diff options
Diffstat (limited to '19115-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/19115-h.htm | 4189 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/frontis-a.png | bin | 0 -> 32839 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/frontis-b.png | bin | 0 -> 147136 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/frontis-c.png | bin | 0 -> 49748 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-010.png | bin | 0 -> 146590 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-013.png | bin | 0 -> 93475 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-014.png | bin | 0 -> 110194 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-016.png | bin | 0 -> 80315 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-017a.png | bin | 0 -> 73345 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-017b.png | bin | 0 -> 59801 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-018.png | bin | 0 -> 117664 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-019.png | bin | 0 -> 161889 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-020.png | bin | 0 -> 75285 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-021.png | bin | 0 -> 259626 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-024.png | bin | 0 -> 99310 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-025.png | bin | 0 -> 83813 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-026.png | bin | 0 -> 148550 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-029.png | bin | 0 -> 22247 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-030a.png | bin | 0 -> 1041 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-030b1.png | bin | 0 -> 1009 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-030b2.png | bin | 0 -> 658 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-030b3.png | bin | 0 -> 846 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-030b4.png | bin | 0 -> 463 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-030b5.png | bin | 0 -> 847 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-030b6.png | bin | 0 -> 688 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-031.png | bin | 0 -> 186173 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-036.png | bin | 0 -> 467 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-038a.png | bin | 0 -> 2148 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-038b1.png | bin | 0 -> 1068 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-038b2.png | bin | 0 -> 995 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-038b3.png | bin | 0 -> 973 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-039a.png | bin | 0 -> 1289 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-039b.png | bin | 0 -> 1553 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-039c.png | bin | 0 -> 1575 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-040.jpg | bin | 0 -> 223912 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-040a.png | bin | 0 -> 1129 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-040b.png | bin | 0 -> 780 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-040c.png | bin | 0 -> 442 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-040d.png | bin | 0 -> 440 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-040e.png | bin | 0 -> 714 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-041.png | bin | 0 -> 65781 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-041b.png | bin | 0 -> 9862 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-043.jpg | bin | 0 -> 119975 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-043a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 55540 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-043b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 124387 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-043f.png | bin | 0 -> 91662 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-051a.png | bin | 0 -> 45638 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-051b.png | bin | 0 -> 6007 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-053a.png | bin | 0 -> 86590 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-053b.png | bin | 0 -> 76824 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-053fa.jpg | bin | 0 -> 115023 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-053fb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 127388 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-059.png | bin | 0 -> 91985 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19115-h/images/ill-063.png | bin | 0 -> 121181 bytes |
54 files changed, 4189 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/19115-h/19115-h.htm b/19115-h/19115-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f5855e --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/19115-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4189 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<meta content="pg2html (binary v0.18)" name="generator" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of + Roman Britain in 1914, + by Professor F. Haverfield +</title> +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: serif; } + p { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 100%; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { text-align: center; } + hr { width: 50%; } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + .foot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 85%; } + .quote { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; text-indent: 0em; } + .figure { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps; } + center { padding: 0.8em;} + .center { text-indent:0;text-align:center;} + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt; color: gray; background-color: inherit;} + span.ss { font-family: sans-serif!important; font-weight: bold!important; } + span.sc { font-variant: small-caps; } + a,img { border: none; } + td { vertical-align: bottom; } + td > p.quote { padding:0; margin: 0em 0em 0em 3em; } /* p quote children of td change margins and padding */ + .platebord { border: thin dotted gray; padding: 2em 1em 2em 1em; } + span.sc2 { font-variant: small-caps; display:block; margin: 1em 0em .5em -2em;} + .periodical > p { text-indent: 0em; margin-left: 2em; } + +/*]]>*/ + // --> +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Roman Britain in 1914, by F. Haverfield + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Roman Britain in 1914 + +Author: F. Haverfield + +Release Date: August 25, 2006 [EBook #19115] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1914 *** + + + + +Produced by Ted Garvin, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<div class="platebord"> + +<a name="image-0001"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/frontis-a.png"><img src="images/frontis-a.png" style="width:135px;height:135px;" alt="Head of Silenus" /></a> +</div> +<p class="center"> +(A) Head of Silenus (1/1). Probably an artist's die,<br /> for casting stamps for stamped ware (<a href="#page20">p. 20</a>) +</p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/frontis-b.png"><img src="images/frontis-b.png" style="width:394px;height:235px;" alt="Fragment of stamped ware" /></a> +</div> +<p class="center"> +(B) Fragment of stamped ware (1/1), with ornament imitated from Samian (<a href="#page19">p. 19</a>) +</p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/frontis-c.png"><img src="images/frontis-c.png" style="width:249px;height:83px;" alt="Stamp for Mortarium" /></a> +</div> +<p class="center"> +(C) <span class="sc">Stamp for Mortarium</span> (1/1) +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="sc">Fig. 1. Pottery Stamps and Stamped Pottery from Holt</span>. +</p> + +</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page1" name="page1"></a>[1]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0001" id="h2H_4_0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h3> + THE BRITISH ACADEMY +<br /> + SUPPLEMENTAL PAPERS. III +</h3> + +<div style="height: 3em;"><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h1> + Roman Britain in 1914 +</h1> + +<h2> +By Professor F. Haverfield +</h2> +<h3> +Fellow of the Academy +</h3> + +<div style="height: 3em;"><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<p class="center"> +London: 1915 <br /> +Published for the British Academy <br /> +By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press <br /> +Amen Corner, E.C. +</p> + + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page2" name="page2"></a>[2]</span> + +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page3" name="page3"></a>[3]</span> +</p> + +<a name="h2H_TOC" id="h2H_TOC"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + TABLE OF CONTENTS +</h2> + + +<table summary="Table of Contents" align="center"> + +<tr><td></td><td></td> <td align="right"><span class="sc">Page</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><span class="sc">List of Illustrations</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#page4">4</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><span class="sc">Preface</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>A.</td><td><span class="sc">Retrospect of Finds made in 1914</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#page7">7</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td> + <p class="quote">(<i>a</i>) Raedykes, near Stonehaven; Wall of Pius; Traprain Law; + Northumberland (Featherwood, Chesterholm, Corbridge); Weardale + (co. Durham); Appleby; Ambleside (fort at Borrans); Lancaster; + Ribchester; Slack (near Huddersfield); Holt; Cardiff; + Richborough.</p></td><td></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td> + <p class="quote">(<i>b</i>) Wroxeter; Lincoln; Gloucester; London; country houses + and farms; Lowbury (Berkshire); Beachy Head, Eastbourne; + Parc-y-Meirch (North Wales)</p></td> <td align="right"><a href="#page21">21</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> B.</td> <td><span class="sc">Roman Inscriptions found in 1914</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#page29">29</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td> + <p class="quote">Balmuildy (Wall of Pius); Traprain Law; Featherwood (altar); + Chesterholm (two altars); Corbridge (inscribed tile); Weardale + (bronze <i>paterae</i>); Holt (centurial stone and tile); Lincoln; + London; rediscovered milestone near Appleby.</p></td><td></td></tr> + +<tr><td>C.</td><td><span class="sc">Publications relating to Roman Britain in 1914</span>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><p class="quote">1. General</p></td><td align="right"><a href="#page38">38</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><p class="quote">2. Special sites or districts</p></td><td align="right"><a href="#page41">41</a></td></tr> + + +<tr><td></td><td><span class="sc">Appendix: List of Periodicals having reference to Roman Britain</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td><span class="sc">Index of Places</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page67">67</a></td></tr> + +</table> + +<a name="h2H_4_0003" id="h2H_4_0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page4" name="page4"></a>[4]</span> +</p> + +<a name="h2H_LIST" id="h2H_LIST"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS +</h2> + +<table border="0" align="center" width="100%" summary="List of Illustrations"> + +<tr><td></td> <td align="right"><span class="sc">Page</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 1. Pottery-stamps and stamped pottery from Holt (see <a href="#page19">p. 19</a>) </td><td align="right"><a href="#image-0001"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 2. Plan of Roman Fort at Borrans, Ambleside. From a plan by + Mr. R. G. Collingwood </td><td align="right"><a href="#page10">10</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 3. Sketch plan of Principia (Praetorium) of Roman Fort at + Ribchester. After a plan by Mr. D. Atkinson and + Prof. W. B. Anderson </td><td align="right"><a href="#page13">13</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 4. Sketch plan of part of the Roman Fort at Slack. From a plan by + Messrs. A. Woodward and P. Ross </td><td align="right"><a href="#page14">14</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 5. Holt, plan of site </td><td align="right"><a href="#page16">16</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 6. Holt, plan of barracks </td><td align="right"><a href="#page17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 7. Holt, plan of dwelling-house and bath-house </td><td align="right"><a href="#page17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 8. Holt, plan of kilns </td><td align="right"><a href="#page18">18</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 9. Holt, reconstruction of the kilns shown in fig. 8 </td><td align="right"><a href="#page18">18</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 10, 11. Holt, stamped 'imitation Samian' ware </td><td align="right"><a href="#page20">20</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> <p>(Figs. 1 and 5-11 are from photographs or drawings lent by Mr. A. Acton, of Wrexham)</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 12. Sketch plan of Roman bath-house at East Grimstead, after + a plan by Mr. Heywood Sumner </td><td align="right"><a href="#page24">24</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 13. Sketch plan of Romano-British house at North Ash, after a + plan prepared by the Dartford Antiquarian Society </td><td align="right"><a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 14. Plan of Romano-British house at Clanville. After a plan by + the Rev. G. Engleheart, in <i>Archaeologia</i> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page26">26</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 15. Fragment of inscription found at Balmuildy </td><td align="right"><a href="#page29">29</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 16. Altar found at Chesterholm, drawn from a photograph </td><td align="right"><a href="#page31">31</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 17-19. Graves and grave-nails, Infirmary Field, Chester. + From drawings and photographs by Prof. Newstead </td><td align="right"><a href="#page41">41-2</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 20-22. The Mersea grave-mound. From the Report of the Morant + Club and Essex Archaeological Society </td><td align="right"><a href="#page43">43</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 23, 24. Margidunum, plan and seal-box. From the <i>Antiquary</i> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 25-28. Plan, section and views of the podium of the temple at + Wroxeter. From the Report by Mr. Bushe-Fox </td><td align="right"><a href="#page53">53</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 29. General plan of the Roman fort and precincts at Gellygaer. + After plans by Mr. J. Ward </td><td align="right"><a href="#page59">59</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> 30. Postholes at Gellygaer </td><td align="right"><a href="#page63">63</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +For the loan of blocks 14, 17-20, 21-2, and 23-4, I am indebted +respectively to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, Prof. Newstead, +and the Liverpool University Press, the Morant Club and the Essex +Archaeological Society, and the publisher of the <i>Antiquary</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page5" name="page5"></a>[5]</span> +</p> + +<a name="h2H_PREF" id="h2H_PREF"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + PREFACE +</h2> + +<p> +The contents of the present volume are of much the same character as +those of its predecessor, 'Roman Britain in 1913'. The first section +gives a retrospect of the chief finds made in 1914, so far as they are +known to me. The second section is a more detailed and technical survey +of the inscriptions found in Britain during that year. The third and +longest section is a summary, with some attempt at estimate and +criticism, of books and articles dealing with Roman Britain which +appeared in 1914 or at least bear that date on cover or title-page. +At the end I have added, for convenience, a list of the English +archaeological and other publications which at least sometimes contain +noteworthy articles relating to Roman Britain. +</p> +<p> +The total, both of finds and of publications, is smaller than in 1913. +In part the outbreak of war in August called off various supervisors +and not a few workmen from excavations then in progress; in one case +it prevented a proposed excavation from being begun. It also seems to +have retarded the issue of some archaeological periodicals. But the +scarcity of finds is much more due to natural causes. The most extensive +excavations of the year, those of Wroxeter and Corbridge, yielded +little; they were both concerned with remains which had to be explored +in the course of a complete uncovering of those sites but which were not +in themselves very interesting. The lesser sites, too, were somewhat +unproductive, though at least one, Traprain Law, is full of promise for +the future, and good work has been done in the systematic examination +of the fort at Ambleside and of certain rubbish-pits in London. In one +case, that of Holt (<a href="#page15">pp. 15-21</a>), where excavations have for the present +come to an end, I have thought it well to include a brief retrospect +of the whole of a very interesting series of finds and, aided by the +kindness of the excavator, Mr. Arthur Acton of Wrexham, to add some +illustrations of notable objects which have not yet appeared elsewhere +in print. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name="page6"></a>[6]</span> +</p> +<p> </p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>[7]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0006" id="h2H_4_0006"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + A. RETROSPECT OF FINDS MADE IN 1914 +</h2> +<h3> + i-xiv. <span class="sc">Finds relating to the Roman Military Occupation</span>. +</h3> +<p> +(i) The exploration of the Roman-seeming earthworks in northern Scotland +which Dr. Macdonald and I began in 1913 at Ythan Wells, in Aberdeenshire +(Report for 1913, p. 7), was continued in 1914 by Dr. Macdonald at +Raedykes, otherwise called Garrison Hill, three miles inland from +Stonehaven. Here Roy saw and planned a large camp of very irregular +outline, which he took to be Roman.<a href="#note-1" name="noteref-1"><small>1</small></a> Since his time the ramparts have +been somewhat ploughed down, but Dr. Macdonald could trace them round, +identify the six gateways, and generally confirm Roy's plan, apart from +its hill-shading. The ramparts proved to be of two kinds: part was built +solidly of earth, with a deep ditch of Roman shape strengthened in +places with clay, in front of it, while part was roughly piled with +stones and defended only by a shallow rounded ditch. This difference +seemed due to the differing nature of the ground; ditch and rampart were +slighter where attack was less easy. The gateways were wide and provided +with traverses (<i>tituli</i> or <i>tutuli</i>), as at Ythan Wells. No +small finds were secured. The general character of the gateways and +ramparts seemed to show Roman workmanship, but the exact date within the +Roman period remained doubtful. It has been suggested that the traverses +indicate Flavian rather than Antonine fortifying. But these devices are +met with in Britain at Bar Hill, which presumably dates from about A.D. +140, and on Hadrian's Wall in third-century work. +</p> +<p> +(ii) <i>Wall of Pius and its forts.