherwise, on the cessation of the bending force, cause it to backen +more or less, and undo the work. In the old process of crooking by +steam, as timber bending is effected, the stick was merely left till +it was cold to acquire a permanent set; but in the new process, a more +permanent set is given by turning the handle about briskly over a jet +of gas. The sticks being now fashioned, it only remains to polish +and stain or varnish them; and they are sometimes scorched or +burned brown, and carved with foliage, animal heads and other +devices.--_Chambers' Journal_. + + * * * * * + + +FLOWERING OF THE VICTORIA REGIA IN THE OPEN AIR.--Joseph Mager, Esq., +has succeeded in flowering the Victoria lily, in his pond in England. +The pond is perfectly open, but the water is heated by hot water pipes +coming from a boiler near the pond, carefully concealed. The seeds +of the Victoria were planted in May last, and the first flower was +produced Sept. 10th. Afterwards seven other flowers opened. The plant +has eight leaves, of which the largest is five feet two inches in +diameter. Mr. Mager has also succeeded in flowering a large number of +other tropical lilies in his pond. + + * * * * * + + +JUTE, a material largely used in combination with hemp, for making +cordage, sacking, mats, and carpets, is produced in India to the +extent of 300,000 tuns per annum. The scarcity of fuel prevents its +manufacture on the spot, except by the rudest and most primitive +means, so that the bulk of the growth is sent to Great Britain. + + * * * * * + + + + +VENTILATION OF THE LIVERPOOL TUNNEL. + + +This tunnel, which forms an ascending incline of a mile and a quarter +length from the terminal station in Lime-street London and N. W. +Railroad, was worked until recently by a rope and stationary engine, +to avoid fouling the air of the tunnel by the passage of locomotives; +but the increase of the traffic having necessitated the abandonment of +the rope and the substitution of locomotives for bringing the trains +up through the tunnel, it became requisite to provide some efficient +means of ventilation for clearing the tunnel speedily of the smoke and +steam after the passage of each train. A large exhausting fan has been +designed by Mr. John Ramsbottom for this purpose, which works in a +chamber situated near the middle of the length of the tunnel, and +draws the air in from the tunnel, through a cross drift; discharging +it up a tapering chimney that extends to a considerable hight above +the surface of the ground over the tunnel. The fan is about thirty +feet diameter, and is made with straight radial vanes; it revolves +on a horizontal shaft at a speed of about forty-five revolutions per +minute, within a brick casing, built concentric with the fan for the +first half of the circumference, and afterwards expanding gradually +for discharging into the base of the chimney, the air from the tunnel +being drawn in at the center of the fan at each side, and discharged +from the circumference of the fan by the revolution of the vanes. +The engine driving the fan is started by telegraph signal at each +departure of a train from the terminal station, and the fan is kept +running until the discharge from it becomes quite clear, showing that +no steam or smoke remains in the tunnel; this is usually the case in +about eight minutes after the time of the train entering the lower end +of the tunnel, the passage of the train through the tunnel occupying +about three minutes. The fan draws air in at both ends of the tunnel +simultaneously, and begins to clear the lower end immediately upon the +train entering; the clearing of the upper end commences as soon as the +train has passed out of the tunnel, and as the fan is situated nearer +the upper end of the tunnel than the lower, the clearing of both +lengths is completed almost simultaneously. The fan is so constructed +as to allow an uninterrupted passage through it, for the air, whilst +the fan is standing still; and the natural ventilation thus obtained +by means of the large chimney is found sufficient for clearing the +tunnel during the night and some portion of the day, without the fan +being worked at those times. This natural ventilation is aided by the +engine exhaust and the boiler discharging into the chimney. The fan +has now been in regular operation for three-quarters of a year, and +has been found completely successful. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPREGNATING WOOD WITH TAR OR OTHER PRESERVING MATERIAL. + + +The preservation of wood is a problem which is attracting increased +attention, as year by year diminishes the material supply of timber, +and consequently gradually increases its price. Among other methods +employed, the impregnation of wood by the vapors of tar, creosote, +petroleum, etc., has been tried, and one of the practical difficulties +met with has been the obtaining of suitable apparatus for the purpose. + +[Illustration] + +The engraving annexed is an invention intended to supply this want. +The wood is inclosed, in a tank kept hot by a steam jacket which +surrounds it, as shown. A boiler at one end is used to heat the +substance with which it is desired to impregnate the wood. An air pump +is also employed to remove the steam, generated in the heated timber, +and the air from the tank. The pores of the wood being thus rendered +vacuous, the hot liquid or vapors from the heating tank readily +penetrate the entire substance, and thoroughly impregnate it. This +apparatus is the invention of George Pustkuchen, of Hoboken, N. J. + + * * * * * + + + + +BOARDMAN'S COMBINED TOOL. + + +This tool, of which our engraving is a good representation, comprises +a screw wrench, a pipe wrench, a hammer, a nail claw, a screw-driver, +and a bit handle, or socket wrench. + +The bit handle is the entire tool, the square socket or opening being +made in the end of the handle, in which the shanks of bits may be +inserted. + +The screw driver is formed on the end of the screw bar, attached to +the outer jaw of the wrench, and is taken out from the hollow of the +handle when required for use. + +The use of the other parts of the tool will be apparent from the +engraving. + +The tool is very compact, and has this advantage over the ordinary +screw wrench, that its leverage increases as it is opened to receive +nuts of larger size. + +[Illustration] + +This invention is protected by two patents, dated respectively, May +30, 1865, and July 10, 1866. + +For further information address B. Boardman & Co., Norwich, Conn. + + * * * * * + + + + +BELT TIGHTENER. + + +[Illustration] + +This instrument will be found of great service in bringing together +the ends of belts, the weight of which is so great that they cannot +be held together by the hand while lacing. A strap engages with holes +made in the belt, at the back of the holes punched for lacing, the +tightening strap being provided with claws or hooks, as shown. A winch +axle and ratchet, adjusted in a frame as shown, are then employed +to pull the ends of the belt together and hold them firmly till the +lacing is completed. + +This is the invention of T. G. Stansberry, of Medora, Ill. Patented in +September, 1867. + + * * * * * + + + + +SOME THINGS I DON'T WANT IN THE BUILDING TRADES. + + +I don't want my house put in repair, or rather out of repair, by a +master who employs "Jacks of all Trades." + +I don't want my foreman to tell me too much at one time about the +faults of the workmen under him, as I may forget asking him about +himself. + +I don't want a builder or carpenter to give a coat of paint to any +joinery work he may be doing for me, until I have examined first the +material and workmanship. + +I don't want any jobbing carpenter or joiner, whom I may employ, to +bring a lump of putty in his tool basket. I prefer leave the use of +putty to the painters. + +I don't want jobbing plumbers to spend three days upon the roof, +soldering up a crack in the gutter, and, when done, leaving fresher +cracks behind them. The practice is something akin to "cut and come +again." + +I don't want a contractor to undertake a job at a price that he knows +will not pay, and then throw the fault of his bankruptcy on "that +blackguard building." + +I don't want any more hodmen to be carrying up the weight of +themselves in their hod, as well as their bricks; I would much prefer +seeing the poor human machines tempering the mortar or wheeling the +barrow, while the donkey engine, the hydraulic lift, or the old gray +horse, worked the pulley. + +I don't want house doors to be made badly, hung badly, or composed of +green and unseasoned timber. + +I don't want houses built first and designed afterwards, or, rather, +wedged into shape, and braced into form. + +I don't want to be compelled to pay any workman a fair day's wages for +a half day's work. + +I don't want an employer to act towards his workmen as if he thought +their sinews and thews were of iron, instead of flesh and blood. + +I don't want any kind of old rubbish of brick and stone to be bundled +into walls and partitions, and then plastered over "hurry-skurry." +Trade infamy, like murder, will out, sooner or later. + +I don't want men to wear flesh and bone, and waste sweat and blood, +in forms of labor to which machinery can be applied, and by which +valuable human life and labor can be better and more profitably +utilized. + + * * * * * + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + +_The Editors are not responsible for the opinions expressed by their +Correspondents._ + + + * * * * * + + +ACTION OF THE RECIPROCATING PARTS OF STEAM ENGINES. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I have hesitated about the propriety of replying to +the criticisms of your correspondent, J. E. Hendricks, upon my paper, +on the action of the reciprocating parts of steam engines. It is not +to be expected that a truth so opposed to commonly received +notions--the reception of which requires so much to be unlearned--should +at once receive the assent of every one. Some odd fancies on the +subject are likely to be ventilated first. + +But your correspondent touches the root of the matter, and perhaps the +fact questioned by him should be more clearly placed beyond dispute. + +I will dismiss the introductory part of his letter, merely observing +that his "logical inference" is quite gratuitous and unwarranted. He +says himself that its absurdity is obvious, in which I quite agree +with him. + +The real question is this: What is the figure representing the +acceleration of the motion of a piston, controlled by a crank which +revolves with a uniform velocity? I stated it to be a right-angled +triangle, and indicated, as I supposed, clearly enough, a simple +method by which this could be shown. Your correspondent claims that +the calculation, according to my own rule, gives a figure of a totally +different form, and one that shows the acceleration, as well as the +motion, to be reduced to zero at the commencement of the stroke. Let +us see. Let the straight line, AJ, in the following figure, represent +half the stroke of the piston, and let the distances, AB, AC, etc., on +this line, represent the versed sines of 10°, 20°, etc., up to 90°, or +the motion of the piston while the crank is moving through these arcs. +At the points A, B, C, etc., erect the perpendiculars, Aa, Bb, Cc, +etc., and let the length of each of these ordinates represent the +acceleration imparted in a given time at that point of the stroke. +Then will AJ be to Aa as IJ is to Ii, as HJ is to Hh, etc., showing +that the straight line, aJ, connects the extremities of all the +ordinates, and that the triangle, AJa, represents the acceleration of +the motion of the piston, from the commencement to the middle of the +stroke. + +[Illustration] + +The following table will enable any one to make the calculations +proving the truth of the above proposition: + +Degrees. Versed sine. Motion for 10° Acceleration during 1°. + 0° .0000000 _Aa_ .0003046 + 10° _AB_ .0151922 _AB_ .0151922 _Bb_ .0003001 + 20° _AC_ .0603074 _BC_ .0451152 _Cc_ .0002862 + 30° _AD_ .1339746 _CD_ .0736672 _Dd_ .0002638 + 40° _AE_ .2339556 _DE_ .0999810 _Ee_ .0002332 + 50° _AF_ .3572124 _EF_ .1232568 _Ff_ .0001958 + 60° _AG_ .5000000 _FG_ .1427876 _Gg_ .0001523 + 70° _AH_ .6579799 _GH_ .1579799 _Hh_ .0001041 + 80° _AI_ .8263518 _HI_ .1683719 _Ii_ .0000529 + 90° _AJ_ 1.0000000 _IJ_ .1736482 _Jj_ .0000000 + +The method of obtaining the decimals representing the acceleration for +1°, at any point, was fully explained in the paper, and compared with +the similar method of showing the uniform acceleration of a body acted +on by a constant force. The ordinary tables in the hand-books, going +only to five places of decimals, are of no use for these computations. + +I would suggest a practical experiment. Let any one having an engine +running at a good speed, loosen the crank pin brasses a little, so +that, at starting, it will thump heavily. Let the engine be lightly +loaded, so that only a small portion of the boiler pressure will need +to be admitted to the cylinder. As its speed increases, the thump +will die away; and, if at its full speed, the pressure of the steam +admitted is not so great as to overcome the centrifugal strain of the +reciprocating parts on the crank, as it passes the centers, the engine +will revolve in silence. Any one can ascertain, by the rule given +in the note to the paper, just what pressure can be admitted without +causing a thump, or this can be found by a little experimenting. I am +running an engine which does not thump with loose crank pin brasses, +under eighty pounds pressure, admitted sharply on the centers. + +Charles T. Porter. + + * * * * * + + +ANSWER TO PRACTICAL PROBLEM. + +MESSRS. EDITORS;--I submit the following solution of "Practical +Problem" on page 147: + +Given AB, arm, C, arm, D, chord of half angle of oscillation of arm, +D, and angles of arms, with line AB. + +To find angles, BAc', ABb, and length of link, E. + +1. As the length of arm, D, is to the chord of arc, ab, divided by +2, so is the radius to the sine angle oscillation of arm, D, divided +by 4. + +2. 360° is to the whole circumference as the angle bBa is to the +length of arc ab. + +3. Now arc ab is equal to arc a'c'. + +4. The whole circumference is to 360° as the length of arc a'e' is +to the angle oscillation of C divided by 2. + +5. Half angle oscillation, C, taken from angle BAa' is equal to angle +BAc'. + +6. Half angle oscillation, D, taken from angle ABa is equal to angle +ABb. + +7. The diagonal of the rectangle formed by the (sum of the sines of +the angles of the arms with AB) into (AB--sum of cosines of same) will +be the length of link, E. + +[Illustration] + +G. R. NASH, Civil Engineer. + +North Adams, Mass. + +[We have received other solutions of this problem, but as this covers +the ground in a very simple manner, we think it will be sufficient. +Those forwarding the solutions not published will accept our thanks +and assurances that it is not because they lack merit that they are +declined.--EDS. + + * * * * * + + +RECIPROCATING PARTS OF STEAM ENGINES. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--In one of the late numbers of your journal, you +publish a paper, read by Mr. Porter before some learned society in New +York, on something about the possibility or practicability of running +a steam engine at a high rate of speed, and claiming to give a +scientific explanation of the why and wherefore. Now, scientifically, +I know nothing about a steam engine; practically, I know how to stop +and start one. Therefore, you will understand that what I say is not +as coming from one who claims to be wise above what is written, but as +simply being a statement of the case, as it appears to one who wants +to learn, and takes this way to draw out the truth. A scientific +theory, invested with all its sines, coefficients, and other +paraphernalia, is a very pretty thing to look at, no doubt, for those +who understand it, and, when properly applied, is invaluable; but +when, as in this case, a practical question is to be decided, by the +aid of a scientific demonstration, it will not do to throw aside the +main elements of the problem, or any, in fact, of the minor points, no +matter how trivial they may appear. + +Mr. Porter's labors were strictly of a scientific nature. He starts +out with the proposition that what he is about to explain is very +simple, and very likely it is; but, for one, I can't see it, and I +want more light. He says that it takes a certain number of pounds to +overcome the inertia of the reciprocating parts of a certain weight, +to give it a certain speed. What is inertia? He says, "we will not +take into account the friction of parts." Now, my understanding of +this point is, that friction is practically one of the main elements +in the problem. How can we hope to obtain a correct solution when he +rubs out one of the terms of the equation? What is friction doing all +the time, while he is theoretically having his reciprocating parts +storing up power and then giving it out again, just at the right time, +and in the right quantity? + +What an immense amount of iron has been wasted by being cast into fly +wheels, when a fraction of the amount, if only put into cross heads, +would render fly wheels unnecessary! + +Mr. Porter stops short in his discussion. He should have added a table +giving the proportionate length of stroke, weight of parts, and number +of revolutions required to produce the effect of an engine running at +a high speed, without the least fraction of inequality in the strain +on the crank, and then the sun would have fairly risen in the "dawn of +a new era for the steam engine." But, as it is so very simple, we can +all figure it out for ourselves. + +In the diagram Mr. Porter gives, to illustrate the travel of the +piston, he wets his finger and draws it over another term in the +equation (a method of elimination not taught by Hutton, Davies, and +other mathematicians). It is a quick way, but is it correct? He says, +"the distance traveled by the piston is the versed sine of an angle +formed by a line from the center of the crank pin, in any part of its +stroke to the center of the circle described by the crank pin, leaving +out of the calculation the angular vibration of the connecting rod." +What he means by the "angular vibration," I do not know. He is wrong +in the statement. If he will think of it he will see it. If he meant +to say that the piston's travel was measured by the versed sine of the +angle formed by the connecting rod and the line of horizontal centers, +he is wrong again, yet nearer the truth than before, just as the +proportion between the length of the connecting rod and the half +diameter of the circle described by the crank pin. This can quickly +be seen by supposing the connecting rod to be detached, and allowed +to fall down on the center line, at any part of the stroke. If he +understood this (as no doubt he did), he should not ignore the facts. + +What I am aiming at is this. When a man attempts to demonstrate a +thing mathematically, he must take into his calculation everything +essentially connected with the problem, just exactly as it is, and not +as he would have it; otherwise, he cannot, by any possibility, attain +a correct result. When he claims, as now, the practicability of +running engines at a high speed, I think he is claiming too much. +Build an engine of proper materials, make it strong, and fit +everything as it should be, balance crank and fly wheel to a nicety, +keep everything snugly in its place, and the terrors of a quick stroke +vanish. + +S. W. H. + + * * * * * + + +TEST FOR WHITE LEAD. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I have read, with much interest, Dr. Chandler's +colorimetric test of the purity of white lead, as published in the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN sometime ago. I enclose another test, which, +though not new, is of value to all using white lead on account of its +simplicity and effectiveness. It has been in use here for nearly two +years, and has been found reliable. Having never seen it in print, I +have tried to put it in as simple words as possible. + +FELIX MCARDLE, Analytical Chemist. +St. Louis, Mo. + +Take a piece of firm, close grained charcoal, and, near one end of it, +scoop out a cavity about half an inch in diameter and a quarter of an +inch in depth. Place in the cavity a sample, of the lead to be tested, +about the size of a small pea, and apply to it continuously the +blue or hottest part of the flame of the blow pipe; if the sample be +strictly pure, it will in a very short time, say in two minutes, be +reduced to metallic lead, leaving no residue; but if it be adulterated +to the extent of ten per cent. only, with oxide of zinc, sulphate of +baryta, whiting or any other carbonate of lime, (which substances are +now the only adulterations used), or if it be composed entirely of +these materials, as is sometimes the case with cheap lead, it cannot +be reduced, but will remain on the charcoal an infusible mass. + +Dry white lead, (carbonate of lead) is composed of metallic lead, +oxygen and carbonic acid, and, when ground with linseed oil, forms the +white lead of commerce. When it is subjected to the above treatment, +the oil is first burned off, and then at a certain degree of heat, the +oxygen and carbonic acid are set free, leaving only the metallic lead +from which it was manufactured. If, however, there be present in the +sample any of the above mentioned adulterations, they cannot of course +be reduced to metallic lead, and cannot be reduced, by any heat of +the blow pipe flame, to their own metallic bases; and being intimately +incorporated and ground with the carbonate of lead, they prevent it +from being reduced. + +It is well, after blowing upon the sample, say for half a minute, by +which time the oil will be burned off, to loosen the sample from the +charcoal, with a knife blade or spatula, in order that the flame may +pass under as well as over and against it. With proper care the lead +will run into one button, instead of scattering over the charcoal, +and this is the reason why the cavity above mentioned is necessary. A +common star candle or a lard oil lamp furnishes the best flame for use +of the blow pipe; a coal oil lamp should not be used. + +By the above test, after a little practice, so small an adulteration +as one or two per cent. can be detected; it is, however, only a test +of the purity or impurity of a lead, and if found adulterated, the +degree or percentage of adulteration cannot be well ascertained by it. + +Jewellers usually have all the necessary apparatus for making the +test, and any one of them can readily make it by observing the above +directions, and from them can be obtained a blow pipe at small cost. + +If you have no open package of the lead to be tested, a sample can +most easily be obtained by boring into the side or top of a keg with +a gimlet, and with it taking out the required quantity; care should be +used to free it entirely from the borings or particles of wood, and it +should not be larger than the size mentioned; a larger quantity can be +reduced, but of course more time will be required, and the experiment +cannot be so neatly performed. + + * * * * * + + +HOW TO BUILD A CHIMNEY. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I am satisfied that a great many fires originate +through poorly constructed chimneys; and, although not a bricklayer +by trade, I would offer a few hints how to construct a fire-proof +chimney. Let the bed be laid of brick and mortar, iron, or stone; then +the workman should take a brick in his left hand, and with the trowel, +draw the mortar upon the end of the brick, from the under side, and +not from the outside edge, as is usual. Then, by pressing the brick +against the next one, the whole space between the two bricks will be +filled with mortar; and so he should point up the inside as perfectly +as the outside, as he proceeds. + +By drawing the mortar on the edge of the brick, the space between +the ends will not always be entirely filled, and will make (where the +inside pointing is not attended to) a leaky and unsafe chimney, which, +if not kept clear of soot, will, in burning out, stand a good chance +of setting the building on fire. The best thing that I know of, to +put the fire out in a burning chimney is salt; but the matter of first +importance, after having a chimney properly constructed, is to keep it +clean. + +AUSTIN B. CULVER. +Westfield, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +CRYSTALLIZED HONEY. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--Please allow me to say to the querist who, through +your columns, asks what to do with crystalline honey, that if he will +"doctor" it with almost any artificial honey of the day, it will not +become like lard in cold weather, which change is a natural proof that +it is pure. For almost any purpose, pure honey is preferable to that +which has been adulterated, but purity is a minor consideration with +many. + +Next we shall hear of some fastidious customer who objects to pure +lard, because it looks white when cold. To such we would recommend +lard oil as a great improvement, especially for cooking purposes. + +A. M. B. +Louisville, Ky. + + * * * * * + +[For the Scientific American.] + + + + +RAMBLES FOR RELICS. + +NUMBER II. + + +At a depth of fifteen feet, we were about to suspend our labors, +supposing from the nature and uniformly dark color of the earth, +that we had reached the surface of the alluvium, when a sign of the +inevitable wood and bark layer was seen in a crevice. An excavation, +five or six feet, into the wall, revealed the skeleton of a man laid +at length, having an extra coverlid of wooden material. Eighteen large +oblong beads, an ax of polished green stone, eleven arrow points, and +five implements of bone (to be described) were deposited on the +left side; and a few small beads, an ornamental shell pin, two small +hatchets, and a sharp-pointed flint knife or lance, eight inches long, +having a neck or projection at the base, suitable for a handle, or for +insertion in a shaft, on the right side. The earth behind the skull +being removed, three enormous conch shells presented their open +mouths. One of my assistants started back as if the ghost of the +departed had come to claim the treasure preserved, in accordance with +superstitious notions, for its journey to the "happy lands." The alarm +seemed to be a warning, for at the moment the embankment, overloaded +on one side, caved in, nearly burying three workmen, myself, and a +spectator. Our tools being at the bottom of the heap, and the wall on +the other side, shaken by the falling earth, giving tokens of a change +of base, our prospects of a ready deliverance were not very hopeful. +The bystanders, however, went to work with their hands, and we were +soon relieved, not without casualty, the spectator having the worst of +it. Struggling to extricate himself, instead of abiding his time, he +dragged one leg out of the pile shorter than the other. + +The occurrence of marine shells in a burial depository, especially of +the varieties pyrula and oliva, four or five hundred miles from the +Gulf and that portion of the Southern coast where the mollusks exist, +bears upon the question of migration and tribal intercourse, and +the commercial value of these articles. Obtained from a distance and +regarded as precious commodities, they were used in exchange, for the +material of ornaments, and for choice utensils. Only two or three of +these shells have been found in a perfect condition, but defective +ones are frequent, with fragments, "cuttings," and various trinkets +made out of them--such as ornamental pins, needles, crosses, buttons, +amulets, engraved plates, and beads. From one of the specimens +recovered from the mound sepulchre, the spire and columella had been +removed, leaving a hollow utensil. It would have been suitable for +a water vessel, but for a hole in the bottom, which had furnished a +button-shaped ornament, or piece of money, which was found with the +relic, and exactly corresponded to the orifice. The twirled end of the +shell, however, had been improved for a handle by shallow cavities, +one on the inside slanting from the middle longitudinal line, and one +crossing that line at right angles on the convex side, so as to be +fitted to the thumb and fore finger of the left hand, suggesting a use +of the implement as a shield, or a mask held before the face. Adair +speaks of large shells in use by the Indians of his time (1735), +suspended about the neck for shields, and regarded as badges of +priestly dignity. + +A trench was dug on the east side of the mound, nearly corresponding +in dimensions to the one on the west side, making the length of the +whole excavation, including the central cavity, thirty-two feet. + +In the last opening, eight skeletons were exhumed; the mode of burial +was the same throughout. The only article of value recovered was a +curiously wrought pipe of stone, having a "figure head" representing +the human face, which I have put down in a list of "articles stolen," +and which the thief can describe better than the writer. After filling +up all the gaps, and levelling the surface to suit the taste of the +proprietor, we closed our labors on the mound in the Bent. + +Of the skulls collected, it is sufficient to say that they belong to +the "short heads," the length and breadth having a comparative medium +proportion, a common form of cranium in the mounds of Tennessee. + +Of stone implements I specify an ax of serpentine, ten inches long, +two thick, and four broad, having plain sides and a straight edge +ground down on both of the flat faces; hatchets ("tomahawks") of +green stone, flint, and diorite, from five to eight inches long, with +rounded faces and sides, contracted to an edge at one end, and to a +flat heel at the other; a wedge of black slate, seven inches long and +half an inch thick, of a square finish on the faces and sides and at +the heel, which was diminished two inches, as compared with the length +of the edge; hatchets with a serrated edge at each end, plane on both +sides, convex on one face and flat on the other. + +With one skeleton was deposited a "set of tools," eight in number, of +the species of rock before mentioned, varying in length from two to +eight inches. Their peculiarity consists in a variety of shapes--no +two being precisely alike--and in their fitness to various uses, +such as carving, hacking, paring, and grooving. The smallest of them, +having a square finish, was held by the thumb and two fingers, and is +suitable for cutting lines and figures in wood and shells. Specimens +of this art were furnished from the mound. The largest number might +serve for hatchets, chisels, and gouges. One had been ground in the +form of a cylinder five inches long and an inch thick, and then cut +an inch on two sides to an edge, and worked into a handle with a round +bead, from the center of the elliptical faces. It might be used for +chipping wood and stone. One answered the purpose of a cold chisel; +another was somewhat similar, but had a hollow face reduced to a +curved edge for grooving. These polished instruments, wrought with +much care, seemed intended for use by the hand rather than for +insertion in a handle or socket, or attachment to a shaft by means +of a strap or withe. Only one was perforated. The drilling through +granite, quartz, and diorite, without the use of metal, was a severe +labor, even for savage patience. A long knife of silex, with a wrought +handle, lance heads, leaf shaped, of the same material, of beautiful +workmanship, arrow points of fine finish, furnished, with others +before mentioned, an assortment of arms. Several flint points, though +only an inch long, were curved like a cimeter, and used probably as +flaying instruments. True disks, of various mineral substances, from +an inch to five inches in diameter, having convex faces, complete the +list of stone implements. Those of bone comprise several like hollow +chisels, sharpened at one end, and pierced through one face, near the +other extremity, so as to be fastened to a handle; these were used +for dressing skins. One was formed like a poniard, with a worked hilt. +With these may be connected arrow heads and sharp pointed weapons of +the worked antlers of the stag, and tusks of the wild boar. + +Of ornaments, I noticed pins used for dressing the hair, made of the +columns of large sea shells. The head is generally round, sometimes +oval, from an eighth to a half of an inch in diameter, retaining the +diagonal groove of the pillar from which it is made. The stems vary +in length from one to six inches. It would be tedious even to classify +ornamental beads and buttons of shell work, such as are usually found +in the mounds. These trinkets are perforated, and, in addition to +their being articles of dress, were used probably as "wampum," the +currency of the recent Indians. + +A miscellaneous collection includes a hematite stone, wrought in +the shape of a cup weighing half a pound; when rubbed or ground it +furnished the war paint of the savages; also the extremity of a copper +tube, two inches long; needles in bone and shell, from an inch to +six inches long, with grooves round the head, to serve the purpose of +eyes; and plates of mica. The use of mica plates, which are found of +large size in some of the Western mounds, has excited some inquiry. +Of a certain thickness, they make good mirrors. Beside their use +for ornamental purposes, they were probably looking-glasses of the +beauties of the stone age. There was also found a pipe of soap stone, +having a stem five inches long, and a bowl with a broad brim, like a +Quaker's hat. + +Of earthenware, there was an endless variety of fragments of the usual +black, grey, or red compressed clay, mixed with pulverized shells or +stones. One kind I have never seen described. The sherds had a red +coating on both sides, an eighth of an inch in thickness, evidently +not a paint or a glaze. The red coloring might have come from the +pottery being burnt in the open air, instead of baked in a furnace, +were not the layer of uniform thickness and of homogeneous paste, +unlike the material of the vessel, which was a gray mixture of clay +and particles of shells. + +I give the above memoranda to the general fund of information, +touching a subject that invites inquiry on account of its novelty and +ethnological importance. Every examination of the monumental remains +of the ancient Americans brings to light some new feature in structure +or type of rudimental art. And since archęology has become a science, +investigators, for half a century, may be looking about for facts to +complete the system auspiciously introduced by the antiquarians of +Northern Europe, and advanced in our own country by the researches +of Caleb Atwater (_Archęologia Americana_) and by those of the +Smithsonian contributors to knowledge, especially Squier and Davis. +RAMBLER. + + * * * * * + + +A SMALL WATER WHEEL.--There is in the town of Meriden, Conn., a +Leffel double turbine wheel, running under 240 feet fall and driving +a manufactory. It uses only about one-half of a square inch of water, +and runs at the marvelous speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute, or 50 +revolutions per second, which is by far the most rapid rate of motion +ever imparted to a water wheel. This is, also, beyond comparison the +greatest fall applied to the propulsion of a wheel in America. The +wheel at Meriden is of the most diminutive size, scarcely exceeding in +dimensions the old-fashioned "turnip" watches which our grandfathers +used to carry in their capacious vest pockets. The complete success of +this wheel has attracted much attention and affords further evidence +of the wide range of adaptability of the Leffel turbine. + + * * * * * + +[For the Scientific American.] + + + + +SILK CULTURE. + +BY W. V. ANDREWS. + + +A vague notion that silk culture ought to form one of the industrial +pursuits of the American people seems to be prevalent enough; but it +does not take practical hold upon anybody. The nearest approach to +anything practical which we have seen, in late years--excepting, of +course, what has been done in California--occurred in New York in July +last, when a number of gentlemen pledged themselves, according to a +report given in the _Tribune_ of July 30, "to promote the native silk +trade." + +The gentlemen present at the meeting represented the most prominent +silk manufacturing and importing houses in this country. What these +gentlemen have since done towards promoting the native silk trade, I +do not know, but, having pledged themselves, it is presumed they have +done something. + +At the meeting, of which the _Tribune_ article is a report, dags, +and other things, manufactured from California silk, were exhibited; +and the report goes on to say that "Mr. Warren also exhibited samples +of native and foreign cocoons, and of raw and thrown silk, together +with the common _Cecropia_ and _Bombyx Cynthia_, species of +silkworms which feed upon oak leaves. * * Also the _Bombyx Yamamai_ +which feeds upon mulberry leaves; also the _Bombyx Pernyi_, of +which the cocoons are early as good as the cocoons of worms fed upon +mulberry leaves." + +I have given this extract, word for word, as it stands in the columns +of the _Tribune_, because it contains more blunders of one kind or +another than I remember ever to have seen in so many words. _Cecropia_ +is certainly not very particular as to its food, but it is not an oak +feeder. _Cynthia_ will thrive on nothing except ailanthus, though it +will eat one or two other things, but not oak. The _Yamamai_, on +the other hand, will eat oak, indeed it is its natural food; but Mr. +Warren errs greatly when he says that it will feed on mulberry. The +last clause of the sentence, which says that cocoons of _Pernyi_ are +nearly as good as those of worms fed on mulberry leaves, must be a +sort of entomological joke, of which the point is not discoverable by +me, so I pass it over. + +I do not, however, notice this report on account of its grammatical +and entomological mistakes. It is because of the evil effects it may, +and probably will, have on amateur silk culturists, that I notice +it; for most assuredly, failure will be the result of all attempts +to produce silk cocoons by feeding the caterpillars of the different +moths on the food prescribed by Mr. Warren. Any patriotic, money +making farmer, who believes in the _Tribune_, purchasing _Yamamai_ +eggs and setting his worms to feed upon mulberry, which they refuse to +eat, and consequently, all die, will probably give up silk culture +as being nothing more or less than a humbug. And thus the cause is +injured. + +For several years past, I have made some experiments in the rearing of +the silkworms, giving the result of my experience in the first year in +Vol. II., page 311, of the _American Naturalist_; and of a subsequent +year in the _Entomologist_, for November, 1869. + +The paper in the _Naturalist_ is devoted to my experiments with the +ailanthus silkworm, _Samia Cynthia_ (G. & R.), a naturalized species +from the East. In that paper, I have said all that is necessary to +say at present, on that species, except perhaps that I am further +convinced, from the inspection of samples of sewing and other silks, +made from the cocoons of _Cynthia_, that one day it will be reared +very extensively in the United States. It is perfectly hardy, is +double brooded, and may be reared by any one possessed of a few acres +of land, which may be good enough for growing ailanthus trees, but +not good enough to grow any thing else. The labor of a few old men, +or women, or even children, is sufficient for the purpose. The cost is +therefore trifling. + +The objection to the cultivation of _Cynthia_ is that the cocoon +cannot be reeled. But it can be carded, and if the Chinese can make +excellent silk goods from it, why cannot we? I suspect, too, that +_Cynthia_ silk can be worked in with cotton, or, perhaps, woolen +goods, adding to their beauty and durability (for it is indestructible +in wear), and thus open up branches of manufacture hitherto unknown. + +For manufacturers of coarse goods, I have no doubt that the silk +from our native silk moths, _Cecropia_ and _Polyphemus_, may be used. +Indeed, I believe that M. Trouvelot is of opinion that _Polyphemus_ +may fairly enter into competition with _Bombyx mori_, the ordinary +mulberry silkworm. The worm, however, is rather difficult to rear. + +In reference, however, to _Bombyx mori_, it is well known that the +silk crop in France and Italy has been reduced greatly, and the price +of silk goods consequently enhanced, by prevalence of disease among +the worms. So much is this the case, that silk breeders have been +obliged to look around for some silk-producing moths whose products +may, at any rate, supplement the deficient crop. _Cynthia_, as already +mentioned as one of these, and two others mentioned by Warren in the +_Tribune_ reports above adverted to, are at present the subjects of +experiment. + +My article mentioned before as appearing in the _American +Entomologist_ is mainly devoted to my experiments, and those of my +correspondents, with _Yamamai_, which, as I said before, is an oak +feeder. In Japan, which is its native country, it feeds, in its wild +state, on _Quercus serrata_. Whether that oak be found in America, I +do not know, but it is of little importance, as the worm will feed on +almost any species of oak, although I think that it prefers white oak. +The importance of acclimatizing new species of silk moths is of so +much prospective importance, that I shall devote the remainder of this +article to the consideration of whether _Yamamai_ and _Pernyi_ may not +be naturalized here. Any one, who happens to have the number of the +_Entomologist_ containing the article above alluded to, may find it +worth while to read it, but as many persons may not be able to obtain +that number, I will here repeat the substance of my remarks, adding as +much new matter as subsequent experience has afforded. + +The silk from the _Yamamai_ being considered superior to that produced +by any other of the substitute silk moths, great efforts have been +made in Europe to acclimatize it; but, it must be confessed, hitherto +with but slight success. There are exceptions, however, particularly +among amateurs in Germany, sufficient to show that success is +possible. The Baron de Bretton raises about 27,000 cocoons annually. + +In this country but little has been done, or attempted, and that +little has not been very successful. + +The fact is, that _Yamamai_ is a difficult moth to rear in a country +like this, where in early spring the temperature varies so much; but +that success is possible, I am convinced. + +The moth emerges from the cocoon in the latter part of the summer, +copulates, lays its eggs, and of course dies. And now the trouble +commences; that is, with eggs laid, say in Japan, from whence we +mainly get our supplies. + +As soon as the egg is laid, the young larva commences its formation, +which in a short time (about one month) is perfected. It lies in the +egg in a quiescent state till early spring. If the egg remain in the +country where it is laid, and is kept at a pretty even temperature, +and free from damp, the caterpillar emerges in a healthy condition. +But if it be removed some thousands of miles, passing in the transit +from heat to cold, and back to heat again: and if, in addition, it +be closely confined in a damp place, with little or no circulation of +air, the egg is attacked by a fungus which sometimes prevents the worm +from emerging at all; or, if it emerge, it is in a sickly condition. +That these conditions obtain in the transit of eggs, from Japan +to Europe, and thence to America, is evident enough; and it may, +therefore, require the efforts of many persons, continued for a long +time, to enable us to acclimatize the _Yamamai_. But this is all that +is required, and I feel confident that ultimate success is certain. + +On hatching out, the worm is of a brimstone yellow, and thinly covered +with strong hairs; after the second month it is greenish, with black, +longitudinal streaks, and the thread a dull coral red color. After the +third month it becomes of a fine apple green, with yellow tubercles +on each segment, from which issue a few black hairs. The head and legs +are chocolate brown, the prolegs reddish, and the first segment edged +with pinkish color. The greatest care is necessary, as the spring +advances, to prevent the eggs from hatching before the oak buds +are ready for them, and the temperature must be regulated with the +greatest nicety. If the eggs can be kept somewhere about 50 deg. Fah., +it would be quite safe; higher than that the mercury should not be +allowed to rise, till you are quite ready for the worms, and, on the +other hand, the eggs should not be allowed to freeze. + +On emerging from the eggs, the worms should be allowed either to crawl +to the oak branches, or rather to sprigs obtained for that purpose, +the end of which should be placed in a jar, or bottle, of water, or +the worms may be placed on gently with a camel-hair brush. The leaves +should be well sprinkled with clean water that the caterpillars may +drink. + +From some cause, not well understood, the young caterpillars have +a tendency to wander; and if care be not taken many may be lost. To +prevent this, it is well to cover the branches with a gauze bag, tied +tightly around the stems, and close to the bottle. Care must also +be taken that the caterpillars do not find their way into the water, +which they assuredly will if they have the opportunity, committing +suicide in the most reckless manner. If the number of caterpillars be +few, it is a good plan to place them at the outset with their food, +in a wide-mouthed bottle, covering the mouth with gauze. The branches, +particularly if the weather be warm, must still be occasionally +sprinkled, so that the caterpillars may have the opportunity of +drinking. It must be remembered that experiment is necessary in +rearing _Yamamai_, but one thing is ascertained, and that is, that the +worms must not be exposed to direct sunshine, at least not after seven +or eight in the morning. If the spring be warm, I am inclined to think +that a northeastern exposure is the best, and we may sum up by saying, +that comparatively cool and moist seasons are more favorable to +success that hot, dry weather. In America the worms suffer in the +early spring, from the rapid changes of temperature, 40° at 9 A.M. +increasing to 70° in the afternoon and falling off to freezing point +during the night. The worms cannot stand this. They become torpid, +refuse to eat, and consequently die. To prevent this, if the nights +be cold, they must be placed where no such change of temperature can +occur. + +It is scarcely necessary to say that an ample supply of fresh food +must be always supplied, but it may not be amiss to say that it is +well, when supplying fresh branches, to remove the worms from the old +to the new. The best way of doing this is to clip off the branch, or +leaf, on which the worm is resting, and tie, pin, or in some way affix +the same to the new branches. If this be not done, they will continue +to eat the old leaf, even if it be withered, and this induces disease. +If the worm has fastened itself for the purpose of moulting, the best +way is to remove the entire branch, clipping off all the dried +leaves before so removing it. These remarks apply, in general, to the +treatment of all silkworms, except _Bombyx mori_. + +The results of numerous experiments with _Yamamai_ go to show that it +is, as I said before, a difficult worm to rear; but it has been reared +near New York to the extent of eight hundred cocoons out of sixteen +hundred eggs, and this, although not a remunerative result, is +encouraging. + +The Chinese silk moth, _Aulterea Pernyi_, also an oak feeder, has been +successfully raised by me and by others, for several years. Eggs have +been sold to persons in States widely separated, and the results show +that this worm is perfectly hardy. + +The moth winters in the cocoon, emerges early in May, if the weather +be warm, pairs readily, and lays from 150 to 200 eggs. These hatch +out in about fourteen days, and like _Yamamai_, always about 5 or 6 +o'clock in the morning. It is necessary to be on the alert to catch +them on hatching only, and to remember that they are vagabonds, even +to a greater extent than _Yamamai_. Consequently similar precautions +must be taken. + +The worm on emerging from the egg is large, and of a chocolate-brown +color. After the first month it becomes of a yellowish green; head, +pale brown; feet and prolegs of nearly the same color. The body has +numerous reddish tubercles, from which issue a few reddish hairs. At +the base of some of the tubercles on the anterior segments are silvery +patches. + +The _Pernyi_ worm is much more easily reared than that of _Yamamai_, +but still great care is needed; fresh food of course is essential, and +a slight sprinkling of the branches and worms in very warm weather is +advisable; although it is not so necessary as with _Yamamai_. It is +remarkable that _Pernyi_ worms, fed in the open air, on oak trees, +do not, at present, thrive so well as those fed in-doors, but this, +doubtless, is a question of acclimation. I advise white oak (_Quercus +alba_) as food, if it can be readily obtained, but failing that, pin +oak (_Quercus palustris_) will do; and I have no doubt that they will +feed on any kind of oak. They will, indeed, feed on birch, and on +sweet gum (_Liquidambar_), but oak is the proper food. It is worthy of +remark that _Pernyi_ bears a strong resemblance to our _Polyphemus_, +but it is more easily reared in confinement, and double brooded; an +important fact for the silk culturist. From American reared eggs, I +obtained cocoons as early as July 4th, the perfect insect emerging on +July 31. Copulation immediately ensued, and the resulting eggs hatched +only on August 12, ten days only from the time of laying; and as the +worm feeds up in about four or five weeks, this affords plenty of +time for rearing the second brood. It must be remembered that on the +quantity and quality of food, much depends, not only with _Pernyi_ +but with all caterpillars. By furnishing food sparingly the time of +feeding would be much prolonged. + +I have already said that both _Yamamai_ and _Pernyi_ should be fed +under shelter for the reasons given, but there is another reason of +less importance. The young worms are liable to be attacked by spiders +and wasps, and even after the second month, they are not safe from +these enemies. I have seen a wasp bite a large caterpillar in two, +carry off the anterior section and return for the posterior, which +had held on by its prolegs. Did the wasp anticipate this fact, and +therefore carry off the anterior part first? As to the spiders, they +form a series of pulleys and hoist the caterpillar off its legs, +sucking its juices at leisure. + +And now I must devote a few words to the advisability of silk culture +from a pecuniary point of view. _Bombyx mori_, or the ordinary +mulberry silkworm, is, of course, the best to rear, if you can obtain +healthy eggs. But this is the difficulty, and thence arises the +necessity of cultivating other silk-producing species. I imagine +that silk can be produced in most of the States of the Union, and +manufactured from the cocoon at a large profit; but for the present, +we will leave the manufacture out of the question, and consider only, +whether it will not pay to rear eggs and cocoons for sale? It must +be remembered that European manufacturers are at this moment largely +dependent on foreign countries for the supply of both eggs and +cocoons; and this, because of the general prevalence of disease among +all the races of _Bombyx mori_. And now, to what extent does the +reader suppose this dependence exists? Of cocoons I have no returns at +hand, but, of raw silk, European manufacturers purchase, annually, not +less than $160,000,000 worth; and of eggs (_Bombyx mori_) to the +value of $10,000,000. This, then, is a business of no trifling amount. +California seems to be alive to the fact, and, I am informed, raised, +this last season, $3,000,000 cocoons; and, for sale, about 4,000 +ounces of eggs, worth at least $4 per ounce, wholesale. Now, there is +no earthly reason why California should monopolize this business. +Why are not companies formed in other States for this purpose? or if +private individuals lack the enterprise or the means, why do not the +legislatures, of those States most favorably located, do something by +way of starting the business? A few thousand dollars loaned, or even +donated, may prove to be a valuable investment for the people at +large, and, even supposing a failure, would not be a very great loss +to any body. + +So far as farmers are concerned, it may interest them to know that one +man in England, Capt. Mason, clears $50 per acre by rearing silkworms +(_Bombyx mori_ in this case), and I much doubt whether any crop raised +here pays as well. + +By way of commencement, then, let everybody that has sufficient +leisure set to work, and rear as many silkworms, of the above-named +species, as he possibly can; and if the process be not remunerative in +a pecuniary sense, it most assuredly will be in the amount of pleasure +and knowledge obtained. + +One caution I must give to those who cultivate _Bombyx mori_. Although +_Yamamai_ requires sprinkled branches, _Bombyx mori_ does not; nor +must the leaves be furnished to them while wet with rain or dew. + + * * * * * + + +EFFECT OF COLD UPON IRON.--The article upon this subject, giving +experiments of Fairbairn and others, referred to in our editorial +upon the same subject, in our last issue, was crowded out by press of +matter. The reader will find it in the present number. + + * * * * * + + + + +UNIVERSAL BORING MACHINE. + + +Our readers will recollect an illustrated description of an universal +wood-working machine, published on page 79, Vol. XIII. of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The machine herewith illustrated is manufactured +by the same firm, and is a valuable addition to the many excellent +wood-working machines now in use. A boring machine, though one of the +simplest, is by no means an unimportant adjunct to a full outfit of +wood-working machines. The one shown in our engraving is one of the +most complete ever brought to our notice, and the great variety of +work it is capable of performing, renders the name chosen for it +peculiarly applicable. It is called the "Universal Boring Machine" +because the most prominent feature of its construction is its power to +bore a hole in any desired angle with the axis of the bit. + +Any sized bit required is inserted into the chuck, which is adjustable +to fit large and small shanks. The mandrel which carries the chuck is +made to traverse by a foot lever, so as to bore any depth up to twelve +inches. The mandrel is driven by belt from a cone pulley of three +faces, which gives the proper speeds for different sized bits. + +Slots and stops upon the table enable the work to be set at any +desired angle on the horizontal plane, while the table can be set on +an incline to any angle not exceeding forty-five degrees. The table +is twenty-one inches wide, with fifteen inches slide, and it can be +raised or lowered fifteen inches. + +The countershaft rests in self-adjusting boxes, and has a tight and +a loose pulley eight inches in diameter. The traversing mandrel is of +the best quality of steel, and the machine is otherwise made of iron +in a substantial manner. + +[Illustration: McBETH, BENTEL, & MARGEDANT'S UNIVERSAL BORING +MACHINE.] + +The several adjustments enable the operator to do all kinds of light +and heavy boring, with ease and with great rapidity. + +This machine was awarded the first premium at the Cincinnati +Industrial Exposition, in October, 1870, and was patented through the +Scientific American Patent Agency, Aug. 16, 1870. It is manufactured +by McBeth, Bentel and Margedant, of Hamilton, Ohio, whom address for +machines rights to manufacture, or other information. + + * * * * * + + + + +COMBINED TRUNK AND ROCKING CHAIR. + + +A unique invention, calculated to increase the comforts of travellers +on steamboats, ships, and in crowded rooms of hotels, is illustrated +in the engraving published herewith. It is the invention of T. Nye, +of Westbrook, Me., and was patented by him, June 18, 1867. It is a +combined trunk and rocking chair. The rockers are made to fold into +recesses, where they are retained by suitable appliances till wanted. +The trunk being opened, as shown, forms a back to the seat, which +is held by metallic braces. When closed, the whole presents the +appearance of an ordinary trunk. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + + + +COSMETICS. + + +The extensive use of preparations for hiding nature's bloom on the +human countenance, and presenting to our view a sort of metallic +plaster, suggests the inquiry, "how are these pigments made?" Without +going into an unnecessary analysis of the "Bloom of Youth," the +"Rejuvenator," the "Corpse Decorator," or the other inventions for +destroying the skin, with which the druggists' stores abound, we +may state again the fact, always unheeded, that all the detestable +compounds are injurious. They are nearly all metallic poisons, and, +if there be any that are innocent of this charge, they are in every +instance harmful to the health. The color and surface of the skin +cannot be changed by any application which does not close the pores; +the pores, which are so exquisitely fine that there are millions of +them to the square inch, and which must be kept open if a healthy and +cleanly body is to be preserved. There is more breathing done through +the pores of a healthy person than through the lungs; and we need not +remind our readers of a ghastly piece of cruelty once enacted in Paris +(that of gilding the body of a child, for a triumphal procession, +which killed the subject in two hours), to show that the stoppage, in +any degree, of the natural functions of so important an organ as the +skin, is injurious. The immediate effect of the use of such compounds +is to destroy the vitality of the skin, and to render it, in +appearance, a piece of shriveled parchment. We must warn our readers +that a temporary and meretricious "bloom" can only be attained at the +cost of future freshness and lively appearance, so that a year or two +of "looking like paint" is followed by a long period of "looking like +dilapidation." + + * * * * * + + + + +SMITH'S INFANT DINING CHAIR. + + +The accompanying engraving illustrates a convenient and cheap infant +dining chair, which can be attached to any of the ordinary chairs in +common use. + +[Illustration] + +It consists of a chair without legs, suspended by the posts of the +back, as shown, on pins engaging with hooked bars, which are placed +upon the back of an ordinary chair. The details of the device will be +seen by a glance at the engraving. The chair is adjusted in hight +by placing the pins in the proper holes in the posts made for this +purpose. + +For further information, address Smith, Hollenbeck & Co., Toledo, +Ohio. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MEDICINES OF THE ANCIENTS. + + +At the recent commencement of the Homeopathic College in this city, +Mr. S. H. Wales, of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN addressed the graduating +class, and from his remarks, we quote the following: + +"Many writers of our time persist in regarding this, above all others, +as the best period in the history of our race; and, doubtless, it is +true in many important respects. But I cannot forbear the suggestion +at this moment that there was a time in the history of the world +when the science of medicine was unknown, when people lived to the +incredible age of many centuries; and, even after the span of life +had been reduced to threescore and ten, sickness was comparatively +unknown. In ancient times, it was looked upon as a calamity, that +had overtaken a tribe or people, when one of its members prematurely +sickened and died. + +"Other arts and sciences flourished in Rome long before medicine +was thought of; and the historian tells us that the first doctor who +settled in Rome, some two hundred years before Christ, was banished on +account of his poor success and the very severe treatment applied to +his patients; and it was a hundred years before the next one came. He +rose to great popularity, simply because he allowed his patients to +drink all the wine they wanted, and to eat their favorite dishes. +Some writer on hygiene has made the statement that the whole code +of medical ethics presented by Moses consisted simply in bathing, +purification, and diet. This simplicity of life was not confined to +the wandering tribes who settled in the land of Canaan, but was the +universal custom of all nations of which history gives us any account. +This simple arrangement for health was considered enough in those +primitive times, when the human system had not been worn out and +exhausted by depletive medicines. The luxuries of public baths, +athletic sports and games were deemed ample, both to educate the +physical perceptions and to prevent disease. + +"All this wisdom, which had its origin in ancient games and sports +of the field, led to the erection of extensive bath-houses, and the +adoption of other healthful luxuries to which all the people could +resort to recreate their wasted powers." + + * * * * * + + + + +BARNES' VENTILATOR FOR MATTRESSES, ETC. + + +Many diseases are caused by the use of beds not properly aired; and +it is difficult, if not impossible, to properly air, or ventilate, +a mattress, made in the usual manner. If this could be done more +thoroughly than it generally is, much sickness would be avoided. + +[Illustration] + +To secure this object cheaply and efficiently is the design of the +invention herewith illustrated. By it a complete circulation of +air through the mattress is secured, which carries off all dampness +arising from constant use. Thus the mattress becomes more healthy for +sleeping purposes, more durable and better fitted for the sick room. +The ventilators consist of coiled wire, covered with coarse cloth +(to prevent the stuffing closing up the tube), running through the +mattress in all directions. The ends of the coils are secured to the +ticking by means of metal thimbles, inside of which are pieces of wire +gauze, to prevent insects getting in, but which admit air freely. The +cost of the ventilators is small, and they will last as long as any +mattress. They can be applied to any bed at small expense. + +This invention was patented through the Scientific American Patent +Agency, January 10, 1871. The right to manufacture will be disposed +of in any part of the country. Further information can be obtained by +addressing the proprietors, Barnes & Allen, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +The third annual exhibition of the National Photographic Association +takes place at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, June 6, 1871. Prof. +Morton is to deliver two lectures on Light. + + * * * * * + + + + +A SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AWAKENING. + + +Our English cotemporary, _Engineering_, appears to have seriously +exercised itself in the perusal of our good-natured article +on "English and American Scientific and Mechanical Engineering +Journalism," which appeared in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, February +4th; at least, we so judge from the tenor of an article in response +thereto, covering a full page of that journal. The article in question +is a curiosity in literature. It deserves a much wider circulation +than _Engineering_ can give it, and we would gladly transfer it to our +columns, but for its exceeding length--a serious fault generally, not +only with _Engineering's_ articles, but most other technical journals +published in England. It would scarcely do for them to be brief in +their discussions, and above all other things, spice and piquancy +must always be excluded. _Engineering_ evidently labors under the +conviction that the heavier it can make its discussions, the more +profoundly will it be able to impress its readers. Hence, we are +equally astonished and gratified to find a gleam of humor flashing out +from the ordinary sober-sided composition of our learned contemporary. +The article came to us just as we were laboring under an attack of +dyspepsia, and its reading fairly shook our atrabilious _corpus_. We +said to ourselves, "can it be possible that _Engineering_ is about to +experience the new birth, to undergo regeneration, and a baptism of +fire?" The article is really worth reading, and we begin to indulge +the hope that at least one English technical is going to try to make +itself not only useful, but readable and interesting. And what is +most perplexingly novel in this new manifestation, is the display of +a considerable amount of egotism, which we had always supposed to be +a sinful and naughty thing in technical journalism. And, as if to +magnify this self-complaisance, it actually alludes to its "_own +extensive and ever-increasing circulation in America_." Now to show +how small a thing can impart comfort to the soul of our cotemporary, +we venture to say that the circulation of _Engineering_ in this +country cannot much exceed three hundred copies per week. + +It evidently amazes our English cotemporary that a journal like the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, which, according to its own notions, is chiefly +the work of "scissors and paste," should circulate so widely; and it +even belittles our weekly circulation by several thousand copies, +in order to give point to its very amusing, and, we will also add, +generally just criticism. + +The writer in _Engineering_, whoever he may be, appears to be a sort +of literary Rip Van Winkle, just waking out of a long sleep; and +he cannot get the idea through his head that it is possible that a +technical journal can become a vehicle of popular information to +the mass of mankind, instead of being the organ of a small clique of +professional engineers or wealthy manufacturers, such as seems to +hold control of the columns of _Engineering_, and who use it either +to ventilate their own pet schemes and theories, or to advertise, by +illustration and otherwise, in the reading columns, a repetition of +lathes, axle-boxes brakes, cars, and other trade specialities, which +can lay little or no claim to novelty. It is, furthermore, a crying +sin in the estimation of our English critic that American technical +journals do not separate their advertisements from the subject matter; +and he thinks that when Yankee editors learn that trade announcements +are out of place in the body of a journal, they will see how to make +their journals pay by making them higher priced. Now we venture to +say, without intending to give offence, that Yankee editors understand +their business quite as well as do English editors; and it is +presumable, at least, that they know what suits their readers on +this side, much better than do English editors. We venture to +suggest--modestly, of course--that journalism in the two countries +is not the same, and should the editor of _Engineering_ undertake +to transfer his system of intellectual labor to this side of the +Atlantic, he would not be long in making the discovery that those +wandering Bohemian engineers, who, he tells us, are in sorrow and +heaviness over the short-comings of American technical journals, would +turn out after all to be slender props for him to lean upon. We think +it probable, however, that with a little more snap, a journal like +_Engineering_ might possibly attain a circulation, in this country, of +500 or 1000 copies weekly. + +Why, American engineers have scarcely yet been able to organize +themselves into an association for mutual advancement in their +profession, much less to give the reading public the benefit of their +experience and labors! This fact alone ought, of itself, to satisfy +_Engineering_ that no such journal could profitably exist in this +country. Whenever our American engineers are ready to support such a +journal, there will be no difficulty in finding a publisher. + +_Engineering_, in its casual reference to the various technical +journals of America, omits to name our leading scientific monthly, but +introduces with just commendation a venerable cotemporary, now upwards +of three score years of age. Now, it is no disparagement of this +really modest monthly to say, that perhaps there are not sixty hundred +people in the States who know it, even by name; and so far as the use +of "scissors and paste" are made available in our technical journals, +we venture the assertion that the editorial staff expenses of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN are as great, if not greater, than those of +_Engineering_. The question, however, is not so much one of original +outlay, but which of the two journals gives most for the money. In +this very essential particular, and with no intention to depreciate +the value of _Engineering_, we assert, with becoming modesty, that the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN occupies a position which _Engineering_ will never +be able to attain. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SHERMAN PROCESS. + + +When people boast of extraordinary successes in processes the details +of which are kept profoundly hidden from public scrutiny, and when the +evidences of success are presented in the doubtful form of specimens +which the public has no means of tracing directly to the process, the +public is apt to be skeptical, and to express skepticism often in not +very complimentary terms. + +For a considerable time, the public has been treated to highly-colored +accounts of a wonderful metallurgic process whereby the best iron and +steel were said to be made, from the very worst materials, almost +in the twinkling of an eye. This process has been called after its +assumed inventor, or discoverer, the "Sherman Process." The details of +the process are still withheld, but we last week gave an extract from +an English contemporary, which throws a little light upon the subject. + +The agent relied upon to effect the remarkable transformation claimed, +is iodine, used preferably in the form of iodide of potassium, and +very little of it is said to produce a most marvellous change in the +character of the metal. + +A very feeble attempt at explaining the rationale of this effect has +been made, in one or two English journals, which we opine will not +prove very satisfactory to chemists and scientific metallurgists. The +_Engineer_ has published two three-column articles upon the subject, +the first containing very little information, and the second a great +number of unnecessary paragraphs, but which gives the proportion of +the iodide used, in the extremely scientific and accurate formula +expressed in the terms "a small quantity." + +Assertions of remarkable success have also been given. Nothing, +however, was said of remarkable failures, of which there have +doubtless been some. A series of continued successes would, we +should think, by this time, have sufficed for the parturition of +this metallurgic process, and the discovery would ere this have been +introduced to the world, had there not been some drawbacks. + +We are not prepared to deny _in toto_ that the process is all that is +claimed for it; but the way in which it has been managed is certainly +one not likely to encourage faith in it. + +The very name of "process" implies a system perfected, and if it be +still so far back in the experimental stage that nothing definite in +the way of results can be relied upon, it is not yet a process. If, in +the use of iodine, in some instances, fine grades of iron or steel are +produced, and in as many other experiments, with the same material, +failures result, it is just as fair to attribute the failures to the +iodine, as the successes. A process worthy the name is one that acts +with approximate uniformity, and when, in its use, results vary +widely from what is usual, the variation may be traced to important +differences in the conditions of its application. + +On the whole, we are inclined to believe Mr. Sherman's experiments +have not yet developed a definite process, and we shall receive with +much allowance the glowing statements published in regard to it, until +such time as it can face the world and defy unbelief. + +The patents obtained by Mr. Sherman seem to cover the use of iodine, +rather than the manner of using it, and throw no light upon the +rationale of the process. + +A patent was granted by the United States Patent Office, Sept. 13, +1870, to J. C. Atwood, in which the inventor claims the use of iodide +of potassium in connection with the carbons and fluxes used in making +and refining iron. In his specification he states that he uses about +_fifteen grains_ of this salt to eighty pounds of the metal. This +is about 1/373 of one per cent. He uses in connection with this +exceedingly small proportion of iodide of potassium, about two ounces +of lampblack, or charcoal, and four ounces of manganese, and asserts +that steel made with these materials will be superior in quality +to that made by the old method. These claims we are inclined to +discredit. Certainly, we see no chemical reason why this small amount +of iodide should produce such an effect, and the specification itself +throws no light upon our darkness. + +If the experiments in these so-called processes have no better basis +than is apparent from such information as at present can be gathered +respecting them, it is probable we shall wait some time before the +promised revolution in iron and steel manufacture is accomplished +through their use. + + * * * * * + + + + +RUBBER TIRES FOR TRACTION ENGINES. + + +When it was first discovered that a smooth-faced driving wheel, +running on a smooth-faced rail, would "bite," the era of iron railways +and locomotive engines may be said to have fairly commenced. The +correction of a single radical error was, in this case, the dawn of a +new system of travel, so extensive in its growth and marvelous in its +results, that even the wildest dreamer could not, at that time, have +imagined the consequences of so simple a discovery. + +A popular and somewhat similar error regarding the bite of wheels on +rough and uneven surfaces, has also prevailed. We say popular error, +because engineers have not shared it, and it has obtained, to any +notable extent, only among those unfamiliar with mechanical science. +The error in question is, that hard-surfaced wheels will not bite on +a moderately rough surface, sufficiently to give an efficient tractile +power. It seems strange that this error should have diffused itself +very extensively, when it is remembered that a certain degree of +roughness is essential to frictional resistance. The smoothness of the +ordinary railway track is roughness compared to that of an oiled or +unctuous metallic surface; and it has been amply demonstrated that +the resistance of friction, of two bearing surfaces depends, not +upon their extent, but upon the pressure with which they are forced +together. A traction wheel, of given weight, resting upon two square +inches of hard earth or rock, would develop the same tractile power +as though it had a bearing surface of two square feet of similar +material. + +On very rough and stony ways, however, another element practically of +no importance on moderately rough ways, like a macadam surface or a +concrete road, where the prominences are nearly of uniform hight, and +so near together as to admit between their summits only very small +arcs of the circumference of the wheel; comes into action. This +element is the constantly recurring lifting of the superincumbent +weight of the machine. Even this would not result in loss of power, +could the power developed in falling be wholly applied to useful work +in the direction of the advance of the engine. The fact is, however, +that it is not so applied, and in any method of propulsion at present +known to engineering science, cannot be so applied. Above a certain +point where friction enough is developed to prevent slip, the more +uneven the road surface is, the greater the power demanded for the +propulsion of the locomotive. And this will hold good for both hard +and soft-tired wheels. + +What then is the advantage, if any, of rubber-tired wheels? The +advantages claimed may be enumerated as follows: increased tractile +power, with a given weight, secured without damage to roadways; ease +of carriage to the supported machinery, whereby it--the machinery--is +saved from stress and wear; and economy of the power, expended in +moving the extra weight required by rigid-tired wheels, to secure the +required frictional resistance. The last-mentioned claim depends upon +the first, and must stand or fall with it. The saving of roadway, +ease of carriage, and its favorable result upon the machinery, are +generally conceded. + +A denial of the first claim has been made, by those interested in the +manufacture of rigid-tired traction engines and others, in so far +as the rubber tires are employed on comparatively smooth surfaces; +although the increased tractile power on quite _rough_ pavements and +roads is acknowledged. + +This denial is based upon results of experiments performed on the +streets of Rochester, England, between the 9th October and the 2nd +November, 1870, by a committee of the Royal Engineers (British Army), +with a view to determine accurately the point in question. + +Care was taken to make the circumstances, under which the trials +took place, exactly alike for both the rubber and the iron tires. The +experiments were performed with an Aveling and Porter six-horse power +road engine, built in the Royal Engineers' establishment. The weight +of the engine, without rubber tires, was 11,225 pounds; with rubber +tires, it weighed 12,025 pounds. Without rubber tires it drew 2.813 +times its own weight up a gradient of 1 in 11; with rubber +tires, it drew up the same incline 2.763 times the weight of engine, +with the weight of rubber tires added; showing that, although it drew +a little over 2,200 pounds more than it could do without the rubber +tires, the increase of traction was only that which might be expected +from the additional weight. + +It is claimed, moreover, that the additional traction power and +superior ease of carriage on rough roads, secured with rubber tires, +is dearly bought at the very great increase in cost, of an engine +fitted with them, over one not so fitted. + +This is a point we regard as not fully settled, though it will not +long remain in doubt. There are enough of both types of wheels now in +use to soon answer practically any question there may be of durability +(upon which the point of economy hinges), so far as the interest on +the increased cost due to rubber tires, is offset against the greater +wear and tear of iron rimmed wheels. It is stated, on good authority +that a rubber tired engine, started at work in Aberdeen, Scotland, +wore out its tires between April and September, inclusive, and when +it is taken into consideration, that the cost of these tires is +about half that of other engines, made with solid iron rimmed driving +wheels, it will be seen that, unless very much greater durability than +this can be shown for the rubber, the advantages of such tires are +very nearly, if not more than, balanced by their disadvantages. + +The fact that one set of tires wore out so soon does not prove a rule. +There may have been causes at work which do not affect such tires +generally, and it would be, we think, quite premature to form +favorable or unfavorable judgment, of relative economy from such data +as have been yet furnished. + +The difference in the current expenses of running the two most +prominent types of engines, with hard and soft tires, now in use, does +not affect the question of rubber tires, unless it can be shown that +these tires necessitate, _per se_, such a form of engine as requires +a greater consumption of fuel, and greater cost of attendance, to +perform a given amount of work. + + * * * * * + + + + +CENTRAL SHAFT OF THE HOOSAC TUNNEL. + + +As many of our readers have evinced much interest and ingenuity on +the question of the propriety of placing reliance upon the accuracy of +dropping a perpendicular from the top to the bottom of a shaft 1,030 +feet in depth, by means of an ordinary plummet, we take the earliest +opportunity of settling the matter beyond dispute, by reporting +the results lately obtained, through a series of experiments by the +engineers in charge, for the ultimate purpose of laying down the +correct line for the tunnel. + +The perpendicular line has, of course, been dropped many times, and +the main result taken. The plummet used is made of steel, properly +balanced and polished, in shape something like a pineapple, and of +about the same size, weighing fifteen pounds. It was suspended, with +the large end downwards, by a thin copper wire, one fortieth of an +inch in diameter, immersed in water; and, after careful steadying with +the hand, occupied about an hour in assuming its final position or +motion, which, contrary to the expectation and theories of many, +resulted in a circular motion around a fixed point, the diameter of +the circle being a mean of one quarter of an inch. The suspending +wire in these operations was not quite the entire length of the shaft, +being only 900 feet; and before the plummet had settled, the wire had +stretched nearly twenty feet. + +The suspension of the plummet in water was not considered necessary +for any other reason than that water was continually trickling down +the wire, and dropping on the plummet. The experiments so far have +not been of the perfect character it is determined to attain, when the +final alignment is made, as, until the headings east and west of the +shaft have advanced to a considerable distance, any slight error would +be of no account. + +A neat and ingenious instrument has been constructed for determining +the variation of the plummet, and will be used when great accuracy is +desired; the plummet will also be suspended in oil. + +The bearing of the tunnel is about S. 81° E.; but, independently of +its near approach to the line of revolution described by the earth, +it is not considered necessary to take into account any motion it may +derive from this cause. In fact, the opinion is, that the motion of +the earth will not practically have any effect. + +On the whole, after the still imperfect experiments which have been +made, enough is established to show there is no difficulty to be +encountered, other than the accurate and delicate manipulation of the +plummet and its attachments. + +The shaft headings are progressing favorably. The rock is not so hard +or varied as that met with at the west end markings. Already nearly +300 feet have been taken out, and with the proved energy of the +contractors, this great task will doubtless be prosecuted steadily and +surely to completion, within the contract time expiring March 1, 1874. + + * * * * * + + + + +A MUSEUM OF ART AND NATURAL HISTORY. + + +Our recent articles on "Scientific Destitution in New York" and "The +Scientific Value of the Central Park," have called forth numerous +letters from correspondents, and have been extensively noticed by the +press. We now learn that the legislature of the State has taken +the matter in hand, and there is some prospect, with an honest +administration of the appropriations, of something being done to +relieve our city of the opprobrium that rests upon it. A bill is +pending, before the Senate, authorizing the Park Commissioners to +build, equip, and furnish, on Manhattan Square, or any other public +square or park, suitable fire-proof buildings, at a cost not exceeding +$500,000 for each corporation, for the purpose of establishing a +museum of art, by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and of a museum +of natural history, by the American Museum of Natural History, two +societies recently incorporated by the Legislature. This is a million +dollars to begin with, and an ample site, without cost, to the +aforementioned corporations. + +Manhattan Square extends from Seventy-seventh to Eighty-first streets, +and from Eighth to Ninth avenues, and spans about eighteen acres. +Until it was set apart by the state Board of Commissioners, for the +purposes of a Zoological Garden, it was proposed, by a number of +enlightened citizens of New York, to devote it to the uses of four of +our existing corporations, giving to each one a corner, and an equal +share in the allotment of space. The societies were, "the Academy of +Design," for art, "the Historical Society," for public records and +libraries, "the Lyceum of Natural History," for science, and "the +American Institute," for technology. These have been incorporated +for many years, and are known to include the leading artists, men +of letters, science, and the arts, of the city, on their lists of +members. The committee went so far as to have plans of the building +drawn by competent architects; but, like many other well-meant +schemes, want of money compelled the originators of the plan to +abandon any further attempts. In the meantime, the Legislature +chartered the American Botanical and Zoological Society, and gave the +Commissioners of the Park authority to set apart a portion of it, +not exceeding sixty acres, for the use of the Society, for the +establishment of a zoological and botanical garden. This society +was duly organized under the act, and Mr. Hamilton Fish was made +its president, and considerable sums of money were subscribed. But, +according to the sixth annual report of the Board of Commissioners, +"the society never manifested its desire for an allotment of ground." +It appears to have died, and made no sign. Some of our citizens, +fearing that the Central Park would go the way of every other public +work in the city, made strenuous effort to revive the Zoological +Society, for the purpose of obtaining a perpetual lease of a suitable +site, on which to establish a zoological garden, similar to those in +London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Cologne. Their object was to remove this +part of the Park beyond the reach of political intrigue. Subsequent +events have shown that the fears of these gentlemen were well founded. +The Legislature of the State, on the 25th of March, 1862, gave ample +powers to the New York Historical Society to establish a Museum of +Antiquity and Science, and a Gallery of Art, in the Central Park. +They have submitted designs for a building, but, for some reason, no +decisive steps have been taken towards its construction. + +The Lyceum of Natural History was also negotiating with the +Commissioners, for the use of the upper rooms of the arsenal for its +collections, and there is no doubt that an arrangement to this +effect would have been made, if a fire had not destroyed the entire +collections of the Lyceum. The Lyceum made great effort to raise money +to purchase a new collection, but without avail; and, although this +is the oldest scientific society in New York, and has inrolled in its +list of members, nearly every professional scientist of the city, it +is probably the poorest, in income and resources, of any academy of +sciences in the world. We do not know that the Academy of Design has +ever applied for a home in the Central Park; and we cannot speak for +the American Institute, nor for the Geographical Society, in this +particular. As we stated in our former article, the old Board of +Commissioners appears to have become weary of the unsuccessful +attempts on the part of numerous societies to divide up and apportion +the Central Park, and they applied to the Legislature for authority to +conduct matters in their own way. An act was duly passed, authorizing +the Board "to erect, establish, conduct, and maintain, on the Central +Park, a Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory, a Museum of +Natural History, and a Gallery of Art, and the buildings therefor, and +to provide the necessary instruments, furniture, and equipments for +the same." + +Here would seem to be ample power for the establishment of museums of +science and art, but nothing is said about the manner of raising the +money. One would suppose, however, that, by means of the "Central Park +Improvement Fund," abundant means could have been raised. The bill +now before the Legislature puts matters in a new light. If it does not +conflict with previous enactments, nor destroy vested rights, it has +the appearance of being a thoroughly practical way of solving the +question of art and science for the city. The Metropolitan Museum of +Art and the American Museum of Natural History are in the hands of +the most respectable citizens of New York. It would not be possible to +find a body of men of more unimpeachable integrity and greater +worth, than the gentlemen who have founded these two societies. It is +impossible that they should lend their names to anything that will +not bear the closest scrutiny; hence the proposition, now before the +Legislature, to put up buildings for them, at a cost of a million +dollars, must attract unusual attention. If the State would +appropriate the money to these corporations, giving them the control +of its expenditure, we should have considerably more confidence in its +honest administration than, we are grieved to say, we can feel under +the present circumstances; and if we knew what other institutions +are to have the remaining portions of Manhattan Square, it would be a +great relief to our minds. + +"We fear the Greeks bringing gifts," but are willing to accept the +gifts, if the officers of the two organizations are certain that it is +all right. + +The need of a Museum of Natural History, and of a Gallery of Art, in +New York, is so pressing that there is some danger of our accepting +the appropriations without a proper regard to consequences. The Court +House is not yet finished, and the foundations of the Post-office are +scarcely laid. + + * * * * * + + + + +REPORT OF THE JUDGES OF GROUP 1, DEPARTMENT V. OF THE EXHIBITION OF +THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR 1870. THE ALLEN ENGINE. + + +The labors of the judges in this department were much lighter in the +last exhibition than in the preceding one, and we are happy to say, +were, in our opinion, so far as the award of premiums is concerned, +much more fairly performed. The award of two first premiums to two +competing engines could scarcely be repeated this time, as there was +in reality no competition. The Allen engine was the only important +one entered, and of course received the first premium. The engine is, +however, one that evidently could have competed favorably with those +previously exhibited. + +We are in receipt of advanced sheets of the judges' report pertaining +to the critical examination of this engine, being a record and account +of experiments performed under the supervision of Washington Lee, C. E. +The experiments were very comprehensive, and comprised approved tests, +of each important detail, usually made by expert engineers. + +The report is too voluminous for reprint or even for condensation +in our columns. In looking it through, we are satisfied that the +experiments were accurately made, and that the engine exhibited great +working efficiency and economy. + +As the engine has been recently illustrated and described in our +columns, we deem it unnecessary to dwell upon the details of its +construction. The water test of the previous exhibition was employed, +the water being this time measured, with indisputable accuracy, in a +tank, instead of by a meter as before. + +The voluminous comparison of this engine with those previously +exhibited, seems unnecessary, and we think not in good taste in such a +report, however much it may possess of scientific interest. Moreover, +the circumstances under which the trials were respectively performed, +render the comparison difficult, if not unfair. + +Mr. Lee concludes his report with a thorough endorsement of the theory +of Mr. Porter upon the action of the reciprocating parts of engines, +as set forth by the last named gentleman in recent articles in this +journal. He says: + +"Under the resistance of 128.375 horse powers at the brake, the motion +of the engine was remarkably uniform; not the least diminution of +speed in passing the centers could be detected, illustrating very +satisfactorily the value, in this respect, of the speed employed, and +of the action of the reciprocating parts of the engine in equalizing +the rotative pressure on the crank through the stroke. The governor +was, during the trials and through the exhibition, nearly motionless, +while the load remained constant, and instantaneous in its action on +changes of resistance, maintaining a steadiness of running which left +nothing to be desired." + +The judges--Prof. F. A. P. Barnard, Thos. J. Sloan, and Robert +Weir--speak in their report as follows: + +"The performance of this engine has exceeded that of the two fine +engines which were on trial here last year. The results seem to be +without precedent in such engines. The engine ran from 11 to 12 +hours repeatedly without showing a sign of a warm bearing, displaying +thorough perfection in all its parts. In all respects the engine is +first-class, and from the fact of its presenting weight with speed, as +a requisite for perfection in steam engines, it has opened a new era +in this necessary branch--its economy having been clearly demonstrated +in the careful trials, which ought to be published in full." + + * * * * * + + + + +LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. + + +There was an unusually large attendance of members at the meeting of +the Lyceum of Natural History, on Monday evening, the 6th inst., +to listen to an address by Professor B. Waterhouse Hawkins, on the +progress of the work of the restoration of the forms of extinct +animals in the Central Park. Mr. Hawkins gave an account of the +difficulties he encountered at the outset, in finding any skeletons +of animals in New York, with which to make comparisons, and he was +finally compelled to go to Boston and Philadelphia for this purpose. +After much study and many delays, the casts of the _Hadrosaurus_ were +completed, and numerous smaller skeletons prepared. At this stage of +the proceedings an entire change in the administration of the Park +took place, and the newly appointed Commissioners decided to suspend +the work upon the Palęozoic Museum, and they dismissed Mr. Hawkins +from their service. + +The announcement that an end had thus been summarily put to one of the +most important educational projects ever started in this country, was +received by the Lyceum with profound surprise. For a few minutes after +the close of Mr. Hawkins' report, no one felt disposed to make any +comment, but as the truth of the great damage became apparent, there +was considerable disposition manifested to have the Society give +expression to its sense of the value of Mr. Hawkins' services in the +cause of education, and their regret that so important a work should +be suspended at this critical period. Remarks were made by Dr. +Newbery, Professor Joy, Mr. Andrew H. Green, Professor Seely, Dr. +Walz, Mr. E. G. Squier, and others, and the following resolutions were +unanimously adopted: + + _Resolved_, That the Lyceum of Natural History, in the city of New + York, has learned with deep regret of the temporary suspension + of the work of restoration of the forms of extinct animals, + as hitherto prosecuted in the Central Park, under the able + superintendence of Professor Waterhouse Hawkins. + + _Resolved_, That the Society considers the proposed palęozoic + museum not only a valuable acquisition to the scientific treasures + and resources of the city, but also as a most important adjunct + and complement to our great system of public education. + + * * * * * + + + + +WARMING AND VENTILATION OF RAILROAD CARS. + + +There has been enough of denunciation against the present general +method of warming and ventilating railway cars. It produces no effect +on the corporations who could, if they would, adopt appliances that +would not burn people to death in cases of accident, nor regularly and +persistently poison them with bad air. + +There is no lack of ways and means; the problem is simple and easily +solved; nay--a not very extensive search through the Patent Office +records will show that it has been solved already; perhaps not in the +most practical and perfect manner, but still solved so well, as, were +it not for corporation cupidity, would greatly add to the comfort and +safety of passengers. + +The real problem is how to compel corporations to recognize the +fact that the public has rights they are bound to respect. It is the +disregard of these rights that fills our cars with smoke, dust, and +exhalations, and puts box stoves full of hot coals in the corners, +ready to cook the human stew whenever a frisky car shall take a +notion to turn a somersault. The invention needed is a conscience for +corporations--an invention, by the way, scarcely less difficult +than the one advertised for in our last issue, namely, a plan for +preventing the sale of intoxicating liquors and tobacco in New Jersey. + +The _Railroad Gazette_, imitating the English ideal of prolixity in +discussion, for which _Engineering_ has recently patted it on the +back approvingly, treats us, in its issue of February 11th, to a page +article, to be continued, under the title of "Warming and Ventilation +of Railroad Cars." In this article the writer takes the ground that +people in general are ignorant of the effects of pure air, and not +being able to "see the foulness," they "therefore do not believe +it exists." It is quite possible they may not be able to see the +foulness, but if in the majority of railroad cars run in this country, +they are not able to feel it in gritty, grimy accumulations on skin +and linen, and smell it in suffocating stenches which serve, with +sneeze-provoking dust, to stifle anything like comfort, their skin +must be thicker, their linen more neglected, and their noses less +sensitive than those of the majority of fellow travellers it has been +our fortune to be cooped up with for a day's railroad journey. + +The _Railroad Gazette_ makes this wholesale charge of ignorance +and insensibility the excuse for an essay on the physiology of +respiration, mostly extracted from Huxley's "Elementary Lessons in +Physiology," and therefore excellent in its way, though having a +somewhat remote bearing upon the subject as announced in the title of +the article. We trust that before this journal concludes its series of +articles thus commenced, it will tell how to breathe into the breasts +of the corporations which choke us in their human packing boxes, +something resembling the soul which they are universally acknowledged +to be destitute of. When this is done, carbonic acid, ammoniacal +smells, organic exhalations, smoke, and dust, will be invited to shun +the interiors of railway cars, and comparative comfort will descend +upon the peregrinating public. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. + + +The incalculable wealth, which lies hid in the bosom of Mother Earth, +in our vast possessions of the West, is undoubtedly centered in the +State of Missouri; and the development of this fund of riches must +add to the national prosperity, not only by its immeasurable intrinsic +value, but by its affording occupation to armies of laborers, the +latter being the highest and most important consideration. + +In 1852-3, a geological survey of the State was wisely decided upon, +and a liberal provision for its execution made. Two valuable reports, +by Professor Swallow, have been printed, in the year 1855, but the +notes of his subsequent investigations have not been made public. + +In the session of 1869-70, further action, in this important public +work, was taken by the State legislature, and arrangements made for a +still more accurate and detailed examination, under the direction of +Professor A. D. Hager, of Vermont. + +The distribution of metals all over the State will be seen in the +following figures, taken from the St. Louis _Journal of Commerce_, +which show the number of counties in which the various ores are found: +Iron in 46 counties, lead in 43, coal in 36, copper in 24, marble in +11, zinc in 27, fire clay in 16, barytes in 10, nickel in 6, granite +in 4, tin in 4, plumbago in 2, gypsum in 2, alum in 1, antimony in 4. + +There is probably no country in the world so endowed as this. Of iron +alone, according to the State geologist's report for 1855, there is +ore of the best quality, sufficient to furnish 200,000,000 tuns of +iron; and this quantity lies in a small space, in the vicinity of +Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, and within 100 miles of St. Louis. + +The quality of the iron is highly spoken of by the manufacturers, and +the capacity of the smelting appliances has reached to over 150,000 +tuns per annum. The coal is well suited for reduction of ores, +either by hot or cold blast treatment. The Scotia Iron Co. commenced +operations in January, 1870; and, although the materials for building +blast furnaces had to be carried 80 miles into a desert, the first +furnace was blown into blast in August, 1870. This furnace will run +about 24 tuns per day. The company procures ore from a hill, near the +furnace, in which there is an apparently inexhaustible supply of red +oxide and brown specular. This ore yields 60 per cent of pure metal. +The erection of mills for making wrought iron is contemplated, and the +high quality and prodigious quantity of the raw material will justify +and reward any outlay of capital in this direction. + +The shipment of ore to other States goes on constantly, the last +year's account showing that 246,555 tuns were dispersed over Indiana, +Ohio, and others. The furnaces at Kingsland, South St. Louis, Lewis +Iron Co.'s Works, Carondelet, and Maramec are all well situated as +to coal and limestone, the Maramec Works having a most valuable +water-power. These latter works also ship about 40,000 tuns red +hematite ore yearly. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE. + + +According to _Petermann's Mittheilungen_, the new German empire, +including Alsatia and Lorraine, will embrace 9,901 square miles, with +40,148,209 inhabitants. Russia alone will exceed it in extent and +population, for Russia in Europe has 100,285 square miles with a +population of 69,379,500. France, after the loss of Alsatia and +Lorraine, will have 9,588 square miles of territory, with 36,428,548 +inhabitants. Austria will number 35,943,592 inhabitants spread over a +larger extent of country, namely, 10,980 square miles. Great Britain +and Ireland has 5,732 square miles, with 30,838,210 inhabitants; +and Italy, including Rome, has 5,376 square miles, with 26,470,000 +inhabitants. In the order of population, the Governments will stand: +Russia, Germany, France, Austria, and England; but in military power, +the first position must henceforth be accorded to Germany. + + +AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS. + +A circular has been issued by several mining engineers, proposing +a meeting at Wilkes-Barre, some time in April or May next, of all +persons interested in the general subjects of mining and metallurgy, +for the purpose of establishing an association, to be called "The +American Institute of Mining Engineers." The Institute will hold +meetings periodically "in the great mining and metallurgical centers, +when works of interest, such as mines, machine shops, furnaces, and +other metallurgical works, can be inspected, and the members exchange +their views, and consult, for mutual advantage, upon the difficulties +encountered by each." There will be the usual publication of +"Transactions" and "Proceedings." + +The idea of forming an association of persons thus mutually interested +in each other's occupations, is an excellent one; but it has been +suggested by a number of scientific gentlemen that the American +Association for the Advancement of Science offers every facility for +the accomplishment of the objects set forth in the circular, while it +affords the very great advantage of an assemblage of men learned in +all departments of knowledge, whose acquaintance mining engineers +would do well to make, and from whom they could learn much, while at +the same time imparting of their own knowledge. + +As a section of the American Association, the mining engineers would +have more influence before the country, and it would perhaps be +well for them to stop and consider before establishing a separate +institute. + + +CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR, COFFEE, AND TEA. + +E. Behm gives in his geographical year book, for 1870, the following +estimate of the consumption of sugar, coffee, and tea, _per capita_, +in various countries: + +COUNTRIES. Sugar, lbs. Coffee, lbs. Tea, lbs. + +Great Britain 35.96 0.90 3.190 +United States 24.63 5.68 ..... +Holland 14.86 7.03 0.800 +France 14.30 2.32 0.018 +Norway 11.04 6.92 0.060 +Sweden 9.80 0.80 0.060 +Switzerland 9.60 5.28 ..... +Germany 9.42 4.03 0.035 +Denmark 9.00 3.40 0.400 +Belgium 7.18 8.59 0.018 +Portugal 6.33 0.69 0.040 +Italy 5.20 0.90 0.020 +Austria 4.93 1.30 0.012 +Spain 4.23 0.01 0.040 +Russia 2.40 0.007 0.160 + +The entire consumption of sugar in Europe has averaged, during the +last few years, three thousand four hundred and ten million pounds +(3,410,000 pounds), and for the whole world it is set down at nearly +twice that amount. It is estimated that three fourths of the sugar is +made from cane, and one fourth from the beet. + +The consumption of coffee has doubled in most countries during the +last twenty years. + + * * * * * + + + + +UNPLEASANT DISCOVERY IN THE PATENT OFFICE--LEVYING BLACK MAIL. + + +"The Patent Office has been, during the past week, in a high state of +excitement, occasioned by the discovery of the operations of E. W. W. +Griffin, clerk in charge of the draftsmen's division, who, it appears, +has been levying black mail on the lady employés of the office, for +nearly two years. During the administration of Colonel Fisher, late +Commissioner of Patents, a large number of ladies were employed, for +the purpose of recopying drawings, when ordered by the inventors, of +patents already on file. + +"These ladies were placed under charge of Griffin, with power to +retain them in office so long as their services were satisfactory. It +has been proved that Griffin hired the ladies at regular salaries of +$1,000 per annum, the most of whom he blackmailed to the amount of +$400 per year each. It is estimated that he has made $1,000 per month +for the past two years. + +"The matter was brought to the notice of Commissioner Duncan, and an +investigation ordered, which resulted in the dismissal of Griffin. + +"It is thought that there are other cases of this kind, and the +Commissioner expresses his determination to ferret them all out, +and make a clean sweep of all parties in his department engaged in +swindling operations, against the government or against individuals. + +"The Patent Office has for a long time been considered a rich field +for operations of this kind, and investigations have often been +suggested, but passed unheeded by the proper authorities. + +"It is openly stated that an investigation into the relations existing +between certain examiners of patents and certain patent agents, would +disclose a more fearful state of blackmailing than exists in all the +other government departments combined." + +[We find the above sensational paragraph among the recent Washington +items of the _Evening Mail_. We are in a position to say that "the +high state of excitement" alluded to has existed only in the brain of +the newspaper correspondent. The facts, in brief, are these: In July, +1869, a lady, and wife of one of the clerks in the draftsmen's room, +made application to Commissioner Fisher for a position in the copying +division of the same department; and, upon the urgent solicitation and +recommendation of Mr. E. W. W. Griffin, chief of the division, she +was appointed, and has held the position from that time until now, +receiving as salary $1,000 per annum, which, with the full knowledge +of her husband, she has divided with Griffin, in consideration of his +services in procuring for her the appointment. About a month ago, one +of the lady's friends got hold of the matter, and reported it to the +Court, which resulted in an investigation and the subsequent dismissal +of Griffin. This is the only case of the kind that we have heard of, +and we have no reason to believe that there is any other, or that +corruption exists in the Examining Corps, as alleged.--EDS. + + * * * * * + + +A method of testing the purity of samples of water, by watching +the rapidity of its action on soap and similar compounds, has been +introduced by the French _savants_, MM. Boutron and Boudet. The +experiment tests, at the same time, the purity of the soap. Dissolved +in water in which lime is held in solution, the soap is precipitated +in hard white flakes. If the quantity of soap put in the lime water +be noted, it will be found that the smaller the quantity producing +precipitation, the purer the soap. The _Journal de Pharmacie et de +Chemie_ (of Paris) reports some experiments, on this subject, by M. F. +Schulze. + + * * * * * + + +LOUISIANA STATE FAIR.--The fifth State fair of the Mechanics, and +Agricultural Fair Association of Louisiana will commence in the city +of New Orleans, on Saturday, April 8, 1871, and continue nine days. +Over $20,000 in premiums are offered. Rules, regulations, and schedule +of premiums may be obtained of the Secretary and Treasurer, Luther +Homes, Esq., New Orleans, La. + + * * * * * + + +KNITTED GOODS.--John Kent advertises, in this paper, valuable +machinery for the manufacture of knitted goods, to which we invite the +attention of all who are interested in this branch of industry. Mr. +Kent has devoted many years to the perfection of these machines. + + * * * * * + + +KAOLIN, a white clay, used largely in the adulteration of flour, +starch, and candles, is found near Augusta, Ga., and is sent to the +Northern States in large quantities. + + * * * * * + + +We are indebted to James Vick, practical florist, Rochester, N. Y., +for a choice variety of flower seeds. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. + + +A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR COACH PAINTERS. Translated from the French of +M. Arlot, Coach Painter, for Eleven Years Foreman of Painting to M. +Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. +To which is added an Appendix, containing Information respecting the +Materials and the Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing, +in the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Henry Carey +Baird, Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut street. London: Sampson Low, +Son & Marston, Crown Buildings, 188 Fleet street. 1871. Price, by +mail, to any part of the United States, $1.25. + + This is another of the large number of practical works and + industrial treatises issued from the press of Mr. Baird. It is + intended as a practical manual for the use of coach painters, and + we must say, upon examination of its contents, that we think it + admirably adapted to meet the wants of that class of artisans + for which it has been prepared. There is perhaps no department of + decorative art in which there is greater room for the display of + skill and taste than in coach painting. This work, however, does + not deal with the subject of art, to any great extent. Its aim + is to give information in regard to colors, varnishes, etc., and + their management in carriage painting in the plainest manner, and + in this way it thoroughly fulfils the intention of the author. + + +ON THE GENERATION OF SPECIES. By St. George Mivart, F. R. S. London: +MACMILLAN & CO. 1871. + + The Darwinian theory of the Origin of Species, has, perhaps, + aroused more attention, excited more dispute, and won more + converts in a shorter time among scientific and unscientific + men, than any other of equal importance promulgated in the 19th + century. It seems to be the rule either to swallow the theory + whole, or reject it as unworthy of belief, and as conflicting with + orthodoxy. The author of the work before us has, however, taken + a middle ground, from which we opine it will be difficult to + dislodge him, though it is within full range of the batteries of + both the contending parties. While he admits the truth of Darwin's + views regarding the operation of natural selection as a cause of + the origin of species, he denies that it is the sole cause, yet + maintains that if it could be demonstrated to be the sole cause, + it would in no manner conflict with orthodox belief in the + Scriptures as the revelation of God to mankind. The perfect candor + of the author is one of the marked features of the discussion, + and his style is a model of pure terse English writing, seldom, + if ever, excelled by any scientific writer. The work is an octavo, + most beautifully printed on tinted paper, and illustrated by many + fine wood engravings. + + +THE ARCHITECT'S AND BUILDER'S POCKET COMPANION AND PRICE BOOK, +Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive Epitome of Decimals, +Duodecimals, Geometry and Mensuration; with Tables of U. S. Measures, +Sizes, Weights, Strengths, etc., of Iron, Wood, Stone, and Various +Other Materials; Quantities of Materials in Given Sizes and Dimensions +of Wood, Brick, and Stone; and a Full and Complete Bill of Prices for +Carpenter's Work; also Rules for Computing and Valuing Brick and +Brick Work, Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, etc. By Frank W. Vogdes +Architect. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Publisher, 406 Walnut +street. Price by mail, postpaid, $2. + + This is a small work, but printed in small type, and containing a + large amount of useful matter, thoroughly indexed for reference; + bound in morocco; and provided with a clasp, so as to be + conveniently carried in the pocket. + + +GAS SUPERINTENDENT'S POCKET COMPANION for the year 1871. By Harris & +Brother, Gas Meter Manufacturers, Nos. 1115 and 1117 Cherry street, +Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Industrial Publisher, +406 Walnut street. + + We find in this pocket-book much of interest to gas consumers, as + well as to gas makers. The subject of meters is fully discussed. + The work is bound in pocket-book style, in flexible morocco + binding. Price, by mail, postpaid, $2. + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS AND PERSONAL. + +_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. If +the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per Line will be +charged._ + + + * * * * * + +The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout the United +States--Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a line. + +Half Interest for sale in established Machinery Depot, new and +second-hand. Steam fitting connected. Small capital, with energy, +required. Address T. V. Carpenter, Advertising Agent, Box 773, New +York. + +See advertisement of a Woolen Mill for sale. A bargain. + +I am active, have a clear record, and some capital. How can I make +some money? F. Carmill, Box 1268, Boston, Mass. + +Pattern Letters for Machinists, Molders, and Inventors, to letter +patterns of castings, all sizes. Address H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, +N. Y. + +Improved mode of Graining Wood, pat. July 5, '70, by J. J. Callow, +Cleveland, O. See illustrated S. A., Dec. 17, '70. Send stamp for +circular. + +Can a round, spring-steel rod be drawn to any desired length, with +a true taper to a point, with equal elasticity the whole length, and +rolled temper? What is the price per hundred pounds, and where can +they be procured? Answer "Sportsman," Malone, N. Y. + +Manufacturers of Foot Lathes and other light machinery please address +Geo. B. Kirkham, 167 E. 33d st., N. Y. city. Business of importance! + +Safety Kerosene Lamps (Perkins & House's Patent). Explosion or +breaking impossible; light equal to gas, and no odor. Families +supplied and canvassers appointed, by Montgomery & Co., 42 Barclay +st., New York, or Cleveland, O. + +All parties wanting a water wheel will learn something of interest by +addressing P. H. Wait, Sandy Hill, N. Y., for a free circular of his +Hudson River Champion Turbine. + +Ashcroft's Low Water Detector, $15; thousands in use; 17 year's +experience. Can be applied for $1. Send for circular. E. H. Ashcroft, +Boston, Mass. + +Wanted.--Machines for manufacturing Pails, Tubs, and Matches. Also, +competent man to superintend construction of buildings, and manage all +parts of business when complete. Address, with descriptive circulars, +price, etc., No. 266 Lexington avenue, New York. + +Turbine Water Wheels, Portable and Stationary Engines, Gang and +Circular Saw Mills, Rolling Mill Machinery, and Machinery for Axe +Manufacturers, manufactured by Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa. + +For best Power Picket Header in use, apply to Wm. P. Duncan, +Bellefonte, Pa. + +New Blind Wirer and Rod Cutter. B. C. Davis & Co., Binghamton, N. Y. + +Self-testing Steam Gage. There's a difference between a chronometer +watch and a "bull's eye." Same difference between a self-tester and +common steam gage. Send for Circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass. + +See advertisement of L. & J. W. Feuchtwanger, Chemists, N. Y. + +$3.50. Stephens' Patent Combination Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, +etc. See advertisement in another column. Agents wanted. + +American Boiler Powder Co., Box 315, Pittsburgh, Pa., make the only +safe, sure, and cheap remedy for "Scaly Boilers." Orders solicited. + +Belting that is Belting.--Always send for the Best Philadelphia +Oak-Tanned, to C. W. Arny, Manufacturer, 301 Cherry st., Phil'a. + +E. Howard & Co., Boston, make the best Stem-winding Watch in the +country. Ask for it at all the dealers. Office 15 Maiden Lane, N. Y. + +For mining, wrecking, pumping, drainage, and irrigating machinery, see +advertisement of Andrews' Patents in another column. + +The best place to get Working Models and parts is at T. B. Jeffery's, +160 South Water st., Chicago. + +Brown's Coalyard Quarry & Contractors' Apparatus for hoisting and +conveying material by iron cable. W. D. Andrews & Bro, 414 Water st., +N. Y. + +Improved Foot Lathes. Many a reader of this paper has one of them. +Selling in all parts of the country, Canada, Europe, etc. Catalogue +free. N. H. Baldwin, Laconia, N. H. + +Peteler Portable R. R. Co. contractors, graders. See adv'ment. + +E. P. Peacock, Manufacturer of Cutting Dies, Press Work. Patent +Articles in Metals, etc. 55 Franklin st., Chicago. + +Peck's Patent Drop Press. Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct. + +Millstone Dressing Diamond Machine--Simple, effective, durable. For +description of the above see Scientific American, Nov. 27th, 1869. +Also, Glazier's Diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., N. Y. + +Steel name stamps, figures, etc. E. H. Payn, M'f'r, Burlington, Vt. + +Cold Rolled-Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. double +compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & Laughlins, Pittsburgh, +Pa. + +Keuffel & Esser 116 Fulton st., N. Y., the best place to get 1st-class +Drawing Materials, Swiss instruments, and Rubber Triangles and Curves. + +For Solid Wrought-iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union +Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. + +For the best Self-regulating Windmill in the world, to pump water for +residences, farms, city buildings, drainage, and irrigation, address +Con. Windmill Co., 5 College Place, New York. + +The Merriman Bolt Cutter--the best made. Send for circulars. H. B. +Brown & Co., Fair Haven, Conn. + +Taft's Portable Hot Air, Vapor and Shower Bathing Apparatus. Address +Portable Bath Co., Sag Harbor, N. Y. (Send for Circular.) + +Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boilers--The only reliable +preventive. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boilers. Price +25 cents per lb. C. D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New York. + +For Fruit-Can Tools, Presses, Dies for all Metals, apply to Bliss & +Williams, successor to May & Bliss, 118, 120, and 122 Plymouth st., +Brooklyn, N. Y. Send for catalogue. + +2d-hand Worthington, Woodward and Novelty Pumps, Engines 25 to 100 +H. P., 60 Horse Loc. Boiler. W. D. Andrews & Bro., 414 Water st., N. Y. + +Agents wanted, to sell the Star Bevel. It supersedes the old style. +Send for Circular. Hallett & White, West Meriden, Conn. + +English and American Cotton Machinery and Yarns, Beam Warps and +Machine Tools. Thos. Pray, Jr., 57 Weybosset st., Providence, R. I. + +For small, soft, Gray Iron Castings, Japanned, Tinned, or Bronzed, +address Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia. + +Conklin's Detachable Rubber Lip, for bowls, etc., works like a charm. +For Rights, address O. P. Conklin, Worcester, Mass., or A. Daul, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +To Ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery +or manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's +Manufacturing News of the United States. Terms $4.00 a year. + + * * * * * + + +FACTS FOR THE LADIES. + +In 1870, Mrs. W. made, with her Wheeler & Wilson machine, 2,255 vests, +besides doing her family sewing for six persons. + + * * * * * + + +THE PITTSBURGH, PA., "LEADER" SAYS: + +"The firm of Geo. P. Rowell & Co. is the largest and best Advertising +Agency in the United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to +the attention of those who desire to advertise their business +scientifically and systematically in such a way; that is, to secure +the largest amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." + + * * * * * + + +AFTER AN EXHAUSTIVE TRIAL, at American Institute Fair for 1870, +Pratt's Astral Oil was pronounced the safest and best. + + * * * * * + + +DYSPEPSIA: Its Varieties, Causes, Symptoms, and Cure. By E. P. MILLER, +M. D. Paper, 50cts.; Muslin, $1. Address MILLER, HAYNES & CO., 41 West +Twenty-sixth st., New York city. + + * * * * * + + +VITAL FORCE: How Wasted and How Preserved; or, Abuses of the Sexual +Function, their Causes Effects and Means of Cure. By E. P. MILLER M. D. +Paper, 50cts. Address MILLER, HAYNES & CO., 41 West Twenty-sixth st., +New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. + + + * * * * * + + +_CORRESPONDENTS who expect to receive answers to their letters must, +in all cases, sign their names. We have a right to know those who seek +information from us; besides, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to +address correspondents by mail._ + +_SPECIAL NOTE.--This column is designed for the general interest and +instruction of our readers, not for gratuitous replies to questions of +a purely business or personal nature. We will publish such inquiries, +however, when paid for as advertisements at 1.00 a line, under the +head of "Business and Personal."_ + +_All reference to back numbers must be by volume and page._ + + * * * * * + + +MIXING METALS.--All the hard gray American charcoal iron, of which +car wheels and all such work are made, requires more heat and a longer +time to melt than soft iron, especially Scotch pig, which is the most +fluid and the easiest to melt of any iron. Consequently, unless the +melter exercises good judgment in charging, the Scotch pig will +melt and run off before the car-wheel iron is melted. If G. H. P. +be particular in the quality and strength of his iron, he will make +better results by using soft American charcoal pig, with old car-wheel +iron. It will make stronger castings, mix better, and melt more +uniformly; but he should always recollect in charging his furnace that +soft iron will melt before hard in the same position, in the cupola. I +also think he had better use a larger proportion of soft pig, as every +time cast iron is melted it becomes harder, so much so that iron which +can be filed and turned with ease, when re-cast will often be found +too hard to work.--J. T., of N. Y. + + +HARDENING TALLOW.--If E. H. H. will use one pound of alum for every +five pounds of tallow, his candles will be as hard and white as wax. +The alum must be dissolved in water, then put in the tallow, and +stirred until they are both melted together, and run in molds.--F. O. +H. + + +L. L., of N. Y.--According to Ure, strass is made as follows: 8 ounces +of pure rock crystal or flint, in powder, mixed with 4 ounces of +salt of tartar, are to be baked and left to cool. The mixture is then +poured into hot water, and treated with dilute nitric acid till it +ceases to effervesce, and the "frit" is then washed in water till the +water comes off tasteless. The frit is then dried, and mixed with 12 +ounces of white lead, and this last mixture reduced to fine powder, +and washed with distilled water; 1 ounce of calcined borax is now +added to every 12 ounces of the mixture, the whole rubbed together in +a porcelain mortar, melted in a clean crucible, and poured out into +pure cold water. This melting and pouring into water must be done +three times, using a clean, new crucible each time. The third frit is +pulverized, five drachms of niter added, and then melted for the last +time, when a clean, beautiful white crystal mass results. + + +C. M. S., of Wis.--There are no precise proportions observed in +making the coal-tar and gravel walks of which you speak. The aim is to +saturate the gravel with the hot tar without surplus. The interstices +of the gravel are simply to be filled, and the amount required to +do this depends wholly upon the coarseness or fineness of the gravel +employed. + + +W. P. T., of Ohio.--Two teams of horses, of equal strength, pulling +against each other, by means of a rope, would create the same tension +in the rope, as one of the teams drawing against an immovable object. + + +W. H. B., of Va.--Ice can be made by compressing air, and, after it +has radiated its heat, allowing it to extract the heat of water with +which it is brought into contact. The temperature of air at 59° Fah., +would be raised, by compressing the air to one fourth its original +volume, to 317° Fah; and the air would radiate and absorb again, in +expanding, about 190 units of heat. + + +E. T. H., of Ga.--The friable sandstone, a specimen of which you send +us, may, we think, be rendered firmer by soaking it in a solution of +silicate of soda, and allowing it to stand till dry. + + +J. A. V., of Ohio.--The use of steam expansively, by means of cut-off +appliances, enables the expansive force of the steam to be utilized, +which cannot be done when the pressure is maintained at one standard, +and steam admitted through the fall stroke. It takes no more power +to do a given amount of work in one case than in the other, but more +boiler capacity, and more fuel, as the working power of the steam is +more economically applied when the cut-off is used. + + +Geo. F. R., of Ohio.--Type metal is composed of 3 parts lead and 1 +part antimony for smallest, hardest, and most brittle types; 4 of +lead and 1 of antimony for next grade; 5 of lead and 1 of antimony for +medium sizes; 6 of lead and 1 of antimony for larger types; and 7 of +lead and 1 of antimony for the largest. + + +E. J. M., of Texas.--The term "power of a boiler" means its +evaporating power, and in that sense is proper. If its evaporative +power be sufficient to perform a given amount of work, it is proper +to estimate that work in horse power. Water can not be pumped out of a +pipe from which atmospheric air is excluded. A pipe driven into a soil +impervious to air, can never yield water unless the water is forced up +by hydraulic power, as in the artesian system. + + +A. P. Y., of N. Y.--You will find descriptions of iron enamelling +processes, on pages 297 and 408, Vol. XII. of this journal. It can be +done in colors. See Ure's "Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures." + + +H. C., of Pa.--We do not think increasing the size of the journals of +your car axles from 2½ inches to 6 inches diameter, would make them +run lighter. + + +H. H. A., of N. Y.--The lining up of a beam engine, in a vessel, is +a process for which no definite mode of procedure is exclusively +applicable. It is an operation to which common sense and judgment must +be brought, and for which each engineer must be a law unto himself. + + +J. S., of Va.--The use of horizontal propellers to force balloons up +or down is not a new suggestion. It has been tried, but, we believe, +without much practical success. + +J. T .S., of N. Y.--You will find further information on the subject +of transmitting power by compressed air, in our editorial columns of +last week. + + * * * * * + + + + +APPLICATIONS FOR EXTENSION OF PATENTS. + + +HARVESTERS.--William T. B. Read, Chicago, Ill., has petitioned for an +extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871. + +MODE OF FASTENING SHEET METAL ON ROOFS, ETC.--Asa Johnson, Brooklyn, +N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of +hearing, May 3, 1871. + +METHOD OF PRINTING IN COLORS.--Rosalie Croome, Brooklyn, N. Y., has +petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, May +3, 1871. + +MACHINERY FOR COMPRESSING GASEOUS BODIES.--William A. Royce, Newburgh, +N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of +hearing, May 10, 1871. + +PLOWS.--John S. Hall, Pittsburgh, Pa., has petitioned for an extension +of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871. + +CARRIAGE WHEELS.--James D. Sarven, New Haven, Conn., has petitioned +for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing May 24, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW PATENT LAW OF 1870. + + +INSTRUCTIONS +HOW TO OBTAIN LETTERS-PATENT +FOR NEW INVENTIONS. + + * * * * * + +INFORMATION ABOUT CAVEATS, EXTENSIONS, INTERFERENCES, DESIGNS, +TRADE-MARKS, AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + + * * * * * + + +For Twenty-five years, MUNN & CO. have occupied the leading position +of SOLICITORS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PATENTS. During this +long experience they have examined not less than _Fifty Thousand +Inventions_, and have prosecuted upwards of THIRTY THOUSAND +APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS. In addition to this they have made, at the +Patent Office, _Twenty-Five Thousand_ Special Examinations into the +novelty of various Inventions. + +The important advantage of MUNN & CO.'s American and European Patent +Agency is that the practice has been tenfold greater than that of any +other agency in existence, with the additional advantages of having +the aid of the highest professional skill in every department and a +Branch Office at Washington, that watches and supervises cases when +necessary, as they pass through Official Examination. + +MUNN & CO., + +ASK SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THEIR SYSTEM OF DOING BUSINESS. + +_CONSULTATION AND OPINIONS FREE._ + +Inventors who desire to consult with MUNN & CO. are invited to call at +their office 37 PARK ROW, or to send a sketch and description of the +invention, which will be examined and an opinion given or sent by mail +without charge. + +A SPECIAL EXAMINATION + +is made into the novelty of an invention by personal examination at +the Patent Office of all patented inventions bearing on the particular +class. This search is made by examiners of long experience, for which +a fee of $5 is charged. A report is given in writing. + +To avoid all possible misapprehension, MUNN & CO. advise generally, +that inventors send models. But the Commissioner may at his discretion +dispense with a model--this can be arranged beforehand. + +MUNN & CO. take special care in preparation of drawings and +specifications. + +If a case should for any cause be rejected it is investigated +immediately, and the rejection if an improper one set aside. + +NO EXTRA CHARGE + +is made to clients for this extra service. MUNN & CO. have skillful +experts in attendance to supervise cases and to press them forward +when necessary. + +REJECTED CASES. + +MUNN & CO. give very special attention to the examination and +prosecution of rejected cases filed by inventors and other attorneys. +In such cases a fee of $5 is required for special examination and +report; and in case of probable success by further prosecution and the +papers are found tolerably well prepared, MUNN & CO. will take up the +case and endeavor to get it through for a reasonable fee to be agreed +upon in advance of prosecution. + +CAVEATS + +Are desirable if an inventor is not fully prepared to apply for a +Patent. A Caveat affords protection for one year against the issue of +a patent to another for the same invention. Caveat papers should be +carefully prepared. + +The Government fee on filing a Caveat is $10, and MUNN & CO.'s charge +for preparing the necessary papers is usually from $10 to $12. + +REISSUES. + +A patent when discovered to be defective may be reissued by the +surrender of the original patent, and the filing of amended papers. +This proceeding should be taken with great care. + +DESIGNS, TRADE-MARKS, & COMPOSITIONS + +Can be patented for a term of years, also new medicines or medical +compounds, and useful mixtures of all kinds. + +When the invention consists of a medicine or compound, or a new +article of manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article +must be furnished, neatly put up. There should also be forwarded a +full statement of its ingredients, proportions, mode of preparation, +uses, and merits. + +CANADIANS and all other foreigners can now obtain patents upon the +same terms as citizens. + +EUROPEAN PATENTS. + +MUNN & CO. have solicited a larger number of European Patents than +any other agency. They have agents located at London, Paris, Brussels, +Berlin, and other chief cities. A pamphlet containing a synopsis of +the Foreign Patent Laws sent free. + +MUNN & CO. could refer, if necessary, to thousands of patentees who +have had the benefit of their advice and assistance, to many of the +principal business men in this and other cities, and to members of +Congress and prominent citizens throughout the country. + +All communications are treated as confidential. + +_Address_ + +MUNN & CO., +No. 37 Park Row, +_NEW YORK._ + + * * * * * + + + + +RECENT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + +_Under this heading we shall publish weekly notes of some of the more +prominent home and foreign patents._ + + + * * * * * + + +SELF-ACTING SHACKLE AND CAR BRAKE.--Lyman Alphonzo Russell, +Shrewsbury, Vt.--This invention relates to improvements in self-acting +shackles and car brakes, and consists in an improved connection of +the brakes with the shackle, for automatic operation, whereby the +connection may be readily so adjusted that the brakes will not be set +in action as when required to back up the train. + +FEED BAGS FOR HORSES.--W. A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in feed bags for +horses, and consists in making the bag self-supplying, by means of +one or more reservoirs, the discharge orifices of which reservoirs are +closed by a valve or valves. + +TRUSS.--Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y.--This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved truss, which shall be so constructed as +to yield freely to the various movements of the body of the wearer, +while holding the rupture securely in place. + +GOVERNOR FOR STEAM ENGINES.--Charles A. Conde, Indianapolis, +Ind.--This invention relates to a new method of regulating the +movement of the balls of a steam governor, with a view of adjusting +the same in proportion to the increased or diminished centrifugal +force. + +CIRCULAR SAW GUARD.--G. W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in means for protecting the +operator and others, near running circular saws, from injury, and it +consists in a movable guard, operated by means of the saw carriage, in +such a manner that, during the period of danger (when the saw is not +cutting), the guard covers the saw, and is thrown back from the saw +when the latter is in actual use. + +CARPET-CLEANING MACHINE.--J. C. Craft, Baltimore, Md.--This invention +relates to a machine, through which a carpet may be passed, and so +beaten and brushed, during its passage, as to come out of the +machine thoroughly cleansed. The invention consists in the peculiar +construction and arrangement of beaters and brushes for effecting this +result. + +COMBINED COTTON AND CORN PLANTER.--L. A. Perrault, Natchez, +Miss.--This invention relates to improvements in machinery for +planting seed, and consists in a combination, in one machine, of a +seed-dropping apparatus, adapted for corn, and another adapted for +cotton, in a manner to utilize one running gear for the two kinds of +seed, and thereby save the expense of separate gear for each. + +LIME KILN.--T. A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo.--This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved lime kiln, which shall be so constructed +as to enable the kiln to be worked from the front, in firing and in +drawing the lime and ashes, which will not allow cold or unburnt rock +to pass through, and which will consume its own smoke. + +CAR BRAKE.--S. D. Tripp, Lynn, and Luther Hill, Stoneham, Mass.--This +invention relates to improvements in railroad car brakes, and consists +in an arrangement, on the locomotive or tender, of a steam cylinder +and piston, and the arrangement, on the cars, in connection with the +brakes, of sliding rods, so that the rod of the car next to the +engine or tender, being moved backwards by the piston rod of the above +cylinder, will bring the brakes of the rear wheels down upon them, as +well as the brakes of the tender, and slacken the speed thereby, so +that the rear projecting end of the brake rod will come in contact +with the rod of the next car, and set its brakes in action in like +manner, and so on, throughout the train. The arrangement of the said +brake actuating rods is such that no matter which end of the car is +foremost, the wheels of one track will be acted on by the brakes. + +COMBINED RULER, BLOTTER, AND PAPER CUTTER.--Hugh S. Ball, +Spartanburgh, S. C.--This invention relates to a new and useful +improvement in a combined ruler, blotter, and paper cutter, three +articles indispensable for the desk, combined in one. + +REED FOR ORGANS AND MELODEONS.--Augustus Newell, Chicago, Ill.--The +object of this invention is to so construct the tongue-butts, or +shanks, of musical reeds, that the same cannot, during the vibratory +motion of the tongues, be raised from their seats. + +ANTI-FRICTION COMPOUND.--Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful compound for lubricating +railroad car axle journals, and other journal bearings. + + * * * * * + + + + +QUERIES. + +[_We present herewith a series of inquiries embracing a variety of +topics of greater or less general interest. The questions are simple, +it is true, but we prefer to elicit practical answers from our +readers, and hope to be able to make this column of inquiries and +answers a popular and useful feature of the paper._] + + + * * * * * + + +1.--EMERY WHEELS.--Can I make emery wheels similar to those used in +a foot lathe, that will answer for sharpening fine tools, such as +gouges, rounds, and hollows, and if so, how shall I proceed?--F. W. + +2.--BOILER FURNACE.--I have two boilers, twenty-four feet long and +four feet in diameter each, with five ten-inch flues. The fire passes +under the boiler, and enters the flues at the back end, passes through +the flues, and enters the smoke stack at the front end. I use hard +pine wood for fuel. Will some of your many readers give me the best +way of constructing the flue under the boiler, from the end of the +grate bars to where it enters the flues at the back end, and also +state the proper distance from the back wall to the end of the +boiler?--N. H. + +3.--MEDAL CASTS.--I have some medals which I should like to copy. +Having tried several times, and failed, I thought that I would ask +advice through your query columns. I do not know of what the medals +are manufactured. They are, I suppose, made to imitate bronze. I have +tried casting them in plaster of Paris molds, but have had very poor +success, as the surface of the medals was covered with small holes. +The metal used was lead and antimony, seven to one. I should like to +know, if there be any metal that I can cast them of, and bring out the +bronze color afterwards, or if there be any metal that I can cast them +of, and afterwards color by some solution. Also, of what should I make +my molds?--J. E. M. + +4.--REMOVING THE TASTE OF TAR FROM RAIN WATER.--Will some of your +correspondents tell me if rain water, which runs off a gravel roof, +and tastes very strongly of tar, is unhealthy, and if there be +anything that will prevent its tasting, as it is very disagreeable for +cooking purposes?--C. E. H. + +5.--SORGHUM MOLASSES.--How can I separate the molasses from the sugar, +in sorghum sugar mush, to make a dry merchantable sugar? + +6.--FLUX FOR ALUMINUM.--Will some of your readers tell me, through +your columns, the best flux to use in melting and mixing aluminum and +copper? + + * * * * * + + + + +INVENTIONS PATENTED IN ENGLAND BY AMERICANS. + +[Compiled from the Commissioners of Patents' Journal.] + +APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS PATENT. + + +350.--BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS.--Eli Whitney, New Haven, Conn. +February 10, 1871. + +352.--GOVERNOR.--Stilliman B. Allen, ----, Mass. February 10, 1871. + +357.--WINDMILL.--A. P. Brown, New York city. February 11, 1871. + +332.--FURNITURE CASTERS.--F. A. Gardner and H. S. Turrell, Danbury +Conn. February 8, 1871. + +339.--WIRE FABRICS FOR MATTRESSES.--Samuel Rogers, New York city. +February 9, 1871. + +340.--SCREW PROPELLER CANAL BOATS.--Thomas Main, Pierpoint, N. Y. +February 9, 1871. + +362.--FLYER FOR SPINNING MACHINERY.--Thomas Mayor and Geo. Chatterton, +Providence, R. I. February 14, 1871. + +373.--TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS AND DETECTORS.--W. B. Watkins, Jersey +City, N. J. February 14, 1871. + +381.--STEAM AND OTHER SAFETY VALVES.--Walter Dawson Scranton, Pa. +February 15, 1871. + +388.--IRON RAILS AND BARS, AND MODES OF MANUFACTURING THE +SAME.--Eldridge Wheeler, Philadelphia, Pa. February 15, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +OFFICIAL LIST OF PATENTS. + +ISSUED BY THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE. + +FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 7, 1871. + +_Reported Officially for the Scientific American._ + + +SCHEDULE OF PATENT FEES + +On each Caveat $10 +On each Trade-Mark $25 +On filing each application for a Patent, (seventeen years) $15 +On issuing each original Patent $20 +On appeal to Examiners-in-Chief $10 +On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 +On application for Reissue $30 +On application for Extension of Patent $50 +On granting the Extension $50 +On filing a Disclaimer $10 +On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 +On an application for Design (seven years) $15 +On an application for Design (fourteen years) $30 + + +_For Copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years_ $1 +_A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of +a machine as the Claim covers, from_ $1 + _upward, but usually at the price above-named._ + +_The full Specification of any patent issued since Nov. 20, 1866 at +which time the Patent Office commenced printing them_ $1.25 + +_Official Copies of Drawings of any patent issued since 1836, we can +supply at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the amount of +labor involved and the number of views._ + +_Full information, as to price of drawings, in each case, may be had +by addressing_ + +MUNN & CO., PATENT SOLICITORS, 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +112,309.--HOSE SPRINKLER.--William Anderson, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,310.--LOCOMOTIVE SPARK ARRESTER.--J. G. Armstrong, New Brunswick, +N. J. + +112,311.--TOOL FOR CARRIAGE MAKERS' USE.--George Atkinson, San +Francisco, Cal. + +112,312.--POTATO PROBE.--John A. Beal, Waterford, N. Y. + +112,313.--HINGE FOR CARRIAGE DOORS.--George W. Beers, Bridgeport, +Conn. + +112,314.--STOVE LEG.--James Birckhead, Jr., Baltimore, Md. + +112,315.--CLOTHES PIN.--Orris A. Bishop, Chicago, Ill. + +112,316.--MANUFACTURE OF ROCHELLE SALTS AND BORAX.--V. G. Bloede, +Brooklyn, N. Y. + +112,317.--BEEHIVE.--Felix Brewer, Waynesville, Mo. + +112,318.--THILL COUPLING.--Theodore Burr (assignor to Allen Muir and +Henry Muir), Battle Creek, Mich. + +112,319.--EVAPORATING PAN FOR SACCHARINE LIQUIDS.--F. C. Butler, +Bellows Falls, Vt., assignor to himself and James B. Williams, +Glastonbury, Conn. + +112,320.--DOOR SECURER.--William H. Caldwell, Wheeling, W. Va. + +112,321.--TOE-CALK BAR.--R. B. Caswell, Springfield, Mass. Antedated +March 2, 1871. + +112,322.--GLASS FLATTENING FURNACE AND LEER.--James Clabby, Lenox, +Mass. + +112,323.--SPRING BED BOTTOM.--Alex. Cole, Manamuskin, N. J. + +112,324.--WATER WHEEL.--E. E. Coleman, West Cummington, Mass. + +112,325.--TOY HORSE AND CARRIAGE.--John B. Cuzner, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,326.--MACKEREL-LINE HOLDER.--E. L. Decker, Southport, Me. + +112,327.--SEWING MACHINE.--J. William Dufour, Stratford, Conn. + +112,328.--STEAM BOILER.--Edwards Evans, North Tonawanda, N. Y. + +112,329.--MEDICAL COMPOUND FOR CURE OF CATARRH AND ASTHMA.--Erastus +Field, Ostrander, Ohio. + +112,330.--MACHINE FOR GRINDING THE CUTTERS OF MOWERS, ETC.--H. C. +Fisk, Wellsville, N. Y. + +112,331.--MACHINE FOR MAKING HOOKS AND EYES.--Jeremy T. Ford, San +Francisco, Cal. + +112,332.--CHURN.--Thompson Freeman, Westfield, Ill. + +112,333.--ATTACHMENT FOR REVOLVING MOLD BOARDS FOR PLOWS.--J. S. +Godfrey, Leslie, Mich., assignor to himself and S. M. Loveridge, +Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,334.--GRAIN CLEANER AND FERTILIZER SIFTER.--J. A. Green, Mill +Dale, Va. + +112,335.--SCREW PROPULSION.--E. C. Gregg (assignor to A. H. Gregg and +C. P. Gregg), Trumansburg, N. Y. + +112,336.--SEEDING MACHINE.--P. M. Gundlach, Belleville, Ill. + +112,337.--COMPOUND FOR KINDLING FIRES.--J. L. Hannum and S. H. +Stebbins, Berea, Ohio. + +112,338.--LAWN MOWER.--Benjamin Harnish, Lancaster, and D. H. Harnish, +Pequea, Pa. + +112,339.--COMPOSITION FOR PAVEMENTS.--C. B. Harris, New York city. +Antedated February 25, 1870. + +112,340.--SPRING FOR VEHICLES.--John R. Hiller, Woodland, Cal. + +112,341.--HARVESTER RAKE.--S. T. Holly, (assignor to John P. Manny), +Rockford, Ill. + +112,342.--DOOR CLAMP.--Henry O. Hooper, Diamond Springs, Cal. + +112,343.--TAPER HOLDER.--Thomas W. Houchin, Morrisania, N. Y. + +112,344.--METALLIC GARTER.--Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,345.--BOBBIN WINDER.--Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,346.--METHOD OF KNITTING STOCKINGS, ETC.--Henry A. House, +Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,347.--APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING LIQUIDS.--John +Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,348.--APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING LIQUIDS.--John +Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,349.--APPARATUS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM VEGETABLE AND OTHER +MATTERS.--Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. + +112,350.--APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM GRAIN, SEEDS, +ETC.--Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. + +112,351.--CHANDELIER.--Charles F. Jacobsen, New York city. + +112,352.--CULINARY VESSEL.--Carrie Jessup, New Haven, Conn. + +112,353.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING LEATHER.--Aberdeen Keith, North +Bridgewater, Mass. + +112,354.--ATTACHING KNOBS TO THEIR SPINDLES.--John F. Keller and +Nathaniel Sehner, Hagerstown, Md. + +112,355.--MITER MACHINE.--T. E. King, Boston, Mass. + +112,356.--TAKE-UP FOR CORSET LOOMS.--Julius Kuttner, New York city. + +112,357.--ELEVATOR AND CARRIER.--T. W. Lackore, Worth, Ill. + +112,358.--APPARATUS FOR BURNING HYDROCARBON OILS.--James R. Lee, Grass +Valley, Cal. + +112,359.--BURGLAR ALARM.--Robert Lee, Cincinnati, Ohio. + +112,360.--TELEGRAPH APPARATUS.--L. T. Lindsey, Jackson, Tenn. + +112,361.--HARVESTER.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,362.--HARVESTER.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,363.--HARVESTER RAKE.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,364.--CHEESE CURD SINK.--H. C. Markham, Collinsville, N. Y. + +112,365.--MOWING MACHINE.--H. C. Markham and Dewitt C. Markham, +Collinsville, N. Y. + +112,366.--PROPELLER.--Alex. J. Marshall, Warrenton, Va. Antedated +March 3, 1871. + +112,367.--OILER.--Edward McDuff and E. D. Forrow, Warwick, R. I. + +112,368.--WASH BOILER.--John McInnes, Oxford, Pa. + +112,369.--PROPELLING CANAL BOATS.--H. B. Meech, Fort Edward, N. Y. +Antedated February 25, 1871. + +112,370.--WATER-PROOF COMPOUND FOR COATING CLOTH WOOD, METALS, +ETC.--Peter E. Minor, Schenectady, N. Y. + +112,371.--COOKING STOVE.--W. N. Moore, Neenah, Wis. + +112,372.--BORING MACHINE.--J. H. Pardieck (assignor to himself and S. +M. Brown), Acton, Ind. + +112,373.--VAPOR BURNER.--R. W. Park, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,374.--MACHINE FOR POINTING BLANKS FOR CULTIVATOR TEETH.--John +Pedder and George Abel, West Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,375.--BALE TIE.--J. E. Perkins, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,376.--LINING WALLS WITH FELT, ETC.--James Phillips, Chicago, Ill. + +112,377.--COOKING STOVE.--Samuel Pierce, Boston, Mass. + +112,378.--TACK.--A. A. Porter, New Haven, Conn. Antedated Feb. 25, +1871. + +112,379.--MACHINE FOR SHAPING AND CUTTING GEAR CUTTERS.--F. A. Pratt +(assignor to the Pratt & Whitney Company), Hartford, Conn. + +112,380.--COMBINATION CAMERA AND DEVELOPING BOX.--E. C. Ratzell, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,381.--PUNCHING MACHINE.--J. C. Rhodes, South Abington, Mass. + +112,382.--WASHING MACHINE.--J. W. Ricker, Chelsea, Mass. + +112,383.--CURTAIN FIXTURE.--Charles Robin. Chester, Conn. + +112,384.--MACHINE FOR MAKING PRINTERS' LEADS.--Isaac Schoenberg, New +York city. + +112,385.--SLIDE VALVE FOR STEAM RIVETING MACHINES.--Coleman Sellers +(assignor to William Sellers & Co.), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,386.--MACHINE FOR POLISHING THREAD.--Samuel Semple, Sr., John +Semple, Samuel Semple, Jr., and R. A. Semple, Mount Holly, N. J. + +112,387.--PAINT BRUSH.--F. S. Shearer, Washington, Ill. + +112,388.--BEE HIVE.--S. A. Short, F. J. Short, J. B. Short, and Jasper +Kile, Decatur, Ala. + +112,389.--APPARATUS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM VEGETABLE AND OTHER +MATTER.--Thomas Sim, Baltimore, Md. + +112,390.--RETORT FOR PRODUCING BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.--Thomas Sim, +Baltimore, Md. + +112,391.--UTILIZING THE SILKY DOWN OF THE WILD COTTON.--M. H. Simpson, +Boston, Mass. + +112,392.--PRUNING SHEARS.--Frank Smiley, Batavia, N. Y. + +112,393.--WATER-CLOSET VALVE.--A. J. Smith, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,394.--GANG PLOW.--J. W. Sursa, San Leandro, Cal. + +112,395.--GRINDING PAN AND AMALGAMATOR.--W. H. Thoss, West Point, Cal. + +112,396.--STREET LANTERN.--Augustus Tufts, Malden, Mass. + +112,397.--COOKING STOVE.--Alvin Warren, Swanton, Ohio. + +112,398.--SAFETY BRIDLE.--James Weatherhead, San José, Cal. + +112,399.--FIRE GRATE.--George Wellhouse, Akron, Ohio. + +112,400.--HAY KNIFE.--G. F. Weymouth, Dresden, Me. + +112,401.--CLAW BAR.--Charles Winter, Chillicothe, Ohio. + +112,402.--STEAM GENERATOR.--J. C. Woodhead, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,403.--ANIMAL TRAP.--W. D. Wrightson, Queenstown England. + +112,404.--BRUSH.--John Ames, Lansingburg, N. Y. + +112,405.--CLOD FENDER.--F. L. Bailey, Freeport, Ind. + +112,406.--RULER.--H. S. Ball, Spartanburg, S. C. + +112,407.--FANNING MILL.--Benjamin Barney, Time, Ill. + +112,408.--ICE-CUTTING MACHINE.--Lafayett Barnum (assignor to himself +and A. R. Hale), Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,409.--MANUFACTURE OF ICE.--T. J. Bigger, Kansas City, Mo. + +112,410.--MACHINE FOR HEADING BOLTS AND SPIKES.--Reinhold Boeklen, +Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to himself and Henry Torstrick New York +city. Antedated Feb. 28, 1871. + +112,411.--WASHING MACHINE.--Joseph Boswell, L. M. Boswell, Jonathan +Palmer, and J. H. James (assignors to themselves and Thomas Starbuck), +Wilmington, Ohio. + +112,412.--WATER WHEEL.--E. C. Boyles, New York city. + +112,413.--COTTON PRESS.--R. M. Brooks, Pike county, Ga. + +112,414.--PAPER-CUTTING MACHINE.--Samuel Brown (assignor to himself +and C. R. Carver), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,415.--GOVERNOR FOR DIRECT-ACTING ENGINES.--A. S. Cameron, New York +city. + +112,416.--GOVERNOR FOR DIRECT-ACTING ENGINES.--A. S. Cameron, New York +city. + +112,417.--BUTT HINGE.--J. W. Carleton (assignor to the Union +Manufacturing Co.), New Britain, Conn. + +112,418.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING SHEET METAL.--C. R. Choate, East +Saginaw, Mich. + +112,419.--BIT BRACE.--William Cleveland, Lawrence, Mass., assignor to +himself and James Swan, Seymour, Conn. + +112,420.--STEAM ENGINE GOVERNOR.--C. A. Condé, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,421.--CARPET-CLEANING MACHINE.--J. C. Craft (assignor to himself +and Antonio Rosello), Baltimore, Md. + +112,422.--STEAM REGULATOR FOR PAPER DRYERS.--Daniel Crosby, Hampden, +Me. + +112 423.--METALLIC PISTON AND VALVE ROD PACKING.--G. M. Cruickshank, +Providence, R. I. + +112,424.--GRAIN-THRASHING AND SEPARATING MACHINE.--John Culham, Grand +Rapids, Mich. Antedated Feb. 25, 1871. + +112,425.--COOKING STOVE.--David Curtis, Mishawaka, assignor to himself +and C. B. Graham, South Bend, Ind. + +112,426.--LIGHTNING ROD.--S. D. Cushman, New Lisbon, Ohio. + +112,427.--HOSE BRIDGE.--Patrick Daily (assignor to himself and J. J. +Kehoe), New York city. + +112,428.--COVER FOR OPENINGS IN SIDEWALKS.--William Dale, New York +city. + +112,429.--ROTARY PUMP.--F. O. Deschamps, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,430.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING FILES.--James Dodge, Manchester, +England, assignor to David Blake, Spencertown, N. Y. + +112,431.--COUPLING FOR RAILWAY CARS.--Henry Dubs and S. G. +Goodall-Copestake, Glasgow, Great Britain. + +112,432.--TOBACCO PIPE.--P. J. Dwyer, Elizabethport, N. J. + +112,433.--BASKET FOR HOUSE PLANTS.--Albert P. Eastman, Washington, D. C. + +112,434.--SULKY PLOW.--Milo A. Elliott, Stratford Hollow, N. H. + +112,435.--STRETCHER FOR PAINTINGS.--James Fairman, New York city. + +112,436.--BODY LANTERN HOLDER.--Samuel C. Fessenden, Stamford, Conn. + +112,437.--STOVE LEG.--Amon L. Finch, Sing Sing, N. Y. + +112,438.--PUMP PISTON.--John S. Follansbee and George Doolittle +(assignors to the Forrester Manufacturing Company), Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,439.--SHOE.--Samuel W. Francis (assignor to himself and W. H. +Newton), Newport, R. I. + +112,440.--GUARD-FINGER FOR HARVESTERS.--George Fyfe and Chester Hard, +Ottawa, Ill. + +112,441.--DINING TABLE.--S. R. Gardner (assignor to himself and S. M. +Marquette), Independence, Iowa. + +112,442.--STEP LADDER.--M. Boland Geary, New York City. + +112,443.--OILCLOTH PRINTING MACHINERY.--Ebenezer A. Goodes (assignor +to Philadelphia Patent and Novelty Company), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,444.--TENONING MACHINE.--Lyman Gould, Norwich, Conn. + +112,445.--PRINTER'S CASE.--Wm. H. A. Gresham, Atlanta, Ga. + +112,446.--LAMP CHIMNEY.--Geo. W. Griswold, Factoryville, Pa. + +112,447.--GRAIN SEPARATOR.--Philander Griswold, Hudson, Mich. + +112,448.--CLAMP FOR THILL COUPLINGS.--John W. Guider (assignor to +himself and John Kiefer), St. Joseph, Mo. + +112,449.--BIRD CAGE.--Gottlob Gunther, New York city. + +112,450.--STOP COCK AND VALVE.--William Haas, New York city. + +112,451.--VALVE FOR STEAM ENGINES.--Joseph L. Harley, Baltimore, Md., +and Xaver Fendrich, Georgetown, D. C. + +112,452.--METALLIC HUB.--John H. Harper, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,453.--COMPOSITION FOR LUBRICATING MACHINERY.--E. Q. Henderson +(assignor to John C. Burroughs and Richard A. Springs) Charlotte, N. C. + +112,454.--POST-HOLE DIGGER.--Bryant B. Herrick, Decatur, Mich. + +112,455.--DOOR CHECK.--Levi S. Hicks (assignor to himself, J. Perrin +Johnson, and John Buell), Peoria, Ill. + +112,456.--RAILWAY-CAR BRAKE.--Luther Hill, Stoneham, and Seth D. +Tripp, Lynn, Mass. + +112,457.--TRUSS.--Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y. + +112,458.--FEED BAG FOR HORSES.--Walter A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y. + +112,459.--SHADE HOLDER FOR LAMPS--Mark W. House, Cleveland, Ohio. + +112,460.--LAMP CHIMNEY.--Mark Wiggins House (assignor to the Cleveland +Non-Explosive Lamp Company), Cleveland, Ohio. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,461.--HORSE HAY RAKE.--James Howard and E. T. Bousfield, Bedford, +England. + +112,462.--TONGS FOR ROLLING BARRELS.--Mark W. Ingle, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,463.--PITMAN.--George W. Jayson, Lodi, Ohio. + +112,464.--PASTE FOR PAPER HANGINGS.--John Jones (assignor to himself +and Henry A. Smith), New York city. + +112,465.--TWINE HOLDER.--Edward M. Judd, New Haven, Ct. + +112,466.--CLOTHES PIN OR CLASP.--Amos L. Keeports and William Yount, +Littletown, Pa. + +112,467.--PUTTING UP HAMS.--Samuel Edward Kelly, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,468.--LIMN KILN.--Thomas A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo. + +112,469.--FASTENING FOR SEATS FOR WAGONS OR SLEIGHS.--John G. Knapp +and John F. Robertson (assignors of one third their right to James H. +Holly), Warwick, N. Y. + +112,470.--POTATO PLANTER.--George Knowlton (assignor for one-half his +right to N. Haynes), Johnstown, Pa. + +112,471.--REVOLVING FIREARM.--Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., +assignor by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing +Company," Hartford, Conn. + +112,472.--REVOLVING FIREARM.--Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., +assignor, by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms +Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn. + +112,473.--RAILROAD CATTLE-GUARD GATE.--J. H. Mallory, La Porte, Ind. + +112,474.--BACK-REFLECTING MIRROR.--Richard Mason (assignor to himself +and Matthew Ely), Newark, N. J. + +112,475.--VENTILATOR AND CHIMNEY TOP.--James McGowan (assignor to +himself and Daniel H. Waring), New York city. + +112,476.--APPARATUS FOR RECTIFYING AND REFINING SPIRITS.--Frederick +Measey (assignor to himself and Henry D. Fling), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,477.--TIN CAN.--John F. Merrill (assignor to himself and Alexander +Stewart), Cincinnati, Ohio. + +112,478.--TAKE-UP MECHANISM FOR LOOMS.--John Michna and Joseph +Fischer, New York city. + +112,479.--COMBINED BAKER AND BROILER.--Wm. H. Miller, Brandenburg, Ky. + +112,480.--SHUTTLE FOR SEWING MACHINES.--James D. Moore, Grinnell, +Iowa. + +112,481.--COTTON CHOPPER AND GRAIN CULTIVATOR.--Daniel Mosely, Osark, +Arkansas. + +112,482.--SAD AND FLUTING IRON.--Frederick Myers, New York city. + +112,483.--REED FOR ORGANS AND MELODEONS.--Augustus Newell, Chicago, +Ill. + +112,484.--STRAW CUTTER.--Amon Park, Germanville, Iowa. + +112,485.--APPARATUS FOR AGING WHISKY AND OTHER SPIRITS.--Josiah +Peiffer and Samuel Richards, Valonia, Pa. + +112,486.--COMBINED COTTON AND CORN PLANTER.--Louis A. Perrault +(assignor to himself and Joseph Huber), Natchez, Miss. + +112,487.--FAUCET.--Solomon Pfleger, Reading, assignor to himself and +J. S. Pfleger, Tamaqua, Pa. + +112,488.--TREADLE.--George K. Proctor, Salem, Mass. + +112,489.--LUBRICATING COMPOUND.--Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. + +112,490.--FERTILIZER AND SEEDING MACHINE.--Archibald Putnam (assignor +to Elizabeth Putnam), Owego, N. Y. + +112,491.--ROTARY PUMP.--George W. Putnam, South Glens Falls, N. Y. + +112,492.--HAT BRUSH.--Robert Dunbar Radcliffe, Palmyra, N. Y. + +112,493.--REFRIGERATING SHOW CASE.--Thomas L. Rankin, Lyndon, Kansas, +assignor to himself and D. W. Rockwell, Elyria, Ohio. + +112,494.--DEVICE FOR STARTING AND STOPPING CARS.--Philip Rhoads, +Carlisle, Pa. + +112,495.--PIPE-MOLDING MACHINE.--George Richardson, Milwaukee, Wis. + +112,496.--SULKY CULTIVATOR.--Richard B. Robbins, Adrian, Mich. + +112,497.--HAND PLOW.--Nelson Rue, Harrodsburg, Ky. + +112,498.--MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.--Edward G. Russell, Ravenna, Ohio. + +112,499.--RAILWAY CAR BRAKE.--Lyman Alphonzo Russell, Shrewsbury, Vt. + +112,500.--STOVEPIPE CLEANER.--David Sanford, Ashton, Ill. + +112,501.--TWINE HOLDER.--Joseph B. Sargent and Purmont Bradford +(assignors to Sargent & Co.), New Haven, Conn. + +112,502.--DOVETAILING MACHINE.--James M. Seymour, Newark, N. J. + +112,503.--WOODEN PAVEMENT.--Eaton Shaw, Portland, Me. + +112,504.--GUARD FOR CIRCULAR SAWS.--George W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y. + +112,505.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--Dexter Smith and Martin J. +Chamberlin, Springfield, Mass. + +112,506.--SPARK ARRESTER.--James Smith, Altoona, Pa. + +112,507.--HORSE HAY RAKE.--Solomon P. Smith, Waterford, N. Y. + +112,508.--PLOW.--S. M. Stewart, New Harrisburg, Ohio. + +112,509.--MEDICAL COMPOUND FOR TREATING FEVER AND AGUE.--George E. +Swan, Mount Vernon, Ohio. + +112,510.--DEVICE FOR COOLING JOURNALS OF CAR AXLES.--Henry G. +Thompson, Milford, Conn. + +112,511.--COOLING JOURNAL OF CAR AXLES.--Henry G. Thompson, Milford, +Conn. + +112,512.--COOLING JOURNAL OF CAR-WHEEL AXLES.--Henry G. Thompson, +Milford, Conn. + +112,513.--DEVICE FOR COOLING JOURNALS OF RAILWAY CARS.--Henry G. +Thompson, Milford, Conn. + +112,514.--NON-HEATING HANDLE FOR SAD IRONS, ETC.--William H. Towers, +Boston, Mass. + +112,515.--LUBRICATOR.--John Erst Uhl, Renovo, Pa. + +112,516.--COMBINED CORN PLANTER AND CULTIVATOR.--Franklin Underwood, +South Rutland, N. Y. + +112,517.--KING BOLT.--Wendel Vondersaar, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,518.--WHEAT ROASTER.--George W. Waitt (assignor to himself and +Robert B. Fitts), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,519.--PLASTER SOWER.--Thomas J. West, Alfred Center, N. Y. + +112,520.--TICKET HOLDER.--Henry Wexel, Providence, R. I. + +112,521.--TOBACCO PRESS.--Abraham N. Zell, Lancaster, Pa. + +112,522.--COMBINED BAG HOLDER AND SCALES.--William Zimmerman, Lebanon, +Pa. Antedated February 25, 1871. + +112,523.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--James M. Mason, Washington, D. C. + + * * * * * + + +REISSUES. + +4,287.--TREATING FRUITS TO DRY, SACCHARIFY, AND PRESERVE +THEM.--Charles Alden, Newburg, assignor of part interest to Alden +Fruit Preserving Company, New York city. Patent No. 100,835, dated +March 5, 1870; reissue No. 4,011, dated June 7, 1870. + +4,288.--DEVICE FOR SECURING PULLEYS TO SHAFT.--John H. Buckman +(assignor to himself and Peter W. Reinshagen), Cincinnati, Ohio. +Patent No. 98,144, dated December 21, 1839. + +4,289.--SHAWL STRAP.--George Crouch, Westport, Conn. Patent No. +82,606, dated September 29, 1868. + +4,290.--ATMOSPHERIC DENTAL PLATE.--Nehemiah T. Folsom, Laconia, N. H. +Patent No. 60,871, dated January 1, 1867. + +4,291.--PESSARY.--William R. Gardner, Leonardsville, N. Y. Patent No. +105,191, dated July 12, 1870. + +4,292.--DIVISION A.--SKATE.--James L. Plimpton, New York city. Patent +No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated April 5, +1870. + +4,293.--DIVISION B.--SKATE.--James L. Plimpton, New York city. Patent +No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated April 5, +1870. + +4,294.--APPARATUS FOR PITCHING BARRELS.--Louis Schulze, Baltimore, Md. +Patent No. 106,964, dated August 30, 1870. + + * * * * * + + +DESIGNS. + +4,694.--PICTURE FRAME.--John H. Bellamy, Charlestown, Mass. + +4,695.--BELL CRANK AND ESCUTCHEON.--Pietro Cinquini, West Meriden, +Conn., assignor to Parker & Whipple Company. + +4,696.--PEDESTAL FOR A CAKE DISH.--George Gill (assignor to Reed & +Barton), Taunton, Mass. + +4,697.--TABLE CASTER.--William Parkin (assignor to Reed & Barton), +Taunton, Mass. + +4,698.--BUCKLE FRAME.--John E. Smith, Waterbury, Conn. + +4,699.--BACK OF A CHAIR OR SOFA.--George Unverzagt, Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +TRADE-MARKS. + +182.--HAT.--Nathan A. Baldwin, Milford, Conn., James H. Prentice, +Brooklyn, and John R. Waller, New York city. + +183.--SPOOL COTTON.--Lewis Coleman & Co., Boston, Mass. + +184.--SALVE.--Robert Dobbins, Binghamton, N. Y. + +185.--SOAP.--Leberman & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. + +186.--MEDICINE.--Ridenour, Coblentz & Co., Springfield, Ohio. + +187.--PAPER.--Union Manufacturing Company, Springfield, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +EXTENSIONS. + +WAGONS.--Edgar Huson, Ithaca, N. Y. Letters Patent No. 16,648, dated +February 17, 1857; reissue No. 2,500, dated March 5, 1867. + +OPERATING VALVE OF STEAM ENGINE.--Samuel R. Wilmot, Bridgeport, Conn. +Letters Patent No. 16,668, dated February 17, 1857. + +HINGES.--John David Browne, Cincinnati, Ohio. Letters Patent No. +16,678, dated February 24, 1857. + +KEEPER FOR RIGHT AND LEFT HAND DOOR LOCKS.--Calvin Adams, Pittsburgh, +Pa. Letters Patent No. 16,676, dated February 24, 1857. + +SOLAR CAMERA.--David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters Patent No. +16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated July 10, +1866. + +CAST SEAMLESS THIMBLE SKEINS FOR WAGONS.--John Benedict, Kenosha, +Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. Letters Patent No. +16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated July 27, 1858; +reissue No. 1,229, dated October 8, 1861. + +MODE OF CASTING SEAMLESS SKEINS FOR WAGONS.--John Benedict, Kenosha, +Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. Letters Patent No. +16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated July 27, 1858; +reissue No. 1,228, dated October 8, 1861. + +BREECH-LOADING FIREARMS.--William Cleveland Hicks, Summit, N. J. +Letters Patent No. 16,797, dated March 10, 1857; reissue No. 1,952, +dated May 9, 1865; reissue No. 3,798, dated January 18, 1870; reissue +No. 3,860, dated March 1, 1870. + +SEEDING MACHINE.--Lewis B. Myers and Henry A. Myers, Elmore, Ohio. +Letters Patent No. 16,772, dated March 3, 1857. + + * * * * * + + +DISCLAIMER. + +SOLAR CAMERA.--David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters Patent No. +16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated July 10, +1866. Filed February 23, 1871. + + * * * * * + +CITY SUBSCRIBERS.--THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be delivered in +every part of the city at $3.50 a year. Single copies for sale at the +News-stands in this city, Brooklyn, Jersey City, and Williamsburgh, +and by most of the News Dealers in the United States. + + * * * * * + +RECEIPTS--When money is paid at the office for subscriptions, a +receipt for it will be given; but when subscribers remit their money +by mail, they may consider the arrival of the first paper a bona-fide +acknowledgment of their funds. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + + + * * * * * + +_The value of the_ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN _as an advertising medium +cannot be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten times greater than +that of any similar journal now published. It goes into all the +States and Territories, and is read in all the principal libraries and +reading-rooms of the world. We invite the attention of those who wish +to make their business known to the annexed rates. A business man +wants something more than to see his advertisement in a printed +newspaper. He wants circulation. If it is worth 25 cents per line to +advertise in a paper of three thousand circulation, it is worth $2.50 +per line to advertise in one of thirty thousand._ + +RATES OF ADVERTISING. + + BACK PAGE - - - - 1.00 A LINE, + INSIDE PAGE - - - 75 CENTS A LINE, + +_for each insertion_. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter-press_. + + * * * * * + + +TO MANUFACTURERS OF KNITTED GOODS. + +JOHN KENT is now in England, completing arrangements so as to be able +to supply his American friends with his improved Knitting Machines +with greater dispatch, and with all the latest improvements. He would +beg to call especial attention to + +The Improved Rib Top Frame, now so well known, and acknowledged to +be the best rib top frame ever built, for speed and quality of goods +produced. Price, delivered free in New York, $520, currency. + +The Improved Circular Web Frame, for drawers and shirts, built of any +size and gage. Price for a 4-head set, 17 inch to 20 inch diameter, +$810, currency, delivered free in New York. + +The Circular Stocking Frame, from 2 in. to 5½ in. diameter. These +circular frames, with my last improvements, are as near perfection as +possible. + +The Patent Full-fashioned Shirt, Drawers and Stocking Frames produce +the most perfect goods ever made by steam-power machinery, and cost +fifty per cent less to keep in repair than any other Knitting Machine. +Built 10 to 24 gage, and from 30 to 140 inch wide, to order. + +The Improved Circular Looping Frame, for putting on shirt cuffs, +drawers bands, clearing the top of circular shirts, &c., built to +order, of any size, from 2 in. to 22 in. diameter, and of any gage. + +Steel Needles and Sinkers to pattern. + +Persons wishing to order while Mr. Kent is in England, will please +address JOHN KENT, Nottingham, up to April 12th, or, if they prefer, +may send through depot. + +Address JOHN KENT, 348 Pearl st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +PUMPS.--For Description, Price Lists etc., of the Best Centrifugal Pump +ever invented, with Overwhelming Testimony in its favor, send for +new illustrated pamphlet (40 pp.) to Messrs. HEALD, SISCO & CO., +Baldwinsville, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +BRICK PRESSES. FOR RED AND FIRE BRICK. Factory 309 S. Fifth street, +Philadelphia, Pa. S. P. MILLER. + + * * * * * + + +ST. JOSEPH, Mo., Nov. 10, 1870. + +T. R. BAILEY & VAIL, LOCKPORT, N. Y.: + +GENTLEMEN:--The Lathe you shipped me has arrived, and I have it in +full operation. It works perfectly, and I think it the best lathe made +in the world for Bedstead and Chair work. I would recommend it to any +one desirous of obtaining such a lathe. Yours truly, + +H. R. BRISTOL. + + * * * * * + + +WOOLEN MILL FOR SALE. + +With House and 3 acres of land, Seymour, Ct., (Naugatuck Valley,) 2 +miles from R. R. depot. Never-failing stream. 3 ft. fall, dam and wheel +in good condition. Inquire of JAS. ORMSBEE, on the premises. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE & STATIONARY STEAM ENGINES +AND HOISTING ENGINES. A good article at low prices. Every machine +warranted. Send for descriptive Price List. + +H. B. BIGELOW & CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES + +[Illustration] + +Of the most approved kinds, of various sizes, to saw bevel as well as +square, without inclining the table, by FIRST & PRYIBIL, 452 to 456 +Tenth ave., New York. Price $250, $275, $350, and $400. At present +(Oct. 16), there are in operation, in this city alone, 88 of our +machines. Send for circular. Manufacture, also, an improved saw-filing +apparatus; price, $30. Have also on hand a large stock of best FRENCH +BANDSAW BLADES. + + * * * * * + + +L. & J. W. FEUCHTWANGER, 55 CEDAR ST., NEW YORK, CHEMISTS, +MANUFACTURERS, AND IMPORTERS OF SPECIALITIES, SILICATES, SODA AND +POTASH, CHLORIDE OF CALCIUM, PEROXIDE OF MANGANESE, HYDROFLUORIC +ACID, METALLIC OXIDES, STEEL AND GLASS MAKERS' AND POTTERS' ARTICLES, +PUBLISHERS OF TREATISES ON "SOLUBLE GLASS," "GEMS," AND "FERMENTED +LIQUORS." + + * * * * * + + +PIMLICO BRACES, SOMETHING NEW. + +THIS invention is based on a strictly scientific principle, and is +a valuable improvement on old style suspenders. It is simple in +construction, and combines the qualities of Brace and Suspender. They +are unequaled for elegance, durability and comfort. Manufactured +at the Monumental Silk Works, Baltimore. JOHN M. DAVIES & CO., Sole +Agents, 384 & 386 B'd'y, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +DR. J. ARMSTRONG'S (Patent) IMPROVED HEATER, FILTER, LIME EXTRACTOR, +AND CONDENSER COMBINED, FOR STEAM BOILERS. + +[Illustration] + +MANUFACTURED BY ARMSTRONG & STARR, Toledo, Ohio. + +_Send for Circulars._ + +Formerly Armstrong & Welsh. + + * * * * * + + +FOR SALE.--An Engine, 12×36 in. cylinder, and two Boilers, 4×15 feet, +in good order, will be sold cheap. J. J. TAYLOR & CO., 68 Courtlandt +st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +HUNTING, Trapping and Fishing. All about it. SENT FREE. Address +"HUNTER," Hinsdale, N. H. + + * * * * * + + +FIRST PREMIUM awarded by Am. Inst., 1870 +MICROSCOPES, } Illustrated price list and catalogues +MAGIC LANTERNS, } free to any address. +T. H. McALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau st., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +Rare and Beautiful Flowers +--AND-- +CHOICE VEGETABLES +Can always be obtained by Sowing + +[Illustration: BLISS'S SELECT GARDEN SEEDS.] + +BLISS'S SELECT GARDEN SEEDS. + +The Seventeenth Annual Edition of their celebrated "SEED CATALOGUE +AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN," is now ready for +distribution. It contains FOUR BEAUTIFULLY COLORED LITHOGRAPHS, and +about 300 choice Engravings of favorite Flowers and Vegetables, 136 +pages of closely-printed matter, and a list of Twenty-five Hundred +species and varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with explicit +directions for their culture, and much other useful information upon +the subject of Gardening. A copy will be mailed to all applicants +inclosing 25 cts. Regular customers supplied gratis. Address + +B. K. BLISS & SONS, +Nos. 23 Park Place, and 20 Murray st., P. O. Box No. 5712. +New York. + + * * * * * + + +SCIENCE FOR THE MILLION. + + +THE BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, + +DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF HOME LIFE, THE ARTS, AGRICULTURE, AND +MEDICINE. + +JAMES R. NICHOLS, M. D.,} +WILLIAM A. ROLFE, A. M.,} Editors. + +ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. + + +A paper which commends itself at once to Physicians, Druggists, +Chemists, Teachers, Farmers, Mechanics--in short, to Professional and +Practical Men of every class. + +The Domestic Recipes and Formulę for Art Processes are of themselves +worth many times the cost of subscription. + +---> SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE. + +Address +BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, +150 Congress st., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +FOOT LATHES, +And all kinds of small tools. Illustrated catalogue free. +GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +AGENTS WANTED.--To sell Stephens' PATENT COMBINATION RULE, which +embraces a Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, Slope Level, T Square, +etc., in one compact tool. These instruments retail at $3.50 each, and +energetic salesmen can make money by selling them among mechanics. We +warrant them in every particular, as the construction and graduation +is faultless. Send for descriptive circular, cuts, and terms. + +STEPHENS & CO., Riverton, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +FELT. THE BEST, CHEAPEST and MOST DURABLE non-conductor known, for +sale by the Original Manufacturer, at the BOILER FELTING WORKS, 46 +Courtland st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNIVERSAL WOOD WORKER. For Agricultural, Railroad, Car, Carriage, and +Wagon Works, Planing Mill, Sash, Door and Blind, Bedstead, Cabinet and +Furniture Factories. + +McBETH, BENTEL & MARGEDANT, Hamilton, O. + + * * * * * + + +INVENTOR'S EXCHANGE, +245 BROADWAY, N. Y., +"AM. AGRICULTURIST" BUILDING. +TANGIBLE INVENTIONS NEGOTIATED. +No goods received unless ordered. +B. F. KEMP, Proprietor. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINISTS' TOOLS, at greatly reduced prices. Also, some Woodworth +Planers and Second-hand Tools. 97 to 113 R. R. ave., Newark, N. J. + +E. & R. J. GOULD, successors to Gould Machine Co. + + * * * * * + + +N. B. PATENTED Articles introduced. +Also, State and County Rights sold for Inventors. +STONE, PUGH & CO., 55 N. 6th st., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +GOLDEN HILL Seminary for young ladies, Bridgeport, Conn. Miss EMILY +NELSON, Principal. + + * * * * * + + +1826 USE THE VEGETABLE 1870 + PULMONARY BALSAM. + +The old standard remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption. +"Nothing Better." CUTLER BROS. & Co., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +THE CALVERT IRON ROLLING MILLS are offered at private sale. These +mills are situated in the city of Baltimore, and cover 1½ acres of +ground. The Machinery is of the most approved description, for +making all sizes of round and square bar iron, from ¼ in. to 3 in. +diameter, and flat bars of all widths, up to 7 inches. + +The buildings are ample and commodious. + +In addition to the Rolling Mills are two brick buildings (50×125 +feet and 40×90 feet), now containing an 80 H. P. Engine, and Spike +Machinery, but which could be used for the manufacture of Nails, +Horseshoes, or any other branch of heavy hardware. + +This property offers an unusual opportunity to capitalists, and will +be sold at a reasonable price. + +For further description address + +MARSHALL P. SMITH, +P. O. Box 1158, Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + + +BURDON IRON WORKS.--Manufacturers of Pumping Engines for Water Works, +High & Low Pressure Engines, Portable Engines and Boilers, of all +kinds, Sugar Mills, Screw, Lever, Drop, & Hydraulic Presses, Machinery +in general. HUBBARD & WHITTAKER, 102 Front st., Brooklyn. + + * * * * * + + +ENGINES AND MACHINERY FOR SALE, at a great sacrifice. Two new Steam +Engines, 12 and 20 horse power; 1 Faribain's Riveting Machine; 1 large +Power Shears; 1 ditto Table Punch; 2 ditto Flange Punches; 1 set Power +Bending Rolls; together with a large lot of Turning Lathes, Drilling +Machines, Machinists' and Smiths' Hand Tools, Pulleys, Hangers, and 6 +Fairbanks' Platform Scales. Send for catalogue, or apply at the South +Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. Imlay and Summit sts., Brooklyn. + + * * * * * + + +SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE-- + +Law's Patent with Trevor & Co.'s Improvements. The Simplest and Best +in use. Also, Shingle, Heading and Stave Jointers, Equalizers, +Heading Turners, Planers etc. Address + +TREVOR & CO., Lockport, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +AGENTS WANTED--($225 A MONTH) by the AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. +Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +THE +_UNITED STATES_ +BRICK MACHINE +IS THE +BEST IN THE WORLD, +BECAUSE IT MAKES THE +GREATEST NUMBER, +THE BEST, and +THE CHEAPEST +BRICKS. + +IT IS THE PERFECTION OF SIMPLICITY. + +IT IS DURABLE, AND NOT LIKELY TO GET OUT OF REPAIR. + +See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Sept. 17, 1870. + +For Descriptive Circular apply to + +F. C. WELLS, PRESIDENT, +ROOM 13, 98 MADISON ST., +CHICAGO. + +MACHINES can be seen in operation at the Company's Works, Chicago; at +rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and at Novelty Iron Works, corner of +Delord and Peter sts., New Orleans. + + * * * * * + + +PREPARED + +ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT. + +[Illustration] + +This new prepared production is ready coated, and can be applied on +the roof without further trouble. It is easy of application, and does +not require any repairs for a long time. It is more durable than +some slates, and has been found a suitable substitute for iron or +tin roofs. It has a sanded or stony surface, which renders it +UNINFLAMMABLE and FIRE-PROOF. Exposed to the most intense fire, and +sparks falling upon it, it will not propagate the fire. Under the +influence of the sun it will not run, which makes it specially adapted +to hot climates. Its easy application and pleasing appearance have +made it a favorite roofing material throughout all the Indies and +other colonies. Being not cumbrous for transport, it is of invaluable +service to settlers and farmers in far remote districts. When used for +temporary purposes it may be taken off and applied again to another +construction. It replaces common Asphalting on Terraces, Lobbies, +Counting-houses, Office Floors, etc.; is a great preservative against +dampness and vermin, and equalizes the temperature. It is 32 inches +wide, and made in rolls of 25 yards each. Send for circular to + +E. H. MARTIN, +70 MAIDEN LANE AND 9 LIBERTY ST., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +J. J. H. GREGORY'S + +SEED CATALOGUE. + +My Annual Illustrated Catalogue, containing a list of many new and +rare Vegetables, some of which are not found in any other catalogue, +and all the standard vegetables of the farm and garden (over one +hundred of which I grow on my three seed farms), with a carefully +selected list of flower seed, will be sent free to all. All my seed is +sold under three warrants: + + 1st. That all money sent shall reach me. + 2d. That all seed ordered shall reach the purchaser. + 3d. That my seeds shall be fresh and true to name. + +JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +THE NEW WILSON +UNDER-FEED SHUTTLE +SEWING MACHINES! + +$25 CHEAPER THAN ANY OTHER! + +[Illustration] + +For Simplicity, Durability and Beauty they stand _UNRIVALLED!_ For +STITCHING, HEMMING, TUCKING, FELLING, Quilting, CORDING, BINDING, +BRAIDING, GATHERING, Gathering & sewing on gathers, _they are +unexcelled!_ + +For particulars address + +Wilson Sewing Machine Co., +Cleveland, O., or +St. Louis, Mo. + +AGENTS WANTED. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINERY, + +NEW AND 2d-HAND.--Send for Circular. CHAS. PLACE & CO., 60 Vesey st., +New York. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINISTS. + +Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of all kinds of small Tools and +Materials sent free to any address. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, +Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +P. BLAISDELL & CO. + +MANUFACTURERS of the "BLAISDELL" PATENT DRILL PRESSES, with quick +return motion, Agricultural Drills, Improved Engine Lathes, from 12 +in. to 28 in. swing, Planers, Gear Cutters, Boring Mills, Hand Lathes, +and other first-class Machinists' Tools. + +Jackson st., Worcester, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT +BEDSTEAD FASTENING. + +The BEST, CHEAPEST, and STRONGEST FASTENING ever invented. + +Rights for States and Territories for sale. Address JOHN DOMINGOS and +BENJAMIN ESSIG, Sacramento, Cal. + + * * * * * + + +BENT, GOODNOW & CO., + +Boston, Mass., Publishers of "PATENT STAR", sell Patent Rights and +goods of all kinds. Orders solicited. + +AGENTS WANTED. + +---> Send stamp for copy. + + * * * * * + + +TO THE WORKING CLASS.--We are now prepared to furnish all classes with +constant employment at home, the whole of the time or for the spare +moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons of either sex +easily earn from 50c. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by +devoting their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly +as much as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, +and test the business, we make this unparalleled offer: To such as are +not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing. +Full particulars, a valuable sample which will do to commence work on, +and a copy of _The People's Literary Companion_--one of the largest +and best family newspapers published--all sent free by mail. Reader, +if you want permanent, profitable work, address + +D. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine. + + * * * * * + + +_IMPORTANT_ + +TO MACHINISTS.--The Best Metal for all Machine Uses is the MARTIN +STEEL, made by THE NEW JERSEY STEEL AND IRON CO., Trenton, N. J. This +steel is made by an entirely different process from any other and is +tougher than wrought iron. It can be turned without annealing, being +entirely free from hard spots. Every one who uses it pronounces it +just what they have long wanted, for a multitude of uses, such as +Crank Pins, Lathe Spindles and Screws, Cotton Machinery Rollers, Saw +and Fan Spindles, etc., etc. Also, particularly adapted for Firebox +Plates. Prices low. Send for further information, or a sample, stating +use to which it is to be applied. + + * * * * * + + +OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING +MACHINERY. +OTIS, BROS. & CO. +No. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: TRADE MARK.] + +Union Emery Wheels. + +Solid and with Stone Center. +UNION STONE CO., Boston, Mass. +Branch Office, 93 Liberty st., N. Y. + +General Agents for the Am. Twist Drill Co.'s Superior Grinder and +other Emery Wheel Machinery and Tools. Send for Circular. + + * * * * * + + +WOODBURY'S PATENT _PLANING AND MATCHING_ and Molding Machines, Gray +& Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw Arbors, and other wood working +machinery. + + S. A. WOODS, {91 Liberty street, N. Y.; +Send for Circulars. {67 Sudbury street, Boston. + + * * * * * + + +RICHARDSON, MERIAM & CO., Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent +Daniels' and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash, and molding, +Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, Shaping, Vertical, and Circular Re-sawing +Machines, Saw Mills Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and +Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various other +kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues and price lists sent on +application. Manufactory, Worcester, Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., +New York. 17 1 + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +REYNOLDS' TURBINE WATER WHEELS. + +The Oldest and Newest. All others only imitations of each other in +their strife after complications to confuse the public. We do not +boast but quietly excel them all in staunch reliable, economical +power. Beautiful pamphlet free. GEO. TALLCOT, 96 Liberty st., New +York. + +GEARING, SHAFTING. + + * * * * * + + +_NIAGARA STEAM PUMP._ +CHAS. B. HARDICK, +Adams st., Brooklyn, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENTAL, and other machinery, Models for the +Patent Office, built to order by HOLSKE MACHINE CO., Nos. 528, 530, +and 532 Water st., near Jefferson. Refer to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN +office. 14 tf + + * * * * * + + +1832. +SCHENCK'S PATENT. +1870. +WOODWORTH PLANERS. + +And Re-Sawing Machines, Wood and Iron Working Machinery, Engines, +Boilers, etc. JOHN B. SCHENCK & SON, Matteawan, N. Y., and 118 Liberty +st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +WANTED--AGENTS, $20 PER DAY, TO sell the celebrated HOME SHUTTLE +SEWING MACHINE. Has the under-feed, makes the "lock stitch" alike on +both sides, and is fully licensed. The best and cheapest Family Sewing +Machine in the market. Address JOHNSON, CLARK & CO., Boston, Mass.; +Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill., or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +MILLING MACHINE, INDEX, STANDARD, UNIVERSAL, AND HORIZONTAL.--The +largest variety to be found in the country, on hand and finishing. +Workmanship, Material, and Design unsurpassed. Machines on exhibition +at Fair of American Institute. UNION VISE CO. OF BOSTON. Office 80 +Milk st. Works at Hyde Park, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +_ANDREW'S PATENTS._ NOISELESS, FRICTION GROOVED, PORTABLE, AND +WAREHOUSE HOISTERS. FRICTION OR GEARED MINING & QUARRY HOISTERS. +SMOKE-BURNING SAFETY BOILERS. OSCILLATING ENGINES, DOUBLE AND SINGLE, +1-2 TO 100-HORSE POWER. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, 100 TO 100,000 GALLONS PER +MINUTE, BEST PUMPS IN THE WORLD, PASS MUD, SAND, GRAVEL, COAL, GRAIN, +ETC., WITHOUT INJURY. ALL LIGHT, SIMPLE, DURABLE, AND ECONOMICAL. SEND +FOR CIRCULARS. + +WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., +414 Water street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +$150 A MONTH! EMPLOYMENT! +EXTRA INDUCEMENTS! + +A premium HORSE and WAGON for Agents. We desire to employ agents for +a term of seven years, to sell the Buckeye $20.00 Shuttle Sewing +Machine. It makes a stitch alike on both sides, and is the best +low-priced licensed machine in the world. W. A. HENDERSON & CO., +Cleveland, Ohio, or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +ALLCOTT'S LATHES, for Broom, Hoe, and Rake Handles, for sale by + +L. W. POND, 98 Liberty st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNRIVALLED Hand Saw Mill, Self-feeding, with ease. Rip 3-in. lumber; +guaranteed do work of 3 men. The only hand saw machine known, does as +represented. Thousands in use. Send for circular. + +WM. H. HOAG, Sole Manufacturer, 214 Pearl st. N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +U. S. PIANO CO. N. Y. Best in the World--$290. Sent on trial--See large +cut and terms in Scientific American. Oct. 1st 1870. + + * * * * * + + +_DOVETAILING MACHINE._ WILL MAKE 400 DRAWERS PER DAY. See SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN, Jan. 11, '71. H. H. EVARTS, 93 Liberty st.; TREVOR & CO., +Lockport N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +CIRCULAR SAW MILLS. HAYS & NEWMAN'S PATENT DOUBLE PARALLEL EDGERS, +FOSTER'S PATENT LOG-CANTING MACHINES, and Sawmill Machinery generally, +manufactured by the WASHINGTON MOWING MACHINE COMPANY. LEROY MOWRY, +Agent, Sandy Hill, Wash. Co., N. Y. Send for Illustrated Circulars and +Price Lists. + + * * * * * + + +_TO ELECTRO-PLATERS._ BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in sets +or single, with books of instruction, manufactured and sold by THOMAS +HALL, Manufacturing Electrician, 19 Bromfield street, Boston, Mass. +Illustrated catalogue sent free on application. + + * * * * * + + +PRIZE MEDAL SCROLL SAW.-- +THOS. L. CORNELL, DERBY, CONN. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT RIGHTS SOLD ON COMMISSION. + +By E. E. ROBERTS & CO., Consulting Engineers, 15 Wall St., N. Y. Send +Stamp for Circular. + + * * * * * + + +NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING. + +A Book of 125 closely printed pages, lately issued, contains a list of +the best American Advertising Mediums giving the names, circulations, +and full particulars concerning the leading Daily and Weekly +Political and Family Newspapers, together with all those having large +circulations, published in the interest of Religion, Agriculture, +Literature, etc., etc. Every Advertiser, and every person who +contemplates becoming such, will find this book of great value. Mailed +free to any address on receipt of 25c. + +GEO. P. ROWELL & CO., + +Publishers, No. 40 Park Row, New York. + +The Pittsburgh (Pa.) Leader, in its issue of May 29, 1870 says: + +"The firm of G. P. Rowell & Co., which issues this interesting and +valuable book, is the largest and best Advertising Agency in the +United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to the attention +of those who desire to advertise their business SCIENTIFICALLY and +SYSTEMATICALLY in such a way: that is, so as to secure the largest +amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." + + * * * * * + + +THE CELEBRATED +_COLD-ROLLED SHAFTING._ + +This Shafting is in every particular superior to any turned Shafting +ever made. It is the most ECONOMICAL SHAFTING to buy, being so very +much stronger than turned Shafting. Less diameter answers every +purpose, causing a great saving in coupling, pulleys and hangers. +It is perfectly round, and made to Whitworth Gage. All who give it a +trial continue to use it exclusively. We have it in large quantities. +Call and examine it, or send for price list. + +Address +GEORGE PLACE & CO., +126 and 128 Chambers st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_N. Y. MACHINERY DEPOT._ + +GEORGE PLACE & CO., Manufacturers and Dealers in Wood and Iron Working +Machinery, of every description, Stationary and Portable Engines +and Boilers, Leather and Rubber Belting, and all articles needful in +Machine or Railroad Repair Shops. 126 and 128 Chamber st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_STURTEVANT BLOWERS._ + +These are in every particular the best and most perfect Blower ever +made. A full assortment of every size on hand, ready to deliver. + +Address +GEORGE PLACE & CO., +126 and 128 Chamber St., New York. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: WROUGHT IRON Beams & Girders] + +The Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. The attention of Engineers and +Architects is called to our improved Wrought-iron Beams and Girders +(patented), in which the compound welds between the stem and flanges, +which have proved so objectionable in the old mode of manufacturing, +are entirely avoided, we are prepared to furnish all sizes at terms +as favorable as can be obtained elsewhere. For descriptive lithograph +address Carnegie, Kloman & Co., Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +MILL OWNERS, ATTENTION.--Our Turbine Water Wheels still ahead. No +complications. Simple, compact, and durable. Prices moderate. + +VALENTINE & CO., Ft. Edward, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +THE WOODWARD STEAM-PUMP MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Manufacturers of the +Woodward Pat. Improved Safety Steam Pump and Fire Engine, Steam, +Water, and Gas Fittings of all kinds. Also Dealers in Wrought-iron +Pipe, Boiler Tubes, etc. Hotels, Churches, Factories, & Public +Buildings heated by Steam. Low Pressure. Woodward Building, 76 and 78 +Center st., cor. of Worth st. (formerly of 77 Beekman st., N. Y.) All +parties are hereby cautioned against infringing the Pat. Right of the +above Pump. G. M. WOODWARD, Pres't. + + * * * * * + + +BUERK'S WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR.--Important for all large +Corporations and Manufacturing concerns--capable of controlling with +the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the same +reaches different stations of his beat. Send for a Circular. + +J. E. BUERK, +P. O. Box 1,057 Boston, Mass. + +N. B.--This detector is covered by two U. S. Patents. Parties using or +selling these instruments without authority from me will be dealt with +according to law. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COMBINING the maximum of efficiency, +durability and economy, with the minimum of weight and price. They are +widely and favorably known, more than 750 being in use. All warranted +satisfactory or no sale. Descriptive circulars sent on application. +Address + +J. C. HOADLEY & CO., Lawrence, Mass. +46. Cortlandt st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +$5 TO $10 PER DAY. + +MEN, WOMEN, BOYS and GIRLS who engage in our new business make from +$5 TO $10 PER DAY in their own localities. Full particulars and +instructions sent free by mail. Those in need of permanent, profitable +work, should address at once. GEORGE STINSON & CO., Portland, Maine. + + * * * * * + + +_AGENTS! READ THIS!_ + +WE WILL PAY AGENTS A SALARY OF $30 PER WEEK and expenses, or allow a +large commission, to sell our new and wonderful inventions. + +Address +M. WAGNER & CO., Marshall, Mich. + + * * * * * + + +EPILEPSY OR FITS. + +A sure cure for this distressing complaint is now made known in +a Treatise of 48 octavo pages, on Foreign and Native Herbal +Preparations, published by Dr. O. Phelps Brown. The prescription +was discovered by him in such a providential manner that he cannot +conscientiously refuse to make it known, as it has cured everybody +who has used it for Fits, never having failed in a single case. The +ingredients may be obtained from any druggist. Persons desiring a copy +may address Dr. O. Phelps Brown, No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City, +N. J., and it will be sent by return mail. + + * * * * * + + +WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY GENERALLY. Specialties, Woodworth Planers and +Richardson's Patent Improved Tenon Machines. Nos. 24 and 26 Central, +corner Union st., Worcester, Mass. Warerooms 42 Cortlandt st., New +York. + +WITHERBY RUGG, & RICHARDSON. + + * * * * * + + +CINCINNATI BRASS WORKS.--Engineers and Steam Fitters' Brass Work, Best +Quality at very Low Prices. F. LUNKENHEIMER, Prop'r. + + * * * * * + + +HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE. + +The simplest, cheapest, and best in use. Has but one needle! A child +can run it! + +AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY TOWN. + +Send for Circular and Sample Stocking to + +HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE CO., Bath, Me. + + * * * * * + + +LATHE CHUCKS--HORTON'S PATENT + +from 4 to 36 inches. Also for car wheels. Address + +E. HORTON & SON, Windsor Locks, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +SILICATE OF SODA, IN ITS VARIOUS forms, manufactured as a specialty, +by Philadelphia Quartz Co., 783 South 2d st. Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + +_Advertisements will be admitted on this page at the rate of $1.00 +per line for each insertion. Engravings may head advertisements at the +same rate per line, by measurement, as the letter-press._ + + * * * * * + + +_AN IMPORTANT FACT._ +MARVIN & CO.'S +SPHERICAL SAFES +HAVE NEVER BEEN ROBBED. +Hundreds are in use by Banks, Bankers, and Merchants. + {265 Broadway, New York. + {721 Chestnut st., Philadelphia. +Warehouses, {108 Bank st., Cleveland. + { 93 Main st., Buffalo. + + * * * * * + + +L: L: SMITH & CO., +NICKEL PLATERS, +6 HOWARD ST., NEW YORK, +Between Elm and Centre. + + * * * * * + + +_SAVE YOUR FUEL._ + +[Illustration] + +THE ORIGINAL L. B. TUPPER'S +FURNACE GRATE BAR. + +Guaranteed to make from 5 to 10 lbs. more steam, with less fuel, than +any other bar. Adapted to all kinds of fuel; no alteration of furnace +required. Received Silver Medal at Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, +1870; Silver Medal at Worcester Co. Mechanics' Association, 1866; +Medal and Diploma at American Institute Fair, 1870; Honorable Mention +at Paris Exposition. Send for descriptive pamphlet. Now in use in +10,000 places. + +L. B. TUPPER, 120 West st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +PYROMETERS. + +For Blast Furnaces, Bakers' Ovens, Boiler Flues, Superheated Steam Oil +Stills, Zinc and Lead Baths. E. BROWN, 311 Walnut st., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +_AGENTS WANTED._ + +To sell the UNIVERSAL SASH LOCK. IT IS SELF-ACTING AND BURGLAR-PROOF. +Send stamp for circulars. Carpenters and Builders can make from $10 to +$20 selling them. Address G. S. LACEY, care of Patterson Brothers, No. +27 Park Row, New York city. + + * * * * * + + +SPERM OIL, _strictly pure_, for SEWING MACHINES and fine Machinery, in +bottles and bbls. + +Sample by mail, 25 cts. W. F. NYE, New Bedford, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +_THE REASONS WHY_ + +DOOLEY'S YEAST POWDER is preferred to any other Baking Powder in +market, are owing to its perfect purity, quality, quantity, +and economy. The ingredients are strictly free from deleterious +substances, and hence the full strength of each is obtained, and the +results are uniform every time it is used. This cannot be the case in +those of ordinary manufacture, and for proof of our assertion, we ask +those who have never used DOOLEY'S YEAST POWDER to give it a trial. +Your grocer keeps it. DOOLEY & BROTHER, Manufacturers, 69 New st., New +York. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT CUTTERS for the Teeth of Gear Wheels, which can be sharpened by +grinding, without changing their form. Cutters made on this plan +will last many times as long as those of the common form, with the +advantage of being always ready for use. Descriptive circular, with +price list, sent per mail on application. BROWN & SHARPE M'F'G CO., +Providence, R. I. + + * * * * * + + +A SPRING OF WATER AT THE TOP OF THE HOUSE. + +HOUGHTON'S AUTOMATIC WATER ELEVATOR, patented Feb. 7, 1871, No. +111,542, delivers water from the well or cistern in the tank at the +top of the house. Is operated by the fire in the kitchen range without +additional fuel; is simple in construction, reliable and cheap. +Reliable parties wanted to introduce them into use in all the States +except New England. For drawings and full description address + +CHARLES HOUGHTON, 41 State St., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +SHORT HAND.--150 words per minute in four weeks. Send stamp for +Circular. + +PROF. GRAY, P. O. Box 4847, New York. + + * * * * * + + +WATCHES THAT ARE WATCHES. + +WE SHALL BE PLEASED TO SEND OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LIST OF GENUINE +WALTHAM WATCHES, TOGETHER WITH AN ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET ENTITLED A +HISTORY OF WATCHMAKING, TO ALL WHO SEND US THEIR ADDRESS. NO MATTER +HOW REMOTE YOU ARE FROM NEW YORK, WE CAN SELL YOU A WATCH AT THE SAME +PRICE AS IF YOU WERE HERE. WHEN YOU WRITE MENTION THAT YOU SAW THIS +NOTICE IN THE SCIENTIFIC AMER. HOWARD & CO., 865 BROADWAY, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +ENGINES, TOOLS, MACHINERY, ETC., +FOR SALE AT THE +NOVELTY IRON WORKS, +FOOT OF EAST 12TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY, + +EMBRACING Engines, Planers, Lathes, Smith and Boiler Makers' Tools, +and Machinery and Patterns of the most approved kinds, etc. Also, +1 High Pressure Engine, 12-inch diameter by 30-inch stroke: 2 +Stevenson's Patent Turbine Water Wheels, 66-inch diameter, and 1 +Marine Beam Engine, 60-inches by 10-feet stroke. Send for catalogue. + +JNO. S. SCHULTZE, + +RECEIVER OF THE NOVELTY IRON WORKS. +New York, March 1, 1871. + + * * * * * + + +FOR CIRCULAR ILLUSTRATING A NEW and greatly improved TURBINE WHEEL, +believed to be the best and cheapest in the market, apply to + +PUSEY JONES & CO., +Wilmington, Delaware + + * * * * * + + +HOTCHKISS BRICK AND TILE MACHINE.--Send for Circular to Room 7, No. 19 +Cliff street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +PRATT'S +ASTRAL +OIL: + +Not the cheapest, but the best Illuminating Oil ever made. Does not +take fire or explode if the lamp be upset or broken. Over 100,000 +families continue to use it, and no accidents of any description, +directly or indirectly, have occurred from it. + +Oil House of CHARLES PRATT, +Established 1770, New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNION +SPOKE WORKS. + +SPOKES, RIMS, AND PLOW HANDLES. +All goods warranted seasoned, and of the best quality. + +JOHN G. DAVIS & SON, +Southwest cor. of Leopard and Otter sts., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +Vertical & Horizontal +CORN MILLS. +30-inch grinds 30 bus. per hour, +and 20-in. 15. Price $280 and $140. +EDWARD HARRISON, +New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +IRON STEAMSHIP BUILDERS. +NEAFIE & LEVY, +PENN WORKS, +MARINE ENGINES, BOILERS, ETC., +PHILADELPHIA, PA. + + * * * * * + + +SWAIN TURBINE. + +"OUR LOW-WATER WHEEL FROM THIS ON" + +WILL DO TEN PER CENT MORE WORK on small streams, in a dry season, than +any wheel ever invented. Gave the best results, in every respect, at +the Lowell Tests. + +For Report of tests at Lowell, with Diagrams and Tables of Power, +address + +THE SWAIN TURBINE CO., +NORTH CHELMSFORD, MASS. + + * * * * * + + +BUILDING PAPER +OF THREE GRADES. +TARRED SHEATHING, + +For outside of Studding, under Clapboards. A non-conductor of cold, +heat, and dampness. + +PREPARED PLASTERING BOARD, + +a cheap and perfect substitute for lath and plaster; makes a smooth, +warm, and substantial wall, at less than half the usual cost. + +DOUBLE THICK ROOFING + +and Quartz Cement, make a good water and fire-proof roof, for less +than $3.50 per square. + +Sample and Circulars sent free, by +ROCK RIVER PAPER CO., +Chicago; or, +B. E. HALE, +22 & 24 Frankfort street, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, Drills, and other Machinists' Tools, +of superior quality, on hand, and finishing. For sale low. For +Description and Price address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO. New Haven +Conn. + + * * * * * + + +_RUMPFF & LUTZ,_ + +IMPORTERS and Manufacturers of Aniline Colors and Dyestuffs, Colors +for Paperhangers and Stainers. Reliable recipes for Dyeing and +Printing on Silk, Wool, and Cotton. All new improvements in the art of +Dyeing, and new Colors are transmitted to us by our friends in Europe, +as soon as they appear. + +42 Beaver street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +PAGE'S +_PATENT TANNED BELTING_ + +Runs 25 per cent more machinery, is nearly twice as strong, and wears +50 per c. longer than any other. Send for circular containing price +lists and discounts. + +PAGE BROTHERS, SOLE MANUF'RS, FRANKLIN, N. H. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +STEAM ENGINES & BOILERS + +From 4 to 500 horse power including Corliss Engines, Slide Valve +Stationary Engines, Portable Engines, etc. Also, Circular Saw Mills, +Shafting, Pulleys etc. Wheat and Corn Mills, Circular Saws, etc. + +Send for Price List. + +WOOD & MANN +STEAM ENGINE COMPANY, +WORKS--UTICA, N. Y. +PRINCIPAL OFFICE--42 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +DRILLS +DIAMOND POINTED +_STEAM DRILLS._ + +FOR ALL KINDS OF ROCK DRILLING, Mining, Quarrying, Tunneling, Railroad +Grading, Well Boring, Prospecting, etc. Fifty to Seventy-five per cent +of cost and time of hand labor saved. "Test Cores," in form of solid +cylinders of rock or mineral taken out of mines from any depth not +exceeding one thousand feet, showing true value, stratification, etc. +No percussion. Never require sharpening. FIRST PREMIUMS awarded in +both American and Europe. Illustrated Circulars sent on application. +Beware of infringements. + +SEVERANCE & HOLT, +Proprietors and Manufacturers, +Office 16 Wall st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_NICKEL PLATING._ +BEARDSLEE NICKEL AND MANUFACTURING CO., +82 AND 84 FULTON ST., BROOKLYN, N. Y. + +RIGHTS sold for the use of, and instruction given in the best method +of Nickel Plating. An experience of twelve years enables us to offer a +solution and apparatus that remain practically unchanged for years, in +constant use. + +FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED + +us by the AMERICAN INSTITUTE in 1870. Critical examination of our +work solicited. All goods sent to our Factory will meet with prompt +attention. + +New York Office--4 DEV ST., ROOM 2. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +BEST DAMPER REGULATOR +for Steam Boiler. Send for Circulars. +Agents wanted. MURRILL & KEIZER, Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + + +PAT. SOLID EMERY WHEELS AND OIL STONES, for Brass and Iron Work, Saw +Mills, and Edge Tools. Northampton Emery Wheel Co., Leeds, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +NO +LIVE MECHANIC +Can afford to be without some of +BAIRD'S +BOOKS +FOR PRACTICAL MEN. + +My new and enlarged Catalogue of PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 82 +pages, 8vo., will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will favor +me with his address. + +HENRY CAREY BAIRD, +Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut St., +PHILADELPHIA. + + * * * * * + + +THE FIFTH GRAND STATE FAIR +OF THE +MECHANICS AND AGRICULTURAL STATE ASSOCIATION OF LOUISIANA + +Will be held on the Fair Grounds of the Association, in the city of +New Orleans, commencing SATURDAY, APRIL 8, 1871, and continuing nine +days. Exhibitors are invited from every section of America. Railroads, +steamships, and other transportation lines, as named in the Premium +Catalogues, will carry exhibitors and their wares to and from the +Fair at one half the usual rates. For further information see Premium +Catalogue, which will be sent to any address free of charge. + +LUTHER HOMES, Secretary and Treasurer, +New Orleans, La. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +ROOT'S SAFETY BOILER. +For Pamphlets with Price +List and Testimonials, address +ROOT STEAM ENGINE CO,, +2d Ave., cor. 28th st., N. Y. +THE BEST IN THE MARKET. + + * * * * * + + +_WIRE ROPE._ +JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS, +MANUFACTURERS, TRENTON, N. J. + +For Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rigging, Bridges, Ferries, Stays, +or Guys on Derricks & Cranes, Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of Copper +and Iron, Lightning Conductors of Copper. Special attention given +to hoisting rope of all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Apply for +circular, giving price and other information. Send for pamphlet on +Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes. A large stock constantly on hand +at New York Warehouse, No. 117 Liberty street. + + * * * * * + + +$732 IN 31 DAYS, + +Made by one Agent, selling Silver's Broom. 100,000 in use. Recommended +by Horace Greeley and _Am. Agriculturist_. One county for each Agent. +_Prices Reduced_. C. A. CLEGG & CO., New York, or Chicago, Ill. + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN SAW CO., MANUFACTURERS OF + +[Illustration: + +EMERSON'S PATENT +MOVEABLE TOOTHED +CIRCULAR SAWS] + +And Perforated Circular and Long Saws. Also Solid Saws of all kinds. +No. 1 Ferry St., cor. Gold street, New York. Branch Office for Pacific +Coast, No. 606 Front street, San Francisco, Cal. + + * * * * * + + +_MACHINE SCREWS,_ +For all purposes, with square, round, and +hexagon heads. A. W. GIFFORD & CO., +Worcester, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT +COLD ROLLED +SHAFTING. + +The fact that this Shafting has 75 per cent greater strength, a +finer finish, and is truer to gage, than any other in use, renders it +undoubtedly the most economical. We are also the sole manufacturers +of the CELEBRATED COLLINS PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, +etc., of the most approved styles. Price Lists mailed on application +to + +JONES & LAUGHLINS, +120 Water street, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +---> Stocks of this Shafting in store and for sale by + +FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass. +GEO. PLACE & CO., 126 Chambers street, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: + +SCHLENKER'S PATENT +BOLT CUTTER +NEW INVENTION. ADDRESS, +HOWARD IRON WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y. +] + + * * * * * + + +_STEAM SUPER-HEATER,_ + +For Saving Fuel, and supplying Dry Steam of any desired temperature. +Safe, durable, easily attached. + +H. W. BULKLEY Engineer, 98 Liberty st., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +FOR CIRCULAR OF TREMPER'S PATENT VARIABLE CUT-OFF, for high and low +pressure Steam Engines, address + +PUSEY JONES & CO. Wilmington Delaware. + + * * * * * + + +HARRISON +SAFETY +BOILER. + +First-class Medal, World's Fair, London, 1862. And American Institute +Fair, New York, 1869. + +Over 1,000 Boilers in Use. + +WESTON'S PATENT DIFFERENTIAL + +PULLEY BLOCKS. + +75,000 IN USE. + +Address +HARRISON BOILER WORKS, +PHILADELPHIA, PA. +or, JOHN A. COLEMAN, Agent, +110 Broadway, New York, and 139 Federal st., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +_DOYLE'S_ +PATENT DIFFERENTIAL +PULLEY BLOCKS, + +The celebrated DOYLE BLOCKS have taken premiums over the differential +Blocks of all other makers at every Fair where they have been +exhibited at the same time. WHEN YOU BUY, SEE THAT THE BLOCKS ARE +MARKED J. J. DOYLE. Pat. Jan. 8, 1861. All others are infringements. + +SAMUEL HALL'S SON & CO., +SOLE MANUFACTURERS. +229 WEST 10TH STREET, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +HEAVY CASTINGS FOR FORGE AND MILL WORK. The M. & T. SAULT CO. Steam +Engine Builders & Founders, New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +EMPLOYMENT. + +$250 A MONTH with Stencil Dies. Samples free. Address + +S. M. SPENCER Brattleboro Vt. + + * * * * * + + +THE +TANITE EMERY WHEEL. +Does not Glaze, Gum, Heat, or Smell. Address +THE TANITE CO., +Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa. + + * * * * * + + +A. S. & J. GEAR & CO., Boston, furnish every description of Wood and +Iron Working Machinery and Supplies. The best in use, regardless of +maker, at lowest possible rates. + + * * * * * + + +_WORKING MODELS_ + +And Experimental Machinery, Metal, or Wood, made to order, by J. F. +WERNER 62 Center st. N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +McNAB & HARLAN, Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Pipe and Fittings, +Brass Cocks, Valves, Gage Cocks, Whistles, Water Gages, and Oil Cups, +Harlin's Patent Lubricator, Plumber's Brass Work, Getty's Patent Pipe +Cutter, Getty's Patent Proving Pump and Gage. No. 86 John st., New +York. + + * * * * * + + +THE +ALLEN ENGINE WORKS, +THE ALLEN ENGINE. + +Fourth avenue and 130th and 131st sts., New York city Manufacturers of + +PORTER'S GOVERNOR, +THE ALLEN BOILER, AND +STANDARD STRAIGHT EDGES, SURFACE PLATES, AND +ANGLE PLATES. + +Four first premiums were awarded to us at the Fair of the American +Institute, 1870. + +Send for our illustrated circular. + + * * * * * + + +_L. W. POND--NEW TOOLS._ + +EXTRA HEAVY AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. + +LATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, of all sizes; Vertical Boring Mills, ten +feet swing, and under; Milling Machines, Gear and Bolt Cutters; Hand +Punches and Shears for Iron. + +Office and Warerooms, 98 Liberty st., New York; Works at Worcester, +Mass. + +A. C. STEBBINS, New York, Agent. + + * * * * * + + +WATER-PROOF +_BUILDING PAPER_ + +(No Tar), for Roofing, Sheathing, Ceilings, Oil-cloths, Shoe +Stiffenings, Tags, Trunks, Cartridges, Blasting, Pass-book Covers, +Grain and Flour Bins, etc., for sale by + +J. HUNTER, JR., +Paper Warehouse, 59 Duane st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +FOR 1871. + +TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR. + +EVERY NUMBER is printed on fine paper, and elegantly illustrated with +original engravings representing + +NEW INVENTIONS, NOVELTIES IN MECHANICS, MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, +PHOTOGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE. AGRICULTURE. ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND ART. + +Farmers, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Chemists Manufacturers and +People of all Professions or Trades will find the + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +of great value and interest. + +The Editors are assisted by many of the ablest American and European +Writers, and having access to all the leading Scientific and +Mechanical Journals of the world, the columns of the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN are constantly enriched with the choicest Information. + +An Official List of all the Patents Issued is published Weekly. + +The Yearly Numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN make two splendid +Volumes of nearly ONE THOUSAND PAGES equivalent in size to FOUR +THOUSAND ordinary book pages. + +SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE. + +TERMS--$3.00 a year, $1.50 half year; Clubs of Ten Copies for one +year, at $2.50 each, $25.00, + +With a SPLENDID PREMIUM to the person who forms the Club, consisting +of a copy of the celebrated Steel Plate Engraving, "Men of Progress." + +Address + +MUNN & CO., +PUBLISHERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. +37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S +INK. Tenth and Lombard sts. Philadelphia, and 59 Gold st. New York. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume XXIV., +No. 12, March 18, 1871, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + +***** This file should be named 19180-8.txt or 19180-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/1/8/19180/ + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 + A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 5, 2006 [EBook #19180] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<a name="top"></a> + +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/title-600.png" width="600" height="107" alt="SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN" border="0" /></div> + + +<h1>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h1> + +<h2>A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, +MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.</h2> + +<h2>NEW YORK, MARCH 18, 1871.</h2> + +<h4>Vol. XXIV.—No. 12. [NEW SERIES.]</h4> + +<h4>$3 per Annum [IN ADVANCE.]</h4> +<a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a> +<hr /> +<a name="art01" id="art01"></a> +<p class="center"><a href="images/knotsandsplices.png"><img src="images/knotsandsplices-341.png" width="341" height="450" alt="Knots and Splices." /></a> +</p> +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-scientificamerican-48n.png" width="548" height="64" alt="Scientific American." border="0" /></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT<br /> +NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h4>O. D. MUNN. S. H. WALES. A. E. BEACH.</h4> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>VOL. XXIV., NO. 12 ... [<span class="sc">New Series</span>.] <i>Twenty-sixth Year</i></h3> + +<hr /> + +<h2>NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 18, 1871.</h2> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Contents:</h2> +<p class="center">(Illustrated articles are marked with an +asterisk.)</p> + +<table align="center" summary="contents"> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art01">*Knots and Splices</a></td> + <td>175</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art02">Influence of Cold on Iron and Steel.</a></td> + <td>176</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art03">Oak Graining in Oil Colors</a></td> + <td>176</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art04">Knots and Splices (Explanation)</a></td> + <td>177</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art05">Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Co.'s Report</a></td> + <td>177</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art06">*Improved Spiral Spring for Railway Carriages</a></td> + <td>178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art07">*Portable Writing and Copying Case</a></td> + <td>178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art08">How Walking-sticks are Made</a></td> + <td>178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art09">Flowering of the Victoria Regia</a></td> + <td>178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art10">Jute</a></td> + <td>178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art11">Ventilation of the Liverpool Tunnel</a></td> + <td>178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art12">*Impregnating Wood with Tar, etc.</a></td> + <td>178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art13">*Boardman's Combined Tool</a></td> + <td>179</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art14">*Belt Tightener</a></td> + <td>179</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art15">Some Things I don't want in Building Trades</a></td> + <td>179</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art16">*Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines</a></td> + <td>179</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art17">*Answer to Practical Problems</a></td> + <td>179</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art18">Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines</a></td> + <td>179</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art19">Test for White Lead</a></td> + <td>180</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art20">How to Build a Chimney</a></td> + <td>180</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art21">Crystallized Honey</a></td> + <td>180</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art22">Rambles for Relics.—No. 2</a></td> + <td>180</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art23">Silk Culture</a></td> + <td>181</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art24">*Universal Boring Machine</a></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art25">*Combined Trunk and Rocking-chair</a></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art26">Cosmetics</a></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art27">*Smith's Infant Dining-chair</a></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art28">The Medicines of the Ancients</a></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art29">*Barnes Ventilator for Mattresses</a></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art30">Exhibition of the National Photographic Association</a></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art31">A Scientific and Technical Awakening</a></td> + <td>183</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art32">The Sherman Process</a></td> + <td>183</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art33">Rubber Tires for Traction Engines</a></td> + <td>183</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art34">Central Shaft of the Hoosac Tunnel</a></td> + <td>184</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art35">A Museum of Art and Natural History</a></td> + <td>184</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art36">Report of Judges, American Institute Fair.—The Allen Engine</a></td> + <td>184</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art37">Lyceum of Natural History</a></td> + <td>184</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art38">Warming and Ventilating Railroad Cars</a></td> + <td>184</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art39">The Mineral Resources of Missouri</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art40">Scientific Intelligence</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art41">American Institute of Mining Engineers</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art42">Consumption of Sugar, Coffee, and Tea</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art43">Unpleasant Discovery in the Patent Office</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><ins class="tnote" title="(article omitted)">Substitute for Albumen in Photography </ins></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art45">Louisiana State Fair</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art44">Test for Purity of Water</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art46">New Books and Publications</a></td> + <td>185</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art47">Business and Personal</a></td> + <td>186</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art48">Answers to Correspondents</a></td> + <td>186</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art49">Applications for the Extension of Patents</a></td> + <td>186</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art50">Recent American and Foreign Patents</a></td> + <td>187</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art51">Queries</a></td> + <td>187</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art52">Inventions Patented in England by Americans</a></td> + <td>187</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#art53">List of Patents</a></td> + <td>187</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /><br /> +<a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a> + +<a name="art02" id="art02"></a><h2>THE INFLUENCE OF INTENSE COLD ON STEEL AND IRON.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>[Condensed from Nature.]</h3> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>There has recently been a most interesting discussion at +the Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on the +above subject.</p> + +<p>The paper which gave rise to the discussion was by Mr. +Brockbank, who detailed many experiments, and ended by +stating his opinion that iron does become much weaker, both +in its cast and wrought states, under the influence of low +temperature; but Mr. Brockbank's paper was immediately +followed by others by Sir W. Fairbairn, Dr. Joule, and Mr. +Spence, which at once put an entirely new complexion on +the matter.</p> + +<p>Dr. Joule says:</p> + +<p>"As is usual in a severe frost, we have recently heard of +many severe accidents consequent upon the fracture of the +tires of the wheels of railway carriages. The common-sense +explanation of these accidents is, that the ground being +harder than usual, the metal with which it is brought into +contact is more severely tried than in ordinary circumstances. +In order apparently to excuse certain railway companies, +a pretence has been set up that iron and steel become +brittle at a low temperature. This pretence, although +put forth in defiance, not only of all we know, of the properties +of materials, but also of the experience of everyday life, +has yet obtained the credence of so many people that I +thought it would be useful to make the following simple +experiments:</p> + +<p>"1st. A freezing mixture of salt and snow was placed on +a table. Wires of steel and of iron were stretched, so that a +part of them was in contact with the freezing mixture and +another part out of it. In every case I tried the wire broke +outside of the mixture, showing that it was weaker at 50° F., +than at about 12° F.</p> + +<p>"2d. I took twelve darning needles of good quality, 3 in. +long, <span style="font-size:0.7em;"><sup>1</sup></span>⁄<span style="font-size:0.6em;">24</span> in. thick. The ends of these were placed against +steel props, 2⅛ in. asunder. In making an experiment, a +wire was fastened to the middle of a needle, the other end +being attached to a spring weighing-machine. This was +then pulled until the needle gave way. Six of the needles, +taken at random, were tried at a temperature of 55° F., and +the remaining six in a freezing mixture which brought down +their temperature to 12° F. The results were as follow:—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="needle test"> + +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td align="center" colspan="3">Warm Needles.</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="center" colspan="3">Cold Needles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>64</td><td>ounces</td><td align="left">broke</td> + <td> </td> + <td>55</td><td>ounces</td><td align="left">broke</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>65</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td>64</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>55</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td>72</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>62</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td>60</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">bent</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>44</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td>68</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">broke</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>60</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">bent</td> + <td> </td> + <td>40</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>——</td> + <td colspan="3"> </td> + <td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> <td class="right1">Average, </td> + <td>58⅓</td><td colspan="2"> </td> + <td class="right1">Average, </td> + <td>59<span style="font-size:0.7em;"><sup>5</sup></span>⁄<span style="font-size:0.6em;">6</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>"I did not notice any perceptible difference in the perfection +of elasticity in the two sets of needles. The result, as +far as it goes, is in favor of the cold metal.</p> + +<p>"3d. The above are doubtless decisive of the question at +issue. But as it might be alleged that the violence to which +a railway wheel is subjected is more akin to a blow than a +steady pull; and as, moreover, the pretended brittleness is +attributed more to cast iron than any other description of the +metal, I have made yet another kind of experiment. I got a +quantity of cast iron garden nails, an inch and a quarter long +and ⅛ in. thick in the middle. These I weighed, and selected +such as were nearly of the same weight. I then arranged +matters so that by removing a prop I could cause the blunt +edge of a steel chisel weighted to 4lb. 2oz., to fall from a +given height upon the middle of the nail as it was supported +from each end, 1<span style="font-size:0.7em;"><sup>1</sup></span>⁄<span style="font-size:0.6em;">16</span> in. asunder. In order to secure the absolute +fairness of the trials, the nails were taken at random, +and an experiment with a cold nail was always alternated +with one at the ordinary temperature. The nails to be cooled +were placed in a mixture of salt and snow, from which +they were removed and struck with the hammer in <ins class="tnote" title="Transcriber's Note: i.e. less than 5 seconds.">less than +5".</ins>"</p> + + +<p>The collective result of the experiments, the details of +which need not be given, was that 21 cold nails broke and 20 +warm ones.</p> + +<p>Dr. Joule adds, "The experiments of Lavoisier and Laplace, +of Smeaton, of Dulong and Petit, and of Troughton, conspire +in giving a less expansion by heat to steel than iron, especially +if the former be in an untempered state; but this, +would in certain limits have the effect of strengthening +rather than of weakening an iron wheel with a tire of steel.</p> + +<p>"The general conclusion is this: Frost does <i>not</i> make +either iron (cast or wrought), or steel, brittle.</p> + +<p>Mr. Spence, in his experiments, decided on having some +lengths of cast iron made of a uniform thickness of ½ in. +square, from the same metal and the same mould.</p> + +<p>He writes:—"Two of the four castings I got seemed to be +good ones, and I got the surface taken off, and made them as +regular a thickness as was practicable.</p> + +<p>"I then fixed two knife-edged wedges upon the surface of +a plank, at exactly nine inches distance from each other, +with an opening in the plank in the intervening space, the +bar being laid across the wedges, a knife-edged hook was +hung in the middle of the suspended piece of the bar, and to +the hook was hung a large scale on which to place weights.</p> + +<p>"The bar was tried first at a temperature of 60° F.; to find +the breaking weight I placed 56lb. weights one after another +on the scale, and when the ninth was put on the bar snapped. +This was the only unsatisfactory experiment, as 14 or 28lb. +might have done it, but I include it among others. I now +adopted another precaution, by placing the one end of the +plank on a fixed point and the other end on to a screw-jack, +by raising which I could, without any vibration, bring the +weight to bear upon the bar. By this means, small weights +up to 7lb. could be put on while hanging, but when these +had to be taken off and a large weight put on, the scale was +lowered to the rest, and again raised after the change was +made. I may here state that a curious circumstance occurred +twice, which seems to indicate that mere raising of the +weight, without the slightest apparent vibration, was equal +in effect to an additional weight. 3¾ cwts. were on the scale, +a 14lb. weight was added, then 7lb., then 4lb., 2lb., 1lb., and +1lb., making 4cwts. and 1lb. This was allowed to act for from +one to two minutes, and then lowered to take off the small +weights, which were replaced by a 56lb. with the intention of +adding small weights when suspended; the whole was then +raised so imperceptibly by the screw, that the only way of ascertaining +that it was suspended, was by looking under the +scale to see that it was clear of the rest. As soon as it was +half-an-inch clear it snapped, thus breaking at once with one +pound less than it resisted for nearly two minutes.</p> + +<p>"Six experiments were carefully conducted at 60° F., the +parts of the bars being selected so as to give to each set of +experiments similar portions of both bars; the results are +marked on the pieces. My assistant now prepared a refrigerating +mixture which stood at zero, the bars were immersed +for some time in this, and we prepared for the breaking +trials to be made as quickly as could be, consistently +with accuracy; and to secure the low temperature, each bar, on +being placed in the machine, had its surface at top covered +with the freezing mixture. The bars at zero broke with +more regularity than at 60°, but instead of the results confirming +the general impression as to cold rendering iron more +brittle, they are calculated to substantiate an exactly opposite +idea, namely, that reduction of temperature, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, +increases the strength of cast iron. The only doubtful +experiment of the whole twelve is the first, and as it stands +much the highest, the probability is that it should be lower; +yet, even taking it as it stands, the average of the six experiments +at 60° F., gives 4cwt. 4lb. as the breaking weight of +the bar at that temperature, while the average of the six experiments +at zero gives 4cwt 20lb. as the breaking weight of +the bar at zero, being an increase of strength, from the reduction +of temperature, equal to 3.5 per cent."</p> + +<p>Sir W. Fairbairn states: "It has been asserted, in evidence +given at the coroner's inquest, in a recent railway accident, +that the breaking of the steel tire was occasioned by the intensity +of the frost, which is supposed to have rendered the +metal, of which this particular tire was composed, brittle. +This is the opinion of most persons, but judging from my +own experience such is not the fact. Some years since I endeavored +to settle this question by a long and careful series +of experiments on wrought iron, from which it was proved +that the resistance to a tensile chain was as great at the temperature +of zero as it was at 60° or upwards, until it attained +a scarcely visible red heat."</p> + +<p>The immense number of purposes to which both iron and +steel are applied, and the changes of temperature to which +they are exposed, renders the inquiry not only interesting in +a scientific point of view, but absolutely necessary to a knowledge +of their security under the various influences of those +changes. It was for these reasons that the experiments in +question were undertaken, and the summary of results is +sufficiently conclusive to show that changes of temperature +are not always the cause of failure. Sir W. Fairbairn adds: +"The danger arising from broken tires does not, according to +my opinion, arise so much from changes of temperature as +from the practice of heating them to a dull red heat, and +shrinking them on to the rim of the wheels. This, I believe, +is the general practice, and the unequal, and in some cases, +the severe strains to which they are subject, has a direct tendency +to break the tires."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art03" id="art03"></a><h2>OAK GRAINING IN OIL COLORS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>Condensed from the Building News.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>There is a charm and feeling about work executed by the +hand, which gives it a value no mere machine work can possess. +Machine work, from its very nature, necessitates a repetition +of pattern, which cannot be avoided. Hand-work, +on the contrary, can imitate every variety, and follow nature +so closely that no two pieces need be alike. There is also in +hand-work a wide scope for the inventive faculty and the exercise +of good taste (both in form and color) and skillful +workmanship. As a rule, strong contrasts between the +ground and the graining color should be avoided. The figure +and grain should of course be seen clearly, but only so clearly +as to be distinct, without interfering with the general and +uniform quietness of tone necessary to fulfil the conditions +required by the laws of harmony and good taste. Violent +contrasts and gaudy coloring are always vulgar, brilliancy +and richness of color are not necessarily vulgar; it is the +absence of the guiding power of knowledge and pure taste in +their arrangement which degrades them to the rank of vulgarity. +We have before spoken of the importance of good +combing, and of the various kinds of combs used; we now +proceed to describe how the work is done. The graining +color is brushed over the work, in the ordinary manner, with +a pound-brush, care being taken not to put too much color on, +or else it is very liable to be dirty. A dry duster is now used +to stipple with, which, if properly done, will distribute the +color evenly; it is now ready for combing. In the real oak +it will be found, as a rule, that the grain is invariably coarser +on one side of the panel than on the other; this arises from +the very nature of the growth of the tree; it is, therefore, +well to imitate this pattern, and in order to do so we take +first a medium or coarse cut gutta-percha comb, and draw it +down one side of the panel; then use a finer one to complete +it. This comb will leave the marks of the grain in clear unbroken +lines from top to bottom of the panel. We now take +a fine steel comb and go over the whole of the previous +combing, moving it in a slanting or diagonal direction across +the previous grain, or with a quick and short wavy motion +or curl; both the former and the latter motion will break up +the long lines, left by the gutta-percha comb, into short bits, +which of course represent the pores or grains of the real +wood. There are several other motions of the comb having +the same end in view; and by using the gutta-percha or +cork combs, in conjunction with the fine steel, an infinite variety +of grain may be produced. Steel combs, with one or +more folds of thin rag placed over the ends of the teeth are a +style of comb which has nothing to recommend it. A natural +variation in the grain may be produced by one comb +alone, according to the manner in which it is held. For instance, +if we take a coarse or broad-toothed gutta-percha +comb, and commence at the top of a panel, with the comb, +placed at its full width: if drawn down in this position it +will leave a grain of the same width as the width of the +teeth: but if we start with the full width, and gradually +turn the comb or slightly incline it to one side—that is to +say, on its edge, we thereby graduate the grain from coarse +to fine at pleasure, and by holding the comb at a certain inclination +we may actually make very fine the coarse comb. +A very important point is the formation of the joints in the +wood, as much of the effect of otherwise good work is lost in +consequence of neglect in this respect. In looking at a real +oak door, the joints of the stiles and rails are clearly and +sharply defined, not by any defect of workmanship, but by +the difference in the run of the grain, the stiles being perpendicular, +and the rails horizontal. The rails being cut +sharp off by the stiles, show a perfectly straight line. The +light also acts differently upon the two, simply because the +grain or fibre of the wood is exposed to its influence under +different aspects. This also tends to produce a difference in +the depth of the color of rails and stiles, and panels also. +It will be evident that no imitations can be considered really +good except they include these seemingly unimportant +points.</p> + +<p>It is a common practice for grainers to imitate a broad piece +of heart or sap of oak, upon the back rail of almost every +door they do, and many of them are not even content with +that, but daub the stiles over from top to bottom with it also. +There is nothing so vulgar or in such bad taste. It should +only be done upon those parts of the work on which it would +appear on a real oak door, namely, on the edges of the doors +and on mouldings. There is a vulgar pretentiousness about +what we may call the sappy style of work which is very undesirable. +The figures cross the grain more or less abruptly +and of course are of different shapes, sizes, and forms, a +knowledge of which can only be acquired by study of the +real wood. The figure may be wiped out with a piece of +soft rag, held tight over the thumb nail. This should have +two or three folds over the nail, the superfluous rag being +held by the other hand to prevent it hanging down and smearing +the grain; and every time a figure is wiped, the rag +should be moved slightly, so that the same part of the rag +will not be used twice, thus insuring clean work. It will +often happen that the thumb-nail will get broken, or is too +weak to stand the work; in these cases, or, in fact, in any +case, a good substitute or artificial thumb-nail may be made +of gutta-percha, thus: A piece of thin sheet gutta-percha is +put into warm water, and, while soft, is wrapped around the +end of the thumb up to the first joint. It is then pressed +with the hand, so as to fit and take the shape of the thumb +and nail. This cannot be done at one heating, but will have +to be put into the hot water again, and the end pinched and +squeezed into form to the shape of the nail, and to fit easily +upon the thumb. When this gets hard, it may be trimmed +into perfect form with a penknife. This artificial nail will +answer the purpose admirably if properly made; and even +when the natural nail is good, the gutta-percha will serve to +save it from injury. Good figuring may also be done by +using the blank end of the steel comb with a rag folded over +its edge. We have also used a piece of gutta-percha to take +out the lights. This should be square-ended, about one inch +wide, and three or four inches long, and will do successful +work of a certain class, but not of the best. Many grainers +use a piece of thin horn, in shape something like a spatula, +about three or four inches long and three quarters of an inch +wide, with rounded ends, and quite flexible. With this tool +the figure is cut or scooped out—a sort of quick, side-long +motion, very difficult to describe, and requiring a very considerable +amount of practice before it can be worked with any +success. There is, however, the same objection to this tool as +may be urged against the gutta-percha for figuring, namely, +that neither of them take the color clean away, but leave an +accumulation of color on the edge of the figure, which is +fatal to good work; and therefore we cannot honestly recommend +the use of any method but the wiping out with the +thumb-nail or its substitute. When the figure is wiped out +it will require to be softened. By softening, we mean the +imitation of those half shades seen upon and about the figures +in the real wood. Between and around the lights or +figure in oak, there is always a lighter tint of color; this is +imitated by doubling a piece of rag into a small roll, and +with the side of this the grain is partially wiped away, but +not to the extent of taking off the whole of the grain. A recent +but most admirable system of graining oak, by means +of over-combing, is worked exactly the reverse of any +of the foregoing methods; that is to say, the figure is first +wiped out, and the combing or grain is done afterwards, +when the graining color is dry, in this wise: The graining +color is mixed somewhat thinner than for ordinary graining, +and is brushed over the work sparingly, leaving it just sufficiently +strong to show a clear distinction between the ground +and the color. The light or figure is then softened by drawing +the end of a flat hog-hair fitch, or a small thin mottler, across +each figure, and slightly softening with the badger-hair softener. +The figure is broken up a little with fine lines across +it in parts, such as may be seen in the real wood; but previous +to wiping out the figure, streaks of light should be +wiped out and softened on one side of the panel or across the +stiles, in imitation of the reflective lights seen in oak. The +color should also be partially wiped off the rails or stiles at +their junction; this tends to define the joint. The color is +now let to dry hard, when it will be ready for over-combing—that +is, combing or graining over the figure (hence its +name), and this will have to be done somewhat differently to +the ordinary combing. As thus: The color is rubbed in as before, +and combed solely with the gutta-percha combs, but these +are specially cut for the purpose; they are best about 2 in. +wide. The first must be cut with teeth about three-sixteenths +of an inch in width, the next one-eighth, and the +third about one-sixteenth. The broad-toothed comb is first +used, and must be drawn down the panel, with a wavy motion, +in short or long curls; either will answer our purpose +now. The next size of comb is then drawn straight down—the +straighter the better. This has the effect of breaking +the wavy combing into short and long straight bits, similar +to the pores or grain of the real wood. Both the first and +second combing may be varied by holding the comb in a +slanting direction, and may be fine or coarse, according to the +width of the combs used; now take a soft rag folded, and +with this partially clear off the grain which runs over the +figure, leaving only a sufficient quantity crossing the light or +figure, to be just distinguished, exactly as it appears upon +the figure in real oak. The grain is also wiped off in parts +on the plain spaces between the figure, in order to break it up +and take away any formality. If this method be well and +probably done, a thoroughly deceptive imitation may be produced; +and except this end be kept in view, no really good +work will result.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a> + +<a name="art04" id="art04"></a><h2>KNOTS AND SPLICES.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>[<i>See Engraving on <a href="#art01">First Page</a>.</i>]</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>1. Turn used in making up ropes.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_1-5.png"><img src="images/fig_1-5-300.png" width="300" height="178" alt="Ropes - eyes and loops." /></a> +</div> +<p>2. End tapered for the purpose of passing it readily through +a loop. To make this, we unlay the rope for the necessary +length, reducing a rope diminishing in diameter towards the +end, which is finished by interlacing the ends without cutting +them, as it would weaken the work; it is lastly "whipped" +with small twine.</p> + +<p>3. Tapered end, covered with interlaced cordage for the +purpose of making it stronger. This is done with very small +twine attached at one end to the small eye, and at the other +to the strands of the rope, thus making a strong "webbing" +around the end.</p> + +<p>4. Double turn used for making rope.</p> + +<p>5. Eye splice. The strands of the cable are brought back +over themselves, and interlaced with their original turns, as +in a splice.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_6-15.png"><img src="images/fig_6-15-304.png" width="304" height="400" alt="Ropes - splices" /></a> +</div> +<p>6. Tie for the end of a four-strand rope.</p> + +<p>7. The same completed; the strands are tied together, +forming loops, laying one over the other.</p> + +<p>8. Commencement for making the end by interlacing the +strands.</p> + +<p>9. Interlacing complete, but not fastened.</p> + +<p>10 and 11. Shell in two views used in No. 65, showing the +disposition of it at the throat. This joining is advantageous, +as it does not strain the cords, and it prevents them from cutting +each other; so that the rings pass one into the other +and are joined outside the intermediate shell.</p> + +<p>12. Interlacing in two directions.</p> + +<p>13. Mode of finishing the end by several turns of the twine +continued over the cable.</p> + +<p>14. Interlacing commenced, in one direction.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_16-18.png"><img src="images/fig_16-18-300.png" width="300" height="174" alt="pigtail" /></a> +</div> +<p>15. Interlacing finished, the ends being worked under the +strands, as in a splice.</p> + +<p>16. Pigtail commenced.</p> + +<p>17. Interlacing fastened.</p> + +<p>18. Pigtail with the strands taut.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_19.png"><img src="images/fig_19-150.png" width="150" height="47" alt="dead-eye" /></a> +</div> +<p>19. Dead eye, shown in two views.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_20.png"><img src="images/fig_20-150.png" width="150" height="99" alt="pigtail finished" /></a> +</div> +<p>20. Pigtail finished. We pass the ends of the strands, one +under the other, in the same way as if we were making a +pudding splice: thus bringing it in a line with the rope, to +which it is seized fast, and the ends cut off.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_21.png"><img src="images/fig_21-250.png" width="250" height="75" alt="skull pigtail" /></a> +</div> +<p>21. Scull pigtail; instead of holding the ends by a tie, we +interlace them again, as in No. 16, the one under the other.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig20-28.png"><img src="images/fig20-28-300.png" width="300" height="229" alt="knots" /></a> +</div> +<p>22. Pigtail, or "lark's nest." We make this to the "pennant" +of a cable, which has several strands, by taking the +requisite number of turns over the pudding, in such a manner +that the strands shall lay under each other. This "pigtail" +forms a knot at the end of the rope. It thus draws together +two ropes, as shown in No. 32, forming a "shroud" knot. In +these two pigtails, the strands are crossed before finishing the +ends, so that the button, a, is made with the strands, a, and +b, with those of the rope, b.</p> + + +<p>23. Slip clinch to sailors' knot.</p> + +<p>24. Slip clinch, secured.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_25.png"><img src="images/fig_25-200.png" width="200" height="51" alt="Ordinary knot upon a double rope." /></a> +</div> +<p>25. Ordinary knot upon a double rope.</p> + +<p>26. Bowline knot for a man to sit in at his work.</p> + +<p>27. Called a "short splice," as it is not of great length, and +besides, can be made quickly.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig29-41.png"><img src="images/fig29-41-120.png" width="120" height="900" alt="splices and knots" /></a> +</div> +<p>30. Long splice. This extends from a to b. We unlay the +strands of each of the ropes we intend to join, for about half +the length that the splice will be, putting each strand of the +one between two strands of the other.</p> + +<p>31. Simple fastening on a rope.</p> + +<p>32. A "shroud" knot.</p> + +<p>33. The ends of the rope are prepared for making the +splice (No. 29) in the same manner as for the "shroud" knot +in No. 32. When the strands are untwisted, we put the +ends of two cords together as close as possible, and place the +ends of the one between the strands of the other, above and +below alternately, so as to interlace them as in No. 29. This +splice is not, however, very strong, and is only used when +there is not time to make a long splice, which is much the +best.</p> + +<p>34 and 35. Marline spikes. Tools made of wood or iron, +used to open out a rope to pass the strands of another through +it.</p> + +<p>36. Shows strands arranged as described in No. 30.</p> + +<p>37. Fastening when a lever is used, and is employed when +hauling upon large ropes, where the strength of several men +are necessary.</p> + +<p>38. A "pudding splice." This is commenced, like the +others, by placing the rope end to end, the turns of the one +being passed between those of the other; having first +swelled out the yarns by a "rat's-tail," we put them, two by +two, one over the other, twisting them tightly, and opening +a way for them with the marlinspike. The inconvenience of +this splice is, that it is larger in diameter than the rope +itself; but when made sufficiently long, by gradually reducing +the size of the strands, it has great strength.</p> + +<p>39. This shows two strands, a and b, of the ropes, A B, +knotted together, being drawn as tight as possible; we unlay +the strand, a', of the rope, A, for half the length of the +splice, and twist the strand, b', of the rope, B, strongly in its +place, tying a' and b' together tightly. The same process is +again gone through on the rope, B, the strand, a", of the +rope, A, being knotted to the strand, b", of the rope, B. When +all the strands are thus knotted together, we interlace them +with the strands of the cable. Thus the strands, a a' a", are +interlocked by being passed alternately above and below the +turns of the cord, B, the ends being also sometimes "whipped." +In the same manner the strands, b b' b", pass alternately over +and under the strands of the rope, A, and are in like manner +"whipped." It is important that the several interlacings +and knots should not meet at one point; we reduce the size +of the strands towards the end, so that they loose themselves +in the body of the splice, cutting off such parts as may project. +This splice is employed for joining the ends of a rope +when a chafed part has been cut out, and is quite as strong +as the rope itself.</p> + +<p>40. Belaying-pin opened to serve as a button; these are +used where it is necessary to stop or check velocity.</p> + +<p>41. Chain knot, or fastening.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_42-47.png"><img src="images/fig_42-47-300.png" width="300" height="175" alt="chain knot" /></a> +</div> +<p>42. Variable or regulating lashing. By laying the piece, +a f, horizontally, it can be slipped along the rope, b; by raising +or lowering this, we shall raise or depress the weight, c, +the cord, b, running over the two pulleys, d, from the piece, +a f, in the direction shown in the figure. The friction of the +cord, b, passing through the hole, e, sufficiently fixes the +piece, a f, and holds the weight, c, securely.</p> + +<p>43. Cleet, with three ties.</p> + +<p>44. Cleet, showing the mode of belaying the cord.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_48-50.png"><img src="images/fig_48-50-80.png" width="80" height="133" alt="cleats" /></a> +</div> +<p>45. The piece, a f, of No. 42.</p> + +<p>46. Fair leader.</p> + +<p>47. Cleet to be fixed to a stay.</p> + +<p>48. Loop for slipping other lines.</p> + +<p>49. A "bend" which is only used for fear of the stoppers +snapping.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_51-55.png"><img src="images/fig_51-55-200.png" width="200" height="176" alt="knots" /></a> +</div> +<p>50. Bastard loop, made on the end of the rope, and whipped +with yarns.</p> + +<p>51. Tie to pins: a, the pin; b, small cords fixed by a cross +tie.</p> + +<p>52. Cleet, fixed to the "rail," either with screws or nails, +to which the lines are belayed.</p> + +<p>53. Waterman's knot.</p> + +<p>54. Fair leader.</p> +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/fig_56-57.png"><img src="images/fig_56-57-88.png" width="88" height="266" alt="fastenings" /></a> +</div> +<p>55. Tie, or bend to pier.</p> + +<p>56. Simple fastening to tie.</p> + +<p>57. Fastening by a loop. This can be tied or untied without +loosening the loop itself. It is made by following, towards +the longer loop, the direction as numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +and is terminated by the loop, 6, 7, 6, finally passing it over +the head of the post, A. This knot holds itself, the turns +being in opposite directions. To untie it, we slack the turns +of the cable sufficiently to again pass the loop, 6, 7, 6, over +the post, A, and turn the ends in the contrary direction to that +in which they were made (as 5, 4, 3, 2, 1).</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_59-60.png"><img src="images/fig_59-60-35.png" width="35" height="266" alt="'Wedding' knots" /></a> +</div> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_58.png"><img src="images/fig_58-40.png" width="40" height="62" alt="Iron 'shell' in two views." /></a> +</div> +<p>58. Iron "shell," in two views.</p> + + +<p>59 and 60. "Wedding" knots; a b, eyelets; c d, the join; +e, the fastening.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_61.png"><img src="images/fig_61-70.png" width="70" height="109" alt="Lark's-head fastening to running knot." /></a> +</div> +<p>61. Lark's-head fastening to running knot.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_62-63.png"><img src="images/fig_62-63-48.png" width="48" height="263" alt="knots" /></a> +</div> +<p>62. A round turn; the cord, a, is passed through the bight +of the cord, b, over the button, c, where it is secured by an +ordinary knot.</p> + +<p>63. Belaying-pin splice. The cord, b, "stops" the pin, e, +its end being spliced upon itself, and "served" with yarn; +this rope, with its pin, is passed through the spliced eye, f +of the line, g.</p> +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/fig_64-65.png"><img src="images/fig_64-65-70.png" width="70" height="275" alt="knots" /></a> +</div> +<p>64. Round button.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_66.png"><img src="images/fig_66-25.png" width="25" height="56" alt="Belaying-pin" /></a> +</div> +<p>65. Joint by a spherical shell, each loop, a and b, being +made by ties and splices, and surrounding the shell, c.</p> + +<p>66. Belaying-pin, shown separately, before being stoppered.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_67-70.png"><img src="images/fig_67-70-96.png" width="96" height="264" alt="Fastenings" /></a> +</div> +<p>67. Fastening to shears.</p> + +<p>68. Square mooring. When the cable is round the post, A, +and the piece, c, without being crossed, it lays in the section +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and the end is fastened by tying.</p> + +<p>69. Wooden shell in section.</p> + +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_69-71.png"><img src="images/fig_69-71-30.png" width="30" height="78" alt="Wooden shell." /></a> +</div> +<p>70. Crossed fastening. The turns of the cable, passing in +front of the post, B, are crossed at the back of C, in the +direction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, the end, 8, being secured to the +cable.</p> + +<p>71. Wooden shell.</p> +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/fig_72.png"><img src="images/fig_72-80.png" width="80" height="129" alt="Double-chain fastening." /></a> +</div> +<p>72. Double-chain fastening.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_73.png"><img src="images/fig_73-46.png" width="46" height="265" alt="Lashing for ram block, or dead-eye." /></a> +</div> +<p>73. Lashing for "ram" block, or "dead-eye." The ram +blocks, a and b, are strapped by the cords, e, which hold +them; the small lanyards, d, pass through the holes to make +the connection, and as they are tightened give the requisite +tension to the cordage; the ends are fastened to the main rope. +Usually one of these dead-eyes is held by an iron strap to the +point where it is required to fix and strain the cordage, which +is ordinarily a shroud.</p> +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/fig_74.png"><img src="images/fig_74-115.png" width="115" height="174" alt="Chain fastening." /></a> +<p>74. Chain fastening.</p> +</div> +<br clear="all" /><br /> + +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig1-10.png"><img src="images/fig1-10-75.png" width="75" height="450" alt="knots" /></a> +</div> +<p>1'. Simple band, showing the upper side.</p> + +<p>2'. The same, showing the under side and the knot.</p> + +<p>3'. Tie, with crossed ends, commenced; a turn is taken under +the strands, to hold the ends of the cord.</p> + +<p>4'. The same, completed.</p> + +<p>5'. Bend with crossed strands, commenced, the one end +being looped over the other.</p> + +<p>6'. The same, completed.</p> + +<p>7'. Necklace tie, seen on the upper side.</p> + +<p>8'. The same, seen underneath. The greater the strain +on the cords, the tighter the knot becomes.</p> + +<p>9' and 10' are similar splices to 7' and 8' with slight modifications.</p> +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/fig_11-13.png"><img src="images/fig_11-13-100.png" width="100" height="123" alt="splices" /></a> +</div> +<p>11' shows the commencement of 13', the legs in elevation; +12' being a front view. An ordinary band, made by several +turns of a small rope, is lapped round them and hauled taut, +and then interlaced at the ends. This done, the legs are +shifted into the shape of a St. Andrew's cross. Thus the +lashing is tightened, and, for further security, we pass the +line several times over the tie and between the spars, knotting +the ends.</p> + +<p>13'. Portuguese knot. This is a lashing for shear legs, +and must be tight enough to prevent the spars slipping on +each other; the crossing of the two legs gives a means of +securing the knot.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/fig_14.png"><img src="images/fig_14-60.png" width="60" height="147" alt="knot" /></a> +</div> +<p>14'. For binding timbers; a, knot commenced. Take several +turns round the timbers, and fasten the ends by passing +them under the turns; b, knot completed. The end of a +round stick, m n, termed a packing stick, should be passed +under the knob, the cord being slack enough to allow of this. +By turning the stick, the turns can be tightened to any extent; +when tight, we fasten the longer arm of the lever to +some fixed point, by a rope, p q, so that it cannot fly back. +Care must be taken not to turn the stick too far, or the rope +may be broken. As the timber dries and shrinks, the lever +may be used to make all taut again.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art05" id="art05"></a> +<h2>The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance +Company.</h2> + +<p>The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company +makes the following report of its inspections in +January, 1871:</p> + +<p>During the month, there were 522 visits of inspection +made, and 1,030 boilers examined—853 externally and 363 +internally, while 106 have been tested by hydraulic pressure. +Number of defects in all discovered, 431, of which 163 were +regarded as dangerous. These defects were as follows: Furnaces +out of shape, 24—3 dangerous; fractures, 47—25 dangerous; +burned plates, 29—14 dangerous; blistered plates, +54—10 dangerous; cases of sediment and deposit, 97—18 +dangerous; cases of incrustation and scale, 70—24 dangerous. +To show how little attention is paid to the internal +condition of boilers by incompetent engineers, we copy the +following from a letter of one of our inspectors:</p> + +<p>"In one tubular boiler I found sediment in the back end, +eight inches deep, and extending forward more than four +feet. It seemed to be an accumulation of fine scale cemented +together, so that it was necessary to break it up with a +hammer and chisel before it could be removed. The engineer +said <i>he had cleaned the boilers only three days before</i>, and +objected to my making another examination. This is one of +the many cases we find, where the proprietor trusts everything +about his boilers to his engineer, supposing him to be +reliable."</p> + +<p>With such accumulation of sediment and deposit, is it any +wonder that sheets are burned? A careful engineer will understand, +if the feed water be impure, that he must blow +down two or three inches every day, or oftener, that the sediment +may be removed as it accumulates, and then an internal +examination once in two weeks, or once a month, will insure +a clean boiler.</p> + +<p>Cases of external corrosion, 26—10 dangerous; cases of internal +corrosion, 17—5 dangerous; cases of internal grooving, +28—11 dangerous; water gages out of order, 50; blow-out +apparatus out of order, 15—7 dangerous; safety valves +overloaded, 40—12 dangerous; pressure gages out of order, +54—6 dangerous, varying from -15 to +8 pounds. (We have +found several gages entirely ruined from being frozen). +Boilers without gages, 4; cases of deficiency of water, 5—1 +dangerous; broken braces and stays, 31—7 dangerous; boilers +condemned, 2—both dangerous.</p> + +<p>Two engineers were found drunk on duty, and promptly +discharged. There were 9 serious explosions during the +month, by which 99 persons were killed, and 6 wounded. +Eighty-seven of the killed were passengers on the ill-fated +steamer <i>H. R. Arthur</i>, on the Mississippi River. Many were +drowned, and some burned, but the origin of the calamity +was the bad quality of the boilers, which a careless management +was unable to detect. The upper and fore part of the +boat was blown away by the exploded boilers, and, to add to +the horror, what remained took fire.</p> + +<p>None of these exploded boilers were under the care of this +company.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<p><span class="sc">Five</span> ore-roasting furnaces are in full blast in Nevada.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a> + +<a name="art06" id="art06"></a><h2>Improved Compound Spiral Car Spring for Railway Carriages.</h2> + +<p>Our engravings illustrate an improved compound car-spring, +which appears to possess all the requisites of a first-class +spring, combining in its construction extreme simplicity +with great strength, and a feature whereby the power of the +spring increases with increase of the load, and <i>vice versā</i>, so +that its flexibility remains nearly constant for all loads.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 is a perspective view of this spring, with a portion +of the side of the case broken out to show the interior arrangement +of the spiral springs. Fig. 2 is a section of the +compressing plate. Fig. 3 is a plan view, showing the +arrangement of the tubes which enclose the springs.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/08-spiralspring.png"><img src="images/08-spiralspring-600.png" width="600" height="328" alt="spiral spring" /></a> +<h3>POTT'S' SPIRAL CAR SPRING FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES.</h3> +</div> + +<p>The case is cast in two pieces. Its vertical wall is cast in +a single piece, and has at the top a +flange or bead extending inwardly, +against which the compressing +plate abuts when the spring is not +compressed, as shown in Fig. 2. +A bottom plate completes the case.</p> + +<p>The spiral components of the +spring are inclosed in tubes, as +shown in Figs. 1 and 3. It is not +deemed essential that these tubes +should be seamless, or that their +edges, brought together in bending, +should be soldered, brazed, or +welded. They act merely as guides +to compel the component springs +to expand or contract in vertical +lines, and need only be strong +enough for that purpose.</p> + +<p>The compressing plate is formed +with concentric steps or ledges, as +shown in Fig. 2, so that with light +loads, only a portion of the component +spirals act. With a heavier +load a new series of spirals is +brought into action, and so on, till +the spring is loaded to its full capacity. +This feature is novel, and as important as novel, as +it gives the spring a far more easy and flexible carriage, with +light loads, than would be the case if all the spirals were permitted +to act.</p> + +<p>In putting the spring together, the vertical part of the +case is inverted. The compressing plate is then placed +within the case, resting upon the inner flange of the case +above described. The tubes with their inclosed springs are +then arranged in position, as shown in the plan view, Fig. 3. +The bottom plate of the case is then placed in position, +and held to its place by lugs and rivets, as shown in Fig. 1; +the spring is then ready for use.</p> + +<p>The employment of tubes in the manner described, enables +springs of the greatest practical length to be used, without +the sectional or division plates met with in other spiral car +springs. A greater and easier movement is therefore +obtained. These springs can, it is claimed, compete in price +with any spring in market, and are guaranteed by the manufacturers. +Patented through the Scientific American Patent +Agency, December 27, 1870, by Albert Potts, whom address +for further information, No. 490 North Third street, Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art07" id="art07"></a><h2>PORTABLE WRITING AND COPYING CASE.</h2> + +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/07-book.png"><img src="images/07-book-200.png" width="200" height="212" alt="Portable writing and copying case." /></a> +</div><br /><br /> + +<p>This device is the invention of A. G. Buzby, of Philadelphia, +Pa. It is a combined writing and copying case. Besides +the usual recesses or chambers for pen, ink, paper, etc., +it is provided with a book of copying paper, in which copies +of important letters may be made, by damping the letters +in the usual way, and pressing them between the leaves of +the copying book; or the transfer paper may be used, so that +the letter will be copied as it is written, if preferred.</p> + +<br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art08" id="art08"></a><h2>How Walking Sticks are made.</h2> + +<p>Sticks are manufactured both from large timber of from +two to six feet girth, and from small underwood of about the +thickness of a man's thumb. The timber, which is chiefly +beech, is first sawed into battens of about three feet in length +and as many inches in width; and from each of these battens +two square sticks, with square heads are afterwards cut in +opposite directions, so that the middle portion is waste wood. +The corners of each are afterwards rounded off by a planing +process called "trapping," and the square head is reduced, +by a small saw, to a curve or rectangular bend, so as to +form a handle. When the sticks are brought in this way +to the exact size and pattern, they are polished with great +care, are finely varnished, and packed in boxes or bundles +for the market. Many sawn sticks, however, are supplied +with bone and horn handles, which are fastened on with glue; +and then of course there is less wood waste, as a larger number +of them may be cut from one batten.</p> + +<p>A very different process takes place in the manufacture +of sticks from small underwood, in which there is no sawing +required. The rough unfashioned sticks, which are generally +of hazel, ash, oak and thorn, are cut with a bill in the same +way as kidney bean sticks, and are brought to the factory in +large bavins or bundles, piled on a timber tug. There must +of course, be some little care in their selection, yet it is evident +that the woodmen are not very particular on this score, +for they have in general an ungainly appearance; and many +are so crooked and rough, that no drover or country boy +would think it worth while to polish the like of them with +his knife. Having arrived at this place, however, their numerous +excrescences are soon pruned away, and their ugliness +converted into elegance. When sufficiently seasoned +and fit for working, they are first laid to soak in wet sand, +and rendered more tough and pliable; a workman then takes +them one by one, and securing them with an iron stock, +bends them skillfully this way and that, so as to bring out +their natural crooks, and render them at last all straight +even rods. If they are not required to be knotted, they next +go to the "trapper," who puts them through a kind of circular +plane, which takes off knots, and renders them uniformly +smooth and round. The most important process of +all is that of giving them their elegantly curved handles, for +which purpose they are passed over to the "crooker." +Every child knows that if we bend a tough stick moderately +when the pressure is discontinued, it will soon fly back, more +or less, to its former position; and if we bend it very much, +it will break. Now the crooker professes to accomplish the +miracle of bending a stick as it might be an iron wire, so +that it shall neither break nor "backen." To prevent the +breaking, the wood is rendered pliant by further soaking in +wet sand; and a flexible band of metal is clamped down firmly +to that portion of the stick that will form the outside of the +curve; the top end is then fitted into a grooved iron shoulder +which determines the size of the crook, the other end being +brought round so as to point in the opposite direction; the +metal band during this process binding with increasing +tightness against the stretching fibers of the wood, so that +they cannot snap or give way under the strain. The crook +having been made, the next thing is to fix it, or remove from +the fibers the reaction of elasticity, which would otherwise, +on the cessation of the bending force, cause it to backen more +or less, and undo the work. In the old process of crooking +by steam, as timber bending is effected, the stick was merely +left till it was cold to acquire a permanent set; but in the +new process, a more permanent set is given by turning the +handle about briskly over a jet of gas. The sticks being +now fashioned, it only remains to polish and stain or varnish +them; and they are sometimes scorched or burned brown, +and carved with foliage, animal heads and other devices.—<i>Chambers' +Journal</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art09" id="art09"></a><p><span class="sc"><b>Flowering of the Victoria Regia in the Open +Air</b></span>.—Joseph Mager, Esq., has succeeded in flowering the +Victoria lily, in his pond in England. The pond is perfectly +open, but the water is heated by hot water pipes coming +from a boiler near the pond, carefully concealed. The seeds +of the Victoria were planted in May last, and the first flower +was produced Sept. 10th. Afterwards seven other flowers +opened. The plant has eight leaves, of which the largest is +five feet two inches in diameter. Mr. Mager has also succeeded +in flowering a large number of other tropical lilies in +his pond.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art10" id="art10"></a><p><span class="sc"><b>Jute</b></span>, a material largely used in combination with hemp, +for making cordage, sacking, mats, and carpets, is produced +in India to the extent of 300,000 tuns per annum. The scarcity +of fuel prevents its manufacture on the spot, except by +the rudest and most primitive means, so that the bulk of the +growth is sent to Great Britain.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art11" id="art11"></a><h3>Ventilation of the Liverpool Tunnel.</h3> + +<p>This tunnel, which forms an ascending incline of a mile +and a quarter length from the terminal station in Lime-street +London and N. W. Railroad, was worked until recently by a +rope and stationary engine, to avoid fouling the air of the +tunnel by the passage of locomotives; but the increase of +the traffic having necessitated the abandonment of the rope +and the substitution of locomotives for bringing the trains +up through the tunnel, it became requisite to provide some +efficient means of ventilation for clearing the tunnel speedily +of the smoke and steam after the passage of each train. A +large exhausting fan has been designed by Mr. John Ramsbottom +for this purpose, which works in a chamber situated +near the middle of the length of the tunnel, and draws the +air in from the tunnel, through a +cross drift; discharging it up a tapering +chimney that extends to a +considerable hight above the surface +of the ground over the tunnel. +The fan is about thirty feet diameter, +and is made with straight +radial vanes; it revolves on a horizontal +shaft at a speed of about +forty-five revolutions per minute, +within a brick casing, built concentric +with the fan for the first +half of the circumference, and afterwards +expanding gradually for +discharging into the base of the +chimney, the air from the tunnel +being drawn in at the center of +the fan at each side, and discharged +from the circumference of the fan +by the revolution of the vanes. +The engine driving the fan is +started by telegraph signal at each +departure of a train from the terminal +station, and the fan is kept +running until the discharge from +it becomes quite clear, showing +that no steam or smoke remains in the tunnel; this is +usually the case in about eight minutes after the time +of the train entering the lower end of the tunnel, the +passage of the train through the tunnel occupying about three +minutes. The fan draws air in at both ends of the tunnel +simultaneously, and begins to clear the lower end immediately +upon the train entering; the clearing of the upper end +commences as soon as the train has passed out of the tunnel, +and as the fan is situated nearer the upper end of the tunnel +than the lower, the clearing of both lengths is completed +almost simultaneously. The fan is so constructed as to allow +an uninterrupted passage through it, for the air, whilst the +fan is standing still; and the natural ventilation thus obtained +by means of the large chimney is found sufficient for +clearing the tunnel during the night and some portion of the +day, without the fan being worked at those times. This natural +ventilation is aided by the engine exhaust and the boiler +discharging into the chimney. The fan has now been in regular +operation for three-quarters of a year, and has been +found completely successful.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art12" id="art12"></a><h3>IMPREGNATING WOOD WITH TAR OR OTHER PRESERVING MATERIAL.</h3> + +<p>The preservation of wood is a problem which is attracting +increased attention, as year by year diminishes the material +supply of timber, and consequently gradually increases its +price. Among other methods employed, the impregnation +of wood by the vapors of tar, creosote, petroleum, etc., has +been tried, and one of the practical difficulties met with +has been the obtaining of suitable apparatus for the purpose.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/09-woodpres.png"><img src="images/09-woodpres-403.png" width="403" height="400" alt="Impregnating wood with tar or other preserving material." /></a> + +</div> + +<p>The engraving annexed is an invention intended to supply +this want. The wood is inclosed, in a tank kept hot by a +steam jacket which surrounds it, as shown. A boiler at one +end is used to heat the substance with which it is desired to +impregnate the wood. An air pump is also employed to remove +the steam, generated in the heated timber, and the air +from the tank. The pores of the wood being thus rendered +vacuous, the hot liquid or vapors from the heating tank +readily penetrate the entire substance, and thoroughly impregnate +it. This apparatus is the invention of George Pustkuchen, of Hoboken, N. J.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a> + +<a name="art13" id="art13"></a><h2>BOARDMAN'S COMBINED TOOL.</h2> + +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/10-tool.png"><img src="images/10-tool-307.png" width="307" height="400" alt="Boardman's combined tool." /></a> + +</div> + +<p>This tool, of which our engraving is a good representation, +comprises a screw wrench, a pipe wrench, a hammer, a nail +claw, a screw-driver, and a bit handle, or socket wrench.</p> + +<p>The bit handle is the entire tool, the square socket or +opening being made in the end of the handle, in which the +shanks of bits may be inserted.</p> + +<p>The screw driver is formed on the end of the screw bar, +attached to the outer jaw of the wrench, and is taken out +from the hollow of the handle when required for use.</p> + +<p>The use of the other parts of the tool will be apparent +from the engraving.</p> + +<p>The tool is very compact, and has this advantage over the +ordinary screw wrench, that its leverage increases as it is +opened to receive nuts of larger size.</p> + + + +<p>This invention is protected by two patents, dated respectively, +May 30, 1865, and July 10, 1866.</p> + +<p>For further information address B. Boardman & Co., Norwich, +Conn.</p> + +<br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art14" id="art14"></a><h2>BELT TIGHTENER.</h2> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/10-tightener.png"><img src="images/10-tightener-81.png" width="81" height="200" alt="Belt tightener." /></a> +</div><br /> + +<p>This instrument will be +found of great service in +bringing together the ends +of belts, the weight of which +is so great that they cannot +be held together by the hand +while lacing. A strap engages +with holes made in the +belt, at the back of the holes +punched for lacing, the tightening +strap being provided +with claws or hooks, as +shown. A winch axle and +ratchet, adjusted in a frame +as shown, are then employed +to pull the ends of the belt +together and hold them +firmly till the lacing is completed.</p> + +<p>This is the invention of +T. G. Stansberry, of Medora, +Ill. Patented in September, +1867.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art15" id="art15"></a><h2>Some Things I don't want in the Building Trades.</h2> + +<p>I don't want my house put in repair, or rather out of repair, +by a master who employs "Jacks of all Trades."</p> + +<p>I don't want my foreman to tell me too much at one time +about the faults of the workmen under him, as I may forget +asking him about himself.</p> + +<p>I don't want a builder or carpenter to give a coat of paint +to any joinery work he may be doing for me, until I have examined +first the material and workmanship.</p> + +<p>I don't want any jobbing carpenter or joiner, whom I may +employ, to bring a lump of putty in his tool basket. I prefer +leave the use of putty to the painters.</p> + +<p>I don't want jobbing plumbers to spend three days upon +the roof, soldering up a crack in the gutter, and, when done, +leaving fresher cracks behind them. The practice is something +akin to "cut and come again."</p> + +<p>I don't want a contractor to undertake a job at a price that +he knows will not pay, and then throw the fault of his +bankruptcy on "that blackguard building."</p> + +<p>I don't want any more hodmen to be carrying up the +weight of themselves in their hod, as well as their bricks; I +would much prefer seeing the poor human machines tempering +the mortar or wheeling the barrow, while the donkey +engine, the hydraulic lift, or the old gray horse, worked the +pulley.</p> + +<p>I don't want house doors to be made badly, hung badly, or +composed of green and unseasoned timber.</p> + +<p>I don't want houses built first and designed afterwards, or, +rather, wedged into shape, and braced into form.</p> + +<p>I don't want to be compelled to pay any workman a fair +day's wages for a half day's work.</p> + +<p>I don't want an employer to act towards his workmen as +if he thought their sinews and thews were of iron, instead of +flesh and blood.</p> + +<p>I don't want any kind of old rubbish of brick and stone to +be bundled into walls and partitions, and then plastered +over "hurry-skurry." Trade infamy, like murder, will out, +sooner or later.</p> + +<p>I don't want men to wear flesh and bone, and waste sweat +and blood, in forms of labor to which machinery can be applied, +and by which valuable human life and labor can be +better and more profitably utilized.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/oef-correspondence.png" width="226" height="35" alt="Correspondence." border="0" /></div> + +<p><i>The Editors are not responsible for the opinions expressed by their +Correspondents</i>.</p> + +<hr /> + +<a name="art16" id="art16"></a><h3>Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Messrs. Editors</span>:—I have hesitated about the propriety +of replying to the criticisms of your correspondent, J. E. +Hendricks, upon my paper, on the action of the reciprocating +parts of steam engines. It is not to be expected that a truth +so opposed to commonly received notions—the reception of +which requires so much to be unlearned—should at once receive +the assent of every one. Some odd fancies on the subject +are likely to be ventilated first.</p> + +<p>But your correspondent touches the root of the matter, +and perhaps the fact questioned by him should be more clearly +placed beyond dispute.</p> + +<p>I will dismiss the introductory part of his letter, merely +observing that his "logical inference" is quite gratuitous and +unwarranted. He says himself that its absurdity is obvious, +in which I quite agree with him.</p> + +<p>The real question is this: What is the figure representing +the acceleration of the motion of a piston, controlled by a +crank which revolves with a uniform velocity? I stated it to +be a right-angled triangle, and indicated, as I supposed, clearly +enough, a simple method by which this could be shown. +Your correspondent claims that the calculation, according to +my own rule, gives a figure of a totally different form, and +one that shows the acceleration, as well as the motion, to be +reduced to zero at the commencement of the stroke. Let us see. +Let the straight line, <i>AJ</i>, in the following figure, represent +half the stroke of the piston, and let the distances, <i>AB, AC</i>, +etc., on this line, represent the versed sines of 10°, 20°, etc., +up to 90°, or the motion of the piston while the crank is +moving through these arcs. At the points <i>A, B, C</i>, etc., erect +the perpendiculars, <i>Aa, Bb, Cc</i>, etc., and let the length of each +of these ordinates represent the acceleration imparted in a +given time at that point of the stroke. Then will <i>AJ</i> be to +<i>Aa</i> as <i>IJ</i> is to <i>Ii</i>, as <i>HJ</i> is to <i>Hh</i>, etc., +showing that the straight line, <i>aJ</i>, connects the extremities of all +the ordinates, and that the triangle, <i>AJa</i>, represents the acceleration +of the motion of the piston, from the commencement to the middle of the stroke.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/11-chart1.png"><img src="images/11-chart1-396.png" width="396" height="400" alt="the acceleration of the motion of a piston" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The following table will enable any one to make the calculations +proving the truth of the above proposition:</p> + +<table align="center" border="1" summary="calculations"> +<tr> + <td>Degrees.</td> + <td>Versed sine.</td> + <td>Motion for 10°</td> + <td class="left1a">Acceleration during 1°.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> + + <table summary="calculations"> + +<tr> + <td class="righta">0°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">10°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">20°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">30°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">40°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">50°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">60°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">70°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">80°</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="righta">90°</td> +</tr> +</table> + + </td> + <td class="right1a"> + + <table summary=""> + +<tr> + <td class="left1a" valign="top"> </td> + <td class="right1a" valign="top">. </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a" valign="top"><i>AB</i> </td> + <td class="right1a" valign="top">.0151922 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AC</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0603074 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AD</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.1339746 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AE</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.2339556 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AF</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.3572124 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AG</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.5000000 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AH</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.6579799 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AI</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.8263518 </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AJ</i></td> + <td class="right1a">1.0000000 </td> +</tr> +</table> + + </td> + <td class="left1a"> + + <table summary=""> + +<tr> + <td class="left1a"> </td> + <td class="right1a"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>AB </i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0151922</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>BC</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0451152</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>CD</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0736672</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>DE</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0999810</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>EF</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.1232568</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>FG</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.1427876</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>GH</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.1579799</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>HI</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.1683719</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>IJ</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.1736482</td> +</tr> +</table> + + </td> + + <td class="left1a"> + <table summary=""> + +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Aa </i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0003046</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Bb</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0003001</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Cc</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0002862</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Dd</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0002638</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Ee</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0002332</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Ff</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0001958</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Gg</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0001523</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Hh</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0001041</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Ii</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0000529</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1a"><i>Jj</i></td> + <td class="right1a">.0000000</td> +</tr> +</table> + + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The method of obtaining the decimals representing the +acceleration for 1°, at any point, was fully explained in the +paper, and compared with the similar method of showing the +uniform acceleration of a body acted on by a constant force. +The ordinary tables in the hand-books, going only to five +places of decimals, are of no use for these computations.</p> + +<p>I would suggest a practical experiment. Let any one having +an engine running at a good speed, loosen the crank pin +brasses a little, so that, at starting, it will thump heavily. Let +the engine be lightly loaded, so that only a small portion of the +boiler pressure will need to be admitted to the cylinder. As +its speed increases, the thump will die away; and, if at its +full speed, the pressure of the steam admitted is not so great +as to overcome the centrifugal strain of the reciprocating +parts on the crank, as it passes the centers, the engine will +revolve in silence. Any one can ascertain, by the rule given +in the note to the paper, just what pressure can be admitted +without causing a thump, or this can be found by a little experimenting. +I am running an engine which does not thump +with loose crank pin brasses, under eighty pounds pressure, +admitted sharply on the centers.</p> + +<p class="author">Charles T. Porter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art17" id="art17"></a><h3>Answer to Practical Problem.</h3> + +<p>Messrs. Editors;—I submit the following solution of +"Practical Problem" on page 147:</p> + +<p>Given AB, arm, C, arm, D, chord of half angle of oscillation +of arm, D, and angles of arms, with line AB.</p> + +<p>To find angles, BA<i>c'</i>, AB<i>b</i>, and length of link, E.</p> + +<p>1. As the length of arm, D, is to the chord of arc, <i>ab</i>, divided +by 2, so is the radius to the sine angle oscillation of arm, D, divided +by 4.</p> + +<p>2. 360° is to the whole circumference as the angle <i>b</i>B<i>a</i> is +to the length of arc <i>ab</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/12-chart2.png"><img src="images/12-chart2-400.png" width="400" height="320" alt="Answer to Practical Problem." /></a> +</div> + +<p>3. Now arc <i>ab</i> is equal to arc <i>a'c'</i>.</p> + +<p>4. The whole circumference is to 360° as the length of arc +<i>a'e'</i> is to the angle oscillation of C divided by 2.</p> + +<p>5. Half angle oscillation, C, taken from angle BA<i>a'</i> is equal +to angle BA<i>c'</i>.</p> + +<p>6. Half angle oscillation, D, taken from angle AB<i>a</i> is equal +to angle AB<i>b</i>.</p> + +<p>7. The diagonal of the rectangle formed by the (sum of the +sines of the angles of the arms with AB) into (AB—sum of +cosines of same) will be the length of link, E.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="sc">G. R. Nash</span>, Civil Engineer.</p> + +<p class="author">North Adams, Mass.</p> + +<p>[We have received other solutions of this problem, but as +this covers the ground in a very simple manner, we think it +will be sufficient. Those forwarding the solutions not published +will accept our thanks and assurances that it is not +because they lack merit that they are declined.—<span class="sc">Eds</span>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art18" id="art18"></a><h3>Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Messrs. Editors</span>:—In one of the late numbers of your +journal, you publish a paper, read by Mr. Porter before some +learned society in New York, on something about the possibility +or practicability of running a steam engine at a high +rate of speed, and claiming to give a scientific explanation of +the why and wherefore. Now, scientifically, I know nothing +about a steam engine; practically, I know how to stop and +start one. Therefore, you will understand that what I say +is not as coming from one who claims to be wise above what +is written, but as simply being a statement of the case, as it +appears to one who wants to learn, and takes this way to +draw out the truth. A scientific theory, invested with all its +sines, coefficients, and other paraphernalia, is a very pretty +thing to look at, no doubt, for those who understand it, and, +when properly applied, is invaluable; but when, as in this +case, a practical question is to be decided, by the aid of a +scientific demonstration, it will not do to throw aside the +main elements of the problem, or any, in fact, of the minor +points, no matter how trivial they may appear.</p> + +<p>Mr. Porter's labors were strictly of a scientific nature. He +starts out with the proposition that what he is about to explain +is very simple, and very likely it is; but, for one, I can't +see it, and I want more light. He says that it takes a certain +number of pounds to overcome the inertia of the reciprocating +parts of a certain weight, to give it a certain speed. +What is inertia? He says, "we will not take into account the +friction of parts." Now, my understanding of this point is, +that friction is practically one of the main elements in the +problem. How can we hope to obtain a correct solution when +he rubs out one of the terms of the equation? What is friction +doing all the time, while he is theoretically having his +reciprocating parts storing up power and then giving it out +again, just at the right time, and in the right quantity?</p> + +<p>What an immense amount of iron has been wasted by being +cast into fly wheels, when a fraction of the amount, if only +put into cross heads, would render fly wheels unnecessary!</p> + +<p>Mr. Porter stops short in his discussion. He should have +added a table giving the proportionate length of stroke, +weight of parts, and number of revolutions required to produce +the effect of an engine running at a high speed, without +the least fraction of inequality in the strain on the crank, +and then the sun would have fairly risen in the "dawn of a +new era for the steam engine." But, as it is so very simple, +we can all figure it out for ourselves.</p> + +<p>In the diagram Mr. Porter gives, to illustrate the travel of +the piston, he wets his finger and draws it over another term +in the equation (a method of elimination not taught by Hutton, +Davies, and other mathematicians). It is a quick way, but is +it correct? He says, "the distance traveled by the piston is +the versed sine of an angle formed by a line from the center +of the crank pin, in any part of its stroke to the center of +the circle described by the crank pin, leaving out of the calculation +the angular vibration of the connecting rod." What +he means by the "angular vibration," I do not know. He is +wrong in the statement. If he will think of it he will see it. +If he meant to say that the piston's travel was measured by +the versed sine of the angle formed by the connecting rod and +the line of horizontal centers, he is wrong again, yet nearer +the truth than before, just as the proportion between the +length of the connecting rod and the half diameter of the +circle described by the crank pin. This can quickly be seen +by supposing the connecting rod to be detached, and allowed +to fall down on the center line, at any part of the stroke. If +he understood this (as no doubt he did), he should not ignore +the facts.</p> + +<p>What I am aiming at is this. When a man attempts to +demonstrate a thing mathematically, he must take into his +calculation everything essentially connected with the problem, +just exactly as it is, and not as he would have it; otherwise, +he cannot, by any possibility, attain a correct result. When +he claims, as now, the practicability of running engines at a +high speed, I think he is claiming too much. Build an engine +of proper materials, make it strong, and fit everything +as it should be, balance crank and fly wheel to a nicety, keep +everything snugly in its place, and the terrors of a quick +stroke vanish.</p> + +<p class="author">S. W. H.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a> + +<a name="art19" id="art19"></a><h3>Test for White Lead.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Messrs. Editors</span>:—I have read, with much interest, Dr. +Chandler's colorimetric test of the purity of white lead, as +published in the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> sometime ago. I enclose +another test, which, though not new, is of value to all +using white lead on account of its simplicity and effectiveness. +It has been in use here for nearly two years, and has +been found reliable. Having never seen it in print, I have +tried to put it in as simple words as possible.</p> + + +<p class="author"><span class="sc">Felix McArdle</span>, Analytical Chemist.</p> +<p class="author">St. Louis, Mo.</p> + + +<p>Take a piece of firm, close grained charcoal, and, near one +end of it, scoop out a cavity about half an inch in diameter +and a quarter of an inch in depth. Place in the cavity a +sample, of the lead to be tested, about the size of a small pea, +and apply to it continuously the blue or hottest part of the +flame of the blow pipe; if the sample be strictly pure, it will +in a very short time, say in two minutes, be reduced to metallic +lead, leaving no residue; but if it be adulterated to +the extent of ten per cent. only, with oxide of zinc, sulphate +of baryta, whiting or any other carbonate of lime, +(which substances are now the only adulterations used), or if +it be composed entirely of these materials, as is sometimes +the case with cheap lead, it cannot be reduced, but will remain +on the charcoal an infusible mass.</p> + +<p>Dry white lead, (carbonate of lead) is composed of metallic +lead, oxygen and carbonic acid, and, when ground with linseed +oil, forms the white lead of commerce. When it is subjected +to the above treatment, the oil is first burned off, and +then at a certain degree of heat, the oxygen and carbonic acid +are set free, leaving only the metallic lead from which it was +manufactured. If, however, there be present in the sample +any of the above mentioned adulterations, they cannot of +course be reduced to metallic lead, and cannot be reduced, +by any heat of the blow pipe flame, to their own metallic +bases; and being intimately incorporated and ground with +the carbonate of lead, they prevent it from being reduced.