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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Report by the Governor on a Visit to the
+Micmac Indians at Bay d'Espoir, by William MacGregor
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
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+
+Title: Report by the Governor on a Visit to the Micmac Indians at Bay d'Espoir
+       Colonial Reports, Miscellaneous. No. 54. Newfoundland
+
+Author: William MacGregor
+
+Release Date: August 29, 2006 [EBook #19144]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT BY THE GOVERNOR ON A ***
+
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+
+COLONIAL REPORTS--MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+No. 54.
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND.
+
+REPORT BY THE GOVERNOR ON A VISIT TO
+THE MICMAC INDIANS AT BAY D'ESPOIR.
+
+Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty.
+_September, 1908._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON:
+PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE,
+BY DARLING & SON, LTD., 34-40, BACON STREET, E.
+
+And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from
+WYMAN AND SONS, LTD., FETTER LANE, E.C., and
+32, ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; or
+OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT, EDINBURGH; or
+E. PONSONBY, 116, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN.
+
+1908.
+
+[Cd. 4197.] _Price 2d._
+
+
+
+
+No. 54.
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND.
+
+REPORT BY THE GOVERNOR ON A VISIT TO THE MICMAC INDIANS AT BAY
+D'ESPOIR.
+
+
+THE GOVERNOR TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE.
+
+  Government House,
+    St. John's,
+      8th July, 1908.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I have the honour to inform you that I left St. John's on the 28th May
+to visit the settlement of the Micmac Indians at Bay d'Espoir, on the
+south coast of this Island.
+
+Bay d'Espoir is a long inlet of the sea, extending up country over a
+score of miles. The district is hilly, and is covered by a forest of
+rather small trees, spruce and birch, but further inland the hills are
+generally bare. There are comparatively few European residents in this
+bay.
+
+2. The Micmac settlement is on a reservation situated on the eastern
+side of the Conne arm of the bay, with a frontage to the water of 230
+chains, with an average depth of about 30 chains. It is on the slope
+of a wooded hill which is generally steep down to the sea, and at most
+places hard and rocky, covered by spruce forest. Most of the Micmac
+houses are on an area of about a quarter of a mile, where the ground
+is least steep and most suitable for building and gardening. In
+Appendix I. hereto is given a list of the 23 families, consisting of
+131 persons, now living on or near the Reservation; and of the 7
+persons that have left it for Glenwood in this Colony. Two years ago
+three families left the Reservation to settle at Lewisport, and have
+not returned.
+
+3. The Reservation, it appears, was laid off for the Micmacs about
+1872, by Mr. Murray, Geological Surveyor of the Colony. It contained
+24 blocks of about 30 acres each, with a water frontage of 10 chains.
+From the copy of the plan of the Reservation enclosed herewith it will
+be noticed that each parcel was to form the subject of a personal
+grant to the individual whose name is on the allotment. The right then
+conferred was in each case a "licence to occupy," of which I enclose
+a copy in blank form. The licence, it will be observed, would, on the
+fulfilment of certain conditions, have been replaced by a grant in
+fee, after five years. In few cases, if in any, have the terms of the
+licence been complied with, and no grant in fee or other title has
+been issued to any of the occupants on this Reservation.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF INDIAN SETTLEMENT CONNE RIVER BAY D'ESPOIR]
+
+4. These Micmacs are hunters and trappers, and are ignorant alike of
+agriculture, of seamanship, and of fishing. There are not more than
+three or four acres of cultivated land in the whole settlement. The
+greatest cultivator would not grow in one year more than three or four
+barrels of potatoes and a few heads of cabbage. There are two
+miserable cows in the place, and some of the least poor Micmacs
+possess three or four extremely wretched sheep. They have practically
+no fowls, but I saw one fowl and a tame wild goose. Their houses are
+small and inferior, of sawn timber, but have windows of glass. A few
+hundred yards of road, constructed at the expense of the Government,
+traverses the end of the settlement where most of the people reside.
+
+5. The community is Roman Catholic, and they have a small church,
+decently well built and kept, on the best site on the Reservation. It
+is built of sawn timber and would contain nearly one hundred people,
+which is too small for the festival of St. Anne, the patroness of the
+congregation. Over the entrance to the church there is printed in
+large characters, in the Micmac language, a total prohibition against
+spitting in church.