</i> At Balmuildy, north of Glasgow +(see Report for 1913, p. 10), Mr. Miller has further cleared the baths +outside the south-east corner of the fort and the adjacent ditches. The +plan which I gave last year has now to be corrected so as to show a +triple ditch between the south gate and the south-east corner and a +double ditch from the south-east corner to the east gate. This latter + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name="page8"></a>[8]</span> + + section of ditch was, however, filled up at some time with clay, and the +bath planted on top of it. At presumably the same time a ditch was run +out from the south-east corner so as to enclose the bath and form an +annexe; in this annexe was found a broken altar-top with a few letters +on it (below, <a href="#page29">p. 29</a>). Search was also made for rubbish-pits on the north +side of the fort, but without any result. +</p> +<p> +On other parts of the Wall Dr. Macdonald has gained further successes. +Evidence seems to be coming out as to the hitherto missing forts of +Kirkintilloch and Inveravon. More details have been secured of the fort +at Mumrills—fully 4-1/2 acres in area and walled with earth, not with +the turf or stone employed in the ramparts of the other forts of the +Wall. The line of the Wall from Falkirk to Inveravon, a distance of four +miles, has also been traced; it proved to be built of earth and clay, +not of the turf used in the Wall westwards. Dr. Macdonald suggests that +the eastern section of the Wall lay through heavily wooded country, +where turf was naturally awanting. +</p> +<p> +(iii) <i>Traprain Law.</i> Very interesting, too, are the preliminary +results secured by Mr. A. O. Curie on Traprain Law. This is an isolated +hill in Haddingtonshire, some twenty miles east of Edinburgh, on the +Whittingehame estate of Mr. Arthur Balfour. Legends cluster round it—of +varying antiquity. It itself shows two distinct lines of fortification, +one probably much older than the other, enclosing some 60 acres. The +area excavated in 1914 was a tiny piece, about 30 yards square; the +results were most promising. Five levels of stratification could be +distinguished. The lowest and earliest yielded small objects of native +work and Roman potsherds of the late first century: higher up, Roman +coins and pottery of the second century appeared, and in the top level, +Roman potsherds assigned to the fourth century. One Roman potsherd, from +a second-century level, bore three Roman letters <span class="ss">IRI</span>, the meaning of +which is likely to remain obscure. As the inscribed surface came from +the inside of an urn, the writing must have been done after the pot was +broken, and presumably on the hill itself. Among the native finds were +stone and clay moulds for casting metal objects. The site, on a whole, +seems to be native rather than Roman; it may be our first clue to the +character of native <i>oppida</i> in northern Britain under Roman rule; +its excavation is eminently worth pursuing. +</p> +<p> +(iv) <i>Northumberland, Hadrian's Wall.</i> On Hadrian's Wall no +excavations have been carried out. But at Chesterholm two inscribed +altars were found in the summer. One was dedicated to Juppiter Optimus +Maximus; the rest of the lettering was illegible. The other, dedicated +to Vulcan on behalf of the Divinity of the Imperial + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name="page9"></a>[9]</span> + + House by the people of the locality, possesses much interest. The +dedicators describe themselves as <i>vicani Vindolandenses</i>, and thus +give proof that the civilians living outside the fort at Chesterholm +formed a <i>vicus</i> or something that could plausibly be described as +such; further, they teach the proper name of the place, which we have +been wont to call Vindolana. See further below, <a href="#page31">p. 31</a>. +</p> +<p> +North of the Wall, at Featherwood near High Rochester (the fort +Bremenium) an altar has been found, dedicated to Victory (see <a href="#page30">p. 30</a>). +</p> +<p> +(v) <i>Corbridge.</i> The exploration of Corbridge was carried through +its ninth season by Mr. R. H. Forster. As in 1913, the results were +somewhat scanty. The area examined, which lay on the north-east of the +site, adjacent to the areas examined in 1910 and 1913, seems, like them, +to have been thinly occupied in Roman times; at any rate the structures +actually unearthed consisted only of a roughly built foundation (25 feet +diam.) of uncertain use, which there is no reason to call a temple, some +other even more indeterminate foundations, and two bits of road. More +interest may attach to three ditches (one for sewage) and the clay base +of a rampart, which belong in some way to the northern defences of the +place in various times. The full meaning of these will, however, not be +discernible till complete plans are available and probably not till +further excavations have been made; Mr. Forster inclines to explain +parts of them as ditches of a fort held in the age of Trajan, about +A.D. 90-110. Several small finds merit note. An inscribed tile +seems to have served as a writing lesson or rather, perhaps, as a +reading lesson: see below, <a href="#page32">p. 32</a>. The Samian pottery included a very few +pieces of '29', a good deal of early '37', which most archaeologists +would ascribe to the late first or the opening second century, and some +other pieces which perhaps belong to a rather later part of the same +century. The coins cover much the same period; few are later than +Hadrian. Among them was a hoard of 32 denarii and 12 copper of which +Mr. Craster has made the following list:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> +<i>Silver</i>: 2 Republican, 1 Julius Caesar, 1 Mark Antony, 1 Nero, +1 Galba, 3 Vitellius, 13 Vespasian, 3 Titus, 6 Domitian, +1 unidentified. +</p> +<p class="quote"> +<i>Copper</i>: 3 Vespasian, 1 Titus, 2 Domitian, 3 Nerva, 1 Trajan, +2 unidentified. +</p> +<p> +The latest coin was the copper of Trajan—a <i>dupondius</i> or Second +Brass of A.D. 98. All the coins had been corroded into a single +mass, apparently by the burning of a wooden box in which they have been +kept; this burning must have occurred about A.D. 98-100. Among +the bronze objects found during the year was a dragonesque enamelled +brooch. +</p> +<p> +(vi) In Upper <i>Weardale</i> (co. Durham) a peat-bog has given up two + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page10" name="page10"></a>[10]</span> + + bronze <i>paterae</i> or skillets, bearing the stamp of the Italian +bronze-worker Cipius Polybius, and an uninscribed bronze ladle. See +below, <a href="#page33">p. 33</a>. +</p> +<p> +(vii) Near Appleby, at Hangingshaw farm, Mr. P. Ross has come upon a +Roman inscription which proves to be a milestone of the Emperor Philip +(A.D. 244-6) first found in 1694 and since lost sight of (<a href="#page35">p. 35</a>). +</p> +<p> +(viii) <i>Ambleside Fort.</i> The excavation of the Roman fort in +Borrans Field near Ambleside, noted in my Report for 1913 (p. 13), was +continued by Mr. R. G. Collingwood, Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, +and others with much success. The examination of the ramparts, gates, +and turrets was completed; that of the main interior buildings was +brought near completion, and a beginning was made on the barracks, +sufficient to show that they were, at least in part, made of wood. +</p> + +<a name="image-0002"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-010.png"><img src="images/ill-010.png" style="width:400px;height:312px;" alt="Fig. 2. Borrans Fort, Ambleside" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 2. Borrans Fort, Ambleside +<br /> +<span style="font-variant: normal;"> +(I. Granaries; II. Head-quarters; III. Commandant's House; A. Cellar; +B. Hearth or Kiln; C. Deposit of corn; D. Ditch perhaps belonging to +earliest fort; E. Outer Court of Head-quarters; F. Inner Court) +</span> +</div> + +<p> +The fort, as is now clear (fig. 2), was an oblong enclosure of about 300 +× 420 feet, nearly 3 acres. Round it ran a wall of roughly coursed stone +4 feet thick, with a clay ramp behind and a ditch in front. Turrets +stood at its corners. Four gates gave access to it; three of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page11" name="page11"></a>[11]</span> + +them were single and narrow, while the fourth, the east gate, was double +and was flanked by two guard-chambers. As usual, the chief buildings +stood in a row across the interior. Building I—see plan, fig. 2—was a +pair of granaries, each 66 feet long, with a space between. They were of +normal plan, with external buttresses, basement walls, and ventilating +windows (not shown on plan). The space between them, 15 feet wide, +contained marks of an oven or ovens (plan, B) and also some corn (plan, +C) and may have been at one time used for drying grain stored in the +granaries; how far it was roofed is doubtful. Building II, the Principia +or Praetorium, a structure of 68 × 76 feet, much resembled the Principia +at Hardknot, ten miles west of Ambleside, but possessed distinct +features. As the plan shows, it had an entrance from the east, the two +usual courts (EF), and the offices which usually face on to the inner +court F. These offices, however, were only three in number instead of +five, unless wooden partitions were used. Under the central office, the +<i>sacellum</i> of the fort, where the standards and the altars for the +official worship of the garrison are thought to have been kept, our fort +had, at A, a sunk room or cellar, 6 feet square, entered by a stone +stair. Such cellars occur at Chesters, Aesica, and elsewhere and +probably served as strong-rooms for the regimental funds. At Chesters, +the cellar had stone vaulting; at Ambleside there is no sign of this, +and timber may have been used. In the northernmost room of the Principia +some corn and woodwork as of a bin were noted (plan, C). The inner court +F seemed to Mr. Collingwood to have been roofed; in its north end was a +detached room, such as occurs at Chesters, of unknown use, which accords +rather ill with a roof. In the colonnade round the outer court E were +vestiges of a hearth or oven (plan, B). Building III (70 × 80 feet) is +that usually called the commandant's house; it seems to show the normal +plan of rooms arranged round a cloister enclosing a tiny open space. In +buildings II and III, at D, traces were detected as of ditches and +walling belonging to a fort older and probably smaller than that +revealed by the excavation generally. +</p> +<p> +Small finds include coins of Faustina Iunior, Iulia Domna, and Valens, +Samian of about A.D. 80 and later, including one or two bits of German +Samian, a silver spoon, some glass, iron, and bronze objects, a leaden +basin (?), and seven more leaden sling-bullets. It now seems clear that +the fort was established about the time of Agricola (A.D. 80-5), though +perhaps in smaller dimensions than those now visible, and was held till +at least A.D. 365. Mr. Collingwood inclines to the view that it was +abandoned after A.D. 85 and reoccupied under or about the time of +Hadrian. The stratification of the turrets + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name="page12"></a>[12]</span> + + seems to show that it was destroyed once or twice in the second or third +centuries, but the evidence is not wholly clear in details. The +granaries seem to have been rebuilt once and the rooms of the +commandant's house mostly have two floors. +</p> +<p> +(ix) <i>Lancaster.</i> In October and November 1914, structural remains +thought to be Roman, including 'an old Roman fireplace, circular in +shape, with stone flues branching out', were noted in the garden of St. +Mary's vicarage. The real meaning of the find seems doubtful. +</p> +<p> +(x) <i>Ribchester.</i> In the spring of 1913 a small school-building was +pulled down at Ribchester, and the Manchester Classical Association was +able to resume its examination of the Principia (praetorium) of the +Roman fort, above a part of which this building had stood. The work was +carried out by Prof. W. B. Anderson, of Manchester University, and Mr. +D. Atkinson, Research Fellow of Reading College, and, though limited in +extent, was very successful. +</p> +<p> +The first discovery of the Principia is due to Miss Greenall, who about +1905 was building a house close to the school and took care that certain +remains found by her builders should be duly noted: excavations in +1906-7, however, left the size and extent of these remains somewhat +uncertain and resulted in what we now know to be an incorrect plan. The +work done last spring makes it plain (fig. 3) that the Principia +fronted—in normal fashion—the main street of the fort (gravel laid on +cobbles) running from the north to the south gate. But, abnormally, the +frontage was formed by a verandah or colonnade: the only parallel which +I can quote is from Caersws, where excavations in 1909 revealed a +similar verandah in front of the Principia<a href="#note-2" name="noteref-2"><small>2</small></a>. Next to the verandah +stood the usual Outer Court with a colonnade round it and two wells in +it (one is the usual provision): the colonnade seemed to have been twice +rebuilt. Beyond that are fainter traces of the Inner Court which, +however, lies mostly underneath a churchyard: the only fairly clear +feature is a room (A on plan) which seems to have stood on the right +side of the Inner Court, as at Chesters and Ambleside (fig. 2, above). +Behind this, probably, stood the usual five office rooms. If we carry +the Principia about 20 feet further back, which would be a full +allowance for these rooms with their walling, the end of the whole +structure will line with the ends of the granaries found some years ago. +This, or something very like it, is what we should naturally expect. We +then obtain a structure + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>[13]</span> + +measuring 81 × 112 feet, the latter dimension including a verandah 8 +feet wide. This again seems a reasonable result. Ribchester was a large +fort, about 6 acres, garrisoned by cavalry; in a similar fort at +Chesters, on Hadrian's Wall, the Principia measured 85 × 125 feet: in +the 'North Camp' at Camelon, another fort of much the same size (nearly +6 acres), they measured 92 × 120 feet. +</p> + +<a name="image-0003"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-013.png"><img src="images/ill-013.png" style="width:300px;height:518px;" alt="Fig. 3. Ribchester Fort, Head-quarters" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 3. Ribchester Fort, Head-quarters +</div> + +<p> +(xi) <i>Slack.</i> The excavation of the Roman fort at Slack, near +Huddersfield, noted in my report for 1913 (p. 14), was continued in 1914 +by Mr. P. W. Dodd and Mr. A. M. Woodward, lecturers in Leeds University, +which is doing good work in the exploration of southern Yorkshire. The +defences of the fort, part of its central buildings (fig. 4, I-III), and +part of its other buildings (B-K) have now been attacked. The defences +consist of (1) a ditch 15 feet wide, possibly double on the north (more +exactly north-west) side and certainly absent on the southern two-thirds +of the east (north-east) + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name="page14"></a>[14]</span> + + side; (2) a berme, 8 feet wide; and (3) a rampart 20-5 feet thick, built +of turf and strengthened by a rough stone base which is, however, only +8-10 feet wide. Of the four gates, three (west, north, and east) have +been examined; all are small and have wooden gate-posts instead of +masonry. On each side of the east gate, which is the widest (15 ft.), +the rampart is thought to thicken as if for greater defence. The absence +of a ditch on the southern two-thirds of the east side may be connected +with some paving outside the east gate and also with a bath-house, +partly explored in 1824 and 1865, outside the south-east (east) corner; +we may think that here was an annexe. The central buildings, so far as +uncovered, are of stone; the Principia (III) perhaps had some wooden +partitions. They are all ill-preserved and call for no further comment. +West of them, in the rear of the fort, the excavators traced two long +narrow wooden buildings (B, C), north of the road from the west +(south-west) gate to the back of the Principia; on the other side of the +road they found the ends of two similar buildings (D, E). This looks as +if this portion of the fort was filled with four barracks. On the other +side of the row of buildings I-III remains were traced of stone +structures; one of these (F) had the L-shape characteristic of barracks, +and indications point to two others (G, H) of the same shape. This +implies six barrack buildings in this portion of the fort and ten +barrack buildings in all, that is, a cohort 1,000 strong. But the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page15" name="page15"></a>[15]</span> + + whole fort is only just 3 acres, and one would expect a smaller +garrison; when excavations have advanced, we may perhaps find that the +garrison was really a <i>cohors quingenaria</i> with six barracks, as at +Gellygaer. Close against the east rampart, and indeed cutting somewhat +into it, was a long thin building (K), 12-16 feet wide, which yielded +much charcoal and potsherds and seemed an addition to the original plan +of the fort. +</p> + +<a name="image-0004"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-014.png"><img src="images/ill-014.png" style="height:180px;width:300px;" alt="Fig. 4. Part of Slack Fort" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 4. Part of Slack Fort +<br /> +<span style="font-variant: normal;"> +(I. Granaries; II. Doubtful; III. Head-quarters; A. Shrine in III; B, C, +D, E. Wooden buildings in western part of fort; F, G, H, K. Stone +buildings in eastern part) +</span> +</div> + +<p> +The few small finds included Samian of the late first and early second +centuries (but no '29'), and a denarius of Trajan. In respect of date, +they agree with the finds of last year and of 1865, and suggest that the +fort was established under Domitian or Trajan, and abandoned under +Hadrian or Pius; as an inscription of the Sixth Legion was found here in +1744, apparently in the baths, the evacuation cannot have been earlier +than about A.D. 130. The occupation of Slack must therefore have +resembled that of Castleshaw, which stands at the western end of the +pass through the Pennine Hills, which Slack guards on the east. If this +be so, an explanation must be discovered for two altars generally +assigned to Slack. One of these, found three miles north of Slack at +Greetland in 1597 among traces of buildings, is dated to A.D. 205 (CIL. +vii. 200). The other, found two miles eastwards, at Longwood, in 1880 +(Eph. Epigr. vii. 920), bears no date; but it was erected by an Aurelius +Quintus to the Numina Augustorum, and neither item quite suits so early +a date as the reign of Trajan. The dedication of the first is to the +goddess Victoria—<i>Vic</i>(<i>toria</i>) +<i>Brig</i>(<i>antia</i>)—that of the second <i>deo Berganti</i> (as +well as the <i>Numina Aug.</i>); so that in each case a local shrine to +a native deity may be concerned. It is also possible that a fort was +built near Greetland, after the abandonment of Slack, to guard another +pass over the Pennine, that by way of Blackstone Edge. +</p> +<p> +It is to be hoped that these interesting excavations may be continued +and completed. +</p> +<p> +(xii) <i>Holt.</i> At Holt, eight miles south of Chester on the +Denbighshire bank of the Dee, Mr. Arthur Acton has further explored the +very interesting tile and pottery works of the Twentieth Legion, of +which I spoke in my Report for 1913 (p. 15). The site is not even yet +exhausted. But enough has been discovered to give a definite picture of +it, and as it may perhaps not be possible to continue the excavations at +present, and as the detailed report which Mr. Acton projects may take +time to issue, I shall try here, with his permission, to summarize very +briefly his most noteworthy results. I have to thank him for supplying +me with much information and material for illustrations. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name="page16"></a>[16]</span> +</p> +<p> +Holt combines the advantages of excellent clay for pottery and tile +making,<a href="#note-3" name="noteref-3"><small>3</small></a> good building stone (the Bunter red sandstone), and an easy +waterway to Chester. Here the legion garrisoning Chester established, in +the latter part of the first century, tile and pottery works for its own +use and presumably also for the use of other neighbouring garrisons. +Traces of these works were noted early in the seventeenth century, +though they were not then properly understood.