</p> + +<p>It is well, after blowing upon the sample, say for half a +minute, by which time the oil will be burned off, to loosen +the sample from the charcoal, with a knife blade or spatula, +in order that the flame may pass under as well as over and +against it. With proper care the lead will run into one button, +instead of scattering over the charcoal, and this is the +reason why the cavity above mentioned is necessary. A +common star candle or a lard oil lamp furnishes the best +flame for use of the blow pipe; a coal oil lamp should not +be used.</p> + +<p>By the above test, after a little practice, so small an adulteration +as one or two per cent. can be detected; it is, however, +only a test of the purity or impurity of a lead, and if found +adulterated, the degree or percentage of adulteration cannot +be well ascertained by it.</p> + +<p>Jewellers usually have all the necessary apparatus for +making the test, and any one of them can readily make it by +observing the above directions, and from them can be obtained +a blow pipe at small cost.</p> + +<p>If you have no open package of the lead to be tested, a +sample can most easily be obtained by boring into the side +or top of a keg with a gimlet, and with it taking out the required +quantity; care should be used to free it entirely from +the borings or particles of wood, and it should not be larger +than the size mentioned; a larger quantity can be reduced, +but of course more time will be required, and the experiment +cannot be so neatly performed.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art20" id="art20"></a><h3>How to Build a Chimney.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Messrs. Editors</span>:—I am satisfied that a great many fires +originate through poorly constructed chimneys; and, although +not a bricklayer by trade, I would offer a few hints how to +construct a fire-proof chimney. Let the bed be laid of brick +and mortar, iron, or stone; then the workman should take a +brick in his left hand, and with the trowel, draw the mortar +upon the end of the brick, from the under side, and not from +the outside edge, as is usual. Then, by pressing the brick +against the next one, the whole space between the two bricks +will be filled with mortar; and so he should point up the +inside as perfectly as the outside, as he proceeds.</p> + +<p>By drawing the mortar on the edge of the brick, the space +between the ends will not always be entirely filled, and will +make (where the inside pointing is not attended to) a leaky +and unsafe chimney, which, if not kept clear of soot, will, in +burning out, stand a good chance of setting the building on +fire. The best thing that I know of, to put the fire out in a +burning chimney is salt; but the matter of first importance, +after having a chimney properly constructed, is to keep it +clean.</p> + + +<p class="author"><span class="sc">Austin B. Culver</span>.</p> +<p class="author">Westfield, N. Y.</p> + + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art21" id="art21"></a><h2>Crystallized Honey.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:—Please allow me to say to the querist +who, through your columns, asks what to do with crystalline +honey, that if he will "doctor" it with almost any artificial +honey of the day, it will not become like lard in cold +weather, which change is a natural proof that it is pure. +For almost any purpose, pure honey is preferable to that +which has been adulterated, but purity is a minor consideration +with many.</p> + +<p>Next we shall hear of some fastidious customer who objects +to pure lard, because it looks white when cold. To such +we would recommend lard oil as a great improvement, especially +for cooking purposes.</p> + + +<p class="author">A. M. B.</p> +<p class="author">Louisville, Ky.</p> + + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<p class="center">[For the Scientific American.]</p> + +<a name="art22" id="art22"></a><h2>RAMBLES FOR RELICS.</h2> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>NUMBER II.</h3> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>At a depth of fifteen feet, we were about to suspend our +labors, supposing from the nature and uniformly dark color +of the earth, that we had reached the surface of the alluvium, +when a sign of the inevitable wood and bark layer was seen +in a crevice. An excavation, five or six feet, into the wall, +revealed the skeleton of a man laid at length, having an +extra coverlid of wooden material. Eighteen large oblong +beads, an ax of polished green stone, eleven arrow points, +and five implements of bone (to be described) were deposited +on the left side; and a few small beads, an ornamental shell +pin, two small hatchets, and a sharp-pointed flint knife or +lance, eight inches long, having a neck or projection at the +base, suitable for a handle, or for insertion in a shaft, on the +right side. The earth behind the skull being removed, three +enormous conch shells presented their open mouths. One of +my assistants started back as if the ghost of the departed +had come to claim the treasure preserved, in accordance with +superstitious notions, for its journey to the "happy lands." +The alarm seemed to be a warning, for at the moment the +embankment, overloaded on one side, caved in, nearly burying +three workmen, myself, and a spectator. Our tools being +at the bottom of the heap, and the wall on the other side, +shaken by the falling earth, giving tokens of a change of +base, our prospects of a ready deliverance were not very +hopeful. The bystanders, however, went to work with their +hands, and we were soon relieved, not without casualty, the +spectator having the worst of it. Struggling to extricate +himself, instead of abiding his time, he dragged one leg out +of the pile shorter than the other.</p> + +<p>The occurrence of marine shells in a burial depository, +especially of the varieties pyrula and oliva, four or five +hundred miles from the Gulf and that portion of the Southern +coast where the mollusks exist, bears upon the question of +migration and tribal intercourse, and the commercial value +of these articles. Obtained from a distance and regarded as +precious commodities, they were used in exchange, for the +material of ornaments, and for choice utensils. Only two or +three of these shells have been found in a perfect condition, +but defective ones are frequent, with fragments, "cuttings," +and various trinkets made out of them—such as ornamental +pins, needles, crosses, buttons, amulets, engraved plates, and +beads. From one of the specimens recovered from the +mound sepulchre, the spire and columella had been removed, +leaving a hollow utensil. It would have been suitable for a +water vessel, but for a hole in the bottom, which had furnished +a button-shaped ornament, or piece of money, which +was found with the relic, and exactly corresponded to the +orifice. The twirled end of the shell, however, had been improved +for a handle by shallow cavities, one on the inside +slanting from the middle longitudinal line, and one crossing +that line at right angles on the convex side, so as to be +fitted to the thumb and fore finger of the left hand, suggesting +a use of the implement as a shield, or a mask held before +the face. Adair speaks of large shells in use by the Indians +of his time (1735), suspended about the neck for shields, and +regarded as badges of priestly dignity.</p> + +<p>A trench was dug on the east side of the mound, nearly +corresponding in dimensions to the one on the west side, making +the length of the whole excavation, including the central +cavity, thirty-two feet.</p> + +<p>In the last opening, eight skeletons were exhumed; the +mode of burial was the same throughout. The only article +of value recovered was a curiously wrought pipe of stone, +having a "figure head" representing the human face, which +I have put down in a list of "articles stolen," and which the +thief can describe better than the writer. After filling up +all the gaps, and levelling the surface to suit the taste of the +proprietor, we closed our labors on the mound in the Bent.</p> + +<p>Of the skulls collected, it is sufficient to say that they +belong to the "short heads," the length and breadth having +a comparative medium proportion, a common form of cranium +in the mounds of Tennessee.</p> + +<p>Of stone implements I specify an ax of serpentine, ten +inches long, two thick, and four broad, having plain sides +and a straight edge ground down on both of the flat faces; +hatchets ("tomahawks") of green stone, flint, and diorite, +from five to eight inches long, with rounded faces and sides, +contracted to an edge at one end, and to a flat heel at the +other; a wedge of black slate, seven inches long and half an +inch thick, of a square finish on the faces and sides and at +the heel, which was diminished two inches, as compared +with the length of the edge; hatchets with a serrated edge +at each end, plane on both sides, convex on one face and flat +on the other.</p> + +<p>With one skeleton was deposited a "set of tools," eight in +number, of the species of rock before mentioned, varying in +length from two to eight inches. Their peculiarity consists +in a variety of shapes—no two being precisely alike—and in +their fitness to various uses, such as carving, hacking, paring, +and grooving. The smallest of them, having a square +finish, was held by the thumb and two fingers, and is suitable +for cutting lines and figures in wood and shells. Specimens +of this art were furnished from the mound. The largest +number might serve for hatchets, chisels, and gouges. +One had been ground in the form of a cylinder five inches +long and an inch thick, and then cut an inch on two sides to +an edge, and worked into a handle with a round bead, from +the center of the elliptical faces. It might be used for chipping +wood and stone. One answered the purpose of a cold +chisel; another was somewhat similar, but had a hollow face +reduced to a curved edge for grooving. These polished instruments, +wrought with much care, seemed intended for use +by the hand rather than for insertion in a handle or socket, +or attachment to a shaft by means of a strap or withe. Only +one was perforated. The drilling through granite, quartz, +and diorite, without the use of metal, was a severe labor, +even for savage patience. A long knife of silex, with a +wrought handle, lance heads, leaf shaped, of the same material, +of beautiful workmanship, arrow points of fine finish, +furnished, with others before mentioned, an assortment of +arms. Several flint points, though only an inch long, were +curved like a cimeter, and used probably as flaying instruments. +True disks, of various mineral substances, from an +inch to five inches in diameter, having convex faces, complete +the list of stone implements. Those of bone comprise +several like hollow chisels, sharpened at one end, and pierced +through one face, near the other extremity, so as to be fastened +to a handle; these were used for dressing skins. One +was formed like a poniard, with a worked hilt. With these +may be connected arrow heads and sharp pointed weapons +of the worked antlers of the stag, and tusks of the wild boar.</p> + +<p>Of ornaments, I noticed pins used for dressing the hair, +made of the columns of large sea shells. The head is generally +round, sometimes oval, from an eighth to a half of an +inch in diameter, retaining the diagonal groove of the pillar +from which it is made. The stems vary in length from one +to six inches. It would be tedious even to classify ornamental +beads and buttons of shell work, such as are usually +found in the mounds. These trinkets are perforated, and, +in addition to their being articles of dress, were used probably +as "wampum," the currency of the recent Indians.</p> + +<p>A miscellaneous collection includes a hematite stone, +wrought in the shape of a cup weighing half a pound; when +rubbed or ground it furnished the war paint of the savages; +also the extremity of a copper tube, two inches long; needles +in bone and shell, from an inch to six inches long, with +grooves round the head, to serve the purpose of eyes; and +plates of mica. The use of mica plates, which are found of +large size in some of the Western mounds, has excited some +inquiry. Of a certain thickness, they make good mirrors. +Beside their use for ornamental purposes, they were probably +looking-glasses of the beauties of the stone age. There +was also found a pipe of soap stone, having a stem five +inches long, and a bowl with a broad brim, like a Quaker's +hat.</p> + +<p>Of earthenware, there was an endless variety of fragments +of the usual black, grey, or red compressed clay, mixed with +pulverized shells or stones. One kind I have never seen described. +The sherds had a red coating on both sides, an eighth +of an inch in thickness, evidently not a paint or a glaze. +The red coloring might have come from the pottery being +burnt in the open air, instead of baked in a furnace, were not +the layer of uniform thickness and of homogeneous paste, +unlike the material of the vessel, which was a gray mixture +of clay and particles of shells.</p> + +<p>I give the above memoranda to the general fund of information, +touching a subject that invites inquiry on account of +its novelty and ethnological importance. Every examination +of the monumental remains of the ancient Americans +brings to light some new feature in structure or type of +rudimental art. And since archęology has become a science, +investigators, for half a century, may be looking about for +facts to complete the system auspiciously introduced by the +antiquarians of Northern Europe, and advanced in our own +country by the researches of Caleb Atwater (<i>Archęologia +Americana</i>) and by those of the Smithsonian contributors +to knowledge, especially Squier and Davis. <span class="sc">Rambler</span>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<p><span class="sc"><b>A Small Water Wheel</b></span>.—There is in the town of Meriden, +Conn., a Leffel double turbine wheel, running under 240 +feet fall and driving a manufactory. It uses only about one-half +of a square inch of water, and runs at the marvelous +speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute, or 50 revolutions per +second, which is by far the most rapid rate of motion ever +imparted to a water wheel. This is, also, beyond comparison +the greatest fall applied to the propulsion of a wheel in +America. The wheel at Meriden is of the most diminutive +size, scarcely exceeding in dimensions the old-fashioned +"turnip" watches which our grandfathers used to carry in +their capacious vest pockets. The complete success of this +wheel has attracted much attention and affords further evidence +of the wide range of adaptability of the Leffel turbine.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<p class="center"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a>[For the Scientific American.]</p> + +<h2><a name="art23" id="art23"></a>SILK CULTURE.</h2> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">BY W. V. ANDREWS.</p> +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>A vague notion that silk culture ought to form one of the +industrial pursuits of the American people seems to be prevalent +enough; but it does not take practical hold upon anybody. +The nearest approach to anything practical which we +have seen, in late years—excepting, of course, what has been +done in California—occurred in New York in July last, when +a number of gentlemen pledged themselves, according to a +report given in the <i>Tribune</i> of July 30, "to promote the native +silk trade."</p> + +<p>The gentlemen present at the meeting represented the +most prominent silk manufacturing and importing houses in +this country. What these gentlemen have since done towards +promoting the native silk trade, I do not know, but, having +pledged themselves, it is presumed they have done +something.</p> + +<p>At the meeting, of which the <i>Tribune</i> article is a report, dags, +and other things, manufactured from California silk, were exhibited; +and the report goes on to say that "Mr. Warren also exhibited samples +of native and foreign cocoons, and of raw and thrown silk, together +with the common <i>Cecropia</i> and <i>Bombyx Cynthia</i>, species of +silkworms which feed upon oak leaves. * * Also the <i>Bombyx Yamamai</i> +which feeds upon mulberry leaves; also the <i>Bombynx Pernyi</i>, of +which the cocoons are early as good as the cocoons of worms fed upon +mulberry leaves."</p> + +<p>I have given this extract, word for word, as it stands in the +columns of the <i>Tribune</i>, because it contains more blunders of +one kind or another than I remember ever to have seen in so +many words. <i>Cecropia</i> is certainly not very particular as to +its food, but it is not an oak feeder. <i>Cynthia</i> will thrive on +nothing except ailanthus, though it will eat one or two other +things, but not oak. The <i>Yamamai</i>, on the other hand, will +eat oak, indeed it is its natural food; but Mr. Warren errs +greatly when he says that it will feed on mulberry. The +last clause of the sentence, which says that cocoons of <i>Pernyi</i> +are nearly as good as those of worms fed on mulberry leaves, +must be a sort of entomological joke, of which the point is +not discoverable by me, so I pass it over.</p> + +<p>I do not, however, notice this report on account of its grammatical +and entomological mistakes. It is because of the +evil effects it may, and probably will, have on amateur silk +culturists, that I notice it; for most assuredly, failure will be +the result of all attempts to produce silk cocoons by feeding +the caterpillars of the different moths on the food prescribed +by Mr. Warren. Any patriotic, money making farmer, who +believes in the <i>Tribune</i>, purchasing <i>Yamamai</i> eggs and setting +his worms to feed upon mulberry, which they refuse to +eat, and consequently, all die, will probably give up silk +culture as being nothing more or less than a humbug. And +thus the cause is injured.</p> + +<p>For several years past, I have made some experiments in +the rearing of the silkworms, giving the result of my experience +in the first year in Vol. II., page 311, of the <i>American +Naturalist</i>; and of a subsequent year in the <i>Entomologist</i>, for +November, 1869.</p> + +<p>The paper in the <i>Naturalist</i> is devoted to my experiments +with the ailanthus silkworm, <i>Samia Cynthia</i> (G. & R.), a naturalized +species from the East. In that paper, I have said +all that is necessary to say at present, on that species, except +perhaps that I am further convinced, from the inspection of +samples of sewing and other silks, made from the cocoons +of <i>Cynthia</i>, that one day it will be reared very extensively +in the United States. It is perfectly hardy, is double brooded, +and may be reared by any one possessed of a few acres of +land, which may be good enough for growing ailanthus trees, +but not good enough to grow any thing else. The labor of a +few old men, or women, or even children, is sufficient for +the purpose. The cost is therefore trifling.</p> + +<p>The objection to the cultivation of <i>Cynthia</i> is that the cocoon +cannot be reeled. But it can be carded, and if the +Chinese can make excellent silk goods from it, why cannot +we? I suspect, too, that <i>Cynthia</i> silk can be worked in with +cotton, or, perhaps, woolen goods, adding to their beauty and +durability (for it is indestructible in wear), and thus open +up branches of manufacture hitherto unknown.</p> + +<p>For manufacturers of coarse goods, I have no doubt that +the silk from our native silk moths, <i>Cecropia</i> and <i>Polyphemus</i>, +may be used. Indeed, I believe that M. Trouvelot is of +opinion that <i>Polyphemus</i> may fairly enter into competition +with <i>Bombyx mori</i>, the ordinary mulberry silkworm. The +worm, however, is rather difficult to rear.</p> + +<p>In reference, however, to <i>Bombyx mori</i>, it is well known +that the silk crop in France and Italy has been reduced +greatly, and the price of silk goods consequently enhanced, +by prevalence of disease among the worms. So much is +this the case, that silk breeders have been obliged to look +around for some silk-producing moths whose products may, +at any rate, supplement the deficient crop. <i>Cynthia</i>, as already +mentioned as one of these, and two others mentioned +by Warren in the <i>Tribune</i> reports above adverted to, are at +present the subjects of experiment.</p> + +<p>My article mentioned before as appearing in the <i>American +Entomologist</i> is mainly devoted to my experiments, and those +of my correspondents, with <i>Yamamai</i>, which, as I said before, +is an oak feeder. In Japan, which is its native country, +it feeds, in its wild state, on <i>Quercus serrata</i>. Whether that +oak be found in America, I do not know, but it is of little importance, +as the worm will feed on almost any species of oak, +although I think that it prefers white oak. The importance +of acclimatizing new species of silk moths is of so much prospective +importance, that I shall devote the remainder of this +article to the consideration of whether <i>Yamamai</i> and <i>Pernyi</i> +may not be naturalized here. +Any one, who happens to have the number of the <i>Entomologist</i> +containing the article above alluded to, may find it +worth while to read it, but as many persons may not be able +to obtain that number, I will here repeat the substance of +my remarks, adding as much new matter as subsequent experience +has afforded.</p> + +<p>The silk from the <i>Yamamai</i> being considered +superior to that produced by any other of the substitute +silk moths, great efforts have been made in Europe +to acclimatize it; but, it must be confessed, hitherto with but +slight success. There are exceptions, however, particularly +among amateurs in Germany, sufficient to show that success +is possible. The Baron de Bretton raises about 27,000 cocoons +annually.</p> + +<p>In this country but little has been done, or attempted, and +that little has not been very successful.</p> + +<p>The fact is, that <i>Yamamai</i> is a difficult moth to rear in a +country like this, where in early spring the temperature +varies so much; but that success is possible, I am convinced.</p> + +<p>The moth emerges from the cocoon in the latter part of +the summer, copulates, lays its eggs, and of course dies. And +now the trouble commences; that is, with eggs laid, say in +Japan, from whence we mainly get our supplies.</p> + +<p>As soon as the egg is laid, the young larva commences its +formation, which in a short time (about one month) is perfected. +It lies in the egg in a quiescent state till early spring. +If the egg remain in the country where it is laid, and is kept +at a pretty even temperature, and free from damp, the caterpillar +emerges in a healthy condition. But if it be removed +some thousands of miles, passing in the transit from heat to +cold, and back to heat again: and if, in addition, it be closely +confined in a damp place, with little or no circulation of air, +the egg is attacked by a fungus which sometimes prevents +the worm from emerging at all; or, if it emerge, it is in a +sickly condition. That these conditions obtain in the transit +of eggs, from Japan to Europe, and thence to America, is +evident enough; and it may, therefore, require the efforts of +many persons, continued for a long time, to enable us to acclimatize +the <i>Yamamai</i>. But this is all that is required, and +I feel confident that ultimate success is certain.</p> + +<p>On hatching out, the worm is of a brimstone yellow, and +thinly covered with strong hairs; after the second month it +is greenish, with black, longitudinal streaks, and the thread a +dull coral red color. After the third month it becomes of a +fine apple green, with yellow tubercles on each segment, from +which issue a few black hairs. The head and legs are chocolate +brown, the prolegs reddish, and the first segment edged +with pinkish color. The greatest care is necessary, as the +spring advances, to prevent the eggs from hatching before +the oak buds are ready for them, and the temperature must +be regulated with the greatest nicety. If the eggs can be +kept somewhere about 50 deg. Fah., it would be quite safe; +higher than that the mercury should not be allowed to rise, +till you are quite ready for the worms, and, on the other hand, +the eggs should not be allowed to freeze.</p> + +<p>On emerging from the eggs, the worms should be allowed +either to crawl to the oak branches, or rather to sprigs obtained +for that purpose, the end of which should be placed +in a jar, or bottle, of water, or the worms may be placed on +gently with a camel-hair brush. The leaves should be well +sprinkled with clean water that the caterpillars may drink.</p> + +<p>From some cause, not well understood, the young caterpillars +have a tendency to wander; and if care be not taken +many may be lost. To prevent this, it is well to cover the +branches with a gauze bag, tied tightly around the stems, and +close to the bottle. Care must also be taken that the caterpillars +do not find their way into the water, which they assuredly +will if they have the opportunity, committing suicide +in the most reckless manner. If the number of caterpillars +be few, it is a good plan to place them at the outset with their +food, in a wide-mouthed bottle, covering the mouth with +gauze. The branches, particularly if the weather be warm, +must still be occasionally sprinkled, so that the caterpillars +may have the opportunity of drinking. It must be remembered +that experiment is necessary in rearing <i>Yamamai</i>, but +one thing is ascertained, and that is, that the worms must not +be exposed to direct sunshine, at least not after seven or eight +in the morning. If the spring be warm, I am inclined to +think that a northeastern exposure is the best, and we may +sum up by saying, that comparatively cool and moist seasons +are more favorable to success that hot, dry weather. In +America the worms suffer in the early spring, from the rapid +changes of temperature, 40° at 9 <span class="sc">a.m.</span> increasing to 70° in the +afternoon and falling off to freezing point during the night. +The worms cannot stand this. They become torpid, refuse to +eat, and consequently die. To prevent this, if the nights be +cold, they must be placed where no such change of temperature +can occur.</p> + +<p>It is scarcely necessary to say that an ample supply of +fresh food must be always supplied, but it may not be amiss +to say that it is well, when supplying fresh branches, to remove +the worms from the old to the new. The best way of +doing this is to clip off the branch, or leaf, on which the +worm is resting, and tie, pin, or in some way affix the same +to the new branches. If this be not done, they will continue +to eat the old leaf, even if it be withered, and this induces +disease. If the worm has fastened itself for the purpose of +moulting, the best way is to remove the entire branch, clipping +off all the dried leaves before so removing it. These +remarks apply, in general, to the treatment of all silkworms, +except <i>Bombyx mori</i>.</p> + +<p>The results of numerous experiments with <i>Yamamai</i> go +to show that it is, as I said before, a difficult worm to rear; +but it has been reared near New York to the extent of eight +hundred cocoons out of sixteen hundred eggs, and this, although +not a remunerative result, is encouraging.</p> + +<p>The Chinese silk moth, <i>Aulterea Pernyi</i>, also an oak feeder, +has been successfully raised by me and by others, for several +years. Eggs have been sold to persons in States widely separated, +and the results show that this worm is perfectly hardy.</p> + +<p>The moth winters in the cocoon, emerges early in May, if +the weather be warm, pairs readily, and lays from 150 to 200 +eggs. These hatch out in about fourteen days, and like +<i>Yamamai</i>, always about 5 or 6 o'clock in the morning. It is +necessary to be on the alert to catch them on hatching only, +and to remember that they are vagabonds, even to a greater +extent than <i>Yamamai</i>. Consequently similar precautions +must be taken.</p> + +<p>The worm on emerging from the egg is large, and of a +chocolate-brown color. After the first month it becomes of a +yellowish green; head, pale brown; feet and prolegs of +nearly the same color. The body has numerous reddish tubercles, +from which issue a few reddish hairs. At the base of +some of the tubercles on the anterior segments are silvery +patches.</p> + +<p>The <i>Pernyi</i> worm is much more easily reared than that of +<i>Yamamai</i>, but still great care is needed; fresh food of course +is essential, and a slight sprinkling of the branches and +worms in very warm weather is advisable; although it is not +so necessary as with <i>Yamamai</i>. It is remarkable that <i>Pernyi</i> +worms, fed in the open air, on oak trees, do not, at present, +thrive so well as those fed in-doors, but this, doubtless, is a +question of acclimation. I advise white oak (<i>Quercus alba</i>) +as food, if it can be readily obtained, but failing that, pin +oak (<i>Quercus palustris</i>) will do; and I have no doubt that they +will feed on any kind of oak. They will, indeed, feed on +birch, and on sweet gum (<i>Liquidambar</i>), but oak is the proper +food. It is worthy of remark that <i>Pernyi</i> bears a strong resemblance +to our <i>Polyphemus</i>, but it is more easily reared in +confinement, and double brooded; an important fact for the +silk culturist. From American reared eggs, I obtained cocoons +as early as July 4th, the perfect insect emerging on +July 31. Copulation immediately ensued, and the resulting +eggs hatched only on August 12, ten days only from the time +of laying; and as the worm feeds up in about four or five +weeks, this affords plenty of time for rearing the second +brood. It must be remembered that on the quantity and +quality of food, much depends, not only with <i>Pernyi</i> but +with all caterpillars. By furnishing food sparingly the +time of feeding would be much prolonged.</p> + +<p>I have already said that both <i>Yamamai</i> and <i>Pernyi</i> should +be fed under shelter for the reasons given, but there is another +reason of less importance. The young worms are +liable to be attacked by spiders and wasps, and even after +the second month, they are not safe from these enemies. I +have seen a wasp bite a large caterpillar in two, carry off +the anterior section and return for the posterior, which had +held on by its prolegs. Did the wasp anticipate this fact, and +therefore carry off the anterior part first? As to the spiders, +they form a series of pulleys and hoist the caterpillar off its +legs, sucking its juices at leisure.</p> + +<p>And now I must devote a few words to the advisability of +silk culture from a pecuniary point of view. <i>Bombyx mori</i>, +or the ordinary mulberry silkworm, is, of course, the best to +rear, if you can obtain healthy eggs. But this is the difficulty, +and thence arises the necessity of cultivating other +silk-producing species. I imagine that silk can be produced +in most of the States of the Union, and manufactured from +the cocoon at a large profit; but for the present, we will leave +the manufacture out of the question, and consider only, +whether it will not pay to rear eggs and cocoons for sale? +It must be remembered that European manufacturers are at +this moment largely dependent on foreign countries for the +supply of both eggs and cocoons; and this, because of the +general prevalence of disease among all the races of <i>Bombyx +mori</i>. And now, to what extent does the reader suppose this +dependence exists? Of cocoons I have no returns at hand, +but, of raw silk, European manufacturers purchase, annually, +not less than $160,000,000 worth; and of eggs (<i>Bombyx mori</i>) +to the value of $10,000,000. This, then, is a business of no +trifling amount. California seems to be alive to the fact, +and, I am informed, raised, this last season, $3,000,000 cocoons; +and, for sale, about 4,000 ounces of eggs, worth at least $4 +per ounce, wholesale. Now, there is no earthly reason why +California should monopolize this business. Why are not +companies formed in other States for this purpose? or if +private individuals lack the enterprise or the means, why do +not the legislatures, of those States most favorably located, +do something by way of starting the business? A few thousand +dollars loaned, or even donated, may prove to be a valuable +investment for the people at large, and, even supposing +a failure, would not be a very great loss to any body.</p> + +<p>So far as farmers are concerned, it may interest them to +know that one man in England, Capt. Mason, clears $50 per +acre by rearing silkworms (<i>Bombyx mori</i> in this case), and I +much doubt whether any crop raised here pays as well.</p> + +<p>By way of commencement, then, let everybody that has +sufficient leisure set to work, and rear as many silkworms, of +the above-named species, as he possibly can; and if the process +be not remunerative in a pecuniary sense, it most assuredly +will be in the amount of pleasure and knowledge +obtained.</p> + +<p>One caution I must give to those who cultivate <i>Bombyx +mori</i>. Although <i>Yamamai</i> requires sprinkled branches, +<i>Bombyx mori</i> does not; nor must the leaves be furnished to +them while wet with rain or dew.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<p><span class="sc"><b>Effect of Cold upon Iron</b></span>.—The article upon this subject, +giving experiments of Fairbairn and others, referred +to in our editorial upon the same subject, in our last issue, +was crowded out by press of matter. The reader will find +it in the present number.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art24" id="art24"></a><h2>Universal Boring Machine.</h2> + +<p>Our readers will recollect an illustrated description of an +universal wood-working machine, published on page 79, +Vol. XIII. of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>. The machine +herewith illustrated is manufactured by the same firm, and +is a valuable addition to the many excellent wood-working +machines now in use. A boring machine, though one of +the simplest, is by no means +an unimportant adjunct to a +full outfit of wood-working machines. +The one shown in our +engraving is one of the most +complete ever brought to our +notice, and the great variety of +work it is capable of performing, +renders the name chosen +for it peculiarly applicable. It +is called the "Universal Boring +Machine" because the most +prominent feature of its construction +is its power to bore a +hole in any desired angle with +the axis of the bit.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/20-bore.png"><img src="images/20-bore-386.png" width="386" height="400" alt="McBETH, BENTEL, and MARGEDANT'S UNIVERSAL BORING MACHINE." /></a> + +<h3>McBETH, BENTEL, & MARGEDANT'S UNIVERSAL BORING MACHINE.</h3> +</div> + +<p>Any sized bit required is inserted +into the chuck, which is +adjustable to fit large and small +shanks. The mandrel which +carries the chuck is made to +traverse by a foot lever, so as +to bore any depth up to twelve +inches. The mandrel is driven +by belt from a cone pulley of +three faces, which gives the +proper speeds for different sized +bits.</p> + +<p>Slots and stops upon the table +enable the work to be set at +any desired angle on the horizontal +plane, while the table +can be set on an incline to any +angle not exceeding forty-five +degrees. The table is twenty-one +inches wide, with fifteen +inches slide, and it can be raised +or lowered fifteen inches.</p> + +<p>The countershaft rests in self-adjusting +boxes, and has a tight +and a loose pulley eight inches +in diameter. The traversing +mandrel is of the best quality +of steel, and the machine is +otherwise made of iron in a +substantial manner.</p> + +<p>The several adjustments enable the operator to do all kinds +of light and heavy boring, with ease and with great rapidity.</p> + +<p>This machine was awarded the first premium at the Cincinnati +Industrial Exposition, in October, 1870, and was patented +through the Scientific American Patent Agency, Aug. +16, 1870. It is manufactured by McBeth, Bentel and Margedant, +of Hamilton, Ohio, whom address for machines +rights to manufacture, or other information.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a> + +<a name="art25" id="art25"></a><h2>COMBINED TRUNK AND ROCKING CHAIR.</h2> + +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/19-trunkchair.png"><img src="images/19-trunkchair-300.png" width="300" height="211" alt="COMBINED TRUNK AND ROCKING CHAIR." /></a> +</div><br /> + +<p>A unique invention, calculated to increase the comforts of +travellers on steamboats, ships, and in crowded rooms of +hotels, is illustrated in the engraving published herewith. It +is the invention of T. Nye, of Westbrook, Me., and was +patented by him, June 18, 1867. It is a combined trunk and +rocking chair. The rockers are made to fold into recesses, +where they are retained by suitable appliances till wanted. +The trunk being opened, as shown, forms a back to the seat, +which is held by metallic braces. When closed, the whole +presents the appearance of an ordinary trunk.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art26" id="art26"></a><h2>Cosmetics.</h2> + +<p>The extensive use of preparations for hiding nature's +bloom on the human countenance, and presenting to our +view a sort of metallic plaster, suggests the inquiry, "how +are these pigments made?" Without going into an unnecessary +analysis of the "Bloom of Youth," the "Rejuvenator," +the "Corpse Decorator," or the other inventions for destroying +the skin, with which the druggists' stores abound, we +may state again the fact, always unheeded, that all the detestable +compounds are injurious. They are nearly all metallic +poisons, and, if there be any that are innocent of this +charge, they are in every instance harmful to the health. +The color and surface of the skin cannot be changed by any +application which does not close the pores; the pores, which +are so exquisitely fine that there are millions of them to the +square inch, and which must be kept open if a healthy and +cleanly body is to be preserved. There is more breathing +done through the pores of a healthy person than through +the lungs; and we need not remind our readers of a ghastly +piece of cruelty once enacted in Paris (that of gilding the +body of a child, for a triumphal procession, which killed the +subject in two hours), to show that the stoppage, in any degree, +of the natural functions of so important an organ as +the skin, is injurious. The immediate effect of the use of +such compounds is to destroy the vitality of the skin, and to +render it, in appearance, a piece of shriveled parchment. +We must warn our readers that a temporary and meretricious +"bloom" can only be attained at the cost of future +freshness and lively appearance, so that a year or two of +"looking like paint" is followed by a long period of "looking +like dilapidation."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art27" id="art27"></a><h3>SMITH'S INFANT DINING CHAIR.</h3> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/20-highchair.png"><img src="images/20-highchair-150.png" width="150" height="199" alt="Smith's infant dining chair." /></a> +</div> + +<p>The accompanying engraving illustrates a convenient and +cheap infant dining chair, which can be attached to any of +the ordinary chairs in common use.</p> + +<p>It consists of a chair without legs, suspended by the posts +of the back, as shown, on pins engaging with hooked bars, +which are placed upon the back of an ordinary chair. The +details of the device will be seen by a glance at the engraving. +The chair is adjusted in hight by placing the pins in +the proper holes in the posts made for this purpose.</p> + +<p>For further information, address Smith, Hollenbeck & Co., +Toledo, Ohio.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<a name="art28" id="art28"></a><h2>The Medicines of the Ancients.</h2> + +<p>At the recent commencement of the Homeopathic College +in this city, Mr. S. H. Wales, of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> +addressed the graduating class, and from his remarks, we +quote the following:</p> + +<p>"Many writers of our time persist in regarding this, above +all others, as the best period in the history of our race; and, +doubtless, it is true in many important +respects. But I cannot forbear +the suggestion at this moment +that there was a time in the history +of the world when the science of +medicine was unknown, when people +lived to the incredible age of +many centuries; and, even after the +span of life had been reduced to +threescore and ten, sickness was +comparatively unknown. In ancient +times, it was looked upon as a calamity, +that had overtaken a tribe +or people, when one of its members +prematurely sickened and died.</p> + +<p>"Other arts and sciences flourished +in Rome long before medicine +was thought of; and the historian +tells us that the first doctor who +settled in Rome, some two hundred +years before Christ, was banished +on account of his poor success and +the very severe treatment applied +to his patients; and it was a hundred +years before the next one +came. He rose to great popularity, +simply because he allowed his patients +to drink all the wine they +wanted, and to eat their favorite +dishes. Some writer on hygiene +has made the statement +that the whole code of medical +ethics presented by Moses consisted +simply in bathing, purification, +and diet. This simplicity of +life was not confined to the wandering +tribes who settled in the land +of Canaan, but was the universal +custom of all nations of which history +gives us any account. This +simple arrangement for health was +considered enough in those primitive +times, when the human system +had not been worn out and exhausted by +depletive medicines. The luxuries of public baths, athletic +sports and games were deemed ample, both to educate +the physical perceptions and to prevent disease.</p> + +<p>"All this wisdom, which had its origin in ancient games +and sports of the field, led to the erection of extensive bath-houses, +and the adoption of other healthful luxuries to which +all the people could resort to recreate their wasted powers."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art29" id="art29"></a> +<h2>BARNES' VENTILATOR FOR MATTRESSES, ETC.</h2> + +<p>Many diseases are caused by the use of beds not properly +aired; and it is difficult, if not impossible, to properly air, or +ventilate, a mattress, made in the usual manner. If this could +be done more thoroughly than it generally is, much sickness +would be avoided.</p> + +<div class="figright"> +<a href="images/21-mattress.png"><img src="images/21-mattress-300.png" width="300" height="187" alt="Barnes' ventilator for mattresses, etc." /></a> +</div> + +<p>To secure this object cheaply and efficiently is the design +of the invention herewith illustrated. By it a complete circulation +of air through the mattress is secured, which carries +off all dampness arising from constant use. Thus the mattress +becomes more healthy for sleeping purposes, more durable +and better fitted for the sick room. The ventilators +consist of coiled wire, covered with coarse cloth (to prevent +the stuffing closing up the tube), running through the mattress +in all directions. The ends of the coils are secured to +the ticking by means of metal thimbles, inside of which are +pieces of wire gauze, to prevent insects getting in, but which +admit air freely. The cost of the ventilators is small, and +they will last as long as any mattress. They can be applied +to any bed at small expense.</p> + +<p>This invention was patented through the Scientific American +Patent Agency, January 10, 1871. The right to manufacture +will be disposed of in any part of the country. Further +information can be obtained by addressing the proprietors, +Barnes & Allen, Hoosick Falls, N. Y.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art30" id="art30"></a> +<p><span class="sc">The</span> third annual exhibition of the National Photographic +Association takes place at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, +June 6, 1871. Prof. Morton is to deliver two lectures on +Light.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a> + +<a name="art31" id="art31"></a> + +<h2>A SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AWAKENING.</h2> + +<p>Our English cotemporary, <i>Engineering</i>, appears to have +seriously exercised itself in the perusal of our good-natured +article on "English and American Scientific and Mechanical +Engineering Journalism," which appeared in the <span class="sc">Scientific +American</span>, February 4th; at least, we so judge from the +tenor of an article in response thereto, covering a full page +of that journal. The article in question is a curiosity in +literature. It deserves a much wider circulation than <i>Engineering</i> +can give it, and we would gladly transfer it to our +columns, but for its exceeding length—a serious fault generally, +not only with <i>Engineering's</i> articles, but most other +technical journals published in England. It would scarcely +do for them to be brief in their discussions, and above all +other things, spice and piquancy must always be excluded. +<i>Engineering</i> evidently labors under the conviction that the +heavier it can make its discussions, the more profoundly will +it be able to impress its readers. Hence, we are equally +astonished and gratified to find a gleam of humor flashing +out from the ordinary sober-sided composition of our learned +contemporary. The article came to us just as we were laboring +under an attack of dyspepsia, and its reading fairly shook +our atrabilious <i>corpus</i>. We said to ourselves, "can it be +possible that <i>Engineering</i> is about to experience the new +birth, to undergo regeneration, and a baptism of fire?" The +article is really worth reading, and we begin to indulge the +hope that at least one English technical is going to try to +make itself not only useful, but readable and interesting. +And what is most perplexingly novel in this new manifestation, +is the display of a considerable amount of egotism, +which we had always supposed to be a sinful and naughty +thing in technical journalism. And, as if to magnify this +self-complaisance, it actually alludes to its "<i>own extensive and +ever-increasing circulation in America</i>." Now to show how +small a thing can impart comfort to the soul of our cotemporary, +we venture to say that the circulation of <i>Engineering</i> +in this country cannot much exceed three hundred copies per +week.</p> + +<p>It evidently amazes our English cotemporary that a journal +like the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>, which, according to its own +notions, is chiefly the work of "scissors and paste," should +circulate so widely; and it even belittles our weekly circulation +by several thousand copies, in order to give point to its +very amusing, and, we will also add, generally just criticism.</p> + +<p>The writer in <i>Engineering</i>, whoever he may be, appears to +be a sort of literary Rip Van Winkle, just waking out of a +long sleep; and he cannot get the idea through his head that +it is possible that a technical journal can become a vehicle of +popular information to the mass of mankind, instead of being +the organ of a small clique of professional engineers or wealthy +manufacturers, such as seems to hold control of the columns +of <i>Engineering</i>, and who use it either to ventilate their own pet +schemes and theories, or to advertise, by illustration and otherwise, +in the reading columns, a repetition of lathes, axle-boxes +brakes, cars, and other trade specialities, which can lay little +or no claim to novelty. It is, furthermore, a crying sin in the +estimation of our English critic that American technical +journals do not separate their advertisements from the subject +matter; and he thinks that when Yankee editors learn that +trade announcements are out of place in the body of a journal, +they will see how to make their journals pay by making +them higher priced. Now we venture to say, without intending +to give offence, that Yankee editors understand their +business quite as well as do English editors; and it is presumable, +at least, that they know what suits their readers +on this side, much better than do English editors. We +venture to suggest—modestly, of course—that journalism in +the two countries is not the same, and should the editor of +<i>Engineering</i> undertake to transfer his system of intellectual +labor to this side of the Atlantic, he would not be long in +making the discovery that those wandering Bohemian engineers, +who, he tells us, are in sorrow and heaviness over the +short-comings of American technical journals, would turn +out after all to be slender props for him to lean upon. We +think it probable, however, that with a little more snap, a +journal like <i>Engineering</i> might possibly attain a circulation, +in this country, of 500 or 1000 copies weekly.</p> + +<p>Why, American engineers have scarcely yet been able to +organize themselves into an association for mutual advancement +in their profession, much less to give the reading public +the benefit of their experience and labors! This fact alone +ought, of itself, to satisfy <i>Engineering</i> that no such journal +could profitably exist in this country. Whenever our American +engineers are ready to support such a journal, there will +be no difficulty in finding a publisher.</p> + +<p><i>Engineering</i>, in its casual reference to the various technical +journals of America, omits to name our leading scientific +monthly, but introduces with just commendation a venerable +cotemporary, now upwards of three score years of age. +Now, it is no disparagement of this really modest monthly +to say, that perhaps there are not sixty hundred people +in the States who know it, even by name; and so far as the +use of "scissors and paste" are made available in our technical +journals, we venture the assertion that the editorial +staff expenses of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> are as great, if +not greater, than those of <i>Engineering</i>. The question, however, +is not so much one of original outlay, but which of the +two journals gives most for the money. In this very essential +particular, and with no intention to depreciate the value +of <i>Engineering</i>, we assert, with becoming modesty, that the +<span class="sc">Scientific American</span> occupies a position which <i>Engineering</i> +will never be able to attain.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art32" id="art32"></a> +<h3>THE SHERMAN PROCESS.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>When people boast of extraordinary successes in processes +the details of which are kept profoundly hidden from public +scrutiny, and when the evidences of success are presented in +the doubtful form of specimens which the public has no +means of tracing directly to the process, the public is apt to +be skeptical, and to express skepticism often in not very complimentary +terms.</p> + +<p>For a considerable time, the public has been treated to +highly-colored accounts of a wonderful metallurgic process +whereby the best iron and steel were said to be made, from +the very worst materials, almost in the twinkling of an eye. +This process has been called after its assumed inventor, or +discoverer, the "Sherman Process." The details of the process +are still withheld, but we last week gave an extract +from an English contemporary, which throws a little light +upon the subject.</p> + +<p>The agent relied upon to effect the remarkable transformation +claimed, is iodine, used preferably in the form of iodide +of potassium, and very little of it is said to produce a most +marvellous change in the character of the metal.</p> + +<p>A very feeble attempt at explaining the rationale of this +effect has been made, in one or two English journals, which +we opine will not prove very satisfactory to chemists and +scientific metallurgists. The <i>Engineer</i> has published two +three-column articles upon the subject, the first containing +very little information, and the second a great number of +unnecessary paragraphs, but which gives the proportion of +the iodide used, in the extremely scientific and accurate +formula expressed in the terms "a small quantity."</p> + +<p>Assertions of remarkable success have also been given. +Nothing, however, was said of remarkable failures, of which +there have doubtless been some. A series of continued successes +would, we should think, by this time, have sufficed for +the parturition of this metallurgic process, and the discovery +would ere this have been introduced to the world, had there +not been some drawbacks.</p> + +<p>We are not prepared to deny <i>in toto</i> that the process is all +that is claimed for it; but the way in which it has been managed +is certainly one not likely to encourage faith in it.</p> + +<p>The very name of "process" implies a system perfected, +and if it be still so far back in the experimental stage that +nothing definite in the way of results can be relied upon, it +is not yet a process. If, in the use of iodine, in some instances, +fine grades of iron or steel are produced, and in as +many other experiments, with the same material, failures result, +it is just as fair to attribute the failures to the iodine, +as the successes. A process worthy the name is one that +acts with approximate uniformity, and when, in its use, results +vary widely from what is usual, the variation may be +traced to important differences in the conditions of its application.</p> + +<p>On the whole, we are inclined to believe Mr. Sherman's +experiments have not yet developed a definite process, and we +shall receive with much allowance the glowing statements +published in regard to it, until such time as it can face the +world and defy unbelief.</p> + +<p>The patents obtained by Mr. Sherman seem to cover the +use of iodine, rather than the manner of using it, and throw +no light upon the rationale of the process.</p> + +<p>A patent was granted by the United States Patent Office, +Sept. 13, 1870, to J. C. Atwood, in which the inventor claims +the use of iodide of potassium in connection with the carbons +and fluxes used in making and refining iron. In his specification +he states that he uses about <i>fifteen grains</i> of this salt +to eighty pounds of the metal. This is about <span style="font-size:0.7em;"><sup>1</sup></span>⁄<span style="font-size:0.6em;">373</span> of one per +cent. He uses in connection with this exceedingly small +proportion of iodide of potassium, about two ounces of lampblack, +or charcoal, and four ounces of manganese, and asserts +that steel made with these materials will be superior in quality +to that made by the old method. These claims we are +inclined to discredit. Certainly, we see no chemical reason +why this small amount of iodide should produce such an effect, +and the specification itself throws no light upon our +darkness.</p> + +<p>If the experiments in these so-called processes have no +better basis than is apparent from such information as at +present can be gathered respecting them, it is probable we +shall wait some time before the promised revolution in iron +and steel manufacture is accomplished through their use.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art33" id="art33"></a> + +<h3>RUBBER TIRES FOR TRACTION ENGINES.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>When it was first discovered that a smooth-faced driving +wheel, running on a smooth-faced rail, would "bite," the era +of iron railways and locomotive engines may be said to have +fairly commenced. The correction of a single radical error +was, in this case, the dawn of a new system of travel, so extensive +in its growth and marvelous in its results, that even +the wildest dreamer could not, at that time, have imagined the +consequences of so simple a discovery.</p> + +<p>A popular and somewhat similar error regarding the bite +of wheels on rough and uneven surfaces, has also prevailed. +We say popular error, because engineers have not shared it, +and it has obtained, to any notable extent, only among those +unfamiliar with mechanical science. The error in question +is, that hard-surfaced wheels will not bite on a moderately +rough surface, sufficiently to give an efficient tractile power. +It seems strange that this error should have diffused itself +very extensively, when it is remembered that a certain degree +of roughness is essential to frictional resistance. The smoothness +of the ordinary railway track is roughness compared to +that of an oiled or unctuous metallic surface; and it has been +amply demonstrated that the resistance of friction, of two +bearing surfaces depends, not upon their extent, but upon the +pressure with which they are forced together. A traction +wheel, of given weight, resting upon two square inches of +hard earth or rock, would develop the same tractile power +as though it had a bearing surface of two square feet of +similar material.</p> + +<p>On very rough and stony ways, however, another element +practically of no importance on moderately rough ways, like +a macadam surface or a concrete road, where the prominences +are nearly of uniform hight, and so near together as +to admit between their summits only very small arcs of the +circumference of the wheel; comes into action. This element +is the constantly recurring lifting of the superincumbent +weight of the machine. Even this would not result in loss +of power, could the power developed in falling be wholly +applied to useful work in the direction of the advance of the +engine. The fact is, however, that it is not so applied, and +in any method of propulsion at present known to engineering +science, cannot be so applied. Above a certain point +where friction enough is developed to prevent slip, the more +uneven the road surface is, the greater the power demanded +for the propulsion of the locomotive. And this will hold +good for both hard and soft-tired wheels.</p> + +<p>What then is the advantage, if any, of rubber-tired wheels? +The advantages claimed may be enumerated as follows: increased +tractile power, with a given weight, secured without +damage to roadways; ease of carriage to the supported machinery, +whereby it—the machinery—is saved from stress +and wear; and economy of the power, expended in moving +the extra weight required by rigid-tired wheels, to secure +the required frictional resistance. The last-mentioned claim +depends upon the first, and must stand or fall with it. The +saving of roadway, ease of carriage, and its favorable result +upon the machinery, are generally conceded.</p> + +<p>A denial of the first claim has been made, by those interested +in the manufacture of rigid-tired traction engines and +others, in so far as the rubber tires are employed on comparatively +smooth surfaces; although the increased tractile power +on quite <i>rough</i> pavements and roads is acknowledged.</p> + +<p>This denial is based upon results of experiments performed +on the streets of Rochester, England, between the 9th October +and the 2nd November, 1870, by a committee of the +Royal Engineers (British Army), with a view to determine +accurately the point in question.</p> + +<p>Care was taken to make the circumstances, under which +the trials took place, exactly alike for both the rubber and +the iron tires. The experiments were performed with an +Aveling and Porter six-horse power road engine, built in +the Royal Engineers' establishment. The weight of the engine, +without rubber tires, was 11,225 pounds; with rubber +tires, it weighed 12,025 pounds. Without rubber tires it +drew 2.813 times its own weight up a gradient of 1 in [missing]; +with rubber tires, it drew up the same incline 2.763 times +the weight of engine, with the weight of rubber tires added; +showing that, although it drew a little over 2,200 pounds +more than it could do without the rubber tires, the increase +of traction was only that which might be expected from the +additional weight.</p> + +<p>It is claimed, moreover, that the additional traction power +and superior ease of carriage on rough roads, secured with +rubber tires, is dearly bought at the very great increase in +cost, of an engine fitted with them, over one not so fitted.</p> + +<p>This is a point we regard as not fully settled, though it will +not long remain in doubt. There are enough of both types +of wheels now in use to soon answer practically any question +there may be of durability (upon which the point of economy +hinges), so far as the interest on the increased cost due to +rubber tires, is offset against the greater wear and tear of +iron rimmed wheels. It is stated, on good authority that a +rubber tired engine, started at work in Aberdeen, Scotland, +wore out its tires between April and September, inclusive, +and when it is taken into consideration, that the cost of these +tires is about half that of other engines, made with solid iron +rimmed driving wheels, it will be seen that, unless very +much greater durability than this can be shown for the rubber, +the advantages of such tires are very nearly, if not more +than, balanced by their disadvantages.</p> + +<p>The fact that one set of tires wore out so soon does not +prove a rule. There may have been causes at work which +do not affect such tires generally, and it would be, we think, +quite premature to form favorable or unfavorable judgment, +of relative economy from such data as have been yet furnished.</p> + +<p>The difference in the current expenses of running the two +most prominent types of engines, with hard and soft tires, +now in use, does not affect the question of rubber tires, unless +it can be shown that these tires necessitate, <i>per se</i>, such +a form of engine as requires a greater consumption of fuel, +and greater cost of attendance, to perform a given amount of +work.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a> + +<a name="art34" id="art34"></a> + +<h3>CENTRAL SHAFT OF THE HOOSAC TUNNEL.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>As many of our readers have evinced much interest and ingenuity +on the question of the propriety of placing reliance +upon the accuracy of dropping a perpendicular from the top +to the bottom of a shaft 1,030 feet in depth, by means of an +ordinary plummet, we take the earliest opportunity of settling +the matter beyond dispute, by reporting the results +lately obtained, through a series of experiments by the engineers +in charge, for the ultimate purpose of laying down +the correct line for the tunnel.</p> + +<p>The perpendicular line has, of course, been dropped many +times, and the main result taken. The plummet used is +made of steel, properly balanced and polished, in shape +something like a pineapple, and of about the same size, +weighing fifteen pounds. It was suspended, with the large +end downwards, by a thin copper wire, one fortieth of an +inch in diameter, immersed in water; and, after careful +steadying with the hand, occupied about an hour in assuming +its final position or motion, which, contrary to the expectation +and theories of many, resulted in a circular motion +around a fixed point, the diameter of the circle being a mean +of one quarter of an inch. The suspending wire in these +operations was not quite the entire length of the shaft, being +only 900 feet; and before the plummet had settled, the wire +had stretched nearly twenty feet.</p> + +<p>The suspension of the plummet in water was not considered +necessary for any other reason than that water was +continually trickling down the wire, and dropping on the +plummet. The experiments so far have not been of the perfect +character it is determined to attain, when the final +alignment is made, as, until the headings east and west of +the shaft have advanced to a considerable distance, any +slight error would be of no account.</p> + +<p>A neat and ingenious instrument has been constructed for +determining the variation of the plummet, and will be used +when great accuracy is desired; the plummet will also be +suspended in oil.</p> + +<p>The bearing of the tunnel is about S. 81° E.; but, independently +of its near approach to the line of revolution described +by the earth, it is not considered necessary to take +into account any motion it may derive from this cause. In +fact, the opinion is, that the motion of the earth will not +practically have any effect.</p> + +<p>On the whole, after the still imperfect experiments which +have been made, enough is established to show there is no +difficulty to be encountered, other than the accurate and delicate +manipulation of the plummet and its attachments.</p> + +<p>The shaft headings are progressing favorably. The rock +is not so hard or varied as that met with at the west end +markings. Already nearly 300 feet have been taken out, +and with the proved energy of the contractors, this great +task will doubtless be prosecuted steadily and surely to +completion, within the contract time expiring March 1, 1874.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art35" id="art35"></a> + +<h3>A MUSEUM OF ART AND NATURAL HISTORY.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Our recent articles on "Scientific Destitution in New York" +and "The Scientific Value of the Central Park," have called +forth numerous letters from correspondents, and have been +extensively noticed by the press. We now learn that the +legislature of the State has taken the matter in hand, and +there is some prospect, with an honest administration of the +appropriations, of something being done to relieve our city +of the opprobrium that rests upon it. A bill is pending, +before the Senate, authorizing the Park Commissioners to +build, equip, and furnish, on Manhattan Square, or any +other public square or park, suitable fire-proof buildings, at +a cost not exceeding $500,000 for each corporation, for the +purpose of establishing a museum of art, by the Metropolitan +Museum of Art, and of a museum of natural history, by the +American Museum of Natural History, two societies recently +incorporated by the Legislature. This is a million dollars +to begin with, and an ample site, without cost, to the aforementioned +corporations.</p> + +<p>Manhattan Square extends from Seventy-seventh to +Eighty-first streets, and from Eighth to Ninth avenues, and +spans about eighteen acres. Until it was set apart by +the state Board of Commissioners, for the purposes of a Zoological +Garden, it was proposed, by a number of enlightened +citizens of New York, to devote it to the uses of four of our +existing corporations, giving to each one a corner, and an +equal share in the allotment of space. The societies were, +"the Academy of Design," for art, "the Historical Society," +for public records and libraries, "the Lyceum of Natural +History," for science, and "the American Institute," for +technology. These have been incorporated for many years, +and are known to include the leading artists, men of letters, +science, and the arts, of the city, on their lists of members. +The committee went so far as to have plans of the building +drawn by competent architects; but, like many other well-meant +schemes, want of money compelled the originators of +the plan to abandon any further attempts. In the meantime, +the Legislature chartered the American Botanical and +Zoological Society, and gave the Commissioners of the Park +authority to set apart a portion of it, not exceeding sixty +acres, for the use of the Society, for the establishment of a +zoological and botanical garden. This society was duly organized +under the act, and Mr. Hamilton Fish was made its +president, and considerable sums of money were subscribed. +But, according to the sixth annual report of the Board of +Commissioners, "the society never manifested its desire for +an allotment of ground." It appears to have died, and +made no sign. Some of our citizens, fearing that the Central +Park would go the way of every other public work in +the city, made strenuous effort to revive the Zoological +Society, for the purpose of obtaining a perpetual lease of a +suitable site, on which to establish a zoological garden, similar +to those in London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Cologne. +Their object was to remove this part of the Park beyond the +reach of political intrigue. Subsequent events have shown +that the fears of these gentlemen were well founded. The +Legislature of the State, on the 25th of March, 1862, gave +ample powers to the New York Historical Society to establish +a Museum of Antiquity and Science, and a Gallery of +Art, in the Central Park. They have submitted designs for a +building, but, for some reason, no decisive steps have been +taken towards its construction.</p> + +<p>The Lyceum of Natural History was also negotiating with +the Commissioners, for the use of the upper rooms of the +arsenal for its collections, and there is no doubt that an +arrangement to this effect would have been made, if a fire +had not destroyed the entire collections of the Lyceum. The +Lyceum made great effort to raise money to purchase a new +collection, but without avail; and, although this is the oldest +scientific society in New York, and has inrolled in its list of +members, nearly every professional scientist of the city, it is +probably the poorest, in income and resources, of any academy +of sciences in the world. We do not know that the +Academy of Design has ever applied for a home in the +Central Park; and we cannot speak for the American Institute, +nor for the Geographical Society, in this particular. As +we stated in our former article, the old Board of Commissioners +appears to have become weary of the unsuccessful +attempts on the part of numerous societies to divide up and +apportion the Central Park, and they applied to the Legislature +for authority to conduct matters in their own way. An +act was duly passed, authorizing the Board "to erect, establish, +conduct, and maintain, on the Central Park, a Meteorological +and Astronomical Observatory, a Museum of Natural +History, and a Gallery of Art, and the buildings therefor, and +to provide the necessary instruments, furniture, and equipments +for the same."</p> + +<p>Here would seem to be ample power for the establishment +of museums of science and art, but nothing is said about +the manner of raising the money. One would suppose, however, +that, by means of the "Central Park Improvement +Fund," abundant means could have been raised. The bill +now before the Legislature puts matters in a new light. If +it does not conflict with previous enactments, nor destroy +vested rights, it has the appearance of being a thoroughly +practical way of solving the question of art and science for +the city. The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American +Museum of Natural History are in the hands of the most +respectable citizens of New York. It would not be possible +to find a body of men of more unimpeachable integrity and +greater worth, than the gentlemen who have founded these +two societies. It is impossible that they should lend their +names to anything that will not bear the closest scrutiny; +hence the proposition, now before the Legislature, to put up +buildings for them, at a cost of a million dollars, must attract +unusual attention. If the State would appropriate the +money to these corporations, giving them the control of its +expenditure, we should have considerably more confidence in +its honest administration than, we are grieved to say, we can +feel under the present circumstances; and if we knew what +other institutions are to have the remaining portions of +Manhattan Square, it would be a great relief to our minds.</p> + +<p>"We fear the Greeks bringing gifts," but are willing to +accept the gifts, if the officers of the two organizations are +certain that it is all right.</p> + +<p>The need of a Museum of Natural History, and of a Gallery +of Art, in New York, is so pressing that there is some danger +of our accepting the appropriations without a proper regard +to consequences. The Court House is not yet finished, and +the foundations of the Post-office are scarcely laid.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art36" id="art36"></a> + +<h3>REPORT OF THE JUDGES OF GROUP 1, DEPARTMENT V. +OF THE EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE +FOR 1870. THE ALLEN ENGINE.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The labors of the judges in this department were much +lighter in the last exhibition than in the preceding one, and +we are happy to say, were, in our opinion, so far as the award +of premiums is concerned, much more fairly performed. The +award of two first premiums to two competing engines could +scarcely be repeated this time, as there was in reality no +competition. The Allen engine was the only important one +entered, and of course received the first premium. The engine +is, however, one that evidently could have competed +favorably with those previously exhibited.</p> + +<p>We are in receipt of advanced sheets of the judges' report +pertaining to the critical examination of this engine, being +a record and account of experiments performed under the +supervision of Washington Lee, C. E. The experiments +were very comprehensive, and comprised approved tests, of +each important detail, usually made by expert engineers.</p> + +<p>The report is too voluminous for reprint or even for condensation +in our columns. In looking it through, we are satisfied +that the experiments were accurately made, and that +the engine exhibited great working efficiency and economy.</p> + +<p>As the engine has been recently illustrated and described +in our columns, we deem it unnecessary to dwell upon the +details of its construction. The water test of the previous +exhibition was employed, the water being this time measured, +with indisputable accuracy, in a tank, instead of by a meter +as before.</p> + +<p>The voluminous comparison of this engine with those previously +exhibited, seems unnecessary, and we think not in +good taste in such a report, however much it may possess of +scientific interest. Moreover, the circumstances under which +the trials were respectively performed, render the comparison +difficult, if not unfair.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lee concludes his report with a thorough endorsement +of the theory of Mr. Porter upon the action of the reciprocating +parts of engines, as set forth by the last named gentleman +in recent articles in this journal. He says:</p> + +<p>"Under the resistance of 128.375 horse powers at the +brake, the motion of the engine was remarkably uniform; +not the least diminution of speed in passing the centers +could be detected, illustrating very satisfactorily the value, +in this respect, of the speed employed, and of the action of +the reciprocating parts of the engine in equalizing the rotative +pressure on the crank through the stroke. The governor +was, during the trials and through the exhibition, nearly +motionless, while the load remained constant, and instantaneous +in its action on changes of resistance, maintaining a +steadiness of running which left nothing to be desired."</p> + +<p>The judges—Prof. F. A. P. Barnard, Thos. J. Sloan, and Robert +Weir—speak in their report as follows:</p> + +<p>"The performance of this engine has exceeded that of +the two fine engines which were on trial here last year. The +results seem to be without precedent in such engines. The +engine ran from 11 to 12 hours repeatedly without showing +a sign of a warm bearing, displaying thorough perfection in +all its parts. In all respects the engine is first-class, and +from the fact of its presenting weight with speed, as a requisite +for perfection in steam engines, it has opened a new +era in this necessary branch—its economy having been clearly +demonstrated in the careful trials, which ought to be published +in full."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art37" id="art37"></a> + +<h2>LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>There was an unusually large attendance of members at +the meeting of the Lyceum of Natural History, on Monday +evening, the 6th inst., to listen to an address by Professor +B. Waterhouse Hawkins, on the progress of the work of the +restoration of the forms of extinct animals in the Central +Park. Mr. Hawkins gave an account of the difficulties he +encountered at the outset, in finding any skeletons of animals +in New York, with which to make comparisons, and he was +finally compelled to go to Boston and Philadelphia for this +purpose. After much study and many delays, the casts of +the <i>Hadrosaurus</i> were completed, and numerous smaller +skeletons prepared. At this stage of the proceedings an +entire change in the administration of the Park took place, +and the newly appointed Commissioners decided to suspend +the work upon the Palęozoic Museum, and they dismissed +Mr. Hawkins from their service.</p> + +<p>The announcement that an end had thus been summarily +put to one of the most important educational projects ever +started in this country, was received by the Lyceum with +profound surprise. For a few minutes after the close of Mr. +Hawkins' report, no one felt disposed to make any comment, +but as the truth of the great damage became apparent, there +was considerable disposition manifested to have the Society +give expression to its sense of the value of Mr. Hawkins' +services in the cause of education, and their regret that so +important a work should be suspended at this critical period. +Remarks were made by Dr. Newbery, Professor Joy, Mr. +Andrew H. Green, Professor Seely, Dr. Walz, Mr. +Squier, and others, and the following resolutions E. G. were unanimously +adopted:</p> + +<blockquote><p> +<i>Resolved</i>, That the Lyceum of Natural History, in the city +of New York, has learned with deep regret of the temporary +suspension of the work of restoration of the forms of extinct +animals, as hitherto prosecuted in the Central Park, under the +able superintendence of Professor Waterhouse Hawkins.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Society considers the proposed palęozoic +museum not only a valuable acquisition to the scientific treasures +and resources of the city, but also as a most important +adjunct and complement to our great system of public education.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art38" id="art38"></a> + +<h2>WARMING AND VENTILATION OF RAILROAD CARS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>There has been enough of denunciation against the present +general method of warming and ventilating railway cars. It +produces no effect on the corporations who could, if they +would, adopt appliances that would not burn people to death +in cases of accident, nor regularly and persistently poison +them with bad air.</p> + +<p>There is no lack of ways and means; the problem is simple +and easily solved; nay—a not very extensive search through +the Patent Office records will show that it has been solved +already; perhaps not in the most practical and perfect manner, +but still solved so well, as, were it not for corporation +cupidity, would greatly add to the comfort and safety of +passengers.</p> + +<p>The real problem is how to compel corporations to recognize +the fact that the public has rights they are bound to +respect. It is the disregard of these rights that fills our cars +with smoke, dust, and exhalations, and puts box stoves full +of hot coals in the corners, ready to cook the human stew +whenever a frisky car shall take a notion to turn a somersault. +The invention needed is a conscience for corporations—an +invention, by the way, scarcely less difficult than +the one advertised for in our last issue, namely, a plan for +preventing the sale of intoxicating liquors and tobacco in +New Jersey.</p> + +<p>The <i>Railroad Gazette</i>, imitating the English ideal of prolixity +in discussion, for which <i>Engineering</i> has recently +patted it on the back approvingly, treats us, in its issue of +February 11th, to a page article, to be continued, under the +title of "Warming and Ventilation of Railroad Cars." In +this article the writer takes the ground that people in general +are ignorant of the effects of pure air, and not being +able to "see the foulness," they "therefore do not believe it +exists." It is quite possible they may not be able to see the +foulness, but if in the majority of railroad cars run in this +country, they are not able to feel it in gritty, grimy accumulations +on skin and linen, and smell it in suffocating stenches +which serve, with sneeze-provoking dust, to stifle anything +like comfort, their skin must be thicker, their linen more +neglected, and their noses less sensitive than those of the +majority of fellow travellers it has been our fortune to be +cooped up with for a day's railroad journey.</p> + +<p>The <i>Railroad Gazette</i> makes this wholesale charge of ignorance +and insensibility the excuse for an essay on the physiology +of respiration, mostly extracted from Huxley's "Elementary +Lessons in Physiology," and therefore excellent in +its way, though having a somewhat remote bearing upon the +subject as announced in the title of the article. We trust +that before this journal concludes its series of articles thus +commenced, it will tell how to breathe into the breasts of the +corporations which choke us in their human packing boxes, +something resembling the soul which they are universally +acknowledged to be destitute of. When this is done, carbonic +acid, ammoniacal smells, organic exhalations, smoke, +and dust, will be invited to shun the interiors of railway cars, +and comparative comfort will descend upon the peregrinating +public.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a> + +<a name="art39" id="art39"></a> + +<h2>THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The incalculable wealth, which lies hid in the bosom of +Mother Earth, in our vast possessions of the West, is undoubtedly +centered in the State of Missouri; and the development +of this fund of riches must add to the national prosperity, +not only by its immeasurable intrinsic value, but by +its affording occupation to armies of laborers, the latter being +the highest and most important consideration.</p> + +<p>In 1852-3, a geological survey of the State was wisely +decided upon, and a liberal provision for its execution made. +Two valuable reports, by Professor Swallow, have been +printed, in the year 1855, but the notes of his subsequent investigations +have not been made public.</p> + +<p>In the session of 1869-70, further action, in this important +public work, was taken by the State legislature, and arrangements +made for a still more accurate and detailed examination, +under the direction of Professor A. D. Hager, of Vermont.</p> + +<p>The distribution of metals all over the State will be seen +in the following figures, taken from the St. Louis <i>Journal of +Commerce</i>, which show the number of counties in which the +various ores are found: Iron in 46 counties, lead in 43, coal +in 36, copper in 24, marble in 11, zinc in 27, fire clay in 16, +barytes in 10, nickel in 6, granite in 4, tin in 4, plumbago in +2, gypsum in 2, alum in 1, antimony in 4.</p> + +<p>There is probably no country in the world so endowed as +this. Of iron alone, according to the State geologist's report +for 1855, there is ore of the best quality, sufficient to furnish +200,000,000 tuns of iron; and this quantity lies in a small +space, in the vicinity of Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, and +within 100 miles of St. Louis.</p> + +<p>The quality of the iron is highly spoken of by the manufacturers, +and the capacity of the smelting appliances has +reached to over 150,000 tuns per annum. The coal is well +suited for reduction of ores, either by hot or cold blast treatment. +The Scotia Iron Co. commenced operations in January, +1870; and, although the materials for building blast furnaces +had to be carried 80 miles into a desert, the first furnace was +blown into blast in August, 1870. This furnace will run +about 24 tuns per day. The company procures ore from a +hill, near the furnace, in which there is an apparently inexhaustible +supply of red oxide and brown specular. This ore +yields 60 per cent of pure metal. The erection of mills for +making wrought iron is contemplated, and the high quality +and prodigious quantity of the raw material will justify and +reward any outlay of capital in this direction.</p> + +<p>The shipment of ore to other States goes on constantly, +the last year's account showing that 246,555 tuns were dispersed +over Indiana, Ohio, and others. The furnaces at +Kingsland, South St. Louis, Lewis Iron Co.'s Works, Carondelet, +and Maramec are all well situated as to coal and limestone, +the Maramec Works having a most valuable water-power. +These latter works also ship about 40,000 tuns red +hematite ore yearly.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art40" id="art40"></a> + +<h2>SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>According to <i>Petermann's Mittheilungen</i>, the new German +empire, including Alsatia and Lorraine, will embrace 9,901 +square miles, with 40,148,209 inhabitants. Russia alone will +exceed it in extent and population, for Russia in Europe has +100,285 square miles with a population of 69,379,500. France, +after the loss of Alsatia and Lorraine, will have 9,588 square +miles of territory, with 36,428,548 inhabitants. Austria will +number 35,943,592 inhabitants spread over a larger extent of +country, namely, 10,980 square miles. Great Britain and +Ireland has 5,732 square miles, with 30,838,210 inhabitants; +and Italy, including Rome, has 5,376 square miles, with 26,470,000 +inhabitants. In the order of population, the Governments +will stand: Russia, Germany, France, Austria, and +England; but in military power, the first position must henceforth +be accorded to Germany.</p> + +<br /> + +<a name="art41" id="art41"></a> + +<h3>AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS.</h3> + +<p>A circular has been issued by several mining engineers, +proposing a meeting at Wilkes-Barre, some time in April or +May next, of all persons interested in the general subjects of +mining and metallurgy, for the purpose of establishing an +association, to be called "The American Institute of Mining +Engineers." The Institute will hold meetings periodically +"in the great mining and metallurgical centers, when works +of interest, such as mines, machine shops, furnaces, and other +metallurgical works, can be inspected, and the members exchange +their views, and consult, for mutual advantage, upon +the difficulties encountered by each." There will be the +usual publication of "Transactions" and "Proceedings."</p> + +<p>The idea of forming an association of persons thus mutually +interested in each other's occupations, is an excellent +one; but it has been suggested by a number of scientific +gentlemen that the American Association for the Advancement +of Science offers every facility for the accomplishment +of the objects set forth in the circular, while it affords the +very great advantage of an assemblage of men learned in all +departments of knowledge, whose acquaintance mining engineers +would do well to make, and from whom they could +learn much, while at the same time imparting of their own +knowledge.</p> + +<p>As a section of the American Association, the mining engineers +would have more influence before the country, and it +would perhaps be well for them to stop and consider before +establishing a separate institute.</p> + +<br /> + +<a name="art42" id="art42"></a> + +<h3>CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR, COFFEE, AND TEA.</h3> + +<p>E. Behm gives in his geographical year book, for 1870, the +following estimate of the consumption of sugar, coffee, and +tea, <i>per capita</i>, in various countries:</p> + +<table align="center" border="1" summary="table"> +<tr> + <td>COUNTRIES.</td> + <td>Sugar, lbs.</td> + <td>Coffee, lbs.</td> + <td>Tea, lbs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> +Great Britain<br /> +United States<br /> +Holland<br /> +France<br /> +Norway<br /> +Sweden<br /> +Switzerland<br /> +Germany<br /> +Denmark<br /> +Belgium<br /> +Portugal<br /> +Italy<br /> +Austria<br /> +Spain<br /> +Russia<br /> + </td> + <td> + + <table align="center" summary=""> +<tr> + <td class="right"> +35.96<br /> +24.63<br /> +14.86<br /> +14.30<br /> +11.04<br /> +9.80<br /> +9.60<br /> +9.42<br /> +9.00<br /> +7.18<br /> +6.33<br /> +5.20<br /> +4.93<br /> +4.23<br /> +2.40 + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +</td> + <td> + + <table align="center" summary=""> +<tr> + <td> +0.90<br /> +5.68<br /> +7.03<br /> +2.32<br /> +6.92<br /> +0.80<br /> +5.28<br /> +4.03<br /> +3.40<br /> +8.59<br /> +0.69<br /> +0.90<br /> +1.30<br /> +0.01<br /> +0.007 + </td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> + <td> +3.190<br /> + . . . .<br /> +0.800<br /> +0.018<br /> +0.060<br /> +0.060<br /> + . . . .<br /> +0.035<br /> +0.400<br /> +0.018<br /> +0.040<br /> +0.020<br /> +0.012<br /> +0.040<br /> +0.160 + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The entire consumption of sugar in Europe has averaged, +during the last few years, three thousand four hundred and +ten million pounds (3,410,000 pounds), and for the whole +world it is set down at nearly twice that amount. It is estimated +that three fourths of the sugar is made from cane, and +one fourth from the beet.</p> + +<p>The consumption of coffee has doubled in most countries +during the last twenty years.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art43" id="art43"></a> + +<h2>Unpleasant Discovery in the Patent Office—Levying Black Mail.</h2> + +<p>"The Patent Office has been, during the past week, in a high +state of excitement, occasioned by the discovery of the operations +of E. W. W. Griffin, clerk in charge of the draftsmen's +division, who, it appears, has been levying black mail on the +lady employés of the office, for nearly two years. During +the administration of Colonel Fisher, late Commissioner of +Patents, a large number of ladies were employed, for the +purpose of recopying drawings, when ordered by the inventors, +of patents already on file.</p> + +<p>"These ladies were placed under charge of Griffin, with +power to retain them in office so long as their services were +satisfactory. It has been proved that Griffin hired the ladies +at regular salaries of $1,000 per annum, the most of whom he +blackmailed to the amount of $400 per year each. It is estimated +that he has made $1,000 per month for the past two +years.</p> + +<p>"The matter was brought to the notice of Commissioner +Duncan, and an investigation ordered, which resulted in the +dismissal of Griffin.</p> + +<p>"It is thought that there are other cases of this kind, and +the Commissioner expresses his determination to ferret +them all out, and make a clean sweep of all parties in his +department engaged in swindling operations, against the +government or against individuals.</p> + +<p>"The Patent Office has for a long time been considered a +rich field for operations of this kind, and investigations have +often been suggested, but passed unheeded by the proper +authorities.</p> + +<p>"It is openly stated that an investigation into the relations +existing between certain examiners of patents and certain +patent agents, would disclose a more fearful state of blackmailing +than exists in all the other government departments +combined."</p> + +<p>[We find the above sensational paragraph among the recent +Washington items of the <i>Evening Mail</i>. We are in a +position to say that "the high state of excitement" +alluded to has existed only in the brain of the newspaper +correspondent. The facts, in brief, are these: In +July, 1869, a lady, and wife of one of the clerks in the +draftsmen's room, made application to Commissioner Fisher +for a position in the copying division of the same department; +and, upon the urgent solicitation and recommendation +of Mr. E. W. W. Griffin, chief of the division, she was appointed, +and has held the position from that time until now, +receiving as salary $1,000 per annum, which, with the full +knowledge of her husband, she has divided with Griffin, in +consideration of his services in procuring for her the appointment. +About a month ago, one of the lady's friends +got hold of the matter, and reported it to the Court, which +resulted in an investigation and the subsequent dismissal of +Griffin. This is the only case of the kind that we have heard +of, and we have no reason to believe that there is any other, +or that corruption exists in the Examining Corps, as alleged.</p> +<p class="author"> +—<span class="sc">Eds</span>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art44" id="art44"></a> + +<p><span class="sc"><b>A method</b></span> of testing the purity of samples of water, by +watching the rapidity of its action on soap and similar compounds, +has been introduced by the French <i>savants</i>, MM. +Boutron and Boudet. The experiment tests, at the same +time, the purity of the soap. Dissolved in water in which +lime is held in solution, the soap is precipitated in hard +white flakes. If the quantity of soap put in the lime water +be noted, it will be found that the smaller the quantity producing +precipitation, the purer the soap. The <i>Journal de +Pharmacie et de Chemie</i> (of Paris) reports some experiments, +on this subject, by M. F. Schulze.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="art45" id="art45"></a> + +<p><span class="sc"><b>Louisiana State Fair</b></span>.—The fifth State fair of the +Mechanics, and Agricultural Fair Association of Louisiana +will commence in the city of New Orleans, on Saturday, April +8, 1871, and continue nine days. Over $20,000 in premiums +are offered. Rules, regulations, and schedule of premiums +may be obtained of the Secretary and Treasurer, Luther +Homes, Esq., New Orleans, La.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + + +<p><span class="sc"><b>Knitted Goods</b></span>.—John Kent advertises, in this paper, valuable +machinery for the manufacture of knitted goods, to +which we invite the attention of all who are interested in +this branch of industry. Mr. Kent has devoted many years +to the perfection of these machines.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<p><span class="sc"><b>Kaolin</b></span>, a white clay, used largely in the adulteration of +flour, starch, and candles, is found near Augusta, Ga., and is +sent to the Northern States in large quantities.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + + +<p>We are indebted to James Vick, practical florist, Rochester, +N. Y., for a choice variety of flower seeds.</p> +<br /> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art46" id="art46"></a> + +<h2>NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><span class="sc"><b>A Complete Guide for Coach Painters</b></span>. Translated from +the French of M. Arlot, Coach Painter, for Eleven Years +Foreman of Painting to M. Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. +By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. To which is +added an Appendix, containing Information respecting +the Materials and the Practice of Coach and Car Painting +and Varnishing, in the United States and Great Britain. +Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Industrial Publisher, +406 Walnut street. London: Sampson Low, Son & Marston, +Crown Buildings, 188 Fleet street. 1871. Price, by +mail, to any part of the United States, $1.25.</p> + +<blockquote> +This is another of the large number of practical works and industrial +treatises issued from the press of Mr. Baird. It is intended as a practical +manual for the use of coach painters, and we must say, upon examination of +its contents, that we think it admirably adapted to meet the wants of that +class of artisans for which it has been prepared. There is perhaps no department +of decorative art in which there is greater room for the display of +skill and taste than in coach painting. This work, however, does not deal +with the subject of art, to any great extent. Its aim is to give information +in regard to colors, varnishes, etc., and their management in carriage painting +in the plainest manner, and in this way it thoroughly fulfils the intention +of the author. +</blockquote> + +<br /> + +<p><span class="sc"><b>On the Generation of Species</b></span>. By St. George Mivart, +F.R.S. London: Macmillan & Co. 1871.</p> + +<blockquote> +The Darwinian theory of the Origin of Species, has, perhaps, aroused more +attention, excited more dispute, and won more converts in a shorter time +among scientific and unscientific men, than any other of equal importance +promulgated in the 19th century. It seems to be the rule either to swallow +the theory whole, or reject it as unworthy of belief, and as conflicting with +orthodoxy. The author of the work before us has, however, taken a middle +ground, from which we opine it will be difficult to dislodge him, though it +is within full range of the batteries of both the contending parties. While +he admits the truth of Darwin's views regarding the operation of natural +selection as a cause of the origin of species, he denies that it is the sole cause, +yet maintains that if it could be demonstrated to be the sole cause, it would +in no manner conflict with orthodox belief in the Scriptures as the revelation +of God to mankind. The perfect candor of the author is one of the marked +features of the discussion, and his style is a model of pure terse English +writing, seldom, if ever, excelled by any scientific writer. The work is an +octavo, most beautifully printed on tinted paper, and illustrated by many +fine wood engravings. +</blockquote> + +<br /> + +<p><span class="sc"><b>The Architect's and Builder's Pocket Companion and +Price Book</b></span>, Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive +Epitome of Decimals, Duodecimals, Geometry and Mensuration; +with Tables of U. S. Measures, Sizes, Weights, +Strengths, etc., of Iron, Wood, Stone, and Various Other +Materials; Quantities of Materials in Given Sizes and +Dimensions of Wood, Brick, and Stone; and a Full and +Complete Bill of Prices for Carpenter's Work; also Rules +for Computing and Valuing Brick and Brick Work, +Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, etc. By Frank W. +Vogdes Architect. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, +Publisher, 406 Walnut street. Price by mail, postpaid, +$2.</p> + +<blockquote> +This is a small work, but printed in small type, and containing a large +amount of useful matter, thoroughly indexed for reference; bound in morocco; +and provided with a clasp, so as to be conveniently carried in the +pocket. +</blockquote> + +<br /> + +<p><span class="sc"><b>Gas Superintendent's Pocket Companion</b></span> for the year +1871. By Harris & Brother, Gas Meter Manufacturers, +Nos. 1115 and 1117 Cherry street, Philadelphia. Philadelphia: +Henry Carey Baird, Industrial Publisher, 406 +Walnut street.</p> + +<blockquote> +We find in this pocket-book much of interest to gas consumers, as well as +to gas makers. The subject of meters is fully discussed. The work is bound +in pocket-book style, in flexible morocco binding. Price, by mail, postpaid, +$2. +</blockquote> +<br /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a> + +<a name="art47" id="art47"></a> + + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-businessandpersonal.png" width="353" height="35" alt="Business and Personal." border="0" /></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><i>The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. If the Notices +exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per Line will be charged.