1 files changed, 2358 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/19123-8.txt b/19123-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f4c281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/19123-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2358 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Botanical Magazine, Vol. V, by William Curtis
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Botanical Magazine, Vol. V
+       Or, Flower-Garden Displayed
+
+Author: William Curtis
+
+Release Date: August 26, 2006 [EBook #19123]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, VOL. V ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by University of Georgia Libraries, Jason Isbell,
+Janet Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreaders
+Europe at http://dp.rastko.net
+
+
+
+
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcriber's note: Older spellings of place names have been left as in|
+|the original.                                                          |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  THE
+
+  ~Botanical Magazine;~
+
+  OR,
+
+  ~Flower-Garden Displayed:~
+
+
+  IN WHICH
+
+  The most Ornamental FOREIGN PLANTS, cultivated in the Open
+  Ground, the Green-House, and the Stove, are accurately represented in
+  their natural Colours.
+
+  TO WHICH ARE ADDED,
+
+  Their Names, Class, Order, Generic and Specific Characters, according to
+  the celebrated LINNÆUS; their Places of Growth, and Times of
+  Flowering:
+
+  TOGETHER WITH
+
+  THE MOST APPROVED METHODS OF CULTURE.
+
+  A WORK
+
+  Intended for the Use of such LADIES, GENTLEMEN, and
+  GARDENERS, as wish to become scientifically acquainted with the
+  Plants they cultivate.
+
+  By _WILLIAM CURTIS_,
+
+  Author of the FLORA LONDINENSIS.
+
+  ~VOL. V.~
+
+
+               ----"the garden yields
+  A soft amusement, an humane delight.
+  To raise th' insipid nature of the ground,
+  Or tame its savage genius to the grace
+  Of careless sweet rusticity, that seems
+  The amiable result of happy chance,
+  Is to create, and give a god-like joy,
+  Which ev'ry year improves."
+
+                            ARMSTRONG.
+
+  LONDON:
+
+  Printed by COUCHMAN and FRY, Throgmorton-Street. For
+
+  W. CURTIS, No 3, _St. George's-Crescent_, Black-Friars-Road; And Sold by
+
+  the principal Booksellers in Great-Britain and Ireland.
+
+  M DCC XCI.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[145]
+
+MONARDA FISTULOSA, _var._ CRIMSON MONARDA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DIANDRA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Corolla_ inæqualis: labio superiore lineari filamenta involvente.
+     _Semina_ 4.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+MONARDA _fistulosa_ capitulis terminalibus, caule obtusangulo. _Linn.
+     Syst. Vegetab. p. 68. ed. 14. Murr._ _Hort. Kew. v. 1. p. 36._
+
+ORIGANUM fistulosum Canadense. _Corn. Canad. 13. t. 14._
+
+[Illustration: No 145]
+
+The _Monarda fistulosa_, a hardy herbaceous plant, growing spontaneously
+in Canada, and other parts of North-America, has long been cultivated in
+the English gardens, to which it recommends itself as much by the
+fragrance of its foliage, as the beauty of its flowers; of this species
+the plant here figured is an uncommonly beautiful variety, its blossoms
+far surpassing those of the original in size, as well as brilliancy of
+colour, the floral leaves also are highly coloured; we have represented
+a single blossom of the common _Monarda fistulosa_, that the difference
+of the two may be rendered obvious.
+
+This variety has been very lately introduced from Holland, by Messrs.
+GRIMWOOD and Co. Kensington; it flowers from June to September,
+and is propagated by parting its roots in spring or autumn.
+
+
+
+
+[146]
+
+HYPERICUM CALYCINUM. LARGE-FLOWER'D ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Calyx_ 5-partitus. _Petala_ 5. _Filamenta_ multa, in 5 phalanges basi
+     connata. _Capsula._
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+HYPERICUM _calycinum_ floribus pentagynis solitariis terminalibus, caule
+     tetragono fruticoso, foliis oblongo-ovatis coriaceis. _Linn. Syst.
+     Vegetab. p. 700. Mant. 106._ _Hort. Kew. v. 3. 103._
+
+ASCYRUM magno flore. _Bauh. Pin. 280. Prodr. 130._
+
+ANDROSÆMUM Constantinopolitanum flore maximo. _Wheler's Journey into
+     Greece, p. 205. cum fig._
+
+[Illustration: No 146]
+
+This species of St. John's-Wort, particularly distinguished by the
+largeness of its flowers, has very generally been considered as the
+_Ascyron_ of LINNÆUS, owing to his giving to that plant the
+synonyms which properly belong to the present one: in his _Mantissa_,
+this species is called _calycinum_, which name is adopted in the 14th
+edition of the _Systema Vegetabilium_, and also in the _Hortus
+Kewensis_, where the proper synonyms are applied to it, and from which
+we learn, that it is a native of the country near Constantinople, and
+was introduced into this country by Sir GEORGE WHELER, Bart. in
+1676.
+
+It is a hardy perennial, increasing much by its roots, which are of the
+creeping kind, and by parting of which in the autumn it is most readily
+propagated; like the periwinkle, it is a plant well adapted to cover a
+bank, or bare, spots under trees, where other plants will not thrive.
+
+It flowers from July to September.
+
+
+
+
+[147]
+
+DAIS COTINIFOLIA. COTINUS-LEAV'D DAIS.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+Involucrum 4-phyllum. _Cor._ 4 s. 5-fida. Bacca 1-sperma.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+DAIS _cotinifolia_ floribus quinquefidis decandris. _Linn. Syst.
+     Vegetab. ed. 14. Murr. p. 403._ _Spec. Pl. p. 556._
+
+DAIS _laurifolia_. _Jacq. ic. collect. 1. p. 46._
+
+[Illustration: No 147]
+
+The _Dais cotinifolia_ is an ornamental Green-house Shrub, of the
+deciduous kind, and though it appears from the _Hortus Kewensis_ to have
+been introduced by Mr. JAMES GORDON, of Mile-End, in 1776, is
+yet a great rarity with us, and only to be found in some of the first
+collections.
+
+Its scarcity, and consequent very high price, is attributed to the
+Nursery-men's not having yet discovered the means of propagating it
+freely.
+
+Messrs. GRIMWOOD and Co. of Kensington, have some very fine
+plants of it, which flower every year in the months of June and July,
+but as yet have produced no perfect seeds, which they may be expected to
+do when grown older; such having been known to ripen them in Holland.
+
+It is a native of the Cape, and appears to have been long possessed by
+the Dutch, as its Generic Character taken from D. V. ROYEN, is
+printed in the Genera Plantarum of LINNÆUS in 1764.
+
+There are only two known species, and they vary in the number of their
+Stamina, and divisions of the Corolla.
+
+
+
+
+[148]
+
+PELARGONIUM BETULINUM. BIRCH-LEAV'D CRANE'S-BILL.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+MONADELPHIA HEPTANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 5-partitus: lacinia suprema definente in tubulum capillarem
+     nectariferum, secus pedunculum decurrentem. _Cor._ 5-petala,
+     irregularis. _Filamenta_ 10, inæqualia: quorum 3 (raro 5) castrata.
+     _Fructus_ 5-coccus, rostratus: rostra spiralia, introrsum barbata.
+     _L'Herit. Geran._
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+PELARGONIUM _betulinum_ umbellis paucifloris, foliis ovatis inæqualiter
+     serratis lævigatis. _L'Herit. n. 84._
+
+GERANIUM _betulinum_ calycibus monophyllis, foliis ovatis inæqualiter
+     serratis planis, caule fruticoso. _Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 946._ _Burm.
+     Ger. 38._
+
+GERANIUM fruticosum, betulæ folio, africanum. _Raii Suppl. 513._
+
+[Illustration: No 148]
+
+Though long since described, we have been in possession of this species
+of Crane's-Bill but a few years; it is one of the many new ones
+introduced by Mr. MASSON from the Cape, and at the same time
+one of the most desirable, as its blossoms which are ornamental, are
+freely produced during most of the summer, and the plant itself is
+readily propagated by cuttings.
+
+The flowers vary considerably, both in size, and colour; its foliage is
+different from that of most others, and, as its name imports, like that
+of the Birch-Tree.
+
+It requires the same treatment as most other Green-House Plants.