+
+The cemetery immediately adjoins the church, and there they bury their
+dead as members of a single family.
+
+They have had a small school open since the 17th January last. It is a
+wooden room, about 12 feet by 15 feet, by no means new, with a small
+stove and two little windows.
+
+The teacher is a woman of partly Micmac origin. She receives some very
+small allowance from the parish priest, and a few of the children, she
+says, pay some small fees. There are 34 children on the roll, and the
+winter attendance was from 25 to 30. They are divided into three
+classes, the highest of which could read slowly, in English, words of
+three or four letters. About half of them could write a little, a few
+of them surprisingly well on such brief tuition. The teacher says they
+are very amenable to discipline. Seldom has a school been started
+under greater difficulties than this Micmac institution. I was able
+sincerely to congratulate the teacher on what she has been able to
+accomplish under such unfavourable circumstances. It is manifest that
+the children are bright and clever, and that they would become useful
+and intelligent citizens if they had ordinary educational advantages.
+In this probably lies the best hope of a future prospect for this
+community. The settlement is visited now once a month by the parish
+priest; and in his absence, one of themselves, Stephen Jeddore, reads
+the service on Sunday. Last year they were visited by the Right
+Reverend Bishop McNeil.
+
+6. They appear to be a comparatively healthy people. So far as known,
+no one is at present affected by tuberculosis in any form. I saw one
+woman of ninety years of age, Sarah Aseleka, perhaps the only Micmac
+of pure blood in the settlement. She was born at Bay St. George, and
+came to Bay d'Espoir some three score of years ago when the Micmacs
+first settled in this bay. The next oldest person is John Bernard, who
+is about eighty. Few of them were even fairly well clothed; the
+majority were in rags. A few wore home-made deer-skin boots, but most
+of them had purchased ready-made boots or shoes. They make deer-skin
+boots by scraping caribou skin, and tanning it in a decoction of
+spruce bark. Such boots are, they state, worn through in a few days.
+The women can spin wool, and knit stockings. Their food consists
+chiefly of flour, a few potatoes, some cabbage, and perhaps about half
+a score of caribou a year for each family, hung up on trees and thus
+frozen during the winter. They also smoke fish, principally freshwater
+fish, and obtain a few grouse and hares, but this small game has
+almost disappeared from the district. They have to go inland a score
+of miles to obtain caribou for food.
+
+The men are of good size, and strongly built, but clearly of mixed
+descent, many being nearly like Europeans. The children have all,
+without exception, very dark, soft eyes, straight black hair, and the
+nose much more prominent than in the Esquimaux of Labrador.
+
+7. The principal Chief is Olibia, but I unfortunately did not meet
+him. He had gone out in March to his trapping ground near Mount
+Sylvester, but could not then reach his traps on account of the
+unusually great quantity of snow, and he had returned thither at the
+time of my visit.
+
+I was informed that he was selected as Chief by the Micmacs of the
+Reservation, and was appointed by the principal Micmac Chief at St.
+Anne's, Nova Scotia, and by the priest. I was shown the insignia of
+office worn on ceremonial occasions by the Chief. It consists of a
+gold medallion with a chain attached, the whole in a case covered by
+red velvet. The medallion is inscribed "Presented to the Chief of the
+Micmacs Indians of Newfoundland," but with neither name nor date. The
+community paid for this badge of office forty-eight dollars.
+
+The second chief is Geodol--called in English Noel Jeddore--who
+represented Olibia in his absence. Geodol is the owner of one of the
+two cows on the Reservation, and his brother possesses the second one.
+The Chieftainship is not hereditary, but is conferred, when a vacancy
+occurs, on the man the people prefer. They are easy to govern and
+seldom quarrel. They have no intoxicating liquor and seldom obtain
+any. They pay 60 to 70 cents a pound for their tobacco, 20 to 30
+cents for gunpowder, and 10 cents for shot. They sell their fur
+locally where they make their small family purchases.
+
+8. The head of each family has his own special trapping ground in the
+interior, over which others may travel, fish, or shoot, but not trap.
+For example Geodol, the second chief, traps about Gulp Lake; Olibia,
+the chief, about Mount Sylvester; Nicholas Jeddore about Burnt Hill;
+George Jeddore at Bare Hill and Middle Ridge; Stephen Jeddore at
+Scaffold Hill; Noel Matthews at Great Burnt Lake; &c.