<a href="#note-4" name="noteref-4"><small>4</small></a> In 1905 the late Mr. +A. N. Palmer, of Wrexham, identified the site in two fields called Wall +Lock and Hilly Field, just outside the village of Holt, and here, since +1906, Mr. Acton has, at his own cost, carefully and systematically +carried out excavations. +</p> + +<a name="image-0005"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-016.png"><img src="images/ill-016.png" style="width:300px;height:155px;" alt="Fig. 5. Roman Site near Holt" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 5. Roman Site near Holt +<br /> +<span style="font-variant: normal;"> +(1. Barracks?; 2. Dwelling and Bath-house; 3. Kiln; 4. Drying-room, &c. +5. Kilns; 6. Work-rooms?; 7. Clay-pits) +</span> +</div> + +<p> +The discoveries show a group of structures scattered along a bank about +a quarter of a mile in length which stands slightly above the Dee and +the often flooded meadows beside it (fig. 5). At the west end of this +area (fig. 5, no. 1, and fig. 6) was a large rectangular enclosure of +about 62 × 123 yards (rather over 1-1/2 acres), girt with a strong wall +7 feet thick. Within it were five various rows of rooms mostly 15 feet +square, with drains; some complicated masonry (? latrines) filled the +east end. This enclosure was not wholly explored; it may have served for +workmen's barracks; the contents of two rubbish-pits (fig. 6, +<span class="sc">aa</span>)—bones of edible animals, cherry-stones, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>[17]</span> + + shells of snails, and Dee mussels, potsherds, &c.—had a domestic look; +mill-stones for grinding corn, including one bearing what seems to be a +centurial mark, and fragments of buff imported amphorae were also found +here. Between this enclosure and the river were two small buildings +close together (fig. 5, no. 2 and fig. 7). The easternmost of these +seems to have been a dwelling-house 92 feet long, with a corridor and +two hypocausts; it may have housed the officer in charge of the +potteries. The western building was a bath-house, with hot-rooms at the +east end, and the dressing-room, latrine, and cold-bath at the west end; +one side of this building was hewn into the solid rock to a height of 3 +feet. Several fibulae were found in the drains of the bath-house. +</p> + +<a name="image-0006"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-017a.png"><img src="images/ill-017a.png" style="width:300px;height:149px;" alt="Fig. 6. Barracks (?), Holt" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 6. Barracks (?), Holt +<br /> +<span style="font-variant: normal;"> +(A. Rubbish pits; B. Latrines?; C. Water-pipe; D. Bronze Age burial) +</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<a name="image-0007"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-017b.png"><img src="images/ill-017b.png" style="width:300px;height:110px;" alt="Fig. 7. Dwelling-house and Bath-house, Holt" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 7. Dwelling-house and Bath-house, Holt +</div> + +<p> +The other structures (3, 4, 6, 7) served industrial purposes. No. 4 +(fig. 5) contained a hypocaust and was perhaps a workroom and drying +shed. At 6 were ill-built and ill-preserved rooms, containing + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>[18]</span> + + puddled clay, potsherds, &c., which declared them to be work-sheds of +some sort. Finally, at 3 and 5 we have the kilns. No. 3 was a kiln 17 +feet square, with a double flue, used (as its contents showed) for +potting, and indeed for fine potting. No. 5 (figs. 8, 9) was an +elaborate 'plant' of eight kilns in an enclosure of about 55 × 140 feet. +Kilns A, B, F, H were used for pottery, C, D, E for tiles, F for both +large vessels and tiles; the circular kiln G seems to be a later +addition to the original plan. The kilns were thus grouped together for +economy in handling the raw and fired material and in stacking the fuel, +and also for economy of heat; the three tile-kilns in the centre would +be charged, fired, and drawn in turn, and the heat from them would keep +warm the smaller pottery-kilns round them. The interiors of the kilns +contained many broken and a few perfect pots and tiles; round them lay +an enormous mass of wood-ashes, broken tiles and pots, 'wasters' and the +like. The wood-ashes seem to be mainly oak, which abounds in the +neighbourhood of Holt. The kilns themselves are exceptionally +well-preserved. They must have been in actual working order, when +abandoned, and so they illustrate—perhaps better than any kilns as yet +uncovered and recorded in any Roman province—the actual mechanism of a +Roman tile- or pottery-kiln. The construction of a kiln floor, which +shall work effectively and accurately, is less simple than it looks; the +adjustment of the heat to the class of wares to be fired, the +distribution of the heat by + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>[19]</span> + +proper flues and by vent-holes of the right size, and other such details +require knowledge and care. The remains at Holt show these features +admirably, and Mr. Acton has been able to examine them with the aid of +two of our best experts on pottery-making, Mr. Wm. and Mr. Joseph +Burton, of Manchester. +</p> + + +<a name="image-0008"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-018.png"><img src="images/ill-018.png" style="width:300px;height:155px;" alt="Fig. 8. Plan of Kiln-plant at Holt (see p. 34, and Fig. 9)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 8. Plan of Kiln-plant at Holt (see <a href="#page34">p. 34</a>, and Fig. 9) +<br /> +<span style="font-variant: normal;"> +(Except at kilns F, G, the letters on the plan are placed at the +fire-holes. In kilns A, B a small piece of the kiln floor (on which the +vessels were placed for baking) is shown diagrammatically, to illustrate +the relation between the hot-air holes in the floors and the passages in +the underlying heating-chambers) +</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" style="display: none;"><a id="plate1a" name="plate1a">[plate-1a]</a></span></p> + +<div class="platebord"> +<a name="image-0009"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-019.png"><img src="images/ill-019.png" style="width:300px;height:121px;" alt="Fig. 9. Restoration of the Holt Kiln-plant, showing the floors on which the Tiles or Vessels were piled for Baking (p. 18)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 9. Restoration of the Holt Kiln-plant, showing +the floors on which the Tiles or Vessels were piled for Baking +(<a href="#page18">p. 18</a>) +<br /> +<span style="font-variant: normal;"> +The letters ABCDE are placed at the mouths of the stoke-holes of the +respective kilns. Kilns ABDFH were used for pottery, CDE for tiles, F +for large vessels and for tiles; G seems an addition to the original +plan. +</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" style="display: none;"><a id="plate1b" name="plate1b"></a>[plate-1b Blank Page]</span></p> + +<p> +Smaller finds include two centurial stones (one found in 1914 is +described below, <a href="#page34">p. 34</a>); a mill-stone with letters suggesting that it +belonged to a century of soldiers; several <i>graffiti</i>, mostly of a +military character, so far as one can decipher them (for one see my +Report for 1913, p. 30); a profusion of stamped tiles of the Twentieth +Legion, mostly 'wasters'; some two dozen antefixes of the same legion; +several tile and pottery stamps; about 45 coins of various dates; much +window glass, and an immense quantity of potsherds of the most various +kinds. Among these latter were Samian pieces of the late first century +(no '29', but early '37' and '78' and a stamp of <span class="ss">CRESTO</span>) and of the +second century (including the German stamp <span class="ss">IANVF</span>), and imitation Samian +made on the spot. A quantity of lead and of iron perhaps worked into +nails, &c., at Holt, and a few crucibles for casting small bronze +objects, may also be mentioned. +</p> +<p> +The Twentieth Legion tiles at Holt bear stamps identical with those on +its tiles at Chester; we may think that the legion made for itself at +Holt most of the tiles which it used in its fortress. Equal interest +and more novelty attaches to the pottery made at Holt. This comprises +many varieties; most prominent is a reddish or buff ware of excellent +character, coated with a fine slip, which occurs in many different forms +of vessels, cooking pots, jars, saucers, and even large flat dishes up +to 30 inches in diameter. Specimens of these occur also in Chester, +and it is clear that the legionary workmen made not only tiles—as in +legionary tile-works in other lands—but also pots, mortaria (fig. 1), +&c., for legionary use. +</p> +<p> +Perhaps the most remarkable pieces among the pottery are some stamped +pieces copied from decorated Samian, which I am able to figure here by +Mr. Acton's kindness (figs. 1, 10, 11). They are pale reddish-brown in +colour and nearly as firm in texture as good Samian; they are made (he +tells me) by throwing on a wheel a clay (or 'body') prepared from local +materials, then impressing the stamps, and finally laying on an iron +oxide slip, perhaps with a brush. Sir Arthur Evans has pointed out to me +that the stamp used for the heads on fig. 1 was a gem set in a ring; the +setting is clearly visible under each head. The shape and ornament have +plainly been suggested by specimens of Samian '37' bowls, probably of +the second century. How far the author tried to copy definite pieces of +Samian and how far he aimed at + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page20" name="page20"></a>[20]</span> + + giving the general effect, is not quite clear to me. The large circles +on fig. 11 suggest the medallions of Lezoux potters like Cinnamus; the +palmettes might have been taken from German originals. Very few of these +interesting pieces were found—all of them close to the kiln numbered 3 +on fig. 5. +</p> + +<a name="image-0010"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-020.png"><img src="images/ill-020.png" style="width:300px;height:245px;" alt="Fig. 10. Holt, Stamped Ware in imitation of Samian, Shape 37 (1/1)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 10. Holt, Stamped Ware in imitation of Samian, +Shape 37 (1/1) +</div> + +<p> +An even more striking piece (fig. 1) is a 'poinçon' bearing the head of +Silenus in relief. It is believed to be the artist's die, from which the +potters' sunk dies would be cast; from such sunk dies little casts would +be made and 'applied' in relief to the outsides of the bowls, to the +handles of jugs, &c. It does not seem to have been intended for any sort +of ware made from a mould; indeed, moulded ware rarely occurs among the +products of Holt. It is far finer work than most Samian ornamentation; +probably, however, it has never been damaged by use. It was found, with +one or two less remarkable dies, in the waste round kiln 3. +</p> +<p> +Interest attaches also to various vessels, two or three nearly perfect +and many broken, which have been glazed with green, brown or yellow +glaze; some of these pieces seem to be imitated from cut glass ware. +Along with them Mr. Acton has found the containing bowls (saggars) + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page21" name="page21"></a>[21]</span> + + and kiln-props used to protect and support the glazed vessels during the +process of firing, and as the drip of the glaze is visible on the sides +of the props and the bottoms of the saggars, he infers that the Holt +potters manufactured glazed ware with success. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" style="display:none;"><a id="plate-2a" name="plate2a"></a>[plate-2a]</span></p> + +<div class="platebord"> +<a name="image-0011"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-021.png"><img src="images/ill-021.png" style="width:300px;height:197px;" alt="Fig. 11. Stamped Ware, in Imitation of Samian, Shape 37 (1/1). (See pp. 19, 20)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 11. Stamped Ware, in Imitation of Samian, Shape +37 (1/1).<span style="font-variant:normal;"> (See <a href="#page19">pp. 19, 20</a>) </span> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" style="display:none;"><a id="plate-2b" name="plate2b"></a>[plate-2b Blank Page]</span></p> + +<p> +It is obvious that Mr. Acton's detailed report on Holt will be full of +important matter, and that further excavation of the site, whenever it +may be possible, will also yield important results. +</p> +<p> +(xiii) <i>Cardiff.</i> The widening of Duke Street, which fronts the +eastern half of the south side of Cardiff Castle, has revealed the +south-east angle of the Roman fort, on the top of which the castle +stands, and has revealed it in good preservation. Nothing, however, has +come to light which seems to increase or alter our previous knowledge of +the fort. Many small Roman objects are stated to have been found, Samian +ware, coins, brooches, beads, in the course of the work; these may +belong to the 'civil settlement' which, as I have said elsewhere, may +have lain to the south of the fort (<i>Military Aspects of Roman +Wales</i>, p. 105). When they have been sorted and dated, they should +throw light on the history of Roman Cardiff. +</p> +<p> +(xiv) <i>Richborough.</i> This important site has been taken over by +H.M. Office of Works, and some digging has been done round the central +platform, but (Mr. Peers tells me) without any notable result. The +theory that this platform was the base of a lighthouse is still the most +probable. +</p> + +<h3> +xv-xxv. <span class="sc">Finds relating to Civil Life</span> +</h3> + +<p> +(xv) <i>Wroxeter (Viroconium).</i> The systematic excavation of Wroxeter +begun in 1912 by Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox on behalf of the London Society of +Antiquaries and the Shropshire Archaeological Society, was carried by +him through its third season in 1914. The area examined lay immediately +north of the temple uncovered in 1913. The main structure in it was a +large dwelling-house 115 feet long, with extensions up to 200 feet, +which possessed at least two courtyards, a small detached bath-house, +various mosaic and cement floors, hypocausts, and so forth. It had been +often altered, and its excavation and explanation were excessively +difficult. Mr. Bushe-Fox thinks that it may have begun as three shops +giving on to the north and south Street which bounds its eastern end. +Certainly it became, in course of time, a large corridor-house with a +south aspect and an eastern wing fronting the street, and as such it +underwent several changes in detail. Beyond its western end lay a still +more puzzling structure. An enceinte formed by two parallel walls, about +13 feet apart, enclosed a rectangular space of about 150 feet wide; the +western end + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page22" name="page22"></a>[22]</span> + + of it, and therefore its length, could not be ascertained; the two +corners uncovered at the east end were rounded; an entrance seems to +have passed through the north-east corner. It has been called a small +fort, an amphitheatre, a stadium, and several other things. But a fort +should be larger and would indeed be somewhat hard to account for at +this spot; while a stadium should have a rounded end and, if it was of +orthodox length, would have extended outside the town into or almost +into the Severn. Interest attaches to a water-channel along the main +(north and south) street. This was found to have at intervals slits in +each side which were plainly meant for sluice-gates to be let down; Mr. +Bushe-Fox thinks that the channel was a water-supply, and not an +outfall, and that by the sluice-gates the water was dammed up so as, +when needed, to flow along certain smaller channels into the private +houses which stood beside the road. If so, the discovery has much +interest; the arrangement is peculiar, but no other explanation seems +forthcoming. +</p> +<p> +Small finds were many and good. Mr. Bushe-Fox gathered 571 coins ranging +from three British and one or two Roman Republican issues, to three +early coins of the Emperor Arcadius, over 200 Samian potters' stamps, +and much Samian datable to the period about A.D. 75-130, with a few rare +pieces of the pre-Flavian age. There was a noticeable scarcity of both +Samian and coins of the post-Hadrianic, Antonine period; it was also +observed that recognizable 'stratified deposits' did not occur after the +age of Hadrian. Among individual objects attention is due to a small +seal-box, with wax for the seal actually remaining in it. +</p> +<p> +It appears that it will probably not be possible to continue this +excavation, even on a limited scale, next summer. Mr. Bushe-Fox's report +for 1913 is noticed below, <a href="#page52">p. 52</a>. +</p> +<p> +(xvi) <i>Lincoln.</i> At Lincoln an inscribed fragment found in 1906 has +now come to light. It bears only three letters, <span class="ss">IND</span>, being the last +letters of the inscription; these plainly preserve a part of the name of +the town, Lindum. See below, <a href="#page34">p. 34</a>. +</p> +<p> +(xvii) <i>Gloucester.</i> Here, in March 1914, a mosaic floor, 16 feet +square, with a complex geometrical pattern in red, white, and blue, has +been found 9 feet below the present surface, at 22 Northgate Street. +Some painted wall-plaster from the walls of the room to which it +belonged were found with it. +</p> +<p> +(xviii) Discoveries in <i>London</i> have been limited to two groups of +rubbish-pits in the City, (<i>a</i>) At the General Post Office the pits +opened in 1913 (see my Report, p. 22) were further carefully explored in +1914 by Mr. F. Lambert, Mr. Thos. Wilson, and Dr. Norman; + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>[23]</span> + + the Post Office gave full facilities. Over 100 'potholes' were detected, +of which about forty yielded more or less datable rubbish, mainly +potsherds. Four contained objects of about A.D. 50-80, though not in +great quantity—four bits of decorated Samian and eight Samian +stamps—and fourteen contained objects of about A.D. 70-100; the rest +seemed to belong to the second century, with some few later items +intermixed. One would infer that a little rubbish was deposited here +before the Flavian period, but that after about A.D. 70 or 80 the site +was freely used as a rubbish-ground for three generations or more. Two +objects may be noted, a gold ring bearing the owner's initials Q.D.D. +and a bit of inscribed wood from the lining of a well or pit (<a href="#page35">p. 35</a>). +(<i>b</i>) At the top of King William Street, between Sherborne Lane and +Abchurch Lane, not so far from the Mansion House, five large pits were +opened in the summer of 1914, in the course of ordinary contractors' +building work. They could not be so minutely examined as the Post Office +pits, but it was possible to observe that their datable potsherds fell +roughly within the period A.D. 50-100, and that a good many potsherds +were earlier than the Flavian age; there must have been considerable +deposit of rubbish here before A.D. 70 or thereabouts, and it must have +ceased about the end of the century. A full account of both groups of +pits was given to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. F. Lambert on +February 11, 1915; illustrated notices of the Post Office finds were +contributed by Mr. Thos. Wilson to the Post Office Magazine, <i>St. +Martin-le-Grand</i> (January and July, 1914); Mr. D. Atkinson helped +with the dating of the pottery. +</p> +<p> +Much gratitude is due to those who have so skilfully collaborated to +achieve these results. So far as it is permissible to argue from two +sites only, they seem to throw real light on the growth of the earliest +Roman London. The Post Office pits lie in the extreme north-west of the +later Londinium, just inside the walls; the King William Street pits +are in its eastern half, not far from the east bank of the now vanished +stream of Wallbrook, which roughly bisected the whole later extent of +the town. It may be assumed that, at the time when the two groups of +pits were in use, the inhabited area had not yet spread over their +sites, though it had come more or less close. That would imply that the +earliest city lay mainly, though perhaps not wholly, on the east bank +of Wallbrook; then, as the houses spread and the town west of Wallbrook +developed, the King William Street pits were closed, while the Post +Office pits came more into use, during and after the Flavian age. +</p> +<p> +This conclusion is tentative. It must be remembered that the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>[24]</span> + + stratification of rubbish-pits, ancient as well as modern, is often very +peculiar. It is liable to be confused by all sorts of cross-currents. In +particular, objects are constantly thrown into rubbish-pits many years, +perhaps even centuries, after those objects have passed out of use. +Whenever, even in a village, an old cottage is pulled down or a new one +built, old rubbish gets shifted to new places and mixed with rubbish of +a quite different age. At Caerwent, as Dr. T. Ashby once told me, a deep +rubbish-pit yielded a coin of about A.D. 85 at a third of the way down, +and at the very bottom a coin of about 315. That is, the pit was in use +about or after 315; some one then shovelled into it debris of much +earlier date. The London pits now in question are, however, fairly +uniform in their contents, and their evidence may be utilized at least +as a base for further inquiries. +</p> +<p> +(xix-xxii) <i>Rural dwellings.