+
+
+
+
+[149]
+
+ZINNIA MULTIFLORA. MANY-FLOWERED ZINNIA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Recept._ paleaceum. _Pappus_ aristis 2 erectis. _Cal._
+     ovato-cylindricus, imbricatus. _Flosculi_ radii 5-10, persistentes,
+     integri.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+ZINNIA _multiflora_ floribus pedunculatis. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14.
+     Murr. p. 777._
+
+[Illustration: No 149]
+
+The _Zinnia, multiflora_, a native of Louisania, is a plant of more
+modern introduction, but requires the same treatment, and flowers at the
+same time, as the _Tagetes patula_, with which, though far inferior in
+brilliancy of colour, it contributes to decorate the borders of the
+flower-garden from June to September.
+
+There is a variety of it with yellow flowers, nearly as common in our
+gardens as the present plant.
+
+LINNÆUS gave to this genus the name of ZINNIA, in
+honour of JOH. GOTTFR. ZINN, the pupil of HALLER, and
+his successor at the University of Gottingen.
+
+The plant we have figured, answers to the name and to the specific
+description of LINNÆUS'S _multiflora_; having never seen his
+_pauciflora_, we cannot say whether there be any just cause for
+suspecting them to be varieties of each other.
+
+
+
+
+[150]
+
+TAGETES PATULA. SPREADING TAGETES, or FRENCH MARIGOLD.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Receptaculum_ nudum. _Pappus_ aristis 5 erectis. _Cal._ 1-phyllus,
+     5-dentatus, tubulosus. Flosculi radii 4-8, persistentes.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+TAGETES _patula_ caule subdiviso patulo. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. Murr.
+     228._
+
+TANACETUM Africanum Flos Africanus minor. _Bauh. Pin. 132._
+
+FLOS Africanus. _Dod. Pempt. 255._ The small single French Marigold.
+     _Park. Par. p. 304._
+
+[Illustration: No 150]
+
+For richness and variety of tints few flowers can vie with this species
+of Tagetes, which forms one of the chief ornaments of our gardens at the
+close of summer.
+
+Some authors make it a native of Africa, others of America.
+
+Two principal varieties are usually kept in the gardens, the common
+small sort with a strong disagreeable smell, and a larger one here
+figured, usually called sweet-scented, the former is of more humble
+growth, its branches more spreading, its blossoms smaller than those of
+the latter, the flowers of which have usually a greater portion of the
+yellow tint, and the smell of the other so modified as to be far less
+disagreeable; sweet-scented we fear it can scarcely be called: from the
+seed of both sorts some flowers will be produced extremely double, and
+others single.
+
+MILLER recommends the seed to be frequently changed, to prevent
+them from degenerating.
+
+It is one of our tender annuals which require to be raised on a gentle
+hot-bed, if we are desirous of having them early; if that be not an
+object, they may be sown under a common hand-glass on a warm border the
+beginning of May, and, when large enough, planted out in the
+flower-beds, where they are to remain.
+
+DODONÆUS observes, that the leaves, if held up to the light,
+appear as if perforated; and he adduces some instances, which prove the
+plant to be of a poisonous nature.
+
+
+
+
+[151]
+
+LOTUS TETRAGONOLOBUS. WINGED LOTUS.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Legumen_ cylindricum strictum. _Alæ_ sursum longitudinaliter
+     conniventes. _Cal._ tubulosus.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+LOTUS _tetragonolobus_ leguminibus solitariis membranaceo-quadrangulis,
+     bractæis ovatis. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab, p. 691._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. p.
+     91._
+
+LOTUS ruber siliqua angulosa. _Bauh. Pin. 332._
+
+LOTUS pulcherrima tetragonolobus. _Comm. Hort. 91. t. 26._
+
+PISUM quadratum, the crimson-blossom'd or square-codded Pease. _Park.
+     Parad. p. 338._
+
+[Illustration: No 151]
+
+A common annual in our gardens, where it has been long cultivated; is a
+native of Sicily, and flowers in the open borders in July and August;
+requires the same management as other hardy annuals.
+
+MILLER observes, that it was formerly cultivated as an esculent
+plant, the green pods being dressed and eaten as peas.
+
+
+
+
+[152]
+
+EPIDENDRUM COCHLEATUM. TWO-LEAV'D EPIDENDRUM.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+Nectarium turbinatum, obliquum, reflexum.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+EPIDENDRUM _cochleatum_ foliis oblongis geminis glabris striatis bulbo
+     innatis, scapo multifloro, nectario cordato. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab,
+     ed. 14. Murr. p. 819._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. V. 3. p. 303._
+
+HELLEBORINE cochleato flore. _Plum. Sp. 9. u. 185. fig. 2._
+
+[Illustration: No 152]
+
+Plants which draw their support from other living ones, of which there
+are numerous instances, are by Botanists termed parasitical, and of this
+kind are most of the present family; deriving their generic name, which
+is of Greek extraction, from growing on trees, into the bark of which
+they fix their roots; some of them are also found to grow on dead wood,
+as the present plant, which is described by Sir HANS SLOANE, in
+his history of Jamaica, _V. 1. p. 250. t. 121. f. 2._ as not only
+growing plentifully on trees, but also on the palisadoes of St. Jago de
+la Vega.
+
+Instances of these plants flowering in England are very rare; Commodore
+GARDNER, in the year 1789, presented to the Apothecaries
+company some roots of this plant, taken up in the woods of Jamaica with
+great care, and which being successfully treated by Mr.
+FAIRBAIRN in their garden at Chelsea, one of them threw up a
+flowering stem last February, from whence our drawing was made.
+
+Mr. FAIRBAIRN planted the roots in pots of earth, composed of
+rotten wood and decayed leaves, plunging them into the tan-bed of a pit
+of considerable size.
+
+In its fructification, the Epidendrum obviously agrees with the Orchis
+tribe, but differs essentially in the oeconomy of its roots; in the
+Orchis the roots spring from the crown of the bulb, which is formed in
+the earth; in the Epidendrum the bulb, or the part which appears to be
+analogous to a bulb, though of a green colour, is produced above ground,
+while the roots or fibres proceed from below it.
+
+
+
+
+[153]
+
+BULBOCODIUM VERNUM. VERNAL BULBOCODIUM.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Corolla_ infundibuliformis, hexapetala: unguibus angustis staminiferis.
+     _Capsula_ supera.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+BULBOCODIUM _vernum_ foliis lanceolatis. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. Murr.
+     p. 320._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 1. p. 421._ _Retz. Obs. Bot. Fasc. 2.
+     t. 1._
+
+COLCHICUM vernum hispanicum. _Bauh. Pin. 69._ Medowe Saffron of the
+     spring. _Park. Parad. p. 158-159. f. 7._
+
+[Illustration: No 153]
+
+The excellent and learned CLUSIUS, in the second appendix to
+his history of rare plants, gives a very good figure of this plant, both
+in flower and seed, accompanied with its history; our PARKINSON
+also represents it in his _Parad. terr._ and gives such a minute
+description of it, as convinces us he must have cultivated it at the
+time he wrote: Mr. MILLER appears not to have been well
+acquainted with it, or he would not have described its root to be like
+that of the Snowdrop; had he said Colchicum, he would not have misled:
+RETZIUS also in his Bot. Obs. gives a figure of it with the
+flower dissected.
+
+The _Bulbocodium_, of which there is only one species, is a mountainous
+plant, a native of Spain, and flowers in the open ground at the same
+time as the Crocus, for a purple variety of which it might easily be
+mistaken at first sight; but it differs from the Crocus in having six
+stamina, and from the Colchicum, to which it is very nearly allied, in
+having one style instead of three.
+
+It is at present a rare plant in our gardens, which we attribute to its
+bulbs not admitting of much increase, as well as to its being liable to
+be killed by frost, and hence requiring more care than it may be thought
+entitled to from its appearance.
+
+It varies in the colour of its flowers.
+
+
+
+
+[154]
+
+SAPONARIA OCYMOIDES, BASIL SOAP-WORT.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 1-phyllus, nudus. _Petala_ 5 unguiculata. _Caps._ oblonga
+     1-locularis.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+SAPONARIA _Ocymoides_ calycibus cylindricis villosis, caulibus
+     dichotomis procumbentibus. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. Murr._ _Jacq.