+
+None go as far north as the railway, but Meiklejohn goes as far as
+John's Pond. Europeans are encroaching on their trapping lands, but do
+not go far inland. This pushes the Micmacs further inland to get away
+from the Europeans. They claim no fishing rights at sea, and say
+frankly they are only trappers and guides.
+
+They go inland in September, when their first care is to shoot a deer
+and smoke the flesh as food. They return home from the 20th to the
+25th November to prepare their traps for fox, lynx, otter, and bear.
+In December they shoot, as winter food for the family, does and young
+stags, but not old stags. They say the arctic hare is now very rare on
+their trapping lands; and snipe, geese, and ducks are far fewer than
+they were a few years ago. They appear to be very careful not to waste
+venison, never killing any deer they do not actually require and use
+as food.
+
+9. It is not possible to regard the present condition and the
+prospects of this settlement of Micmacs as being bright. Game, their
+principal food, is manifestly becoming more difficult to procure;
+their trapping lands are being encroached upon by Europeans; they are
+not seamen; they are not fishermen; and they do not understand
+agriculture. In the middle of their Reservation a saw-mill has been in
+operation some years, apparently on the allotment of Bernard John, but
+without his sanction or permission, and, it seems, in spite of the
+protests of the community. None of the Micmacs work at this mill.
+Formerly they cut logs for it, but the trees that grew near the water
+have, they say, all been used up and there are none left within their
+reach that they could bring to the water. The saw-mill is thus an
+eyesore to them, as it is on what they regard as their land, and in
+defiance of them.
+
+Although they have not complied with the conditions set forth on the
+form of licence, which would have entitled them to a grant in fee, yet
+their occupation has extended over so many years that there is no
+probability whatever that the Government of Newfoundland would
+withhold from them grants, as a matter of grace, if they only applied
+for them and could show how they could use the land. It would not be
+difficult to find a location for the community that would be more
+suitable for them so far as cultivation is concerned, and be equally
+good for hunting and trapping. With some aid, such as supplies of
+seed potatoes and a few animals, they could no doubt derive much
+greater resources than at present from agriculture, especially if to
+that were added a good school for the young.
+
+The question of their trapping lands will have to be dealt with before
+long. Each man regards his rights to his trapping area as
+unimpeachable. They are recognised at present among themselves, but
+they have no official sanction for their trapping lands either as a
+community or as individuals, just as they have no official title to
+the Reservation.
+
+I was accompanied on this visit by the Honourable Eli Dawe, Minister
+of Marine and Fisheries, who, as a member of the Government, will
+himself take an interest in the settlement, and call the attention of
+his colleagues to the condition of the Micmacs. I was also assisted by
+Mr. James Howley, who has been on friendly terms with these people for
+many years. I enclose photographs[A] of some of the Micmacs, taken by
+Mr. Howley during this visit.
+
+10. The Micmacs are held by ethnologists to be a branch of the
+Algonquins, who inhabited Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. It
+was from the last-named province that they extended to Newfoundland,
+apparently not much more than a century ago. The fact that they did
+not effect a lodgment on Newfoundland sooner may be at least partly
+accounted for by supposing that the Beothuks, the aboriginal natives
+of Newfoundland, were able to defend themselves and their country from
+the Micmacs so long as both sides were unprovided with firearms, and
+until the Beothuks were nearly destroyed by their French and English
+aggressors.
+
+A sufficiently accurate view of the arrival and early doings of the
+Micmacs in Newfoundland may be had from the brief extracts from
+official records enclosed herewith. Governor Duckworth reports in 1809
+that the Micmacs were coming over, and that the Beothuks were keeping
+to the interior in dread of them. The Governor followed up this Report
+next year (1810) by a Proclamation to the Micmacs and other American
+Indians frequenting Newfoundland, warning them that any person that
+murdered a native Indian (Beothuk) would be punished with death.
+Unfortunately this Proclamation it would appear had no restraining
+effect, as Governor Keats reports to the Secretary of State in 1815
+that the Micmacs had recently come over from Nova Scotia in greater
+numbers, and had reached the eastern coast of Newfoundland; and he
+expressed the fear that these newcomers would destroy the native
+Indians of the Island, whose arms were the bow and arrow.