</i></p> + +<hr /> + +<p>The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout +the United States—Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a line.</p> + +<p>Half Interest for sale in established Machinery Depot, new +and second-hand. Steam fitting connected. Small capital, with energy, +required. Address T. V. Carpenter, Advertising Agent, Box 773, New York.</p> + +<p>See advertisement of a Woolen Mill for sale. A bargain.</p> + +<p>I am active, have a clear record, and some capital. How can +I make some money? F. Carmill, Box 1268, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>Pattern Letters for Machinists, Molders, and Inventors, to letter +patterns of castings, all sizes. Address H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Improved mode of Graining Wood, pat. July 5, '70, by J. J. Callow, +Cleveland, O. See illustrated S. A., Dec. 17, '70. Send stamp for circular.</p> + +<p>Can a round, spring-steel rod be drawn to any desired length, +with a true taper to a point, with equal elasticity the whole length, and +rolled temper? What is the price per hundred pounds, and where can they +be procured? Answer "Sportsman," Malone, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Manufacturers of Foot Lathes and other light machinery please +address Geo. B. Kirkham, 167 E. 33d st., N. Y. city. Business of importance!</p> + +<p>Safety Kerosene Lamps (Perkins & House's Patent). Explosion +or breaking impossible; light equal to gas, and no odor. Families +supplied and canvassers appointed, by Montgomery & Co., 42 Barclay st., +New York, or Cleveland, O.</p> + +<p>All parties wanting a water wheel will learn something of interest +by addressing P. H. Wait, Sandy Hill, N. Y., for a free circular of his +Hudson River Champion Turbine.</p> + +<p>Ashcroft's Low Water Detector, $15; thousands in use; 17 +year's experience. Can be applied for $1. Send for circular. E. H. +Ashcroft, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>Wanted.—Machines for manufacturing Pails, Tubs, and +Matches. Also, competent man to superintend construction of buildings, +and manage all parts of business when complete. Address, with descriptive +circulars, price, etc., No. 266 Lexington avenue, New York.</p> + +<p>Turbine Water Wheels, Portable and Stationary Engines, +Gang and Circular Saw Mills, Rolling Mill Machinery, and Machinery for +Axe Manufacturers, manufactured by Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa.</p> + +<p>For best Power Picket Header in use, apply to Wm. P. Duncan, +Bellefonte, Pa.</p> + +<p>New Blind Wirer and Rod Cutter. B. C. Davis & Co., Binghamton, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>Self-testing Steam Gage. There's a difference between a chronometer +watch and a "bull's eye." Same difference between a self-tester +and common steam gage. Send for Circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>See advertisement of L. & J. W. Feuchtwanger, Chemists, N. Y.</p> + +<p>$3.50. Stephens' Patent Combination Rule, Level, Square, +Plumb, Bevel, etc. See advertisement in another column. Agents wanted.</p> + +<p>American Boiler Powder Co., Box 315, Pittsburgh, Pa., make +the only safe, sure, and cheap remedy for "Scaly Boilers." Orders solicited.</p> + +<p>Belting that is Belting.—Always send for the Best Philadelphia +Oak-Tanned, to C. W. Arny, Manufacturer, 301 Cherry st., Phil'a.</p> + +<p>E. Howard & Co., Boston, make the best Stem-winding Watch +in the country. Ask for it at all the dealers. Office 15 Maiden Lane, N. Y.</p> + +<p>For mining, wrecking, pumping, drainage, and irrigating machinery, +see advertisement of Andrews' Patents in another column.</p> + +<p>The best place to get Working Models and parts is at T. B. +Jeffery's, 160 South Water st., Chicago.</p> + +<p>Brown's Coalyard Quarry & Contractors' Apparatus for hoisting +and conveying material by iron cable. W. D. Andrews & Bro, 414 Water st., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Improved Foot Lathes. Many a reader of this paper has +one of them. Selling in all parts of the country, Canada, Europe, etc. +Catalogue free. N. H. Baldwin, Laconia, N. H.</p> + +<p>Peteler Portable R. R. Co. contractors, graders. See adv'ment.</p> + +<p>E. P. Peacock, Manufacturer of Cutting Dies, Press Work. +Patent Articles in Metals, etc. 55 Franklin st., Chicago.</p> + +<p>Peck's Patent Drop Press. Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct.</p> + +<p>Millstone Dressing Diamond Machine—Simple, effective, durable. +For description of the above see Scientific American, Nov. 27th, +1869. Also, Glazier's Diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Steel name stamps, figures, etc. E. H. Payn, M'f'r, Burlington, Vt.</p> + +<p>Cold Rolled-Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. double +compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & Laughlins, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>Keuffel & Esser 116 Fulton st., N. Y., the best place to get 1st-class +Drawing Materials, Swiss instruments, and Rubber Triangles and Curves.</p> + +<p>For Solid Wrought-iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address +Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc.</p> + +<p>For the best Self-regulating Windmill in the world, to pump +water for residences, farms, city buildings, drainage, and irrigation, address +Con. Windmill Co., 5 College Place, New York.</p> + +<p>The Merriman Bolt Cutter—the best made. Send for circulars. +H. B. Brown & Co., Fair Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p>Taft's Portable Hot Air, Vapor and Shower Bathing Apparatus. +Address Portable Bath Co., Sag Harbor, N. Y. (Send for Circular.)</p> + +<p>Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boilers—The only reliable +preventive. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boilers. Price 25 +cents per lb. C. D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<p>For Fruit-Can Tools, Presses, Dies for all Metals, apply to Bliss +& Williams, successor to May & Bliss, 118, 120, and 122 Plymouth st., Brooklyn, +N. Y. Send for catalogue.</p> + +<p>2d-hand Worthington, Woodward and Novelty Pumps, Engines +25 to 100 H.P., 60 Horse Loc. Boiler. W. D. Andrews & Bro., 414 Water st., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Agents wanted, to sell the Star Bevel. It supersedes the old +style. Send for Circular. Hallett & White, West Meriden, Conn.</p> + +<p>English and American Cotton Machinery and Yarns, Beam +Warps and Machine Tools. Thos. Pray, Jr., 57 Weybosset st., Providence, R. I.</p> + +<p>For small, soft, Gray Iron Castings, Japanned, Tinned, or +Bronzed, address Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Conklin's Detachable Rubber Lip, for bowls, etc., works like +a charm. For Rights, address O. P. Conklin, Worcester, Mass., or A. +Daul, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>To Ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery +or manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's Manufacturing +News of the United States. Terms $4.00 a year.</p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h4>Facts for the Ladies.</h4> + +<p>In 1870, Mrs. W. made, with her Wheeler & Wilson machine, 2,255 vests, besides +doing her family sewing for six persons.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4>The Pittsburgh, Pa., "Leader" says:</h4> + +<p>"The firm of Geo. P. Rowell & Co. is the largest and best Advertising +Agency in the United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to the attention +of those who desire to advertise their business scientifically and +systematically in such a way; that is, to secure the largest amount of publicity +for the least expenditure of money."</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><b>After an exhaustive trial,</b> at American Institute Fair for 1870, +Pratt's Astral Oil was pronounced the safest and best.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><b>Dyspepsia:</b> Its Varieties, Causes, Symptoms, and Cure. By <span class="sc">E. P. +Miller, +M.D.</span> Paper, 50cts.; Muslin, $1. Address <span class="sc">Miller, Haynes & Co</span>., +41 West Twenty-sixth st., New York city.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><b>Vital Force:</b> How Wasted and How Preserved; or, Abuses of the Sexual +Function, their Causes Effects and Means of Cure. By <span class="sc">E. P. Miller +M.D.</span> Paper, 50cts. Address <span class="sc">Miller, Haynes & Co</span>., 41 West +Twenty-sixth +st., New York city.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art48" id="art48"></a> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-answerstocorrespondents.png" width="411" height="37" alt="Answers to Correspondents." border="0" /></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><i>CORRESPONDENTS who expect to receive answers to their letters must, in +all cases, sign their names. We have a right to know those who seek +information from us; besides, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to +address correspondents by mail.</i></p> + +<p><i>SPECIAL NOTE.—This column is designed for the general interest and +instruction +of our readers, not for gratuitous replies to questions of a purely +business or personal nature. We will publish such inquiries, however, +when paid for as advertisements at 1.00 a line, under the head of "Business +and Personal."</i></p> + +<p><i>All reference to back numbers must be by volume and page.</i></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="sc">Mixing Metals</span>.—All the hard gray American charcoal iron, +of which car wheels and all such work are made, requires more heat and a +longer time to melt than soft iron, especially Scotch pig, which is the +most fluid and the easiest to melt of any iron. Consequently, unless the +melter exercises good judgment in charging, the Scotch pig will melt and +run off before the car-wheel iron is melted. If G. H. P. be particular in +the quality and strength of his iron, he will make better results by using +soft American charcoal pig, with old car-wheel iron. It will make +stronger castings, mix better, and melt more uniformly; but he should +always recollect in charging his furnace that soft iron will melt before +hard in the same position, in the cupola. I also think he had better use a +larger proportion of soft pig, as every time cast iron is melted it becomes +harder, so much so that iron which can be filed and turned with ease, when +re-cast will often be found too hard to work.—J. T., of N. Y.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Hardening Tallow</span>.—If E. H. H. will use one pound of +alum for every five pounds of tallow, his candles will be as hard and white +as wax. The alum must be dissolved in water, then put in the tallow, and +stirred until they are both melted together, and run in molds.—F. O. H.</p> + +<p>L. L., of N. Y.—According to Ure, strass is made as follows: +8 ounces of pure rock crystal or flint, in powder, mixed with 4 ounces of +salt of tartar, are to be baked and left to cool. The mixture is then +poured into hot water, and treated with dilute nitric acid till it ceases to +effervesce, and the "frit" is then washed in water till the water comes off +tasteless. The frit is then dried, and mixed with 12 ounces of white lead, +and this last mixture reduced to fine powder, and washed with distilled +water; 1 ounce of calcined borax is now added to every 12 ounces of the +mixture, the whole rubbed together in a porcelain mortar, melted in a +clean crucible, and poured out into pure cold water. This melting and +pouring into water must be done three times, using a clean, new crucible +each time. The third frit is pulverized, five drachms of niter added, and +then melted for the last time, when a clean, beautiful white crystal mass +results.</p> + +<p>C. M. S., of Wis.—There are no precise proportions observed +in making the coal-tar and gravel walks of which you speak. The aim is +to saturate the gravel with the hot tar without surplus. The interstices +of the gravel are simply to be filled, and the amount required to do this +depends wholly upon the coarseness or fineness of the gravel employed.</p> + +<p>W. P. T., of Ohio.—Two teams of horses, of equal strength, +pulling against each other, by means of a rope, would create the same +tension in the rope, as one of the teams drawing against an immovable +object.</p> + +<p>W. H. B., of Va.—Ice can be made by compressing air, and, +after it has radiated its heat, allowing it to extract the heat of water with +which it is brought into contact. The temperature of air at 59° Fah., would +be raised, by compressing the air to one fourth its original volume, to 317° +Fah; and the air would radiate and absorb again, in expanding, about 190 +units of heat.</p> + +<p>E. T. H., of Ga.—The friable sandstone, a specimen of which +you send us, may, we think, be rendered firmer by soaking it in a solution +of silicate of soda, and allowing it to stand till dry.</p> + +<p>J. A. V., of Ohio.—The use of steam expansively, by means +of cut-off appliances, enables the expansive force of the steam to be +utilized, which cannot be done when the pressure is maintained at one +standard, and steam admitted through the fall stroke. It takes no more +power to do a given amount of work in one case than in the other, but +more boiler capacity, and more fuel, as the working power of the steam is +more economically applied when the cut-off is used.</p> + +<p>Geo. F. R., of Ohio.—Type metal is composed of 3 parts lead +and 1 part antimony for smallest, hardest, and most brittle types; 4 of lead +and 1 of antimony for next grade; 5 of lead and 1 of antimony for medium +sizes; 6 of lead and 1 of antimony for larger types; and 7 of lead and 1 of +antimony for the largest.</p> + +<p>E. J. M., of Texas.—The term "power of a boiler" means its +evaporating power, and in that sense is proper. If its evaporative power +be sufficient to perform a given amount of work, it is proper to estimate +that work in horse power. Water can not be pumped out of a pipe from +which atmospheric air is excluded. A pipe driven into a soil impervious +to air, can never yield water unless the water is forced up by hydraulic +power, as in the artesian system.</p> + +<p>A. P. Y., of N. Y.—You will find descriptions of iron enamelling +processes, on pages 297 and 408, Vol. XII. of this journal. It can be +done in colors. See Ure's "Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures."</p> + +<p>H. C., of Pa.—We do not think increasing the size of the +journals of your car axles from 2½ inches to 6 inches diameter, would +make them run lighter.</p> + +<p>H. H. A., of N. Y.—The lining up of a beam engine, in a +vessel, is a process for which no definite mode of procedure is exclusively +applicable. It is an operation to which common sense and judgment must +be brought, and for which each engineer must be a law unto himself.</p> + +<p>J. S., of Va.—The use of horizontal propellers to force balloons +up or down is not a new suggestion. It has been tried, but, we believe, +without much practical success.</p> + +<p>J. T .S., of N. Y.—You will find further information on the +subject of transmitting power by compressed air, in our editorial columns +of last week.</p> + +<hr /> + +<a name="art49" id="art49"></a> + +<h2>APPLICATIONS FOR EXTENSION OF PATENTS.</h2> + +<p><span class="sc">Harvesters</span>.—William T. B. Read, Chicago, Ill., has petitioned for an +extension +of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Mode of Fastening Sheet Metal on Roofs, etc</span>.—Asa Johnson, Brooklyn, +N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of +hearing, May 3, 1871.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Method of Printing in Colors</span>.—Rosalie Croome, Brooklyn, N. Y., has +petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 3, +1871.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Machinery for Compressing Gaseous Bodies</span>.—William A. Royce, +Newburgh, N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day +of hearing, May 10, 1871.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Plows</span>.—John S. Hall, Pittsburgh, Pa., has petitioned for an extension +of +the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Carriage Wheels</span>.—James D. Sarven, New Haven, Conn., has petitioned +for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing May 24, 1871.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>New Patent Law of 1870.</b></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2><b>INSTRUCTIONS</b></h2> +<h3>HOW TO OBTAIN</h3> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>LETTERS-PATENT</b></span></p> +<p class="center"><b>FOR</b></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><span class="sc">New Inventions</span>.</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<h2>Information about Caveats, Extensions, Interferences, +Designs, Trade-Marks, and Foreign Patents.</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fancyhrx4.png" width="300" height="15" alt="fancy rule" /></div> + +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/cap_f-50.png" width="50" height="115" alt="F" border="0" /> +</div> <br style="line-height: 20%" /> +<p><span class="sc">or</span> Twenty-five years, <span class="sc">Munn & Co</span>. have occupied the leading +position of <b>Solicitors of American and European Patents</b>. +During this long experience they have examined not less than +<i>Fifty Thousand Inventions</i>, and have prosecuted upwards of <span class="sc">Thirty +Thousand Applications for Patents</span>. In addition to this they +have made, at the Patent Office, <i>Twenty-Five Thousand</i> Special +Examinations into the novelty of various Inventions.</p> + +<p>The important advantage of <span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span>'s American and European +Patent Agency is that the practice has been tenfold +greater than that of any other agency in existence, with the additional +advantages +of having the aid of the highest professional skill in every department +and a Branch Office at Washington, that watches and supervises cases when +necessary, as they pass through Official Examination.</p> + + +<h2>MUNN & CO.,</h2> + +<h3>Ask Special Attention to their System of doing +Business.</h3> + +<h3><i>Consultation and Opinions Free</i>.</h3> + + +<p>Inventors who desire to consult with <span class="sc">Munn & Co</span>. are invited to call at +their office 37 <span class="sc">Park Row</span>, or to send a sketch and description of the +invention, +which will be examined and an opinion given or sent by mail without charge.</p> + + +<h2>A SPECIAL EXAMINATION</h2> + +<p>is made into the novelty of an invention by personal examination at the Patent +Office of all patented inventions bearing on the particular class. This +search is made by examiners of long experience, for which a fee of $5 is +charged. A report is given in writing.</p> + +<p>To avoid all possible misapprehension, <span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span> advise generally, +that +inventors send models. But the Commissioner may at his discretion dispense +with a model—this can be arranged beforehand.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Munn & Co</span>. take special care in preparation of drawings and +specifications.</p> + +<p>If a case should for any cause be rejected it is investigated immediately, +and the rejection if an improper one set aside.</p> + +<h3>NO EXTRA CHARGE</h3> + +<p>is made to clients for this extra service. <span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span> have skillful +experts +in attendance to supervise cases and to press them forward when necessary.</p> + +<h3>REJECTED CASES.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span> give very special attention to the examination and +prosecution +of rejected cases filed by inventors and other attorneys. In such cases a fee +of $5 is required for special examination and report; and in case of probable +success by further prosecution and the papers are found tolerably well prepared, +<span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span> will take up the case and endeavor to get it through for +a reasonable fee to be agreed upon in advance of prosecution.</p> + +<h3>CAVEATS</h3> + +<p>Are desirable if an inventor is not fully prepared to apply for a Patent. A +Caveat affords protection for one year against the issue of a patent to another +for the same invention. Caveat papers should be carefully prepared.</p> + +<p>The Government fee on filing a Caveat is $10, and <span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span>'s charge +for +preparing the necessary papers is usually from $10 to $12.</p> + +<h3>REISSUES.</h3> + +<p>A patent when discovered to be defective may be reissued by the surrender +of the original patent, and the filing of amended papers. This proceeding +should be taken with great care.</p> + +<h3>DESIGNS, TRADE-MARKS, & COMPOSITIONS</h3> + +<p>Can be patented for a term of years, also new medicines or medical compounds, +and useful mixtures of all kinds.</p> + +<p>When the invention consists of a medicine or compound, or a new article +of manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article must be furnished, +neatly put up. There should also be forwarded a full statement of its +ingredients, proportions, mode of preparation, uses, and merits.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Canadians</span> and all other foreigners can now obtain patents upon the same +terms as citizens.</p> + +<h3>EUROPEAN PATENTS.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span> have solicited a larger number of European Patents than any +other agency. They have agents located at London, Paris, Brussels, Berlin, +and other chief cities. A pamphlet containing a synopsis of the Foreign +Patent Laws sent free.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Munn & Co.</span> could refer, if necessary, to thousands of patentees who +have +had the benefit of their advice and assistance, to many of the principal +business men in this and other cities, and to members of Congress and +prominent citizens throughout the country.</p> + +<p>All communications are treated as confidential.</p> + +<p class="ind" style="font-size: 1.3em;"><b><i>Address</i></b></p> + +<table align="center" summary="address"> +<tr> + <td> +<span style="font-size:1.5em;"><b>MUNN & CO.,</b></span><br /> + <span style="font-size:1.3em;"><b>No. 37 Park Row,</b></span><br /> + + + <span style="font-size:1.3em;"><b><i>NEW YORK</i>.</b></span> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a> + +<a name="art50" id="art50"></a> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-recent_patents.png" width="577" height="38" alt="" border="0" /></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><i>Under this heading we shall publish weekly notes of some of the more +prominent +home and foreign patents.</i></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="sc">Self-Acting Shackle and Car Brake</span>.—Lyman Alphonzo Russell, +Shrewsbury, Vt.—This invention relates to improvements in self-acting +shackles and car brakes, and consists in an improved connection of the +brakes with the shackle, for automatic operation, whereby the connection +may be readily so adjusted that the brakes will not be set in action as when +required to back up the train.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Feed Bags for Horses</span>.—W. A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y.—This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in feed bags for horses, and +consists in making the bag self-supplying, by means of one or more reservoirs, +the discharge orifices of which reservoirs are closed by a valve or +valves.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Truss</span>.—Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y.—This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved truss, which shall be so constructed as to +yield freely to the various movements of the body of the wearer, while holding +the rupture securely in place.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Governor for Steam Engines</span>.—Charles A. Conde, Indianapolis, Ind.—This +invention relates to a new method of regulating the movement of the +balls of a steam governor, with a view of adjusting the same in proportion +to the increased or diminished centrifugal force.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Circular Saw Guard</span>.—G. W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y.—This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in means for protecting the operator +and others, near running circular saws, from injury, and it consists in a +movable guard, operated by means of the saw carriage, in such a manner +that, during the period of danger (when the saw is not cutting), the guard +covers the saw, and is thrown back from the saw when the latter is in actual +use.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Carpet-cleaning Machine</span>.—J. C. Craft, Baltimore, Md.—This invention +relates to a machine, through which a carpet may be passed, and so +beaten and brushed, during its passage, as to come out of the machine thoroughly +cleansed. The invention consists in the peculiar construction and +arrangement of beaters and brushes for effecting this result.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Combined Cotton and Corn Planter</span>.—L. A. Perrault, Natchez, Miss.—This +invention relates to improvements in machinery for planting seed, and +consists in a combination, in one machine, of a seed-dropping apparatus, +adapted for corn, and another adapted for cotton, in a manner to utilize +one running gear for the two kinds of seed, and thereby save the expense of +separate gear for each.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Lime Kiln</span>.—T. A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo.—This invention has for its +object +to furnish an improved lime kiln, which shall be so constructed as to +enable the kiln to be worked from the front, in firing and in drawing the +lime and ashes, which will not allow cold or unburnt rock to pass through, +and which will consume its own smoke.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Car Brake</span>.—S. D. Tripp, Lynn, and Luther Hill, Stoneham, Mass.—This +invention relates to improvements in railroad car brakes, and consists in an +arrangement, on the locomotive or tender, of a steam cylinder and piston, +and the arrangement, on the cars, in connection with the brakes, of sliding +rods, so that the rod of the car next to the engine or tender, being moved +backwards by the piston rod of the above cylinder, will bring the brakes of +the rear wheels down upon them, as well as the brakes of the tender, and +slacken the speed thereby, so that the rear projecting end of the brake rod +will come in contact with the rod of the next car, and set its brakes in action +in like manner, and so on, throughout the train. The arrangement of the +said brake actuating rods is such that no matter which end of the car is +foremost, the wheels of one track will be acted on by the brakes.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Combined Ruler, Blotter, and Paper Cutter</span>.—Hugh S. Ball, Spartanburgh, +S. C.—This invention relates to a new and useful improvement in a +combined ruler, blotter, and paper cutter, three articles indispensable for +the desk, combined in one.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Reed for Organs and Melodeons</span>.—Augustus Newell, Chicago, Ill.—The +object of this invention is to so construct the tongue-butts, or shanks, +of musical reeds, that the same cannot, during the vibratory motion of the +tongues, be raised from their seats.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Anti-Friction Compound</span>.—Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.—This +invention relates to a new and useful compound for lubricating railroad car +axle journals, and other journal bearings.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="art51" id="art51"></a> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-queries.png" width="126" height="33" alt="Queries." border="0" /></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>[<i>We present herewith a series of inquiries embracing a variety of topics of +greater or less general interest. The questions are simple, it is true, but we +prefer to elicit practical answers from our readers, and hope to be able to +make this column of inquiries and answers a popular and useful feature of +the paper</i>.]</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>1.—<span class="sc">Emery Wheels</span>.—Can I make emery wheels similar to +those used in a foot lathe, that will answer for sharpening fine tools, such +as gouges, rounds, and hollows, and if so, how shall I proceed?—F. W.</p> + +<p>2.—<span class="sc">Boiler Furnace</span>.—I have two boilers, twenty-four feet +long and four feet in diameter each, with five ten-inch flues. The fire passes +under the boiler, and enters the flues at the back end, passes through the +flues, and enters the smoke stack at the front end. I use hard pine wood +for fuel. Will some of your many readers give me the best way of constructing +the flue under the boiler, from the end of the grate bars to where +it enters the flues at the back end, and also state the proper distance from +the back wall to the end of the boiler?—N. H.</p> + +<p>3.—<span class="sc">Medal Casts</span>.—I have some medals which I should +like to copy. Having tried several times, and failed, I thought that I would +ask advice through your query columns. I do not know of what the +medals are manufactured. They are, I suppose, made to imitate bronze. I +have tried casting them in plaster of Paris molds, but have had very poor +success, as the surface of the medals was covered with small holes. The +metal used was lead and antimony, seven to one. I should like to know, if +there be any metal that I can cast them of, and bring out the bronze color +afterwards, or if there be any metal that I can cast them of, and afterwards +color by some solution. Also, of what should I make my molds?—J. E. M.</p> + +<p>4.—<span class="sc">Removing the Taste of Tar from Rain Water</span>.—Will +some of your correspondents tell me if rain water, which runs off a +gravel roof, and tastes very strongly of tar, is unhealthy, and if there be +anything +that will prevent its tasting, as it is very disagreeable for cooking +purposes?—C. E. H.</p> + +<p>5.—<span class="sc">Sorghum Molasses</span>.—How can I separate the molasses +from the sugar, in sorghum sugar mush, to make a dry merchantable sugar?</p> + +<p>6.—<span class="sc">Flux for Aluminum</span>.—Will some of your readers tell +me, through your columns, the best flux to use in melting and mixing aluminum +and copper?</p> + +<hr /> + +<a name="art52" id="art52"></a> + +<h2>Inventions Patented in England by Americans.</h2> + +<p class="center">[Compiled from the Commissioners of Patents' Journal.]</p> + +<p class="center"><b>APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS PATENT.</b></p> + +<p>350.—<span class="sc">Breech-loading Fire-arms</span>.—Eli Whitney, New Haven, Conn. +February 10, 1871.</p> + +<p>352.—<span class="sc">Governor</span>.—Stilliman B. Allen, ——, Mass. February 10, 1871.</p> + +<p>357.—<span class="sc">Windmill</span>.—A. P. Brown, New York city. February 11, 1871.</p> + +<p>332.—<span class="sc">Furniture Casters</span>.—F. A. Gardner and H. S. Turrell, Danbury +Conn. February 8, 1871.</p> + +<p>339.—<span class="sc">Wire Fabrics for Mattresses</span>.—Samuel Rogers, New York city. +February 9, 1871.</p> + +<p>340.—<span class="sc">Screw Propeller Canal Boats</span>.—Thomas Main, Pierpoint, N. Y. +February 9, 1871.</p> + +<p>362.—<span class="sc">Flyer for Spinning Machinery</span>.—Thomas Mayor and Geo. Chatterton, +Providence, R. I. February 14, 1871.</p> + +<p>373.—<span class="sc">Telegraphic Apparatus and Detectors</span>.—W. B. Watkins, Jersey +City, N. J. February 14, 1871.</p> + +<p>381.—<span class="sc">Steam and other Safety Valves</span>.—Walter Dawson Scranton, Pa. +February 15, 1871.</p> + +<p>388.—<span class="sc">Iron Rails and Bars, and Modes of Manufacturing the +same</span>.—Eldridge +Wheeler, Philadelphia, Pa. February 15, 1871.</p> + +<hr /> + +<a name="art53" id="art53"></a> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-officiallist-patents.png" width="381" height="41" alt="Official Lists of Patents." border="0" /></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>ISSUED BY THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 7, 1871.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3><i>Reported Officially for the Scientific American.</i></h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><b>SCHEDULE OF PATENT FEES</b></p> + +<table summary="schedule of Patent Fees"> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On each Caveat</td> + <td class="right">$10</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On each Trade-Mark</td> + <td class="right">$25</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On filing each application for a Patent, (seventeen years)</td> + <td class="right">$15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On issuing each original Patent</td> + <td class="right">$20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On appeal to Examiners-in-Chief</td> + <td class="right">$10</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On appeal to Commissioner of Patents</td> + <td class="right">$20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On application for Reissue</td> + <td class="right">$30</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On application for Extension of Patent</td> + <td class="right">$50</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On granting the Extension</td> + <td class="right">$50</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On filing a Disclaimer</td> + <td class="right">$10</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On an application for Design (three and a half years)</td> + <td class="right">$10</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On an application for Design (seven years)</td> + <td class="right">$15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1">On an application for Design (fourteen years)</td> + <td class="right">$30</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><i>For Copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years</i></td> + <td class="right"><b>$1</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><i>A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of a machine + as the Claim covers, from</i><br /> + <i>upward, but usually at the price above-named.</i></td> + <td class="right"><b>$1</b></td> +</tr> + <tr> + <td class="left1"><i>The full Specification of any patent issued since Nov. 20, 1866 at which time + the Patent Office commenced printing them</i></td> + <td class="right1"><b>$1.25</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><i>Official Copies of Drawings of any patent issued since 1836, we can supply + at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the amount of labor + involved and the number of views.</i></td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><i>Full information, as to price of drawings, in each case, may be had by +addressing</i></td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br clear="all" /><br /> + + +<p class="author"><b>MUNN & CO.,</b> </p> +<p class="author"> +<b>Patent Solicitors, 37 Park Row, New York.</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>112,309.—<span class="sc">Hose Sprinkler</span>.—William Anderson, San Francisco, +Cal.</p> + +<p>112,310.—<span class="sc">Locomotive Spark Arrester</span>.—J. G. Armstrong, +New Brunswick, N. J.</p> + +<p>112,311.—<span class="sc">Tool for Carriage Makers' Use</span>.—George Atkinson, +San Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<p>112,312.—<span class="sc">Potato Probe</span>.—John A. Beal, Waterford, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,313.—<span class="sc">Hinge for Carriage Doors</span>.—George W. Beers, +Bridgeport, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,314.—<span class="sc">Stove Leg</span>.—James Birckhead, Jr., Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>112,315.—<span class="sc">Clothes Pin</span>.—Orris A. Bishop, Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,316.—<span class="sc">Manufacture of Rochelle Salts and Borax</span>.—V. G. +Bloede, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,317.—<span class="sc">Beehive</span>.—Felix Brewer, Waynesville, Mo.</p> + +<p>112,318.—<span class="sc">Thill Coupling</span>.—Theodore Burr (assignor to Allen +Muir and Henry Muir), Battle Creek, Mich.</p> + +<p>112,319.—<span class="sc">Evaporating Pan for Saccharine Liquids</span>.—F. C. +Butler, Bellows Falls, Vt., assignor to himself and James B. Williams, +Glastonbury, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,320.—<span class="sc">Door Securer</span>.—William H. Caldwell, Wheeling, +W. Va.</p> + +<p>112,321.—<span class="sc">Toe-calk Bar</span>.—R. B. Caswell, Springfield, Mass. +Antedated March 2, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,322.—<span class="sc">Glass Flattening Furnace and Leer</span>.—James +Clabby, Lenox, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,323.—<span class="sc">Spring Bed Bottom</span>.—Alex. Cole, Manamuskin, +N. J.</p> + +<p>112,324.—<span class="sc">Water Wheel</span>.—E. E. Coleman, West Cummington, +Mass.</p> + +<p>112,325.—<span class="sc">Toy Horse and Carriage</span>.—John B. Cuzner, +Bridgeport, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,326.—<span class="sc">Mackerel-line Holder</span>.—E. L. Decker, Southport, +Me.</p> + +<p>112,327.—<span class="sc">Sewing Machine</span>.—J. William Dufour, Stratford, +Conn.</p> + +<p>112,328.—<span class="sc">Steam Boiler</span>.—Edwards Evans, North Tonawanda, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,329.—<span class="sc">Medical Compound for Cure of Catarrh and +Asthma</span>.—Erastus Field, Ostrander, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,330.—<span class="sc">Machine for Grinding the Cutters of Mowers, +etc.</span>—H. C. Fisk, Wellsville, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,331.—<span class="sc">Machine for Making Hooks and Eyes</span>.—Jeremy +T. Ford, San Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<p>112,332.—<span class="sc">Churn</span>.—Thompson Freeman, Westfield, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,333.—<span class="sc">Attachment for Revolving Mold Boards for +Plows</span>.—J. S. Godfrey, Leslie, Mich., assignor to himself and S. M. Loveridge, +Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,334.—<span class="sc">Grain Cleaner and Fertilizer Sifter</span>.—J. A. +Green, Mill Dale, Va.</p> + +<p>112,335.—<span class="sc">Screw Propulsion</span>.—E. C. Gregg (assignor to A. H. +Gregg and C. P. Gregg), Trumansburg, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,336.—<span class="sc">Seeding Machine</span>.—P. M. Gundlach, Belleville, +Ill.</p> + +<p>112,337.—<span class="sc">Compound for Kindling Fires</span>.—J. L. Hannum +and S. H. Stebbins, Berea, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,338.—<span class="sc">Lawn Mower</span>.—Benjamin Harnish, Lancaster, and +D. H. Harnish, Pequea, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,339.—<span class="sc">Composition for Pavements</span>.—C. B. Harris, New +York city. Antedated February 25, 1870.</p> + +<p>112,340.—<span class="sc">Spring for Vehicles</span>.—John R. Hiller, Woodland, +Cal.</p> + +<p>112,341.—<span class="sc">Harvester Rake</span>.—S. T. Holly, (assignor to John +P. Manny), Rockford, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,342.—<span class="sc">Door Clamp</span>.—Henry O. Hooper, Diamond Springs, +Cal.</p> + +<p>112,343.—<span class="sc">Taper Holder</span>.—Thomas W. Houchin, Morrisania, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,344.—<span class="sc">Metallic Garter</span>.—Henry A. House, Bridgeport, +Conn.</p> + +<p>112,345.—<span class="sc">Bobbin Winder</span>.—Henry A. House, Bridgeport, +Conn.</p> + +<p>112,346.—<span class="sc">Method of Knitting Stockings, etc.</span>—Henry A. +House, Bridgeport, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,347.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Evaporating and concentrating +Liquids</span>.—John Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,348.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Evaporating and Concentrating +Liquids</span>.—John Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,349.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Removing Oil from Vegetable +and other Matters</span>.—Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>112,350.—<span class="sc">Apparatus and Process for Removing Oil +from Grain, Seeds, etc.</span>—Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>112,351.—<span class="sc">Chandelier</span>.—Charles F. Jacobsen, New York +city.</p> + +<p>112,352.—<span class="sc">Culinary Vessel</span>.—Carrie Jessup, New Haven, +Conn.</p> + +<p>112,353.—<span class="sc">Machine for Cutting Leather</span>.—Aberdeen Keith, +North Bridgewater, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,354.—<span class="sc">Attaching Knobs to their Spindles</span>.—John F. +Keller and Nathaniel Sehner, Hagerstown, Md.</p> + +<p>112,355.—<span class="sc">Miter Machine</span>.—T. E. King, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,356.—<span class="sc">Take-up for Corset Looms</span>.—Julius Kuttner, +New York city.</p> + +<p>112,357.—<span class="sc">Elevator and Carrier</span>.—T. W. Lackore, Worth, +Ill.</p> + +<p>112,358.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Burning Hydrocarbon Oils</span>.—James +R. Lee, Grass Valley, Cal.</p> + +<p>112,359.—<span class="sc">Burglar Alarm</span>.—Robert Lee, Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,360.—<span class="sc">Telegraph Apparatus</span>.—L. T. Lindsey, Jackson, +Tenn.</p> + +<p>112,361.—<span class="sc">Harvester</span>.—J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,362.—<span class="sc">Harvester</span>.—J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,363.—<span class="sc">Harvester Rake</span>.—J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,364.—<span class="sc">Cheese Curd Sink</span>.—H. C. Markham, Collinsville, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,365.—<span class="sc">Mowing Machine</span>.—H. C. Markham and Dewitt C. +Markham, Collinsville, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,366.—<span class="sc">Propeller</span>.—Alex. J. Marshall, Warrenton, Va. +Antedated March 3, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,367.—<span class="sc">Oiler</span>.—Edward McDuff and E. D. Forrow, Warwick, +R. I.</p> + +<p>112,368.—<span class="sc">Wash Boiler.</span>—John McInnes, Oxford, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,369.—<span class="sc">Propelling Canal Boats.</span>—H. B. Meech, Fort +Edward, N. Y. Antedated February 25, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,370.—<span class="sc">Water-proof Compound for Coating Cloth +Wood, Metals, etc.</span>—Peter E. Minor, Schenectady, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,371.—<span class="sc">Cooking Stove.</span>—W. N. Moore, Neenah, Wis.</p> + +<p>112,372.—<span class="sc">Boring Machine.</span>—J. H. Pardieck (assignor to himself +and S. M. Brown), Acton, Ind.</p> + +<p>112,373.—<span class="sc">Vapor Burner.</span>—R. W. Park, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,374.—<span class="sc">Machine for Pointing Blanks for Cultivator +Teeth.</span>—John Pedder and George Abel, West Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,375.—<span class="sc">Bale Tie.</span>—J. E. Perkins, San Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<p>112,376.—<span class="sc">Lining Walls with Felt, etc.</span>—James Phillips, +Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,377.—<span class="sc">Cooking Stove.</span>—Samuel Pierce, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,378.—<span class="sc">Tack.</span>—A. A. Porter, New Haven, Conn. Antedated +Feb. 25, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,379.—<span class="sc">Machine for Shaping and Cutting Gear Cutters.</span>—F. A. +Pratt (assignor to the Pratt & Whitney Company), Hartford, +Conn.</p> + +<p>112,380.—<span class="sc">Combination Camera and Developing Box.</span>—E. C. +Ratzell, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,381.—<span class="sc">Punching Machine.</span>—J. C. Rhodes, South Abington, +Mass.</p> + +<p>112,382.—<span class="sc">Washing Machine.</span>—J. W. Ricker, Chelsea, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,383.—<span class="sc">Curtain Fixture.</span>—Charles Robin. Chester, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,384.—<span class="sc">Machine for Making Printers' Leads.</span>—Isaac +Schoenberg, New York city.</p> + +<p>112,385.—<span class="sc">Slide Valve for Steam Riveting Machines.</span>—Coleman +Sellers (assignor to William Sellers & Co.), Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,386.—<span class="sc">Machine for Polishing Thread.</span>—Samuel Semple, +Sr., John Semple, Samuel Semple, Jr., and R. A. Semple, Mount +Holly, N. J.</p> + +<p>112,387.—<span class="sc">Paint Brush.</span>—F. S. Shearer, Washington, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,388.—<span class="sc">Bee Hive.</span>—S. A. Short, F. J. Short, J. B. Short, +and Jasper Kile, Decatur, Ala.</p> + +<p>112,389.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Removing Oil from Vegetable +and other Matter.</span>—Thomas Sim, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>112,390.—<span class="sc">Retort for Producing Bisulphide of Carbon.</span>—Thomas +Sim, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>112,391.—<span class="sc">Utilizing the Silky Down of the Wild Cotton.</span> +—M. H. Simpson, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,392.—<span class="sc">Pruning Shears.</span>—Frank Smiley, Batavia, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,393.—<span class="sc">Water-closet Valve.</span>—A. J. Smith, San Francisco, +Cal.</p> + +<p>112,394.—<span class="sc">Gang Plow.</span>—J. W. Sursa, San Leandro, Cal.</p> + +<p>112,395.—<span class="sc">Grinding Pan and Amalgamator.</span>—W. H. Thoss, +West Point, Cal.</p> + +<p>112,396.—<span class="sc">Street Lantern.</span>—Augustus Tufts, Malden, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,397.—<span class="sc">Cooking Stove.</span>—Alvin Warren, Swanton, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,398.—<span class="sc">Safety Bridle.</span>—James Weatherhead, San José, +Cal.</p> + +<p>112,399.—<span class="sc">Fire Grate.</span>—George Wellhouse, Akron, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,400.—<span class="sc">Hay Knife.</span>—G. F. Weymouth, Dresden, Me.</p> + +<p>112,401.—<span class="sc">Claw Bar.</span>—Charles Winter, Chillicothe, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,402.—<span class="sc">Steam Generator.</span>—J. C. Woodhead, Pittsburgh, +Pa.</p> + +<p>112,403.—<span class="sc">Animal Trap.</span>—W. D. Wrightson, Queenstown +England.</p> + +<p>112,404.—<span class="sc">Brush.</span>—John Ames, Lansingburg, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,405.—<span class="sc">Clod Fender.</span>—F. L. Bailey, Freeport, Ind.</p> + +<p>112,406.—<span class="sc">Ruler.</span>—H. S. Ball, Spartanburg, S. C.</p> + +<p>112,407.—<span class="sc">Fanning Mill.</span>—Benjamin Barney, Time, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,408.—<span class="sc">Ice-cutting Machine.</span>—Lafayett Barnum (assignor +to himself and A. R. Hale), Bridgeport, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,409.—<span class="sc">Manufacture of Ice.</span>—T. J. Bigger, Kansas City, +Mo.</p> + +<p>112,410.—<span class="sc">Machine for Heading Bolts and Spikes.</span>—Reinhold +Boeklen, Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to himself and Henry Torstrick +New York city. Antedated Feb. 28, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,411.—<span class="sc">Washing Machine.</span>—Joseph Boswell, L. M. Boswell, +Jonathan Palmer, and J. H. James (assignors to themselves and +Thomas Starbuck), Wilmington, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,412.—<span class="sc">Water Wheel.</span>—E. C. Boyles, New York city.</p> + +<p>112,413.—<span class="sc">Cotton Press.</span>—R. M. Brooks, Pike county, Ga.</p> + +<p>112,414.—<span class="sc">Paper-cutting Machine.</span>—Samuel Brown (assignor +to himself and C. R. Carver), Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,415.—<span class="sc">Governor for Direct-acting Engines.</span>—A. S. +Cameron, New York city.</p> + +<p>112,416.—<span class="sc">Governor for Direct-acting Engines.</span>—A. S. +Cameron, New York city.</p> + +<p>112,417.—<span class="sc">Butt Hinge.</span>—J. W. Carleton (assignor to the Union +Manufacturing Co.), New Britain, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,418.—<span class="sc">Machine for Cutting Sheet Metal.</span>—C. R. +Choate, East Saginaw, Mich.</p> + +<p>112,419.—<span class="sc">Bit Brace.</span>—William Cleveland, Lawrence, Mass., +assignor to himself and James Swan, Seymour, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,420.—<span class="sc">Steam Engine Governor.</span>—C. A. Condé, Indianapolis, +Ind.</p> + +<p>112,421.—<span class="sc">Carpet-cleaning Machine.</span>—J. C. Craft (assignor +to himself and Antonio Rosello), Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>112,422.—<span class="sc">Steam Regulator for Paper Dryers.</span>—Daniel +Crosby, Hampden, Me.</p> + +<p>112 423.—<span class="sc">Metallic Piston and Valve Rod Packing.</span>—G. M. +Cruickshank, Providence, R. I.</p> + +<p>112,424.—<span class="sc">Grain-thrashing and Separating Machine.</span>—John +Culham, Grand Rapids, Mich. Antedated Feb. 25, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,425.—<span class="sc">Cooking Stove.</span>—David Curtis, Mishawaka, assignor +to himself and C. B. Graham, South Bend, Ind.</p> + +<p>112,426.—<span class="sc">Lightning Rod.</span>—S. D. Cushman, New Lisbon, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,427.—<span class="sc">Hose Bridge.</span>—Patrick Daily (assignor to himself +and J. J. Kehoe), New York city.</p> + +<p>112,428.—<span class="sc">Cover for Openings in Sidewalks.</span>—William +Dale, New York city.</p> + +<p>112,429.—<span class="sc">Rotary Pump.</span>—F. O. Deschamps, Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> + +<p>112,430.—<span class="sc">Machine for Cutting Files.</span>—James Dodge, +Manchester, England, assignor to David Blake, Spencertown, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,431.—<span class="sc">Coupling for Railway Cars.</span>—Henry Dubs and +S. G. Goodall-Copestake, Glasgow, Great Britain.</p> + +<p>112,432.—<span class="sc">Tobacco Pipe.</span>—P. J. Dwyer, Elizabethport, N. J.</p> + +<p>112,433.—<span class="sc">Basket for House Plants.</span>—Albert P. Eastman, +Washington, D. C.</p> + +<p>112,434.—<span class="sc">Sulky Plow.</span>—Milo A. Elliott, Stratford Hollow, +N. H.</p> + +<p>112,435.—<span class="sc">Stretcher for Paintings.</span>—James Fairman, New +York city.</p> + +<p>112,436.—<span class="sc">Body Lantern Holder.</span>—Samuel C. Fessenden, +Stamford, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,437.—<span class="sc">Stove Leg.</span>—Amon L. Finch, Sing Sing, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,438.—<span class="sc">Pump Piston.</span>—John S. Follansbee and George +Doolittle (assignors to the Forrester Manufacturing Company), Bridgeport, +Conn.</p> + +<p>112,439.—<span class="sc">Shoe.</span>—Samuel W. Francis (assignor to himself +and W. H. Newton), Newport, R. I.</p> + +<p>112,440.—<span class="sc">Guard-Finger for Harvesters.</span>—George Fyfe +and Chester Hard, Ottawa, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,441.—<span class="sc">Dining Table.</span>—S. R. Gardner (assignor to himself +and S. M. Marquette), Independence, Iowa.</p> + +<p>112,442.—<span class="sc">Step Ladder.</span>—M. Boland Geary, New York City.</p> + +<p>112,443.—<span class="sc">Oilcloth Printing Machinery.</span>—Ebenezer A. +Goodes (assignor to Philadelphia Patent and Novelty Company), Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> + +<p>112,444.—<span class="sc">Tenoning Machine.</span>—Lyman Gould, Norwich, +Conn.</p> + +<p>112,445.—<span class="sc">Printer's Case.</span>—Wm. H. A. Gresham, Atlanta, +Ga.</p> + +<p>112,446.—<span class="sc">Lamp Chimney.</span>—Geo. W. Griswold, Factoryville, +Pa.</p> + +<p>112,447.—<span class="sc">Grain Separator.</span>—Philander Griswold, Hudson, +Mich.</p> + +<p>112,448.—<span class="sc">Clamp for Thill Couplings.</span>—John W. Guider +(assignor to himself and John Kiefer), St. Joseph, Mo.</p> + +<p>112,449.—<span class="sc">Bird Cage.</span>—Gottlob Gunther, New York city.</p> + +<p>112,450.—<span class="sc">Stop Cock and Valve.</span>—William Haas, New York +city.</p> + +<p>112,451.—<span class="sc">Valve for Steam Engines.</span>—Joseph L. Harley, +Baltimore, Md., and Xaver Fendrich, Georgetown, D. C.</p> + +<p>112,452.—<span class="sc">Metallic Hub.</span>—John H. Harper, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,453.—<span class="sc">Composition for Lubricating Machinery.</span>—E. Q. +Henderson (assignor to John C. Burroughs and Richard A. Springs) +Charlotte, N. C.</p> +<a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a> +<p>112,454.—<span class="sc">Post-hole Digger</span>.—Bryant B. Herrick, Decatur, +Mich.</p> + +<p>112,455.—<span class="sc">Door Check</span>.—Levi S. Hicks (assignor to himself, +J. Perrin Johnson, and John Buell), Peoria, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,456.—<span class="sc">Railway-car Brake</span>.—Luther Hill, Stoneham, and +Seth D. Tripp, Lynn, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,457.—<span class="sc">Truss</span>.—Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,458.—<span class="sc">Feed Bag for Horses</span>.—Walter A. Hough, South +Butler, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,459.—<span class="sc">Shade Holder for Lamps</span>—Mark W. House, +Cleveland, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,460.—<span class="sc">Lamp Chimney</span>.—Mark Wiggins House (assignor +to the Cleveland Non-Explosive Lamp Company), Cleveland, Ohio. +Antedated March 1, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,461.—<span class="sc">Horse Hay Rake</span>.—James Howard and E. T. Bousfield, +Bedford, England.</p> + +<p>112,462.—<span class="sc">Tongs for Rolling Barrels</span>.—Mark W. Ingle, +Indianapolis, Ind.</p> + +<p>112,463.—<span class="sc">Pitman</span>.—George W. Jayson, Lodi, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,464.—<span class="sc">Paste for Paper Hangings</span>.—John Jones (assignor +to himself and Henry A. Smith), New York city.</p> + +<p>112,465.—<span class="sc">Twine Holder</span>.—Edward M. Judd, New Haven, Ct.</p> + +<p>112,466.—<span class="sc">Clothes Pin or Clasp</span>.—Amos L. Keeports and +William Yount, Littletown, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,467.—<span class="sc">Putting up Hams</span>.—Samuel Edward Kelly, Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> + +<p>112,468.—<span class="sc">Limn Kiln</span>.—Thomas A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo.</p> + +<p>112,469.—<span class="sc">Fastening for Seats for Wagons or Sleighs</span>.—John +G. Knapp and John F. Robertson (assignors of one third their right +to James H. Holly), Warwick, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,470.—<span class="sc">Potato Planter</span>.—George Knowlton (assignor for +one-half his right to N. Haynes), Johnstown, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,471.—<span class="sc">Revolving Firearm</span>.—Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, +N. Y., assignor by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms +Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,472.—<span class="sc">Revolving Firearm</span>.—Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, +N. Y., assignor, by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms +Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,473.—<span class="sc">Railroad Cattle-Guard Gate</span>.—J. H. Mallory, +La Porte, Ind.</p> + +<p>112,474.—<span class="sc">Back-reflecting Mirror</span>.—Richard Mason (assignor +to himself and Matthew Ely), Newark, N. J.</p> + +<p>112,475.—<span class="sc">Ventilator and Chimney Top</span>.—James McGowan +(assignor to himself and Daniel H. Waring), New York city.</p> + +<p>112,476.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Rectifying and Refining +Spirits</span>.—Frederick Measey (assignor to himself and Henry D. Fling), +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,477.—<span class="sc">Tin Can</span>.—John F. Merrill (assignor to himself and +Alexander Stewart), Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,478.—<span class="sc">Take-up Mechanism for Looms</span>.—John Michna +and Joseph Fischer, New York city.</p> + +<p>112,479.—<span class="sc">Combined Baker and Broiler</span>.—Wm. H. Miller, +Brandenburg, Ky.</p> + +<p>112,480.—<span class="sc">Shuttle for Sewing Machines</span>.—James D. Moore, +Grinnell, Iowa.</p> + +<p>112,481.—<span class="sc">Cotton Chopper and Grain Cultivator</span>.—Daniel +Mosely, Osark, Arkansas.</p> + +<p>112,482.—<span class="sc">Sad and Fluting Iron</span>.—Frederick Myers, New +York city.</p> + +<p>112,483.—<span class="sc">Reed for Organs and Melodeons</span>.—Augustus +Newell, Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,484.—<span class="sc">Straw Cutter</span>.—Amon Park, Germanville, Iowa.</p> + +<p>112,485.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Aging Whisky and Other +Spirits</span>.—Josiah Peiffer and Samuel Richards, Valonia, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,486.—<span class="sc">Combined Cotton and Corn Planter</span>.—Louis A. +Perrault (assignor to himself and Joseph Huber), Natchez, Miss.</p> + +<p>112,487.—<span class="sc">Faucet</span>.—Solomon Pfleger, Reading, assignor to +himself and J. S. Pfleger, Tamaqua, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,488.—<span class="sc">Treadle</span>.—George K. Proctor, Salem, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,489.—<span class="sc">Lubricating Compound</span>.—Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,490.—<span class="sc">Fertilizer and Seeding Machine</span>.—Archibald +Putnam (assignor to Elizabeth Putnam), Owego, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,491.—<span class="sc">Rotary Pump</span>.—George W. Putnam, South Glens +Falls, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,492.—<span class="sc">Hat Brush</span>.—Robert Dunbar Radcliffe, Palmyra, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,493.—<span class="sc">Refrigerating Show Case</span>.—Thomas L. Rankin, +Lyndon, Kansas, assignor to himself and D. W. Rockwell, Elyria, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,494.—<span class="sc">Device for Starting and Stopping Cars</span>.—Philip +Rhoads, Carlisle, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,495.—<span class="sc">Pipe-molding Machine</span>.—George Richardson, Milwaukee, +Wis.</p> + +<p>112,496.—<span class="sc">Sulky Cultivator</span>.—Richard B. Robbins, Adrian, +Mich.</p> + +<p>112,497.—<span class="sc">Hand Plow</span>.—Nelson Rue, Harrodsburg, Ky.</p> + +<p>112,498.—<span class="sc">Mechanical Movement</span>.—Edward G. Russell, Ravenna, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,499.—<span class="sc">Railway Car Brake</span>.—Lyman Alphonzo Russell, +Shrewsbury, Vt.</p> + +<p>112,500.—<span class="sc">Stovepipe Cleaner</span>.—David Sanford, Ashton, Ill.</p> + +<p>112,501.—<span class="sc">Twine Holder</span>.—Joseph B. Sargent and Purmont +Bradford (assignors to Sargent & Co.), New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,502.—<span class="sc">Dovetailing Machine</span>.—James M. Seymour, Newark, +N. J.</p> + +<p>112,503.—<span class="sc">Wooden Pavement</span>.—Eaton Shaw, Portland, Me.</p> + +<p>112,504.—<span class="sc">Guard for Circular Saws</span>.—George W. Shipman, +Ischua, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,505.—<span class="sc">Breech-loading Firearm</span>.—Dexter Smith and +Martin J. Chamberlin, Springfield, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,506.—<span class="sc">Spark Arrester</span>.—James Smith, Altoona, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,507.—<span class="sc">Horse Hay Rake</span>.—Solomon P. Smith, Waterford, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,508.—<span class="sc">Plow</span>.—S. M. Stewart, New Harrisburg, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,509.—<span class="sc">Medical Compound for Treating Fever and +Ague</span>.—George E. Swan, Mount Vernon, Ohio.</p> + +<p>112,510.—<span class="sc">Device for Cooling Journals of Car Axles</span>.—Henry +G. Thompson, Milford, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,511.—<span class="sc">Cooling Journal of Car Axles</span>.—Henry G. +Thompson, Milford, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,512.—<span class="sc">Cooling Journal of Car-wheel Axles</span>.—Henry +G. Thompson, Milford, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,513.—<span class="sc">Device for Cooling Journals of Railway Cars</span>.—Henry +G. Thompson, Milford, Conn.</p> + +<p>112,514.—<span class="sc">Non-heating Handle for Sad Irons, etc</span>.—William +H. Towers, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>112,515.—<span class="sc">Lubricator</span>.—John Erst Uhl, Renovo, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,516.—<span class="sc">Combined Corn Planter and Cultivator</span>.—Franklin +Underwood, South Rutland, N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,517.—<span class="sc">King Bolt</span>.—Wendel Vondersaar, Indianapolis, +Ind.</p> + +<p>112,518.—<span class="sc">Wheat Roaster</span>.—George W. Waitt (assignor to +himself and Robert B. Fitts), Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,519.—<span class="sc">Plaster Sower</span>.—Thomas J. West, Alfred Center, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>112,520.—<span class="sc">Ticket Holder</span>.—Henry Wexel, Providence, R. I.</p> + +<p>112,521.—<span class="sc">Tobacco Press</span>.—Abraham N. Zell, Lancaster, Pa.</p> + +<p>112,522.—<span class="sc">Combined Bag Holder and Scales</span>.—William +Zimmerman, Lebanon, Pa. Antedated February 25, 1871.</p> + +<p>112,523.—<span class="sc">Breech-loading Firearm</span>.—James M. Mason, +Washington, D. C.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>REISSUES.</h3> + +<p>4,287.—<span class="sc">Treating Fruits to Dry, Saccharify, and Preserve +Them</span>.—Charles Alden, Newburg, assignor of part interest to Alden +Fruit Preserving Company, New York city. Patent No. 100,835, dated +March 5, 1870; reissue No. 4,011, dated June 7, 1870.</p> + +<p>4,288.—<span class="sc">Device for Securing Pulleys to Shaft</span>.—John +H. Buckman (assignor to himself and Peter W. Reinshagen), Cincinnati, +Ohio. Patent No. 98,144, dated December 21, 1839.</p> + +<p>4,289.—<span class="sc">Shawl Strap</span>.—George Crouch, Westport, Conn. +Patent No. 82,606, dated September 29, 1868.</p> + +<p>4,290.—<span class="sc">Atmospheric Dental Plate</span>.—Nehemiah T. Folsom, +Laconia, N. H. Patent No. 60,871, dated January 1, 1867.</p> + +<p>4,291.—<span class="sc">Pessary</span>.—William R. Gardner, Leonardsville, N. Y. +Patent No. 105,191, dated July 12, 1870.</p> + +<p>4,292.—<span class="sc">Division A.—Skate</span>.—James L. Plimpton, New York +city. Patent No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated +April 5, 1870.</p> + +<p>4,293.—<span class="sc">Division B.—Skate</span>.—James L. Plimpton, New York +city. Patent No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated +April 5, 1870.</p> + +<p>4,294.—<span class="sc">Apparatus for Pitching Barrels</span>.—Louis Schulze, +Baltimore, Md. Patent No. 106,964, dated August 30, 1870.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>DESIGNS.</h3> + +<p>4,694.—<span class="sc">Picture Frame</span>.—John H. Bellamy, Charlestown, +Mass.</p> + +<p>4,695.—<span class="sc">Bell Crank and Escutcheon</span>.—Pietro Cinquini, +West Meriden, Conn., assignor to Parker & Whipple Company.</p> + +<p>4,696.—<span class="sc">Pedestal for a Cake Dish</span>.—George Gill (assignor to +Reed & Barton), Taunton, Mass.</p> + +<p>4,697.—<span class="sc">Table Caster</span>.—William Parkin (assignor to Reed & +Barton), Taunton, Mass.</p> + +<p>4,698.—<span class="sc">Buckle Frame</span>.—John E. Smith, Waterbury, Conn.</p> + +<p>4,699.—<span class="sc">Back of a Chair or Sofa</span>.—George Unverzagt, Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>TRADE-MARKS.</h3> + +<p>182.—<span class="sc">Hat</span>.—Nathan A. Baldwin, Milford, Conn., James H. +Prentice, Brooklyn, and John R. Waller, New York city.</p> + +<p>183.—<span class="sc">Spool Cotton</span>.—Lewis Coleman & Co., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>184.—<span class="sc">Salve</span>.—Robert Dobbins, Binghamton, N. Y.</p> + +<p>185.—<span class="sc">Soap</span>.—Leberman & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>186.—<span class="sc">Medicine</span>.—Ridenour, Coblentz & Co., Springfield, Ohio.</p> + +<p>187.—<span class="sc">Paper</span>.—Union Manufacturing Company, Springfield, +Mass.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>EXTENSIONS.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Wagons</span>.—Edgar Huson, Ithaca, N. Y. Letters Patent No. +16,648, dated February 17, 1857; reissue No. 2,500, dated March 5, 1867.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Operating Valve of Steam Engine</span>.—Samuel R. Wilmot, +Bridgeport, Conn. Letters Patent No. 16,668, dated February 17, 1857.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Hinges</span>.—John David Browne, Cincinnati, Ohio. Letters +Patent No. 16,678, dated February 24, 1857.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Keeper for Right and Left Hand Door Locks</span>.—Calvin +Adams, Pittsburgh, Pa. Letters Patent No. 16,676, dated February 24, +1857.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Solar Camera</span>.—David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters +Patent No. 16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated +July 10, 1866.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Cast Seamless Thimble Skeins for Wagons</span>.—John Benedict, +Kenosha, Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. Letters +Patent No. 16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated July +27, 1858; reissue No. 1,229, dated October 8, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Mode of Casting Seamless Skeins for Wagons</span>.—John +Benedict, Kenosha, Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. +Letters Patent No. 16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated +July 27, 1858; reissue No. 1,228, dated October 8, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Breech-loading Firearms</span>.—William Cleveland Hicks, Summit, +N. J. Letters Patent No. 16,797, dated March 10, 1857; reissue No. +1,952, dated May 9, 1865; reissue No. 3,798, dated January 18, 1870; reissue +No. 3,860, dated March 1, 1870.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Seeding Machine</span>.—Lewis B. Myers and Henry A. Myers, +Elmore, Ohio. Letters Patent No. 16,772, dated March 3, 1857.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>DISCLAIMER.</h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Solar Camera</span>.—David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters +Patent No. 16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated +July 10, 1866. Filed February 23, 1871.</p> + + +<hr class="full" /> + +<a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a> + +<p><b>City Subscribers</b>.—<span class="sc">The Scientific American</span> +will be delivered in every part of the city at +$3.50 a year. Single copies for sale at the News-stands +in this city, Brooklyn, Jersey City, and Williamsburgh, +and by most of the News Dealers in the United +States.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><b>Receipts</b>—When money is paid at the office +for subscriptions, a receipt for it will be given; but +when subscribers remit their money by mail, they +may consider the arrival of the first paper a bona-fide +acknowledgment of their funds.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-advertisements.png" width="229" height="34" alt="Advertisements." border="0" /></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><i>The value of the</i> <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> <i>as an advertising +medium cannot be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten +times greater than that of any similar journal now published. +It goes into all the States and Territories, and is +read in all the principal libraries and reading-rooms of +the world. We invite the attention of those who wish to +make their business known to the annexed rates. A business +man wants something more than to see his advertisement +in a printed newspaper. He wants circulation. +If it is worth 25 cents per line to advertise in a paper of +three thousand circulation, it is worth $2.50 per line to +advertise in one of thirty thousand.</i></p> + +<h4>RATES OF ADVERTISING.</h4> + +<table align="center" summary=""> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><b>Back Page - - - -</b></td> + <td class="right1"><b>1.00 a line,</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><b>Inside Page - - -</b></td> + <td class="right1"><b>75 cents a line,</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + +<p class="ind"><i>for each insertion</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per +line, by measurement, as the letter-press</i>.</p> + +<hr /> + +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="advertisements"> +<tr> + <td> + +<h2>To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods.</h2> + +<div class="figleft2"> +J</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p><b>OHN KENT</b> is now in England, completing +arrangements so as to be able to supply his American +friends with his improved Knitting Machines with +greater dispatch, and with all the latest improvements. +He would beg to call especial attention to</p> + +<p>The Improved Rib Top Frame, now so well known, and +acknowledged to be the best rib top frame ever built, for +speed and quality of goods produced. Price, delivered +free in New York, $520, currency.</p> + +<p>The Improved Circular Web Frame, for drawers and +shirts, built of any size and gage. Price for a 4-head set, +17 inch to 20 inch diameter, $810, currency, delivered free +in New York.</p> + +<p>The Circular Stocking Frame, from 2 in. to 5½ in. diameter. +These circular frames, with my last improvements, +are as near perfection as possible.</p> + +<p>The Patent Full-fashioned Shirt, Drawers and Stocking +Frames produce the most perfect goods ever made by +steam-power machinery, and cost fifty per cent less to +keep in repair than any other Knitting Machine. Built +10 to 24 gage, and from 30 to 140 inch wide, to order.</p> + +<p>The Improved Circular Looping Frame, for putting on +shirt cuffs, drawers bands, clearing the top of circular +shirts, &c., built to order, of any size, from 2 in. to 22 in. +diameter, and of any gage.</p> + +<p>Steel Needles and Sinkers to pattern.</p> + +<p>Persons wishing to order while Mr. Kent is in England, +will please address JOHN KENT, Nottingham, up to +April 12th, or, if they prefer, may send through depot.</p> + +<p>Address</p> <p class="author">JOHN KENT, 348 Pearl st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +PUMPS. </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> + +<p>—For Description, Price +Lists etc., of the Best Centrifugal +Pump ever invented, with Overwhelming Testimony +in its favor, send for new illustrated pamphlet (40 pp.) to +Messrs. HEALD, SISCO & CO., Baldwinsville, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /><br /> +<table align="center" summary=""> +<tr> + <td> + +<h3>BRICK PRESSES.</h3> +<div class="figleft2"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p><b>OR RED AND FIRE BRICK.</b><br /> +Factory 309 S. Fifth street, Philadelphia, Pa. +S. P. MILLER.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br clear="all" /> +<hr /><br /><br /> + +<p class="author"><span class="sc">ST. JOSEPH</span>, Mo., Nov. 10, 1870.</p> + +<p><b>T. R. BAILEY & VAIL, <span class="sc">Lockport</span>, N. Y.:</b></p> + +<p><span class="sc">Gentlemen</span>:—The Lathe you shipped me has arrived, +and I have it in full operation. It works perfectly, and I +think it the best lathe made in the world for Bedstead and +Chair work. I would recommend it to any one desirous +of obtaining such a lathe. Yours truly,</p> + +<p class="author">H. R. BRISTOL.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>WOOLEN MILL FOR SALE.</h3> + +<div class="figleft2"> +W</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p>ith House and 3 acres of land, Seymour, +Ct., (Naugatuck Valley,) 2 miles from R. R. depot. +Never-failing stream. 3 ft. fall, dam and wheel in good +condition. Inquire of JAS. ORMSBEE, on the premises.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>Portable & Stationary</h2> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Steam Engines</b></span></p> + +<div class="figleft2"> +A</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p>ND HOISTING ENGINES. A good article +at low prices. Every machine warranted. +Send for descriptive Price List.</p> + +<p class="ind"><b>H. B. BIGELOW & CO.,<br /> + New Haven, Conn.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES</h3> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/40-bandsaw.png"><img src="images/40-bandsaw-150.png" width="150" height="150" alt="PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Of the most approved kinds, +of various sizes, to saw bevel +as well as square, without inclining +the table, by <b>FIRST +& PRYIBIL</b>, 452 to 456 +Tenth ave., New York. Price +$250, $275, $350, and $400. At +present (Oct. 16), there are in +operation, in this city alone, +88 of our machines. Send for +circular. Manufacture, also, +an improved saw-filing apparatus; +price, $30. Have +also on hand a large stock +of best <span class="sc">French Bandsaw +Blades</span>.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<hr /> + +<p><b>L. & J. W. FEUCHTWANGER, 55 Cedar +st., New York, Chemists, Manufacturers, +and Importers of Specialities, +Silicates, Soda and Potash, Chloride of +Calcium, Peroxide of Manganese, Hydrofluoric +Acid, Metallic Oxides, Steel +and Glass Makers' and Potters' Articles, +Publishers of Treatises on "Soluble +Glass," "Gems," and "Fermented +Liquors."</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>PIMLICO BRACES, SOMETHING NEW.</h3> + +<p>THIS invention is based on a strictly scientific +principle, and is a valuable improvement on +old style suspenders. It is simple in construction, and +combines the qualities of Brace and Suspender. They +are unequaled for elegance, durability and comfort. +Manufactured at the Monumental Silk Works, Baltimore. +JOHN M. DAVIES & CO., Sole Agents, 384 & 386 B'd'y, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/40-heater.png"><img src="images/40-heater-150.png" width="150" height="150" alt="Dr. J. ARMSTRONG'S Improved Heater, Filter, Lime Extractor, and Condenser Combined, For Steam Boilers." /></a> +</div> + +<h3>Dr. J. ARMSTRONG'S<br /> +<span style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal;">(Patent)</span><br /> +Improved Heater, +Filter, Lime Extractor, +and Condenser +Combined,</h3> +<h4>For Steam Boilers.</h4> + +<p>MANUFACTURED BY +<b>Armstrong & Starr,</b> +Toledo, Ohio.<br /> +<span style="float: right"><i>Send for Circulars.</i></span></p> + +<p>Formerly Armstrong & Welsh.</p> +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>OR SALE.</b>—An Engine, 12x36 in. cylinder, +and two Boilers, 4x15 feet, in good order, will be +sold cheap.<br /> +J. J. TAYLOR & CO., +68 Courtlandt st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +H</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>UNTING,</b> Trapping and Fishing. All about +it. <span class="sc">Sent free</span>. Address "<span class="sc">Hunter</span>," Hinsdale, N. H.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="sc"><b>First Premium</b></span> <b>awarded by Am. Inst., 1870</b></p> + +<table align="center" summary="" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="left1"> + MICROSCOPES,<br /> + MAGIC LANTERNS,</td> +<td class="bigbrace">}</td> + <td class="left1"> + Illustrated price list and catalogues<br /> +free to any address.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p> +T. H. McALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau st., N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>Rare and Beautiful Flowers</h2> +<p class="center">—AND—</p> +<h3>CHOICE VEGETABLES</h3> +<p class="center">Can always be obtained by Sowing</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/41-seeds.png"><img src="images/41-seeds-400.png" width="400" height="263" alt="BLISS'S SELECT GARDEN SEEDS." /></a> +</div> + +<p>The Seventeenth Annual Edition of their +celebrated "SEED CATALOGUE AND GUIDE TO +THE FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN," is now ready +for distribution. It contains <span class="sc">Four Beautifully Colored +Lithographs</span>, and about 300 choice Engravings of +favorite Flowers and Vegetables, 136 pages of closely-printed +matter, and a list of Twenty-five Hundred species +and varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with explicit +directions for their culture, and much other useful +information upon the subject of Gardening. A copy will +be mailed to all applicants inclosing 25 cts. Regular customers +supplied gratis. Address</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B. K. BLISS & SONS,</b></p> +<p>Nos. 23 Park Place, and 20 Murray st., P. O. Box No. 5712. +New York.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>Science for the Million.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>THE</b></p> +<h2>Boston Journal of Chemistry,</h2> + +<p class="center"><b>Devoted to the Science of Home Life, the +Arts, Agriculture, and Medicine.</b></p> + +<table align="center" summary="list" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="left1"> + JAMES R. NICHOLS, M.D.,<br /> +WILLIAM A. ROLFE, A.M.,</td> +<td class="bigbrace">}</td> + <td class="left1"> + Editors.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"><b>ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR.</b></p> + + +<p>A paper which commends itself at once to Physicians, +Druggists, Chemists, Teachers, Farmers, Mechanics—in +short, to Professional and Practical Men of every class.</p> + +<p>The Domestic Recipes and Formulę for Art Processes +are of themselves worth many times the cost of subscription.</p> + + +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="-->" border="0" /> +</div> <br style="line-height: 1%;" /> +<p><span class="sc">Specimen Copies Sent Free.</span></p> + + +<p>Address</p> +<p class="center"><b>BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,</b><br /> +150 Congress st., Boston.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>FOOT LATHES,</h3> +<p class="center">And all kinds of small tools. Illustrated catalogue free.<br /> +GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +A</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +GENTS WANTED.—To sell Stephens' +<b>Patent Combination Rule,</b> which embraces a +Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, Slope Level, T Square, +etc., in one compact tool. These instruments retail at +$3.50 each, and energetic salesmen can make money by +selling them among mechanics. We warrant them in every +particular, as the construction and graduation is faultless. +Send for descriptive circular, cuts, and terms.</p> + +<p class="author">STEPHENS & CO., Riverton, Conn.</p> + +<hr /> +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +<b>FELT.</b> </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> + +THE BEST, CHEAPEST and +MOST DURABLE non-conductor known, +for sale by the Original Manufacturer, at +the </p> +<p class="author">BOILER FELTING WORKS, <br /> +46 Courtland st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>Universal Wood Worker.</h2> +<div class="figleft2"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 20%" /><p> +or Agricultural, Railroad, Car, Carriage, +and Wagon Works, Planing Mill, Sash, Door and +Blind, Bedstead, Cabinet and Furniture Factories.</p> + +<p class="author">McBETH, BENTEL & MARGEDANT, Hamilton, O.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><i>Inventor's Exchange</i>,</h2> +<h2>245 Broadway, N. Y.,</h2> +<p class="center">"<span class="sc">Am. Agriculturist" Building</span>.<br /> +<b>TANGIBLE INVENTIONS NEGOTIATED.</b></p> +<p>No goods received unless ordered.</p> +<p class="author">B. F. KEMP, Proprietor.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +M</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ACHINISTS' TOOLS, at greatly reduced +prices. Also, some Woodworth Planers and Second-hand +Tools. 97 to 113 R. R. ave., Newark, N. J.</p> + +<p class="author">E. & R. J. GOULD, successors to Gould Machine Co.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +N. B. </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +PATENTED Articles introduced. +Also, State and County Rights sold for Inventors. +STONE, PUGH & CO., 55 N. 6th st., Philadelphia.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +G</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +OLDEN HILL Seminary for young ladies, +Bridgeport, Conn. Miss <span class="sc">Emily Nelson</span>, Principal.</p> + +<hr /> + +<table align="center" summary=""> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><span style="font-size: 2.5em;"><b>1826</b></span></td> + <td class="center">USE THE VEGETABLE<br /> +<b>PULMONARY BALSAM.</b></td> + <td class="left1"><span style="font-size: 2.5em;"><b>1870</b></span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The old standard remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption. +"Nothing Better." <span class="sc">Cutler Bros.</span> & Co., Boston.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +HE CALVERT IRON ROLLING MILLS +are offered at private sale. These mills are situated +in the city of Baltimore, and cover 1½ acres of ground. +The Machinery is of the most approved description, for +making all sizes of round and square bar iron, from ¼ in. +to 3 in. diameter, and flat bars of all widths, up to 7 inches.</p> + +<p>The buildings are ample and commodious.</p> + +<p>In addition to the Rolling Mills are two brick buildings +(50x125 feet and 40x90 feet), now containing an 80 H.P. Engine, +and Spike Machinery, but which could be used for +the manufacture of Nails, Horseshoes, or any other branch +of heavy hardware.</p> + +<p>This property offers an unusual opportunity to capitalists, +and will be sold at a reasonable price.</p> + +<p>For further description address</p> + + +<p class="author">MARSHALL P. SMITH, <br /> +P. O. Box 1158, Baltimore, Md.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +B</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p>URDON IRON WORKS.—Manufacturers +of Pumping Engines for Water Works, High & Low +Pressure Engines, Portable Engines and Boilers, of all +kinds, Sugar Mills, Screw, Lever, Drop, & Hydraulic +Presses, Machinery in general. HUBBARD & WHITTAKER, +102 Front st., Brooklyn.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +E</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p>NGINES AND MACHINERY FOR SALE, +at a great sacrifice. Two new Steam Engines, 12 +and 20 horse power; 1 Faribain's Riveting Machine; 1 +large Power Shears; 1 ditto Table Punch; 2 ditto Flange +Punches; 1 set Power Bending Rolls; together with a large +lot of Turning Lathes, Drilling Machines, Machinists' and +Smiths' Hand Tools, Pulleys, Hangers, and 6 Fairbanks' +Platform Scales. Send for catalogue, or apply at the South +Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. Imlay and Summit +sts., Brooklyn.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +S</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p>HINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE— +Law's Patent with Trevor & Co.'s Improvements. +The Simplest and Best in use. Also, Shingle, Heading +and Stave Jointers, Equalizers, Heading Turners, Planers +etc.</p> +<p class="author"><span style="float: left;"> Address</span> TREVOR & CO., Lockport, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +A</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /> +<p>GENTS WANTED—($225 A MONTH) +by the AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. +Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo.</p> + + <hr /> + +<p class="center">THE</p> +<h2><i>UNITED STATES</i></h2> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 4.0em;"><b>Brick Machine</b></span></p> +<p class="center">IS THE</p> +<h2>BEST IN THE WORLD,</h2> +<p class="center">BECAUSE IT MAKES THE</p> + +<table align="center" summary="bricks"> +<tr> + <td> +<b>GREATEST NUMBER</b>,<br /> + <b>THE BEST</b>, and<br /> + <b>THE CHEAPEST</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>BRICKS.</h2> + + +<p class="ind"><b>It is the Perfection of Simplicity.</b></p> + +<p class="ind"><b>It is Durable, and not likely to get out of +Repair.</b></p> + +<p>See <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>, Sept. 17, 1870.</p> + +<p>For Descriptive Circular apply to</p> + + +<h2>F. C. WELLS, President,</h2> +<p class="center"><b>Room 13, 98 Madison st.,</b><br /> +<b>CHICAGO.</b></p> + + +<p>MACHINES can be seen in operation at the Company's +Works, Chicago; at rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and +at Novelty Iron Works, corner of Delord and Peter sts., +New Orleans.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>PREPARED</h3> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Asphalte Roofing Felt.</b></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/42-roof.png"><img src="images/42-roof-400.png" width="400" height="117" alt="Asphalte Roofing Felt." /></a> +</div> + +<p>This new prepared production is ready +coated, and can be applied on the roof without +further trouble. It is easy of application, and does +not require any repairs for a long time. It is more +durable than some slates, and has been found a suitable +substitute for iron or tin roofs. It has a sanded +or stony surface, which renders it <b>UNINFLAMMABLE +and FIRE-PROOF.</b> Exposed to the most intense +fire, and sparks falling upon it, it will not propagate the +fire. Under the influence of the sun it will not run, which +makes it specially adapted to hot climates. Its easy application +and pleasing appearance have made it a favorite +roofing material throughout all the Indies and other colonies. +Being not cumbrous for transport, it is of invaluable +service to settlers and farmers in far remote +districts. When used for temporary purposes it may be +taken off and applied again to another construction. It +replaces common Asphalting on Terraces, Lobbies, Counting-houses, +Office Floors, etc.; is a great preservative +against dampness and vermin, and equalizes the temperature. +It is 32 inches wide, and made in rolls of 25 yards +each. Send for circular to</p> + +<p class="author"><b>E. H. MARTIN,</b> </p> +<p class="author"><b>70 Maiden Lane and 9 Liberty St., N. Y.</b></p> + + +<hr /> + +<h3>J. J. H. GREGORY'S</h3> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Seed Catalogue.</b></span></p> + +<p>My Annual Illustrated Catalogue, containing +a list of many new and rare Vegetables, some of +which are not found in any other catalogue, and all the +standard vegetables of the farm and garden (over one +hundred of which I grow on my three seed farms), with a +carefully selected list of flower seed, will be sent free to all. +All my seed is sold under three warrants:</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>1st. That all money sent shall reach me.</li> +<li>2d. That all seed ordered shall reach the purchaser.</li> +<li>3d. That my seeds shall be fresh and true to name.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="author">JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><i>THE NEW WILSON</i></h2> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/42-sewmachine.png"><img src="images/42-sewmachine-150.png" width="150" height="186" alt="THE NEW WILSON Under-Feed Shuttle SEWING MACHINES!" /></a> +<h3>AGENTS WANTED.</h3> +</div> + +<h3><b>Under-Feed Shuttle</b><br /> +<b>SEWING MACHINES!</b></h3> + +<p><b>$25 cheaper than +any other!</b></p> + +<p>For Simplicity, Durability +and Beauty they stand +<b><i>unrivalled!</i></b> For <span class="sc">Stitching, +Hemming, Tucking, +Felling</span>, Quilting, <span class="sc">Cording, +Binding, Braiding, +Gathering</span>, Gathering & +sewing on gathers, <i>they +are unexcelled!</i> +For particulars address</p> + +<p class="author"> +Wilson Sewing Machine Co.,<br /> +Cleveland, O., or<br /> +St. Louis, Mo.</p> +<br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +MACHINERY, </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>NEW and 2d-HAND.—</b><br /> +Send for Circular. <span class="sc">Chas</span>. PLACE<br /> +& CO., 60 Vesey st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>MACHINISTS.</b></span></p> + +<p>Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of all kinds of small +Tools and Materials sent free to any address. GOODNOW +& WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>P. BLAISDELL & CO.</b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +M</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ANUFACTURERS of the "BLAISDELL" +PATENT DRILL PRESSES, with quick return motion, +Agricultural Drills, Improved Engine Lathes, from +12 in. to 28 in. swing, Planers, Gear Cutters, Boring Mills, +Hand Lathes, and other first-class Machinists' Tools.</p> + +<p class="author">Jackson st., Worcester, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft"><br /> +<a href="images/42-bedfast.png"><img src="images/42-bedfast-150.png" width="150" height="135" alt="Patent BEDSTEAD FASTENING." /></a> +</div> + +<h3>Patent</h3> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>BEDSTEAD FASTENING.</b></span></p> + +<p>The <b>Best, Cheapest,</b> and <b>Strongest +FASTENING</b> ever invented.</p> + +<p class="ind">Rights for States and Territories for +sale.</p> +<p class="ind">Address</p> +<p class="author">JOHN DOMINGOS <br /> +and BENJAMIN ESSIG,<br /> +Sacramento, Cal.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +B</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>ENT, GOODNOW & CO.,</b></p> + +<p>Boston, Mass., Publishers of <b>"PATENT STAR"</b>, +sell Patent Rights and goods of all kinds. Orders solicited.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>AGENTS WANTED.</b></p> + + + +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="-->" border="0" /> +</div> <br style="line-height: 1%;" /> +<p>Send stamp for copy.</p> + +<hr /><br /> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/finger-down-500.png" width="487" height="50" alt="FINGERS DOWN" /> +</div> + +<p><b>TO THE WORKING CLASS.—We are now prepared to +furnish all classes with constant employment at home, the +whole of the time or for the spare moments. Business new, +light and profitable. Persons of either sex easily earn from +50c. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by devoting +their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly +as much as men. That all who see this notice may send their +address, and test the business, we make this unparalleled +offer: To such as are not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay +for the trouble of writing. Full particulars, a valuable sample +which will do to commence work on, and a copy of <i>The +People's Literary Companion</i>—one of the largest and +best family newspapers published—all sent free by mail. +Reader, if you want permanent, profitable work, address</b></p> + +<p class="author"><b>D. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>IMPORTANT</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +O MACHINISTS.—The Best Metal for all +Machine Uses is the MARTIN STEEL, made by +<span class="sc">The New Jersey Steel and Iron Co</span>., Trenton, N. J. +This steel is made by an entirely different process from +any other and is tougher than wrought iron. It can be +turned without annealing, being entirely free from hard +spots. Every one who uses it pronounces it just what +they have long wanted, for a multitude of uses, such as +Crank Pins, Lathe Spindles and Screws, Cotton Machinery +Rollers, Saw and Fan Spindles, etc., etc. Also, particularly +adapted for Firebox Plates. Prices low. Send +for further information, or a sample, stating use to which +it is to be applied.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +<b>OTIS'</b> </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>SAFETY HOISTING</b><br /> +<span style="font-size: 2.0em;"><b>Machinery.</b></span></p> +<p class="author"><b>OTIS, BROS. & CO.</b> <br /> +No. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. </p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<img src="images/43-trademark-150.png" width="150" height="125" alt="Trade Mark" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Union Emery Wheels.</b></span></p> + +<p>Solid and with Stone Center. +UNION STONE CO., Boston, Mass. +Branch Office, 93 Liberty st., N. Y. + +General Agents for the Am. Twist +Drill Co.'s Superior Grinder and +other Emery Wheel Machinery and +Tools. Send for Circular.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>WOODBURY'S PATENT</h2> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Planing and Matching</i></b></span></p> +<p> +and Molding Machines, Gray & Wood's Planers, Self-oiling +Saw Arbors, and other wood working machinery.</p> + +<table align="center" summary="" border="0"> +<tr> + <td class="left1"> + S. A. WOODS,<br /> + Send for Circulars.</td> +<td class="bigbrace">}</td> + <td class="left1"> + 91 Liberty street, N. Y.;<br /> +67 Sudbury street, Boston.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +R</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>ICHARDSON, MERIAM & CO.,</b><br /> +Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent Daniels' +and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash, +and molding, Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, Shaping, Vertical, +and Circular Re-sawing Machines, Saw Mills Saw +Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and Rip-saw Machines, +Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various +other kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues +and price lists sent on application. Manufactory, Worcester, +Mass.</p> +<p class="author">Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., New York. 17 1</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft"><br /> +<a href="images/43-turbine.png"><img src="images/43-turbine-200.png" width="200" height="225" alt="Reynolds' TURBINE WATER WHEELS." /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Reynolds'</b></span></p> + +<h2>TURBINE WATER WHEELS.</h2> + +<p>The Oldest and Newest. All others +only imitations of each other in +their strife after complications to +confuse the public. We do not boast +but quietly excel them all in staunch +reliable, economical power. Beautiful +pamphlet free.</p> +<p class="author"> +<span class="sc">Geo</span>. TALLCOT,<br /> +96 Liberty st., New York.<br /> +<b>Gearing, Shafting.</b> </p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Niagara Steam Pump.</i></b></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAS. B. HARDICK,</p> +<p class="author"> +Adams st., Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +M</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENTAL, +and other machinery, Models for the Patent Office, +built to order by HOLSKE MACHINE CO., Nos. 528, 530, +and 532 Water st., near Jefferson. Refer to <span class="sc">Scientific +American</span> office. +14 tf</p> + +<hr /> + +<table align="center" width="90%" summary="Schenk's Patent"> +<tr> + + <td class="center" valign="top"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>1832.</b></span></td> + <td><h2>SCHENCK'S PATENT.</h2></td> + <td class="center" valign="top"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>1870.</b></span></td> +</tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><h2><span style="font-size:2.0em;">Woodworth Planers.</span></h2></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +And Re-Sawing Machines, Wood and Iron Working Machinery, +Engines, Boilers, etc. JOHN B. SCHENCK & +SON, Matteawan, N. Y., and 118 Liberty st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft1"><br /><img src="images/43-largecapw.png" width="40" height="86" alt="large capital W" border="0" /> +</div> +<p>ANTED—AGENTS, $20 PER DAY, TO +sell the celebrated HOME SHUTTLE SEWING +MACHINE. Has the under-feed, makes the "lock +stitch" alike on both sides, and is fully licensed. +The best and cheapest Family Sewing Machine +in the market. Address</p> +<p class="center"> +JOHNSON, CLARK & CO.,</p> +<p class="author"> +Boston, Mass.; Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill., or +St. Louis, Mo.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Milling Machine,</b></span></p> +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +I</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +NDEX, STANDARD, UNIVERSAL, AND +HORIZONTAL.—The largest variety to be found in +the country, on hand and finishing. Workmanship, Material, +and Design unsurpassed. Machines on exhibition +at Fair of American Institute. UNION VISE CO. +OF BOSTON. Office 80 Milk st. Works at Hyde Park, +Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Andrew's Patents.</i></b></span></p> +<p><b>Noiseless, Friction Grooved, Portable, and +Warehouse Hoisters.</b></p> +<p><b> +Friction or Geared Mining & Quarry Hoisters. +Smoke-burning Safety Boilers.</b></p> +<p><b>Oscillating Engines, Double and Single, 1-2 to +100-Horse power.</b></p> +<p><b>Centrifugal Pumps, 100 to 100,000 Gallons +per Minute, Best Pumps in the World, pass +Mud, Sand, Gravel, Coal, Grain, etc., without +injury.</b></p> +<p><b>All Light, Simple, Durable, and Economical.</b></p> +<p><b>Send for Circulars.</b></p> +<p class="author"> +WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,<br /> +414 Water street, New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +$150 </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +A MONTH! EMPLOYMENT! +EXTRA INDUCEMENTS! +A premium <span class="sc">Horse</span> and <span class="sc">Wagon</span> for Agents. We desire +to employ agents for a term of seven years, to sell the +Buckeye $20.00 Shuttle Sewing Machine. It makes a +stitch alike on both sides, and is the best low-priced +licensed machine in the world. W. A. HENDERSON & +CO., Cleveland, Ohio, or St. Louis, Mo.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +A</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +LLCOTT'S LATHES, for Broom, Hoe, and<br /> + Rake Handles, for sale by</p> +<p class="author"> +L. W. POND, 98 Liberty st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +U</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +NRIVALLED Hand Saw Mill, Self-feeding, +with ease. Rip 3-in. lumber; guaranteed do +work of 3 men. The only hand saw machine known, does +as represented. Thousands in use. Send for circular.