+     Fl. Austr. v. 5. app. t. 23._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 87._
+
+LYCHNIS vel Ocymoides repens montanum. _Bauh. Pin. 206._
+
+[Illustration: No 154]
+
+The _Saponaria Ocymoides_ has been figured in the appendix to the fifth
+volume of the _Flora Austriaca_ in its wild state, as in similar works
+every plant is expected to be; our figure represents a branch of it
+only, taken (as all ours in this work professedly are) from a garden
+specimen which grew on a wall of a particular construction in our garden
+at Brompton, and of which it was the principal ornament through the
+months of May, June, and July, during most of which time it was covered
+with a profusion of bloom[1].
+
+Though it produces blossoms in abundance, it affords but little seed,
+but may be increased by slips or cuttings.
+
+It is a hardy perennial, a native of France, Italy, Switzerland, and
+Carinthia, loves a pure air and a dry situation[2], grows best among
+rocks, stones, or out of a wall, and certainly is one of the best plants
+imaginable for ornamenting of rock-work.
+
+I received seeds of it, and many other rare plants, from my very kind
+friend Mr. DAVAL, of Orbe, in Switzerland.
+
+
+
+
+[155]
+
+OXALIS VERSICOLOR. STRIPED-FLOWER'D WOOD-SORREL.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 5-phyllus. _Petala_ unguibus connexa. _Caps._ angulis dehiscens,
+     5-gona.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+OXALIS _versicolor_ caule erecto hirto, pedunculis unifloris, foliis
+     ternatis: foliolis linearibus callosis. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14.
+     Murr. p. 114. p. 434._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 114._
+
+OXYS Africana foliis tenuissimis, flore amplo versicolore. _Pluk.
+     Amalth. 169. t. 434. f. 5._
+
+OXYS Africana foliis tenuissimis in summitate caulis. _Raii Suppl. 598._
+
+[Illustration: No 155]
+
+The _Oxalis-versicolor_ is considered as one of the most beautiful of
+the many species cultivated in gardens; and, though well known to, and
+described by several of the older Botanists, has graced our collections
+but a few years, being introduced to the Royal Garden at Kew, from the
+Cape (where, as well as in Ethiopia, it grows spontaneously) by Mr.
+MASSON, in the Year 1774.
+
+Many of this genus flower early in the spring, the season in which this
+species also puts forth its blossoms, but by dexterous management it may
+be made to flower during most of the year; and this is effected by
+placing the pea-like tubera or knobs which the root sends forth, and by
+which the plant is propagated, in pots filled with loam and bog-earth at
+stated distant periods.
+
+Like most of the Cape plants, it is well adapted to the greenhouse, and
+succeeds best when placed on a front shelf of the house, where it can
+have plenty of light and air; some keep it in the stove, but there the
+plant is drawn up, and the flowers lose a part of their brilliancy: in
+no situation do they ever expand but when the sun shines on them; this
+is the less to be regretted, as they are most beautiful when closed.
+
+
+
+
+[156]
+
+COREOPSIS VERTICILLATA. WHORLED COREOPSIS.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Receptaculum_ paleaceum. _Pappus_ bicornis. _Calyx_ erectus,
+     polyphyllus, basi radiis patentibus cinctus.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+COREOPSIS _verticillata_ foliis decomposito-linearibus. _Linn. Syst.
+     Veg. ed. 14. Murr. p. 782._
+
+COREOPSIS foliis verticillatis linearibus multifidis. _Gronov. Fl.
+     Virgin. p. 131._
+
+DELPHINII vel mei foliis planta ad nodos positis caule singulari.
+     _Clayt. n. 308._
+
+[Illustration: No 156]
+
+The _Coreopsis verticillata_ is a hardy, perennial, herbaceous plant, a
+native of North-America; producing its blossoms, which are uncommonly
+shewy, from July to October, and is readily propagated by parting its
+roots in Autumn.
+
+It grows to a great height, and is therefore rather adapted to the
+shrubbery than the flower-garden.
+
+CLAYTON remarks, that the petals, though of a yellow
+colour, are used by the inhabitants to dye cloth red.
+
+
+
+
+[157]
+
+HYACINTHUS BOTRYOIDES. GRAPE HYACINTH.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cor._ campanulata: _Pori_ 3 melliferi germinis.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+HYACINTHUS _botryoides_ corollis globosis uniformibus, foliis
+     canaliculato-cylindricis strictis. _Linn. Syst. Veget. ed. 14.
+     Murr. p. 336._ _Aiton Hort. Kew. v. 1. p. 459._
+
+HYACINTHUS _racemosus_ cæruleus major. _Bauh. Pin. 42._
+
+HYACINTHUS Botroides cæruleus amoenus. The skie-coloured grape-flower.
+     _Park. Par. p. 114. p. 113. f. 5._
+
+[Illustration: No 157]
+
+The _Hyacinthus botryoides_, a native of Italy, and cultivated in the
+time of GERARD and PARKINSON, is now become scarce with us, being only
+to be accidentally met with in long-established gardens; we first saw it
+in the garden of our very worthy and much valued friend, Mr. JOHN
+CHORLEY, of Tottenham, to whose lady my collection stands indebted for
+several rare and valuable plants.
+
+This species increases sufficiently fast by offsets, but in the open
+border does not very readily produce flowering stems: as both it and the
+_racemosus_ are apt to become troublesome in a garden from their great
+increase, we would recommend their bulbs to be placed in moderately
+sized pots filled with light earth, and plunged in the borders where
+they are designed to flower; in the autumn they should be regularly
+taken out, the offsets thrown away, and about half a dozen of the
+largest bulbs left, all of which will most probably flower at the usual
+time, the end of March or beginning of April.
+
+PARKINSON, who most admirably describes this and the _racemosus_,
+enumerates three varieties, viz. the _white_, the _blush-coloured_, and
+the _branched_; the first is frequently imported with other bulbs from
+Holland, the second and third we have not seen; the latter, if we may
+judge from PARKINSON'S _fig._ in his _Parad._ is a most curious plant,
+and was obtained, as CLUSIUS reports, from seeds of the white variety;
+whether it now exists is deserving of inquiry.
+
+The _botryoides_ differs from the _racemosus_, in having its leaves
+upright, its bunch of flowers smaller, the flowers themselves larger,
+rounder, of a paler and brighter blue.
+
+
+
+
+[158]
+
+HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS. CHINA-ROSE HIBISCUS.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Calyx_ duplex, exterior polyphyllus. _Capsula_ 5-locularis, polysperma.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+HIBISCUS _Rosa Sinensis_ foliis ovatis acuminatis serratis, caule
+     arboreo. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed. 14. Murr. p. 629._ _Ait. Hort.
+     Kew. p. 629._
+
+ALCEA javanica arborescens, flore pleno rubicundo. _Breyn. cent. 121. t.
+     56._
+
+HIBISCUS _javanica_. _Mill. Dict. ed. 6. 4to._ by whom cultivated in
+     1731.
+
+[Illustration: No 158]
+
+RUMPHIUS in his _Herbarium Amboinense_ gives an excellent
+account of this beautiful native of the East-Indies, accompanied by a
+representation of it with double flowers, in which state it is more
+particularly cultivated in all the gardens in India, as well as China;
+he informs us that it grows to the full size of our hazel, and that it
+varies with white flowers.
+
+The inhabitants of India, he observes, are extremely partial to whatever
+is red, they consider it as a colour which tends to exhilarate; and
+hence they not only cultivate this plant universally in their gardens,
+but use its flowers on all occasions of festivity, and even in their
+sepulchral rites: he mentions also an oeconomical purpose to which the
+flowers are applied, little consistent with their elegance and beauty,
+that of blacking shoes, whence their name of _Rosæ calceolariæ_; the
+shoes, after the colour is imparted to them, are rubbed with the hand,
+to give them a gloss, and which thereby receives a blueish tinge, to
+discharge which they have recourse to lemon juice.
+
+With us it is kept in the stove, where it thrives and flowers readily
+during most of the summer; the single blossoms last but a short time,
+yet their superiority arising from the curious and beautiful structure
+of the interior parts of the flower, compensates for the shortness of
+their duration.
+
+It is usually increased by cuttings.
+
+
+
+
+[159]
+
+ALYSSUM SAXATILE. YELLOW ALYSSUM.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Filamenta_ quædam introrsum denticulo notata. _Silicula_ emarginata.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+
+ALYSSUM _saxatile_ caulibus frutescentibus paniculatis, foliis
+     lanceolatis mollissimis repandis. _Linn. Syst. Veg, ed. 14. Murr.