</i> Three Roman 'villas'—that is, +country-houses or farms—have been explored in 1914. All are small. +</p> + +<a name="image-0012"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-024.png"><img src="images/ill-024.png" style="width:300px;height:137px;" alt="Fig. 12. Bath-house, East Grimstead" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 12. Bath-house, East Grimstead +</div> + +<p> +(xix) At <i>East Grimstead</i>, five miles south-east from Salisbury, on +Maypole Farm near Churchway Copse<a href="#note-5" name="noteref-5"><small>5</small></a>, a bath-house has been dug out and +planned by Mr. Heywood Sumner, to whom I owe the following details. The +building (fig. 12) measures only 14 × 28 feet and contains only four +rooms, (1) a tile-paved apartment which probably served as entrance and +dressing-room, (2) a room over a pillared hypocaust, which may be called +the tepidarium, (3) a similar smaller room, nearer the furnace and +therefore perhaps hotter, which may be the caldarium—though really it +is hardly worth while to distinguish between these two rooms—and (4) a +semicircular bath, lined with pink mortar and fine cement, warmed with +flues from rooms 3 and with box-tiles, and provided with an outfall +drain; east of rooms 3 and 4 was the furnace. Small finds included +window glass, potsherds, two to three hundred oyster-shells, and five +Third Brass coins (two Constantinian, three illegible). Large stone +foundations + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>[25]</span> + + have been detected close by; presumably this was the detached bath-house +for a substantial residence which awaits excavation. Such detached +bath-houses are common; I may instance one found in 1845 at Wheatley +(Oxon.), which had very similar internal arrangements and stood near a +substantial dwelling-house not yet explored (<i>Archaeol. Journal</i>, +ii. 350). A full description of the Grimstead bath, by Mr. Sumner, is in +the press. +</p> +<p> +(xx) Three miles south-west of Guildford, at Limnerslease in the parish +of <i>Compton</i>, Mr. Mill Stephenson has helped to uncover a house +measuring 53 × 76 feet, with front and back corridors, and seven +rooms, including baths. Coins suggested that it was inhabited in the +early fourth century—a period when our evidence shows that many +Romano-British farms and country-houses were occupied.<a href="#note-6" name="noteref-6"><small>6</small></a> +</p> + +<a name="image-0013"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-025.png"><img src="images/ill-025.png" style="width:300px;height:171px;" alt="Fig. 13. House at North Ash, Kent" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 13. House at North Ash, Kent +</div> + +<p> +(xxi) A third house is supplied by Kent. This was found in June about +six miles south of Gravesend, near the track from <i>North Ash</i> to +Ash Church, on the farm of Mr. Geo. Day. Woodland was being cleared for +an orchard, flint foundations were encountered, and the site was then +explored by Mr. Jas. Kirk, Mr. S. Priest, and others of the Dartford +Antiquarian Society, to whom I am indebted for information: the Society +will in due course issue a full Report. The spade (fig. 13) revealed a +rectangular walled enclosure of 53 × 104 feet. The entrance was at +the east end; the dwelling-rooms (including a sunk bath, 7 feet square, +lined with plaster) were, so far as traced, in the west and south-west +portion; much of the walled space may have been farmyard or wooden +sheds. Many bits of Samian and other pottery were found (among them a +mortarium stamped <span class="ss">MARTINVSF</span>), and many oyster-shells. Other +Romano-British foundations have been suspected close by. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page26" name="page26"></a>[26]</span> +</p> + +<p> +The structure somewhat resembles the type of farm-house which might +fairly be called, from its best-known example—the only one now +uncovered to view—the Carisbrooke type.<a href="#note-7" name="noteref-7"><small>7</small></a> That, however, usually has +rooms at both ends, as in the Clanville example which I figure here as +more perfect than the Carisbrooke one (fig. 14). One might compare the +buildings at Castlefield, Finkley, and Holbury, which I have discussed +in the <i>Victoria History of Hants</i> (i. 302-3, 312), and which were +perhaps rudimentary forms of the Carisbrooke type. +</p> + +<a name="image-0014"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-026.png"><img src="images/ill-026.png" style="width:300px;height:236px;" alt="Fig. 14. Farm-house at Clanville, Kent (To illustrate Fig. 13)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 14. Farm-house at Clanville, Kent <span style="font-variant:normal;">(To +illustrate Fig. 13)</span> +</div> + +<p> +(xxii) A few kindred items may be grouped here. Digging has been +attempted in a Roman 'villa' at Litlington (Cambs.) but, as Prof. +McKenny Hughes tells me, with little success. The 'beautifully tiled +and marbled floors' are newspaper exaggeration. A 'Roman bath' which +was stated to have been found early in 1914 at Kingston-on-Thames, +in the work of widening the bridge, is declared by Mr. Mill Stephenson +not to be Roman at all. Lastly, an excavation of an undoubted Roman +house at Broom Farm, between Hambledon and Soberton in south-east Hants, +projected by Mr. A. Moray Williams, was prevented by the war, which +called Mr. Williams to serve his country. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>[27]</span> +</p> + +<p> +(xxiii) <i>Lowbury.</i> During the early summer of 1914 Mr. D. Atkinson +completed his examination of the interesting site of Lowbury, high amid +the east Berkshire Downs. Of the results which he won in 1913 I gave +some account last year (Report for 1913, p. 22); those of 1914 confirm +and develop them. We may, then, accept the site as, at first and during +the Middle Empire, a summer farm or herdsmen's shelter, and in the +latest Roman days a refuge from invading English. Whether the wall which +he traced round the little place was reared to keep in cattle or to keep +out foes, is not clear; possibly enough, it served both uses. In all, +Mr. Atkinson gathered about 850 coins belonging to all periods of the +Empire but especially to the latest fourth century and including +Theodosius, Arcadius, and Honorius. He also found over fifty brooches +and a great amount of pottery—3 cwt., he tells me—which was mostly +rough ware: there was little Samian (some of shape '37'), less Castor, +and hardly any traces of mortaria. A notable find was the skeleton of +a woman of 50 (ht. about 5 feet 9 inches), which he discovered in the +trench dug to receive the foundations of the enclosing wall; it lay in +the line of the foundations amidst the perished cement of the wall, and +its associations and position forbid us to think either that it was +buried before the wall was thought of or was inserted after the wall was +ruined. Mr. Atkinson formed the theory—with natural hesitation—that +it might be a foundation burial, and I understand that Sir Jas. Frazer +accepts this suggestion. A full report of the whole work will shortly +be issued in the Reading College Research Series. +</p> +<p> +(xxiv) <i>Eastbourne, Beachy Head.</i> The Rev. W. Budgen, of +Eastbourne, tells me of a hoard of 540 coins found in 1914 in a coombe +near Bullock Down, just behind Beachy Head. The coins range from +Valerian (1 coin) to Quintillus (4 coins) and Probus (1 coin); 69 are +attributed to Gallienus, 88 to Victorinus, 197 to the Tetrici, and 40 to +Claudius Gothicus ; the hoard may have been buried about A.D. 280, but +it has to be added that 130 coins have not been yet identified. Hoards +of somewhat this date are exceedingly common; in 1901 I published +accounts of two such hoards detected, shortly before that, at points +quite close to the findspot of the present hoard (see <i>Sussex +Archaeological Collections</i>, xliv, pp. 1-8). +</p> +<p> +Mr. Budgen has also sent me photographs of some early cinerary urns and +a 'Gaulish' fibula, found together in Eastbourne in 1914. The things may +belong to the middle of the first century A.D. The 'Gaulish' type of +fibula has been discussed and figured by Sir Arthur Evans +(<i>Archaeologia</i>, lv. 188-9, fig. 10; see also Dressel's note in + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page28" name="page28"></a>[28]</span> + + <i>Bonner Jahrbücher</i>, lxiv. 82). Its home appears to be Gaul. In +Britain it occurs rather infrequently; east of the Rhine it is still +rarer; it shows only one vestige of itself at Haltern and is wholly +absent from Hofheim and the Saalburg. Its date appears to be the first +century A.D., and perhaps rather the earlier two-thirds than the end of +that period. +</p> +<p> +(xxv) <i>Parc-y-Meirch</i> (<i>North Wales</i>). Here Mr. Willoughby +Gardner has further continued his valuable excavations (Report for 1913, +p. 25). The new coin-finds seem to hint that the later fourth-century +stratum may have been occupied earlier in that century than the date +which I gave last year, A.D. 340. But the siege of this hill-fort is +bound to be long and its full results will not be clear till the end. +Then we may expect it to throw real light on an obscure corner of the +history of Roman and also post-Roman Wales. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>[29]</span> +</p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0007" id="h2H_4_0007"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + B. ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN BRITAIN IN 1914 +</h2> +<p> +This section includes the Roman inscriptions which have been found, or +(perhaps I should say) first recognized to exist, in Britain in 1914 or +which have become more accurately known in that year. As in 1913, the +list is short and its items are not of great importance; but the +Chesterholm altar (No. 5) deserves note, and the Corbridge tile also +possesses considerable interest. +</p> +<p> +I have edited them in the usual manner, first stating the origin, +character, &c., of the inscription, then giving its text with a +rendering in English, thirdly adding any needful notes and acknowledging +obligations to those who may have communicated the items to me. In the +expansions of the text, square brackets denote letters which, owing to +breakage or other cause, are not now on the stone, though one may +presume that they were originally there; round brackets denote +expansions of Roman abbreviations. The inscriptions are printed in the +same order as the finds in section A, that is, from north to +south—though with so few items the order hardly matters. +</p> +<p> +(1) Found at Balmuildy (above, <a href="#page7">p. 7</a>) in the annexe to the south-east of +the fort proper, some sandstone fragments from the top of a small altar, +originally perhaps about 14 inches wide. At the top, in a semicircular +panel is a rude head; below are letters from the first two lines of the +dedication; probably the first line had originally four letters:— +</p> + +<a name="image-0015"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-029.png"><img src="images/ill-029.png" style="width:200px;height:92px;" alt="Fig. 15" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 15 +</div> + +<p> +Possibly <span class="ss">DIO</span> may be for <i>deo</i>. It is by no means a common +orthography, but if it be accepted, we can read <i>dio [s(ancto) +Ma]rti</i>.... The reading <span class="ss">DIIO</span>, <i>deo</i>, is I fear impossible. +</p> +<p> +I have to thank Mr. S. N. Miller, the excavator, for photographs. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>[30]</span> +</p> + +<p> +(2) At Traprain Law (above, <a href="#page8">p. 8</a>) a small potsherd from a second-century +level bore the letters scratched on it +</p> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-030a.png" alt="I R I /" /></div> + +<p> +These letters were on the side of the potsherd which had formed the +inner surface when the pot was whole; they must therefore have been +inscribed after the pot had been smashed, and the size and shape of the +bit give cause to think that it may have been broken intentionally for +inscription—possibly for use in some game. In any case, it must have +been inscribed at Traprain Law, and not brought there already written, +and the occurrence of writing of any sort on such a site is noteworthy. +</p> +<p> +I am indebted to Dr. G. Macdonald for a sight of the piece. +</p> +<p> +(3) Found about three and a half miles north of the Roman fort +Bremenium, High Rochester, near Horsley in north Northumberland, beside +the Roman road over the Cheviots (Dere Street), close to the steading of +Featherwood, in the autumn of 1914, now in the porch of Horsley Parish +Church, a plain altar 51 inches high by 22 inches wide, with six lines +of letters 2 inches tall. The inscription is unusually illegible. Only +the first and last lines are readable with certainty; elsewhere some +letters can be read or guessed, but not so as to yield coherent sense. +</p> + +<table align="center" summary="transcription"> +<tr><td> <img src="images/ill-030b1.png" alt="VICTORIAE" /> </td><td>(only bottom of final <span class="ss">E</span> visible) </td></tr> +<tr><td> <img src="images/ill-030b2.png" alt="ET....IVL" /> </td><td>(<span class="ss">ET</span> probable, <span class="ss">IVL</span> fairly certain) </td></tr> +<tr><td> <img src="images/ill-030b3.png" alt="MEIANIC" /> </td><td>(only <span class="ss">M</span> quite certain) </td></tr> +<tr><td> <img src="images/ill-030b4.png" alt="II........C" /> </td><td>(erased on purpose) </td></tr> +<tr><td> <img src="images/ill-030b5.png" alt="PVBLICO" /></td></tr> +<tr><td> <img src="images/ill-030b6.png" alt="V · S · L m" /></td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +The altar was dedicated to Victory; nothing else is certain. It is +tempting to conjecture in line 2 <span class="ss">ET N AVG</span>, <i>et numinibus +Augustorum</i>, as on some other altars to Victory, but <span class="ss">ET</span> is +not certain, though probable, and <span class="ss">N AVG</span> is definitely +improbable. The fourth line seems to have been intentionally erased. I +find no sign of any mention of the Cohors I Vardullorum, which +garrisoned Bremenium, though it or its commander might naturally be +concerned in putting up such an altar. +</p> +<p> +We may assume that the altar belongs to Bremenium; possibly it was +brought thence when Featherwood was built. +</p> +<p> +I have to thank the Rev. Thos. Stephens, vicar of Horsley, for +photographs and an excellent squeeze and readings, and Mr. R. Blair for +a photograph. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page31" name="page31"></a>[31]</span> +</p> +<p> +(4-5) Found on July 17, 1914, at Chesterholm, just south of Hadrian's +Wall, lying immediately underneath the surface in a grass field 120 +yards west of the fort, two altars: +</p> +<p> +(4) 32 inches tall, 15 inches broad, illegible save for the first line +</p> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-036.png" alt="IOM" /></div> + +<p> +<i>I(ovi) o(ptimo) m(aximo)</i>.... +</p> +<p> +(5) 34 inches tall, 22 inches broad, with 8 lines of rather irregular +letters, not quite legible at the end (fig. 16). +</p> + +<a name="image-0016"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-031.png"><img src="images/ill-031.png" style="width:300px;height:332px;" alt="Fig. 16. Altar from Chesterholm" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 16. Altar from Chesterholm +</div> + +<p> +<i>Pro domu divina et numinibus Augustorum, Volcano sacrum, vicani +Vindolandesses, cu[r(am)] agente ... v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) +m(erito)</i>. +</p> +<p> +'For the Divine (i.e. Imperial) House and the Divinity of the Emperors, +dedicated to Vulcan by the members of the <i>vicus</i> of Vindolanda, +under the care of ... (name illegible).' +</p> +<p> +The statement of the reason for the dedication given in the first three +lines is strictly tautologous, the Divine House and the Divinity + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page32" name="page32"></a>[32]</span> + + of the Emperors being practically the same thing. The formula +<i>numinibus Aug.</i> is very common in Britain, though somewhat rare +elsewhere; in other provinces its place is supplied by the formula <i>in +honorem domus divinae</i>; it belongs mostly to the late second and +third centuries. The plural <i>Augustorum</i> does not appear to refer +to a plurality of reigning Emperors, but to the whole body of Emperors +dead and living who were worshipped in the Cult of the Emperors. +</p> +<p> +The <i>vicani Vindolandesses</i> are the members of the +settlement—women and children, traders, old soldiers, and others—which +grew up outside the fort at Chesterholm, as outside nearly all Roman +forts and fortresses. In this case they formed a small self-governing +community, presumably with its own 'parish council', which could be +called by the Roman term <i>vicus</i>, even if it was not all that a +proper <i>vicus</i> should be. This altar was put up at the vote of +their 'parish meeting' and paid for, one imagines, out of their common +funds. The term <i>vicus</i> is applied to similar settlements outside +forts on the German Limes; thus we have the <i>vicani Murrenses</i> at +the fort of Benningen on the Murr (CIL. xiii. 6454) and the <i>vicus +Aurelius</i> or <i>Aurelianus</i> at Oehringen (ibid. 6541). +</p> +<p> +<i>Vindolandesses</i>, which is merely a phonetic spelling or +misspelling of <i>Vindolandenses</i>, gives the correct name of the +fort. In the Notitia it is spelt Vindolana, in the Ravennas (431. 11) +Vindolanda; and as in general the Ravennas teems with errors and the +Notitia is fairly correct, the spelling Vindolana has always been +preferred, although (as Prof. Sir John Rhys tells me) its second part +<i>-lana</i> is an etymological puzzle. It now appears that in this, as +in some few other cases, the Ravennas has kept the true tradition. The +termination <i>-landa</i> is a Celtic word denoting a small defined +space, akin to the Welsh 'llan', and also to the English 'land'; I +cannot, however, find any other example in which it forms part of a +place-name of Roman date. <i>Vindo-</i> is connected either with the +adjective <i>vindos</i>, 'white', or with the personal name Vindos +derived from that adjective. +</p> +<p> +I have to thank Mrs. Clayton, the owner of Chesterholm, and her foreman, +Mr. T. Hepple, for excellent photographs and squeezes. The altars are +now in the Chesters Museum. +</p> +<p> +(6) Found at Corbridge, in August 1914, fragment of a tile, 7 × 8 inches +in size, on which, before it was baked hard, some one had scratched +three lines of lettering about 1-1-1/2 inches tall; the surviving +letters form the beginnings of the lines of which the ends are broken +off. There were never more than three lines, apparently. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page33" name="page33"></a>[33]</span> +</p> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-038a.png" alt="O M Q L LIIND/ LEGEFEL" /></div> + +<p> +The inscription seems to have been a reading lesson. First the teacher +scratched two lines of letters, in no particular order and making no +particular sense; then he added the exhortation <i>lege feliciter</i>, +'read and good luck to you'. A modern teacher, even though he taught by +the aid of a slate in lieu of a soft tile, might have expressed himself +less gracefully. The tile may be compared with the well-known tile from +Silchester, on which Maunde Thompson detected a writing lesson (Eph. +Epigr. ix. 1293). A knowledge of reading and writing does not seem to +have been at all uncommon in Roman Britain or in the Roman world +generally, even among the working classes; I may refer to my +<i>Romanization of Roman Britain</i> (ed. 3, pp. 29-34). +</p> +<p> +The imperfectly preserved letter after <span class="ss">Q</span> in line 1 was perhaps +an angular <span class="ss">L</span> or <span class="ss">E</span>; that after <span class="ss">D</span>, in line 2, +may have been <span class="ss">M</span> or <span class="ss">N</span> or even <span class="ss">A</span>. +</p> +<p> +I am indebted to Mr. R. H. Forster for a photograph and squeeze of the +tile. +</p> +<p> +(7) Found in a peat-bog in Upper Weardale, in August 1913, two bronze +skillets or 'paterae', of the usual saucepan shape, the larger weighing +15-1/2 oz., the smaller 8-1/2 oz. Each bore a stamp on the handle; the +smaller had also a graffito on the rim of the bottom made by a +succession of little dots. An uninscribed bronze ladle was found with +the 'paterae': +</p> + +<table align="center" summary="transcription"> +<tr><td> (<i>a</i>) on the larger patera: </td><td><img src="images/ill-038b1.png" alt="P CIPE POLI" /></td></tr> +<tr><td> (<i>b</i>) on the smaller: </td><td><img src="images/ill-038b2.png" alt="pOLYBIˇI" /> </td></tr> +<tr><td> (<i>c</i>) punctate: </td><td><img src="images/ill-038b3.png" alt="LICINIANI" /> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +The stamps of the Campanian bronze-worker Cipius Polybius are well +known. Upwards of forty have been found, rather curiously distributed +(in the main) between Pompeii and places on or near the Rhenish and +Danubian frontiers, in northern Britain, and in German and Danish lands +outside the Roman Empire. The stamped 'paterae' of other Cipii and other +bronze-workers have a somewhat similar distribution; it seems that the +objects were made in the first century A.D., in or near Pompeii, and +were chiefly exported to or beyond the borders of the Empire. Their +exact use is still uncertain, I have discussed them in the +<i>Archaeological Journal</i>, xlix, 1892, pp. 228-31; they have since +been treated more fully by H. Willers (<i>Bronzeeimer von Hemmoor</i>, +1901, p. 213, and <i>Neue Untersuchungen über die römische +Bronzeindustrie</i>, 1907, p. 69). +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page34" name="page34"></a>[34]</span> +</p> +<p> +I have to thank Mr. W. M. Egglestone, of Stanhope, for information and +for rubbings of the stamps. The <span class="ss">E</span> in the first stamp seems +clear on the rubbing; all other examples have here <span class="ss">Iˇ</span> or +<span class="ss">I</span>. In the second stamp, the conclusion might be <span class="ss">BIˇF</span>. +The <i>graffito</i> was first read <span class="ss">INVINDA</span>; it is, however, +certainly as given above. +</p> +<p> +(8) Found at Holt, eight miles south of Chester (see above, <a href="#page15">p. 15</a>), in +the autumn of 1914, built upside down into the outer wall of a kiln, a +centurial stone of the usual size and character, 10 inches long, 7-8 +inches high, with letters (3/4-1 inch tall) inside a rude label +</p> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-039a.png" alt="cCESo NIANA" /></div> + +<p> +<i>c(enturia) C(a)esoniana</i>, set up by the century under Caesonius. +</p> +<p> +Like another centurial stone found some time ago at Holt (Eph. Epigr. +ix. 1035), this was not found <i>in situ</i>; the kiln or other +structure into the wall of which it was originally inserted must have +been pulled down and its stones used up again. +</p> +<p> +The centuries mentioned would of course be units from the Twentieth +Legion at Chester. +</p> +<p> +(9) Found at Holt late in 1914, a fragment of tile (about 7 × 7 +inches) with parts of two (or three) lines of writing scratched on it. +</p> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-039b.png" alt="...LIVITILI.. ..IT TAL.. ........." /></div> + +<p> +I can offer no guess at the sense of this. The third line may be mere +scratches. I am indebted to Mr. Arthur Acton for sending Nos. 8 and 9 to +me for examination. +</p> +<p> +(10) Found at Lincoln in 1906, on the site of the Technical Schools +extensions (outside the east wall of the lower Roman town), a fragment +from the lower right-hand corner of an inscribed slab flanked with +foliation, 13 inches tall, 19 inches wide, with 2-inch lettering. +</p> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-039c.png" alt="G IND fol- iat- ion" /></div> + +<p> +No doubt one should prefix <span class="ss">L</span> to <span class="ss">IND</span>. That is, the inscription ended with +some part of the Romano-British name of Lincoln, Lindum, or of its +adjective Lindensis. From the findspot it seems probable that the +inscription may have been sepulchral. +</p> +<p> +I am indebted to Mr. Arthur Smith, Curator of the City and County Museum +at Lincoln, for a squeeze. The stone is now in the Museum. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page35" name="page35"></a>[35]</span> +</p> + +<p> +(11) Found in London near the General Post Office in a rubbish-pit (see +above, <a href="#page23">p. 23</a>), two pieces of wood from the staves of a barrel which +seems to have served as lining to a pit or well. They bear faint +impressions of a metal stamp; (<i>a</i>) is repeated twice. +</p> + + + +<p class="quote"> + (<i>a</i>) <img src="images/ill-040a.png" alt="TEC.PAGA" /> <i>and</i> <img src="images/ill-040b.png" alt="..CˇPA..†" /> +</p> +<p class="quote"> + (<i>b</i>) <img src="images/ill-040c.png" alt="CS" /> <i>or</i> <img src="images/ill-040d.png" alt="CB" /> +</p> +<p> +The first stamp seems to include a name in the genitive, perhaps +<i>Pacati</i>, but I do not know what <span class="ss">TEC</span> means. +</p> +<p> +(12) Found in another rubbish-pit of the same site as No. 11, a plain +gold ring with three sunk letters on the bezel: +</p> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-040e.png" alt="Q . D . D" /></div> + +<p> +Presumably the initials of an owner. The letters were at first read +<span class="ss">OˇDˇD</span>, but the tail of the Q is discernible. +</p> +<p> +I am indebted to the Post Office authorities and to Mr. F. Lambert for a +sight of Nos. 11 and 12. The objects are preserved at the General Post +Office. +</p> +<p> +(13) I add here a note on a Roman milestone found in 1694 near Appleby +and lately refound. +</p> +<p> +Among the papers of the antiquary Richard Gough in the Bodleian +Library—more exactly, in his copy of Horsley's <i>Britannia</i>, gen. +top. 128 = MS. 17653, fol. 44 <i>v.</i>—is recorded the text of a +milestone of the Emperor Philip and his son, 'dug out of ye military +way 1694, now at Hangingshaw'. The entry is written in Gough's own hand +on the last page of a list of Roman and other inscriptions once +belonging to Reginald Bainbridge, who was schoolmaster in Appleby in +Elizabeth's reign and died there in 1606.<a href="#note-8" name="noteref-8"><small>8</small></a> This list had been drawn up +by one Hayton, under-schoolmaster at Appleby, in 1722 and had been +copied out by Gough. There is, however, nothing to show whether the +milestone, found eighty-eight years after the death of Bainbridge and +plainly none of his collection, was added by Hayton, or was otherwise +obtained by Gough and copied by him on a casually blank page; there is +nothing even to connect either the stone or Hangingshaw with Appleby. +</p> +<p> +The notice lay neglected till Hübner undertook to edit the Roman +inscriptions of Britain, which he issued in the seventh volume of the +<i>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</i> in 1873. He included the milestone +as No. 1179. But, with his too frequent carelessness—a carelessness +which makes the seventh volume of the <i>Corpus</i> far less valuable +than the rest of the series—he christened the stone, in defiance of +dates, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page36" name="page36"></a>[36]</span> + + No. 17 in Bainbridge's collection; he also added the statement (which +we shall see to be wrong) that Hangingshaw was near Old Carlisle. +Fortunately, in the autumn of 1914, Mr. Percival Ross, the Yorkshire +archaeologist, sent me a photograph of an inscription which he +had come upon, built into the wall of a farm called Hangingshaw, +about 200 yards from the Roman road which runs along the high +ground a little east of Appleby. It then became plain—despite +Hübner's errors—that this stone was that recorded in Gough's +papers, although his copy was in one point faulty and on the other +hand some letters which were visible in 1694 have now apparently +perished. A rubbing sent me by the late Rev. A. Warren of Old +Appleby helped further; I now give from the three sources—Gough's +copy, the photograph, and the rubbing—what I hope may be a fairly +accurate text. I premise that the letters <span class="ss">RCO</span> in line 2, <span class="ss">LIPPO</span> in 3, +<span class="ss">PHILIPPO</span> in 8, <span class="ss">IMO</span> in 9, and <span class="ss">I</span> in 10 seem to be no longer visible +but depend on Gough's copy. +</p> + +<!-- Intentionally retained for searchable text + <table align="center" summary="transcription"> + <tr><td><span class="ss">IMPCλC</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">SARIMARCO</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">IVLIOPHILIPPO</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">PIOFELICI</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">INVICTO</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">AVGVSTO</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><i>p</i><span class="ss">ERP</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">ETMIVLPHILIPPO</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">NOBILISSIMO</span></td></tr> + <tr><td><span class="ss">CΑESARI</span></td></tr> + </table> +--> + +<div class="figure"><img src="images/ill-041b.png" alt="transcription" /></div> + +<p> +The chief fault in Gough's copy is the omission of line 6, +<i>Augusto</i>. This misled Hübner into treating line 7 (<span class="ss">ERP</span>) +as a blundered reading of that necessary word. In reality, line 7 is the +most interesting item in the inscription. It shows that the Emperor +Philip was, here at least, styled <i>perpetuus Augustus</i>. That is an +appellation to which I find no exact parallel in Philip's other +inscriptions or indeed in any other imperial inscriptions till half a +century after his death. It fits, however, into a definite development +of the Roman imperial titles. In the earliest Empire, phrases occur, +mostly on coins, such as <i>Aeternitas imperii</i> or <i>Aeternitas +populi romani</i>. Soon the notion of the stability of the Empire was +transferred to its rulers. As early as Vespasian, coins bear the legend +<i>aeternitas Augusti</i>, and in the first years of the second century +Pliny, writing to Trajan, speaks of petitions addressed <i>per salutem +tuam aeternitatemque</i> and of 'works worthy of the emperor's +eternity,' + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page37" name="page37"></a>[37]</span> + + (<i>opera aeternitate tua digna</i>). Late in the second century such +phrases become commoner. With Severus Alexander (A.D. 221-35) coins +begin to show the legend <i>Perpetuitas Aug.</i>, and before very long +the indirect and abstract language changes into direct epithets which +are incorporated in the emperors' titulature. The first case which I can +find of this is that before us, of Philip (A.D. 244-9); a little later, +Aurelian (A.D. 270-5) is styled <i>semper Augustus</i> and, from +Diocletian onwards, <i>aeternus</i>, <i>perpetuus</i>, and <i>semper +Augustus</i> belong to the customary titulature. Constantine I, for +example, is called on one stone <i>invictus et perpetuus ... semper +Augustus</i>, on another <i>perpetuus imperator, semper Augustus</i>. +That Philip should have been the first to have applied to him, even +once, the direct epithet, is probably a mere accident. One might have +wished to connect it with his Secular Games, celebrated in 248. But by +that time his son was no longer Caesar but full Augustus (since 246), +and our stone must fall into the years 244-6. +</p> +<p> +The ideas underlying these epithets were perhaps mixed. Notions of or +prayers for the long life of the Empire, the stability of the reigning +house, the long reign of the current emperor, may have jostled with +notions of the immortality of the emperors and their deification, and +with the eastern ideas which poured into Rome as the second century +ended and the third century began.<a href="#note-9" name="noteref-9"><small>9</small></a> The hardening despotism of the +imperial constitution, growing more and more autocratic every decade, +also helped. As the emperor became unchecked and unqualified monarch, +his appellations grew more emphatic; <i>perpetuus Augustus, semper +Augustus</i> connoted that unchecked and autocratic rule. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page38" name="page38"></a>[38]</span> +</p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0008" id="h2H_4_0008"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + C. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1914 +</h2> +<p> +The following summary of the books and articles on Roman Britain which +appeared in 1914 is grouped under two heads, first, those few which deal +with general aspects of the subject, and secondly, the far larger number +which concern special sites or areas. In this second class, those which +belong to England are placed under their counties in alphabetical order, +while those which belong to Wales and Scotland are grouped under these +two headings. I have in general admitted only matter which was published +in 1914, or which bears that date. +</p> + +<h3> +1. <span class="sc">General</span> +</h3> + +<p> +<a name="para1" id="para1"></a> +(1) Mr. G. L. Cheesman's <i>Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army</i> +(Oxford University Press) does not deal especially with Roman Britain, +but it deserves brief notice here. It is an excellent and up-to-date +sketch of an important section of the Roman army, with which British +archaeologists are much concerned. It also contains valuable lists, +which can be found nowhere else, of the 'auxiliary' regiments stationed +in Britain (pp. 146-9 and 170-1). It is full, cheap, compact; every +historical and archaeological library should get it. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para2" id="para2"></a> +(2) A learned and scholarly attempt to settle the obscure chronology of +the north British frontiers in the fourth century has been made by Mr. +H. Craster, Fellow of All Souls, and one of the excavators of Corbridge, +in the <i>Archaeological Journal</i> (lxxi. 25-44). His conclusions are +novel and, though to some extent disputable, are well worth printing. +Starting from the known fact that, during much of the third century, the +north frontier of Roman Britain coincided roughly with the line of +Cheviot and was then withdrawn to the line of Hadrian's Wall, he +distinguishes five stages in the subsequent history. (1) At or just +before the outset of the fourth century, in the reign of Diocletian, the +Wall was reorganized in some ill-recorded fashion. (2) Thirty years +later, towards the end of Constantine's reign, about A.D. 320-30, it was +(he thinks) further reorganized; perhaps its mile-castles were then +discarded. (3) Thirty or forty years later still, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page39" name="page39"></a>[39]</span> + +after disturbances which (he conjectures) included the temporary loss of +Hadrian's Wall and the destruction of its garrisons, Theodosius carried +out in 369 a fuller reorganization. This garrison had consisted of the +regiments known to us by various evidence as posted 'per lineam valli' +in the third and early fourth centuries; their places were now filled by +soldiers of whom we know absolutely nothing. (4) In 383 Maximus withdrew +these unknown troops for his continental wars. Now perhaps the line of +the Wall had to be given up, but Tyne and Solway, South Shields, +Corbridge, and Carlisle were still held. (5) Finally, about 395-9, +Stilicho ordered a last reorganization; he withdrew the frontier from +the Tyne to the Tees, from Carlisle to Lancaster, and garrisoned the new +line with new soldiery—those, namely, which are listed in the Notitia +as serving under the Dux Britanniarum, save only the regiments 'per +lineam valli'; these last the compiler of the Notitia borrowed from the +older order to disguise the loss of the Wall. Even this did not last. In +402 Stilicho had to summon troops to Italy for home defence—among them, +Mr. Craster suggests, the Sixth Legion—and in 407 the remaining Roman +soldiers, including the Second Legion, were taken to the continent by +Constantine III. +</p> +<p> +Every one who handles this difficult period must indulge in conjecture; +Mr. Craster has, perhaps, indulged rather much. It might be simpler to +connect the abandonment of the mile-castles—his stage 2—with the +recorded troubles which called Constans to Britain in 343, rather than +invent an unrecorded action by Constantine I. I hesitate also to assume +for the period 369-83 an otherwise unknown frontier garrison, which has +left no trace of itself. I feel still greater doubt respecting the years +383-99. Here Mr. Craster argues from coin-finds. No coins have been +found on the line of the Wall which were minted later than 383, and none +at Corbridge, Carlisle, and South Shields which were minted later than +395; therefore, he infers, the Wall was abandoned soon after 383, and +the other sites soon after 395. This is too rigid an argument. It may be +a mere accident that the Wall has as yet yielded no coin which was +minted between 383 and 395. At Wroxeter, for example, two small hoards +were found some years ago which had clearly been lost at the moment when +the town was sacked. By these hoards we should be able to date the +catastrophe. Now the latest coin in one hoard was minted in or before +377, and the latest in the other in or before 383. But newer finds show +that Wroxeter was not destroyed at earliest till after 390. Again, as +Mr. Craster himself says, the coining of Roman copper practically +stopped in 395; after that year the older copper + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page40" name="page40"></a>[40]</span> + + issues appear to have remained in use for many a long day. That is clear +in Gaul, where coins later than 395 seem to be rare, although Roman +armies and influences were present for another fifty years. When Mr. +Craster states that 'archaeology gives no support to the theory that the +Tyne-Solway line was held after 395', he might add that it gives equally +little support to the theory that it was not held after 395. +</p> +<p> +Incidentally, he offers a new theory of the two chapters in the Notitia +Dignitatum which describe the forces commanded by the Comes Litoris +Saxonici and the Dux Britanniarum (<i>Occ.