</p> +<p class="author"> +WM. H. HOAG, Sole Manufacturer, 214 Pearl st. N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft4"> +<br /> +<img src="images/43-piano-1.png" class="ad1" border="0" alt="US PIANO CO. N. Y." /> +<img src="images/43-piano-2.png" class="ad1" border="0" alt="US PIANO CO. N. Y." /> +<img src="images/43-piano-3.png" class="ad1" border="0" alt="US PIANO CO. N. Y." /> +<img src="images/43-piano-4.png" class="ad1" border="0" alt="US PIANO CO. N. Y." /> +<img src="images/43-piano-5.png" class="ad1" border="0" alt="US PIANO CO. N. Y." /> + + +<p>Best in the World—<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><b>$290.</b></span> +Sent on trial—See large +cut and terms in Scientific American. Oct. 1st 1870.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Dovetailing Machine.</i></b></span></p> +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +W</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ILL MAKE 400 DRAWERS PER DAY. +See <span class="sc">Scientific American</span>, Jan. 11, '71. H. H. EVARTS, +93 Liberty st.; TREVOR & CO., Lockport N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>CIRCULAR SAW MILLS.</b></span></p> +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +H</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +AYS & NEWMAN'S PATENT DOUBLE +PARALLEL EDGERS, FOSTER'S PATENT LOG-CANTING +MACHINES, and Sawmill Machinery generally, +manufactured by the <b>Washington Mowing Machine +Company.</b></p> +<p class="author"> +LEROY MOWRY, Agent,<br /> +Sandy Hill, Wash. Co., N. Y.</p> +<p> +Send for Illustrated Circulars and Price Lists.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>To Electro-Platers.</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +B</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, +in sets or single, with books of instruction, +manufactured and sold by THOMAS HALL, Manufacturing +Electrician, 19 Bromfield street, Boston, Mass. Illustrated +catalogue sent free on application.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +P</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +RIZE MEDAL SCROLL SAW.—</p> +<p class="author"> +<b>THOS. L. CORNELL, Derby, Conn.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>PATENT RIGHTS SOLD ON COMMISSION.</b></span></p> + +<p>By E. E. ROBERTS & CO., Consulting Engineers, 15 Wall St., N. Y.</p> +<p>Send Stamp for +Circular.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Newspaper Advertising.</b></span></p> + +<p>A Book of 125 closely printed pages, lately issued, contains +a list of the best American Advertising Mediums +giving the names, circulations, and full particulars concerning +the leading Daily and Weekly Political and Family +Newspapers, together with all those having large circulations, +published in the interest of Religion, Agriculture, +Literature, etc., etc. Every Advertiser, and every +person who contemplates becoming such, will find this +book of great value. Mailed free to any address on receipt +of 25c.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>GEO. P. ROWELL & CO.,</b></p> + +<p class="author">Publishers, No. 40 Park Row, New York.</p> + +<p>The Pittsburgh (Pa.) Leader, in its issue of May 29, 1870 +says:</p> + +<p>"The firm of G. P. Rowell & Co., which issues this interesting +and valuable book, is the largest and best Advertising +Agency in the United States, and we can cheerfully +recommend it to the attention of those who desire to +advertise their business <span class="sc"><b>SCIENTIFICALLY</b></span> <b>and</b> <span class="sc"><b>SYSTEMATICALLY</b></span> +in such a way: that is, so as to secure the largest +amount of publicity for the least expenditure of +money."</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>THE CELEBRATED</h2> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Cold-rolled Shafting.</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +his Shafting is in every particular superior +to any turned Shafting ever made. It is the most +ECONOMICAL SHAFTING to buy, being so very much +stronger than turned Shafting. Less diameter answers +every purpose, causing a great saving in coupling, pulleys +and hangers. It is perfectly round, and made to +Whitworth Gage. All who give it a trial continue to use +it exclusively. We have it in large quantities. Call and +examine it, or send for price list.</p> + + +<p>Address</p> +<p class="author"> +GEORGE PLACE & CO.,<br /> +126 and 128 Chambers st., New York.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>N. Y. Machinery Depot.</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +G</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +EORGE PLACE & CO., Manufacturers and +Dealers in Wood and Iron Working Machinery, of +every description, Stationary and Portable Engines and +Boilers, Leather and Rubber Belting, and all articles +needful in Machine or Railroad Repair Shops. 126 and +128 Chamber st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Sturtevant Blowers.</i></b></span></p> +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +hese are in every particular the best and +most perfect Blower ever made. A full assortment +of every size on hand, ready to deliver.</p> + +<p>Address</p> +<p class="author"> +GEORGE PLACE & CO., +126 and 128 Chamber St., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter"><br style="line-height: 50%;" /> +<img src="images/44-girders-400.png" width="396" height="72" alt="Wrought Iron Beams and Girders" /> +</div> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +he Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. The +attention of Engineers and Architects is called to +our improved Wrought-iron Beams and Girders (patented), +in which the compound welds between the stem and +flanges, which have proved so objectionable in the old +mode of manufacturing, are entirely avoided, we are prepared +to furnish all sizes at terms as favorable as can be +obtained elsewhere. For descriptive lithograph address</p> +<p class="author"> +Carnegie, Kloman & Co., Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<hr /> +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +M</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ILL OWNERS, ATTENTION.—Our Turbine +Water Wheels still ahead. No complications. +Simple, compact, and durable. Prices moderate.</p> + +<p class="author">VALENTINE & CO., Ft. Edward, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +HE WOODWARD STEAM-PUMP MANUFACTURING +COMPANY, Manufacturers of the +Woodward Pat. Improved Safety Steam Pump and Fire +Engine, Steam, Water, and Gas Fittings of all kinds. Also +Dealers in Wrought-iron Pipe, Boiler Tubes, etc. Hotels, +Churches, Factories, & Public Buildings heated by Steam. +Low Pressure. Woodward Building, 76 and 78 Center st., +cor. of Worth st. (formerly of 77 Beekman st., N. Y.) All +parties are hereby cautioned against infringing the Pat. +Right of the above Pump. G. M. WOODWARD, Pres't.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +B</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +UERK'S WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR.—Important +for all large Corporations +and Manufacturing concerns—capable of controlling +with the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or +patrolman, as the same reaches different stations of his +beat. Send for a Circular.</p> + +<p class="author"> +J. E. BUERK, <br /> +P. O. Box 1,057 Boston, Mass.</p> + + +<p>N. B.—This detector is covered by two U. S. Patents. +Parties using or selling these instruments without authority +from me will be dealt with according to law.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +P</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COMBINING +the maximum of efficiency, durability and economy, +with the minimum of weight and price. They are +widely and favorably known, more than <b>750</b> being in +use. All warranted satisfactory or no sale. Descriptive +circulars sent on application. Address</p> + +<p class="author"> +J. C. HOADLEY & CO., Lawrence, Mass. +46. Cortlandt st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +<b>$5 TO $10 PER DAY.</b> </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> + +MEN, WOMEN, BOYS and GIRLS +who engage in our new business make from <b>$5 to +$10 per day</b> in their own localities. Full particulars +and instructions sent free by mail. Those in +need of permanent, profitable work, should address +at once. <span class="sc">George Stinson & Co</span>., Portland, Maine.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Agents! Read This!</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +W</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +E WILL PAY AGENTS A SALARY OF +<b>$30 per week</b> and expenses, or allow a large +commission, to sell our new and wonderful inventions.</p> + +<p>Address</p> +<p class="author"> +M. WAGNER & CO., Marshall, Mich.</p> + + +<hr /><br /> + +<table summary="glyph"> +<tr> + <td class="left1" valign="top"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/44-fitsleft-34.png" width="34" height="75" alt="glyph" /> +</td> + <td class="left1" valign="top" style="text-align: justify;"> +<h2>EPILEPSY OR FITS.</h2> +<p> +A sure cure for this distressing complaint is now made +known in a Treatise of 48 octavo pages, on Foreign and +Native Herbal Preparations, published by Dr. O. Phelps +Brown. The prescription was discovered by him in such +a providential manner that he cannot conscientiously +refuse to make it known, as it has cured everybody who +has used it for Fits, never having failed in a single +case. The ingredients may be obtained from any druggist. +Persons desiring a copy may address +Dr. O. Phelps Brown, No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City, N. J., +and it will be sent by return mail.<br /><br /></p></td> + <td class="left1" valign="bottom"><img src="images/44-fitsright-26.png" width="26" height="75" alt="glyph" /> + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +W</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +OOD-WORKING MACHINERY GENERALLY. +Specialties, Woodworth Planers and Richardson's +Patent Improved Tenon Machines. Nos. 24 and +26 Central, corner Union st., Worcester, Mass. Warerooms +42 Cortlandt st., New York.</p> + +<p class="author">WITHERBY RUGG, & RICHARDSON.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +C</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +INCINNATI BRASS WORKS.—Engineers +and Steam Fitters' Brass Work, Best Quality +at very Low Prices.</p> +<p class="author"> +F. LUNKENHEIMER, Prop'r.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Hinkley Knitting Machine.</b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +he simplest, cheapest, and best in use.<br /> +Has but one needle! A child can run it!</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Agents Wanted in Every Town.</b></p> + +<p>Send for Circular and Sample Stocking to</p> + +<p class="author">HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE CO., Bath, Me.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +L</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ATHE CHUCKS—HORTON'S PATENT</p> + +<p>from 4 to 36 inches. Also for car wheels. Address</p> + +<p class="author">E. HORTON & SON, Windsor Locks, Conn.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +S</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ILICATE OF SODA, IN ITS VARIOUS +forms, manufactured as a specialty, by Philadelphia +Quartz Co., 783 South 2d st. Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<hr /> + +<a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/oef-advertisements.png" width="229" height="34" alt="Advertisements." border="0" /></div> + +<hr /> + + +<p><i>Advertisements will be admitted on this page at the rate of +<b>$1.00</b> per line for each insertion. Engravings may +head advertisements at the same rate per line, by measurement, +as the letter-press.</i></p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2><i>An Important Fact.</i></h2> +<h2>MARVIN & CO.'S</h2> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>SPHERICAL SAFES</b></span></p> +<h2>Have never been Robbed.</h2> +<p> +Hundreds are in use by Banks, Bankers, and Merchants.</p> + + +<table summary="brace"> +<tr> + <td class="left1"><br style="line-height: 50%" />Warehouses,</td> + <td class="biggerbrace" valign="top">{</td> + <td class="left1"><br style="line-height: 50%" /> + 265 Broadway, New York.<br /> +721 Chestnut st., Philadelphia.<br /> +108 Bank st., Cleveland.<br /> +93 Main st., Buffalo.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + + +<hr /> + + +<h2>L: L: SMITH & CO.,</h2> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Nickel Platers,</b></span></p> +<p class="center"><b>6 HOWARD ST., New York,</b><br /> +Between Elm and Centre.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>SAVE YOUR FUEL.</i></b></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/45-grate.png"><img src="images/45-grate-300.png" width="300" height="55" alt="THE ORIGINAL L. B. TUPPER'S Furnace Grate Bar." /></a> +<h2>THE ORIGINAL L. B. TUPPER'S</h2> +<h2>Furnace Grate Bar.</h2> + +</div> +<p> +Guaranteed to make from 5 to 10 lbs. more steam, with +less fuel, than any other bar. Adapted to all kinds of +fuel; no alteration of furnace required. Received Silver +Medal at Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, 1870; Silver +Medal at Worcester Co. Mechanics' Association, 1866; +Medal and Diploma at American Institute Fair, 1870; Honorable +Mention at Paris Exposition. Send for descriptive +pamphlet. Now in use in 10,000 places.</p> + +<p class="author">L. B. TUPPER, 120 West st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/45-pyrometer.png"><img src="images/45-pyrometer-300.png" width="300" height="89" alt="Pyrometer." /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Pyrometers.</b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +or Blast Furnaces, Bakers' Ovens, Boiler +Flues, Superheated Steam Oil Stills, Zinc and Lead +Baths.</p> +<p class="author"> +E. BROWN, 311 Walnut st., Philadelphia.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Agents Wanted.</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +o sell the UNIVERSAL SASH LOCK.<br /> +<b>It is Self-Acting and Burglar-Proof.</b> Send +stamp for circulars. Carpenters and Builders can make +from $10 to $20 selling them. Address G. S. LACEY, care +of Patterson Brothers, No. 27 Park Row, New York city.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +S</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p>PERM OIL, <i>strictly pure</i>, for SEWING +MACHINES and fine Machinery, in bottles and bbls. +Sample by mail, 25 cts. W. F. NYE, New Bedford, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>The Reasons Why</i></b></span></p> + + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +D</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p>OOLEY'S YEAST POWDER is preferred +to any other Baking Powder in market, are owing +to its perfect purity, quality, quantity, and economy. +The ingredients are strictly free from deleterious substances, +and hence the full strength of each is obtained, +and the results are uniform every time it is used. This +cannot be the case in those of ordinary manufacture, and +for proof of our assertion, we ask those who have never +used <span class="sc">Dooley's Yeast Powder</span> to give it a trial. Your +grocer keeps it. DOOLEY & BROTHER, Manufacturers, +69 New st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +P</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ATENT CUTTERS for the Teeth of Gear +Wheels, which can be sharpened by grinding, without +changing their form. Cutters made on this plan will +last many times as long as those of the common form, +with the advantage of being always ready for use. Descriptive +circular, with price list, sent per mail on application. +BROWN & SHARPE M'F'G CO., Providence, R. I.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><b>A SPRING OF WATER AT THE TOP +OF THE HOUSE.</b></h2> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +H</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +OUGHTON'S AUTOMATIC WATER +ELEVATOR, patented Feb. 7, 1871, No. 111,542, delivers +water from the well or cistern in the tank at the +top of the house. Is operated by the fire in the kitchen +range without additional fuel; is simple in construction, +reliable and cheap. Reliable parties wanted to introduce +them into use in all the States except New England. For +drawings and full description address</p> + +<p class="author">CHARLES HOUGHTON, 41 State St., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +S</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +HORT HAND.—150 words per minute in +four weeks. Send stamp for Circular.</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="sc">Prof</span>. GRAY, P. O. Box 4847, New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>WATCHES THAT ARE WATCHES.</h2> + +<p><b>We shall be pleased to send our DESCRIPTIVE +PRICE LIST of Genuine +WALTHAM WATCHES, together with +an Illustrated pamphlet entitled a History +of Watchmaking, to all who send +us their address. No matter how remote +you are from New York, we can sell you +a Watch at the same price as if you were +here. When you write mention that you +saw this notice in the Scientific Amer.</b></p> +<p class="author"><b>HOWARD & CO., 865 Broadway, N. Y.</b></p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>Engines, Tools, Machinery, etc.,</h2> +<h3>FOR SALE AT THE</h3> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Novelty Iron Works,</b></span></p> +<p class="center"><b>Foot of East 12th street, New York city,</b></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +E</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +MBRACING Engines, Planers, Lathes, +Smith and Boiler Makers' Tools, and Machinery and +Patterns of the most approved kinds, etc. Also, 1 High +Pressure Engine, 12-inch diameter by 30-inch stroke: +2 Stevenson's Patent Turbine Water Wheels, 66-inch diameter, +and 1 Marine Beam Engine, 60-inches by 10-feet +stroke. Send for catalogue.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>JNO. S. SCHULTZE,</b></p> + +<p>RECEIVER OF THE NOVELTY IRON WORKS.<br /> +New York, March 1, 1871.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +OR CIRCULAR ILLUSTRATING A NEW +and greatly improved TURBINE WHEEL, believed +to be the best and cheapest in the market, apply to</p> +<p class="author"> +PUSEY JONES & CO., <br /> +Wilmington Delaware</p> + + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +H</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +OTCHKISS BRICK AND TILE MACHINE.—Send +for Circular to Room 7, No. 19 Cliff +street, New York.</p> + +<hr style="margin-bottom:1em;" /> + +<table summary="oil" border="0"> +<tr> + <td valign="top"><p class="center"><span style="font-size:1.6em;"><b>PRATT'S</b></span> +<span style="font-size:3.0em;"><b>Astral</b></span> +<span style="font-size:2.0em;"><b>OIL:</b></span></p></td> + <td class="left1" valign="top"><p><b>Not the cheapest, but the best</b> +Illuminating Oil ever made. Does not +take fire or explode if the lamp be upset +or broken. Over 100,000 families continue +to use it, and no accidents of any description, +directly or indirectly, have occurred +from it.</p> + +<p class="author"> +Oil House of <span class="sc">Charles Pratt</span>,<br /> +Established 1770, New York.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<hr /> + +<h3>UNION</h3> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Spoke Works.</b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +S</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +POKES, RIMS, AND PLOW HANDLES. +All goods warranted seasoned, and of the best +quality.</p> +<p class="author"> +JOHN G. DAVIS & SON, <br /> +Southwest cor. of Leopard and Otter sts., Philadelphia.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<a href="images/46-cornmills.png"><img src="images/46-cornmills-150.png" width="150" height="103" alt="CORN MILLS." /></a> +</div> +<p> +Vertical & Horizontal +<b>CORN MILLS.</b> +30-inch grinds 30 bus. per hour, +and 20-in. 15. Price $280 and $140.</p> +<p class="author"> +EDWARD HARRISON, <br /> +New Haven, Conn.</p> +<br clear="all" /> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>IRON STEAMSHIP BUILDERS.</h3> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>NEAFIE & LEVY,</b></span></p> +<h2><i>PENN WORKS</i>,</h2> +<p class="center"><b>MARINE ENGINES, BOILERS, ETC.,</b><br /> +<b>PHILADELPHIA, PA.</b></p> + + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Swain Turbine.</b></span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>"Our Low-Water Wheel from this on"</h2> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +W</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ILL DO TEN PER CENT MORE WORK +on small streams, in a dry season, than any wheel +ever invented. Gave the best results, in every respect, at +the Lowell Tests.</p> + +<p>For Report of tests at Lowell, with Diagrams and Tables +of Power, address</p> + + +<p class="author"><b>THE SWAIN TURBINE CO.,</b> <br /> +<b>North Chelmsford, Mass.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft"> +<img src="images/46-largecapB-60.png" width="60" height="237" alt="large capital B" /> +</div> +<p><span style="font-size: 1.2em;"> + +UILDING PAPER</span></p> +<p class="center"> +OF THREE GRADES.</p> +<p class="center"> +<b>TARRED SHEATHING,</b></p> +<p> +For outside of Studding, under Clapboards. +A non-conductor of cold, heat, and dampness.</p> + +<p><b>PREPARED PLASTERING BOARD,</b></p> + +<p>a cheap and perfect substitute for lath and +plaster; makes a smooth, warm, and substantial +wall, at less than half the usual cost.</p> + +<p><b>DOUBLE THICK ROOFING</b></p> + +<p>and Quartz Cement, make a good water and +fire-proof roof, for less than $3.50 per square.</p> + +<p class="author"> + Sample and Circulars sent free, by +ROCK RIVER PAPER CO., <br /> +Chicago; or,</p> +<p class="author"> +B. E. HALE, <br /> +22 & 24 Frankfort street, N. Y.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +I</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +RON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, +Drills, and other Machinists' Tools, of superior quality, +on hand, and finishing. For sale low. For Description +and Price address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING +CO. New Haven Conn.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>RUMPFF & LUTZ,</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +I</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +MPORTERS and Manufacturers of Aniline +Colors and Dyestuffs, Colors for Paperhangers and +Stainers. Reliable recipes for Dyeing and Printing on +Silk, Wool, and Cotton. All new improvements in the +art of Dyeing, and new Colors are transmitted to us by +our friends in Europe, as soon as they appear.</p> + +<p class="author">42 Beaver street, New York.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>PAGE'S</h2> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Patent Tanned Belting</i></b></span></p> +<p> +Runs 25 per cent more machinery, is nearly twice as +strong, and wears 50 per c. longer than any other. Send +for circular containing price lists and discounts.</p> + +<p class="author"><b>Page Brothers, Sole Manuf'rs, Franklin, N. H.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figleft"><br style="line-height: 60%" /> +<img src="images/46-steam-150.png" width="150" height="170" alt="STEAM ENGINES and BOILERS" /> +</div> + +<p>From 4 to 500 horse power +including Corliss Engines, Slide +Valve Stationary Engines, Portable +Engines, etc. Also, Circular +Saw Mills, Shafting, Pulleys +etc. Wheat and Corn Mills, Circular +Saws, etc.<br /> +Send for Price List.</p> + +<h3>WOOD & MANN<br /> +Steam Engine Company,<br /> +<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.9em;"> +WORKS—UTICA, N. Y.</span></h3> + +<p><span class="sc">Principal Office</span>—<b>42 Cortlandt st., New York.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/46-drills-400.png" width="400" height="103" alt="DIAMOND POINTED STEAM DRILLS." /> +</div> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>DIAMOND POINTED</b></span></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>STEAM DRILLS.</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>OR ALL KINDS OF ROCK DRILLING,</b> +Mining, Quarrying, Tunneling, Railroad Grading, +Well Boring, Prospecting, etc. Fifty to Seventy-five per +cent of cost and time of hand labor saved. "Test Cores," +in form of solid cylinders of rock or mineral taken out +of mines from any depth not exceeding one thousand feet, +showing true value, stratification, etc. No percussion. +Never require sharpening. FIRST PREMIUMS awarded +in both American and Europe. Illustrated Circulars sent +on application. Beware of infringements.</p> + +<p class="author"> +<b>SEVERANCE & HOLT</b>,<br /> +Proprietors and Manufacturers,<br /> +Office 16 Wall st., New York.</p> + + +<hr /> + + +<h2><i>NICKEL PLATING.</i></h2> +<p class="center"> +<b>Beardslee Nickel and Manufacturing Co.,<br /> +82 and 84 Fulton St., Brooklyn, N. Y.</b></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +R</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +IGHTS sold for the use of, and instruction +given in the best method of Nickel Plating. An experience +of twelve years enables us to offer a solution +and apparatus that remain practically unchanged for +years, in constant use.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED</b><br /> + +us by the <b>American Institute</b> in 1870. Critical examination +of our work solicited. All goods sent to our Factory +will meet with prompt attention.</p> + +<p class="author">New York Office—<b>4 Dev st., Room 2.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<table summary="layout"> +<tr> + <td><div class="figleft"><br /> +<a href="images/46-damper.png"><img src="images/46-damper-100.png" width="100" height="32" alt="BEST DAMPER REGULATOR for Steam Boiler." /></a> +<br /><span style="font-size:1.2em;">Agents wanted.</span></div></td> + <td class="left1" valign="top"><p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +B</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +EST DAMPER REGULATOR +for Steam Boiler. Send for Circulars.</p> +<p class="author"> +MURRILL & KEIZER, Baltimore, Md.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +P</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +AT. SOLID EMERY WHEELS AND OIL +STONES, for Brass and Iron Work, Saw Mills, and +Edge Tools. Northampton Emery Wheel Co., Leeds, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3><i>No</i></h3> +<h2>LIVE MECHANIC</h2> +<p class="center"> +Can afford to be without some of</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>BAIRD'S</b></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/47-books-350.png" width="350" height="160" alt="BOOKS" /> +</div> +<p class="center"> +<b>FOR PRACTICAL MEN.</b></p> + + +<p>My new and enlarged Catalogue of PRACTICAL +AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 82 pages, 8vo., will be +sent, free of postage, to any one who will favor me +with his address.</p> + +<p class="author"> +HENRY CAREY BAIRD,<br /> +Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut St.,<br /> +<span class="sc">Philadelphia</span>.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>THE FIFTH GRAND STATE FAIR</h3> +<p class="center">OF THE</p> +<h3>Mechanics and Agricultural State Association of Louisiana</h3> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +W</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ill be held on the Fair Grounds of the +Association, in the city of New Orleans, commencing +<span class="sc">Saturday, April</span> 8, 1871, and continuing nine +days. Exhibitors are invited from every section of America. +Railroads, steamships, and other transportation lines, +as named in the Premium Catalogues, will carry exhibitors +and their wares to and from the Fair at one half the +usual rates. For further information see Premium Catalogue, +which will be sent to any address free of charge.</p> + +<p class="author"> +LUTHER HOMES, Secretary and Treasurer, +New Orleans, La.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/47-boiler.png"><img src="images/47-boiler-379.png" width="379" height="400" alt="Root's Safety Boiler." /></a> +</div> +<br /> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>WIRE ROPE.</i></b></span></p> +<h3>JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS,</h3> +<p class="center">MANUFACTURERS, TRENTON, N. J.</p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +or Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rigging, +Bridges, Ferries, Stays, or Guys on Derricks & Cranes, +Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of Copper and Iron, Lightning +Conductors of Copper. Special attention given to hoisting +rope of all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Apply for +circular, giving price and other information. Send for +pamphlet on Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes. A +large stock constantly on hand at New York Warehouse,</p> +<p class="author"> +No. 117 Liberty street.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>$732 IN 31 DAYS,</b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +M</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ade by one Agent, selling Silver's Broom. +<b>100,000</b> in use. Recommended by Horace Greeley +and <i>Am. Agriculturist</i>. One county for each Agent. <i>Prices +Reduced</i>. C. A. CLEGG & CO., New York, or Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>American Saw Co., Manufacturers of</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/47-saw.png"><img src="images/47-saw-300.png" width="300" height="158" alt="EMERSON'S PATENT MOVEABLE TOOTHED CIRCULAR SAWS" /></a> +</div> + + + +<p>And Perforated Circular and Long Saws. Also Solid +Saws of all kinds. No. 1 Ferry St., cor. Gold street, +New York. Branch Office for Pacific Coast, No. 606 +Front street, San Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>MACHINE SCREWS,</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +or all purposes, with square, round, and +hexagon heads. A. W. GIFFORD & CO., +Worcester, Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/47-shafting-400.png" width="400" height="109" alt="PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING." /> +</div> + +<p>The fact that this Shafting has 75 per cent greater +strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gage, than any other +in use, renders it undoubtedly the most economical. We +are also the sole manufacturers of the <span class="sc">Celebrated Collins +Pat. Coupling</span>, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, etc., +of the most approved styles. Price Lists mailed on application +to</p> + +<p class="author"> +JONES & LAUGHLINS, <br /> +120 Water street, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> +<div class="figleft1"><img src="images/finger-32.png" width="32" height="14" alt="-->" border="0" /> +</div> <br style="line-height: 1%;" /> +<p>Stocks of this Shafting in store and for sale by<br /> + FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.<br /> +GEO. PLACE & CO., 126 Chambers street, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/47-bolt-400.png" width="400" height="125" alt="SCHLENKER'S PATENT BOLT CUTTER NEW INVENTION. ADDRESS, Howard Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y." /> + +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Steam Super-Heater,</i></b></span></p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +or Saving Fuel, and supplying Dry Steam +of any desired temperature. Safe, durable, easily attached. +H. W. BULKLEY Engineer, 98 Liberty st., N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +F</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +OR CIRCULAR OF TREMPER'S PATENT +VARIABLE CUT-OFF, for high and low pressure +Steam Engines, address</p> + +<p class="author">PUSEY JONES & CO. Wilmington Delaware.</p> + +<hr /> + +<table summary="brace"> +<tr> + <td class="biggerbrace"> + <b>Harrison</b></td> + <td class="bigbrace"> + <b><i>Safety + Boiler.</i></b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p>First-class Medal, World's Fair, London, 1862. +And American Institute Fair, New York, 1869.</p> + + +<p class="center">Over 1,000 Boilers in Use.</p> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Weston's Patent Differential</b></span></p> + +<h2>PULLEY BLOCKS.</h2> + +<p class="center">75,000 IN USE.</p> + + +Address +<p class="author"> +<b>HARRISON BOILER WORKS,<br /> +Philadelphia, Pa.</b></p> +<p class="author"> +or, <b>JOHN A. COLEMAN,</b> Agent, <br /> +110 Broadway, New York, and 139 Federal st., Boston.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><i>DOYLE'S</i></h2> +<h3>PATENT DIFFERENTIAL</h3> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Pulley Blocks,</b></span></p> + +<p>The celebrated <b>Doyle Blocks</b> have taken premiums +over the differential Blocks of all other makers at every +Fair where they have been exhibited at the same time. +<span class="sc">When you buy, see that the Blocks are marked</span> J. J. +DOYLE. Pat. Jan. 8, 1861. All others are infringements.</p> + +<p class="center"> +SAMUEL HALL'S SON & CO.,<br /> +SOLE MANUFACTURERS.<br /> +<b>229 West 10th street, New York.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft2"> +<b>HEAVY CASTINGS</b> </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +<b>For Forge and</b><br /> +Mill Work. The +M. & T. SAULT CO. +Steam Engine Builders & Founders, New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">EMPLOYMENT.</p> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +<b>$250</b> </div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +A MONTH with Stencil Dies.<br /> +Samples free. Address</p> + +<p class="author">S. M. SPENCER Brattleboro Vt.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<p class="center">THE</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Tanite Emery Wheel.</b></span></p> +<p> +Does not Glaze, Gum, Heat, or Smell. Address</p> +<p class="center"> +THE TANITE CO.,</p> +<p class="author"> +Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +A.</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +S. & J. GEAR & CO., Boston, furnish +every description of Wood and Iron Working +Machinery and Supplies. The best in use, regardless of +maker, at lowest possible rates.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>Working Models</i></b></span></p> + +<p>And Experimental Machinery, Metal, or Wood, made to +order, by </p> +<p class="author"> +J. F. WERNER 62 Center st. N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +M</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +cNAB & HARLAN, Manufacturers of +Wrought Iron Pipe and Fittings, Brass Cocks, +Valves, Gage Cocks, Whistles, Water Gages, and Oil +Cups, Harlin's Patent Lubricator, Plumber's Brass Work, +Getty's Patent Pipe Cutter, Getty's Patent Proving Pump +and Gage. No. 86 John st., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<p class="center"><b>THE</b></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b>Allen Engine Works,</b></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/48-engine-400.png" width="400" height="67" alt="THE ALLEN ENGINE." /> +</div> + +<p>Fourth avenue and 130th and 131st sts., New York city +Manufacturers of</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li><b>Porter's Governor,</b></li> +<li><b>The Allen Boiler, and</b></li> +<li><b>Standard Straight Edges, Surface Plates, and</b></li> +<li><b>Angle Plates.</b></li></ul> + + +<p>Four first premiums were awarded to us at the Fair of +the American Institute, 1870.</p> + +<p><b>Send for our illustrated circular.</b></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>L. W. Pond—New Tools.</i></b></span></p> + +<h4>EXTRA HEAVY AND IMPROVED PATTERNS.</h4> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +L</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +ATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, of all sizes; +Vertical Boring Mills, ten feet swing, and under; +Milling Machines, Gear and Bolt Cutters; Hand Punches +and Shears for Iron.</p> + +<p>Office and Warerooms, 98 Liberty st., New York; Works +at Worcester, Mass.</p> + +<p class="author">A. C. STEBBINS, New York, Agent.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>WATER-PROOF</h3> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: 1.8em"><b><i>BUILDING PAPER</i></b></span></p> + +<p>(No Tar), for Roofing, Sheathing, Ceilings, Oil-cloths, +Shoe Stiffenings, Tags, Trunks, Cartridges, Blasting, +Pass-book Covers, Grain and Flour Bins, etc., for sale by</p> + +<p class="center"> +J. HUNTER, <span class="sc">Jr</span>.,</p> +<p class="author"> +Paper Warehouse, 59 Duane st., New York.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<h1>Scientific American</h1> + +<h2>For 1871.</h2> + +<h3>TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR.</h3> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +E</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +VERY NUMBER is printed on fine paper, +and elegantly illustrated with original engravings +representing</p> + +<p class="center"><b>New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics,<br /> +Manufactures, Chemistry, Photography,<br /> +Architecture. Agriculture.<br /> +Engineering, Science,<br /> +and Art.</b></p> + +<p>Farmers, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Chemists +Manufacturers and People of all Professions or Trades +will find the</p> + +<h3>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h3> + +<p>of great value and interest.</p> + +<p>The Editors are assisted by many of the ablest +American and European Writers, and having access to +all the leading Scientific and Mechanical Journals of the +world, the columns of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> are constantly +enriched with the choicest Information.</p> + +<p>An Official List of all the Patents Issued is published +Weekly.</p> + +<p>The Yearly Numbers of the <span class="sc">Scientific American</span> make +two splendid Volumes of nearly <span class="sc">One Thousand Pages</span> +equivalent in size to FOUR THOUSAND ordinary book +pages.</p> + +<p class="center">SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Terms</span>—$3.00 a year, $1.50 half year; Clubs of Ten +Copies for one year, at $2.50 each, $25.00,</p> + +<p>With a SPLENDID PREMIUM to the person who forms +the Club, consisting of a copy of the celebrated Steel +Plate Engraving, "Men of Progress."</p> + +<p>Address</p> + +<h2> MUNN & CO.,</h2> +<p class="author"> +<span class="sc"><b>Publishers of the Scientific American.</b></span><br /> +<b>37 Park Row, New York.</b> </p> + + +<hr /> + +<p style="line-height: 1%; margin-top: -0.5em;"> </p> +<div class="figleft3"> +T</div> <br style="line-height: 30%" /><p> +HE "Scientific American" is printed with +<b>CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK.</b> Tenth and +Lombard sts. Philadelphia, and 59 Gold st. New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + + +<table summary="note" width="60%" align="center"> +<tr> + <td class="note"> + Transcriber's Note:<br /><br /> + As far as possible I have maintained the original appearance of Scientific American, including the spacing of initials in the text. + In general, personal initials and initials of American states (e.g. N. Y.) are spaced; academic initials are not. + + + + </td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + + + + +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume XXIV., +No. 12, March 18, 1871, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + +***** This file should be named 19180-h.htm or 19180-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/1/8/19180/ + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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mode 100644 index 0000000..2427850 --- /dev/null +++ b/19180-h/images/title.png diff --git a/19180.txt b/19180.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..109eaac --- /dev/null +++ b/19180.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6712 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, + March 18, 1871, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 + A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 5, 2006 [EBook #19180] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + + + + +A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, +CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. + + +NEW YORK, MARCH 18, 1871. + +Vol. XXIV.--No. 12. [NEW SERIES.] + +$3 per Annum [IN ADVANCE.] + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. + +PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT + +NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. + +O. D. MUNN. S. H. WALES. A. E. BEACH. + +VOL. XXIV., NO. 12 ... [NEW SERIES.] _Twenty-sixth Year_ + +NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 18, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +CONTENTS: + + +(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) + + *Knots and Splices 175 + Influence of Cold on Iron and Steel. 176 + Oak Graining in Oil Colors 176 + Knots and Splices (Explanation) 177 + Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Co.'s Report 177 + *Improved Spiral Spring for Railway Carriages 178 + *Portable Writing and Copying Case 178 + How Walking-sticks are Made 178 + Flowering of the Victoria Regia 178 + Jute 178 + Ventilation of the Liverpool Tunnel 178 + *Impregnating Wood with Tar, etc. 178 + *Boardman's Combined Tool 179 + *Belt Tightener 179 + Some Things I don't want in the Building Trades 179 + *Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines 179 + *Answer to Practical Problem 179 + Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines 179 + Test for White Lead 180 + How to Build a Chimney 180 + Crystallized Honey 180 + Rambles for Relics.--No. 2 180 + Silk Culture 181 + *Universal Boring Machine 182 + *Combined Trunk and Rocking-chair 182 + Cosmetics 182 + *Smith's Infant Dining-chair 182 + The Medicines of the Ancients 182 + *Barnes Ventilator for Mattresses 182 + Exhibition of the National Photographic Association 182 + A Scientific and Technical Awakening 183 + The Sherman Process 183 + Rubber Tires for Traction Engines 183 + Central Shaft of the Hoosac Tunnel 184 + A Museum of Art and Natural History 184 + Report of Judges, American Institute Fair. + --The Allen Engine 184 + Lyceum of Natural History 184 + Warming and Ventilating Railroad Cars 184 + The Mineral Resources of Missouri 185 + Scientific Intelligence 185 + American Institute of Mining Engineers 185 + Consumption of Sugar, Coffee, and Tea 185 + Unpleasant Discovery in the Patent Office 185 + Substitute for Albumen in Photography (omitted) 185 + Louisiana State Fair 185 + Test for Purity of Water 185 + New Books and Publications 185 + Business and Personal 186 + Answers to Correspondents 186 + Applications for the Extension of Patents 186 + Recent American and Foreign Patents 187 + Queries 187 + Inventions Patented in England by Americans 187 + List of Patents 187 + + * * * * * + + + + +THE INFLUENCE OF INTENSE COLD ON STEEL AND IRON. + +[Condensed from Nature.] + + +There has recently been a most interesting discussion at the Literary +and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on the above subject. + +The paper which gave rise to the discussion was by Mr. Brockbank, who +detailed many experiments, and ended by stating his opinion that iron +does become much weaker, both in its cast and wrought states, under +the influence of low temperature; but Mr. Brockbank's paper was +immediately followed by others by Sir W. Fairbairn, Dr. Joule, and Mr. +Spence, which at once put an entirely new complexion on the matter. + +Dr. Joule says: + +"As is usual in a severe frost, we have recently heard of many severe +accidents consequent upon the fracture of the tires of the wheels of +railway carriages. The common-sense explanation of these accidents is, +that the ground being harder than usual, the metal with which it +is brought into contact is more severely tried than in ordinary +circumstances. In order apparently to excuse certain railway +companies, a pretence has been set up that iron and steel become +brittle at a low temperature. This pretence, although put forth in +defiance, not only of all we know, of the properties of materials, but +also of the experience of everyday life, has yet obtained the credence +of so many people that I thought it would be useful to make the +following simple experiments: + +"1st. A freezing mixture of salt and snow was placed on a table. Wires +of steel and of iron were stretched, so that a part of them was in +contact with the freezing mixture and another part out of it. In every +case I tried the wire broke outside of the mixture, showing that it +was weaker at 50 deg. F., than at about 12 deg. F. + +"2d. I took twelve darning needles of good quality, 3 in. long, 1/24 +in. thick. The ends of these were placed against steel props, 2-1/8 +in. asunder. In making an experiment, a wire was fastened to +the middle of a needle, the other end being attached to a spring +weighing-machine. This was then pulled until the needle gave way. Six +of the needles, taken at random, were tried at a temperature of 55 deg. +F., and the remaining six in a freezing mixture which brought down +their temperature to 12 deg. F. The results were as follow:-- + + Warm Needles. Cold Needles. + 64 ounces broke 55 ounces broke + 65 " " 64 " " + 55 " " 72 " " + 62 " " 60 " bent + 44 " " 68 " broke + 60 " bent 40 " " + --- --- +Average, 58-1/3 Average, 59-5/6 + +"I did not notice any perceptible difference in the perfection of +elasticity in the two sets of needles. The result, as far as it goes, +is in favor of the cold metal. + +"3d. The above are doubtless decisive of the question at issue. But +as it might be alleged that the violence to which a railway wheel is +subjected is more akin to a blow than a steady pull; and as, moreover, +the pretended brittleness is attributed more to cast iron than any +other description of the metal, I have made yet another kind of +experiment. I got a quantity of cast iron garden nails, an inch and +a quarter long and 1/8 in. thick in the middle. These I weighed, +and selected such as were nearly of the same weight. I then arranged +matters so that by removing a prop I could cause the blunt edge of a +steel chisel weighted to 4lb. 2oz., to fall from a given height upon +the middle of the nail as it was supported from each end, 1-1/16 in. +asunder. In order to secure the absolute fairness of the trials, the +nails were taken at random, and an experiment with a cold nail was +always alternated with one at the ordinary temperature. The nails to +be cooled were placed in a mixture of salt and snow, from which they +were removed and struck with the hammer in less than 5"." + +The collective result of the experiments, the details of which need +not be given, was that 21 cold nails broke and 20 warm ones. + +Dr. Joule adds, "The experiments of Lavoisier and Laplace, of Smeaton, +of Dulong and Petit, and of Troughton, conspire in giving a less +expansion by heat to steel than iron, especially if the former be in +an untempered state; but this, would in certain limits have the effect +of strengthening rather than of weakening an iron wheel with a tire of +steel. + +"The general conclusion is this: Frost does _not_ make either iron +(cast or wrought), or steel, brittle. + +Mr. Spence, in his experiments, decided on having some lengths of +cast iron made of a uniform thickness of 1/2 in. square, from the same +metal and the same mould. + +He writes:--"Two of the four castings I got seemed to be good ones, +and I got the surface taken off, and made them as regular a thickness +as was practicable. + +"I then fixed two knife-edged wedges upon the surface of a plank, at +exactly nine inches distance from each other, with an opening in the +plank in the intervening space, the bar being laid across the wedges, +a knife-edged hook was hung in the middle of the suspended piece of +the bar, and to the hook was hung a large scale on which to place +weights. + +"The bar was tried first at a temperature of 60 deg. F.; to find the +breaking weight I placed 56lb. weights one after another on the scale, +and when the ninth was put on the bar snapped. This was the only +unsatisfactory experiment, as 14 or 28lb. might have done it, but I +include it among others. I now adopted another precaution, by placing +the one end of the plank on a fixed point and the other end on to a +screw-jack, by raising which I could, without any vibration, bring the +weight to bear upon the bar. By this means, small weights up to 7lb. +could be put on while hanging, but when these had to be taken off and +a large weight put on, the scale was lowered to the rest, and again +raised after the change was made. I may here state that a curious +circumstance occurred twice, which seems to indicate that mere raising +of the weight, without the slightest apparent vibration, was equal in +effect to an additional weight. 33/4 cwts. were on the scale, a 14lb. +weight was added, then 7lb., then 4lb., 2lb., 1lb., and 1lb., making +4cwts. and 1lb. This was allowed to act for from one to two minutes, +and then lowered to take off the small weights, which were replaced by +a 56lb. with the intention of adding small weights when suspended; the +whole was then raised so imperceptibly by the screw, that the only way +of ascertaining that it was suspended, was by looking under the scale +to see that it was clear of the rest. As soon as it was half-an-inch +clear it snapped, thus breaking at once with one pound less than it +resisted for nearly two minutes. + +"Six experiments were carefully conducted at 60 deg. F., the parts of the +bars being selected so as to give to each set of experiments similar +portions of both bars; the results are marked on the pieces. My +assistant now prepared a refrigerating mixture which stood at zero, +the bars were immersed for some time in this, and we prepared for the +breaking trials to be made as quickly as could be, consistently with +accuracy; and to secure the low temperature, each bar, on being placed +in the machine, had its surface at top covered with the freezing +mixture. The bars at zero broke with more regularity than at 60 deg., but +instead of the results confirming the general impression as to cold +rendering iron more brittle, they are calculated to substantiate +an exactly opposite idea, namely, that reduction of temperature, +_caeteris paribus_, increases the strength of cast iron. The only +doubtful experiment of the whole twelve is the first, and as it stands +much the highest, the probability is that it should be lower; yet, +even taking it as it stands, the average of the six experiments at +60 deg. F., gives 4cwt. 4lb. as the breaking weight of the bar at that +temperature, while the average of the six experiments at zero gives +4cwt 20lb. as the breaking weight of the bar at zero, being an +increase of strength, from the reduction of temperature, equal to 3.5 +per cent." + +Sir W. Fairbairn states: "It has been asserted, in evidence given at +the coroner's inquest, in a recent railway accident, that the breaking +of the steel tire was occasioned by the intensity of the frost, which +is supposed to have rendered the metal, of which this particular +tire was composed, brittle. This is the opinion of most persons, but +judging from my own experience such is not the fact. Some years since +I endeavored to settle this question by a long and careful series +of experiments on wrought iron, from which it was proved that the +resistance to a tensile chain was as great at the temperature of zero +as it was at 60 deg. or upwards, until it attained a scarcely visible red +heat." + +The immense number of purposes to which both iron and steel are +applied, and the changes of temperature to which they are exposed, +renders the inquiry not only interesting in a scientific point of +view, but absolutely necessary to a knowledge of their security under +the various influences of those changes. It was for these reasons +that the experiments in question were undertaken, and the summary of +results is sufficiently conclusive to show that changes of temperature +are not always the cause of failure. Sir W. Fairbairn adds: "The +danger arising from broken tires does not, according to my opinion, +arise so much from changes of temperature as from the practice of +heating them to a dull red heat, and shrinking them on to the rim of +the wheels. This, I believe, is the general practice, and the unequal, +and in some cases, the severe strains to which they are subject, has a +direct tendency to break the tires." + + * * * * * + + + + +OAK GRAINING IN OIL COLORS. + +CONDENSED FROM THE BUILDING NEWS. + + +There is a charm and feeling about work executed by the hand, which +gives it a value no mere machine work can possess. Machine work, from +its very nature, necessitates a repetition of pattern, which cannot +be avoided. Hand-work, on the contrary, can imitate every variety, and +follow nature so closely that no two pieces need be alike. There +is also in hand-work a wide scope for the inventive faculty and +the exercise of good taste (both in form and color) and skillful +workmanship. As a rule, strong contrasts between the ground and the +graining color should be avoided. The figure and grain should of +course be seen clearly, but only so clearly as to be distinct, without +interfering with the general and uniform quietness of tone necessary +to fulfil the conditions required by the laws of harmony and good +taste. Violent contrasts and gaudy coloring are always vulgar, +brilliancy and richness of color are not necessarily vulgar; it is +the absence of the guiding power of knowledge and pure taste in their +arrangement which degrades them to the rank of vulgarity. We have +before spoken of the importance of good combing, and of the various +kinds of combs used; we now proceed to describe how the work is done. +The graining color is brushed over the work, in the ordinary manner, +with a pound-brush, care being taken not to put too much color on, +or else it is very liable to be dirty. A dry duster is now used to +stipple with, which, if properly done, will distribute the color +evenly; it is now ready for combing. In the real oak it will be found, +as a rule, that the grain is invariably coarser on one side of the +panel than on the other; this arises from the very nature of the +growth of the tree; it is, therefore, well to imitate this +pattern, and in order to do so we take first a medium or coarse cut +gutta-percha comb, and draw it down one side of the panel; then use a +finer one to complete it. This comb will leave the marks of the grain +in clear unbroken lines from top to bottom of the panel. We now take a +fine steel comb and go over the whole of the previous combing, moving +it in a slanting or diagonal direction across the previous grain, or +with a quick and short wavy motion or curl; both the former and the +latter motion will break up the long lines, left by the gutta-percha +comb, into short bits, which of course represent the pores or grains +of the real wood. There are several other motions of the comb having +the same end in view; and by using the gutta-percha or cork combs, in +conjunction with the fine steel, an infinite variety of grain may be +produced. Steel combs, with one or more folds of thin rag placed +over the ends of the teeth are a style of comb which has nothing to +recommend it. A natural variation in the grain may be produced by one +comb alone, according to the manner in which it is held. For instance, +if we take a coarse or broad-toothed gutta-percha comb, and commence +at the top of a panel, with the comb, placed at its full width: if +drawn down in this position it will leave a grain of the same width +as the width of the teeth: but if we start with the full width, and +gradually turn the comb or slightly incline it to one side--that is to +say, on its edge, we thereby graduate the grain from coarse to fine +at pleasure, and by holding the comb at a certain inclination we may +actually make very fine the coarse comb. A very important point is +the formation of the joints in the wood, as much of the effect of +otherwise good work is lost in consequence of neglect in this respect. +In looking at a real oak door, the joints of the stiles and rails are +clearly and sharply defined, not by any defect of workmanship, but +by the difference in the run of the grain, the stiles being +perpendicular, and the rails horizontal. The rails being cut sharp +off by the stiles, show a perfectly straight line. The light also acts +differently upon the two, simply because the grain or fibre of the +wood is exposed to its influence under different aspects. This also +tends to produce a difference in the depth of the color of rails and +stiles, and panels also. It will be evident that no imitations can be +considered really good except they include these seemingly unimportant +points. + +It is a common practice for grainers to imitate a broad piece of heart +or sap of oak, upon the back rail of almost every door they do, and +many of them are not even content with that, but daub the stiles over +from top to bottom with it also. There is nothing so vulgar or in +such bad taste. It should only be done upon those parts of the work on +which it would appear on a real oak door, namely, on the edges of the +doors and on mouldings. There is a vulgar pretentiousness about what +we may call the sappy style of work which is very undesirable. The +figures cross the grain more or less abruptly and of course are of +different shapes, sizes, and forms, a knowledge of which can only be +acquired by study of the real wood. The figure may be wiped out with +a piece of soft rag, held tight over the thumb nail. This should have +two or three folds over the nail, the superfluous rag being held by +the other hand to prevent it hanging down and smearing the grain; and +every time a figure is wiped, the rag should be moved slightly, so +that the same part of the rag will not be used twice, thus insuring +clean work. It will often happen that the thumb-nail will get broken, +or is too weak to stand the work; in these cases, or, in fact, in +any case, a good substitute or artificial thumb-nail may be made of +gutta-percha, thus: A piece of thin sheet gutta-percha is put into +warm water, and, while soft, is wrapped around the end of the thumb up +to the first joint. It is then pressed with the hand, so as to fit +and take the shape of the thumb and nail. This cannot be done at one +heating, but will have to be put into the hot water again, and the end +pinched and squeezed into form to the shape of the nail, and to fit +easily upon the thumb. When this gets hard, it may be trimmed into +perfect form with a penknife. This artificial nail will answer the +purpose admirably if properly made; and even when the natural nail +is good, the gutta-percha will serve to save it from injury. Good +figuring may also be done by using the blank end of the steel +comb with a rag folded over its edge. We have also used a piece of +gutta-percha to take out the lights. This should be square-ended, +about one inch wide, and three or four inches long, and will do +successful work of a certain class, but not of the best. Many grainers +use a piece of thin horn, in shape something like a spatula, about +three or four inches long and three quarters of an inch wide, with +rounded ends, and quite flexible. With this tool the figure is cut +or scooped out--a sort of quick, side-long motion, very difficult to +describe, and requiring a very considerable amount of practice +before it can be worked with any success. There is, however, the same +objection to this tool as may be urged against the gutta-percha for +figuring, namely, that neither of them take the color clean away, but +leave an accumulation of color on the edge of the figure, which is +fatal to good work; and therefore we cannot honestly recommend the +use of any method but the wiping out with the thumb-nail or its +substitute. When the figure is wiped out it will require to be +softened. By softening, we mean the imitation of those half shades +seen upon and about the figures in the real wood. Between and around +the lights or figure in oak, there is always a lighter tint of color; +this is imitated by doubling a piece of rag into a small roll, and +with the side of this the grain is partially wiped away, but not to +the extent of taking off the whole of the grain. A recent but most +admirable system of graining oak, by means of over-combing, is worked +exactly the reverse of any of the foregoing methods; that is to +say, the figure is first wiped out, and the combing or grain is done +afterwards, when the graining color is dry, in this wise: The graining +color is mixed somewhat thinner than for ordinary graining, and is +brushed over the work sparingly, leaving it just sufficiently strong +to show a clear distinction between the ground and the color. The +light or figure is then softened by drawing the end of a flat hog-hair +fitch, or a small thin mottler, across each figure, and slightly +softening with the badger-hair softener. The figure is broken up a +little with fine lines across it in parts, such as may be seen in the +real wood; but previous to wiping out the figure, streaks of light +should be wiped out and softened on one side of the panel or across +the stiles, in imitation of the reflective lights seen in oak. The +color should also be partially wiped off the rails or stiles at their +junction; this tends to define the joint. The color is now let to +dry hard, when it will be ready for over-combing--that is, combing or +graining over the figure (hence its name), and this will have to be +done somewhat differently to the ordinary combing. As thus: The color +is rubbed in as before, and combed solely with the gutta-percha combs, +but these are specially cut for the purpose; they are best about 2 in. +wide. The first must be cut with teeth about three-sixteenths of an +inch in width, the next one-eighth, and the third about one-sixteenth. +The broad-toothed comb is first used, and must be drawn down the +panel, with a wavy motion, in short or long curls; either will +answer our purpose now. The next size of comb is then drawn straight +down--the straighter the better. This has the effect of breaking the +wavy combing into short and long straight bits, similar to the pores +or grain of the real wood. Both the first and second combing may be +varied by holding the comb in a slanting direction, and may be fine or +coarse, according to the width of the combs used; now take a soft rag +folded, and with this partially clear off the grain which runs over +the figure, leaving only a sufficient quantity crossing the light +or figure, to be just distinguished, exactly as it appears upon the +figure in real oak. The grain is also wiped off in parts on the plain +spaces between the figure, in order to break it up and take away any +formality. If this method be well and probably done, a thoroughly +deceptive imitation may be produced; and except this end be kept in +view, no really good work will result. + + * * * * * + + + + +KNOTS AND SPLICES. + + +[_SEE ENGRAVING ON FIRST PAGE._] + +1. Turn used in making up ropes. + +2. End tapered for the purpose of passing it readily through a loop. +To make this, we unlay the rope for the necessary length, reducing +a rope diminishing in diameter towards the end, which is finished +by interlacing the ends without cutting them, as it would weaken the +work; it is lastly "whipped" with small twine. + +3. Tapered end, covered with interlaced cordage for the purpose of +making it stronger. This is done with very small twine attached at +one end to the small eye, and at the other to the strands of the rope, +thus making a strong "webbing" around the end. + +4. Double turn used for making rope. + +5. Eye splice. The strands of the cable are brought back over +themselves, and interlaced with their original turns, as in a splice. + +6. Tie for the end of a four-strand rope. + +7. The same completed; the strands are tied together, forming loops, +laying one over the other. + +8. Commencement for making the end by interlacing the strands. + +9. Interlacing complete, but not fastened. + +10 and 11. Shell in two views used in No. 65, showing the disposition +of it at the throat. This joining is advantageous, as it does not +strain the cords, and it prevents them from cutting each other; so +that the rings pass one into the other and are joined outside the +intermediate shell. + +12. Interlacing in two directions. + +13. Mode of finishing the end by several turns of the twine continued +over the cable. + +14. Interlacing commenced, in one direction. + +15. Interlacing finished, the ends being worked under the strands, as +in a splice. + +16. Pigtail commenced. + +17. Interlacing fastened. + +18. Pigtail with the strands taut. + +19. Dead eye, shown in two views. + +20. Pigtail finished. We pass the ends of the strands, one under the +other, in the same way as if we were making a pudding splice: thus +bringing it in a line with the rope, to which it is seized fast, and +the ends cut off. + +21. Scull pigtail; instead of holding the ends by a tie, we interlace +them again, as in No. 16, the one under the other. + +22. Pigtail, or "lark's nest." We make this to the "pennant" of a +cable, which has several strands, by taking the requisite number of +turns over the pudding, in such a manner that the strands shall lay +under each other. This "pigtail" forms a knot at the end of the +rope. It thus draws together two ropes, as shown in No. 32, forming a +"shroud" knot. In these two pigtails, the strands are crossed before +finishing the ends, so that the button, a, is made with the strands, +a, and b, with those of the rope, b. + +23. Slip clinch to sailors' knot. + +24. Slip clinch, secured. + +25. Ordinary knot upon a double rope. + +26. Bowline knot for a man to sit in at his work. + +27. Called a "short splice," as it is not of great length, and +besides, can be made quickly. + +30. Long splice. This extends from a to b. We unlay the strands of +each of the ropes we intend to join, for about half the length that +the splice will be, putting each strand of the one between two strands +of the other. + +31. Simple fastening on a rope. + +32. A "shroud" knot. + +33. The ends of the rope are prepared for making the splice (No. +29) in the same manner as for the "shroud" knot in No. 32. When the +strands are untwisted, we put the ends of two cords together as close +as possible, and place the ends of the one between the strands of the +other, above and below alternately, so as to interlace them as in No. +29. This splice is not, however, very strong, and is only used when +there is not time to make a long splice, which is much the best. + +34 and 35. Marline spikes. Tools made of wood or iron, used to open +out a rope to pass the strands of another through it. + +36. Shows strands arranged as described in No. 30. + +37. Fastening when a lever is used, and is employed when hauling upon +large ropes, where the strength of several men are necessary. + +38. A "pudding splice." This is commenced, like the others, by placing +the rope end to end, the turns of the one being passed between those +of the other; having first swelled out the yarns by a "rat's-tail," we +put them, two by two, one over the other, twisting them tightly, and +opening a way for them with the marlinspike. The inconvenience of this +splice is, that it is larger in diameter than the rope itself; but +when made sufficiently long, by gradually reducing the size of the +strands, it has great strength. + +39. This shows two strands, a and b, of the ropes, A B, knotted +together, being drawn as tight as possible; we unlay the strand, +a', of the rope, A, for half the length of the splice, and twist the +strand, b', of the rope, B, strongly in its place, tying a' and b' +together tightly. The same process is again gone through on the rope, +B, the strand, a", of the rope, A, being knotted to the strand, b", +of the rope, B. When all the strands are thus knotted together, we +interlace them with the strands of the cable. Thus the strands, a a' +a", are interlocked by being passed alternately above and below the +turns of the cord, B, the ends being also sometimes "whipped." In the +same manner the strands, b b' b", pass alternately over and under +the strands of the rope, A, and are in like manner "whipped." It is +important that the several interlacings and knots should not meet at +one point; we reduce the size of the strands towards the end, so that +they loose themselves in the body of the splice, cutting off such +parts as may project. This splice is employed for joining the ends of +a rope when a chafed part has been cut out, and is quite as strong as +the rope itself. + +40. Belaying-pin opened to serve as a button; these are used where it +is necessary to stop or check velocity. + +41. Chain knot, or fastening. + +42. Variable or regulating lashing. By laying the piece, a f, +horizontally, it can be slipped along the rope, b; by raising or +lowering this, we shall raise or depress the weight, c, the cord, b, +running over the two pulleys, d, from the piece, a f, in the direction +shown in the figure. The friction of the cord, b, passing through the +hole, e, sufficiently fixes the piece, a f, and holds the weight, c, +securely. + +43. Cleet, with three ties. + +44. Cleet, showing the mode of belaying the cord. + +45. The piece, a f, of No. 42. + +46. Fair leader. + +47. Cleet to be fixed to a stay. + +48. Loop for slipping other lines. + +49. A "bend" which is only used for fear of the stoppers snapping. + +50. Bastard loop, made on the end of the rope, and whipped with yarns. + +51. Tie to pins: a, the pin; b, small cords fixed by a cross tie. + +52. Cleet, fixed to the "rail," either with screws or nails, to which +the lines are belayed. + +53. Waterman's knot. + +54. Fair leader. + +55. Tie, or bend to pier. + +56. Simple fastening to tie. + +57. Fastening by a loop. This can be tied or untied without loosening +the loop itself. It is made by following, towards the longer loop, the +direction as numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and is terminated by the loop, 6, +7, 6, finally passing it over the head of the post, A. This knot holds +itself, the turns being in opposite directions. To untie it, we slack +the turns of the cable sufficiently to again pass the loop, 6, 7, 6, +over the post, A, and turn the ends in the contrary direction to that +in which they were made (as 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). + +58. Iron "shell," in two views. + +59 and 60. "Wedding" knots; a b, eyelets; c d, the join; e, the +fastening. + +61. Lark's-head fastening to running knot. + +62. A round turn; the cord, a, is passed through the bight of the +cord, b, over the button, c, where it is secured by an ordinary knot. + +63. Belaying-pin splice. The cord, b, "stops" the pin, e, its end +being spliced upon itself, and "served" with yarn; this rope, with its +pin, is passed through the spliced eye, f of the line, g. + +64. Round button. + +65. Joint by a spherical shell, each loop, a and b, being made by ties +and splices, and surrounding the shell, c. + +66. Belaying-pin, shown separately, before being stoppered. + +67. Fastening to shears. + +68. Square mooring. When the cable is round the post, A, and the +piece, c, without being crossed, it lays in the section 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +6, 7, and the end is fastened by tying. + +69. Wooden shell in section. + +70. Crossed fastening. The turns of the cable, passing in front of the +post, B, are crossed at the back of C, in the direction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +6, 7, 8, the end, 8, being secured to the cable. + +71. Wooden shell. + +72. Double-chain fastening. + +73. Lashing for "ram" block, or "dead-eye." The ram blocks, a and b, +are strapped by the cords, e, which hold them; the small lanyards, +d, pass through the holes to make the connection, and as they are +tightened give the requisite tension to the cordage; the ends are +fastened to the main rope. Usually one of these dead-eyes is held by +an iron strap to the point where it is required to fix and strain the +cordage, which is ordinarily a shroud. + +74. Chain fastening. + + 1'. Simple band, showing the upper side. + + 2'. The same, showing the under side and the knot. + + 3'. Tie, with crossed ends, commenced; a turn is taken under the + strands, to hold the ends of the cord. + + 4'. The same, completed. + + 5'. Bend with crossed strands, commenced, the one end being looped + over the other. + + 6'. The same, completed. + + 7'. Necklace tie, seen on the upper side. + + 8'. The same, seen underneath. The greater the strain on the cords, + the tighter the knot becomes. + + 9' and 10' are similar splices to 7' and 8' with slight + modifications. + + 11' shows the commencement of 13', the legs in elevation; 12' being + a front view. An ordinary band, made by several turns of a small + rope, is lapped round them and hauled taut, and then interlaced at + the ends. This done, the legs are shifted into the shape of a St. + Andrew's cross. Thus the lashing is tightened, and, for further + security, we pass the line several times over the tie and between + the spars, knotting the ends. + + 13'. Portuguese knot. This is a lashing for shear legs, and must be + tight enough to prevent the spars slipping on each other; the + crossing of the two legs gives a means of securing the knot. + + 14'. For binding timbers; a, knot commenced. Take several turns + round the timbers, and fasten the ends by passing them under the + turns; b, knot completed. The end of a round stick, m n, termed a + packing stick, should be passed under the knob, the cord being slack + enough to allow of this. By turning the stick, the turns can be + tightened to any extent; when tight, we fasten the longer arm of the + lever to some fixed point, by a rope, p q, so that it cannot fly + back. Care must be taken not to turn the stick too far, or the rope + may be broken. As the timber dries and shrinks, the lever may be + used to make all taut again. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION AND INSURANCE COMPANY. + + +The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company makes the +following report of its inspections in January, 1871: + +During the month, there were 522 visits of inspection made, and 1,030 +boilers examined--853 externally and 363 internally, while 106 +have been tested by hydraulic pressure. Number of defects in all +discovered, 431, of which 163 were regarded as dangerous. These +defects were as follows: Furnaces out of shape, 24--3 dangerous; +fractures, 47--25 dangerous; burned plates, 29--14 dangerous; +blistered plates, 54--10 dangerous; cases of sediment and deposit, +97--18 dangerous; cases of incrustation and scale, 70--24 dangerous. +To show how little attention is paid to the internal condition of +boilers by incompetent engineers, we copy the following from a letter +of one of our inspectors: + +"In one tubular boiler I found sediment in the back end, eight inches +deep, and extending forward more than four feet. It seemed to be an +accumulation of fine scale cemented together, so that it was necessary +to break it up with a hammer and chisel before it could be removed. +The engineer said _he had cleaned the boilers only three days before_, +and objected to my making another examination. This is one of the +many cases we find, where the proprietor trusts everything about his +boilers to his engineer, supposing him to be reliable." + +With such accumulation of sediment and deposit, is it any wonder that +sheets are burned? A careful engineer will understand, if the feed +water be impure, that he must blow down two or three inches every day, +or oftener, that the sediment may be removed as it accumulates, and +then an internal examination once in two weeks, or once a month, will +insure a clean boiler. + +Cases of external corrosion, 26--10 dangerous; cases of internal +corrosion, 17--5 dangerous; cases of internal grooving, 28--11 +dangerous; water gages out of order, 50; blow-out apparatus out of +order, 15--7 dangerous; safety valves overloaded, 40--12 dangerous; +pressure gages out of order, 54--6 dangerous, varying from -15 to ++8 pounds. (We have found several gages entirely ruined from being +frozen). Boilers without gages, 4; cases of deficiency of water, +5--1 dangerous; broken braces and stays, 31--7 dangerous; boilers +condemned, 2--both dangerous. + +Two engineers were found drunk on duty, and promptly discharged. There +were 9 serious explosions during the month, by which 99 persons were +killed, and 6 wounded. Eighty-seven of the killed were passengers on +the ill-fated steamer _H.R. Arthur_, on the Mississippi River. Many +were drowned, and some burned, but the origin of the calamity was the +bad quality of the boilers, which a careless management was unable +to detect. The upper and fore part of the boat was blown away by the +exploded boilers, and, to add to the horror, what remained took fire. + +None of these exploded boilers were under the care of this company. + + * * * * * + + +Five ore-roasting furnaces are in full blast in Nevada. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED COMPOUND SPIRAL CAR SPRING FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES. + + +Our engravings illustrate an improved compound car-spring, which +appears to possess all the requisites of a first-class spring, +combining in its construction extreme simplicity with great strength, +and a feature whereby the power of the spring increases with increase +of the load, and _vice versa_, so that its flexibility remains nearly +constant for all loads. + +Fig. 1 is a perspective view of this spring, with a portion of the +side of the case broken out to show the interior arrangement of the +spiral springs. Fig. 2 is a section of the compressing plate. Fig. 3 +is a plan view, showing the arrangement of the tubes which enclose the +springs. + +[Illustration: POTT'S' SPIRAL CAR SPRING FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES. +_Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3_] + +The case is cast in two pieces. Its vertical wall is cast in a single +piece, and has at the top a flange or bead extending inwardly, against +which the compressing plate abuts when the spring is not compressed, +as shown in Fig. 2. A bottom plate completes the case. + +The spiral components of the spring are inclosed in tubes, as shown in +Figs. 1 and 3. It is not deemed essential that these tubes should be +seamless, or that their edges, brought together in bending, should be +soldered, brazed, or welded. They act merely as guides to compel the +component springs to expand or contract in vertical lines, and need +only be strong enough for that purpose. + +The compressing plate is formed with concentric steps or ledges, +as shown in Fig. 2, so that with light loads, only a portion of the +component spirals act. With a heavier load a new series of spirals is +brought into action, and so on, till the spring is loaded to its full +capacity. This feature is novel, and as important as novel, as it +gives the spring a far more easy and flexible carriage, with light +loads, than would be the case if all the spirals were permitted to +act. + +In putting the spring together, the vertical part of the case is +inverted. The compressing plate is then placed within the case, +resting upon the inner flange of the case above described. The tubes +with their inclosed springs are then arranged in position, as shown in +the plan view, Fig. 3. The bottom plate of the case is then placed in +position, and held to its place by lugs and rivets, as shown in Fig. +1; the spring is then ready for use. + +The employment of tubes in the manner described, enables springs of +the greatest practical length to be used, without the sectional or +division plates met with in other spiral car springs. A greater +and easier movement is therefore obtained. These springs can, it +is claimed, compete in price with any spring in market, and are +guaranteed by the manufacturers. Patented through the Scientific +American Patent Agency, December 27, 1870, by Albert Potts, whom +address for further information, No. 490 North Third street, +Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE WRITING AND COPYING CASE. + +This device is the invention of A. G. Buzby, of Philadelphia, Pa. It +is a combined writing and copying case. Besides the usual recesses +or chambers for pen, ink, paper, etc., it is provided with a book of +copying paper, in which copies of important letters may be made, by +damping the letters in the usual way, and pressing them between the +leaves of the copying book; or the transfer paper may be used, so that +the letter will be copied as it is written, if preferred. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + + + +HOW WALKING STICKS ARE MADE. + + +Sticks are manufactured both from large timber of from two to six +feet girth, and from small underwood of about the thickness of a man's +thumb. The timber, which is chiefly beech, is first sawed into battens +of about three feet in length and as many inches in width; and +from each of these battens two square sticks, with square heads are +afterwards cut in opposite directions, so that the middle portion +is waste wood. The corners of each are afterwards rounded off by a +planing process called "trapping," and the square head is reduced, by +a small saw, to a curve or rectangular bend, so as to form a handle. +When the sticks are brought in this way to the exact size and pattern, +they are polished with great care, are finely varnished, and packed +in boxes or bundles for the market. Many sawn sticks, however, are +supplied with bone and horn handles, which are fastened on with glue; +and then of course there is less wood waste, as a larger number of +them may be cut from one batten. + +A very different process takes place in the manufacture of sticks +from small underwood, in which there is no sawing required. The rough +unfashioned sticks, which are generally of hazel, ash, oak and thorn, +are cut with a bill in the same way as kidney bean sticks, and are +brought to the factory in large bavins or bundles, piled on a timber +tug. There must of course, be some little care in their selection, yet +it is evident that the woodmen are not very particular on this score, +for they have in general an ungainly appearance; and many are so +crooked and rough, that no drover or country boy would think it worth +while to polish the like of them with his knife. Having arrived at +this place, however, their numerous excrescences are soon pruned away, +and their ugliness converted into elegance. When sufficiently seasoned +and fit for working, they are first laid to soak in wet sand, and +rendered more tough and pliable; a workman then takes them one by one, +and securing them with an iron stock, bends them skillfully this way +and that, so as to bring out their natural crooks, and render them at +last all straight even rods. If they are not required to be knotted, +they next go to the "trapper," who puts them through a kind of +circular plane, which takes off knots, and renders them uniformly +smooth and round. The most important process of all is that of giving +them their elegantly curved handles, for which purpose they are passed +over to the "crooker." Every child knows that if we bend a tough stick +moderately when the pressure is discontinued, it will soon fly back, +more or less, to its former position; and if we bend it very much, +it will break. Now the crooker professes to accomplish the miracle of +bending a stick as it might be an iron wire, so that it shall neither +break nor "backen." To prevent the breaking, the wood is rendered +pliant by further soaking in wet sand; and a flexible band of metal +is clamped down firmly to that portion of the stick that will form the +outside of the curve; the top end is then fitted into a grooved iron +shoulder which determines the size of the crook, the other end being +brought round so as to point in the opposite direction; the metal +band during this process binding with increasing tightness against the +stretching fibers of the wood, so that they cannot snap or give way +under the strain. The crook having been made, the next thing is to fix +it, or remove from the fibers the reaction of elasticity, which would +otherwise, on the cessation of the bending force, cause it to backen +more or less, and undo the work. In the old process of crooking by +steam, as timber bending is effected, the stick was merely left till +it was cold to acquire a permanent set; but in the new process, a more +permanent set is given by turning the handle about briskly over a jet +of gas. The sticks being now fashioned, it only remains to polish +and stain or varnish them; and they are sometimes scorched or +burned brown, and carved with foliage, animal heads and other +devices.--_Chambers' Journal_. + + * * * * * + + +FLOWERING OF THE VICTORIA REGIA IN THE OPEN AIR.--Joseph Mager, Esq., +has succeeded in flowering the Victoria lily, in his pond in England. +The pond is perfectly open, but the water is heated by hot water pipes +coming from a boiler near the pond, carefully concealed. The seeds +of the Victoria were planted in May last, and the first flower was +produced Sept. 10th. Afterwards seven other flowers opened. The plant +has eight leaves, of which the largest is five feet two inches in +diameter. Mr. Mager has also succeeded in flowering a large number of +other tropical lilies in his pond. + + * * * * * + + +JUTE, a material largely used in combination with hemp, for making +cordage, sacking, mats, and carpets, is produced in India to the +extent of 300,000 tuns per annum. The scarcity of fuel prevents its +manufacture on the spot, except by the rudest and most primitive +means, so that the bulk of the growth is sent to Great Britain. + + * * * * * + + + + +VENTILATION OF THE LIVERPOOL TUNNEL. + + +This tunnel, which forms an ascending incline of a mile and a quarter +length from the terminal station in Lime-street London and N. W. +Railroad, was worked until recently by a rope and stationary engine, +to avoid fouling the air of the tunnel by the passage of locomotives; +but the increase of the traffic having necessitated the abandonment of +the rope and the substitution of locomotives for bringing the trains +up through the tunnel, it became requisite to provide some efficient +means of ventilation for clearing the tunnel speedily of the smoke and +steam after the passage of each train. A large exhausting fan has been +designed by Mr. John Ramsbottom for this purpose, which works in a +chamber situated near the middle of the length of the tunnel, and +draws the air in from the tunnel, through a cross drift; discharging +it up a tapering chimney that extends to a considerable hight above +the surface of the ground over the tunnel. The fan is about thirty +feet diameter, and is made with straight radial vanes; it revolves +on a horizontal shaft at a speed of about forty-five revolutions per +minute, within a brick casing, built concentric with the fan for the +first half of the circumference, and afterwards expanding gradually +for discharging into the base of the chimney, the air from the tunnel +being drawn in at the center of the fan at each side, and discharged +from the circumference of the fan by the revolution of the vanes. +The engine driving the fan is started by telegraph signal at each +departure of a train from the terminal station, and the fan is kept +running until the discharge from it becomes quite clear, showing that +no steam or smoke remains in the tunnel; this is usually the case in +about eight minutes after the time of the train entering the lower end +of the tunnel, the passage of the train through the tunnel occupying +about three minutes. The fan draws air in at both ends of the tunnel +simultaneously, and begins to clear the lower end immediately upon the +train entering; the clearing of the upper end commences as soon as the +train has passed out of the tunnel, and as the fan is situated nearer +the upper end of the tunnel than the lower, the clearing of both +lengths is completed almost simultaneously. The fan is so constructed +as to allow an uninterrupted passage through it, for the air, whilst +the fan is standing still; and the natural ventilation thus obtained +by means of the large chimney is found sufficient for clearing the +tunnel during the night and some portion of the day, without the fan +being worked at those times. This natural ventilation is aided by the +engine exhaust and the boiler discharging into the chimney. The fan +has now been in regular operation for three-quarters of a year, and +has been found completely successful. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPREGNATING WOOD WITH TAR OR OTHER PRESERVING MATERIAL. + + +The preservation of wood is a problem which is attracting increased +attention, as year by year diminishes the material supply of timber, +and consequently gradually increases its price. Among other methods +employed, the impregnation of wood by the vapors of tar, creosote, +petroleum, etc., has been tried, and one of the practical difficulties +met with has been the obtaining of suitable apparatus for the purpose. + +[Illustration] + +The engraving annexed is an invention intended to supply this want. +The wood is inclosed, in a tank kept hot by a steam jacket which +surrounds it, as shown. A boiler at one end is used to heat the +substance with which it is desired to impregnate the wood. An air pump +is also employed to remove the steam, generated in the heated timber, +and the air from the tank. The pores of the wood being thus rendered +vacuous, the hot liquid or vapors from the heating tank readily +penetrate the entire substance, and thoroughly impregnate it. This +apparatus is the invention of George Pustkuchen, of Hoboken, N. J. + + * * * * * + + + + +BOARDMAN'S COMBINED TOOL. + + +This tool, of which our engraving is a good representation, comprises +a screw wrench, a pipe wrench, a hammer, a nail claw, a screw-driver, +and a bit handle, or socket wrench. + +The bit handle is the entire tool, the square socket or opening being +made in the end of the handle, in which the shanks of bits may be +inserted. + +The screw driver is formed on the end of the screw bar, attached to +the outer jaw of the wrench, and is taken out from the hollow of the +handle when required for use. + +The use of the other parts of the tool will be apparent from the +engraving. + +The tool is very compact, and has this advantage over the ordinary +screw wrench, that its leverage increases as it is opened to receive +nuts of larger size. + +[Illustration] + +This invention is protected by two patents, dated respectively, May +30, 1865, and July 10, 1866. + +For further information address B. Boardman & Co., Norwich, Conn. + + * * * * * + + + + +BELT TIGHTENER. + + +[Illustration] + +This instrument will be found of great service in bringing together +the ends of belts, the weight of which is so great that they cannot +be held together by the hand while lacing. A strap engages with holes +made in the belt, at the back of the holes punched for lacing, the +tightening strap being provided with claws or hooks, as shown. A winch +axle and ratchet, adjusted in a frame as shown, are then employed +to pull the ends of the belt together and hold them firmly till the +lacing is completed. + +This is the invention of T. G. Stansberry, of Medora, Ill. Patented in +September, 1867. + + * * * * * + + + + +SOME THINGS I DON'T WANT IN THE BUILDING TRADES. + + +I don't want my house put in repair, or rather out of repair, by a +master who employs "Jacks of all Trades." + +I don't want my foreman to tell me too much at one time about the +faults of the workmen under him, as I may forget asking him about +himself. + +I don't want a builder or carpenter to give a coat of paint to any +joinery work he may be doing for me, until I have examined first the +material and workmanship. + +I don't want any jobbing carpenter or joiner, whom I may employ, to +bring a lump of putty in his tool basket. I prefer leave the use of +putty to the painters. + +I don't want jobbing plumbers to spend three days upon the roof, +soldering up a crack in the gutter, and, when done, leaving fresher +cracks behind them. The practice is something akin to "cut and come +again." + +I don't want a contractor to undertake a job at a price that he knows +will not pay, and then throw the fault of his bankruptcy on "that +blackguard building." + +I don't want any more hodmen to be carrying up the weight of +themselves in their hod, as well as their bricks; I would much prefer +seeing the poor human machines tempering the mortar or wheeling the +barrow, while the donkey engine, the hydraulic lift, or the old gray +horse, worked the pulley. + +I don't want house doors to be made badly, hung badly, or composed of +green and unseasoned timber. + +I don't want houses built first and designed afterwards, or, rather, +wedged into shape, and braced into form. + +I don't want to be compelled to pay any workman a fair day's wages for +a half day's work. + +I don't want an employer to act towards his workmen as if he thought +their sinews and thews were of iron, instead of flesh and blood. + +I don't want any kind of old rubbish of brick and stone to be bundled +into walls and partitions, and then plastered over "hurry-skurry." +Trade infamy, like murder, will out, sooner or later. + +I don't want men to wear flesh and bone, and waste sweat and blood, +in forms of labor to which machinery can be applied, and by which +valuable human life and labor can be better and more profitably +utilized. + + * * * * * + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + +_The Editors are not responsible for the opinions expressed by their +Correspondents._ + + + * * * * * + + +ACTION OF THE RECIPROCATING PARTS OF STEAM ENGINES. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I have hesitated about the propriety of replying to +the criticisms of your correspondent, J. E. Hendricks, upon my paper, +on the action of the reciprocating parts of steam engines. It is not +to be expected that a truth so opposed to commonly received +notions--the reception of which requires so much to be unlearned--should +at once receive the assent of every one. Some odd fancies on the +subject are likely to be ventilated first. + +But your correspondent touches the root of the matter, and perhaps the +fact questioned by him should be more clearly placed beyond dispute. + +I will dismiss the introductory part of his letter, merely observing +that his "logical inference" is quite gratuitous and unwarranted. He +says himself that its absurdity is obvious, in which I quite agree +with him. + +The real question is this: What is the figure representing the +acceleration of the motion of a piston, controlled by a crank which +revolves with a uniform velocity? I stated it to be a right-angled +triangle, and indicated, as I supposed, clearly enough, a simple +method by which this could be shown. Your correspondent claims that +the calculation, according to my own rule, gives a figure of a totally +different form, and one that shows the acceleration, as well as the +motion, to be reduced to zero at the commencement of the stroke. Let +us see. Let the straight line, AJ, in the following figure, represent +half the stroke of the piston, and let the distances, AB, AC, etc., on +this line, represent the versed sines of 10 deg., 20 deg., etc., up to 90 deg., or +the motion of the piston while the crank is moving through these arcs. +At the points A, B, C, etc., erect the perpendiculars, Aa, Bb, Cc, +etc., and let the length of each of these ordinates represent the +acceleration imparted in a given time at that point of the stroke. +Then will AJ be to Aa as IJ is to Ii, as HJ is to Hh, etc., showing +that the straight line, aJ, connects the extremities of all the +ordinates, and that the triangle, AJa, represents the acceleration of +the motion of the piston, from the commencement to the middle of the +stroke. + +[Illustration] + +The following table will enable any one to make the calculations +proving the truth of the above proposition: + +Degrees. Versed sine. Motion for 10 deg. Acceleration during 1 deg.. + 0 deg. .0000000 _Aa_ .0003046 + 10 deg. _AB_ .0151922 _AB_ .0151922 _Bb_ .0003001 + 20 deg. _AC_ .0603074 _BC_ .0451152 _Cc_ .0002862 + 30 deg. _AD_ .1339746 _CD_ .0736672 _Dd_ .0002638 + 40 deg. _AE_ .2339556 _DE_ .0999810 _Ee_ .0002332 + 50 deg. _AF_ .3572124 _EF_ .1232568 _Ff_ .0001958 + 60 deg. _AG_ .5000000 _FG_ .1427876 _Gg_ .0001523 + 70 deg. _AH_ .6579799 _GH_ .1579799 _Hh_ .0001041 + 80 deg. _AI_ .8263518 _HI_ .1683719 _Ii_ .0000529 + 90 deg. _AJ_ 1.0000000 _IJ_ .1736482 _Jj_ .0000000 + +The method of obtaining the decimals representing the acceleration for +1 deg., at any point, was fully explained in the paper, and compared with +the similar method of showing the uniform acceleration of a body acted +on by a constant force. The ordinary tables in the hand-books, going +only to five places of decimals, are of no use for these computations. + +I would suggest a practical experiment. Let any one having an engine +running at a good speed, loosen the crank pin brasses a little, so +that, at starting, it will thump heavily. Let the engine be lightly +loaded, so that only a small portion of the boiler pressure will need +to be admitted to the cylinder. As its speed increases, the thump +will die away; and, if at its full speed, the pressure of the steam +admitted is not so great as to overcome the centrifugal strain of the +reciprocating parts on the crank, as it passes the centers, the engine +will revolve in silence. Any one can ascertain, by the rule given +in the note to the paper, just what pressure can be admitted without +causing a thump, or this can be found by a little experimenting. I am +running an engine which does not thump with loose crank pin brasses, +under eighty pounds pressure, admitted sharply on the centers. + +Charles T. Porter. + + * * * * * + + +ANSWER TO PRACTICAL PROBLEM. + +MESSRS. EDITORS;--I submit the following solution of "Practical +Problem" on page 147: + +Given AB, arm, C, arm, D, chord of half angle of oscillation of arm, +D, and angles of arms, with line AB. + +To find angles, BAc', ABb, and length of link, E. + +1. As the length of arm, D, is to the chord of arc, ab, divided by +2, so is the radius to the sine angle oscillation of arm, D, divided +by 4. + +2. 360 deg. is to the whole circumference as the angle bBa is to the +length of arc ab. + +3. Now arc ab is equal to arc a'c'. + +4. The whole circumference is to 360 deg. as the length of arc a'e' is +to the angle oscillation of C divided by 2. + +5. Half angle oscillation, C, taken from angle BAa' is equal to angle +BAc'. + +6. Half angle oscillation, D, taken from angle ABa is equal to angle +ABb. + +7. The diagonal of the rectangle formed by the (sum of the sines of +the angles of the arms with AB) into (AB--sum of cosines of same) will +be the length of link, E. + +[Illustration] + +G. R. NASH, Civil Engineer. + +North Adams, Mass. + +[We have received other solutions of this problem, but as this covers +the ground in a very simple manner, we think it will be sufficient. +Those forwarding the solutions not published will accept our thanks +and assurances that it is not because they lack merit that they are +declined.--EDS. + + * * * * * + + +RECIPROCATING PARTS OF STEAM ENGINES. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--In one of the late numbers of your journal, you +publish a paper, read by Mr. Porter before some learned society in New +York, on something about the possibility or practicability of running +a steam engine at a high rate of speed, and claiming to give a +scientific explanation of the why and wherefore. Now, scientifically, +I know nothing about a steam engine; practically, I know how to stop +and start one. Therefore, you will understand that what I say is not +as coming from one who claims to be wise above what is written, but as +simply being a statement of the case, as it appears to one who wants +to learn, and takes this way to draw out the truth. A scientific +theory, invested with all its sines, coefficients, and other +paraphernalia, is a very pretty thing to look at, no doubt, for those +who understand it, and, when properly applied, is invaluable; but +when, as in this case, a practical question is to be decided, by the +aid of a scientific demonstration, it will not do to throw aside the +main elements of the problem, or any, in fact, of the minor points, no +matter how trivial they may appear. + +Mr. Porter's labors were strictly of a scientific nature. He starts +out with the proposition that what he is about to explain is very +simple, and very likely it is; but, for one, I can't see it, and I +want more light. He says that it takes a certain number of pounds to +overcome the inertia of the reciprocating parts of a certain weight, +to give it a certain speed. What is inertia? He says, "we will not +take into account the friction of parts." Now, my understanding of +this point is, that friction is practically one of the main elements +in the problem. How can we hope to obtain a correct solution when he +rubs out one of the terms of the equation? What is friction doing all +the time, while he is theoretically having his reciprocating parts +storing up power and then giving it out again, just at the right time, +and in the right quantity? + +What an immense amount of iron has been wasted by being cast into fly +wheels, when a fraction of the amount, if only put into cross heads, +would render fly wheels unnecessary! + +Mr. Porter stops short in his discussion. He should have added a table +giving the proportionate length of stroke, weight of parts, and number +of revolutions required to produce the effect of an engine running at +a high speed, without the least fraction of inequality in the strain +on the crank, and then the sun would have fairly risen in the "dawn of +a new era for the steam engine." But, as it is so very simple, we can +all figure it out for ourselves. + +In the diagram Mr. Porter gives, to illustrate the travel of the +piston, he wets his finger and draws it over another term in the +equation (a method of elimination not taught by Hutton, Davies, and +other mathematicians). It is a quick way, but is it correct? He says, +"the distance traveled by the piston is the versed sine of an angle +formed by a line from the center of the crank pin, in any part of its +stroke to the center of the circle described by the crank pin, leaving +out of the calculation the angular vibration of the connecting rod." +What he means by the "angular vibration," I do not know. He is wrong +in the statement. If he will think of it he will see it. If he meant +to say that the piston's travel was measured by the versed sine of the +angle formed by the connecting rod and the line of horizontal centers, +he is wrong again, yet nearer the truth than before, just as the +proportion between the length of the connecting rod and the half +diameter of the circle described by the crank pin. This can quickly +be seen by supposing the connecting rod to be detached, and allowed +to fall down on the center line, at any part of the stroke. If he +understood this (as no doubt he did), he should not ignore the facts. + +What I am aiming at is this. When a man attempts to demonstrate a +thing mathematically, he must take into his calculation everything +essentially connected with the problem, just exactly as it is, and not +as he would have it; otherwise, he cannot, by any possibility, attain +a correct result. When he claims, as now, the practicability of +running engines at a high speed, I think he is claiming too much. +Build an engine of proper materials, make it strong, and fit +everything as it should be, balance crank and fly wheel to a nicety, +keep everything snugly in its place, and the terrors of a quick stroke +vanish. + +S. W. H. + + * * * * * + + +TEST FOR WHITE LEAD. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I have read, with much interest, Dr. Chandler's +colorimetric test of the purity of white lead, as published in the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN sometime ago. I enclose another test, which, +though not new, is of value to all using white lead on account of its +simplicity and effectiveness. It has been in use here for nearly two +years, and has been found reliable. Having never seen it in print, I +have tried to put it in as simple words as possible. + +FELIX MCARDLE, Analytical Chemist. +St. Louis, Mo. + +Take a piece of firm, close grained charcoal, and, near one end of it, +scoop out a cavity about half an inch in diameter and a quarter of an +inch in depth. Place in the cavity a sample, of the lead to be tested, +about the size of a small pea, and apply to it continuously the +blue or hottest part of the flame of the blow pipe; if the sample be +strictly pure, it will in a very short time, say in two minutes, be +reduced to metallic lead, leaving no residue; but if it be adulterated +to the extent of ten per cent. only, with oxide of zinc, sulphate of +baryta, whiting or any other carbonate of lime, (which substances are +now the only adulterations used), or if it be composed entirely of +these materials, as is sometimes the case with cheap lead, it cannot +be reduced, but will remain on the charcoal an infusible mass. + +Dry white lead, (carbonate of lead) is composed of metallic lead, +oxygen and carbonic acid, and, when ground with linseed oil, forms the +white lead of commerce. When it is subjected to the above treatment, +the oil is first burned off, and then at a certain degree of heat, the +oxygen and carbonic acid are set free, leaving only the metallic lead +from which it was manufactured. If, however, there be present in the +sample any of the above mentioned adulterations, they cannot of course +be reduced to metallic lead, and cannot be reduced, by any heat of +the blow pipe flame, to their own metallic bases; and being intimately +incorporated and ground with the carbonate of lead, they prevent it +from being reduced. + +It is well, after blowing upon the sample, say for half a minute, by +which time the oil will be burned off, to loosen the sample from the +charcoal, with a knife blade or spatula, in order that the flame may +pass under as well as over and against it. With proper care the lead +will run into one button, instead of scattering over the charcoal, +and this is the reason why the cavity above mentioned is necessary. A +common star candle or a lard oil lamp furnishes the best flame for use +of the blow pipe; a coal oil lamp should not be used. + +By the above test, after a little practice, so small an adulteration +as one or two per cent. can be detected; it is, however, only a test +of the purity or impurity of a lead, and if found adulterated, the +degree or percentage of adulteration cannot be well ascertained by it. + +Jewellers usually have all the necessary apparatus for making the +test, and any one of them can readily make it by observing the above +directions, and from them can be obtained a blow pipe at small cost. + +If you have no open package of the lead to be tested, a sample can +most easily be obtained by boring into the side or top of a keg with +a gimlet, and with it taking out the required quantity; care should be +used to free it entirely from the borings or particles of wood, and it +should not be larger than the size mentioned; a larger quantity can be +reduced, but of course more time will be required, and the experiment +cannot be so neatly performed. + + * * * * * + + +HOW TO BUILD A CHIMNEY. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--I am satisfied that a great many fires originate +through poorly constructed chimneys; and, although not a bricklayer +by trade, I would offer a few hints how to construct a fire-proof +chimney. Let the bed be laid of brick and mortar, iron, or stone; then +the workman should take a brick in his left hand, and with the trowel, +draw the mortar upon the end of the brick, from the under side, and +not from the outside edge, as is usual. Then, by pressing the brick +against the next one, the whole space between the two bricks will be +filled with mortar; and so he should point up the inside as perfectly +as the outside, as he proceeds. + +By drawing the mortar on the edge of the brick, the space between +the ends will not always be entirely filled, and will make (where the +inside pointing is not attended to) a leaky and unsafe chimney, which, +if not kept clear of soot, will, in burning out, stand a good chance +of setting the building on fire. The best thing that I know of, to +put the fire out in a burning chimney is salt; but the matter of first +importance, after having a chimney properly constructed, is to keep it +clean. + +AUSTIN B. CULVER. +Westfield, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +CRYSTALLIZED HONEY. + +MESSRS. EDITORS:--Please allow me to say to the querist who, through +your columns, asks what to do with crystalline honey, that if he will +"doctor" it with almost any artificial honey of the day, it will not +become like lard in cold weather, which change is a natural proof that +it is pure. For almost any purpose, pure honey is preferable to that +which has been adulterated, but purity is a minor consideration with +many. + +Next we shall hear of some fastidious customer who objects to pure +lard, because it looks white when cold. To such we would recommend +lard oil as a great improvement, especially for cooking purposes. + +A. M. B. +Louisville, Ky. + + * * * * * + +[For the Scientific American.] + + + + +RAMBLES FOR RELICS. + +NUMBER II. + + +At a depth of fifteen feet, we were about to suspend our labors, +supposing from the nature and uniformly dark color of the earth, +that we had reached the surface of the alluvium, when a sign of the +inevitable wood and bark layer was seen in a crevice. An excavation, +five or six feet, into the wall, revealed the skeleton of a man laid +at length, having an extra coverlid of wooden material. Eighteen large +oblong beads, an ax of polished green stone, eleven arrow points, and +five implements of bone (to be described) were deposited on the +left side; and a few small beads, an ornamental shell pin, two small +hatchets, and a sharp-pointed flint knife or lance, eight inches long, +having a neck or projection at the base, suitable for a handle, or for +insertion in a shaft, on the right side. The earth behind the skull +being removed, three enormous conch shells presented their open +mouths. One of my assistants started back as if the ghost of the +departed had come to claim the treasure preserved, in accordance with +superstitious notions, for its journey to the "happy lands." The alarm +seemed to be a warning, for at the moment the embankment, overloaded +on one side, caved in, nearly burying three workmen, myself, and a +spectator. Our tools being at the bottom of the heap, and the wall on +the other side, shaken by the falling earth, giving tokens of a change +of base, our prospects of a ready deliverance were not very hopeful. +The bystanders, however, went to work with their hands, and we were +soon relieved, not without casualty, the spectator having the worst of +it. Struggling to extricate himself, instead of abiding his time, he +dragged one leg out of the pile shorter than the other. + +The occurrence of marine shells in a burial depository, especially of +the varieties pyrula and oliva, four or five hundred miles from the +Gulf and that portion of the Southern coast where the mollusks exist, +bears upon the question of migration and tribal intercourse, and +the commercial value of these articles. Obtained from a distance and +regarded as precious commodities, they were used in exchange, for the +material of ornaments, and for choice utensils. Only two or three of +these shells have been found in a perfect condition, but defective +ones are frequent, with fragments, "cuttings," and various trinkets +made out of them--such as ornamental pins, needles, crosses, buttons, +amulets, engraved plates, and beads. From one of the specimens +recovered from the mound sepulchre, the spire and columella had been +removed, leaving a hollow utensil. It would have been suitable for +a water vessel, but for a hole in the bottom, which had furnished a +button-shaped ornament, or piece of money, which was found with the +relic, and exactly corresponded to the orifice. The twirled end of the +shell, however, had been improved for a handle by shallow cavities, +one on the inside slanting from the middle longitudinal line, and one +crossing that line at right angles on the convex side, so as to be +fitted to the thumb and fore finger of the left hand, suggesting a use +of the implement as a shield, or a mask held before the face. Adair +speaks of large shells in use by the Indians of his time (1735), +suspended about the neck for shields, and regarded as badges of +priestly dignity. + +A trench was dug on the east side of the mound, nearly corresponding +in dimensions to the one on the west side, making the length of the +whole excavation, including the central cavity, thirty-two feet. + +In the last opening, eight skeletons were exhumed; the mode of burial +was the same throughout. The only article of value recovered was a +curiously wrought pipe of stone, having a "figure head" representing +the human face, which I have put down in a list of "articles stolen," +and which the thief can describe better than the writer. After filling +up all the gaps, and levelling the surface to suit the taste of the +proprietor, we closed our labors on the mound in the Bent. + +Of the skulls collected, it is sufficient to say that they belong to +the "short heads," the length and breadth having a comparative medium +proportion, a common form of cranium in the mounds of Tennessee. + +Of stone implements I specify an ax of serpentine, ten inches long, +two thick, and four broad, having plain sides and a straight edge +ground down on both of the flat faces; hatchets ("tomahawks") of +green stone, flint, and diorite, from five to eight inches long, with +rounded faces and sides, contracted to an edge at one end, and to a +flat heel at the other; a wedge of black slate, seven inches long and +half an inch thick, of a square finish on the faces and sides and at +the heel, which was diminished two inches, as compared with the length +of the edge; hatchets with a serrated edge at each end, plane on both +sides, convex on one face and flat on the other. + +With one skeleton was deposited a "set of tools," eight in number, of +the species of rock before mentioned, varying in length from two to +eight inches. Their peculiarity consists in a variety of shapes--no +two being precisely alike--and in their fitness to various uses, +such as carving, hacking, paring, and grooving. The smallest of them, +having a square finish, was held by the thumb and two fingers, and is +suitable for cutting lines and figures in wood and shells. Specimens +of this art were furnished from the mound. The largest number might +serve for hatchets, chisels, and gouges. One had been ground in the +form of a cylinder five inches long and an inch thick, and then cut +an inch on two sides to an edge, and worked into a handle with a round +bead, from the center of the elliptical faces. It might be used for +chipping wood and stone. One answered the purpose of a cold chisel; +another was somewhat similar, but had a hollow face reduced to a +curved edge for grooving. These polished instruments, wrought with +much care, seemed intended for use by the hand rather than for +insertion in a handle or socket, or attachment to a shaft by means +of a strap or withe. Only one was perforated. The drilling through +granite, quartz, and diorite, without the use of metal, was a severe +labor, even for savage patience. A long knife of silex, with a wrought +handle, lance heads, leaf shaped, of the same material, of beautiful +workmanship, arrow points of fine finish, furnished, with others +before mentioned, an assortment of arms. Several flint points, though +only an inch long, were curved like a cimeter, and used probably as +flaying instruments. True disks, of various mineral substances, from +an inch to five inches in diameter, having convex faces, complete the +list of stone implements. Those of bone comprise several like hollow +chisels, sharpened at one end, and pierced through one face, near the +other extremity, so as to be fastened to a handle; these were used +for dressing skins. One was formed like a poniard, with a worked hilt. +With these may be connected arrow heads and sharp pointed weapons of +the worked antlers of the stag, and tusks of the wild boar. + +Of ornaments, I noticed pins used for dressing the hair, made of the +columns of large sea shells. The head is generally round, sometimes +oval, from an eighth to a half of an inch in diameter, retaining the +diagonal groove of the pillar from which it is made. The stems vary +in length from one to six inches. It would be tedious even to classify +ornamental beads and buttons of shell work, such as are usually found +in the mounds. These trinkets are perforated, and, in addition to +their being articles of dress, were used probably as "wampum," the +currency of the recent Indians. + +A miscellaneous collection includes a hematite stone, wrought in +the shape of a cup weighing half a pound; when rubbed or ground it +furnished the war paint of the savages; also the extremity of a copper +tube, two inches long; needles in bone and shell, from an inch to +six inches long, with grooves round the head, to serve the purpose of +eyes; and plates of mica. The use of mica plates, which are found of +large size in some of the Western mounds, has excited some inquiry. +Of a certain thickness, they make good mirrors. Beside their use +for ornamental purposes, they were probably looking-glasses of the +beauties of the stone age. There was also found a pipe of soap stone, +having a stem five inches long, and a bowl with a broad brim, like a +Quaker's hat. + +Of earthenware, there was an endless variety of fragments of the usual +black, grey, or red compressed clay, mixed with pulverized shells or +stones. One kind I have never seen described. The sherds had a red +coating on both sides, an eighth of an inch in thickness, evidently +not a paint or a glaze. The red coloring might have come from the +pottery being burnt in the open air, instead of baked in a furnace, +were not the layer of uniform thickness and of homogeneous paste, +unlike the material of the vessel, which was a gray mixture of clay +and particles of shells. + +I give the above memoranda to the general fund of information, +touching a subject that invites inquiry on account of its novelty and +ethnological importance. Every examination of the monumental remains +of the ancient Americans brings to light some new feature in structure +or type of rudimental art. And since archaeology has become a science, +investigators, for half a century, may be looking about for facts to +complete the system auspiciously introduced by the antiquarians of +Northern Europe, and advanced in our own country by the researches +of Caleb Atwater (_Archaeologia Americana_) and by those of the +Smithsonian contributors to knowledge, especially Squier and Davis. +RAMBLER. + + * * * * * + + +A SMALL WATER WHEEL.--There is in the town of Meriden, Conn., a +Leffel double turbine wheel, running under 240 feet fall and driving +a manufactory. It uses only about one-half of a square inch of water, +and runs at the marvelous speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute, or 50 +revolutions per second, which is by far the most rapid rate of motion +ever imparted to a water wheel. This is, also, beyond comparison the +greatest fall applied to the propulsion of a wheel in America. The +wheel at Meriden is of the most diminutive size, scarcely exceeding in +dimensions the old-fashioned "turnip" watches which our grandfathers +used to carry in their capacious vest pockets. The complete success of +this wheel has attracted much attention and affords further evidence +of the wide range of adaptability of the Leffel turbine. + + * * * * * + +[For the Scientific American.] + + + + +SILK CULTURE. + +BY W. V. ANDREWS. + + +A vague notion that silk culture ought to form one of the industrial +pursuits of the American people seems to be prevalent enough; but it +does not take practical hold upon anybody. The nearest approach to +anything practical which we have seen, in late years--excepting, of +course, what has been done in California--occurred in New York in July +last, when a number of gentlemen pledged themselves, according to a +report given in the _Tribune_ of July 30, "to promote the native silk +trade." + +The gentlemen present at the meeting represented the most prominent +silk manufacturing and importing houses in this country. What these +gentlemen have since done towards promoting the native silk trade, I +do not know, but, having pledged themselves, it is presumed they have +done something. + +At the meeting, of which the _Tribune_ article is a report, dags, +and other things, manufactured from California silk, were exhibited; +and the report goes on to say that "Mr. Warren also exhibited samples +of native and foreign cocoons, and of raw and thrown silk, together +with the common _Cecropia_ and _Bombyx Cynthia_, species of +silkworms which feed upon oak leaves. * * Also the _Bombyx Yamamai_ +which feeds upon mulberry leaves; also the _Bombyx Pernyi_, of +which the cocoons are early as good as the cocoons of worms fed upon +mulberry leaves." + +I have given this extract, word for word, as it stands in the columns +of the _Tribune_, because it contains more blunders of one kind or +another than I remember ever to have seen in so many words. _Cecropia_ +is certainly not very particular as to its food, but it is not an oak +feeder. _Cynthia_ will thrive on nothing except ailanthus, though it +will eat one or two other things, but not oak. The _Yamamai_, on +the other hand, will eat oak, indeed it is its natural food; but Mr. +Warren errs greatly when he says that it will feed on mulberry. The +last clause of the sentence, which says that cocoons of _Pernyi_ are +nearly as good as those of worms fed on mulberry leaves, must be a +sort of entomological joke, of which the point is not discoverable by +me, so I pass it over. + +I do not, however, notice this report on account of its grammatical +and entomological mistakes. It is because of the evil effects it may, +and probably will, have on amateur silk culturists, that I notice +it; for most assuredly, failure will be the result of all attempts +to produce silk cocoons by feeding the caterpillars of the different +moths on the food prescribed by Mr. Warren. Any patriotic, money +making farmer, who believes in the _Tribune_, purchasing _Yamamai_ +eggs and setting his worms to feed upon mulberry, which they refuse to +eat, and consequently, all die, will probably give up silk culture +as being nothing more or less than a humbug. And thus the cause is +injured. + +For several years past, I have made some experiments in the rearing of +the silkworms, giving the result of my experience in the first year in +Vol. II., page 311, of the _American Naturalist_; and of a subsequent +year in the _Entomologist_, for November, 1869. + +The paper in the _Naturalist_ is devoted to my experiments with the +ailanthus silkworm, _Samia Cynthia_ (G. & R.), a naturalized species +from the East. In that paper, I have said all that is necessary to +say at present, on that species, except perhaps that I am further +convinced, from the inspection of samples of sewing and other silks, +made from the cocoons of _Cynthia_, that one day it will be reared +very extensively in the United States. It is perfectly hardy, is +double brooded, and may be reared by any one possessed of a few acres +of land, which may be good enough for growing ailanthus trees, but +not good enough to grow any thing else. The labor of a few old men, +or women, or even children, is sufficient for the purpose. The cost is +therefore trifling. + +The objection to the cultivation of _Cynthia_ is that the cocoon +cannot be reeled. But it can be carded, and if the Chinese can make +excellent silk goods from it, why cannot we? I suspect, too, that +_Cynthia_ silk can be worked in with cotton, or, perhaps, woolen +goods, adding to their beauty and durability (for it is indestructible +in wear), and thus open up branches of manufacture hitherto unknown. + +For manufacturers of coarse goods, I have no doubt that the silk +from our native silk moths, _Cecropia_ and _Polyphemus_, may be used. +Indeed, I believe that M. Trouvelot is of opinion that _Polyphemus_ +may fairly enter into competition with _Bombyx mori_, the ordinary +mulberry silkworm. The worm, however, is rather difficult to rear. + +In reference, however, to _Bombyx mori_, it is well known that the +silk crop in France and Italy has been reduced greatly, and the price +of silk goods consequently enhanced, by prevalence of disease among +the worms. So much is this the case, that silk breeders have been +obliged to look around for some silk-producing moths whose products +may, at any rate, supplement the deficient crop. _Cynthia_, as already +mentioned as one of these, and two others mentioned by Warren in the +_Tribune_ reports above adverted to, are at present the subjects of +experiment. + +My article mentioned before as appearing in the _American +Entomologist_ is mainly devoted to my experiments, and those of my +correspondents, with _Yamamai_, which, as I said before, is an oak +feeder. In Japan, which is its native country, it feeds, in its wild +state, on _Quercus serrata_. Whether that oak be found in America, I +do not know, but it is of little importance, as the worm will feed on +almost any species of oak, although I think that it prefers white oak. +The importance of acclimatizing new species of silk moths is of so +much prospective importance, that I shall devote the remainder of this +article to the consideration of whether _Yamamai_ and _Pernyi_ may not +be naturalized here. Any one, who happens to have the number of the +_Entomologist_ containing the article above alluded to, may find it +worth while to read it, but as many persons may not be able to obtain +that number, I will here repeat the substance of my remarks, adding as +much new matter as subsequent experience has afforded. + +The silk from the _Yamamai_ being considered superior to that produced +by any other of the substitute silk moths, great efforts have been +made in Europe to acclimatize it; but, it must be confessed, hitherto +with but slight success. There are exceptions, however, particularly +among amateurs in Germany, sufficient to show that success is +possible. The Baron de Bretton raises about 27,000 cocoons annually. + +In this country but little has been done, or attempted, and that +little has not been very successful. + +The fact is, that _Yamamai_ is a difficult moth to rear in a country +like this, where in early spring the temperature varies so much; but +that success is possible, I am convinced. + +The moth emerges from the cocoon in the latter part of the summer, +copulates, lays its eggs, and of course dies. And now the trouble +commences; that is, with eggs laid, say in Japan, from whence we +mainly get our supplies. + +As soon as the egg is laid, the young larva commences its formation, +which in a short time (about one month) is perfected. It lies in the +egg in a quiescent state till early spring. If the egg remain in the +country where it is laid, and is kept at a pretty even temperature, +and free from damp, the caterpillar emerges in a healthy condition. +But if it be removed some thousands of miles, passing in the transit +from heat to cold, and back to heat again: and if, in addition, it +be closely confined in a damp place, with little or no circulation of +air, the egg is attacked by a fungus which sometimes prevents the worm +from emerging at all; or, if it emerge, it is in a sickly condition. +That these conditions obtain in the transit of eggs, from Japan +to Europe, and thence to America, is evident enough; and it may, +therefore, require the efforts of many persons, continued for a long +time, to enable us to acclimatize the _Yamamai_. But this is all that +is required, and I feel confident that ultimate success is certain. + +On hatching out, the worm is of a brimstone yellow, and thinly covered +with strong hairs; after the second month it is greenish, with black, +longitudinal streaks, and the thread a dull coral red color. After the +third month it becomes of a fine apple green, with yellow tubercles +on each segment, from which issue a few black hairs. The head and legs +are chocolate brown, the prolegs reddish, and the first segment edged +with pinkish color. The greatest care is necessary, as the spring +advances, to prevent the eggs from hatching before the oak buds +are ready for them, and the temperature must be regulated with the +greatest nicety. If the eggs can be kept somewhere about 50 deg. Fah., +it would be quite safe; higher than that the mercury should not be +allowed to rise, till you are quite ready for the worms, and, on the +other hand, the eggs should not be allowed to freeze. + +On emerging from the eggs, the worms should be allowed either to crawl +to the oak branches, or rather to sprigs obtained for that purpose, +the end of which should be placed in a jar, or bottle, of water, or +the worms may be placed on gently with a camel-hair brush. The leaves +should be well sprinkled with clean water that the caterpillars may +drink. + +From some cause, not well understood, the young caterpillars have +a tendency to wander; and if care be not taken many may be lost. To +prevent this, it is well to cover the branches with a gauze bag, tied +tightly around the stems, and close to the bottle. Care must also +be taken that the caterpillars do not find their way into the water, +which they assuredly will if they have the opportunity, committing +suicide in the most reckless manner. If the number of caterpillars be +few, it is a good plan to place them at the outset with their food, +in a wide-mouthed bottle, covering the mouth with gauze. The branches, +particularly if the weather be warm, must still be occasionally +sprinkled, so that the caterpillars may have the opportunity of +drinking. It must be remembered that experiment is necessary in +rearing _Yamamai_, but one thing is ascertained, and that is, that the +worms must not be exposed to direct sunshine, at least not after seven +or eight in the morning. If the spring be warm, I am inclined to think +that a northeastern exposure is the best, and we may sum up by saying, +that comparatively cool and moist seasons are more favorable to +success that hot, dry weather. In America the worms suffer in the +early spring, from the rapid changes of temperature, 40 deg. at 9 A.M. +increasing to 70 deg. in the afternoon and falling off to freezing point +during the night. The worms cannot stand this. They become torpid, +refuse to eat, and consequently die. To prevent this, if the nights +be cold, they must be placed where no such change of temperature can +occur. + +It is scarcely necessary to say that an ample supply of fresh food +must be always supplied, but it may not be amiss to say that it is +well, when supplying fresh branches, to remove the worms from the old +to the new. The best way of doing this is to clip off the branch, or +leaf, on which the worm is resting, and tie, pin, or in some way affix +the same to the new branches. If this be not done, they will continue +to eat the old leaf, even if it be withered, and this induces disease. +If the worm has fastened itself for the purpose of moulting, the best +way is to remove the entire branch, clipping off all the dried +leaves before so removing it. These remarks apply, in general, to the +treatment of all silkworms, except _Bombyx mori_. + +The results of numerous experiments with _Yamamai_ go to show that it +is, as I said before, a difficult worm to rear; but it has been reared +near New York to the extent of eight hundred cocoons out of sixteen +hundred eggs, and this, although not a remunerative result, is +encouraging. + +The Chinese silk moth, _Aulterea Pernyi_, also an oak feeder, has been +successfully raised by me and by others, for several years. Eggs have +been sold to persons in States widely separated, and the results show +that this worm is perfectly hardy. + +The moth winters in the cocoon, emerges early in May, if the weather +be warm, pairs readily, and lays from 150 to 200 eggs. These hatch +out in about fourteen days, and like _Yamamai_, always about 5 or 6 +o'clock in the morning. It is necessary to be on the alert to catch +them on hatching only, and to remember that they are vagabonds, even +to a greater extent than _Yamamai_. Consequently similar precautions +must be taken. + +The worm on emerging from the egg is large, and of a chocolate-brown +color. After the first month it becomes of a yellowish green; head, +pale brown; feet and prolegs of nearly the same color. The body has +numerous reddish tubercles, from which issue a few reddish hairs. At +the base of some of the tubercles on the anterior segments are silvery +patches. + +The _Pernyi_ worm is much more easily reared than that of _Yamamai_, +but still great care is needed; fresh food of course is essential, and +a slight sprinkling of the branches and worms in very warm weather is +advisable; although it is not so necessary as with _Yamamai_. It is +remarkable that _Pernyi_ worms, fed in the open air, on oak trees, +do not, at present, thrive so well as those fed in-doors, but this, +doubtless, is a question of acclimation. I advise white oak (_Quercus +alba_) as food, if it can be readily obtained, but failing that, pin +oak (_Quercus palustris_) will do; and I have no doubt that they will +feed on any kind of oak. They will, indeed, feed on birch, and on +sweet gum (_Liquidambar_), but oak is the proper food. It is worthy of +remark that _Pernyi_ bears a strong resemblance to our _Polyphemus_, +but it is more easily reared in confinement, and double brooded; an +important fact for the silk culturist. From American reared eggs, I +obtained cocoons as early as July 4th, the perfect insect emerging on +July 31. Copulation immediately ensued, and the resulting eggs hatched +only on August 12, ten days only from the time of laying; and as the +worm feeds up in about four or five weeks, this affords plenty of +time for rearing the second brood. It must be remembered that on the +quantity and quality of food, much depends, not only with _Pernyi_ +but with all caterpillars. By furnishing food sparingly the time of +feeding would be much prolonged. + +I have already said that both _Yamamai_ and _Pernyi_ should be fed +under shelter for the reasons given, but there is another reason of +less importance. The young worms are liable to be attacked by spiders +and wasps, and even after the second month, they are not safe from +these enemies. I have seen a wasp bite a large caterpillar in two, +carry off the anterior section and return for the posterior, which +had held on by its prolegs. Did the wasp anticipate this fact, and +therefore carry off the anterior part first? As to the spiders, they +form a series of pulleys and hoist the caterpillar off its legs, +sucking its juices at leisure. + +And now I must devote a few words to the advisability of silk culture +from a pecuniary point of view. _Bombyx mori_, or the ordinary +mulberry silkworm, is, of course, the best to rear, if you can obtain +healthy eggs. But this is the difficulty, and thence arises the +necessity of cultivating other silk-producing species. I imagine +that silk can be produced in most of the States of the Union, and +manufactured from the cocoon at a large profit; but for the present, +we will leave the manufacture out of the question, and consider only, +whether it will not pay to rear eggs and cocoons for sale? It must +be remembered that European manufacturers are at this moment largely +dependent on foreign countries for the supply of both eggs and +cocoons; and this, because of the general prevalence of disease among +all the races of _Bombyx mori_. And now, to what extent does the +reader suppose this dependence exists? Of cocoons I have no returns at +hand, but, of raw silk, European manufacturers purchase, annually, not +less than $160,000,000 worth; and of eggs (_Bombyx mori_) to the +value of $10,000,000. This, then, is a business of no trifling amount. +California seems to be alive to the fact, and, I am informed, raised, +this last season, $3,000,000 cocoons; and, for sale, about 4,000 +ounces of eggs, worth at least $4 per ounce, wholesale. Now, there is +no earthly reason why California should monopolize this business. +Why are not companies formed in other States for this purpose? or if +private individuals lack the enterprise or the means, why do not the +legislatures, of those States most favorably located, do something by +way of starting the business? A few thousand dollars loaned, or even +donated, may prove to be a valuable investment for the people at +large, and, even supposing a failure, would not be a very great loss +to any body. + +So far as farmers are concerned, it may interest them to know that one +man in England, Capt. Mason, clears $50 per acre by rearing silkworms +(_Bombyx mori_ in this case), and I much doubt whether any crop raised +here pays as well. + +By way of commencement, then, let everybody that has sufficient +leisure set to work, and rear as many silkworms, of the above-named +species, as he possibly can; and if the process be not remunerative in +a pecuniary sense, it most assuredly will be in the amount of pleasure +and knowledge obtained. + +One caution I must give to those who cultivate _Bombyx mori_. Although +_Yamamai_ requires sprinkled branches, _Bombyx mori_ does not; nor +must the leaves be furnished to them while wet with rain or dew. + + * * * * * + + +EFFECT OF COLD UPON IRON.--The article upon this subject, giving +experiments of Fairbairn and others, referred to in our editorial +upon the same subject, in our last issue, was crowded out by press of +matter. The reader will find it in the present number. + + * * * * * + + + + +UNIVERSAL BORING MACHINE. + + +Our readers will recollect an illustrated description of an universal +wood-working machine, published on page 79, Vol. XIII. of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The machine herewith illustrated is manufactured +by the same firm, and is a valuable addition to the many excellent +wood-working machines now in use. A boring machine, though one of the +simplest, is by no means an unimportant adjunct to a full outfit of +wood-working machines. The one shown in our engraving is one of the +most complete ever brought to our notice, and the great variety of +work it is capable of performing, renders the name chosen for it +peculiarly applicable. It is called the "Universal Boring Machine" +because the most prominent feature of its construction is its power to +bore a hole in any desired angle with the axis of the bit. + +Any sized bit required is inserted into the chuck, which is adjustable +to fit large and small shanks. The mandrel which carries the chuck is +made to traverse by a foot lever, so as to bore any depth up to twelve +inches. The mandrel is driven by belt from a cone pulley of three +faces, which gives the proper speeds for different sized bits. + +Slots and stops upon the table enable the work to be set at any +desired angle on the horizontal plane, while the table can be set on +an incline to any angle not exceeding forty-five degrees. The table +is twenty-one inches wide, with fifteen inches slide, and it can be +raised or lowered fifteen inches. + +The countershaft rests in self-adjusting boxes, and has a tight and +a loose pulley eight inches in diameter. The traversing mandrel is of +the best quality of steel, and the machine is otherwise made of iron +in a substantial manner. + +[Illustration: McBETH, BENTEL, & MARGEDANT'S UNIVERSAL BORING +MACHINE.] + +The several adjustments enable the operator to do all kinds of light +and heavy boring, with ease and with great rapidity. + +This machine was awarded the first premium at the Cincinnati +Industrial Exposition, in October, 1870, and was patented through the +Scientific American Patent Agency, Aug. 16, 1870. It is manufactured +by McBeth, Bentel and Margedant, of Hamilton, Ohio, whom address for +machines rights to manufacture, or other information. + + * * * * * + + + + +COMBINED TRUNK AND ROCKING CHAIR. + + +A unique invention, calculated to increase the comforts of travellers +on steamboats, ships, and in crowded rooms of hotels, is illustrated +in the engraving published herewith. It is the invention of T. Nye, +of Westbrook, Me., and was patented by him, June 18, 1867. It is a +combined trunk and rocking chair. The rockers are made to fold into +recesses, where they are retained by suitable appliances till wanted. +The trunk being opened, as shown, forms a back to the seat, which +is held by metallic braces. When closed, the whole presents the +appearance of an ordinary trunk. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + + + +COSMETICS. + + +The extensive use of preparations for hiding nature's bloom on the +human countenance, and presenting to our view a sort of metallic +plaster, suggests the inquiry, "how are these pigments made?" Without +going into an unnecessary analysis of the "Bloom of Youth," the +"Rejuvenator," the "Corpse Decorator," or the other inventions for +destroying the skin, with which the druggists' stores abound, we +may state again the fact, always unheeded, that all the detestable +compounds are injurious. They are nearly all metallic poisons, and, +if there be any that are innocent of this charge, they are in every +instance harmful to the health. The color and surface of the skin +cannot be changed by any application which does not close the pores; +the pores, which are so exquisitely fine that there are millions of +them to the square inch, and which must be kept open if a healthy and +cleanly body is to be preserved. There is more breathing done through +the pores of a healthy person than through the lungs; and we need not +remind our readers of a ghastly piece of cruelty once enacted in Paris +(that of gilding the body of a child, for a triumphal procession, +which killed the subject in two hours), to show that the stoppage, in +any degree, of the natural functions of so important an organ as the +skin, is injurious. The immediate effect of the use of such compounds +is to destroy the vitality of the skin, and to render it, in +appearance, a piece of shriveled parchment. We must warn our readers +that a temporary and meretricious "bloom" can only be attained at the +cost of future freshness and lively appearance, so that a year or two +of "looking like paint" is followed by a long period of "looking like +dilapidation." + + * * * * * + + + + +SMITH'S INFANT DINING CHAIR. + + +The accompanying engraving illustrates a convenient and cheap infant +dining chair, which can be attached to any of the ordinary chairs in +common use. + +[Illustration] + +It consists of a chair without legs, suspended by the posts of the +back, as shown, on pins engaging with hooked bars, which are placed +upon the back of an ordinary chair. The details of the device will be +seen by a glance at the engraving. The chair is adjusted in hight +by placing the pins in the proper holes in the posts made for this +purpose. + +For further information, address Smith, Hollenbeck & Co., Toledo, +Ohio. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MEDICINES OF THE ANCIENTS. + + +At the recent commencement of the Homeopathic College in this city, +Mr. S. H. Wales, of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN addressed the graduating +class, and from his remarks, we quote the following: + +"Many writers of our time persist in regarding this, above all others, +as the best period in the history of our race; and, doubtless, it is +true in many important respects. But I cannot forbear the suggestion +at this moment that there was a time in the history of the world +when the science of medicine was unknown, when people lived to the +incredible age of many centuries; and, even after the span of life +had been reduced to threescore and ten, sickness was comparatively +unknown. In ancient times, it was looked upon as a calamity, that +had overtaken a tribe or people, when one of its members prematurely +sickened and died. + +"Other arts and sciences flourished in Rome long before medicine +was thought of; and the historian tells us that the first doctor who +settled in Rome, some two hundred years before Christ, was banished on +account of his poor success and the very severe treatment applied to +his patients; and it was a hundred years before the next one came. He +rose to great popularity, simply because he allowed his patients to +drink all the wine they wanted, and to eat their favorite dishes. +Some writer on hygiene has made the statement that the whole code +of medical ethics presented by Moses consisted simply in bathing, +purification, and diet. This simplicity of life was not confined to +the wandering tribes who settled in the land of Canaan, but was the +universal custom of all nations of which history gives us any account. +This simple arrangement for health was considered enough in those +primitive times, when the human system had not been worn out and +exhausted by depletive medicines. The luxuries of public baths, +athletic sports and games were deemed ample, both to educate the +physical perceptions and to prevent disease. + +"All this wisdom, which had its origin in ancient games and sports +of the field, led to the erection of extensive bath-houses, and the +adoption of other healthful luxuries to which all the people could +resort to recreate their wasted powers." + + * * * * * + + + + +BARNES' VENTILATOR FOR MATTRESSES, ETC. + + +Many diseases are caused by the use of beds not properly aired; and +it is difficult, if not impossible, to properly air, or ventilate, +a mattress, made in the usual manner. If this could be done more +thoroughly than it generally is, much sickness would be avoided. + +[Illustration] + +To secure this object cheaply and efficiently is the design of the +invention herewith illustrated. By it a complete circulation of +air through the mattress is secured, which carries off all dampness +arising from constant use. Thus the mattress becomes more healthy for +sleeping purposes, more durable and better fitted for the sick room. +The ventilators consist of coiled wire, covered with coarse cloth +(to prevent the stuffing closing up the tube), running through the +mattress in all directions. The ends of the coils are secured to the +ticking by means of metal thimbles, inside of which are pieces of wire +gauze, to prevent insects getting in, but which admit air freely. The +cost of the ventilators is small, and they will last as long as any +mattress. They can be applied to any bed at small expense. + +This invention was patented through the Scientific American Patent +Agency, January 10, 1871. The right to manufacture will be disposed +of in any part of the country. Further information can be obtained by +addressing the proprietors, Barnes & Allen, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +The third annual exhibition of the National Photographic Association +takes place at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, June 6, 1871. Prof. +Morton is to deliver two lectures on Light. + + * * * * * + + + + +A SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AWAKENING. + + +Our English cotemporary, _Engineering_, appears to have seriously +exercised itself in the perusal of our good-natured article +on "English and American Scientific and Mechanical Engineering +Journalism," which appeared in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, February +4th; at least, we so judge from the tenor of an article in response +thereto, covering a full page of that journal. The article in question +is a curiosity in literature. It deserves a much wider circulation +than _Engineering_ can give it, and we would gladly transfer it to our +columns, but for its exceeding length--a serious fault generally, not +only with _Engineering's_ articles, but most other technical journals +published in England. It would scarcely do for them to be brief in +their discussions, and above all other things, spice and piquancy +must always be excluded. _Engineering_ evidently labors under the +conviction that the heavier it can make its discussions, the more +profoundly will it be able to impress its readers. Hence, we are +equally astonished and gratified to find a gleam of humor flashing out +from the ordinary sober-sided composition of our learned contemporary. +The article came to us just as we were laboring under an attack of +dyspepsia, and its reading fairly shook our atrabilious _corpus_. We +said to ourselves, "can it be possible that _Engineering_ is about to +experience the new birth, to undergo regeneration, and a baptism of +fire?" The article is really worth reading, and we begin to indulge +the hope that at least one English technical is going to try to make +itself not only useful, but readable and interesting. And what is +most perplexingly novel in this new manifestation, is the display of +a considerable amount of egotism, which we had always supposed to be +a sinful and naughty thing in technical journalism. And, as if to +magnify this self-complaisance, it actually alludes to its "_own +extensive and ever-increasing circulation in America_." Now to show +how small a thing can impart comfort to the soul of our cotemporary, +we venture to say that the circulation of _Engineering_ in this +country cannot much exceed three hundred copies per week. + +It evidently amazes our English cotemporary that a journal like the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, which, according to its own notions, is chiefly +the work of "scissors and paste," should circulate so widely; and it +even belittles our weekly circulation by several thousand copies, +in order to give point to its very amusing, and, we will also add, +generally just criticism. + +The writer in _Engineering_, whoever he may be, appears to be a sort +of literary Rip Van Winkle, just waking out of a long sleep; and +he cannot get the idea through his head that it is possible that a +technical journal can become a vehicle of popular information to +the mass of mankind, instead of being the organ of a small clique of +professional engineers or wealthy manufacturers, such as seems to +hold control of the columns of _Engineering_, and who use it either +to ventilate their own pet schemes and theories, or to advertise, by +illustration and otherwise, in the reading columns, a repetition of +lathes, axle-boxes brakes, cars, and other trade specialities, which +can lay little or no claim to novelty. It is, furthermore, a crying +sin in the estimation of our English critic that American technical +journals do not separate their advertisements from the subject matter; +and he thinks that when Yankee editors learn that trade announcements +are out of place in the body of a journal, they will see how to make +their journals pay by making them higher priced. Now we venture to +say, without intending to give offence, that Yankee editors understand +their business quite as well as do English editors; and it is +presumable, at least, that they know what suits their readers on +this side, much better than do English editors. We venture to +suggest--modestly, of course--that journalism in the two countries +is not the same, and should the editor of _Engineering_ undertake +to transfer his system of intellectual labor to this side of the +Atlantic, he would not be long in making the discovery that those +wandering Bohemian engineers, who, he tells us, are in sorrow and +heaviness over the short-comings of American technical journals, would +turn out after all to be slender props for him to lean upon. We think +it probable, however, that with a little more snap, a journal like +_Engineering_ might possibly attain a circulation, in this country, of +500 or 1000 copies weekly. + +Why, American engineers have scarcely yet been able to organize +themselves into an association for mutual advancement in their +profession, much less to give the reading public the benefit of their +experience and labors! This fact alone ought, of itself, to satisfy +_Engineering_ that no such journal could profitably exist in this +country. Whenever our American engineers are ready to support such a +journal, there will be no difficulty in finding a publisher. + +_Engineering_, in its casual reference to the various technical +journals of America, omits to name our leading scientific monthly, but +introduces with just commendation a venerable cotemporary, now upwards +of three score years of age. Now, it is no disparagement of this +really modest monthly to say, that perhaps there are not sixty hundred +people in the States who know it, even by name; and so far as the use +of "scissors and paste" are made available in our technical journals, +we venture the assertion that the editorial staff expenses of the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN are as great, if not greater, than those of +_Engineering_. The question, however, is not so much one of original +outlay, but which of the two journals gives most for the money. In +this very essential particular, and with no intention to depreciate +the value of _Engineering_, we assert, with becoming modesty, that the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN occupies a position which _Engineering_ will never +be able to attain. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SHERMAN PROCESS. + + +When people boast of extraordinary successes in processes the details +of which are kept profoundly hidden from public scrutiny, and when the +evidences of success are presented in the doubtful form of specimens +which the public has no means of tracing directly to the process, the +public is apt to be skeptical, and to express skepticism often in not +very complimentary terms. + +For a considerable time, the public has been treated to highly-colored +accounts of a wonderful metallurgic process whereby the best iron and +steel were said to be made, from the very worst materials, almost +in the twinkling of an eye. This process has been called after its +assumed inventor, or discoverer, the "Sherman Process." The details of +the process are still withheld, but we last week gave an extract from +an English contemporary, which throws a little light upon the subject. + +The agent relied upon to effect the remarkable transformation claimed, +is iodine, used preferably in the form of iodide of potassium, and +very little of it is said to produce a most marvellous change in the +character of the metal. + +A very feeble attempt at explaining the rationale of this effect has +been made, in one or two English journals, which we opine will not +prove very satisfactory to chemists and scientific metallurgists. The +_Engineer_ has published two three-column articles upon the subject, +the first containing very little information, and the second a great +number of unnecessary paragraphs, but which gives the proportion of +the iodide used, in the extremely scientific and accurate formula +expressed in the terms "a small quantity." + +Assertions of remarkable success have also been given. Nothing, +however, was said of remarkable failures, of which there have +doubtless been some. A series of continued successes would, we +should think, by this time, have sufficed for the parturition of +this metallurgic process, and the discovery would ere this have been +introduced to the world, had there not been some drawbacks. + +We are not prepared to deny _in toto_ that the process is all that is +claimed for it; but the way in which it has been managed is certainly +one not likely to encourage faith in it. + +The very name of "process" implies a system perfected, and if it be +still so far back in the experimental stage that nothing definite in +the way of results can be relied upon, it is not yet a process. If, in +the use of iodine, in some instances, fine grades of iron or steel are +produced, and in as many other experiments, with the same material, +failures result, it is just as fair to attribute the failures to the +iodine, as the successes. A process worthy the name is one that acts +with approximate uniformity, and when, in its use, results vary +widely from what is usual, the variation may be traced to important +differences in the conditions of its application. + +On the whole, we are inclined to believe Mr. Sherman's experiments +have not yet developed a definite process, and we shall receive with +much allowance the glowing statements published in regard to it, until +such time as it can face the world and defy unbelief. + +The patents obtained by Mr. Sherman seem to cover the use of iodine, +rather than the manner of using it, and throw no light upon the +rationale of the process. + +A patent was granted by the United States Patent Office, Sept. 13, +1870, to J. C. Atwood, in which the inventor claims the use of iodide +of potassium in connection with the carbons and fluxes used in making +and refining iron. In his specification he states that he uses about +_fifteen grains_ of this salt to eighty pounds of the metal. This +is about 1/373 of one per cent. He uses in connection with this +exceedingly small proportion of iodide of potassium, about two ounces +of lampblack, or charcoal, and four ounces of manganese, and asserts +that steel made with these materials will be superior in quality +to that made by the old method. These claims we are inclined to +discredit. Certainly, we see no chemical reason why this small amount +of iodide should produce such an effect, and the specification itself +throws no light upon our darkness. + +If the experiments in these so-called processes have no better basis +than is apparent from such information as at present can be gathered +respecting them, it is probable we shall wait some time before the +promised revolution in iron and steel manufacture is accomplished +through their use. + + * * * * * + + + + +RUBBER TIRES FOR TRACTION ENGINES. + + +When it was first discovered that a smooth-faced driving wheel, +running on a smooth-faced rail, would "bite," the era of iron railways +and locomotive engines may be said to have fairly commenced. The +correction of a single radical error was, in this case, the dawn of a +new system of travel, so extensive in its growth and marvelous in its +results, that even the wildest dreamer could not, at that time, have +imagined the consequences of so simple a discovery. + +A popular and somewhat similar error regarding the bite of wheels on +rough and uneven surfaces, has also prevailed. We say popular error, +because engineers have not shared it, and it has obtained, to any +notable extent, only among those unfamiliar with mechanical science. +The error in question is, that hard-surfaced wheels will not bite on +a moderately rough surface, sufficiently to give an efficient tractile +power. It seems strange that this error should have diffused itself +very extensively, when it is remembered that a certain degree of +roughness is essential to frictional resistance. The smoothness of the +ordinary railway track is roughness compared to that of an oiled or +unctuous metallic surface; and it has been amply demonstrated that +the resistance of friction, of two bearing surfaces depends, not +upon their extent, but upon the pressure with which they are forced +together. A traction wheel, of given weight, resting upon two square +inches of hard earth or rock, would develop the same tractile power +as though it had a bearing surface of two square feet of similar +material. + +On very rough and stony ways, however, another element practically of +no importance on moderately rough ways, like a macadam surface or a +concrete road, where the prominences are nearly of uniform hight, and +so near together as to admit between their summits only very small +arcs of the circumference of the wheel; comes into action. This +element is the constantly recurring lifting of the superincumbent +weight of the machine. Even this would not result in loss of power, +could the power developed in falling be wholly applied to useful work +in the direction of the advance of the engine. The fact is, however, +that it is not so applied, and in any method of propulsion at present +known to engineering science, cannot be so applied. Above a certain +point where friction enough is developed to prevent slip, the more +uneven the road surface is, the greater the power demanded for the +propulsion of the locomotive. And this will hold good for both hard +and soft-tired wheels. + +What then is the advantage, if any, of rubber-tired wheels? The +advantages claimed may be enumerated as follows: increased tractile +power, with a given weight, secured without damage to roadways; ease +of carriage to the supported machinery, whereby it--the machinery--is +saved from stress and wear; and economy of the power, expended in +moving the extra weight required by rigid-tired wheels, to secure the +required frictional resistance. The last-mentioned claim depends upon +the first, and must stand or fall with it. The saving of roadway, +ease of carriage, and its favorable result upon the machinery, are +generally conceded. + +A denial of the first claim has been made, by those interested in the +manufacture of rigid-tired traction engines and others, in so far +as the rubber tires are employed on comparatively smooth surfaces; +although the increased tractile power on quite _rough_ pavements and +roads is acknowledged. + +This denial is based upon results of experiments performed on the +streets of Rochester, England, between the 9th October and the 2nd +November, 1870, by a committee of the Royal Engineers (British Army), +with a view to determine accurately the point in question. + +Care was taken to make the circumstances, under which the trials +took place, exactly alike for both the rubber and the iron tires. The +experiments were performed with an Aveling and Porter six-horse power +road engine, built in the Royal Engineers' establishment. The weight +of the engine, without rubber tires, was 11,225 pounds; with rubber +tires, it weighed 12,025 pounds. Without rubber tires it drew 2.813 +times its own weight up a gradient of 1 in 11; with rubber +tires, it drew up the same incline 2.763 times the weight of engine, +with the weight of rubber tires added; showing that, although it drew +a little over 2,200 pounds more than it could do without the rubber +tires, the increase of traction was only that which might be expected +from the additional weight. + +It is claimed, moreover, that the additional traction power and +superior ease of carriage on rough roads, secured with rubber tires, +is dearly bought at the very great increase in cost, of an engine +fitted with them, over one not so fitted. + +This is a point we regard as not fully settled, though it will not +long remain in doubt. There are enough of both types of wheels now in +use to soon answer practically any question there may be of durability +(upon which the point of economy hinges), so far as the interest on +the increased cost due to rubber tires, is offset against the greater +wear and tear of iron rimmed wheels. It is stated, on good authority +that a rubber tired engine, started at work in Aberdeen, Scotland, +wore out its tires between April and September, inclusive, and when +it is taken into consideration, that the cost of these tires is +about half that of other engines, made with solid iron rimmed driving +wheels, it will be seen that, unless very much greater durability than +this can be shown for the rubber, the advantages of such tires are +very nearly, if not more than, balanced by their disadvantages. + +The fact that one set of tires wore out so soon does not prove a rule. +There may have been causes at work which do not affect such tires +generally, and it would be, we think, quite premature to form +favorable or unfavorable judgment, of relative economy from such data +as have been yet furnished. + +The difference in the current expenses of running the two most +prominent types of engines, with hard and soft tires, now in use, does +not affect the question of rubber tires, unless it can be shown that +these tires necessitate, _per se_, such a form of engine as requires +a greater consumption of fuel, and greater cost of attendance, to +perform a given amount of work. + + * * * * * + + + + +CENTRAL SHAFT OF THE HOOSAC TUNNEL. + + +As many of our readers have evinced much interest and ingenuity on +the question of the propriety of placing reliance upon the accuracy of +dropping a perpendicular from the top to the bottom of a shaft 1,030 +feet in depth, by means of an ordinary plummet, we take the earliest +opportunity of settling the matter beyond dispute, by reporting +the results lately obtained, through a series of experiments by the +engineers in charge, for the ultimate purpose of laying down the +correct line for the tunnel. + +The perpendicular line has, of course, been dropped many times, and +the main result taken. The plummet used is made of steel, properly +balanced and polished, in shape something like a pineapple, and of +about the same size, weighing fifteen pounds. It was suspended, with +the large end downwards, by a thin copper wire, one fortieth of an +inch in diameter, immersed in water; and, after careful steadying with +the hand, occupied about an hour in assuming its final position or +motion, which, contrary to the expectation and theories of many, +resulted in a circular motion around a fixed point, the diameter of +the circle being a mean of one quarter of an inch. The suspending +wire in these operations was not quite the entire length of the shaft, +being only 900 feet; and before the plummet had settled, the wire had +stretched nearly twenty feet. + +The suspension of the plummet in water was not considered necessary +for any other reason than that water was continually trickling down +the wire, and dropping on the plummet. The experiments so far have +not been of the perfect character it is determined to attain, when the +final alignment is made, as, until the headings east and west of the +shaft have advanced to a considerable distance, any slight error would +be of no account. + +A neat and ingenious instrument has been constructed for determining +the variation of the plummet, and will be used when great accuracy is +desired; the plummet will also be suspended in oil. + +The bearing of the tunnel is about S. 81 deg. E.; but, independently of +its near approach to the line of revolution described by the earth, +it is not considered necessary to take into account any motion it may +derive from this cause. In fact, the opinion is, that the motion of +the earth will not practically have any effect. + +On the whole, after the still imperfect experiments which have been +made, enough is established to show there is no difficulty to be +encountered, other than the accurate and delicate manipulation of the +plummet and its attachments. + +The shaft headings are progressing favorably. The rock is not so hard +or varied as that met with at the west end markings. Already nearly +300 feet have been taken out, and with the proved energy of the +contractors, this great task will doubtless be prosecuted steadily and +surely to completion, within the contract time expiring March 1, 1874. + + * * * * * + + + + +A MUSEUM OF ART AND NATURAL HISTORY. + + +Our recent articles on "Scientific Destitution in New York" and "The +Scientific Value of the Central Park," have called forth numerous +letters from correspondents, and have been extensively noticed by the +press. We now learn that the legislature of the State has taken +the matter in hand, and there is some prospect, with an honest +administration of the appropriations, of something being done to +relieve our city of the opprobrium that rests upon it. A bill is +pending, before the Senate, authorizing the Park Commissioners to +build, equip, and furnish, on Manhattan Square, or any other public +square or park, suitable fire-proof buildings, at a cost not exceeding +$500,000 for each corporation, for the purpose of establishing a +museum of art, by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and of a museum +of natural history, by the American Museum of Natural History, two +societies recently incorporated by the Legislature. This is a million +dollars to begin with, and an ample site, without cost, to the +aforementioned corporations. + +Manhattan Square extends from Seventy-seventh to Eighty-first streets, +and from Eighth to Ninth avenues, and spans about eighteen acres. +Until it was set apart by the state Board of Commissioners, for the +purposes of a Zoological Garden, it was proposed, by a number of +enlightened citizens of New York, to devote it to the uses of four of +our existing corporations, giving to each one a corner, and an equal +share in the allotment of space. The societies were, "the Academy of +Design," for art, "the Historical Society," for public records and +libraries, "the Lyceum of Natural History," for science, and "the +American Institute," for technology. These have been incorporated +for many years, and are known to include the leading artists, men +of letters, science, and the arts, of the city, on their lists of +members. The committee went so far as to have plans of the building +drawn by competent architects; but, like many other well-meant +schemes, want of money compelled the originators of the plan to +abandon any further attempts. In the meantime, the Legislature +chartered the American Botanical and Zoological Society, and gave the +Commissioners of the Park authority to set apart a portion of it, +not exceeding sixty acres, for the use of the Society, for the +establishment of a zoological and botanical garden. This society +was duly organized under the act, and Mr. Hamilton Fish was made +its president, and considerable sums of money were subscribed. But, +according to the sixth annual report of the Board of Commissioners, +"the society never manifested its desire for an allotment of ground." +It appears to have died, and made no sign. Some of our citizens, +fearing that the Central Park would go the way of every other public +work in the city, made strenuous effort to revive the Zoological +Society, for the purpose of obtaining a perpetual lease of a suitable +site, on which to establish a zoological garden, similar to those in +London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Cologne. Their object was to remove this +part of the Park beyond the reach of political intrigue. Subsequent +events have shown that the fears of these gentlemen were well founded. +The Legislature of the State, on the 25th of March, 1862, gave ample +powers to the New York Historical Society to establish a Museum of +Antiquity and Science, and a Gallery of Art, in the Central Park. +They have submitted designs for a building, but, for some reason, no +decisive steps have been taken towards its construction. + +The Lyceum of Natural History was also negotiating with the +Commissioners, for the use of the upper rooms of the arsenal for its +collections, and there is no doubt that an arrangement to this +effect would have been made, if a fire had not destroyed the entire +collections of the Lyceum. The Lyceum made great effort to raise money +to purchase a new collection, but without avail; and, although this +is the oldest scientific society in New York, and has inrolled in its +list of members, nearly every professional scientist of the city, it +is probably the poorest, in income and resources, of any academy of +sciences in the world. We do not know that the Academy of Design has +ever applied for a home in the Central Park; and we cannot speak for +the American Institute, nor for the Geographical Society, in this +particular. As we stated in our former article, the old Board of +Commissioners appears to have become weary of the unsuccessful +attempts on the part of numerous societies to divide up and apportion +the Central Park, and they applied to the Legislature for authority to +conduct matters in their own way. An act was duly passed, authorizing +the Board "to erect, establish, conduct, and maintain, on the Central +Park, a Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory, a Museum of +Natural History, and a Gallery of Art, and the buildings therefor, and +to provide the necessary instruments, furniture, and equipments for +the same." + +Here would seem to be ample power for the establishment of museums of +science and art, but nothing is said about the manner of raising the +money. One would suppose, however, that, by means of the "Central Park +Improvement Fund," abundant means could have been raised. The bill +now before the Legislature puts matters in a new light. If it does not +conflict with previous enactments, nor destroy vested rights, it has +the appearance of being a thoroughly practical way of solving the +question of art and science for the city. The Metropolitan Museum of +Art and the American Museum of Natural History are in the hands of +the most respectable citizens of New York. It would not be possible to +find a body of men of more unimpeachable integrity and greater +worth, than the gentlemen who have founded these two societies. It is +impossible that they should lend their names to anything that will +not bear the closest scrutiny; hence the proposition, now before the +Legislature, to put up buildings for them, at a cost of a million +dollars, must attract unusual attention. If the State would +appropriate the money to these corporations, giving them the control +of its expenditure, we should have considerably more confidence in its +honest administration than, we are grieved to say, we can feel under +the present circumstances; and if we knew what other institutions +are to have the remaining portions of Manhattan Square, it would be a +great relief to our minds. + +"We fear the Greeks bringing gifts," but are willing to accept the +gifts, if the officers of the two organizations are certain that it is +all right. + +The need of a Museum of Natural History, and of a Gallery of Art, in +New York, is so pressing that there is some danger of our accepting +the appropriations without a proper regard to consequences. The Court +House is not yet finished, and the foundations of the Post-office are +scarcely laid. + + * * * * * + + + + +REPORT OF THE JUDGES OF GROUP 1, DEPARTMENT V. OF THE EXHIBITION OF +THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR 1870. THE ALLEN ENGINE. + + +The labors of the judges in this department were much lighter in the +last exhibition than in the preceding one, and we are happy to say, +were, in our opinion, so far as the award of premiums is concerned, +much more fairly performed. The award of two first premiums to two +competing engines could scarcely be repeated this time, as there was +in reality no competition. The Allen engine was the only important +one entered, and of course received the first premium. The engine is, +however, one that evidently could have competed favorably with those +previously exhibited. + +We are in receipt of advanced sheets of the judges' report pertaining +to the critical examination of this engine, being a record and account +of experiments performed under the supervision of Washington Lee, C. E. +The experiments were very comprehensive, and comprised approved tests, +of each important detail, usually made by expert engineers. + +The report is too voluminous for reprint or even for condensation +in our columns. In looking it through, we are satisfied that the +experiments were accurately made, and that the engine exhibited great +working efficiency and economy. + +As the engine has been recently illustrated and described in our +columns, we deem it unnecessary to dwell upon the details of its +construction. The water test of the previous exhibition was employed, +the water being this time measured, with indisputable accuracy, in a +tank, instead of by a meter as before. + +The voluminous comparison of this engine with those previously +exhibited, seems unnecessary, and we think not in good taste in such a +report, however much it may possess of scientific interest. Moreover, +the circumstances under which the trials were respectively performed, +render the comparison difficult, if not unfair. + +Mr. Lee concludes his report with a thorough endorsement of the theory +of Mr. Porter upon the action of the reciprocating parts of engines, +as set forth by the last named gentleman in recent articles in this +journal. He says: + +"Under the resistance of 128.375 horse powers at the brake, the motion +of the engine was remarkably uniform; not the least diminution of +speed in passing the centers could be detected, illustrating very +satisfactorily the value, in this respect, of the speed employed, and +of the action of the reciprocating parts of the engine in equalizing +the rotative pressure on the crank through the stroke. The governor +was, during the trials and through the exhibition, nearly motionless, +while the load remained constant, and instantaneous in its action on +changes of resistance, maintaining a steadiness of running which left +nothing to be desired." + +The judges--Prof. F. A. P. Barnard, Thos. J. Sloan, and Robert +Weir--speak in their report as follows: + +"The performance of this engine has exceeded that of the two fine +engines which were on trial here last year. The results seem to be +without precedent in such engines. The engine ran from 11 to 12 +hours repeatedly without showing a sign of a warm bearing, displaying +thorough perfection in all its parts. In all respects the engine is +first-class, and from the fact of its presenting weight with speed, as +a requisite for perfection in steam engines, it has opened a new era +in this necessary branch--its economy having been clearly demonstrated +in the careful trials, which ought to be published in full." + + * * * * * + + + + +LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. + + +There was an unusually large attendance of members at the meeting of +the Lyceum of Natural History, on Monday evening, the 6th inst., +to listen to an address by Professor B. Waterhouse Hawkins, on the +progress of the work of the restoration of the forms of extinct +animals in the Central Park. Mr. Hawkins gave an account of the +difficulties he encountered at the outset, in finding any skeletons +of animals in New York, with which to make comparisons, and he was +finally compelled to go to Boston and Philadelphia for this purpose. +After much study and many delays, the casts of the _Hadrosaurus_ were +completed, and numerous smaller skeletons prepared. At this stage of +the proceedings an entire change in the administration of the Park +took place, and the newly appointed Commissioners decided to suspend +the work upon the Palaeozoic Museum, and they dismissed Mr. Hawkins +from their service. + +The announcement that an end had thus been summarily put to one of the +most important educational projects ever started in this country, was +received by the Lyceum with profound surprise. For a few minutes after +the close of Mr. Hawkins' report, no one felt disposed to make any +comment, but as the truth of the great damage became apparent, there +was considerable disposition manifested to have the Society give +expression to its sense of the value of Mr. Hawkins' services in the +cause of education, and their regret that so important a work should +be suspended at this critical period. Remarks were made by Dr. +Newbery, Professor Joy, Mr. Andrew H. Green, Professor Seely, Dr. +Walz, Mr. E. G. Squier, and others, and the following resolutions were +unanimously adopted: + + _Resolved_, That the Lyceum of Natural History, in the city of New + York, has learned with deep regret of the temporary suspension + of the work of restoration of the forms of extinct animals, + as hitherto prosecuted in the Central Park, under the able + superintendence of Professor Waterhouse Hawkins. + + _Resolved_, That the Society considers the proposed palaeozoic + museum not only a valuable acquisition to the scientific treasures + and resources of the city, but also as a most important adjunct + and complement to our great system of public education. + + * * * * * + + + + +WARMING AND VENTILATION OF RAILROAD CARS. + + +There has been enough of denunciation against the present general +method of warming and ventilating railway cars. It produces no effect +on the corporations who could, if they would, adopt appliances that +would not burn people to death in cases of accident, nor regularly and +persistently poison them with bad air. + +There is no lack of ways and means; the problem is simple and easily +solved; nay--a not very extensive search through the Patent Office +records will show that it has been solved already; perhaps not in the +most practical and perfect manner, but still solved so well, as, were +it not for corporation cupidity, would greatly add to the comfort and +safety of passengers. + +The real problem is how to compel corporations to recognize the +fact that the public has rights they are bound to respect. It is the +disregard of these rights that fills our cars with smoke, dust, and +exhalations, and puts box stoves full of hot coals in the corners, +ready to cook the human stew whenever a frisky car shall take a +notion to turn a somersault. The invention needed is a conscience for +corporations--an invention, by the way, scarcely less difficult +than the one advertised for in our last issue, namely, a plan for +preventing the sale of intoxicating liquors and tobacco in New Jersey. + +The _Railroad Gazette_, imitating the English ideal of prolixity in +discussion, for which _Engineering_ has recently patted it on the +back approvingly, treats us, in its issue of February 11th, to a page +article, to be continued, under the title of "Warming and Ventilation +of Railroad Cars." In this article the writer takes the ground that +people in general are ignorant of the effects of pure air, and not +being able to "see the foulness," they "therefore do not believe +it exists." It is quite possible they may not be able to see the +foulness, but if in the majority of railroad cars run in this country, +they are not able to feel it in gritty, grimy accumulations on skin +and linen, and smell it in suffocating stenches which serve, with +sneeze-provoking dust, to stifle anything like comfort, their skin +must be thicker, their linen more neglected, and their noses less +sensitive than those of the majority of fellow travellers it has been +our fortune to be cooped up with for a day's railroad journey. + +The _Railroad Gazette_ makes this wholesale charge of ignorance +and insensibility the excuse for an essay on the physiology of +respiration, mostly extracted from Huxley's "Elementary Lessons in +Physiology," and therefore excellent in its way, though having a +somewhat remote bearing upon the subject as announced in the title of +the article. We trust that before this journal concludes its series of +articles thus commenced, it will tell how to breathe into the breasts +of the corporations which choke us in their human packing boxes, +something resembling the soul which they are universally acknowledged +to be destitute of. When this is done, carbonic acid, ammoniacal +smells, organic exhalations, smoke, and dust, will be invited to shun +the interiors of railway cars, and comparative comfort will descend +upon the peregrinating public. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. + + +The incalculable wealth, which lies hid in the bosom of Mother Earth, +in our vast possessions of the West, is undoubtedly centered in the +State of Missouri; and the development of this fund of riches must +add to the national prosperity, not only by its immeasurable intrinsic +value, but by its affording occupation to armies of laborers, the +latter being the highest and most important consideration. + +In 1852-3, a geological survey of the State was wisely decided upon, +and a liberal provision for its execution made. Two valuable reports, +by Professor Swallow, have been printed, in the year 1855, but the +notes of his subsequent investigations have not been made public. + +In the session of 1869-70, further action, in this important public +work, was taken by the State legislature, and arrangements made for a +still more accurate and detailed examination, under the direction of +Professor A. D. Hager, of Vermont. + +The distribution of metals all over the State will be seen in the +following figures, taken from the St. Louis _Journal of Commerce_, +which show the number of counties in which the various ores are found: +Iron in 46 counties, lead in 43, coal in 36, copper in 24, marble in +11, zinc in 27, fire clay in 16, barytes in 10, nickel in 6, granite +in 4, tin in 4, plumbago in 2, gypsum in 2, alum in 1, antimony in 4. + +There is probably no country in the world so endowed as this. Of iron +alone, according to the State geologist's report for 1855, there is +ore of the best quality, sufficient to furnish 200,000,000 tuns of +iron; and this quantity lies in a small space, in the vicinity of +Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, and within 100 miles of St. Louis. + +The quality of the iron is highly spoken of by the manufacturers, and +the capacity of the smelting appliances has reached to over 150,000 +tuns per annum. The coal is well suited for reduction of ores, +either by hot or cold blast treatment. The Scotia Iron Co. commenced +operations in January, 1870; and, although the materials for building +blast furnaces had to be carried 80 miles into a desert, the first +furnace was blown into blast in August, 1870. This furnace will run +about 24 tuns per day. The company procures ore from a hill, near the +furnace, in which there is an apparently inexhaustible supply of red +oxide and brown specular. This ore yields 60 per cent of pure metal. +The erection of mills for making wrought iron is contemplated, and the +high quality and prodigious quantity of the raw material will justify +and reward any outlay of capital in this direction. + +The shipment of ore to other States goes on constantly, the last +year's account showing that 246,555 tuns were dispersed over Indiana, +Ohio, and others. The furnaces at Kingsland, South St. Louis, Lewis +Iron Co.'s Works, Carondelet, and Maramec are all well situated as +to coal and limestone, the Maramec Works having a most valuable +water-power. These latter works also ship about 40,000 tuns red +hematite ore yearly. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE. + + +According to _Petermann's Mittheilungen_, the new German empire, +including Alsatia and Lorraine, will embrace 9,901 square miles, with +40,148,209 inhabitants. Russia alone will exceed it in extent and +population, for Russia in Europe has 100,285 square miles with a +population of 69,379,500. France, after the loss of Alsatia and +Lorraine, will have 9,588 square miles of territory, with 36,428,548 +inhabitants. Austria will number 35,943,592 inhabitants spread over a +larger extent of country, namely, 10,980 square miles. Great Britain +and Ireland has 5,732 square miles, with 30,838,210 inhabitants; +and Italy, including Rome, has 5,376 square miles, with 26,470,000 +inhabitants. In the order of population, the Governments will stand: +Russia, Germany, France, Austria, and England; but in military power, +the first position must henceforth be accorded to Germany. + + +AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS. + +A circular has been issued by several mining engineers, proposing +a meeting at Wilkes-Barre, some time in April or May next, of all +persons interested in the general subjects of mining and metallurgy, +for the purpose of establishing an association, to be called "The +American Institute of Mining Engineers." The Institute will hold +meetings periodically "in the great mining and metallurgical centers, +when works of interest, such as mines, machine shops, furnaces, and +other metallurgical works, can be inspected, and the members exchange +their views, and consult, for mutual advantage, upon the difficulties +encountered by each." There will be the usual publication of +"Transactions" and "Proceedings." + +The idea of forming an association of persons thus mutually interested +in each other's occupations, is an excellent one; but it has been +suggested by a number of scientific gentlemen that the American +Association for the Advancement of Science offers every facility for +the accomplishment of the objects set forth in the circular, while it +affords the very great advantage of an assemblage of men learned in +all departments of knowledge, whose acquaintance mining engineers +would do well to make, and from whom they could learn much, while at +the same time imparting of their own knowledge. + +As a section of the American Association, the mining engineers would +have more influence before the country, and it would perhaps be +well for them to stop and consider before establishing a separate +institute. + + +CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR, COFFEE, AND TEA. + +E. Behm gives in his geographical year book, for 1870, the following +estimate of the consumption of sugar, coffee, and tea, _per capita_, +in various countries: + +COUNTRIES. Sugar, lbs. Coffee, lbs. Tea, lbs. + +Great Britain 35.96 0.90 3.190 +United States 24.63 5.68 ..... +Holland 14.86 7.03 0.800 +France 14.30 2.32 0.018 +Norway 11.04 6.92 0.060 +Sweden 9.80 0.80 0.060 +Switzerland 9.60 5.28 ..... +Germany 9.42 4.03 0.035 +Denmark 9.00 3.40 0.400 +Belgium 7.18 8.59 0.018 +Portugal 6.33 0.69 0.040 +Italy 5.20 0.90 0.020 +Austria 4.93 1.30 0.012 +Spain 4.23 0.01 0.040 +Russia 2.40 0.007 0.160 + +The entire consumption of sugar in Europe has averaged, during the +last few years, three thousand four hundred and ten million pounds +(3,410,000 pounds), and for the whole world it is set down at nearly +twice that amount. It is estimated that three fourths of the sugar is +made from cane, and one fourth from the beet. + +The consumption of coffee has doubled in most countries during the +last twenty years. + + * * * * * + + + + +UNPLEASANT DISCOVERY IN THE PATENT OFFICE--LEVYING BLACK MAIL. + + +"The Patent Office has been, during the past week, in a high state of +excitement, occasioned by the discovery of the operations of E. W. W. +Griffin, clerk in charge of the draftsmen's division, who, it appears, +has been levying black mail on the lady employes of the office, for +nearly two years. During the administration of Colonel Fisher, late +Commissioner of Patents, a large number of ladies were employed, for +the purpose of recopying drawings, when ordered by the inventors, of +patents already on file. + +"These ladies were placed under charge of Griffin, with power to +retain them in office so long as their services were satisfactory. It +has been proved that Griffin hired the ladies at regular salaries of +$1,000 per annum, the most of whom he blackmailed to the amount of +$400 per year each. It is estimated that he has made $1,000 per month +for the past two years. + +"The matter was brought to the notice of Commissioner Duncan, and an +investigation ordered, which resulted in the dismissal of Griffin. + +"It is thought that there are other cases of this kind, and the +Commissioner expresses his determination to ferret them all out, +and make a clean sweep of all parties in his department engaged in +swindling operations, against the government or against individuals. + +"The Patent Office has for a long time been considered a rich field +for operations of this kind, and investigations have often been +suggested, but passed unheeded by the proper authorities. + +"It is openly stated that an investigation into the relations existing +between certain examiners of patents and certain patent agents, would +disclose a more fearful state of blackmailing than exists in all the +other government departments combined." + +[We find the above sensational paragraph among the recent Washington +items of the _Evening Mail_. We are in a position to say that "the +high state of excitement" alluded to has existed only in the brain of +the newspaper correspondent. The facts, in brief, are these: In July, +1869, a lady, and wife of one of the clerks in the draftsmen's room, +made application to Commissioner Fisher for a position in the copying +division of the same department; and, upon the urgent solicitation and +recommendation of Mr. E. W. W. Griffin, chief of the division, she +was appointed, and has held the position from that time until now, +receiving as salary $1,000 per annum, which, with the full knowledge +of her husband, she has divided with Griffin, in consideration of his +services in procuring for her the appointment. About a month ago, one +of the lady's friends got hold of the matter, and reported it to the +Court, which resulted in an investigation and the subsequent dismissal +of Griffin. This is the only case of the kind that we have heard of, +and we have no reason to believe that there is any other, or that +corruption exists in the Examining Corps, as alleged.--EDS. + + * * * * * + + +A method of testing the purity of samples of water, by watching +the rapidity of its action on soap and similar compounds, has been +introduced by the French _savants_, MM. Boutron and Boudet. The +experiment tests, at the same time, the purity of the soap. Dissolved +in water in which lime is held in solution, the soap is precipitated +in hard white flakes. If the quantity of soap put in the lime water +be noted, it will be found that the smaller the quantity producing +precipitation, the purer the soap. The _Journal de Pharmacie et de +Chemie_ (of Paris) reports some experiments, on this subject, by M. F. +Schulze. + + * * * * * + + +LOUISIANA STATE FAIR.--The fifth State fair of the Mechanics, and +Agricultural Fair Association of Louisiana will commence in the city +of New Orleans, on Saturday, April 8, 1871, and continue nine days. +Over $20,000 in premiums are offered. Rules, regulations, and schedule +of premiums may be obtained of the Secretary and Treasurer, Luther +Homes, Esq., New Orleans, La. + + * * * * * + + +KNITTED GOODS.--John Kent advertises, in this paper, valuable +machinery for the manufacture of knitted goods, to which we invite the +attention of all who are interested in this branch of industry. Mr. +Kent has devoted many years to the perfection of these machines. + + * * * * * + + +KAOLIN, a white clay, used largely in the adulteration of flour, +starch, and candles, is found near Augusta, Ga., and is sent to the +Northern States in large quantities. + + * * * * * + + +We are indebted to James Vick, practical florist, Rochester, N. Y., +for a choice variety of flower seeds. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. + + +A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR COACH PAINTERS. Translated from the French of +M. Arlot, Coach Painter, for Eleven Years Foreman of Painting to M. +Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. +To which is added an Appendix, containing Information respecting the +Materials and the Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing, +in the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Henry Carey +Baird, Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut street. London: Sampson Low, +Son & Marston, Crown Buildings, 188 Fleet street. 1871. Price, by +mail, to any part of the United States, $1.25. + + This is another of the large number of practical works and + industrial treatises issued from the press of Mr. Baird. It is + intended as a practical manual for the use of coach painters, and + we must say, upon examination of its contents, that we think it + admirably adapted to meet the wants of that class of artisans + for which it has been prepared. There is perhaps no department of + decorative art in which there is greater room for the display of + skill and taste than in coach painting. This work, however, does + not deal with the subject of art, to any great extent. Its aim + is to give information in regard to colors, varnishes, etc., and + their management in carriage painting in the plainest manner, and + in this way it thoroughly fulfils the intention of the author. + + +ON THE GENERATION OF SPECIES. By St. George Mivart, F. R. S. London: +MACMILLAN & CO. 1871. + + The Darwinian theory of the Origin of Species, has, perhaps, + aroused more attention, excited more dispute, and won more + converts in a shorter time among scientific and unscientific + men, than any other of equal importance promulgated in the 19th + century. It seems to be the rule either to swallow the theory + whole, or reject it as unworthy of belief, and as conflicting with + orthodoxy. The author of the work before us has, however, taken + a middle ground, from which we opine it will be difficult to + dislodge him, though it is within full range of the batteries of + both the contending parties. While he admits the truth of Darwin's + views regarding the operation of natural selection as a cause of + the origin of species, he denies that it is the sole cause, yet + maintains that if it could be demonstrated to be the sole cause, + it would in no manner conflict with orthodox belief in the + Scriptures as the revelation of God to mankind. The perfect candor + of the author is one of the marked features of the discussion, + and his style is a model of pure terse English writing, seldom, + if ever, excelled by any scientific writer. The work is an octavo, + most beautifully printed on tinted paper, and illustrated by many + fine wood engravings. + + +THE ARCHITECT'S AND BUILDER'S POCKET COMPANION AND PRICE BOOK, +Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive Epitome of Decimals, +Duodecimals, Geometry and Mensuration; with Tables of U. S. Measures, +Sizes, Weights, Strengths, etc., of Iron, Wood, Stone, and Various +Other Materials; Quantities of Materials in Given Sizes and Dimensions +of Wood, Brick, and Stone; and a Full and Complete Bill of Prices for +Carpenter's Work; also Rules for Computing and Valuing Brick and +Brick Work, Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, etc. By Frank W. Vogdes +Architect. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Publisher, 406 Walnut +street. Price by mail, postpaid, $2. + + This is a small work, but printed in small type, and containing a + large amount of useful matter, thoroughly indexed for reference; + bound in morocco; and provided with a clasp, so as to be + conveniently carried in the pocket. + + +GAS SUPERINTENDENT'S POCKET COMPANION for the year 1871. By Harris & +Brother, Gas Meter Manufacturers, Nos. 1115 and 1117 Cherry street, +Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Industrial Publisher, +406 Walnut street. + + We find in this pocket-book much of interest to gas consumers, as + well as to gas makers. The subject of meters is fully discussed. + The work is bound in pocket-book style, in flexible morocco + binding. Price, by mail, postpaid, $2. + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS AND PERSONAL. + +_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. If +the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per Line will be +charged._ + + + * * * * * + +The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout the United +States--Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a line. + +Half Interest for sale in established Machinery Depot, new and +second-hand. Steam fitting connected. Small capital, with energy, +required. Address T. V. Carpenter, Advertising Agent, Box 773, New +York. + +See advertisement of a Woolen Mill for sale. A bargain. + +I am active, have a clear record, and some capital. How can I make +some money? F. Carmill, Box 1268, Boston, Mass. + +Pattern Letters for Machinists, Molders, and Inventors, to letter +patterns of castings, all sizes. Address H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, +N. Y. + +Improved mode of Graining Wood, pat. July 5, '70, by J. J. Callow, +Cleveland, O. See illustrated S. A., Dec. 17, '70. Send stamp for +circular. + +Can a round, spring-steel rod be drawn to any desired length, with +a true taper to a point, with equal elasticity the whole length, and +rolled temper? What is the price per hundred pounds, and where can +they be procured? Answer "Sportsman," Malone, N. Y. + +Manufacturers of Foot Lathes and other light machinery please address +Geo. B. Kirkham, 167 E. 33d st., N. Y. city. Business of importance! + +Safety Kerosene Lamps (Perkins & House's Patent). Explosion or +breaking impossible; light equal to gas, and no odor. Families +supplied and canvassers appointed, by Montgomery & Co., 42 Barclay +st., New York, or Cleveland, O. + +All parties wanting a water wheel will learn something of interest by +addressing P. H. Wait, Sandy Hill, N. Y., for a free circular of his +Hudson River Champion Turbine. + +Ashcroft's Low Water Detector, $15; thousands in use; 17 year's +experience. Can be applied for $1. Send for circular. E. H. Ashcroft, +Boston, Mass. + +Wanted.