+     p. 590._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. p. 381._
+
+ALYSSUM Creticum Saxatile, foliis undulatis incanis. _Tourn. cor. 15._
+
+THLASPI luteum leucoji folio. _Bocc. muf. 79. t. 93._
+
+[Illustration: No 159]
+
+As this plant has very generally obtained in gardens and nurseries the
+name of yellow Alyssum, we have retained it; for though it is not the
+only one of the genus which produces yellow flowers, it may still be
+called yellow by way of eminence, such is the extreme brilliancy and
+profusion of its blossoms.
+
+It is a native of Crete, and was first cultivated in this country by Mr.
+MILLER, in 1731[3], at Chelsea garden.
+
+It begins to flower about the latter end of April, and continues to
+blossom through great part of May; and it is not uncommon for it to
+flower again in autumn.
+
+If it has a pure air and a dry situation, it will grow in almost any
+soil.
+
+The usual mode of propagating it is by slips, or cuttings. As it is a
+small, shewy, hardy plant, and not disposed to over-run others, it is
+very suitable to embellish rock-work.
+
+
+
+
+[160]
+
+PULMONARIA VIRGINICA. VIRGINIA LUNGWORT.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Corolla_ infundibuliformis fauce pervia. _Calyx_ prismatico-pentagonus.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+PULMONARIA _Virginica_ calycibus abbreviatis, foliis lanceolatis
+     obtusiusculis. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. Murr. p. 187._
+
+PULMONARIA non maculosa, floribus tubulosis longis pulcherrimis
+     cæruleis, in panicula pendula congestis, foliis teneribus glabris
+     latis obtusis, ad margines æqualibus, pediculis dilute purpureis
+     infidentibus, radice crassa instar symphyti. Mountain Cowslip.
+     _Clayt. Gron. Fl. Virg. p. 25._
+
+[Illustration: No 160]
+
+MILLER informs us in his Dictionary, that the _Pulmonaria
+Virginica_ grows naturally upon mountains in most parts of
+North-America, that the seeds were sent many years since by Mr.
+BANISTER, from Virginia; and some of the plants were raised in
+the garden of the Bishop of London, at Fulham, where for several years
+it was growing.
+
+Though a native of Virginia, it ranks with the hardy herbaceous plants
+of our gardens, and flowers in the open border about the middle of
+April; the blossoms before their expansion are of a reddish purple
+colour, when fully blown they become of a light bright blue, the foliage
+is glaucous, or blueish green; it is said to vary with white and
+flesh-coloured flowers.
+
+In favourable seasons, the Flower-Garden owes much of its gaiety to this
+elegant plant, and at a time when ornament is most desirable.
+
+It requires a pure air, and a situation moderately sheltered, as the
+cold easterly winds which too readily prevail in April, when it is in
+flower, are apt to deface it.
+
+It is usually propagated by parting its roots in autumn, and is a free
+grower.
+
+
+
+
+[161]
+
+AMYGDALUS NANA. DWARF ALMOND.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 5-fidus, inferus. _Petala_ 5. Drupa nuce poris perforata.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+AMYGDALUS _nana_ foliis basi attenuatis. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. Murr.
+     p. 162._ _Pallas. Ross. 1. p. 12. t. 6._
+
+AMYGDALUS indica nana. _Pluk. alm. 28. t. 11. f. 3._
+
+ARMENIACA persicæ foliis, fructu exsucco. _Amm. Ruth. 273. t. 30._
+
+[Illustration: No 161]
+
+The Dwarf Almond, a native of Russia and Tartary, is justly considered
+as one of our most ornamental shrubs; it rarely rises above the height
+of three feet, and hence becomes very suitable for the shrubbery of
+small extent. It flowers about the middle of April, somewhat later than
+the common Almond.
+
+MILLER observes, that the roots are apt to put out suckers, by
+which the plant may be increased in plenty; and if those are not
+annually taken away, they will starve the old plant.
+
+Cultivated in 1683, by Mr. JAMES SUTHERLAND. _Ait. Hort.
+Kew._
+
+
+
+
+[162]
+
+SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS. CANADA PUCCOON, or BLOODWORT.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cor._ 8-petala. _Cal._ 2-phyllus. Siliqua ovata, 1-locularis.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+SANGUINARIA _Canadensis_. _Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. Murr. p. 489._
+
+CHELIDONIUM majus Canadense acaulon. _Corn. Canad. 212._
+
+RANUNCULUS Virginiensis albus. _Park. Theat. 226._
+
+SANGUINARIA flore simplici. _Dill. Elth. t. 252._
+
+[Illustration: No 162]
+
+Though the Sanguinaria cannot be considered as a handsome shewy plant,
+yet we scarcely know its equal in point of delicacy and singularity;
+there is something in it to admire, from the time that its leaves emerge
+from the ground, and embosom the infant blossom, to their full
+expansion, and the ripening of its seed vessels.
+
+The woods of Canada, as well as of other parts of North-America, produce
+this plant in abundance with us it flowers in the beginning of April:
+its blossoms are fugacious, and fully expand only in fine warm weather.
+It is a hardy perennial, and is usually propagated by parting its roots
+in autumn; a situation moderately shady, and a soil having a mixture of
+bog-earth or rotten leaves in it suits it best.
+
+Its knobby roots, when broken asunder, pour forth a juice of a bright
+red or orange colour, whence its name of Sanguinaria: with this liquid
+the Indians are said to paint themselves.
+
+DILLENIUS, has figured it in his admirable work, the Hortus
+Elthamensis, where three varieties of it are represented, viz. a large
+one, a small one, and one in which the petals are multiplied, but which
+can scarcely be called double.
+
+It appears from MORISON[4], that the Sanguinaria was cultivated
+in this country in 1680, the date of his work.
+
+
+
+
+[163]
+
+PHLOX DIVARICATA. EARLY-FLOWERING LYCHNIDEA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Corolla_ hypocrateriformis. _Filamenta_ inæqualia. _Stigma_ 3-fidum.
+     _Cal._ prismaticus. _Caps._ 3-locularis, i-sperma.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+PHLOX _divaricata_ foliis lato-lanceolatis: superioribus alternis, caule
+     bifido, pedunculis geminis. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab, p. 199._ _Ait.
+     Hort. Kew. p. 206._
+
+LYCHNIDEA virginiana, alsines aquaticæ foliis, floribus in ramulis
+     divaricatis. _Pluk. Mant. 121?_
+
+[Illustration: No 163]
+
+Most of the plants of this genus are natives of North-America, and
+remarkable for their beauty; they were first introduced under the name
+of _Lychnidea_, which, though a Latin term, is now familiarized to the
+English ear.
+
+Mr. AITON has given to this species the name of
+early-flowering, it coming much sooner into blossom than any of the
+others, beginning to flower in May with the yellow Alyssum; its
+blossoms, however, are not of so long duration, nor so ornamental as
+some others of the same family.
+
+It seldom exceeds a foot in height, and, on this account, may be
+regarded as a suitable rock-plant.
+
+It rarely ripens its seeds with us, but is readily increased either by
+cuttings or layers; succeeds best in a pure air and a situation
+moderately dry.
+
+Like most other American plants, it is of modern introduction, was
+cultivated by Mr. MILLER, in 1758, and figured in his Icones.
+
+
+
+
+[164]
+
+RANUNCULUS GRAMINEUS. GRASS-LEAVED CROWFOOT.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+POLYANDRIA POLYGNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Calyx_ 5-phyllus. _Petala_ 5 intra ungues poro mellifero. _Semina_
+     nuda.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+RANUNCULUS _gramineus_ foliis lanceolato linearibus indivisis, caule
+     erecto lævissimo paucifloro. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed. 14. Murr. p.
+     515._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. p. 265._
+
+
+RANUNCULUS gramineo folio bulbosus. _Bauh. Pin. 181?_
+
+RANUNCULUS montanus folio gramineo. _Bauh. Pin. 180._
+
+RANUNCULUS gramineus. Grasse leafed Crowfoot. _Park. Parad. p. 218. 221.
+     f. i._
+
+[Illustration: No 164]
+
+This species of Ranunculus, an inhabitant of the dry pastures South of
+France and Italy, and a hardy herbaceous plant of ready growth,
+recommends itself by the earliness of its flowering and the delicate
+glaucous colour of its foliage. PARKINSON figures it with
+double flowers, though he describes it with semi-double ones only; we
+have not observed either of these varieties in the gardens about London,
+they have most probably fallen victims to the rage for novelty, at the
+shrine of which many a fair and goodly flower is yearly sacrificed.