</i> 28 and 40). It is agreed +that these chapters do not exhibit the garrison of Britain at the moment +when the Notitia was substantially completed, about A.D. 425, for the +good reason that there was then no garrison left in the island; they +exhibit some garrison which had then ceased to exist, and which is +mentioned, apparently, to disguise the loss of the province. The +question is, to what date do they refer? Mommsen long ago pointed out +that the regiments enumerated in one part of them (the 'per lineam +valli' section) are very much the same as existed in the third century. +Seeck added the suggestion that these regiments remained in garrison +till 383, when Maximus marched them off to the continent. According to +him, the garrison of the Wall through the first eighty years of the +fourth century was much the same as it had been in the third century, +with certain changes and additions. Mr. Craster holds a different view. +He thinks that most of the troops named in these chapters were due to +Stilicho's reorganization in 395-9, but that one section, headed 'per +lineam valli', records troops who had been in Britain in the third +century and had been destroyed before 369. I cannot feel that he has +proved his case. One would have thought that, when the compiler of the +Notitia in 425 wanted to fill the gap left by the loss of the Wall, he +would have gone back to the last garrison of the Wall, that is, on Mr. +Craster's view, the garrison of 369-83, not to arrangements which had +vanished some years earlier. But the problems of this obscure period are +not to be solved without many attacks. We must be glad that Mr. Craster +has delivered a serious attack; even if he has not succeeded, his +scholarly discussion may make things easier for the next assailants. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para3" id="para3"></a> +(3) The <i>Antiquary</i> for 1914 contains an attempt by Mr. W. J. Kaye +to catalogue all the examples of triple vases of Roman date found in +Britain. It also prints a note by myself (p. 439) on the topography of +the campaign of Suetonius against Boudicca, which argues that the defeat +of the British warrior queen occurred somewhere on Watling Street +between Chester (or Wroxeter) and London. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum" style="display:none;"><a id="plate-3a" name="plate-3a"></a>[plate-3a Blank Page]</span> +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum" style="display:none;"><a id="plate-3b" name="plate-3b"></a>[plate-3b]</span> +</p> + +<div class="platebord"> +<a name="image-0017"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-040.jpg"><img src="images/ill-040.jpg" style="width:300px;height:495px;" alt="Fig. 18. Tile Graves in the Infirmary Field, Chester" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 18. Tile Graves in the Infirmary Field, Chester +</div> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page41" name="page41"></a>[41]</span> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para4" id="para4"></a> +(4) In the <i>Sitzungsberichte der kgl. preuss. Akademie</i> (1914, p. +635), prof. Kuno Meyer, late of Liverpool, argues that the Celtic name +of St. Patrick, commonly spelt Sucat and explained as akin to Celtic +words meaning 'brave in war' (stem <i>su</i>-, 'good'), ought to be +really spelt Succet and connected with Gaulish names like Succius and +Sucelus. This, he thinks, destroys the last remnant of a reason for +Zimmer's idea that Patrick was the same as Palladius. +</p> + +<h3> +2. <span class="sc">Special Sites or Districts</span> +</h3> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Berks</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para5" id="para5"></a> +(5) Some notes of traces, near Kintbury west of Speen (Spinae), of the +Roman road from Silchester to Bath are given by Mr. O. G. S. Crawford in +the <i>Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archaeological Journal</i> for Oct. 1914 +(xx. 96). +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Cheshire</i> +</p> + +<a name="image-0018"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-041.png"><img src="images/ill-041.png" style="width:300px;height:90px;" alt="Fig. 17. Graves in the Infirmary Field, Chester" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 17. Graves in the Infirmary Field, Chester +</div> + +<p> +<a name="para6" id="para6"></a> +(6) In <i>Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology</i> (Liverpool, 1914, +vol. vi, pp. 121-67) Prof. Newstead describes and illustrates fully the +thirty-five graves found in 1912-3 in the Infirmary Field, Chester, of +which I gave a brief account in my Report for 1913 (p. 14). Save for a +few first-century remains in one corner, the graveyard seems to be an +inhumation cemetery, used during the second half of the second +century—rather an early date for such a cemetery. I do not myself feel +much doubt that some at least of the tombstones extracted in 1890-2 from +the western half of the North City Wall were taken from this area. They +belong to the first and second centuries and suggest (as I pointed out +when they were found) that the Wall was built about A.D. 200. That, +however, is just the date when the cemetery was closed; the seizure of +the tombstones for the construction of the Wall would explain why the +Infirmary Field has yielded no tombstones from all its graves. By the +kindness of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page42" name="page42"></a>[42]</span> + +Professors Bosanquet and Newstead I can add some illustrations of the +graves themselves, from blocks used for Prof. Newstead's paper. Fig. 17 +shows two of the simpler graves, fig. 18, two built with tiles. Fig. 19 +illustrates some curious nails found with the bodies. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Derbyshire</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para7" id="para7"></a> +(7) A list of the place-names of Derbyshire with philological notes is +commenced by Mr. B. Walker, sometime of Liverpool University, in the +<i>Proceedings of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History +Society</i> for 1913 (xxxvi. 123-284, Derby, 1914); it is to be +completed in a future volume. I venture two suggestions. First, like, +many similar treatises on place-names which are now being issued, this +work has too limited a scope. It deals mainly with certain names of +modern towns and villages; it takes little or no heed of ancient names +of houses and fields or of lanes and roads (as Bathamgate, Doctorgate), +or of rivers (as Noe), or (lastly) of the place-names of the older +England which are preserved only in charters, chronicles, and the like; +unless they chance to come among the select list of modern names which +the writer chooses to admit, they find no notice. Yet it is the older +names of all sorts, irrespective of their survival in prominent fashion +to-day, with which historical students and even philologists are most +really concerned. Secondly, writers on place-names take too little +account of facts outside the phonetic horizon. In the present instalment +of Derbyshire, the one Roman item noted is Derby. Here, in the suburb of +Little Chester, was a Roman fort or village, and past it flows the river +then and now called Derwent or something similar. Yet the etymology of +Derby is discussed without any reference to the river name. No doubt +Derby is not derived by regular phonetic process from Derwent; its +earliest spellings, Deoraby and the like, connect it with either the +word for 'wild beast' or the proper name Deor. Still, it is incredible +that the Derwent should flow past Derby and the adjacent Darley +(formerly Derley) and be unrelated. One may guess with little rashness +that the invaders who renamed the site took over the Romano-British name +(Deruentio or the like) and reshaped that after analogies of their own +speech. Does not a form Deorwenta occur (though Mr. Walker has missed +it) to show that the two names interacted? Again, Chesterfield +(Cesterfelda, A.D. 955) is glossed as 'the field by the fort'. What +fort? There is none, nor does 'Chester' necessarily mean that there was. +Etymologizing without reference to facts is wasted work. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum" style="display:none;"><a name="plate-4" id="plate-4"></a>[plate-4]</span> + +</p> + +<a name="image-0019"><!--IMG--></a> + +<div class="platebord"> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-043a.jpg"><img src="images/ill-043a.jpg" style="width:300px;height:131px;" alt="Fig. 19. Nails from the Chester Graves. (p. 42)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 19. Nails from the Chester Graves. <span style="font-variant:normal;">(<a href="#page42">p. 42</a>)</span> + +</div> +<a name="image-0020"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-043b.jpg"><img src="images/ill-043b.jpg" style="width:300px;height:354px;" alt="Fig. 20. The Mersea Grave Mound. (p. 43)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 20. The Mersea Grave Mound. <span style="font-variant:normal;">(<a href="#page43">p. 43</a>)</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum" style="display:none;"><a name="plate-5" id="plate-5"></a>[plate-5]</span> + +</p> + +<div class="platebord"> +<a name="image-0021"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-043.jpg"><img src="images/ill-043.jpg" style="width:300px;height:191px;" alt="Fig. 21. Leaden Casket and Glass Sepulchral Vessel from the Mersea Burial-Mound. (p. 43)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 21. Leaden Casket and Glass Sepulchral Vessel +from the Mersea Burial-Mound. <span style="font-variant:normal;">(<a href="#page43">p. 43</a>)</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page43" name="page43"></a>[43]</span> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Dorset</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para8" id="para8"></a> +(8) In the <i>Numismatic Chronicle</i> for 1914 (pp. 92-5), Mr. H. +Symonds lists 107 'third brass' from a hoard found (it seems) about 1850 +near Puncknoll. They consist of 3 Gallienus, 2 Salonina, 55 Postumus, 40 +Victorinus, 3 Tetricus, 1 Tetricus junior, 2 Claudius Gothicus, and 1 +Garausius. The hoard was, then, of a familiar type; its original size we +cannot guess. A brief reference to the same hoard occurs in the +<i>Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field +Club</i> (xxxv, p. li). +</p> +<p> +<a name="para9" id="para9"></a> +(9) The latter periodical (pp. 88, 118) also contains Mr. H. Gray's +Fifth Report on the gradual exploration of the Roman amphitheatre and +the underlying prehistoric remains at Maumbury Rings, Dorchester—now +substantially concluded—and an interesting little note on the New +Forest pottery-works by Mr. Sumner (p. xxxii). +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Essex</i> +</p> + +<a name="image-0022"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-043f.png"><img src="images/ill-043f.png" style="width:300px;height:151px;" alt="Fig. 22. Restoration of the tile-built grave-chamber of the Mersea Mound" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 22. Restoration of the tile-built grave-chamber +of the Mersea Mound +</div> + +<p> +<a name="para10" id="para10"></a> +(10) By the kindness of the Morant Club and the Essex Archaeological +Society, I am able to reproduce here three illustrations of the +finds in the Mersea Mound, which I mentioned in my Report for +1913 (p. 42). Figs. 20, 22 show a view of the actual tomb; fig. 21 +shows the chief contents. The interest of these half-native, half-Roman +grave-mounds, which occur in eastern Britain and in the Low +Countries opposite, will justify their insertion here. I may also +correct an error in my account. No 'Samian stamped <span class="ss">VITALIS</span>' + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page44" name="page44"></a>[44]</span> + + was found at Mersea, but objects which have been elsewhere found in +association with that stamp. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para11" id="para11"></a> +(11) Two small Essex excavations are recorded in the <i>Transactions of +the Essex Archaeological Society</i>, vol. xiii. At Chadwell St. Mary, +near Tilbury, Mr. Miller Christy and Mr. F. W. Reader explored an +early-looking mound, only to find that it was probably mediaeval (pp. +218-33). At Hockley, also in South Essex, the same archaeologists with +Mr. E. B. Francis dug into a similar mound and met with many potsherds +of Roman date and a coin of Domitian; no trace of a burial was detected, +such as has come to light in other Romano-British mounds at Mersea, +Bartlow, and elsewhere (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 224). Indeed, it does not seem +quite clear that the mound was thrown up in Roman times; it may have +been reared later, with earth which contained Romano-British objects. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Gloucester</i> +</p> +<p> +<a name="para12" id="para12"></a> +(12) The <i>Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire +Archaeological Society</i> (vol. xxxvi) refers to excavations at Sea +Mills, on the King's Weston estate, in February 1913; the finds appear +not to have been extensive. They also record the transfer of the Roman +'villa' at Witcombe to the care of H.M. Office of Works by the owner, +Mr. W. F. Hicks-Beach. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Hants</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para13" id="para13"></a> +(13) Mr. Heywood Sumner's pamphlet <i>Excavations on Rockbourne Down</i> +(London, 1914, p. 43) is a readable, scholarly, and well-illustrated +account of a Romano-British farm-site five miles south-west of Salisbury +on the edge of Cranborne Chase. Mr. Sumner excavated parts of it in +1911-13; his account appeared so early in 1914 that it found a place in +my Report for 1913 (pp. 23-5). +</p> +<p> +<a name="para14" id="para14"></a> +(14) Some Roman roads in Hampshire are treated in the <i>Papers and +Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society</i> +(vii, part 1). Capt. G. A. Kempthorne writes on the road east and west of +Silchester and Mr. Karslake adds a word as to the line outside the west +gate of that town, which he puts north of the generally assumed line (p. +25). Mr. O. G. S. Crawford and Mr. J. P. Freeman-Williams deal with very +much more uncertain roads in the New Forest—one across Beaulieu Heath, +another from Otterbourn to Ringwood (pp. 34-42). +</p> +<p> +<a name="para15" id="para15"></a> +(15) Mr. Karslake also (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 43) notes that the outer +entrenchment + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page45" name="page45"></a>[45]</span> + + at Silchester, which is thought to be pre-Roman, does not coincide with +the south-eastern front of the Roman town-walls, as we have all +supposed, but runs as much as 300 yards outside them. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Herefordshire</i> +</p> + +<p> +See <a href="#page62">p. 62</a>, below. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Herts</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para16" id="para16"></a> +(16) Mr. Urban A. Smith, the Herts County Surveyor, submitted in 1912 to +his County Council a Report on the Roman roads of the county, which is +now printed in the <i>Transactions of the East Herts Archaeological +Society</i> (v. 117-31). It deals mainly with the surviving traces of +these roads and the question of preserving them in public use. The roads +selected as Roman are by no means all certain or probable Roman roads. +The article is furnished with a map, which however omits several names +used in the text. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Kent</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para17" id="para17"></a> +(17) A few notes on the Roman Pharos at Dover and on some unexplained +pits near it, by Lieut. Peck, R.E., are given in the <i>Journal of the +British Archaeological Association</i> (xx. 248 foll.). +</p> +<p> +<a name="para18" id="para18"></a> +(18) In the <i>Transactions of the Greenwich Antiquarian Society</i> +(vol. i, parts 3, 4) Mr. J. M. Stone and Mr. J. E. de Montmorency write on +the line which the Roman road from Dover and Canterbury to London +followed near Greenwich. Its course is quite clear as far west as the +outskirts of Greenwich; thence it is doubtful all the way to London. In +these papers evidence is advanced that a piece of road was closed in the +lower part of Greenwich Park in 1434 and it is suggested that this was a +bit of the lost Roman line. If so, the road ran straight on from +Shooter's Hill, across Greenwich Park and the site of the Hospital +School, towards the mouth of Deptford Creek. It is, however, hard to see +how it crossed that obstacle, or why it should have run so near the +Thames at this point, where the shore must have been very marshy. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Lancashire</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para19" id="para19"></a> +(19) In the <i>Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian +Society</i> (xxxi. 69-87) Mr. W. Harrison discusses the Roman road which +runs from Ribchester to Overborough for twenty-seven lonely miles +through the hills of north-east Lancashire. He does not profess to add +to our knowledge of the line of the road; he directs + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page46" name="page46"></a>[46]</span> + + attention rather to the reasons for the course which the road pursues, +its diversions from the straight line, and its gradients. He notes also, +as others have noted, the absence of any intermediate fort half-way +along the twenty-seven miles. Probably there was such a fort; but it +must have stood in the wildest part of the road, almost in the heart of +the Forest of Bowland and perhaps somewhere in Croasdale, and it has +never been detected. The greater ease of the lowland route from +Ribchester by Lancaster to Overborough may have led to the early +abandonment of the shorter mountain track and of any post which guarded +its central portion. That, at any rate, is the suggestion which I would +offer to Lancashire antiquaries as a working hypothesis. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para20" id="para20"></a> +(20) In the same journal Mr. J. W. Jackson lists some animal remains +found among the Roman remains of Manchester (pp. 113-18). +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Lincolnshire</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para21" id="para21"></a> +(21) Samian fragments, mostly of the second century but including shape +'29', found in making new streets and sewers in Lincoln, are noted in +<i>Lincolnshire Notes and Queries</i>, xiii. 1-4. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para22" id="para22"></a> +(22) In south Lincolnshire, between Ulceby and Dexthorpe, chance +excavation has revealed tiles, potsherds, iron nails, and a few late +coins (Victorinus-Constantine junior, nob. caes.) on a site which has +previously yielded Roman scraps (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 34). The tiles point +to some sort of farm or other dwelling. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>London</i> +</p> +<p> +<a name="para23" id="para23"></a> +(23) In his new volume <i>London</i> (London, 1914) Sir L. Gomme +continues his efforts to prove that English London can trace direct and +uninterrupted descent from Roman Londinium. Though, he says (p. 9), +'Roman civilization certainly ceased in Britain with the Anglo-Saxon +conquest, ... amidst the wreckage London was able to continue its use of +the Roman city constitution in its new position as an English city'. I +can only record my conviction that not all his generous enthusiasm +provides proof that Roman London survived the coming of the English. The +root-error in his arguments is perhaps a failure to realize the Roman +side of the argument. He says, for instance, that, though not a +'colonia', Londinium had the rank of 'municipium civium Romanorum'. +There is not the least reason to think that it was a 'municipium'. So +again, his references to a 'botontinus' on Hampstead Heath (p. 86), to +the 'jurisdictional + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page47" name="page47"></a>[47]</span> + + terminus' of Roman London at Mile End (p. 95), to its 'pomerium' (p. +98), its right of forming commercial alliances with other cities, which +'lasted into the Middle Ages and is a direct survival of the system +adopted in Roman towns' (p. 101), its position as a 'city-state' and its +relation to the choice of Emperors (pp. 105, 130)—all this has nothing +to do with the real Londinium; these things did not exist in the Roman +town. When Sir Laurence goes on to assert that 'the ritual of St. Paul's +down to the seventeenth century preserved the actual rites of the +worship of Diana', he again falls short of proof. What part of the +ritual and what rites of Diana?