+
+The Micmacs, it appears, have always possessed firearms since they
+arrived in Newfoundland. On the other hand I have never heard of a
+single instance in which the native Beothuks ever obtained such a
+weapon. The fears of Governor Keats were therefore only too well
+founded. The unfortunate Beothuk was thus crushed out of existence by
+the white man and the invading Micmac. Between the white man and the
+Beothuk there was always hostility; and I have not heard of any family
+or person in Newfoundland in whose veins flows Beothuk blood. On the
+other hand it may be doubted whether there is a single pure-blooded
+Micmac on the Island to-day. As an ethnic unit the Micmac can
+therefore hardly be said to exist here.
+
+At the same time the Micmac community, such as it is, will not, at
+least for several generations, be absorbed into the European
+population of Newfoundland. It is at present a separate entity, and as
+such clearly requires special attention and treatment at the hands of
+the Administration, for the Reservation families have claims on
+Newfoundland by right of a century of Micmac occupation, and by virtue
+of the European blood that probably each one of them has inherited.
+
+  I have, &c.,
+    WM. MACGREGOR.
+
+The Right Honourable
+    The Earl of Crewe, K.G.,
+        &c., &c., &c.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote A: Not reproduced.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+
+MICMACS AT CONNE SETTLEMENT, 29th May, 1908.
+
+Head of Family.         Family.      Condition of Members
+                                      of Family.
+Stephen Joe               5         Self, wife, 3 children.
+Stephen Bernard           5         Self, mother, 3 children.
+Noel Matthew             13         Self, wife, 11 children.
+Nicholas Jeddore          5         Self, wife, 3 children.
+Noel Jeddore              9         Self, wife, 7 children.
+Bernard John              2         Self, wife.
+John                      5         Self, sister, 3 brothers.
+Joseph Jeddore            3         Self, wife, 1 brother.
+Stephen Jeddore           7         Self, wife, 5 children.
+John McDonald, Sr.        2         Self, wife.
+John D. Jeddore           2         Self, wife.
+John McDonald, Jr.        7         Self, wife, 5 children.
+William Drew              4         Self, wife, 2 children.
+Matthew Burke             4         Self, wife, 2 children.
+John Benoit               9         Self, wife, 7 children.
+Ben Benoit               12         Self, wife, 10 children.
+John Juks                 7         Self, 6 children.
+Edward Pullett            4         Self, wife, 2 children.
+Reuben Louis              2         Self, sister.
+Thomas McDonald           8         Self, wife, 6 children.
+Peter Joe                 5         Self, wife, 3 children.
+John Martin               3         Self, wife, 1 child.
+
+Total Micmacs on the Reservation, 123.
+
+              _Living off the Reservation were--_
+
+Head of Family.         Family.      Condition of Members
+                                      of Family.
+William McDonald          8         Self, wife, 6 children.
+
+                  _Gone to Glenwood._
+
+Lewis John                5         Self, wife, 3 children.
+Peter John                1         Self.
+Louis John                1         Self.
+
+                  _Totals._
+
+Living on the Reservation                 123
+Living near the Reservation                 8
+Gone from the Reservation to Glenwood       7
+                                         ----
+                       Total              138
+                                         ----
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+
+NEWFOUNDLAND.                                         _No._
+                                 _To all to whom these Presents
+                                     shall come, I,_ ANTHONY
+                                     MUSGRAVE, _Esquire, Governor
+                                     and Commander-in-Chief in and
+                                     over the island of Newfoundland
+                                     and its Dependencies, &c., &c._
+
+SEND GREETING:
+
+  WHEREAS ______________________
+
+  of __________________________ desirous of permanently settling on
+  the Land hereinafter mentioned: KNOW YE, that in pursuance of the
+  power and authority vested in me by the Act of the Legislature of
+  this Colony, passed in the 23rd year of the Reign of Her present
+  Majesty, entitled "An Act to amend an Act passed in the Seventh
+  year of Her Majesty's Reign, entitled 'An Act to make provision
+  for the Disposal and Sale of ungranted and unoccupied Crown Lands,
+  within the Island of Newfoundland and its Dependencies, and for
+  other purposes';" I, the said Governor, do hereby give to the said
+  ________________________ a License to Occupy all that Piece or
+  Parcel of Land situate and being
+  __________________________________________________________________
+  To Have and to Hold the same, with all rights and all privileges
+  thereto belonging, to the said ________________________________
+  Executors, Administrators and Assigns, for the term of Five Years
+  from the date of these Presents: Provided always that if the said
+  _____________________ shall have settled on and occupied the said
+  Land for the said term of Five Years, and have cultivated _____
+  acres thereof, within the said term, and have conformed to the
+  provisions of said Act, _____ shall be entitled to a Grant in fee,
+  under the Great Seal, for the said Land: but should he fail to
+  comply with the conditions of this License and conform to the said
+  Act, he shall forfeit all claim to the said Land and Grant
+  aforesaid.