+
+It flowers towards the end of April, and is propagated by parting its
+roots in autumn.
+
+The synonyms of this and other species of Ranunculus described in
+GERARD'S _Fl. Gallopr._ are very inaccurately quoted in
+Professor MURRAY'S edition of the _Syst. Vegetab._
+
+
+
+
+[165]
+
+PELARGONIUM CORDIFOLIUM. HEART-LEAVED GERANIUM.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+MONADELPHIA HEPTANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 5-partitus: lacinia suprema, definente in tubulum capilarem,
+     nectariferum, secus pedunculum decurrentem. _Cor._ 5-petala,
+     irregularis. _Filam_. 10 inæqualia: quorum 3. (raro 5) castrata.
+     _Fructus_ 5-coccus, rostratus: rostra spiralia introrsum barbata.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+PELARGONIUM _cordatum_ umbellis multifloris, foliis cordatis acutis
+     dentatis, petalis inferis linearibus acutis. _Ait. Hort. Kew. p.
+     427._
+
+GERANIUM _cordifolium_. _Cavan. Diss. p. 240. t. 117. f. 3._
+
+[Illustration: No 165]
+
+Our readers are here presented with the figure of another Geranium of
+modern introduction, not enumerated by LINNÆUS or MILLER, and which in
+point of beauty, duration of flowering, and facility of culture, is
+equal to most.
+
+It was introduced to the Royal Garden, at Kew, from the Cape, by Mr.
+MASSON, in 1774.
+
+There are several varieties of it, but the one here figured is the most
+beautiful.
+
+It strikes readily from cuttings, by which it is usually propagated.
+
+Requires the same treatment as the more common Geraniums, and
+flowers, from March to July.
+
+
+
+
+[166]
+
+CHEIRANTHUS MARITIMUS. MEDITERRANEAN STOCK.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Germen_ utrinque denticulo glandulato. _Cal._ clausus: foliolis duobus
+     basi gibbis. _Semina_ plana.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+CHEIRANTHUS _maritimus_ foliis ellipticis obtusis nudis scabriusculis,
+     caule diffuso scabro. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. p. 597._ _Mantiss. p.
+     568._ _Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2. p. 395._
+
+LEUCOJUM minus flore violaceo. _Barr. Ic. 1127._
+
+[Illustration: No 166]
+
+LINNÆUS has described this plant minutely in his _Mantissa
+Plant_, so that no doubt remains of its being his _maritimus_.
+
+With us, it has been customary for Gardeners and Nurserymen to
+distinguish this species by the name of Virginia Stock, a name highly
+improper, as it is found to be a native of the Mediterranean coast.
+
+The blossoms which this plant first puts forth are of a lively red, in a
+few days they become of a blueish purple colour; to this variety of hues
+the plant owes its chief beauty.
+
+Being of humble growth, and producing a profusion of bloom, which is of
+long duration, it is frequently used as an edging to borders, and
+sometimes sown in little patches with other annuals; in whatever way
+used, it contributes greatly to enliven the borders of the
+flower-garden.
+
+It is one of those annuals whose seeds should be sown in the autumn, as
+it thereby comes much forwarder into bloom, and its blossoms are more
+lively than those arising from seeds sown in the spring; by varying the
+time of sowing, it may be had to flower in spring, summer, and autumn.
+
+Small pots of it in bloom have a pretty appearance, and may be used to
+decorate the windows of those who reside in cities or great towns, where
+the pleasures of the garden are not to be enjoyed.
+
+
+
+
+[167]
+
+SOPHORA TETRAPTERA. WINGED-PODDED SOPHORA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Calyx_ 5-dentatus, superne gibbus. _Cor._ papilionacea:
+     alis-longitudine vexilli. _Legumen._
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+SOPHORA _tetraptera_ foliis pinnatis foliolis numerosis (17--19)
+     lanceolato-oblongis villosiusculis: leguminibus
+     membranaceo-quadrangulis, caule arboreo. _Ait. Hort. Kew. p. 43._
+
+SOPHORA _tetraptera_. _Job. Miller ic. tab. 1._
+
+[Illustration: No 167]
+
+The magnificent and highly curious species of Sophora here represented,
+is one of the many plants discovered by Sir JOSEPH BANKS at
+New-Zealand, where it forms a tree of a considerable size.
+
+A finer sight can scarcely be imagined than a tree of this sort,
+extending to a great breadth on a wall with a western aspect, in the
+Apothecaries Garden at Chelsea, where it was planted by Mr.
+FORSYTH about the year 1774, and which at this moment (April
+28, 1791) is thickly covered with large pendulous branches of yellow, I
+had almost said golden flowers; for they have a peculiar richness, which
+it is impossible to represent in colouring; in the winter care is taken
+to cover it carefully with mats, least it should suffer from any
+extraordinarily severe weather.
+
+It usually produces a few seed vessels of an uncommon form, having four
+wings, whence its name of _tetraptera_; from some of the seeds which
+have ripened in this country plants have been raised, and by these the
+plant is found to be propagated with the most success; it may also be
+increased by cuttings and layers.
+
+
+
+
+[168]
+
+IRIS PAVONIA. PEACOCK IRIS.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cor._ 6-petala inæqualis, _Petalis_ alternis geniculato-patentibus,
+     _Stigmata_ petaliformia; cucullato-bilabiata.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+IRIS _pavonia_ imberbis folio lineari glabro, scapo subunifloro. _Linn.
+     Syst. Vegetab. p. 92._
+
+[Illustration: No 168]
+
+We have our doubts whether the plant here figured be the _pavonia_ of
+the _Systema Vegetabilium_, as it does not accord so well with the
+description there given, as we could wish; as such however it has been
+regarded by some here, and it must be allowed to answer extremely well
+to the name.
+
+It is a small delicate Iris, about a foot and a half high, with very
+narrow leaves, bearing on the top of the stalk one or at most two
+flowers, three of the petals are large and white, with a brilliant blue
+spot at the base of each, edged on the outer side with deep purple; the
+delicacy of the flower, and the eye-like spot at the base of three of
+the petals, render at one of the most striking plants of the genus.
+
+The figure here given was drawn from a plant which flowered with Messrs.
+GRIMWOOD and Co. last June, who received it from Holland, and
+treat it in the same way as their Cape bulbs, of which country it is
+said to be a native.
+
+It is not mentioned either in Mr. MILLER'S _Gardener's
+Dictionary_, or the _Hortus Kewensis_.
+
+
+
+
+[169]
+
+IXORA COCCINEA. SCARLET IXORA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cor._ 1-petala, infundibuliformis, longa, supera, _Stamina_ supra
+     faucem. _Bacca_ 4-sperma.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+IXORA _coccinea_ foliis ovalibus semiamplexicaulibus, floribus
+     fasciculatis. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed. 14. Murr._ _Ait. Hort. Kew.
+     p. 148._
+
+JASMINUM indicum, lauri folio, inodorum umbellatum, floribus coccineis.
+     _Pluk. alm. 196. t. 59. s. 2._
+
+CERASUS zeylanica humilis sylvestris, floribus holosericeis intense
+     rubris umbellatim congestis, fructibus nigris. _Mus. Zeyl. p. 15._
+
+FLAMMA SYLVARUM _Rumph. Amb. 4. p. 105. t. 46._
+
+[Illustration: No 169]
+
+It will appear strange, we presume, to most of our readers, when they
+are informed, that the _Ixora coccinea_, a plant at present in few
+hands, and which a short time since was sold in some of our nurseries
+for five guineas, should have been known in this country a hundred years
+ago; and yet Mr. AITON, who has so laudably exerted himself, in
+ascertaining the precise period, when most of the exotics cultivated in
+the royal garden at Kew first made their appearance in Great-Britain,
+informs us on very respectable authority, that this plant was introduced
+by Mr. BENTICK in 1690.
+
+There is every reason to suppose, that this splendid exotic did not long
+survive its introduction; on inquiry, we learn that it was reintroduced
+about fifteen years ago, by the late Dr. JOHN FOTHERGILL, a
+name, to medicine and botany ever dear, in whose rich and magnificent
+collection at Upton was first known to flower; about the same time, the
+late Mr. THOBURN, Nurseryman at Brompton, raised a few Ixoras
+from foreign seeds, and from these (an accident having happened to the
+plant which was Dr. FOTHERGILL'S) are said to have arisen the
+plants at present in this country.