--Machines for manufacturing Pails, Tubs, and Matches. Also, +competent man to superintend construction of buildings, and manage all +parts of business when complete. Address, with descriptive circulars, +price, etc., No. 266 Lexington avenue, New York. + +Turbine Water Wheels, Portable and Stationary Engines, Gang and +Circular Saw Mills, Rolling Mill Machinery, and Machinery for Axe +Manufacturers, manufactured by Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa. + +For best Power Picket Header in use, apply to Wm. P. Duncan, +Bellefonte, Pa. + +New Blind Wirer and Rod Cutter. B. C. Davis & Co., Binghamton, N. Y. + +Self-testing Steam Gage. There's a difference between a chronometer +watch and a "bull's eye." Same difference between a self-tester and +common steam gage. Send for Circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass. + +See advertisement of L. & J. W. Feuchtwanger, Chemists, N. Y. + +$3.50. Stephens' Patent Combination Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, +etc. See advertisement in another column. Agents wanted. + +American Boiler Powder Co., Box 315, Pittsburgh, Pa., make the only +safe, sure, and cheap remedy for "Scaly Boilers." Orders solicited. + +Belting that is Belting.--Always send for the Best Philadelphia +Oak-Tanned, to C. W. Arny, Manufacturer, 301 Cherry st., Phil'a. + +E. Howard & Co., Boston, make the best Stem-winding Watch in the +country. Ask for it at all the dealers. Office 15 Maiden Lane, N. Y. + +For mining, wrecking, pumping, drainage, and irrigating machinery, see +advertisement of Andrews' Patents in another column. + +The best place to get Working Models and parts is at T. B. Jeffery's, +160 South Water st., Chicago. + +Brown's Coalyard Quarry & Contractors' Apparatus for hoisting and +conveying material by iron cable. W. D. Andrews & Bro, 414 Water st., +N. Y. + +Improved Foot Lathes. Many a reader of this paper has one of them. +Selling in all parts of the country, Canada, Europe, etc. Catalogue +free. N. H. Baldwin, Laconia, N. H. + +Peteler Portable R. R. Co. contractors, graders. See adv'ment. + +E. P. Peacock, Manufacturer of Cutting Dies, Press Work. Patent +Articles in Metals, etc. 55 Franklin st., Chicago. + +Peck's Patent Drop Press. Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct. + +Millstone Dressing Diamond Machine--Simple, effective, durable. For +description of the above see Scientific American, Nov. 27th, 1869. +Also, Glazier's Diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., N. Y. + +Steel name stamps, figures, etc. E. H. Payn, M'f'r, Burlington, Vt. + +Cold Rolled-Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. double +compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & Laughlins, Pittsburgh, +Pa. + +Keuffel & Esser 116 Fulton st., N. Y., the best place to get 1st-class +Drawing Materials, Swiss instruments, and Rubber Triangles and Curves. + +For Solid Wrought-iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union +Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. + +For the best Self-regulating Windmill in the world, to pump water for +residences, farms, city buildings, drainage, and irrigation, address +Con. Windmill Co., 5 College Place, New York. + +The Merriman Bolt Cutter--the best made. Send for circulars. H. B. +Brown & Co., Fair Haven, Conn. + +Taft's Portable Hot Air, Vapor and Shower Bathing Apparatus. Address +Portable Bath Co., Sag Harbor, N. Y. (Send for Circular.) + +Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boilers--The only reliable +preventive. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boilers. Price +25 cents per lb. C. D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New York. + +For Fruit-Can Tools, Presses, Dies for all Metals, apply to Bliss & +Williams, successor to May & Bliss, 118, 120, and 122 Plymouth st., +Brooklyn, N. Y. Send for catalogue. + +2d-hand Worthington, Woodward and Novelty Pumps, Engines 25 to 100 +H. P., 60 Horse Loc. Boiler. W. D. Andrews & Bro., 414 Water st., N. Y. + +Agents wanted, to sell the Star Bevel. It supersedes the old style. +Send for Circular. Hallett & White, West Meriden, Conn. + +English and American Cotton Machinery and Yarns, Beam Warps and +Machine Tools. Thos. Pray, Jr., 57 Weybosset st., Providence, R. I. + +For small, soft, Gray Iron Castings, Japanned, Tinned, or Bronzed, +address Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia. + +Conklin's Detachable Rubber Lip, for bowls, etc., works like a charm. +For Rights, address O. P. Conklin, Worcester, Mass., or A. Daul, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +To Ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery +or manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's +Manufacturing News of the United States. Terms $4.00 a year. + + * * * * * + + +FACTS FOR THE LADIES. + +In 1870, Mrs. W. made, with her Wheeler & Wilson machine, 2,255 vests, +besides doing her family sewing for six persons. + + * * * * * + + +THE PITTSBURGH, PA., "LEADER" SAYS: + +"The firm of Geo. P. Rowell & Co. is the largest and best Advertising +Agency in the United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to +the attention of those who desire to advertise their business +scientifically and systematically in such a way; that is, to secure +the largest amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." + + * * * * * + + +AFTER AN EXHAUSTIVE TRIAL, at American Institute Fair for 1870, +Pratt's Astral Oil was pronounced the safest and best. + + * * * * * + + +DYSPEPSIA: Its Varieties, Causes, Symptoms, and Cure. By E. P. MILLER, +M. D. Paper, 50cts.; Muslin, $1. Address MILLER, HAYNES & CO., 41 West +Twenty-sixth st., New York city. + + * * * * * + + +VITAL FORCE: How Wasted and How Preserved; or, Abuses of the Sexual +Function, their Causes Effects and Means of Cure. By E. P. MILLER M. D. +Paper, 50cts. Address MILLER, HAYNES & CO., 41 West Twenty-sixth st., +New York city. + + * * * * * + + + + +ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. + + + * * * * * + + +_CORRESPONDENTS who expect to receive answers to their letters must, +in all cases, sign their names. We have a right to know those who seek +information from us; besides, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to +address correspondents by mail._ + +_SPECIAL NOTE.--This column is designed for the general interest and +instruction of our readers, not for gratuitous replies to questions of +a purely business or personal nature. We will publish such inquiries, +however, when paid for as advertisements at 1.00 a line, under the +head of "Business and Personal."_ + +_All reference to back numbers must be by volume and page._ + + * * * * * + + +MIXING METALS.--All the hard gray American charcoal iron, of which +car wheels and all such work are made, requires more heat and a longer +time to melt than soft iron, especially Scotch pig, which is the most +fluid and the easiest to melt of any iron. Consequently, unless the +melter exercises good judgment in charging, the Scotch pig will +melt and run off before the car-wheel iron is melted. If G. H. P. +be particular in the quality and strength of his iron, he will make +better results by using soft American charcoal pig, with old car-wheel +iron. It will make stronger castings, mix better, and melt more +uniformly; but he should always recollect in charging his furnace that +soft iron will melt before hard in the same position, in the cupola. I +also think he had better use a larger proportion of soft pig, as every +time cast iron is melted it becomes harder, so much so that iron which +can be filed and turned with ease, when re-cast will often be found +too hard to work.--J. T., of N. Y. + + +HARDENING TALLOW.--If E. H. H. will use one pound of alum for every +five pounds of tallow, his candles will be as hard and white as wax. +The alum must be dissolved in water, then put in the tallow, and +stirred until they are both melted together, and run in molds.--F. O. +H. + + +L. L., of N. Y.--According to Ure, strass is made as follows: 8 ounces +of pure rock crystal or flint, in powder, mixed with 4 ounces of +salt of tartar, are to be baked and left to cool. The mixture is then +poured into hot water, and treated with dilute nitric acid till it +ceases to effervesce, and the "frit" is then washed in water till the +water comes off tasteless. The frit is then dried, and mixed with 12 +ounces of white lead, and this last mixture reduced to fine powder, +and washed with distilled water; 1 ounce of calcined borax is now +added to every 12 ounces of the mixture, the whole rubbed together in +a porcelain mortar, melted in a clean crucible, and poured out into +pure cold water. This melting and pouring into water must be done +three times, using a clean, new crucible each time. The third frit is +pulverized, five drachms of niter added, and then melted for the last +time, when a clean, beautiful white crystal mass results. + + +C. M. S., of Wis.--There are no precise proportions observed in +making the coal-tar and gravel walks of which you speak. The aim is to +saturate the gravel with the hot tar without surplus. The interstices +of the gravel are simply to be filled, and the amount required to +do this depends wholly upon the coarseness or fineness of the gravel +employed. + + +W. P. T., of Ohio.--Two teams of horses, of equal strength, pulling +against each other, by means of a rope, would create the same tension +in the rope, as one of the teams drawing against an immovable object. + + +W. H. B., of Va.--Ice can be made by compressing air, and, after it +has radiated its heat, allowing it to extract the heat of water with +which it is brought into contact. The temperature of air at 59 deg. Fah., +would be raised, by compressing the air to one fourth its original +volume, to 317 deg. Fah; and the air would radiate and absorb again, in +expanding, about 190 units of heat. + + +E. T. H., of Ga.--The friable sandstone, a specimen of which you send +us, may, we think, be rendered firmer by soaking it in a solution of +silicate of soda, and allowing it to stand till dry. + + +J. A. V., of Ohio.--The use of steam expansively, by means of cut-off +appliances, enables the expansive force of the steam to be utilized, +which cannot be done when the pressure is maintained at one standard, +and steam admitted through the fall stroke. It takes no more power +to do a given amount of work in one case than in the other, but more +boiler capacity, and more fuel, as the working power of the steam is +more economically applied when the cut-off is used. + + +Geo. F. R., of Ohio.--Type metal is composed of 3 parts lead and 1 +part antimony for smallest, hardest, and most brittle types; 4 of +lead and 1 of antimony for next grade; 5 of lead and 1 of antimony for +medium sizes; 6 of lead and 1 of antimony for larger types; and 7 of +lead and 1 of antimony for the largest. + + +E. J. M., of Texas.--The term "power of a boiler" means its +evaporating power, and in that sense is proper. If its evaporative +power be sufficient to perform a given amount of work, it is proper +to estimate that work in horse power. Water can not be pumped out of a +pipe from which atmospheric air is excluded. A pipe driven into a soil +impervious to air, can never yield water unless the water is forced up +by hydraulic power, as in the artesian system. + + +A. P. Y., of N. Y.--You will find descriptions of iron enamelling +processes, on pages 297 and 408, Vol. XII. of this journal. It can be +done in colors. See Ure's "Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures." + + +H. C., of Pa.--We do not think increasing the size of the journals of +your car axles from 21/2 inches to 6 inches diameter, would make them +run lighter. + + +H. H. A., of N. Y.--The lining up of a beam engine, in a vessel, is +a process for which no definite mode of procedure is exclusively +applicable. It is an operation to which common sense and judgment must +be brought, and for which each engineer must be a law unto himself. + + +J. S., of Va.--The use of horizontal propellers to force balloons up +or down is not a new suggestion. It has been tried, but, we believe, +without much practical success. + +J. T .S., of N. Y.--You will find further information on the subject +of transmitting power by compressed air, in our editorial columns of +last week. + + * * * * * + + + + +APPLICATIONS FOR EXTENSION OF PATENTS. + + +HARVESTERS.--William T. B. Read, Chicago, Ill., has petitioned for an +extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871. + +MODE OF FASTENING SHEET METAL ON ROOFS, ETC.--Asa Johnson, Brooklyn, +N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of +hearing, May 3, 1871. + +METHOD OF PRINTING IN COLORS.--Rosalie Croome, Brooklyn, N. Y., has +petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing, May +3, 1871. + +MACHINERY FOR COMPRESSING GASEOUS BODIES.--William A. Royce, Newburgh, +N. Y., has petitioned for an extension of the above patent. Day of +hearing, May 10, 1871. + +PLOWS.--John S. Hall, Pittsburgh, Pa., has petitioned for an extension +of the above patent. Day of hearing, May 17, 1871. + +CARRIAGE WHEELS.--James D. Sarven, New Haven, Conn., has petitioned +for an extension of the above patent. Day of hearing May 24, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW PATENT LAW OF 1870. + + +INSTRUCTIONS +HOW TO OBTAIN LETTERS-PATENT +FOR NEW INVENTIONS. + + * * * * * + +INFORMATION ABOUT CAVEATS, EXTENSIONS, INTERFERENCES, DESIGNS, +TRADE-MARKS, AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + + * * * * * + + +For Twenty-five years, MUNN & CO. have occupied the leading position +of SOLICITORS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PATENTS. During this +long experience they have examined not less than _Fifty Thousand +Inventions_, and have prosecuted upwards of THIRTY THOUSAND +APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS. In addition to this they have made, at the +Patent Office, _Twenty-Five Thousand_ Special Examinations into the +novelty of various Inventions. + +The important advantage of MUNN & CO.'s American and European Patent +Agency is that the practice has been tenfold greater than that of any +other agency in existence, with the additional advantages of having +the aid of the highest professional skill in every department and a +Branch Office at Washington, that watches and supervises cases when +necessary, as they pass through Official Examination. + +MUNN & CO., + +ASK SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THEIR SYSTEM OF DOING BUSINESS. + +_CONSULTATION AND OPINIONS FREE._ + +Inventors who desire to consult with MUNN & CO. are invited to call at +their office 37 PARK ROW, or to send a sketch and description of the +invention, which will be examined and an opinion given or sent by mail +without charge. + +A SPECIAL EXAMINATION + +is made into the novelty of an invention by personal examination at +the Patent Office of all patented inventions bearing on the particular +class. This search is made by examiners of long experience, for which +a fee of $5 is charged. A report is given in writing. + +To avoid all possible misapprehension, MUNN & CO. advise generally, +that inventors send models. But the Commissioner may at his discretion +dispense with a model--this can be arranged beforehand. + +MUNN & CO. take special care in preparation of drawings and +specifications. + +If a case should for any cause be rejected it is investigated +immediately, and the rejection if an improper one set aside. + +NO EXTRA CHARGE + +is made to clients for this extra service. MUNN & CO. have skillful +experts in attendance to supervise cases and to press them forward +when necessary. + +REJECTED CASES. + +MUNN & CO. give very special attention to the examination and +prosecution of rejected cases filed by inventors and other attorneys. +In such cases a fee of $5 is required for special examination and +report; and in case of probable success by further prosecution and the +papers are found tolerably well prepared, MUNN & CO. will take up the +case and endeavor to get it through for a reasonable fee to be agreed +upon in advance of prosecution. + +CAVEATS + +Are desirable if an inventor is not fully prepared to apply for a +Patent. A Caveat affords protection for one year against the issue of +a patent to another for the same invention. Caveat papers should be +carefully prepared. + +The Government fee on filing a Caveat is $10, and MUNN & CO.'s charge +for preparing the necessary papers is usually from $10 to $12. + +REISSUES. + +A patent when discovered to be defective may be reissued by the +surrender of the original patent, and the filing of amended papers. +This proceeding should be taken with great care. + +DESIGNS, TRADE-MARKS, & COMPOSITIONS + +Can be patented for a term of years, also new medicines or medical +compounds, and useful mixtures of all kinds. + +When the invention consists of a medicine or compound, or a new +article of manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article +must be furnished, neatly put up. There should also be forwarded a +full statement of its ingredients, proportions, mode of preparation, +uses, and merits. + +CANADIANS and all other foreigners can now obtain patents upon the +same terms as citizens. + +EUROPEAN PATENTS. + +MUNN & CO. have solicited a larger number of European Patents than +any other agency. They have agents located at London, Paris, Brussels, +Berlin, and other chief cities. A pamphlet containing a synopsis of +the Foreign Patent Laws sent free. + +MUNN & CO. could refer, if necessary, to thousands of patentees who +have had the benefit of their advice and assistance, to many of the +principal business men in this and other cities, and to members of +Congress and prominent citizens throughout the country. + +All communications are treated as confidential. + +_Address_ + +MUNN & CO., +No. 37 Park Row, +_NEW YORK._ + + * * * * * + + + + +RECENT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + +_Under this heading we shall publish weekly notes of some of the more +prominent home and foreign patents._ + + + * * * * * + + +SELF-ACTING SHACKLE AND CAR BRAKE.--Lyman Alphonzo Russell, +Shrewsbury, Vt.--This invention relates to improvements in self-acting +shackles and car brakes, and consists in an improved connection of +the brakes with the shackle, for automatic operation, whereby the +connection may be readily so adjusted that the brakes will not be set +in action as when required to back up the train. + +FEED BAGS FOR HORSES.--W. A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in feed bags for +horses, and consists in making the bag self-supplying, by means of +one or more reservoirs, the discharge orifices of which reservoirs are +closed by a valve or valves. + +TRUSS.--Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y.--This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved truss, which shall be so constructed as +to yield freely to the various movements of the body of the wearer, +while holding the rupture securely in place. + +GOVERNOR FOR STEAM ENGINES.--Charles A. Conde, Indianapolis, +Ind.--This invention relates to a new method of regulating the +movement of the balls of a steam governor, with a view of adjusting +the same in proportion to the increased or diminished centrifugal +force. + +CIRCULAR SAW GUARD.--G. W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in means for protecting the +operator and others, near running circular saws, from injury, and it +consists in a movable guard, operated by means of the saw carriage, in +such a manner that, during the period of danger (when the saw is not +cutting), the guard covers the saw, and is thrown back from the saw +when the latter is in actual use. + +CARPET-CLEANING MACHINE.--J. C. Craft, Baltimore, Md.--This invention +relates to a machine, through which a carpet may be passed, and so +beaten and brushed, during its passage, as to come out of the +machine thoroughly cleansed. The invention consists in the peculiar +construction and arrangement of beaters and brushes for effecting this +result. + +COMBINED COTTON AND CORN PLANTER.--L. A. Perrault, Natchez, +Miss.--This invention relates to improvements in machinery for +planting seed, and consists in a combination, in one machine, of a +seed-dropping apparatus, adapted for corn, and another adapted for +cotton, in a manner to utilize one running gear for the two kinds of +seed, and thereby save the expense of separate gear for each. + +LIME KILN.--T. A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo.--This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved lime kiln, which shall be so constructed +as to enable the kiln to be worked from the front, in firing and in +drawing the lime and ashes, which will not allow cold or unburnt rock +to pass through, and which will consume its own smoke. + +CAR BRAKE.--S. D. Tripp, Lynn, and Luther Hill, Stoneham, Mass.--This +invention relates to improvements in railroad car brakes, and consists +in an arrangement, on the locomotive or tender, of a steam cylinder +and piston, and the arrangement, on the cars, in connection with the +brakes, of sliding rods, so that the rod of the car next to the +engine or tender, being moved backwards by the piston rod of the above +cylinder, will bring the brakes of the rear wheels down upon them, as +well as the brakes of the tender, and slacken the speed thereby, so +that the rear projecting end of the brake rod will come in contact +with the rod of the next car, and set its brakes in action in like +manner, and so on, throughout the train. The arrangement of the said +brake actuating rods is such that no matter which end of the car is +foremost, the wheels of one track will be acted on by the brakes. + +COMBINED RULER, BLOTTER, AND PAPER CUTTER.--Hugh S. Ball, +Spartanburgh, S. C.--This invention relates to a new and useful +improvement in a combined ruler, blotter, and paper cutter, three +articles indispensable for the desk, combined in one. + +REED FOR ORGANS AND MELODEONS.--Augustus Newell, Chicago, Ill.--The +object of this invention is to so construct the tongue-butts, or +shanks, of musical reeds, that the same cannot, during the vibratory +motion of the tongues, be raised from their seats. + +ANTI-FRICTION COMPOUND.--Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful compound for lubricating +railroad car axle journals, and other journal bearings. + + * * * * * + + + + +QUERIES. + +[_We present herewith a series of inquiries embracing a variety of +topics of greater or less general interest. The questions are simple, +it is true, but we prefer to elicit practical answers from our +readers, and hope to be able to make this column of inquiries and +answers a popular and useful feature of the paper._] + + + * * * * * + + +1.--EMERY WHEELS.--Can I make emery wheels similar to those used in +a foot lathe, that will answer for sharpening fine tools, such as +gouges, rounds, and hollows, and if so, how shall I proceed?--F. W. + +2.--BOILER FURNACE.--I have two boilers, twenty-four feet long and +four feet in diameter each, with five ten-inch flues. The fire passes +under the boiler, and enters the flues at the back end, passes through +the flues, and enters the smoke stack at the front end. I use hard +pine wood for fuel. Will some of your many readers give me the best +way of constructing the flue under the boiler, from the end of the +grate bars to where it enters the flues at the back end, and also +state the proper distance from the back wall to the end of the +boiler?--N. H. + +3.--MEDAL CASTS.--I have some medals which I should like to copy. +Having tried several times, and failed, I thought that I would ask +advice through your query columns. I do not know of what the medals +are manufactured. They are, I suppose, made to imitate bronze. I have +tried casting them in plaster of Paris molds, but have had very poor +success, as the surface of the medals was covered with small holes. +The metal used was lead and antimony, seven to one. I should like to +know, if there be any metal that I can cast them of, and bring out the +bronze color afterwards, or if there be any metal that I can cast them +of, and afterwards color by some solution. Also, of what should I make +my molds?--J. E. M. + +4.--REMOVING THE TASTE OF TAR FROM RAIN WATER.--Will some of your +correspondents tell me if rain water, which runs off a gravel roof, +and tastes very strongly of tar, is unhealthy, and if there be +anything that will prevent its tasting, as it is very disagreeable for +cooking purposes?--C. E. H. + +5.--SORGHUM MOLASSES.--How can I separate the molasses from the sugar, +in sorghum sugar mush, to make a dry merchantable sugar? + +6.--FLUX FOR ALUMINUM.--Will some of your readers tell me, through +your columns, the best flux to use in melting and mixing aluminum and +copper? + + * * * * * + + + + +INVENTIONS PATENTED IN ENGLAND BY AMERICANS. + +[Compiled from the Commissioners of Patents' Journal.] + +APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS PATENT. + + +350.--BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS.--Eli Whitney, New Haven, Conn. +February 10, 1871. + +352.--GOVERNOR.--Stilliman B. Allen, ----, Mass. February 10, 1871. + +357.--WINDMILL.--A. P. Brown, New York city. February 11, 1871. + +332.--FURNITURE CASTERS.--F. A. Gardner and H. S. Turrell, Danbury +Conn. February 8, 1871. + +339.--WIRE FABRICS FOR MATTRESSES.--Samuel Rogers, New York city. +February 9, 1871. + +340.--SCREW PROPELLER CANAL BOATS.--Thomas Main, Pierpoint, N. Y. +February 9, 1871. + +362.--FLYER FOR SPINNING MACHINERY.--Thomas Mayor and Geo. Chatterton, +Providence, R. I. February 14, 1871. + +373.--TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS AND DETECTORS.--W. B. Watkins, Jersey +City, N. J. February 14, 1871. + +381.--STEAM AND OTHER SAFETY VALVES.--Walter Dawson Scranton, Pa. +February 15, 1871. + +388.--IRON RAILS AND BARS, AND MODES OF MANUFACTURING THE +SAME.--Eldridge Wheeler, Philadelphia, Pa. February 15, 1871. + + * * * * * + + + + +OFFICIAL LIST OF PATENTS. + +ISSUED BY THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE. + +FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 7, 1871. + +_Reported Officially for the Scientific American._ + + +SCHEDULE OF PATENT FEES + +On each Caveat $10 +On each Trade-Mark $25 +On filing each application for a Patent, (seventeen years) $15 +On issuing each original Patent $20 +On appeal to Examiners-in-Chief $10 +On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 +On application for Reissue $30 +On application for Extension of Patent $50 +On granting the Extension $50 +On filing a Disclaimer $10 +On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 +On an application for Design (seven years) $15 +On an application for Design (fourteen years) $30 + + +_For Copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years_ $1 +_A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of +a machine as the Claim covers, from_ $1 + _upward, but usually at the price above-named._ + +_The full Specification of any patent issued since Nov. 20, 1866 at +which time the Patent Office commenced printing them_ $1.25 + +_Official Copies of Drawings of any patent issued since 1836, we can +supply at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the amount of +labor involved and the number of views._ + +_Full information, as to price of drawings, in each case, may be had +by addressing_ + +MUNN & CO., PATENT SOLICITORS, 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +112,309.--HOSE SPRINKLER.--William Anderson, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,310.--LOCOMOTIVE SPARK ARRESTER.--J. G. Armstrong, New Brunswick, +N. J. + +112,311.--TOOL FOR CARRIAGE MAKERS' USE.--George Atkinson, San +Francisco, Cal. + +112,312.--POTATO PROBE.--John A. Beal, Waterford, N. Y. + +112,313.--HINGE FOR CARRIAGE DOORS.--George W. Beers, Bridgeport, +Conn. + +112,314.--STOVE LEG.--James Birckhead, Jr., Baltimore, Md. + +112,315.--CLOTHES PIN.--Orris A. Bishop, Chicago, Ill. + +112,316.--MANUFACTURE OF ROCHELLE SALTS AND BORAX.--V. G. Bloede, +Brooklyn, N. Y. + +112,317.--BEEHIVE.--Felix Brewer, Waynesville, Mo. + +112,318.--THILL COUPLING.--Theodore Burr (assignor to Allen Muir and +Henry Muir), Battle Creek, Mich. + +112,319.--EVAPORATING PAN FOR SACCHARINE LIQUIDS.--F. C. Butler, +Bellows Falls, Vt., assignor to himself and James B. Williams, +Glastonbury, Conn. + +112,320.--DOOR SECURER.--William H. Caldwell, Wheeling, W. Va. + +112,321.--TOE-CALK BAR.--R. B. Caswell, Springfield, Mass. Antedated +March 2, 1871. + +112,322.--GLASS FLATTENING FURNACE AND LEER.--James Clabby, Lenox, +Mass. + +112,323.--SPRING BED BOTTOM.--Alex. Cole, Manamuskin, N. J. + +112,324.--WATER WHEEL.--E. E. Coleman, West Cummington, Mass. + +112,325.--TOY HORSE AND CARRIAGE.--John B. Cuzner, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,326.--MACKEREL-LINE HOLDER.--E. L. Decker, Southport, Me. + +112,327.--SEWING MACHINE.--J. William Dufour, Stratford, Conn. + +112,328.--STEAM BOILER.--Edwards Evans, North Tonawanda, N. Y. + +112,329.--MEDICAL COMPOUND FOR CURE OF CATARRH AND ASTHMA.--Erastus +Field, Ostrander, Ohio. + +112,330.--MACHINE FOR GRINDING THE CUTTERS OF MOWERS, ETC.--H. C. +Fisk, Wellsville, N. Y. + +112,331.--MACHINE FOR MAKING HOOKS AND EYES.--Jeremy T. Ford, San +Francisco, Cal. + +112,332.--CHURN.--Thompson Freeman, Westfield, Ill. + +112,333.--ATTACHMENT FOR REVOLVING MOLD BOARDS FOR PLOWS.--J. S. +Godfrey, Leslie, Mich., assignor to himself and S. M. Loveridge, +Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,334.--GRAIN CLEANER AND FERTILIZER SIFTER.--J. A. Green, Mill +Dale, Va. + +112,335.--SCREW PROPULSION.--E. C. Gregg (assignor to A. H. Gregg and +C. P. Gregg), Trumansburg, N. Y. + +112,336.--SEEDING MACHINE.--P. M. Gundlach, Belleville, Ill. + +112,337.--COMPOUND FOR KINDLING FIRES.--J. L. Hannum and S. H. +Stebbins, Berea, Ohio. + +112,338.--LAWN MOWER.--Benjamin Harnish, Lancaster, and D. H. Harnish, +Pequea, Pa. + +112,339.--COMPOSITION FOR PAVEMENTS.--C. B. Harris, New York city. +Antedated February 25, 1870. + +112,340.--SPRING FOR VEHICLES.--John R. Hiller, Woodland, Cal. + +112,341.--HARVESTER RAKE.--S. T. Holly, (assignor to John P. Manny), +Rockford, Ill. + +112,342.--DOOR CLAMP.--Henry O. Hooper, Diamond Springs, Cal. + +112,343.--TAPER HOLDER.--Thomas W. Houchin, Morrisania, N. Y. + +112,344.--METALLIC GARTER.--Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,345.--BOBBIN WINDER.--Henry A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,346.--METHOD OF KNITTING STOCKINGS, ETC.--Henry A. House, +Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,347.--APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING LIQUIDS.--John +Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,348.--APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING LIQUIDS.--John +Howarth, Salem, Mass. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,349.--APPARATUS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM VEGETABLE AND OTHER +MATTERS.--Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. + +112,350.--APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM GRAIN, SEEDS, +ETC.--Elias S. Hutchinson, Baltimore, Md. + +112,351.--CHANDELIER.--Charles F. Jacobsen, New York city. + +112,352.--CULINARY VESSEL.--Carrie Jessup, New Haven, Conn. + +112,353.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING LEATHER.--Aberdeen Keith, North +Bridgewater, Mass. + +112,354.--ATTACHING KNOBS TO THEIR SPINDLES.--John F. Keller and +Nathaniel Sehner, Hagerstown, Md. + +112,355.--MITER MACHINE.--T. E. King, Boston, Mass. + +112,356.--TAKE-UP FOR CORSET LOOMS.--Julius Kuttner, New York city. + +112,357.--ELEVATOR AND CARRIER.--T. W. Lackore, Worth, Ill. + +112,358.--APPARATUS FOR BURNING HYDROCARBON OILS.--James R. Lee, Grass +Valley, Cal. + +112,359.--BURGLAR ALARM.--Robert Lee, Cincinnati, Ohio. + +112,360.--TELEGRAPH APPARATUS.--L. T. Lindsey, Jackson, Tenn. + +112,361.--HARVESTER.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,362.--HARVESTER.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,363.--HARVESTER RAKE.--J. P. Manny, Rockford, Ill. + +112,364.--CHEESE CURD SINK.--H. C. Markham, Collinsville, N. Y. + +112,365.--MOWING MACHINE.--H. C. Markham and Dewitt C. Markham, +Collinsville, N. Y. + +112,366.--PROPELLER.--Alex. J. Marshall, Warrenton, Va. Antedated +March 3, 1871. + +112,367.--OILER.--Edward McDuff and E. D. Forrow, Warwick, R. I. + +112,368.--WASH BOILER.--John McInnes, Oxford, Pa. + +112,369.--PROPELLING CANAL BOATS.--H. B. Meech, Fort Edward, N. Y. +Antedated February 25, 1871. + +112,370.--WATER-PROOF COMPOUND FOR COATING CLOTH WOOD, METALS, +ETC.--Peter E. Minor, Schenectady, N. Y. + +112,371.--COOKING STOVE.--W. N. Moore, Neenah, Wis. + +112,372.--BORING MACHINE.--J. H. Pardieck (assignor to himself and S. +M. Brown), Acton, Ind. + +112,373.--VAPOR BURNER.--R. W. Park, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,374.--MACHINE FOR POINTING BLANKS FOR CULTIVATOR TEETH.--John +Pedder and George Abel, West Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,375.--BALE TIE.--J. E. Perkins, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,376.--LINING WALLS WITH FELT, ETC.--James Phillips, Chicago, Ill. + +112,377.--COOKING STOVE.--Samuel Pierce, Boston, Mass. + +112,378.--TACK.--A. A. Porter, New Haven, Conn. Antedated Feb. 25, +1871. + +112,379.--MACHINE FOR SHAPING AND CUTTING GEAR CUTTERS.--F. A. Pratt +(assignor to the Pratt & Whitney Company), Hartford, Conn. + +112,380.--COMBINATION CAMERA AND DEVELOPING BOX.--E. C. Ratzell, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,381.--PUNCHING MACHINE.--J. C. Rhodes, South Abington, Mass. + +112,382.--WASHING MACHINE.--J. W. Ricker, Chelsea, Mass. + +112,383.--CURTAIN FIXTURE.--Charles Robin. Chester, Conn. + +112,384.--MACHINE FOR MAKING PRINTERS' LEADS.--Isaac Schoenberg, New +York city. + +112,385.--SLIDE VALVE FOR STEAM RIVETING MACHINES.--Coleman Sellers +(assignor to William Sellers & Co.), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,386.--MACHINE FOR POLISHING THREAD.--Samuel Semple, Sr., John +Semple, Samuel Semple, Jr., and R. A. Semple, Mount Holly, N. J. + +112,387.--PAINT BRUSH.--F. S. Shearer, Washington, Ill. + +112,388.--BEE HIVE.--S. A. Short, F. J. Short, J. B. Short, and Jasper +Kile, Decatur, Ala. + +112,389.--APPARATUS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM VEGETABLE AND OTHER +MATTER.--Thomas Sim, Baltimore, Md. + +112,390.--RETORT FOR PRODUCING BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.--Thomas Sim, +Baltimore, Md. + +112,391.--UTILIZING THE SILKY DOWN OF THE WILD COTTON.--M. H. Simpson, +Boston, Mass. + +112,392.--PRUNING SHEARS.--Frank Smiley, Batavia, N. Y. + +112,393.--WATER-CLOSET VALVE.--A. J. Smith, San Francisco, Cal. + +112,394.--GANG PLOW.--J. W. Sursa, San Leandro, Cal. + +112,395.--GRINDING PAN AND AMALGAMATOR.--W. H. Thoss, West Point, Cal. + +112,396.--STREET LANTERN.--Augustus Tufts, Malden, Mass. + +112,397.--COOKING STOVE.--Alvin Warren, Swanton, Ohio. + +112,398.--SAFETY BRIDLE.--James Weatherhead, San Jose, Cal. + +112,399.--FIRE GRATE.--George Wellhouse, Akron, Ohio. + +112,400.--HAY KNIFE.--G. F. Weymouth, Dresden, Me. + +112,401.--CLAW BAR.--Charles Winter, Chillicothe, Ohio. + +112,402.--STEAM GENERATOR.--J. C. Woodhead, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,403.--ANIMAL TRAP.--W. D. Wrightson, Queenstown England. + +112,404.--BRUSH.--John Ames, Lansingburg, N. Y. + +112,405.--CLOD FENDER.--F. L. Bailey, Freeport, Ind. + +112,406.--RULER.--H. S. Ball, Spartanburg, S. C. + +112,407.--FANNING MILL.--Benjamin Barney, Time, Ill. + +112,408.--ICE-CUTTING MACHINE.--Lafayett Barnum (assignor to himself +and A. R. Hale), Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,409.--MANUFACTURE OF ICE.--T. J. Bigger, Kansas City, Mo. + +112,410.--MACHINE FOR HEADING BOLTS AND SPIKES.--Reinhold Boeklen, +Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to himself and Henry Torstrick New York +city. Antedated Feb. 28, 1871. + +112,411.--WASHING MACHINE.--Joseph Boswell, L. M. Boswell, Jonathan +Palmer, and J. H. James (assignors to themselves and Thomas Starbuck), +Wilmington, Ohio. + +112,412.--WATER WHEEL.--E. C. Boyles, New York city. + +112,413.--COTTON PRESS.--R. M. Brooks, Pike county, Ga. + +112,414.--PAPER-CUTTING MACHINE.--Samuel Brown (assignor to himself +and C. R. Carver), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,415.--GOVERNOR FOR DIRECT-ACTING ENGINES.--A. S. Cameron, New York +city. + +112,416.--GOVERNOR FOR DIRECT-ACTING ENGINES.--A. S. Cameron, New York +city. + +112,417.--BUTT HINGE.--J. W. Carleton (assignor to the Union +Manufacturing Co.), New Britain, Conn. + +112,418.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING SHEET METAL.--C. R. Choate, East +Saginaw, Mich. + +112,419.--BIT BRACE.--William Cleveland, Lawrence, Mass., assignor to +himself and James Swan, Seymour, Conn. + +112,420.--STEAM ENGINE GOVERNOR.--C. A. Conde, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,421.--CARPET-CLEANING MACHINE.--J. C. Craft (assignor to himself +and Antonio Rosello), Baltimore, Md. + +112,422.--STEAM REGULATOR FOR PAPER DRYERS.--Daniel Crosby, Hampden, +Me. + +112 423.--METALLIC PISTON AND VALVE ROD PACKING.--G. M. Cruickshank, +Providence, R. I. + +112,424.--GRAIN-THRASHING AND SEPARATING MACHINE.--John Culham, Grand +Rapids, Mich. Antedated Feb. 25, 1871. + +112,425.--COOKING STOVE.--David Curtis, Mishawaka, assignor to himself +and C. B. Graham, South Bend, Ind. + +112,426.--LIGHTNING ROD.--S. D. Cushman, New Lisbon, Ohio. + +112,427.--HOSE BRIDGE.--Patrick Daily (assignor to himself and J. J. +Kehoe), New York city. + +112,428.--COVER FOR OPENINGS IN SIDEWALKS.--William Dale, New York +city. + +112,429.--ROTARY PUMP.--F. O. Deschamps, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,430.--MACHINE FOR CUTTING FILES.--James Dodge, Manchester, +England, assignor to David Blake, Spencertown, N. Y. + +112,431.--COUPLING FOR RAILWAY CARS.--Henry Dubs and S. G. +Goodall-Copestake, Glasgow, Great Britain. + +112,432.--TOBACCO PIPE.--P. J. Dwyer, Elizabethport, N. J. + +112,433.--BASKET FOR HOUSE PLANTS.--Albert P. Eastman, Washington, D. C. + +112,434.--SULKY PLOW.--Milo A. Elliott, Stratford Hollow, N. H. + +112,435.--STRETCHER FOR PAINTINGS.--James Fairman, New York city. + +112,436.--BODY LANTERN HOLDER.--Samuel C. Fessenden, Stamford, Conn. + +112,437.--STOVE LEG.--Amon L. Finch, Sing Sing, N. Y. + +112,438.--PUMP PISTON.--John S. Follansbee and George Doolittle +(assignors to the Forrester Manufacturing Company), Bridgeport, Conn. + +112,439.--SHOE.--Samuel W. Francis (assignor to himself and W. H. +Newton), Newport, R. I. + +112,440.--GUARD-FINGER FOR HARVESTERS.--George Fyfe and Chester Hard, +Ottawa, Ill. + +112,441.--DINING TABLE.--S. R. Gardner (assignor to himself and S. M. +Marquette), Independence, Iowa. + +112,442.--STEP LADDER.--M. Boland Geary, New York City. + +112,443.--OILCLOTH PRINTING MACHINERY.--Ebenezer A. Goodes (assignor +to Philadelphia Patent and Novelty Company), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,444.--TENONING MACHINE.--Lyman Gould, Norwich, Conn. + +112,445.--PRINTER'S CASE.--Wm. H. A. Gresham, Atlanta, Ga. + +112,446.--LAMP CHIMNEY.--Geo. W. Griswold, Factoryville, Pa. + +112,447.--GRAIN SEPARATOR.--Philander Griswold, Hudson, Mich. + +112,448.--CLAMP FOR THILL COUPLINGS.--John W. Guider (assignor to +himself and John Kiefer), St. Joseph, Mo. + +112,449.--BIRD CAGE.--Gottlob Gunther, New York city. + +112,450.--STOP COCK AND VALVE.--William Haas, New York city. + +112,451.--VALVE FOR STEAM ENGINES.--Joseph L. Harley, Baltimore, Md., +and Xaver Fendrich, Georgetown, D. C. + +112,452.--METALLIC HUB.--John H. Harper, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +112,453.--COMPOSITION FOR LUBRICATING MACHINERY.--E. Q. Henderson +(assignor to John C. Burroughs and Richard A. Springs) Charlotte, N. C. + +112,454.--POST-HOLE DIGGER.--Bryant B. Herrick, Decatur, Mich. + +112,455.--DOOR CHECK.--Levi S. Hicks (assignor to himself, J. Perrin +Johnson, and John Buell), Peoria, Ill. + +112,456.--RAILWAY-CAR BRAKE.--Luther Hill, Stoneham, and Seth D. +Tripp, Lynn, Mass. + +112,457.--TRUSS.--Adam Hinoult, Montgomery, N. Y. + +112,458.--FEED BAG FOR HORSES.--Walter A. Hough, South Butler, N. Y. + +112,459.--SHADE HOLDER FOR LAMPS--Mark W. House, Cleveland, Ohio. + +112,460.--LAMP CHIMNEY.--Mark Wiggins House (assignor to the Cleveland +Non-Explosive Lamp Company), Cleveland, Ohio. Antedated March 1, 1871. + +112,461.--HORSE HAY RAKE.--James Howard and E. T. Bousfield, Bedford, +England. + +112,462.--TONGS FOR ROLLING BARRELS.--Mark W. Ingle, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,463.--PITMAN.--George W. Jayson, Lodi, Ohio. + +112,464.--PASTE FOR PAPER HANGINGS.--John Jones (assignor to himself +and Henry A. Smith), New York city. + +112,465.--TWINE HOLDER.--Edward M. Judd, New Haven, Ct. + +112,466.--CLOTHES PIN OR CLASP.--Amos L. Keeports and William Yount, +Littletown, Pa. + +112,467.--PUTTING UP HAMS.--Samuel Edward Kelly, Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,468.--LIMN KILN.--Thomas A. Kirk, Kansas City, Mo. + +112,469.--FASTENING FOR SEATS FOR WAGONS OR SLEIGHS.--John G. Knapp +and John F. Robertson (assignors of one third their right to James H. +Holly), Warwick, N. Y. + +112,470.--POTATO PLANTER.--George Knowlton (assignor for one-half his +right to N. Haynes), Johnstown, Pa. + +112,471.--REVOLVING FIREARM.--Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., +assignor by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing +Company," Hartford, Conn. + +112,472.--REVOLVING FIREARM.--Edwin S. Leaycroft, Brooklyn, N. Y., +assignor, by mesne assignment, to "Colt's Patent Firearms +Manufacturing Company," Hartford, Conn. + +112,473.--RAILROAD CATTLE-GUARD GATE.--J. H. Mallory, La Porte, Ind. + +112,474.--BACK-REFLECTING MIRROR.--Richard Mason (assignor to himself +and Matthew Ely), Newark, N. J. + +112,475.--VENTILATOR AND CHIMNEY TOP.--James McGowan (assignor to +himself and Daniel H. Waring), New York city. + +112,476.--APPARATUS FOR RECTIFYING AND REFINING SPIRITS.--Frederick +Measey (assignor to himself and Henry D. Fling), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,477.--TIN CAN.--John F. Merrill (assignor to himself and Alexander +Stewart), Cincinnati, Ohio. + +112,478.--TAKE-UP MECHANISM FOR LOOMS.--John Michna and Joseph +Fischer, New York city. + +112,479.--COMBINED BAKER AND BROILER.--Wm. H. Miller, Brandenburg, Ky. + +112,480.--SHUTTLE FOR SEWING MACHINES.--James D. Moore, Grinnell, +Iowa. + +112,481.--COTTON CHOPPER AND GRAIN CULTIVATOR.--Daniel Mosely, Osark, +Arkansas. + +112,482.--SAD AND FLUTING IRON.--Frederick Myers, New York city. + +112,483.--REED FOR ORGANS AND MELODEONS.--Augustus Newell, Chicago, +Ill. + +112,484.--STRAW CUTTER.--Amon Park, Germanville, Iowa. + +112,485.--APPARATUS FOR AGING WHISKY AND OTHER SPIRITS.--Josiah +Peiffer and Samuel Richards, Valonia, Pa. + +112,486.--COMBINED COTTON AND CORN PLANTER.--Louis A. Perrault +(assignor to himself and Joseph Huber), Natchez, Miss. + +112,487.--FAUCET.--Solomon Pfleger, Reading, assignor to himself and +J. S. Pfleger, Tamaqua, Pa. + +112,488.--TREADLE.--George K. Proctor, Salem, Mass. + +112,489.--LUBRICATING COMPOUND.--Victory Purdy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. + +112,490.--FERTILIZER AND SEEDING MACHINE.--Archibald Putnam (assignor +to Elizabeth Putnam), Owego, N. Y. + +112,491.--ROTARY PUMP.--George W. Putnam, South Glens Falls, N. Y. + +112,492.--HAT BRUSH.--Robert Dunbar Radcliffe, Palmyra, N. Y. + +112,493.--REFRIGERATING SHOW CASE.--Thomas L. Rankin, Lyndon, Kansas, +assignor to himself and D. W. Rockwell, Elyria, Ohio. + +112,494.--DEVICE FOR STARTING AND STOPPING CARS.--Philip Rhoads, +Carlisle, Pa. + +112,495.--PIPE-MOLDING MACHINE.--George Richardson, Milwaukee, Wis. + +112,496.--SULKY CULTIVATOR.--Richard B. Robbins, Adrian, Mich. + +112,497.--HAND PLOW.--Nelson Rue, Harrodsburg, Ky. + +112,498.--MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.--Edward G. Russell, Ravenna, Ohio. + +112,499.--RAILWAY CAR BRAKE.--Lyman Alphonzo Russell, Shrewsbury, Vt. + +112,500.--STOVEPIPE CLEANER.--David Sanford, Ashton, Ill. + +112,501.--TWINE HOLDER.--Joseph B. Sargent and Purmont Bradford +(assignors to Sargent & Co.), New Haven, Conn. + +112,502.--DOVETAILING MACHINE.--James M. Seymour, Newark, N. J. + +112,503.--WOODEN PAVEMENT.--Eaton Shaw, Portland, Me. + +112,504.--GUARD FOR CIRCULAR SAWS.--George W. Shipman, Ischua, N. Y. + +112,505.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--Dexter Smith and Martin J. +Chamberlin, Springfield, Mass. + +112,506.--SPARK ARRESTER.--James Smith, Altoona, Pa. + +112,507.--HORSE HAY RAKE.--Solomon P. Smith, Waterford, N. Y. + +112,508.--PLOW.--S. M. Stewart, New Harrisburg, Ohio. + +112,509.--MEDICAL COMPOUND FOR TREATING FEVER AND AGUE.--George E. +Swan, Mount Vernon, Ohio. + +112,510.--DEVICE FOR COOLING JOURNALS OF CAR AXLES.--Henry G. +Thompson, Milford, Conn. + +112,511.--COOLING JOURNAL OF CAR AXLES.--Henry G. Thompson, Milford, +Conn. + +112,512.--COOLING JOURNAL OF CAR-WHEEL AXLES.--Henry G. Thompson, +Milford, Conn. + +112,513.--DEVICE FOR COOLING JOURNALS OF RAILWAY CARS.--Henry G. +Thompson, Milford, Conn. + +112,514.--NON-HEATING HANDLE FOR SAD IRONS, ETC.--William H. Towers, +Boston, Mass. + +112,515.--LUBRICATOR.--John Erst Uhl, Renovo, Pa. + +112,516.--COMBINED CORN PLANTER AND CULTIVATOR.--Franklin Underwood, +South Rutland, N. Y. + +112,517.--KING BOLT.--Wendel Vondersaar, Indianapolis, Ind. + +112,518.--WHEAT ROASTER.--George W. Waitt (assignor to himself and +Robert B. Fitts), Philadelphia, Pa. + +112,519.--PLASTER SOWER.--Thomas J. West, Alfred Center, N. Y. + +112,520.--TICKET HOLDER.--Henry Wexel, Providence, R. I. + +112,521.--TOBACCO PRESS.--Abraham N. Zell, Lancaster, Pa. + +112,522.--COMBINED BAG HOLDER AND SCALES.--William Zimmerman, Lebanon, +Pa. Antedated February 25, 1871. + +112,523.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--James M. Mason, Washington, D. C. + + * * * * * + + +REISSUES. + +4,287.--TREATING FRUITS TO DRY, SACCHARIFY, AND PRESERVE +THEM.--Charles Alden, Newburg, assignor of part interest to Alden +Fruit Preserving Company, New York city. Patent No. 100,835, dated +March 5, 1870; reissue No. 4,011, dated June 7, 1870. + +4,288.--DEVICE FOR SECURING PULLEYS TO SHAFT.--John H. Buckman +(assignor to himself and Peter W. Reinshagen), Cincinnati, Ohio. +Patent No. 98,144, dated December 21, 1839. + +4,289.--SHAWL STRAP.--George Crouch, Westport, Conn. Patent No. +82,606, dated September 29, 1868. + +4,290.--ATMOSPHERIC DENTAL PLATE.--Nehemiah T. Folsom, Laconia, N. H. +Patent No. 60,871, dated January 1, 1867. + +4,291.--PESSARY.--William R. Gardner, Leonardsville, N. Y. Patent No. +105,191, dated July 12, 1870. + +4,292.--DIVISION A.--SKATE.--James L. Plimpton, New York city. Patent +No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated April 5, +1870. + +4,293.--DIVISION B.--SKATE.--James L. Plimpton, New York city. Patent +No. 37,305, dated January 6, 1863; reissue No. 3,906, dated April 5, +1870. + +4,294.--APPARATUS FOR PITCHING BARRELS.--Louis Schulze, Baltimore, Md. +Patent No. 106,964, dated August 30, 1870. + + * * * * * + + +DESIGNS. + +4,694.--PICTURE FRAME.--John H. Bellamy, Charlestown, Mass. + +4,695.--BELL CRANK AND ESCUTCHEON.--Pietro Cinquini, West Meriden, +Conn., assignor to Parker & Whipple Company. + +4,696.--PEDESTAL FOR A CAKE DISH.--George Gill (assignor to Reed & +Barton), Taunton, Mass. + +4,697.--TABLE CASTER.--William Parkin (assignor to Reed & Barton), +Taunton, Mass. + +4,698.--BUCKLE FRAME.--John E. Smith, Waterbury, Conn. + +4,699.--BACK OF A CHAIR OR SOFA.--George Unverzagt, Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +TRADE-MARKS. + +182.--HAT.--Nathan A. Baldwin, Milford, Conn., James H. Prentice, +Brooklyn, and John R. Waller, New York city. + +183.--SPOOL COTTON.--Lewis Coleman & Co., Boston, Mass. + +184.--SALVE.--Robert Dobbins, Binghamton, N. Y. + +185.--SOAP.--Leberman & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. + +186.--MEDICINE.--Ridenour, Coblentz & Co., Springfield, Ohio. + +187.--PAPER.--Union Manufacturing Company, Springfield, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +EXTENSIONS. + +WAGONS.--Edgar Huson, Ithaca, N. Y. Letters Patent No. 16,648, dated +February 17, 1857; reissue No. 2,500, dated March 5, 1867. + +OPERATING VALVE OF STEAM ENGINE.--Samuel R. Wilmot, Bridgeport, Conn. +Letters Patent No. 16,668, dated February 17, 1857. + +HINGES.--John David Browne, Cincinnati, Ohio. Letters Patent No. +16,678, dated February 24, 1857. + +KEEPER FOR RIGHT AND LEFT HAND DOOR LOCKS.--Calvin Adams, Pittsburgh, +Pa. Letters Patent No. 16,676, dated February 24, 1857. + +SOLAR CAMERA.--David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters Patent No. +16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated July 10, +1866. + +CAST SEAMLESS THIMBLE SKEINS FOR WAGONS.--John Benedict, Kenosha, +Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. Letters Patent No. +16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated July 27, 1858; +reissue No. 1,229, dated October 8, 1861. + +MODE OF CASTING SEAMLESS SKEINS FOR WAGONS.--John Benedict, Kenosha, +Wis., administrator of Andrew Leonard, deceased. Letters Patent No. +16,688, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 575, dated July 27, 1858; +reissue No. 1,228, dated October 8, 1861. + +BREECH-LOADING FIREARMS.--William Cleveland Hicks, Summit, N. J. +Letters Patent No. 16,797, dated March 10, 1857; reissue No. 1,952, +dated May 9, 1865; reissue No. 3,798, dated January 18, 1870; reissue +No. 3,860, dated March 1, 1870. + +SEEDING MACHINE.--Lewis B. Myers and Henry A. Myers, Elmore, Ohio. +Letters Patent No. 16,772, dated March 3, 1857. + + * * * * * + + +DISCLAIMER. + +SOLAR CAMERA.--David A. Woodward, Baltimore, Md. Letters Patent No. +16,700, dated February 24, 1857; reissue No. 2,311, dated July 10, +1866. Filed February 23, 1871. + + * * * * * + +CITY SUBSCRIBERS.--THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be delivered in +every part of the city at $3.50 a year. Single copies for sale at the +News-stands in this city, Brooklyn, Jersey City, and Williamsburgh, +and by most of the News Dealers in the United States. + + * * * * * + +RECEIPTS--When money is paid at the office for subscriptions, a +receipt for it will be given; but when subscribers remit their money +by mail, they may consider the arrival of the first paper a bona-fide +acknowledgment of their funds. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + + + * * * * * + +_The value of the_ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN _as an advertising medium +cannot be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten times greater than +that of any similar journal now published. It goes into all the +States and Territories, and is read in all the principal libraries and +reading-rooms of the world. We invite the attention of those who wish +to make their business known to the annexed rates. A business man +wants something more than to see his advertisement in a printed +newspaper. He wants circulation. If it is worth 25 cents per line to +advertise in a paper of three thousand circulation, it is worth $2.50 +per line to advertise in one of thirty thousand._ + +RATES OF ADVERTISING. + + BACK PAGE - - - - 1.00 A LINE, + INSIDE PAGE - - - 75 CENTS A LINE, + +_for each insertion_. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter-press_. + + * * * * * + + +TO MANUFACTURERS OF KNITTED GOODS. + +JOHN KENT is now in England, completing arrangements so as to be able +to supply his American friends with his improved Knitting Machines +with greater dispatch, and with all the latest improvements. He would +beg to call especial attention to + +The Improved Rib Top Frame, now so well known, and acknowledged to +be the best rib top frame ever built, for speed and quality of goods +produced. Price, delivered free in New York, $520, currency. + +The Improved Circular Web Frame, for drawers and shirts, built of any +size and gage. Price for a 4-head set, 17 inch to 20 inch diameter, +$810, currency, delivered free in New York. + +The Circular Stocking Frame, from 2 in. to 51/2 in. diameter. These +circular frames, with my last improvements, are as near perfection as +possible. + +The Patent Full-fashioned Shirt, Drawers and Stocking Frames produce +the most perfect goods ever made by steam-power machinery, and cost +fifty per cent less to keep in repair than any other Knitting Machine. +Built 10 to 24 gage, and from 30 to 140 inch wide, to order. + +The Improved Circular Looping Frame, for putting on shirt cuffs, +drawers bands, clearing the top of circular shirts, &c., built to +order, of any size, from 2 in. to 22 in. diameter, and of any gage. + +Steel Needles and Sinkers to pattern. + +Persons wishing to order while Mr. Kent is in England, will please +address JOHN KENT, Nottingham, up to April 12th, or, if they prefer, +may send through depot. + +Address JOHN KENT, 348 Pearl st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +PUMPS.--For Description, Price Lists etc., of the Best Centrifugal Pump +ever invented, with Overwhelming Testimony in its favor, send for +new illustrated pamphlet (40 pp.) to Messrs. HEALD, SISCO & CO., +Baldwinsville, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +BRICK PRESSES. FOR RED AND FIRE BRICK. Factory 309 S. Fifth street, +Philadelphia, Pa. S. P. MILLER. + + * * * * * + + +ST. JOSEPH, Mo., Nov. 10, 1870. + +T. R. BAILEY & VAIL, LOCKPORT, N. Y.: + +GENTLEMEN:--The Lathe you shipped me has arrived, and I have it in +full operation. It works perfectly, and I think it the best lathe made +in the world for Bedstead and Chair work. I would recommend it to any +one desirous of obtaining such a lathe. Yours truly, + +H. R. BRISTOL. + + * * * * * + + +WOOLEN MILL FOR SALE. + +With House and 3 acres of land, Seymour, Ct., (Naugatuck Valley,) 2 +miles from R. R. depot. Never-failing stream. 3 ft. fall, dam and wheel +in good condition. Inquire of JAS. ORMSBEE, on the premises. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE & STATIONARY STEAM ENGINES +AND HOISTING ENGINES. A good article at low prices. Every machine +warranted. Send for descriptive Price List. + +H. B. BIGELOW & CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES + +[Illustration] + +Of the most approved kinds, of various sizes, to saw bevel as well as +square, without inclining the table, by FIRST & PRYIBIL, 452 to 456 +Tenth ave., New York. Price $250, $275, $350, and $400. At present +(Oct. 16), there are in operation, in this city alone, 88 of our +machines. Send for circular. Manufacture, also, an improved saw-filing +apparatus; price, $30. Have also on hand a large stock of best FRENCH +BANDSAW BLADES. + + * * * * * + + +L. & J. W. FEUCHTWANGER, 55 CEDAR ST., NEW YORK, CHEMISTS, +MANUFACTURERS, AND IMPORTERS OF SPECIALITIES, SILICATES, SODA AND +POTASH, CHLORIDE OF CALCIUM, PEROXIDE OF MANGANESE, HYDROFLUORIC +ACID, METALLIC OXIDES, STEEL AND GLASS MAKERS' AND POTTERS' ARTICLES, +PUBLISHERS OF TREATISES ON "SOLUBLE GLASS," "GEMS," AND "FERMENTED +LIQUORS." + + * * * * * + + +PIMLICO BRACES, SOMETHING NEW. + +THIS invention is based on a strictly scientific principle, and is +a valuable improvement on old style suspenders. It is simple in +construction, and combines the qualities of Brace and Suspender. They +are unequaled for elegance, durability and comfort. Manufactured +at the Monumental Silk Works, Baltimore. JOHN M. DAVIES & CO., Sole +Agents, 384 & 386 B'd'y, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +DR. J. ARMSTRONG'S (Patent) IMPROVED HEATER, FILTER, LIME EXTRACTOR, +AND CONDENSER COMBINED, FOR STEAM BOILERS. + +[Illustration] + +MANUFACTURED BY ARMSTRONG & STARR, Toledo, Ohio. + +_Send for Circulars._ + +Formerly Armstrong & Welsh. + + * * * * * + + +FOR SALE.--An Engine, 12x36 in. cylinder, and two Boilers, 4x15 feet, +in good order, will be sold cheap. J. J. TAYLOR & CO., 68 Courtlandt +st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +HUNTING, Trapping and Fishing. All about it. SENT FREE. Address +"HUNTER," Hinsdale, N. H. + + * * * * * + + +FIRST PREMIUM awarded by Am. Inst., 1870 +MICROSCOPES, } Illustrated price list and catalogues +MAGIC LANTERNS, } free to any address. +T. H. McALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau st., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +Rare and Beautiful Flowers +--AND-- +CHOICE VEGETABLES +Can always be obtained by Sowing + +[Illustration: BLISS'S SELECT GARDEN SEEDS.] + +BLISS'S SELECT GARDEN SEEDS. + +The Seventeenth Annual Edition of their celebrated "SEED CATALOGUE +AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN," is now ready for +distribution. It contains FOUR BEAUTIFULLY COLORED LITHOGRAPHS, and +about 300 choice Engravings of favorite Flowers and Vegetables, 136 +pages of closely-printed matter, and a list of Twenty-five Hundred +species and varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with explicit +directions for their culture, and much other useful information upon +the subject of Gardening. A copy will be mailed to all applicants +inclosing 25 cts. Regular customers supplied gratis. Address + +B. K. BLISS & SONS, +Nos. 23 Park Place, and 20 Murray st., P. O. Box No. 5712. +New York. + + * * * * * + + +SCIENCE FOR THE MILLION. + + +THE BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, + +DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF HOME LIFE, THE ARTS, AGRICULTURE, AND +MEDICINE. + +JAMES R. NICHOLS, M. D.,} +WILLIAM A. ROLFE, A. M.,} Editors. + +ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. + + +A paper which commends itself at once to Physicians, Druggists, +Chemists, Teachers, Farmers, Mechanics--in short, to Professional and +Practical Men of every class. + +The Domestic Recipes and Formulae for Art Processes are of themselves +worth many times the cost of subscription. + +---> SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE. + +Address +BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, +150 Congress st., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +FOOT LATHES, +And all kinds of small tools. Illustrated catalogue free. +GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +AGENTS WANTED.--To sell Stephens' PATENT COMBINATION RULE, which +embraces a Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, Slope Level, T Square, +etc., in one compact tool. These instruments retail at $3.50 each, and +energetic salesmen can make money by selling them among mechanics. We +warrant them in every particular, as the construction and graduation +is faultless. Send for descriptive circular, cuts, and terms. + +STEPHENS & CO., Riverton, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +FELT. THE BEST, CHEAPEST and MOST DURABLE non-conductor known, for +sale by the Original Manufacturer, at the BOILER FELTING WORKS, 46 +Courtland st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNIVERSAL WOOD WORKER. For Agricultural, Railroad, Car, Carriage, and +Wagon Works, Planing Mill, Sash, Door and Blind, Bedstead, Cabinet and +Furniture Factories. + +McBETH, BENTEL & MARGEDANT, Hamilton, O. + + * * * * * + + +INVENTOR'S EXCHANGE, +245 BROADWAY, N. Y., +"AM. AGRICULTURIST" BUILDING. +TANGIBLE INVENTIONS NEGOTIATED. +No goods received unless ordered. +B. F. KEMP, Proprietor. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINISTS' TOOLS, at greatly reduced prices. Also, some Woodworth +Planers and Second-hand Tools. 97 to 113 R. R. ave., Newark, N. J. + +E. & R. J. GOULD, successors to Gould Machine Co. + + * * * * * + + +N. B. PATENTED Articles introduced. +Also, State and County Rights sold for Inventors. +STONE, PUGH & CO., 55 N. 6th st., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +GOLDEN HILL Seminary for young ladies, Bridgeport, Conn. Miss EMILY +NELSON, Principal. + + * * * * * + + +1826 USE THE VEGETABLE 1870 + PULMONARY BALSAM. + +The old standard remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption. +"Nothing Better." CUTLER BROS. & Co., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +THE CALVERT IRON ROLLING MILLS are offered at private sale. These +mills are situated in the city of Baltimore, and cover 11/2 acres of +ground. The Machinery is of the most approved description, for +making all sizes of round and square bar iron, from 1/4 in. to 3 in. +diameter, and flat bars of all widths, up to 7 inches. + +The buildings are ample and commodious. + +In addition to the Rolling Mills are two brick buildings (50x125 +feet and 40x90 feet), now containing an 80 H. P. Engine, and Spike +Machinery, but which could be used for the manufacture of Nails, +Horseshoes, or any other branch of heavy hardware. + +This property offers an unusual opportunity to capitalists, and will +be sold at a reasonable price. + +For further description address + +MARSHALL P. SMITH, +P. O. Box 1158, Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + + +BURDON IRON WORKS.--Manufacturers of Pumping Engines for Water Works, +High & Low Pressure Engines, Portable Engines and Boilers, of all +kinds, Sugar Mills, Screw, Lever, Drop, & Hydraulic Presses, Machinery +in general. HUBBARD & WHITTAKER, 102 Front st., Brooklyn. + + * * * * * + + +ENGINES AND MACHINERY FOR SALE, at a great sacrifice. Two new Steam +Engines, 12 and 20 horse power; 1 Faribain's Riveting Machine; 1 large +Power Shears; 1 ditto Table Punch; 2 ditto Flange Punches; 1 set Power +Bending Rolls; together with a large lot of Turning Lathes, Drilling +Machines, Machinists' and Smiths' Hand Tools, Pulleys, Hangers, and 6 +Fairbanks' Platform Scales. Send for catalogue, or apply at the South +Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. Imlay and Summit sts., Brooklyn. + + * * * * * + + +SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE-- + +Law's Patent with Trevor & Co.'s Improvements. The Simplest and Best +in use. Also, Shingle, Heading and Stave Jointers, Equalizers, +Heading Turners, Planers etc. Address + +TREVOR & CO., Lockport, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +AGENTS WANTED--($225 A MONTH) by the AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. +Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +THE +_UNITED STATES_ +BRICK MACHINE +IS THE +BEST IN THE WORLD, +BECAUSE IT MAKES THE +GREATEST NUMBER, +THE BEST, and +THE CHEAPEST +BRICKS. + +IT IS THE PERFECTION OF SIMPLICITY. + +IT IS DURABLE, AND NOT LIKELY TO GET OUT OF REPAIR. + +See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Sept. 17, 1870. + +For Descriptive Circular apply to + +F. C. WELLS, PRESIDENT, +ROOM 13, 98 MADISON ST., +CHICAGO. + +MACHINES can be seen in operation at the Company's Works, Chicago; at +rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and at Novelty Iron Works, corner of +Delord and Peter sts., New Orleans. + + * * * * * + + +PREPARED + +ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT. + +[Illustration] + +This new prepared production is ready coated, and can be applied on +the roof without further trouble. It is easy of application, and does +not require any repairs for a long time. It is more durable than +some slates, and has been found a suitable substitute for iron or +tin roofs. It has a sanded or stony surface, which renders it +UNINFLAMMABLE and FIRE-PROOF. Exposed to the most intense fire, and +sparks falling upon it, it will not propagate the fire. Under the +influence of the sun it will not run, which makes it specially adapted +to hot climates. Its easy application and pleasing appearance have +made it a favorite roofing material throughout all the Indies and +other colonies. Being not cumbrous for transport, it is of invaluable +service to settlers and farmers in far remote districts. When used for +temporary purposes it may be taken off and applied again to another +construction. It replaces common Asphalting on Terraces, Lobbies, +Counting-houses, Office Floors, etc.; is a great preservative against +dampness and vermin, and equalizes the temperature. It is 32 inches +wide, and made in rolls of 25 yards each. Send for circular to + +E. H. MARTIN, +70 MAIDEN LANE AND 9 LIBERTY ST., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +J. J. H. GREGORY'S + +SEED CATALOGUE. + +My Annual Illustrated Catalogue, containing a list of many new and +rare Vegetables, some of which are not found in any other catalogue, +and all the standard vegetables of the farm and garden (over one +hundred of which I grow on my three seed farms), with a carefully +selected list of flower seed, will be sent free to all. All my seed is +sold under three warrants: + + 1st. That all money sent shall reach me. + 2d. That all seed ordered shall reach the purchaser. + 3d. That my seeds shall be fresh and true to name. + +JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +THE NEW WILSON +UNDER-FEED SHUTTLE +SEWING MACHINES! + +$25 CHEAPER THAN ANY OTHER! + +[Illustration] + +For Simplicity, Durability and Beauty they stand _UNRIVALLED!_ For +STITCHING, HEMMING, TUCKING, FELLING, Quilting, CORDING, BINDING, +BRAIDING, GATHERING, Gathering & sewing on gathers, _they are +unexcelled!_ + +For particulars address + +Wilson Sewing Machine Co., +Cleveland, O., or +St. Louis, Mo. + +AGENTS WANTED. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINERY, + +NEW AND 2d-HAND.--Send for Circular. CHAS. PLACE & CO., 60 Vesey st., +New York. + + * * * * * + + +MACHINISTS. + +Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of all kinds of small Tools and +Materials sent free to any address. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, +Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +P. BLAISDELL & CO. + +MANUFACTURERS of the "BLAISDELL" PATENT DRILL PRESSES, with quick +return motion, Agricultural Drills, Improved Engine Lathes, from 12 +in. to 28 in. swing, Planers, Gear Cutters, Boring Mills, Hand Lathes, +and other first-class Machinists' Tools. + +Jackson st., Worcester, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT +BEDSTEAD FASTENING. + +The BEST, CHEAPEST, and STRONGEST FASTENING ever invented. + +Rights for States and Territories for sale. Address JOHN DOMINGOS and +BENJAMIN ESSIG, Sacramento, Cal. + + * * * * * + + +BENT, GOODNOW & CO., + +Boston, Mass., Publishers of "PATENT STAR", sell Patent Rights and +goods of all kinds. Orders solicited. + +AGENTS WANTED. + +---> Send stamp for copy. + + * * * * * + + +TO THE WORKING CLASS.--We are now prepared to furnish all classes with +constant employment at home, the whole of the time or for the spare +moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons of either sex +easily earn from 50c. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by +devoting their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly +as much as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, +and test the business, we make this unparalleled offer: To such as are +not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing. +Full particulars, a valuable sample which will do to commence work on, +and a copy of _The People's Literary Companion_--one of the largest +and best family newspapers published--all sent free by mail. Reader, +if you want permanent, profitable work, address + +D. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine. + + * * * * * + + +_IMPORTANT_ + +TO MACHINISTS.--The Best Metal for all Machine Uses is the MARTIN +STEEL, made by THE NEW JERSEY STEEL AND IRON CO., Trenton, N. J. This +steel is made by an entirely different process from any other and is +tougher than wrought iron. It can be turned without annealing, being +entirely free from hard spots. Every one who uses it pronounces it +just what they have long wanted, for a multitude of uses, such as +Crank Pins, Lathe Spindles and Screws, Cotton Machinery Rollers, Saw +and Fan Spindles, etc., etc. Also, particularly adapted for Firebox +Plates. Prices low. Send for further information, or a sample, stating +use to which it is to be applied. + + * * * * * + + +OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING +MACHINERY. +OTIS, BROS. & CO. +No. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: TRADE MARK.] + +Union Emery Wheels. + +Solid and with Stone Center. +UNION STONE CO., Boston, Mass. +Branch Office, 93 Liberty st., N. Y. + +General Agents for the Am. Twist Drill Co.'s Superior Grinder and +other Emery Wheel Machinery and Tools. Send for Circular. + + * * * * * + + +WOODBURY'S PATENT _PLANING AND MATCHING_ and Molding Machines, Gray +& Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw Arbors, and other wood working +machinery. + + S. A. WOODS, {91 Liberty street, N. Y.; +Send for Circulars. {67 Sudbury street, Boston. + + * * * * * + + +RICHARDSON, MERIAM & CO., Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent +Daniels' and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash, and molding, +Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, Shaping, Vertical, and Circular Re-sawing +Machines, Saw Mills Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and +Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various other +kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues and price lists sent on +application. Manufactory, Worcester, Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., +New York. 17 1 + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +REYNOLDS' TURBINE WATER WHEELS. + +The Oldest and Newest. All others only imitations of each other in +their strife after complications to confuse the public. We do not +boast but quietly excel them all in staunch reliable, economical +power. Beautiful pamphlet free. GEO. TALLCOT, 96 Liberty st., New +York. + +GEARING, SHAFTING. + + * * * * * + + +_NIAGARA STEAM PUMP._ +CHAS. B. HARDICK, +Adams st., Brooklyn, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENTAL, and other machinery, Models for the +Patent Office, built to order by HOLSKE MACHINE CO., Nos. 528, 530, +and 532 Water st., near Jefferson. Refer to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN +office. 14 tf + + * * * * * + + +1832. +SCHENCK'S PATENT. +1870. +WOODWORTH PLANERS. + +And Re-Sawing Machines, Wood and Iron Working Machinery, Engines, +Boilers, etc. JOHN B. SCHENCK & SON, Matteawan, N. Y., and 118 Liberty +st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +WANTED--AGENTS, $20 PER DAY, TO sell the celebrated HOME SHUTTLE +SEWING MACHINE. Has the under-feed, makes the "lock stitch" alike on +both sides, and is fully licensed. The best and cheapest Family Sewing +Machine in the market. Address JOHNSON, CLARK & CO., Boston, Mass.; +Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill., or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +MILLING MACHINE, INDEX, STANDARD, UNIVERSAL, AND HORIZONTAL.--The +largest variety to be found in the country, on hand and finishing. +Workmanship, Material, and Design unsurpassed. Machines on exhibition +at Fair of American Institute. UNION VISE CO. OF BOSTON. Office 80 +Milk st. Works at Hyde Park, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +_ANDREW'S PATENTS._ NOISELESS, FRICTION GROOVED, PORTABLE, AND +WAREHOUSE HOISTERS. FRICTION OR GEARED MINING & QUARRY HOISTERS. +SMOKE-BURNING SAFETY BOILERS. OSCILLATING ENGINES, DOUBLE AND SINGLE, +1-2 TO 100-HORSE POWER. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, 100 TO 100,000 GALLONS PER +MINUTE, BEST PUMPS IN THE WORLD, PASS MUD, SAND, GRAVEL, COAL, GRAIN, +ETC., WITHOUT INJURY. ALL LIGHT, SIMPLE, DURABLE, AND ECONOMICAL. SEND +FOR CIRCULARS. + +WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., +414 Water street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +$150 A MONTH! EMPLOYMENT! +EXTRA INDUCEMENTS! + +A premium HORSE and WAGON for Agents. We desire to employ agents for +a term of seven years, to sell the Buckeye $20.00 Shuttle Sewing +Machine. It makes a stitch alike on both sides, and is the best +low-priced licensed machine in the world. W. A. HENDERSON & CO., +Cleveland, Ohio, or St. Louis, Mo. + + * * * * * + + +ALLCOTT'S LATHES, for Broom, Hoe, and Rake Handles, for sale by + +L. W. POND, 98 Liberty st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNRIVALLED Hand Saw Mill, Self-feeding, with ease. Rip 3-in. lumber; +guaranteed do work of 3 men. The only hand saw machine known, does as +represented. Thousands in use. Send for circular. + +WM. H. HOAG, Sole Manufacturer, 214 Pearl st. N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +U. S. PIANO CO. N. Y. Best in the World--$290. Sent on trial--See large +cut and terms in Scientific American. Oct. 1st 1870. + + * * * * * + + +_DOVETAILING MACHINE._ WILL MAKE 400 DRAWERS PER DAY. See SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN, Jan. 11, '71. H. H. EVARTS, 93 Liberty st.; TREVOR & CO., +Lockport N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +CIRCULAR SAW MILLS. HAYS & NEWMAN'S PATENT DOUBLE PARALLEL EDGERS, +FOSTER'S PATENT LOG-CANTING MACHINES, and Sawmill Machinery generally, +manufactured by the WASHINGTON MOWING MACHINE COMPANY. LEROY MOWRY, +Agent, Sandy Hill, Wash. Co., N. Y. Send for Illustrated Circulars and +Price Lists. + + * * * * * + + +_TO ELECTRO-PLATERS._ BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in sets +or single, with books of instruction, manufactured and sold by THOMAS +HALL, Manufacturing Electrician, 19 Bromfield street, Boston, Mass. +Illustrated catalogue sent free on application. + + * * * * * + + +PRIZE MEDAL SCROLL SAW.-- +THOS. L. CORNELL, DERBY, CONN. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT RIGHTS SOLD ON COMMISSION. + +By E. E. ROBERTS & CO., Consulting Engineers, 15 Wall St., N. Y. Send +Stamp for Circular. + + * * * * * + + +NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING. + +A Book of 125 closely printed pages, lately issued, contains a list of +the best American Advertising Mediums giving the names, circulations, +and full particulars concerning the leading Daily and Weekly +Political and Family Newspapers, together with all those having large +circulations, published in the interest of Religion, Agriculture, +Literature, etc., etc. Every Advertiser, and every person who +contemplates becoming such, will find this book of great value. Mailed +free to any address on receipt of 25c. + +GEO. P. ROWELL & CO., + +Publishers, No. 40 Park Row, New York. + +The Pittsburgh (Pa.) Leader, in its issue of May 29, 1870 says: + +"The firm of G. P. Rowell & Co., which issues this interesting and +valuable book, is the largest and best Advertising Agency in the +United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to the attention +of those who desire to advertise their business SCIENTIFICALLY and +SYSTEMATICALLY in such a way: that is, so as to secure the largest +amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." + + * * * * * + + +THE CELEBRATED +_COLD-ROLLED SHAFTING._ + +This Shafting is in every particular superior to any turned Shafting +ever made. It is the most ECONOMICAL SHAFTING to buy, being so very +much stronger than turned Shafting. Less diameter answers every +purpose, causing a great saving in coupling, pulleys and hangers. +It is perfectly round, and made to Whitworth Gage. All who give it a +trial continue to use it exclusively. We have it in large quantities. +Call and examine it, or send for price list. + +Address +GEORGE PLACE & CO., +126 and 128 Chambers st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_N. Y. MACHINERY DEPOT._ + +GEORGE PLACE & CO., Manufacturers and Dealers in Wood and Iron Working +Machinery, of every description, Stationary and Portable Engines +and Boilers, Leather and Rubber Belting, and all articles needful in +Machine or Railroad Repair Shops. 126 and 128 Chamber st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_STURTEVANT BLOWERS._ + +These are in every particular the best and most perfect Blower ever +made. A full assortment of every size on hand, ready to deliver. + +Address +GEORGE PLACE & CO., +126 and 128 Chamber St., New York. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: WROUGHT IRON Beams & Girders] + +The Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. The attention of Engineers and +Architects is called to our improved Wrought-iron Beams and Girders +(patented), in which the compound welds between the stem and flanges, +which have proved so objectionable in the old mode of manufacturing, +are entirely avoided, we are prepared to furnish all sizes at terms +as favorable as can be obtained elsewhere. For descriptive lithograph +address Carnegie, Kloman & Co., Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +MILL OWNERS, ATTENTION.--Our Turbine Water Wheels still ahead. No +complications. Simple, compact, and durable. Prices moderate. + +VALENTINE & CO., Ft. Edward, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +THE WOODWARD STEAM-PUMP MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Manufacturers of the +Woodward Pat. Improved Safety Steam Pump and Fire Engine, Steam, +Water, and Gas Fittings of all kinds. Also Dealers in Wrought-iron +Pipe, Boiler Tubes, etc. Hotels, Churches, Factories, & Public +Buildings heated by Steam. Low Pressure. Woodward Building, 76 and 78 +Center st., cor. of Worth st. (formerly of 77 Beekman st., N. Y.) All +parties are hereby cautioned against infringing the Pat. Right of the +above Pump. G. M. WOODWARD, Pres't. + + * * * * * + + +BUERK'S WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR.--Important for all large +Corporations and Manufacturing concerns--capable of controlling with +the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the same +reaches different stations of his beat. Send for a Circular. + +J. E. BUERK, +P. O. Box 1,057 Boston, Mass. + +N. B.--This detector is covered by two U. S. Patents. Parties using or +selling these instruments without authority from me will be dealt with +according to law. + + * * * * * + + +PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COMBINING the maximum of efficiency, +durability and economy, with the minimum of weight and price. They are +widely and favorably known, more than 750 being in use. All warranted +satisfactory or no sale. Descriptive circulars sent on application. +Address + +J. C. HOADLEY & CO., Lawrence, Mass. +46. Cortlandt st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +$5 TO $10 PER DAY. + +MEN, WOMEN, BOYS and GIRLS who engage in our new business make from +$5 TO $10 PER DAY in their own localities. Full particulars and +instructions sent free by mail. Those in need of permanent, profitable +work, should address at once. GEORGE STINSON & CO., Portland, Maine. + + * * * * * + + +_AGENTS! READ THIS!_ + +WE WILL PAY AGENTS A SALARY OF $30 PER WEEK and expenses, or allow a +large commission, to sell our new and wonderful inventions. + +Address +M. WAGNER & CO., Marshall, Mich. + + * * * * * + + +EPILEPSY OR FITS. + +A sure cure for this distressing complaint is now made known in +a Treatise of 48 octavo pages, on Foreign and Native Herbal +Preparations, published by Dr. O. Phelps Brown. The prescription +was discovered by him in such a providential manner that he cannot +conscientiously refuse to make it known, as it has cured everybody +who has used it for Fits, never having failed in a single case. The +ingredients may be obtained from any druggist. Persons desiring a copy +may address Dr. O. Phelps Brown, No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City, +N. J., and it will be sent by return mail. + + * * * * * + + +WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY GENERALLY. Specialties, Woodworth Planers and +Richardson's Patent Improved Tenon Machines. Nos. 24 and 26 Central, +corner Union st., Worcester, Mass. Warerooms 42 Cortlandt st., New +York. + +WITHERBY RUGG, & RICHARDSON. + + * * * * * + + +CINCINNATI BRASS WORKS.--Engineers and Steam Fitters' Brass Work, Best +Quality at very Low Prices. F. LUNKENHEIMER, Prop'r. + + * * * * * + + +HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE. + +The simplest, cheapest, and best in use. Has but one needle! A child +can run it! + +AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY TOWN. + +Send for Circular and Sample Stocking to + +HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE CO., Bath, Me. + + * * * * * + + +LATHE CHUCKS--HORTON'S PATENT + +from 4 to 36 inches. Also for car wheels. Address + +E. HORTON & SON, Windsor Locks, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +SILICATE OF SODA, IN ITS VARIOUS forms, manufactured as a specialty, +by Philadelphia Quartz Co., 783 South 2d st. Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + +_Advertisements will be admitted on this page at the rate of $1.00 +per line for each insertion. Engravings may head advertisements at the +same rate per line, by measurement, as the letter-press._ + + * * * * * + + +_AN IMPORTANT FACT._ +MARVIN & CO.'S +SPHERICAL SAFES +HAVE NEVER BEEN ROBBED. +Hundreds are in use by Banks, Bankers, and Merchants. + {265 Broadway, New York. + {721 Chestnut st., Philadelphia. +Warehouses, {108 Bank st., Cleveland. + { 93 Main st., Buffalo. + + * * * * * + + +L: L: SMITH & CO., +NICKEL PLATERS, +6 HOWARD ST., NEW YORK, +Between Elm and Centre. + + * * * * * + + +_SAVE YOUR FUEL._ + +[Illustration] + +THE ORIGINAL L. B. TUPPER'S +FURNACE GRATE BAR. + +Guaranteed to make from 5 to 10 lbs. more steam, with less fuel, than +any other bar. Adapted to all kinds of fuel; no alteration of furnace +required. Received Silver Medal at Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, +1870; Silver Medal at Worcester Co. Mechanics' Association, 1866; +Medal and Diploma at American Institute Fair, 1870; Honorable Mention +at Paris Exposition. Send for descriptive pamphlet. Now in use in +10,000 places. + +L. B. TUPPER, 120 West st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +PYROMETERS. + +For Blast Furnaces, Bakers' Ovens, Boiler Flues, Superheated Steam Oil +Stills, Zinc and Lead Baths. E. BROWN, 311 Walnut st., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +_AGENTS WANTED._ + +To sell the UNIVERSAL SASH LOCK. IT IS SELF-ACTING AND BURGLAR-PROOF. +Send stamp for circulars. Carpenters and Builders can make from $10 to +$20 selling them. Address G. S. LACEY, care of Patterson Brothers, No. +27 Park Row, New York city. + + * * * * * + + +SPERM OIL, _strictly pure_, for SEWING MACHINES and fine Machinery, in +bottles and bbls. + +Sample by mail, 25 cts. W. F. NYE, New Bedford, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +_THE REASONS WHY_ + +DOOLEY'S YEAST POWDER is preferred to any other Baking Powder in +market, are owing to its perfect purity, quality, quantity, +and economy. The ingredients are strictly free from deleterious +substances, and hence the full strength of each is obtained, and the +results are uniform every time it is used. This cannot be the case in +those of ordinary manufacture, and for proof of our assertion, we ask +those who have never used DOOLEY'S YEAST POWDER to give it a trial. +Your grocer keeps it. DOOLEY & BROTHER, Manufacturers, 69 New st., New +York. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT CUTTERS for the Teeth of Gear Wheels, which can be sharpened by +grinding, without changing their form. Cutters made on this plan +will last many times as long as those of the common form, with the +advantage of being always ready for use. Descriptive circular, with +price list, sent per mail on application. BROWN & SHARPE M'F'G CO., +Providence, R. I. + + * * * * * + + +A SPRING OF WATER AT THE TOP OF THE HOUSE. + +HOUGHTON'S AUTOMATIC WATER ELEVATOR, patented Feb. 7, 1871, No. +111,542, delivers water from the well or cistern in the tank at the +top of the house. Is operated by the fire in the kitchen range without +additional fuel; is simple in construction, reliable and cheap. +Reliable parties wanted to introduce them into use in all the States +except New England. For drawings and full description address + +CHARLES HOUGHTON, 41 State St., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +SHORT HAND.--150 words per minute in four weeks. Send stamp for +Circular. + +PROF. GRAY, P. O. Box 4847, New York. + + * * * * * + + +WATCHES THAT ARE WATCHES. + +WE SHALL BE PLEASED TO SEND OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LIST OF GENUINE +WALTHAM WATCHES, TOGETHER WITH AN ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET ENTITLED A +HISTORY OF WATCHMAKING, TO ALL WHO SEND US THEIR ADDRESS. NO MATTER +HOW REMOTE YOU ARE FROM NEW YORK, WE CAN SELL YOU A WATCH AT THE SAME +PRICE AS IF YOU WERE HERE. WHEN YOU WRITE MENTION THAT YOU SAW THIS +NOTICE IN THE SCIENTIFIC AMER. HOWARD & CO., 865 BROADWAY, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +ENGINES, TOOLS, MACHINERY, ETC., +FOR SALE AT THE +NOVELTY IRON WORKS, +FOOT OF EAST 12TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY, + +EMBRACING Engines, Planers, Lathes, Smith and Boiler Makers' Tools, +and Machinery and Patterns of the most approved kinds, etc. Also, +1 High Pressure Engine, 12-inch diameter by 30-inch stroke: 2 +Stevenson's Patent Turbine Water Wheels, 66-inch diameter, and 1 +Marine Beam Engine, 60-inches by 10-feet stroke. Send for catalogue. + +JNO. S. SCHULTZE, + +RECEIVER OF THE NOVELTY IRON WORKS. +New York, March 1, 1871. + + * * * * * + + +FOR CIRCULAR ILLUSTRATING A NEW and greatly improved TURBINE WHEEL, +believed to be the best and cheapest in the market, apply to + +PUSEY JONES & CO., +Wilmington, Delaware + + * * * * * + + +HOTCHKISS BRICK AND TILE MACHINE.--Send for Circular to Room 7, No. 19 +Cliff street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +PRATT'S +ASTRAL +OIL: + +Not the cheapest, but the best Illuminating Oil ever made. Does not +take fire or explode if the lamp be upset or broken. Over 100,000 +families continue to use it, and no accidents of any description, +directly or indirectly, have occurred from it. + +Oil House of CHARLES PRATT, +Established 1770, New York. + + * * * * * + + +UNION +SPOKE WORKS. + +SPOKES, RIMS, AND PLOW HANDLES. +All goods warranted seasoned, and of the best quality. + +JOHN G. DAVIS & SON, +Southwest cor. of Leopard and Otter sts., Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +Vertical & Horizontal +CORN MILLS. +30-inch grinds 30 bus. per hour, +and 20-in. 15. Price $280 and $140. +EDWARD HARRISON, +New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +IRON STEAMSHIP BUILDERS. +NEAFIE & LEVY, +PENN WORKS, +MARINE ENGINES, BOILERS, ETC., +PHILADELPHIA, PA. + + * * * * * + + +SWAIN TURBINE. + +"OUR LOW-WATER WHEEL FROM THIS ON" + +WILL DO TEN PER CENT MORE WORK on small streams, in a dry season, than +any wheel ever invented. Gave the best results, in every respect, at +the Lowell Tests. + +For Report of tests at Lowell, with Diagrams and Tables of Power, +address + +THE SWAIN TURBINE CO., +NORTH CHELMSFORD, MASS. + + * * * * * + + +BUILDING PAPER +OF THREE GRADES. +TARRED SHEATHING, + +For outside of Studding, under Clapboards. A non-conductor of cold, +heat, and dampness. + +PREPARED PLASTERING BOARD, + +a cheap and perfect substitute for lath and plaster; makes a smooth, +warm, and substantial wall, at less than half the usual cost. + +DOUBLE THICK ROOFING + +and Quartz Cement, make a good water and fire-proof roof, for less +than $3.50 per square. + +Sample and Circulars sent free, by +ROCK RIVER PAPER CO., +Chicago; or, +B. E. HALE, +22 & 24 Frankfort street, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, Drills, and other Machinists' Tools, +of superior quality, on hand, and finishing. For sale low. For +Description and Price address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO. New Haven +Conn. + + * * * * * + + +_RUMPFF & LUTZ,_ + +IMPORTERS and Manufacturers of Aniline Colors and Dyestuffs, Colors +for Paperhangers and Stainers. Reliable recipes for Dyeing and +Printing on Silk, Wool, and Cotton. All new improvements in the art of +Dyeing, and new Colors are transmitted to us by our friends in Europe, +as soon as they appear. + +42 Beaver street, New York. + + * * * * * + + +PAGE'S +_PATENT TANNED BELTING_ + +Runs 25 per cent more machinery, is nearly twice as strong, and wears +50 per c. longer than any other. Send for circular containing price +lists and discounts. + +PAGE BROTHERS, SOLE MANUF'RS, FRANKLIN, N. H. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +STEAM ENGINES & BOILERS + +From 4 to 500 horse power including Corliss Engines, Slide Valve +Stationary Engines, Portable Engines, etc. Also, Circular Saw Mills, +Shafting, Pulleys etc. Wheat and Corn Mills, Circular Saws, etc. + +Send for Price List. + +WOOD & MANN +STEAM ENGINE COMPANY, +WORKS--UTICA, N. Y. +PRINCIPAL OFFICE--42 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +DRILLS +DIAMOND POINTED +_STEAM DRILLS._ + +FOR ALL KINDS OF ROCK DRILLING, Mining, Quarrying, Tunneling, Railroad +Grading, Well Boring, Prospecting, etc. Fifty to Seventy-five per cent +of cost and time of hand labor saved. "Test Cores," in form of solid +cylinders of rock or mineral taken out of mines from any depth not +exceeding one thousand feet, showing true value, stratification, etc. +No percussion. Never require sharpening. FIRST PREMIUMS awarded in +both American and Europe. Illustrated Circulars sent on application. +Beware of infringements. + +SEVERANCE & HOLT, +Proprietors and Manufacturers, +Office 16 Wall st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +_NICKEL PLATING._ +BEARDSLEE NICKEL AND MANUFACTURING CO., +82 AND 84 FULTON ST., BROOKLYN, N. Y. + +RIGHTS sold for the use of, and instruction given in the best method +of Nickel Plating. An experience of twelve years enables us to offer a +solution and apparatus that remain practically unchanged for years, in +constant use. + +FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED + +us by the AMERICAN INSTITUTE in 1870. Critical examination of our +work solicited. All goods sent to our Factory will meet with prompt +attention. + +New York Office--4 DEV ST., ROOM 2. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +BEST DAMPER REGULATOR +for Steam Boiler. Send for Circulars. +Agents wanted. MURRILL & KEIZER, Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + + +PAT. SOLID EMERY WHEELS AND OIL STONES, for Brass and Iron Work, Saw +Mills, and Edge Tools. Northampton Emery Wheel Co., Leeds, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +NO +LIVE MECHANIC +Can afford to be without some of +BAIRD'S +BOOKS +FOR PRACTICAL MEN. + +My new and enlarged Catalogue of PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 82 +pages, 8vo., will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will favor +me with his address. + +HENRY CAREY BAIRD, +Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut St., +PHILADELPHIA. + + * * * * * + + +THE FIFTH GRAND STATE FAIR +OF THE +MECHANICS AND AGRICULTURAL STATE ASSOCIATION OF LOUISIANA + +Will be held on the Fair Grounds of the Association, in the city of +New Orleans, commencing SATURDAY, APRIL 8, 1871, and continuing nine +days. Exhibitors are invited from every section of America. Railroads, +steamships, and other transportation lines, as named in the Premium +Catalogues, will carry exhibitors and their wares to and from the +Fair at one half the usual rates. For further information see Premium +Catalogue, which will be sent to any address free of charge. + +LUTHER HOMES, Secretary and Treasurer, +New Orleans, La. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +ROOT'S SAFETY BOILER. +For Pamphlets with Price +List and Testimonials, address +ROOT STEAM ENGINE CO,, +2d Ave., cor. 28th st., N. Y. +THE BEST IN THE MARKET. + + * * * * * + + +_WIRE ROPE._ +JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS, +MANUFACTURERS, TRENTON, N. J. + +For Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rigging, Bridges, Ferries, Stays, +or Guys on Derricks & Cranes, Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of Copper +and Iron, Lightning Conductors of Copper. Special attention given +to hoisting rope of all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Apply for +circular, giving price and other information. Send for pamphlet on +Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes. A large stock constantly on hand +at New York Warehouse, No. 117 Liberty street. + + * * * * * + + +$732 IN 31 DAYS, + +Made by one Agent, selling Silver's Broom. 100,000 in use. Recommended +by Horace Greeley and _Am. Agriculturist_. One county for each Agent. +_Prices Reduced_. C. A. CLEGG & CO., New York, or Chicago, Ill. + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN SAW CO., MANUFACTURERS OF + +[Illustration: + +EMERSON'S PATENT +MOVEABLE TOOTHED +CIRCULAR SAWS] + +And Perforated Circular and Long Saws. Also Solid Saws of all kinds. +No. 1 Ferry St., cor. Gold street, New York. Branch Office for Pacific +Coast, No. 606 Front street, San Francisco, Cal. + + * * * * * + + +_MACHINE SCREWS,_ +For all purposes, with square, round, and +hexagon heads. A. W. GIFFORD & CO., +Worcester, Mass. + + * * * * * + + +PATENT +COLD ROLLED +SHAFTING. + +The fact that this Shafting has 75 per cent greater strength, a +finer finish, and is truer to gage, than any other in use, renders it +undoubtedly the most economical. We are also the sole manufacturers +of the CELEBRATED COLLINS PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, +etc., of the most approved styles. Price Lists mailed on application +to + +JONES & LAUGHLINS, +120 Water street, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +---> Stocks of this Shafting in store and for sale by + +FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass. +GEO. PLACE & CO., 126 Chambers street, N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: + +SCHLENKER'S PATENT +BOLT CUTTER +NEW INVENTION. ADDRESS, +HOWARD IRON WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y. +] + + * * * * * + + +_STEAM SUPER-HEATER,_ + +For Saving Fuel, and supplying Dry Steam of any desired temperature. +Safe, durable, easily attached. + +H. W. BULKLEY Engineer, 98 Liberty st., N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +FOR CIRCULAR OF TREMPER'S PATENT VARIABLE CUT-OFF, for high and low +pressure Steam Engines, address + +PUSEY JONES & CO. Wilmington Delaware. + + * * * * * + + +HARRISON +SAFETY +BOILER. + +First-class Medal, World's Fair, London, 1862. And American Institute +Fair, New York, 1869. + +Over 1,000 Boilers in Use. + +WESTON'S PATENT DIFFERENTIAL + +PULLEY BLOCKS. + +75,000 IN USE. + +Address +HARRISON BOILER WORKS, +PHILADELPHIA, PA. +or, JOHN A. COLEMAN, Agent, +110 Broadway, New York, and 139 Federal st., Boston. + + * * * * * + + +_DOYLE'S_ +PATENT DIFFERENTIAL +PULLEY BLOCKS, + +The celebrated DOYLE BLOCKS have taken premiums over the differential +Blocks of all other makers at every Fair where they have been +exhibited at the same time. WHEN YOU BUY, SEE THAT THE BLOCKS ARE +MARKED J. J. DOYLE. Pat. Jan. 8, 1861. All others are infringements. + +SAMUEL HALL'S SON & CO., +SOLE MANUFACTURERS. +229 WEST 10TH STREET, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +HEAVY CASTINGS FOR FORGE AND MILL WORK. The M. & T. SAULT CO. Steam +Engine Builders & Founders, New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + + +EMPLOYMENT. + +$250 A MONTH with Stencil Dies. Samples free. Address + +S. M. SPENCER Brattleboro Vt. + + * * * * * + + +THE +TANITE EMERY WHEEL. +Does not Glaze, Gum, Heat, or Smell. Address +THE TANITE CO., +Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa. + + * * * * * + + +A. S. & J. GEAR & CO., Boston, furnish every description of Wood and +Iron Working Machinery and Supplies. The best in use, regardless of +maker, at lowest possible rates. + + * * * * * + + +_WORKING MODELS_ + +And Experimental Machinery, Metal, or Wood, made to order, by J. F. +WERNER 62 Center st. N. Y. + + * * * * * + + +McNAB & HARLAN, Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Pipe and Fittings, +Brass Cocks, Valves, Gage Cocks, Whistles, Water Gages, and Oil Cups, +Harlin's Patent Lubricator, Plumber's Brass Work, Getty's Patent Pipe +Cutter, Getty's Patent Proving Pump and Gage. No. 86 John st., New +York. + + * * * * * + + +THE +ALLEN ENGINE WORKS, +THE ALLEN ENGINE. + +Fourth avenue and 130th and 131st sts., New York city Manufacturers of + +PORTER'S GOVERNOR, +THE ALLEN BOILER, AND +STANDARD STRAIGHT EDGES, SURFACE PLATES, AND +ANGLE PLATES. + +Four first premiums were awarded to us at the Fair of the American +Institute, 1870. + +Send for our illustrated circular. + + * * * * * + + +_L. W. POND--NEW TOOLS._ + +EXTRA HEAVY AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. + +LATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, of all sizes; Vertical Boring Mills, ten +feet swing, and under; Milling Machines, Gear and Bolt Cutters; Hand +Punches and Shears for Iron. + +Office and Warerooms, 98 Liberty st., New York; Works at Worcester, +Mass. + +A. C. STEBBINS, New York, Agent. + + * * * * * + + +WATER-PROOF +_BUILDING PAPER_ + +(No Tar), for Roofing, Sheathing, Ceilings, Oil-cloths, Shoe +Stiffenings, Tags, Trunks, Cartridges, Blasting, Pass-book Covers, +Grain and Flour Bins, etc., for sale by + +J. HUNTER, JR., +Paper Warehouse, 59 Duane st., New York. + + * * * * * + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +FOR 1871. + +TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR. + +EVERY NUMBER is printed on fine paper, and elegantly illustrated with +original engravings representing + +NEW INVENTIONS, NOVELTIES IN MECHANICS, MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, +PHOTOGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE. AGRICULTURE. ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND ART. + +Farmers, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Chemists Manufacturers and +People of all Professions or Trades will find the + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +of great value and interest. + +The Editors are assisted by many of the ablest American and European +Writers, and having access to all the leading Scientific and +Mechanical Journals of the world, the columns of the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN are constantly enriched with the choicest Information. + +An Official List of all the Patents Issued is published Weekly. + +The Yearly Numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN make two splendid +Volumes of nearly ONE THOUSAND PAGES equivalent in size to FOUR +THOUSAND ordinary book pages. + +SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE. + +TERMS--$3.00 a year, $1.50 half year; Clubs of Ten Copies for one +year, at $2.50 each, $25.00, + +With a SPLENDID PREMIUM to the person who forms the Club, consisting +of a copy of the celebrated Steel Plate Engraving, "Men of Progress." + +Address + +MUNN & CO., +PUBLISHERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. +37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + +THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S +INK. Tenth and Lombard sts. Philadelphia, and 59 Gold st. New York. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume XXIV., +No. 12, March 18, 1871, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + +***** This file should be named 19180.txt or 19180.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/1/8/19180/ + +Produced by Lesley Halamek, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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