+
+                   Given under my Hand and Seal at St. John's
+                          in Our Island of Newfoundland, this
+                            ___________ day of ______________
+                               Anno Domini One Thousand Eight
+                               Hundred and _________________
+                          By His Excellency's Command,
+                            _Colonial Secretary._
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX III.
+
+
+  "Antelope" at Spithead.
+    25th November, 1809.
+
+   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
+
+I am sorry to inform Your Lordship that I am again disappointed in my
+hopes of coming at the Native Indians (Beothuks); they still keep in
+the interior of the Island (it is reported) from a dread of the
+Micmacs, who come over from Cape Breton. The articles that were
+purchased for them are deposited in the Naval Store House at St.
+John's, where I have directed them to be kept for some future trial of
+meeting with them.
+
+   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS TO THE MICMACS, &C.
+
+His Excellency, Sir John Thomas Duckworth, K.B., Vice-Admiral of the
+Red, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Island of
+Newfoundland, &c.
+
+To the Micmacs, the Esquimaux, and other American Indians frequenting
+the said Island, Greeting:
+
+WHEREAS it is the gracious pleasure of His Majesty the King, my
+master, that all kindness should be shewn to you in his Island of
+Newfoundland, and that all persons of all nations at friendship with
+him should be considered in this respect as his own subjects, and
+equally claiming his protection while they are within his Dominions:
+This is to greet you in His Majesty's name and to entreat you to live
+in harmony with each other, and to consider all his subjects and all
+persons inhabiting in his Dominions as your brothers, always ready to
+do you service, to redress your grievances, and to relieve you in your
+distress. In the same light also are you to consider the native
+Indians of this Island; they too are, equally with ourselves, under
+the protection of our King, and therefore equally entitled to your
+friendship. You are entreated to behave to them on all occasions as
+you would do to ourselves. You know that we are your friends, and as
+they too are our friends, we beg you to be at peace with each other.
+And withal, you are hereby warned that the safety of these Indians is
+so precious to His Majesty, who is always the support of the feeble,
+that if one of ourselves were to do them wrong he would be punished as
+certainly and as severely as if the injury had been done to the
+greatest among his own people, and he who dared to murder any one of
+them would be severely punished with death; your own safety is in the
+same manner provided for; see therefore that you do no injury to them.
+If an Englishman were known to murder the poorest and the meanest of
+your Indians, his death would be the punishment of his crime. Do you
+not therefore deprive any one of our friends, the native Indians, of
+his life, or it will be answered with the life of him who has been
+guilty of murder.
+
+ Fort Townshend, St. John's, Newfoundland,
+    1st August, 1810.
+
+      J.T. DUCKWORTH.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Extract from Despatch from Governor Sir R.G. Keats to the Secretary
+of State, 10th November, 1815._
+
+Some years ago the Micmac Indians formed a settlement in St. George's
+Bay on the West Coast of Newfoundland, which is thriving and
+industrious. The success of this settlement has probably induced
+others to follow them, and latterly they have come over in more
+considerable numbers, penetrated into the country and shewn themselves
+the present season on the eastern coast of Newfoundland. It is to be
+feared the arrival of these new comers will prove fatal to the native
+Indians of the Island, whose arms are the bow, with whom their tribe
+as well as the Esquimaux are at war, and whose number it is believed
+has for some years past not exceeded a few hundred.
+
+10th November, 1815.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Report by the Governor on a Visit to
+the Micmac Indians at Bay d'Espoir, by William MacGregor
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