+
+Both RHEEDE and RUMPHIUS describe and figure this
+plant in their respective works, the _Hortus Malabaricus_ and _Herbarium
+Amboinense_; it is mentioned also by several other authors: from their
+various accounts we discover, that in different parts of India, where it
+grows wild, it forms a slender shrub, or tree, about six feet high,
+rising generally with a single stem; that its clusters of flowers, seen
+from afar are so brilliant as to resemble a burning coal, especially in
+a dark wood, whence its name of _Flamma Sylvarum_; that it grows in the
+woods, and flowers in September and October, producing a black fruit,
+the size of small cherries, on which the peacocks are supposed to feed,
+and from whence they have obtained the name of _Cerasa Pavonina_. The
+Chinese call it _Santanhoa_; with them it produces flowers and fruit the
+year through, and they hold the blossoms in such veneration, as to use
+them in the sacrifices they make to their idol IXORA, whence
+LINNÆUS has taken the name applied by him to this genus. The
+root is said to possess some acrimony, and to be made use of by the
+natives in curing the toothach.
+
+It is customary in this country, to treat the _Ixora_ as a stove plant;
+perhaps it may be less tender than we are aware of; it flowers in July
+and August, but has not been known to produce fruit; is increased from
+cuttings, without much difficulty.
+
+Our drawing was taken from a small but very healthy plant in the stove
+of Mr. WHITLEY (late THOBURN and WHITLEY, Brompton).
+
+LINNÆUS describes, and some authors figure this plant with
+stipulæ, which our plant had not, not being arrived at an age, perhaps,
+to produce them.
+
+
+
+
+[170]
+
+DRABA AIZOIDES. SENGREEN DRABA, or WHITLOW-GRASS.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Silicula_ integra, ovali-oblonga: valvis planiusculis, dissepimento
+     parallelis. _Stylus_ nullus.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+DRABA _aizoides_ scapo nudo simplici, foliis ensiformibus carinatis
+     ciliatis. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed. Murr. p. 372._ _Ait. Hort. Kew.
+     v. 2. p. 372._
+
+SEDUM alpinum hirsutum luteum. _Bauh. Pin. 284._
+
+LEUCOJUM luteum aizoides montanum. _Col. Ecphr. 2. p. 62._
+
+[Illustration: No 170]
+
+The plant here figured, a native of the German Alps, is one of those
+whose beauty cannot be shewn in a small detached piece of it; to be
+admired, it must be seen in a tuft of some considerable size, which it
+is much disposed to form when growing among rock-work, for which, like
+many other small Alpine plants, it is well suited; thus elevated above
+the surface of the ground, the various beauties of this humble race are
+more distinctly seen, and their curious structure more readily
+inspected.
+
+This species is the more to be esteemed, as it flowers very early in the
+spring, in March, and the beginning of April, and continues in blossom
+about six weeks.
+
+LINNÆUS originally confounded it with a similar plant, the
+_Draba alpina_, a mistake since rectified in his _Mantissa Plant. p.
+91._
+
+
+
+
+[171]
+
+IXIA CHINENSIS. CHINESE IXIA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cor._ 6-partita, campanulata, regularis. _Stigmata_ 3.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+IXIA _chinensis_ foliis ensiformibus; floribus remotis, panicula
+     dichotoma, floribus pedunculatis. _Linn. Sp. Pl. v. i. p. 52._
+     _Ait. Hort. Kew. v. i. p. 62._
+
+MORÆA _chinensis_ caule compresso, foliis ensiformibus, panicula
+     dichotoma, floribus pedunculatis. _Murr. Syst. Vegetab. p. 93._
+
+[Illustration: No 171]
+
+In that elaborate and inestimable work, the _Hortus Malabaricus_, we
+have a good figure of the plant here exhibited, accompanied by a minute
+description; the author informs us that it grows spontaneously in India,
+attaining the height even of five or six feet, and affecting a sandy
+soil; the natives consider it as an antidote to poisons in general, and
+regard the bruised root as peculiarly efficacious in curing the bite of
+the serpent, called Cobra de Copella.
+
+We raised plants of it last year from seeds imparted to us by J.
+IBBETTSON, Esq. of the Admiralty; this year, during the months of
+August and September, many of them have flowered, and capsules are
+forming which have every appearance of producing perfect seeds; the root
+of this plant is yellow, and tuberous like that of the Iris, the leaves
+also greatly resemble those of that tribe, it grows to the height of
+about three feet, and produces a considerable number of flowers in
+succession each of which is of short duration.
+
+The root and radical leaves as represented on the plate are much smaller
+than in plants which have been long established.
+
+Our plants stood in pots in the open ground through the winter of 1790-1
+without injury, but it must be remembered, that the weather during that
+period was uncommonly mild; it will be safest therefore to consider
+it as a tender herbaceous plant.
+
+It differs so much in its fructification from many others of the genus,
+that Prof. MURRAY has considered it as a _Moræa_, with which,
+in our humble opinion, it has scarcely any affinity.
+
+
+
+
+[172]
+
+LAMIUM ORVALA. BALM-LEAVED ARCHANGEL, or DEAD-NETTLE.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Corollæ_ labium superius integrum, fornicatum; lab. infer. 2-lobum;
+     faux utrinque margine dentata.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+LAMIUM _Orvala_ foliis cordatis inæqualiter arguteque serratis, corollis
+     fauce inflata, caulibus coloratis. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed. 14.
+     Murr. p. 534._
+
+LAMIUM maximum sylvaticum alterum. _Bauh. Pin. 231._
+
+GALEOPSIS maxima pannonica. _Clus. hist. 2. p. 35._ Hungary Dead-Nettle,
+     or the Dragon Flower. _Park. Parad. p. 385._
+
+[Illustration: No 172]
+
+Few of the plants of this genus have been thought to possess sufficient
+beauty for the flower-garden, the present one excepted, the magnificence
+of whose blossoms justly entitles it to rank with the more curious, if
+not the most beautiful of the vegetable tribes.
+
+Though not common in our gardens, it has long been introduced, having
+been cultivated and accurately described, though badly figured, by
+PARKINSON in his _Parad. terr._
+
+It grows spontaneously in the woods of Italy and Hungary, and flowers
+with us about the latter end of April, at which time, if cold winds
+prevail, it is apt to be injured, unless placed in a sheltered part of
+the garden.
+
+It may be propagated either by seeds, or by parting its roots in autumn,
+is a hardy plant and grows readily.
+
+
+
+
+[173]
+
+AITONIA CAPENSIS. CAPE AITONIA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+MONADELPHIA OCTANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+Monogyna. _Cal._ 4-partitus. _Cor._ 4-petala. _Bacca_ sicca,
+     4-angularis, 1-locularis, polysperma.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+AITONIA _Capensis_. _Linn. Suppl. Pl. p. 303._ _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed.
+     14. Murr. p. 612._
+
+COTYLEDON foliis linearibus, flore quadrifido, fructu subrotundo. _Burm.
+     Afric. 53. t. 21. s. 2._
+
+[Illustration: No 173]
+
+This genus, of which there is only one known species, has been named by
+the younger LINNÆUS, in honour of Mr. WILLIAM AITON, author of the
+_Hortus Kewensis_, and Botanic Gardener to his Majesty. The great length
+of time[5], Mr. AITON has been engaged in the cultivation of plants, the
+immense numbers which have been the constant objects of his care through
+every period of their growth, joined to his superior discernment, give
+him a decided superiority in the _prima facie_ knowledge of living
+plants over most Botanists the present day; his abilities in the other
+line of his profession, are displayed in the eulogies of all who have
+seen the royal collection at Kew, which he has the honour to
+superintend.
+
+The Aitonia is a native of the Cape, and was introduced by Mr.
+MASSON, in the year 1774.
+
+It is a greenhouse shrub of slow growth, seldom exceeding three feet in
+height; producing, when of sufficient age, flowers and fruit through
+most of the year; the fruit is a large dry angular berry, of a fine red
+colour.
+
+Our drawing was made from a very fine plant, formerly Dr. FOTHERGILL'S,
+now in the collection of Messrs. GRIMWOOD and Co. Kensington.
+
+It is only to be raised from seeds, which are sparingly produced in this
+country.
+
+
+
+
+[174]
+
+BUDDLEA GLOBOSA. ROUND-HEADED BUDDLEA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 4-fidus. _Cor._ 4-fida. _Stamina_ ex incifuris. _Caps._ 2-fulca,
+     2-locularis, polysperma.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+BUDDLEA _globosa_ foliis lanceolatis, capitulis solitariis. _Ait. Hort.
+     Kew. p. 150. V. 1._
+
+BUDLEJA _globosa_. _Hope in Act. Harlem, V. 20. part. 2. p. 417. t. 11._
+
+PALQUIN _Feuil. it. 3. p. 51. t. 38._
+
+[Illustration: No 174]
+
+Mr. ADAM BUDDLE, in honour of whom the present genus has been
+originally named by Dr. HOUSTON, was an ingenious English
+Botanist, cotemporary with, and the friend of PETIVER; his name
+is often mentioned in the _Synopsis_ of Mr. RAY and his _Hortus
+Siccus_, or dried collection of British plants, preserved in the British
+Museum, still resorted to in doubtful cases.
+
+The present species not enumerated either by LINNÆUS or
+MILLER, is a native of Chili, and according to the _Hort. Kew._
+was introduced by Messrs. KENNEDY and LEE, in 1774.
+
+It has been customary, in consideration of its native place of growth,
+to treat it here as a greenhouse plant, for which situation it soon
+becomes unfit from its magnitude; some have ventured to plant it in the
+open borders in warm sheltered situations, where it has been found to
+succeed very well, producing its beautiful yellow blossoms in abundance;
+care must be taken, however, to guard it carefully from severe frosts,
+which are apt to destroy it.
+
+It flowers in May and June, and is usually propagated by cuttings or
+layers.
+
+
+
+
+[175]
+
+KALMIA LATIFOLIA. BROAD-LEAV'D KALMIA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Calyx_ 5-partitus. _Cor._ hypocrateriformis: limbo subtus quinquecorni.
+     _Caps._ 5-locularis.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+KALMIA _latifolia_ foliis ovato-ellipticis ternis sparsisque, corymbis
+     terminalibus. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. p. 64. ed. 14. Murr._ _Ait.
+     Hort. Kew. V. 2. p. 64._
+
+ANDROMEDA foliis ovatis obtusis, corollis corymbosis infundibuliformis,
+     genitalibus declinatis. _Fl. Virg. 160._
+
+CHAMÆDAPHNE foliis tini, floribus bullatis. _Catesb. Car. 11. t. 98._
+
+CISTUS chamærhododendros Mariana laurifolia, floribus expansis, summo
+     ramulo in umbellam plurimis. _Pluk. mant. 49. t. 379. s. 6._ The
+     common Laurel, vulgarly called Ivy.
+
+[Illustration: No 175]
+
+Professor KALM (in honour of whom LINNÆUS, as before
+has been observed, named this genus of plants) in his travels into
+North-America, published in English by Mr. FORSTER, relates
+that he found this species in various provinces of that extensive
+continent, as Pensylvania, New-Jersey, and New-York, growing most
+commonly on the sides of hills, sometimes in woods; that it flourished
+most on the northern sides of the hills, especially where they were
+intersected by rivulets; he observes, that when all the other trees had
+lost their ornaments, this enlivened the woods by the verdure of its
+foliage, and that about the month of May, it was covered with a
+profusion of blossoms of unrivalled beauty.
+
+
+
+
+[176]
+
+CYTISUS LABURNUM. COMMON LABURNUM.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 2-labiatus: 2/3. _Legumen_ basi attenuatum.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+CYTISUS _Laburnum_ racemis simplicibus pendulis, foliolis
+     ovato-oblongis. _Linn. Syst. Veg. p. 666. ed. 14. Murr._ _Ait.
+     Hort. Kew. V. 3. p. 49._
+
+LABURNUM arbor trifolia anagyridi similis. _Bauh. hist. 2. p. 361._
+
+LABURNUM. Beane Trefoile. _Park. Parad. p. 438._
+
+[Illustration: No 176]
+
+Of the Laburnum, our nurseries afford two principal varieties, the broad
+and narrow-leav'd; the latter (which is the one here figured) Mr. MILLER
+was induced to make a species of under the name of _alpinum_; it
+certainly differs very materially from the broad-leav'd one, yet is most
+probably only a seminal variety; the Laburnum figured in its wild state
+by Professor JACQUIN, in his _Flora Austriaca_, has much broader leaves
+than ours, no mention is made by him of its being subject to vary.
+
+Both MILLER and HANBURY recommend the Laburnum to be cultivated not only
+as an ornamental but as a timber tree, the wood having a very close
+grain, a good colour, and bearing a high polish;[6] they urge in its
+favour, that it is very hardy, a quick grower, and one that will thrive
+in almost any soil; the latter says, it will become a timber tree of
+more than a yard in girt: whatever success may attend its cultivation
+for the more useful purposes, as a hardy, deciduous, ornamental tree, it
+has long been the pride of our shrubberies and plantations.
+
+It blossoms in May, and is usually very productive of seeds, by which it
+may be propagated most readily.
+
+Hares and rabbits being fond of its bark, do great damage to plantations
+of Laburnum, especially in severe weather; I remember somewhere to have
+read, that these animals will not touch a tree if soot has been placed
+about it; perhaps, a circle drawn round the base of the tree with the
+new coal tar, which has a powerful smell of long duration, might keep
+off these noxious animals.
+
+The Professor does not mention the precise height which he had observed
+these trees to attain in North-America, but it is evident that they
+acquire a considerable thickness, as the wood of the root as well as the
+body of the tree is manufactured into various utensils by the natives,
+and by the Indians into spoons in particular, whence it has obtained the
+name of the _Spoon Tree_.
+
+The leaves have been found to prove poisonous to kine, horses, and
+sheep, but the deer are observed to brouse on them with impunity.
+
+PETER COLLINSON, Esq. who was highly instrumental in enriching
+this country with the native plants of North-America, is said to have
+introduced this elegant species about the year 1734.
+
+With us it succeeds best when planted with a northern aspect, well
+sheltered, in a soil composed of loam and bog earth, in a situation
+moderately moist, where the air is perfectly pure.
+
+Being with difficulty propagated by suckers or layers, it is most
+commonly raised from American seeds.
+
+
+
+
+[177]
+
+KALMIA GLAUCA. GLAUCOUS KALMIA.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+KALMIA _glauca_ foliis oppositis oblongis lævigatis, subtus glaucis,
+     margine revolutis, corymbis terminalibus, ramulis ancipitibus.
+     _Ait. Hort. Kew. V. 2. p. 64. tab. 8._
+
+[Illustration: No 177]
+
+This species (much inferior in size to the _latifolia_, as it rarely
+exceeds two feet in height) is a native of Newfoundland, where it was
+discovered by Sir JOSEPH BANKS, Bart. and by him introduced to
+this country in the year 1767.
+
+It is of course not described by Mr. MILLER, nor is it mentioned the in
+the 14th edition of LINNÆUS'S _Syst. Vegetab._ by Professor MURRAY; in
+the _Hort. Kew._ of Mr. AITON, it is both described and figured.
+
+It flowers in April and May, is propagated in the same manner and
+requires the same treatment as the _latifolia_.
+
+
+
+
+[178]
+
+HYPERICUM CORIS. HEATH-LEAV'D. ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+
+POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ 5-phyllus. _Petala_ 5. _Nect._ 0. _Capsula._
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+HYPERICUM _Coris_ floribus trigynis, calycibus serrato-glandulosis,
+     foliis subverticillatis. _Linn. Syst. Veget. ed. 14. Murr. p. 702._
+
+CORIS lutea. _Bauh. pin. 280._
+
+CORIS legitima, Ericæ similis. _Hon. Belli, ep. 1. ad Cluj. Clus. op. V.
+     1. p. 299._
+
+CORIS. _Matthioli 939._
+
+[Illustration: No 178]
+
+There is an elegance and neatness in most of this tribe, and none
+possess those qualities in a greater degree than the present species,
+which is a charming little evergreen, admirably adapted for the
+greenhouse, as it forms a pretty bulb, and flowers during most of the
+summer.
+
+It grows spontaneously in the South of Europe, and many parts of the
+Levant; HONORIUS BELLUS, in his epistle CLUSIUS (_vid. Clus. op_.)
+describes it as growing on the hilly parts of the island of Crete.
+
+Mr. LEE, of Hammersmith, received it about four years since
+from the Crimea.
+
+It is propagated by cuttings.
+
+
+
+
+[179]
+
+FUMARIA GLAUCA. GLAUCOUS FUMITORY.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cal._ diphyllus. _Cor._ ringens. _Filamenta_ 2, membranacea, singula
+     _Antheris_ 3.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+FUMARIA _sempervirens_ siliquis linearibus paniculatis, caule erecto.
+     _Linn. Sp. Pl. V. 2. p. 984. Syst. Vegetab. ed. 14. Murr. p. 837._
+     _Ait. Hort. Kew. V. 3. p. 2._ Bastard Fumitory. _Mill. Dict. ed. 6.
+     4to._
+
+FUMARIA siliquosa sempervirens. _Corn. Canad. 57. t. 57._
+
+[Illustration: No 179]
+
+The term _sempervirens_ applied to this plant by LINNÆUS,
+originated in the description given of it by CORNUTUS; (_vid.
+Syn_.) the impropriety of calling an annual plant (for such it
+undoubtedly is with us, and must be in Canada, its native place of
+growth) an _evergreen_, has appeared to us too glaring to be continued;
+we have thought the promotion of the science required a change in the
+name, and have therefore altered it to that of _glauca_, as coinciding
+with the English name of _glaucous_, given it by Mr. AITON in
+his _Hortus Kewensis_; for to the delicate, pleasing, glaucous hue of
+its foliage, it owes its beauty, as much as to the lively colours of its
+blossoms.
+
+It is a hardy annual, coming up spontaneously in the open border where
+it has once flowered and seeded, and sometimes reaching the height of
+two feet.
+
+It flowers from June to September.
+
+Mr. AITON informs us of its having been cultivated by Mr.
+JAMES SUTHERLAND in the year 1683. Strange! that it should yet
+be a rarity in our gardens.
+
+
+
+
+[180]
+
+AZALEA NUDIFLORA _var._ COCCINEA. SCARLET AZALEA.
+
+_Class and Order._
+
+PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+_Generic Character._
+
+_Cor._ campanulata. _Stamina_ receptaculo inferta. _Caps._ 1-locularis.
+
+_Specific Character and Synonyms._
+
+AZALEA _nudiflora_ foliis ovatis, corollis pilosis, staminibus
+     longissimis. _Linn. Syst. Vegetab. ed. 14. Murr. p. 198._ _Ait.
+     Hort. Kew. V. 1. p. 202._
+
+CISTUS virginiana, periclymeni flore ampliori minus odorato. _Pluck.
+     Mant. 49._
+
+[Illustration: No 180]
+
+Whether the variety of the Azalea nudiflora here figured, was originally
+introduced to this country by Mrs. NORMAN of Bromley in Kent,
+or Mr. BEWICK of Clapham in Surrey (both celebrated for their
+collections of American plants) we cannot with certainty assert; true it
+is, the Azalea coccinea was little known here till the sale of Mr.
+BEWICK'S plant in 1722; a considerable number of these shrubs
+formed the choicest part of that collection, and sold at high prices,
+one of them produced twenty guineas: prior to this period, Mr.
+BEWICK had presented one of the same sort of shrubs to Mr.
+THOBURN, the fruits of whose skill and assiduous care in the
+cultivation of American plants are apparent in his late nursery at
+Brompton, now Mr. WHITLEY'S, and from the produce of which
+plant our figure was taken.
+
+The original species, found abundantly in the more southern parts of
+North-America, was introduced, according to Mr. AITON'S
+account, by PETER COLLINSON, Esq. about the year 1724.
+
+The brilliancy of colour and a happy combination of form, unite in
+rendering the variety here figured, one of the most beautiful plants in
+nature: yet it wants the fragrance of some of the varieties of the
+_viscosa_.
+
+It flowers in June and continues in blossom about three weeks, requires
+a sheltered but not too shady a situation, more dry than moist, and a
+soil composed of loam and bog earth, or rotten leaves.
+
+The usual mode of propagating it is by layers; care must be taken not to
+remove the offspring too soon from the mother plant.
+
+
+
+
+    INDEX.
+
+    In which the Latin Names of
+    the Plants contained in the
+    _Fourth Volume_ are alphabetically
+    arranged.
+
+    _Pl._
+
+  173 Aitonia capensis.
+  159 Alyssum saxatile.
+  161 Amygdalus nana.
+  180 Azalea nudiflora _var._ coccinea.
+  174 Buddlea globosa.
+  153 Bulbocodium vernum.
+  166 Cheiranthus maritimus.
+  156 Coreopsis verticillata.
+  176 Cytisus Laburnum.
+  147 Dais continifolia.
+  170 Draba aizoides.
+  152 Epidendrum cochleatum.
+  179 Fumaria glauca.
+  158 Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.
+  157 Hyacinthus botryoides.
+  146 Hypericum calycinum.
+  178 Hypericum Coris.
+  168 Iris pavonia.
+  171 Ixia chinensis.
+  169 Ixora coccinea.
+  175 Kalmia latifolia.
+  177 Kalmia glauca.
+  172 Lamium Orvala.
+  151 Lotus tetragonolobus.
+  145 Monarda fistulosa _var._
+  155 Oxalis versicolor.
+  165 Pelargonium cordifolium.
+  148 Pelargonium betulinum.
+  163 Phlox divaricata.
+  160 Pumonaria virginica.
+  164 Ranunculus gramineus.
+  162 Sanguinaria canadensis.
+  167 Sophora tetraptera.
+  154 Saponaria Ocymoides.
+  150 Tagetes patula.
+  149 Zinnia multiflora.
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX.
+
+    In which the English Names
+    of the Plants contained in
+    the _Fourth Volume_ are alphabetically
+    arranged.
+
+    _Pl._
+
+  173 Aitonia cape.
+  161 Almond dwarf.
+  159 Alyssum yellow.
+  172 Archangel balm-leav'd.
+  180 Azalea scarlet.
+  174 Buddlea round-headed.
+  153 Bulbocodium vernal.
+  148 Crane's-bill birch-leav'd.
+  165 Crane's-bill heart-leav'd.
+  164 Crowsfoot grass-leav'd.
+  156 Coreopsis whorled.
+  147 Dais continus-leav'd.
+  170 Draba fengreen.
+  152 Epidendrum two-leav'd.
+  179 Fumitory glaucous.
+  158 Hisicus china-rose.
+  157 Hyacinth grape.
+  168 Iris peacock.
+  171 Ixia Chinese.
+  169 Ixora scarlet.
+  175 Kalmia broad-leav'd.
+  177 Kalmia glaucous.
+  176 Laburnum common.
+  151 Lotus winged.
+  160 Lungwort Virginian.
+  163 Lychnidea early-flowering.
+  150 Marigold French.
+  145 Monarda crimson.
+  162 Puccoon Canada.
+  146 St. John's-wort large-flower'd.
+  178 St. John's-wort heath-leav'd.
+  154 Soap-wort basil.
+  167 Sophora winged-podded.
+  166 Stock Mediterranean.
+  155 Wood-sorrel striped-flower'd.
+  149 Zinnia many-flower'd.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+[1] Pulcherrimos et latissimos in rupibus cespites efficit. _Haller._
+
+[2] Delectatur solo duro, arenoso, umbroso sylvarum. _Jacquin._
+
+[3] _Ait. Hort. Kew._
+
+[4] Provenit sponte in America occidentali five in Virginia seu Canada,
+unde semen ad nos delata, quibus propagata ejus fobeles abundanter satis
+in hortulo suburbano Gul. Walker non longe a palatio Divi Jacobi, sito
+in vico ejusdem nominis Jacobeo dicto.
+
+[5] Mr. A. was a pupil of the celebrated Mr. MILLER.
+
+[6] MATTHIOLUS long since noticed the excellence of this wood,
+and speaks of it as being particularly used for making the best kind of
+bows; are our modern Toxopholites acquainted with this circumstance?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Botanical Magazine, Vol. V, by William Curtis
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, VOL. V ***
+
+***** This file should be named 19123-8.txt or 19123-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/1/2/19123/
+
+Produced by University of Georgia Libraries, Jason Isbell,
+Janet Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreaders
+Europe at http://dp.rastko.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+