<a href="#note-10" name="noteref-10"><small>10</small></a> +</p> +<p> +<a name="para24" id="para24"></a> +(24) In the December number of the <i>Journal of the British +Archaeological Association</i> (xx. 307) Mr. F. Lambert, of the +Guildhall Museum, prints pertinent criticisms of Sir L. Gomme's volume, +much in the direction of my preceding paragraphs. He also makes useful +observations on Roman London. In particular, he attacks the difficult +problem of the date when its town-walls were built. Here he agrees with +those who ascribe them to the second century, and for two main reasons. +First, he thinks that the occurrence of early Roman potsherds at certain +points near the walls proves the town to have grown to its full extent +by about A.D. 100. Secondly, he points to the foundations of the Roman +gate at Newgate; as they are shallower than those of the adjacent +town-walls, he dates the gate after the walls and thus obtains (as he +hopes) an early date for the walls. Both points were worth raising, but +I doubt if either proves Mr. Lambert's case. For (<i>a</i>) the +potsherds come mostly from groups of rubbish-pits—such as those which +Mr. Lambert himself has lately done good work in helping to explore—and +rubbish-pits, especially in groups, lie rather outside the inhabited +areas of towns. Those of London itself suggest to me that the place had +<i>not</i> reached its full area by A.D. 100 (see above, <a href="#page23">p. 23</a>). +(<i>b</i>) The Newgate foundations are harder to unravel. As a rule, +Roman town-gates had large super-structures and needed stronger +foundations than the town-walls. At Newgate, where the superstructure +must have been comparatively slender, the published plans show that +under a part, at least, of the gate-towers the undisturbed subsoil rises +higher than beneath the adjacent town-walls. According to the elevation +published by Dr. Norman and Mr. F. W. Reader in <i>Archaeologia</i> +lxiii, plate lvii, the wall-builders at this point stopped their deep +foundation trenches + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page48" name="page48"></a>[48]</span> + + for the full width of the gateway (98 feet), or at least dug them +shallower there. No motive for such action could be conceived except the +wish to leave a passage for a gate. There would seem, therefore, to have +been an entrance into Roman London at Newgate as early as the building +of the walls, and there may have been such an entrance even before the +erection of these walls. Dr. Norman has, however, warned me that plate +lvii goes much beyond the actual evidence (see plate lvi); practically, +we do not know enough to form conjectures of any value on this point. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para25" id="para25"></a> +(25) In the <i>Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects</i> +for April 11, 1914 (xxi. 333), Mr. W. R. Davidge prints a lecture on the +Development of London which deals mostly with present and future London +but also contains a new theory as to the Roman town. Hitherto, most +writers have agreed that, while Londinium may have been laid out on a +regular town-plan, no discoverable trace of such plan survived, nor +could any existing street be said to run to any serious extent on Roman +lines. Mr. Davidge devises a rectangular plan of oblong blocks, and +finds vestiges of Roman streets in the present Cheapside, Cannon Street, +Gracechurch Street, and Birchin Lane. In a later number of the same +journal (Aug. 29, p. 52) I have given some reasons for not accepting +this view. First, Mr. Davidge's list of four survivals would be too +brief to prove much if the survivals were proved. Secondly, Roman +structural remains seem to have been found under all the streets in +question, and it is, therefore, plain that they do not run on the lines +of Roman thoroughfares. Thirdly, his suggested plan brings none of his +conjectured Roman streets (except one) to any of the various known gates +of Londinium; it requires us to assume a number of other gates for which +there is neither probability nor proof. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para26" id="para26"></a> +(26) In the Post Office Magazine, <i>St. Martin's-le-Grand</i> (Jan. and +July 1914), Mr. Thos. Wilson, then Clerk of the Works, gives details, +with illustrations, of the Roman rubbish-pits lately excavated at the +General Post Office (see above, <a href="#page23">p. 23</a>). +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Norfolk</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para27" id="para27"></a> +(27) In the earlier pages (1-45) of his <i>Roman Camp at Burgh +Castle</i> (London, 1913) Mr. L. H. Dahl deals with the Roman fort at +Burgh Castle (Gariannonum), near Yarmouth, which formed part of the +fourth-century <i>Litus Saxonicum</i>. His account, which is not very +technical, seems based on previous writers, Ives, Harrod, Fox. I note + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>[49]</span> + + a list of thirty coins which, save for an uncertain specimen of Domitian +and one of Marcus, belong entirely to the late third and the fourth +centuries, and end with two silver of Honorius (<i>Virtus Romanorum</i>, +Cohen 59). He detects a Roman road running east from Burgh Castle +towards Gorleston, preserved (he thinks) in an old road sometimes called +the Jews' Way; this, however, seems unlikely. He also maintains the +view, which others have held, that the fort had no defences towards the +water. This again seems unlikely. Burgh Castle, like Richborough, +Stutfall, and other forts of the <i>Litus</i>, may well have had +different arrangements on its water-front from the walls on its other +three faces. But it cannot have lacked defences, and excavations prove, +here as elsewhere, that walls did actually exist on this side. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Northumberland: Corbridge</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para28" id="para28"></a> +(28) A paper by the present writer and Prof. P. Gardner, entitled 'Roman +silver in Northumberland' (<i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>, iv. 1-12), +discusses the relics of what was seemingly a hoard—or perhaps a +service—of Roman silver plate, lost in the Tyne or on its banks near +Corbridge in the fourth century. Of five pieces, four were picked up +between 1731 and 1736, about 100-150 yards below the present bridge at +Corbridge; a fifth was found in 1760 floating in the stream four miles +lower down. One was a silver 'basin', of which no more is recorded. +Another was a small two-handled cup with figures of men and beasts round +it. A third was a round flat-bottomed bowl, with a decorated rim bearing +the Chi-Rho amidst its other ornament. A fourth was a small ovoid cup, 4 +inches high, with the inscription <i>Desideri vivas</i>. Last, not +least, is the Corbridge Lanx, the only surviving piece of the five, and +probably the finest piece of Roman engraved silver found in these +islands, an oblong dish measuring 15 × 19 inches, weighing 148 +ounces, and ornamented with figures of deities from classical mythology. +That all five pieces belonged together can hardly be doubted, though it +cannot be proved outright. That they all belong to the later Roman +period, and probably to the fourth century, seems highly probable. +Whether they were buried in the river-bank to conceal them from raiders +or were lost from a boat or otherwise, is not now discoverable. But the +occurrence of such silver close to the Roman Wall is in itself notable. +It is to be attributed rather to a Roman officer residing in or passing +through Corbridge than to either a Romanized Briton or a Pictish looter. +</p> +<p> +Apart from its findspot, the Lanx is important for its excellent + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page50" name="page50"></a>[50]</span> + + art and for the place which it seems to hold in the history of later +Greek art. It is, of course, not Romano-British work; it is purely Greek +in all its details and no doubt of Greek workmanship. The deities +figured on it have long been a puzzle. They are evidently classical +deities; three of them, indeed, are Apollo, Artemis, and Athena. But the +identity of the other two figures and the meaning of the whole scene +have been much disputed. Roger Gale, the first to attempt its +unravelment, suggested in 1735 that it was 'just an assemblage of +deities', and at one time I inclined to this view—that we had here +merely (let us say) a tea-party at Apollo's; Dr. Drexel, too, wrote to +me lately to express the same idea. But I must confess that nearly all +the best archaeologists demand a definite mythological identification, +and my colleague, Prof. Gardner, suggests a new view—that the scene is +the so-called Judgement of Paris. This mythological incident was often +depicted in ancient art, and—strange as it may sound—in the later +versions Paris was not seldom omitted, Apollo was made arbiter, and the +scene was removed from Mount Ida to Delphi.<a href="#note-11" name="noteref-11"><small>11</small></a> The two hitherto +disputable figures are, Prof. Gardner thinks, Hera (seated) and +Aphrodite (standing, with a long sceptre). He ascribes the work to the +third or early part of the fourth century, and believes that it was made +in the Eastern Empire; from the prominence granted to Artemis, he +conjectures that Ephesus may have been its origin. But he adds that he +would not be sure that the artist of the piece, while copying a +Judgement of Paris, was consciously aware of the meaning of the original +before him. His views will be published in fuller detail in the +<i>Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. +</p> +<p> +I am glad, further, to have been able to illustrate this paper by what I +believe to be a better illustration of the Lanx than has been published +before, and also to set out in more accurate fashion the curious legal +history of the object after it was found. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para29" id="para29"></a> +(29) In the new <i>History of Northumberland</i>, issued by the +Northumberland County History Committee in vol. x (edited by Mr. H. H. +Craster, Newcastle, 1914, pp. 455-522) I have given a long account of +the known Roman remains in Corbridge parish. These are the settlement of +Corstopitum, a small stretch of Roman road and another of the Roman +Wall, and the fort of Halton (Hunnum) on the Wall. The account is +necessarily historical rather than archaeological; it tries to sum up +the finds and estimate their historical bearing, and it also catalogues +all the inscribed and sculptured stones found at Corbridge and Halton, +with the 'literature' relating to + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page51" name="page51"></a>[51]</span> + + them. Mr. Knowles contributes a plan of the Corbridge excavations to the +end of 1912. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para30" id="para30"></a> +(30) The Corbridge excavations of 1913 are described by Mr. R. H. +Forster, who was in personal charge of the work, Mr. W. H. Knowles, +and myself, in <i>Archaeologia Aeliana</i> (third series, 1914, xi. +279-310); see also a short account by myself in the <i>Proceedings of +the Society of Antiquaries of London</i> (xxvi. 185-9). The discoveries +were comparatively few; they comprised some ill-preserved and mostly +insignificant buildings on the north side of the site, some ditches, and +a stretch of the road leading to the north (Dere Street). Among small +objects were an interesting but imperfect altar to 'Panthea ...', a +bronze 'balsamarium' showing a puzzling variety of barbarian's head, +and another piece of the Corbridge grey <i>appliqué</i> ware. A short +account of the excavations of 1914 (see above, <a href="#page9">p. 9</a>) is contained in the +<i>Journal of the British Archaeological Association</i> (xx. 343). +</p> +<p> +<a name="para31" id="para31"></a> +(31) The <i>Proceedings of the Berwick Naturalists' Club</i> (vol. +xxxii, part 2) print an agreeable paper by Mr. James Curle, describing +Dere Street and some Roman posts on it between Tyne and Tweed. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Notts.</i> +</p> + +<a name="image-0023"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-051a.png"><img src="images/ill-051a.png" style="width:183px;height:203px;" alt="Fig. 23. Roman Site near East Bridgeford, Notts. (No. 32)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 23. Roman Site near East Bridgeford, Notts. <span style="font-variant:normal;">(No. 32)</span> +</div> + +<a name="image-0024"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-051b.png"><img src="images/ill-051b.png" style="width:155px;height:155px;" alt="Fig. 24. Decoration of Enamelled Seal-box." /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 24. Decoration of Enamelled Seal-box. +</div> + +<p> +<a name="para32" id="para32"></a> +(32) About ten miles east from Nottingham, and a mile south of the +village of East Bridgeford, the Fosse-way crosses a Roman site which has +usually been identified with the Margidunum of the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name="page52"></a>[52]</span> + + Antonine Itinerary. Lately excavation has been attempted, and the +<i>Antiquary</i> of December 1914 contains an interesting account of the +results attained up to the end of 1913, with some illustrations.<a href="#note-12" name="noteref-12"><small>12</small></a> A +very broad earthwork and ditch surround an area of 7 acres, rhomboidal +in shape (fig. 23). In this area the excavators, Drs. Felix Oswald and +T. D. Pryce, have turned up floor-tesserae, roof-slates, flue-tiles, +window-glass, painted wall-plaster, potsherds of the first and later +centuries, including a black bowl with a well-modelled figure of Mercury +in relief, coins ranging down to the end of the fourth century +(Eugenius), and other small objects of interest, such as the small +seal-box with Late-Celtic enamel, shown in fig. 24. No foundations <i>in +situ </i>have yet come to light, but that is doubtless to follow; only a +tiny part of the whole area has, as yet, been touched. Margidunum may +have begun as a fort coeval with the Fosse-way, which (if I am right) +dates from the earliest years of the Roman Conquest. Whether any of the +first-century potsherds as yet found there can be assigned to these +years (say A.D. 45-75) is not clear. But the excavations plainly deserve +to be continued. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Shropshire</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para33" id="para33"></a> +(33) Mr. Bushe-Fox's second Report on his excavations at Wroxeter +(<i>Reports of the Research Committee of the London Society of +Antiquaries</i>, No. II, Oxford, 1914) deserves all the praise accorded +to his first Report. I can only repeat what I said of that; it is an +excellent description, full and careful, minute in its account of the +smaller finds, lavishly illustrated, admirably printed, and sold for +half a crown. The finds which it enumerates in detail I summarized in my +Report for 1913, pp. 19-20—the temple with its interesting Italian +plan, the fragments of sculpture which seem to belong to it, the crowd +of small objects, the masses of Samian (indefatigably recorded), the 528 +coins; all combine to make up an admirable pamphlet. +</p> +<p> +I will venture a suggestion on the temple. This, as I pointed out last +year, is on the Italian, not on the Celto-Roman plan. But one item is +not quite clear in it. All ordinary classical temples stood on +<i>podia</i> or platforms which raised them above the surrounding +surface at least to some small extent. Mr. Bushe-Fox speaks of a +<i>podium</i> to the Wroxeter temple. But it appears that he does not +mean a <i>podium</i>, as generally understood. The masonry which he +denotes by that term was, in his opinion, buried underground and merely +foundation. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum" style="display:none;">[Blank Page]</span> + +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum" style="display:none;"><a name="plate-6" id="plate-6"></a>[plate-6]</span> + +</p> + +<div class="platebord"> +<a name="image-0025"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-053fa.jpg"><img src="images/ill-053fa.jpg" style="width:300px;height:196px;" alt="Fig. 27. The Podium, as seen from the north" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 27. The Podium, as seen from the north +<br /> +<span style="font-variant: normal;"> +(The measuring staff to the right stands in the <i>cella</i>, the floor +of which is slightly higher than that of the portico to the left of it) +</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<a name="image-0026"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-053fb.jpg"><img src="images/ill-053fb.jpg" style="width:300px;height:191px;" alt="Fig. 28. East wall of Podium, coursed Masonry with Clay and Rubble Foundations" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 28. East wall of Podium, coursed Masonry with +Clay and Rubble Foundations +</div> + +<p class="center"><br />THE WROXETER TEMPLE. (<a href="#page53">p. 53</a>)</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>[53]</span> +</p> + +<p class="quote"> + The floor of the portico of the temple (he says) was about level with +the floor of the court which surrounded the temple; the floor of the +<i>cella</i>, though higher, was but a trifle higher (see figs. 26, 27). +This view needs more reflection than he has given it in his rather brief +account. No doubt a temple in a Celtic land might have been built on a +classical plan, though without a classical <i>podium</i>. But it is not +what one would most expect. Nor do I feel sure that it was actually done +at Wroxeter in this case. The walls which Mr. Bushe-Fox explains as the +foundations of the temple are quite needlessly good masonry for +foundations never meant to be seen; this will be plain from figs. 27, +28, which I reproduce by permission from his Report. Further, as fig. 26 +(from the same source) shows, there was outside the base of this masonry +a level cobbled surface, for which no structural reason is to be found. +This, one may guess, was a pavement at the original ground-level when +the temple was first erected; from this, steps presumably led up to the +floor of the portico and <i>cella</i>. The + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>[54]</span> + + 'podium', then, was at first a real <i>podium</i>. Later, the +ground-level rose, and the walls of the <i>podium</i> were buried. +</p> + +<a name="image-0027"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-053a.png"><img src="images/ill-053a.png" style="width:300px;height:133px;" alt="Fig. 25. Temple at Wroxeter" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 25. Temple at Wroxeter +</div> +<p> </p> +<a name="image-0028"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-053b.png"><img src="images/ill-053b.png" style="width:300px;height:120px;" alt="Fig. 26. Foundations of Wroxeter Temple" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 26. Foundations of Wroxeter Temple +</div> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Somerset</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para34" id="para34"></a> +(34) In his handsome volume, <i>Wookey Hole, its caves and +cave-dwellers</i> (London, 1914), Mr. H. E. Balch collects for general +antiquarian readers the results of his long exploration of this Mendip +cave; some of these results were noted in my Report for 1913, p. 47. The +cave, as a whole, contained—besides copious prehistoric remains—two +well-defined Roman layers, with many potsherds, including a little +Samian and one Samian stamp given as <span class="ss">PIIR PIIT OFII</span> (apparently +a new variety of Perpetuus), broken glass, a few fibulae and other +bronze and iron objects, and 106 coins. These coins are:—1 Republican +(124-103 B.C., Marcia), 1 Vespasian, 1 Titus, 1 Trajan, 2 Hadrian, 2 +Pius; then, 3 Gallienus, 1 Salonina, 1 Carausius, 2 Chlorus, 1 Theodora, +6 Constantinopolis, 1 Crispus, 4 Constantine II, 4 Magnentius, 4 +Constantius II, with 20 Valentinian I, 14 Valens, 21 Gratian, 7 +Valentinian II, and 6 illegible. Just two-thirds of the coins are later +than A.D. 364; they may be set beside the late hoard found at Wookey +Hole in 1852, which Mr. Balch might well have mentioned. Plainly, the +later Roman layer in the cave belongs to the end of the fourth century. +The date of the other layer is harder to fix, since we are not told how +the coins and potsherds were distributed between the layers. Probably +the cave was long inhabited casually but in the troubled time of the +latest Empire became a place of refuge or otherwise attracted more +numerous occupants. That, if true, is a more interesting result that Mr. +Balch realizes. For in general the cave-life of Roman Britain belonged +to the first two or three centuries of our era; it is only rarely, and +mostly in the west country, that the caves contain among their Roman +relics objects of the late fourth century (see <i>Victoria Hist. +Derbyshire</i>, i. 233-42). I must add that Mr. Balch repeats on pp. +57-8 the error about the significance of the Republican coin which was +noted in my Report for 1915. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para35" id="para35"></a> +(35) The <i>Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural +History Society</i> for 1913 (vol. lix, Taunton, 1914) record small +Roman finds at Bratton and Barrington (part i, pp. 24, 65, 76, and part +ii, p. 79), and describe in detail Mr. Gray's trial excavations at +Cadbury Castle. Cadbury, it seems, was occupied mainly in the Celtic +period, before the Roman conquest. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para36" id="para36"></a> +(36) A little light is thrown on two Somerset 'villas' in <i>Notes +and</i> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page55" name="page55"></a>[55]</span> + + <i>Queries for Somerset and Dorset</i> (xiv. 1914). (<i>a</i>) Skinner +in 1818 excavated a 'villa' near Camerton which he recorded in his +manuscripts. (British Mus. Add. 33659, &c.) and which I described in +print in the <i>Victoria History of Somerset</i> (i. 315). His account +did not, however, enable one to fix the precise site; he said only that +it stood south of a certain Ridgeway and next to a field called +Chessils. Mr. E. J. Holmroyd has now, with the aid of tithe maps, +discovered a field called Chessils in the north of Midsomer Norton +parish, about a mile east of Paulton village, at the point where a lane +called in the Ordnance Survey 'Coldharbour Lane', which runs north and +south, cuts a lane running east and west from Camerton to Paulton; this +latter lane keeps to high ground and must be Skinner's Ridgeway. In +Chessils and in adjoining fields called Cornwell, just 525 feet above +sea-level, he has, further, actually found Roman potsherds, tiles, and +rough tesserae. This, as he says (<i>Notes and Queries</i>, xiv. 5, and +in a letter to me) will be the site of Skinner's 'villa.' (<i>b</i>) In +the same publication (p. 122) I have pointed out that the Parish Award +(1798) of Chedzoy, near Bridgwater, contains a field-name Chesters. +This, as the Rector of Chedzoy attests, is still in use there, as the +name of an orchard on the Manor Farm, just west of Chedzoy village. +According to older statements, a hypocaust was long ago found in +'Slapeland', and Slapeland too lies west of Chedzoy village (see +<i>Vict. Hist. Somerset</i>, i. 359). Two bits of slender evidence seem +thus to confirm each other, although no actual Roman remains have been +noted at Chedzoy lately. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para37" id="para37"></a> +(37) In the <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London</i> +(xxvi. 137-44) Mr. A. Bulleid describes, with illustrations, some +excavations which he lately made in the marshes north of the Polden +Hills, near Cossington and Chilton. Here are curious mounds which have +often been taken for some kind of potteries, and are so explained by Mr. +Bulleid; many of these mounds were excavated about a hundred years ago, +and Mr. Bulleid has now dug into others. His results are not very +conclusive, but they seem to imply that the mounds, whatever they were, +were not used for pottery making, since among many relics of various +sorts no 'wasters' have been found. See further, for an account of the +finds in this region, <i>Victoria Hist. of Somerset</i>, i. 351-3. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Surrey</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para38" id="para38"></a> +(38) The <i>Surrey Archaelogical Collections</i> (vol. xxvi) note +various small Roman finds—Roman bricks in the walls of Fetcham Church, +possibly Roman plaster at Stoke D'Abernon Church (p. 123), some + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name="page56"></a>[56]</span> + + thirty coins and Roman urns and glass from Ewell (pp. 135, 148), and an +urn from Camberwell (p. 149). The same journal (vol. xxvii, p. 155) +notes the discovery, not hitherto recorded, of over 100 coins of A.D. +296-312 in an urn dug up in 1904 at Normandy Manor Nurseries, near +Guildford. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para39" id="para39"></a> +(39) A <i>Schedule of Antiquities in the County of Surrey</i>, by Mr. P. +M. Johnston (Guildford, 1913), seems intended for students of mediaeval +and modern antiquities, and says little about Roman remains; it has no +index and cites no authorities. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Sussex</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para40" id="para40"></a> +(40) A Roman well has been examined near Ham Farm, between Hassocks +railway station and Hurstpierpoint. It was 38 feet deep, the upper part +round and lined with local blue clay, the lower part square and lined +with stout oak planks. The only object recorded from it is a 'first +century vase', taken out at half-way down, which suggests that the well +collapsed at an early date. Another well, flint-lined, was noted near +but not explored; Roman potsherds were picked up not far off (<i>Sussex +Archaeological Collections</i>, lvi. 197). The remains probably belong +to a farm detected close by in 1857 (<i>S. A. C.</i> xiv. 178). Traces +of Roman civilized life are comparatively common in this neighbourhood. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para41" id="para41"></a> +(41) Mr. R. G. Roberts' volume, <i>The Place-names of Sussex</i> +(Cambridge University Press, 1914), much resembles the Derbyshire +monograph noted above (No. 7). Its selection of place-names is about as +limited and its neglect of all but purely phonetic considerations is as +marked. Names such as Cold Waltham (beside a Roman road), Adur, Lavant, +Arun, Chanctonbury, Mount Caburn, do not find a place in it. From a full +criticism by Dr. H. Bradley in the <i>English Historical Review</i> +(xxx. 161-6) one would infer that its philology, too, is by no means +satisfactory. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Westmorland</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para42" id="para42"></a> +(42) The <i>Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian +and Archaeological Society</i> (xiv. 433-65) contain the first +Report, by Mr. R. G. Collingwood, of the excavation of the Roman +fort at Borrans Ring, near Ambleside, covering the period from +August 1913 to April 1914. It is an excellent piece of description +and well illustrated; due attention is given to the small objects; +the whole is scholarly and satisfactory. It is perhaps as well to add + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name="page57"></a>[57]</span> + + that one or two details first found in April 1914 were further explored +in the following August, and some corrections were obtained which will +be published in the second Report. For the rest see above, <a href="#page10">p. 10</a>. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Wilts.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para43" id="para43"></a> +(43) I have contributed to the <i>Proceedings of the Bath and District +Branch of the Somersetshire Archaeological Society and Natural +History</i> for 1914 (p. 50) a note on the relief of Diana found at +Nettleton Scrub, to much the same effect as the paragraph on this +sculpture in my Report for 1913 (p. 49). +</p> +<p> +<a name="para44" id="para44"></a> +(44) The <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London</i> +(xxvi. 209) contain a note by Mr. E. H. Binney on Roman remains on the +known Roman site, Nythe Farm, about three miles east of Swindon. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Worcestershire</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para45" id="para45"></a> +(45) The same <i>Proceedings</i> (xxvi. 206) contain an account by Dr. +G. B. Grundy of two sections which he dug lately across the line of +Rycknield Street on the high ground south-east of Broadway, thereby +helping to fix the road at this point. A sketch-map is added. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Yorkshire</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para46" id="para46"></a> +(46) In the <i>Bradford Antiquary</i> for October 1914 (iv. 117-34) Dr. +F. Villy continues his inquiries into a supposed Roman road running past +Harden, a little north-west of Bradford. Dr. Villy actually excavates +for his roads, in very praiseworthy fashion. But I do not feel sure that +he has actually proved a Roman road on the line which he has here +examined; he has found interesting and indubitable traces of an old +road, but not decisive evidence of its date. The same volume includes a +note of eight Roman coins of the 'Thirty Tyrants', from Yew Bank, Utley. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Wales</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para47" id="para47"></a> +(47) <i>Archaeologia Cambrensis</i> for 1914 (series vi, vol. xiv) +contains useful papers on Roman remains. Mr. H. G. Evelyn White +describes in detail his excavations carried out at Castell Collen in +1913—see my Report for that year, pp. 1-58. One must regret that they +have not been continued in 1914. Mr. F. N. Pryce describes his work at + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name="page58"></a>[58]</span> + + Cae Gaer, near Llangurig (pp. 205-20), also noted in that Report. The +Rev. J. Fisher quotes place-names possibly indicative of a Roman road +near St. Asaph, and quotes a suggestion by Mr. Egerton Phillimore that +the township name Wigfair, once Wicware, stands for Gwig-wair, and that +the second half of this represents the name Varis which the Antonine +Itinerary places on the Roman road from Chester to Carnarvon at a point +which cannot be far from St. Asaph and the Clwydd river (see my +<i>Military Aspects of Roman Wales</i>, pp. 26-8, and Owen's forthcoming +<i>Pembrokeshire</i>, ii. 524). Lastly, Mr. J. Ward reports on further +finds of the fort wall at Cardiff Castle (pp. 407-10): see above, <a href="#page21">p. 21</a>. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para48" id="para48"></a> +(48) The excavation of the Roman fort at Gellygaer, thirteen miles north +of Cardiff, was brought in 1913 to a point at which (as I learn) it is +considered to be for the present finished. I referred to it in my Report +for 1913; Mr. John Ward's full description of the results obtained in +1913 is now issued in the <i>Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' +Society</i> (vol. xlvi). The principal finds were a supposed +'drill-ground' on the north-east of the fort, a bit of another +inscription of Trajan, a kiln in the churchyard, and a largish earthwork +on the north-west of the fort. This last is a regular oblong of not +quite five acres internal area, fortified by an earthen mound and a +ditch; trenching across the interior showed no trace of buildings or +indeed of any occupation, but the search was not carried very far. +Several explanations have been offered of it—that it was a temporary +affair, thrown up while the actual fort was abuilding; that it was +intended for troops marching past and needing to camp for a night at the +spot; that it was an earlier fort, begun when the first invasion of the +Silures was made, about A.D. 50-2, but never finished. This third view +is Mr. Ward's own. Without more excavation, it is rash to pronounce +positively, and perhaps even a minute search might be fruitless. +Analogies somewhat favour the first theory, but there will always be +room for difference of opinion in explaining these excrescences (so to +speak) of permanent forts, which are slight in themselves and slightly +explored. +</p> +<p> +As the exploration of this site appears to be closed for the present, +and indeed is nearly complete, it may be convenient to give a conspectus +of the whole in a small plan (fig. 29). +</p> +<p> +<a name="para49" id="para49"></a> +(49) The fourth volume issued by the Welsh Monuments Commission +(<i>Inventory of Ancient Monuments in the County of Denbigh</i>, H.M. +Stationery Office, 1914) enumerates the few Roman remains of +Denbighshire. The one important item is the group of tile and pottery +kilns lately excavated by Mr. A. Acton at Holt, eight miles +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page59" name="page59"></a>[59]</span> +</p> + +<!--FIXME--> + +<a name="image-0029"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-059.png"><img src="images/ill-059.png" style="width:300px;height:177px;" alt="Fig. 29. General Plan of Roman Works at Gellygaer (Glamorgan) (A. Granaries; B. Commandant's House; C. Head-quarters; D. doubtful; E. Barracks; F. Stabling(?))" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 29. General Plan of Roman Works at Gellygaer +<br /> +<span style="font-variant:normal;"> +(Glamorgan) (A. Granaries; B. Commandant's House; +C. Head-quarters; D. doubtful; E. Barracks; +F. Stabling(?))</span> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page60" name="page60"></a>[60]</span> +</p> + +<p style="text-indent:0;"> + south of Chester, which I have described above (<a href="#page15">p. 15</a>); the +Commissioners' plan of the site seems to have an incorrect scale. Chance +finds, important if not yet fully understood, have been found in British +camps at Pen-y-corddin, Moel Fenlli, Moel y Gaer, and especially at +Parc-y-Meirch or Dinorben (above, <a href="#page28">p. 28</a>). Isolated coins have been found +scantily—a hoard of perhaps 6,000 Constantinian copper at Moel Fenlli, +a gold coin of Nero from the same hill, another coin of Nero at +Llanarmon, 200-300 Constantinian at Llanelidan. A parcel of bronze +'cooking vessels' was found near Abergele (Eph. Epigr. iii. 130) but has +unfortunately disappeared. The index also mentions coins under 'No. +458', which does not appear in the volume itself. A Roman road probably +ran across the county from St. Asaph to Caerhyn (Canovium); its east end +is pretty certain, as far as Glascoed, though the 'Inventory' hardly +makes this clear. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para50" id="para50"></a> +(50) A partial plan and some views of the west gate of the Roman fort at +the Gaer, near Brecon, are given in the <i>Transactions of the Woolhope +Naturalists' Field Club</i> for 1908-11. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Scotland</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para51" id="para51"></a> +(51) The fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical +Monuments in Scotland, <i>Inventory of Monuments in Galloway. II. +Stewartry of Kirkcudbright</i> (Edinburgh, 1914) shows that the eastern +half of Galloway, like the western half described in the fourth Report +in 1912, contains nothing that can be called a 'Roman site' and very few +Roman remains of any sort. Indeed this eastern half, the land between +Dumfries and Newton Stewart, seems even poorer in such remains than the +district between Newton Stewart and the Irish Sea. Its only items are +some trifles of Samian, &c., found in the Borness Cave, and some iron +implements found in a bronze caldron in Carlingwark Loch. This result +is, of course, contrary to the views of older Scottish writers like +Skene, who talked of 'numerous Roman camps and stations' in Galloway, +but it will surprise no recent student. Probably the Romans never got +far west of a line roughly coinciding with that of the Caledonian +Railway from Carlisle by Carstairs to Glasgow. Their failure or omission +to hold the south-west weakened the left flank and rear of their +position on the Wall of Pius and helped materially to shorten their +dominion in Scotland in the second century. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para52" id="para52"></a> +(52) In the <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i> +for 1913-4 (vol. xlviii) Mr. J. M. Corrie describes some polishers and + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name="page61"></a>[61]</span> + + other small objects found casually at Newstead (p. 338), and Dr. +Macdonald expands (p. 395) the account of the Balcreggan hoard which he +had contributed to the <i>Scotsman</i> (my Report for 1913, p. 11). Mr. +A. O. Curle (p. 161) records the discovery and exploration of a +vitrified fort at the Mote of Mark near Dalbeattie (Kirkcudbright), and +the discovery in it of two clearly Roman potsherds. The main body of the +finds made here seem to belong to the ninth century; whether any of them +can be earlier than has been thought, I am not competent to decide. +</p> +<p> +<a name="para53" id="para53"></a> +(53) The well-known and remarkable earthworks at Birrenswark, near +Lockerbie in Dumfriesshire, have long been explained as a Roman +circumvallation<a href="#note-13" name="noteref-13"><small>13</small></a> or at least as siege-works round a native hill-fort. +In 1913 they were visited by Prof. Schulten, of Erlangen, the excavator +of a Roman circumvallation round the Spanish fortress of Numantia; they +naturally interested him, and he has now described them for German +readers (<i>Neue Jahrbücher für das klassische Altertum</i>, xxxiii, +1914, pp. 607-17) and added some remarks on their date. His description +is clear and readable; his chronological arguments are less +satisfactory. He adopts<a href="#note-14" name="noteref-14"><small>14</small></a> the view generally adopted by English +archaeologists (except Roy) for the last two centuries, that these camps +date from Agricola; he supports this old conclusion by reasons which are +in part novel. I may summarize his position thus: Two Roman roads led +from the Tyne and the Solway to Caledonia, an eastern road by Corbridge +and Newstead, and a western one by Annandale and Upper Clydesdale. On +the eastern road, a little north of Newstead, is the camp of +Channelkirk; on the western are the three camps of Torwood Moor (near +Lockerbie), Tassie's Holm (north of Moffat), and Cleghorn in Clydesdale, +near Carstairs. These four camps are—so far as preserved—of the same +size, 1,250 × 1,800 feet; they all have six gates (two in each of the +longer sides); they all have traverses in front of the gates; lastly, +Torwood Moor is fourteen Roman miles, a day's march, from Tassie's Holm, +and that is twenty-eight miles from Cleghorn. Plainly they belong to the +same date. Further, Agricola is the only Roman general who used both +eastern and western routes together; accordingly, these camps date from +him. Finally, as Birrenswark is near Torwood Moor, it too must be +Agricolan. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page62" name="page62"></a>[62]</span> +</p> +<p> +Dr. Schulten has not advanced matters by this speculation. His first +point, that the four camps are coeval, and his reasons for that idea, +are mainly taken from Roy—he does not make this clear in his paper. But +he has not heeded Roy's warnings that the reasons are not cogent. +Actually, they are very weak. At Channelkirk, only two sides of a camp +remained in Roy's time; they measured not 1,250 × 1,800 feet but +1,330 × 1,660 feet, and the longer side had one gate in the middle, +not two; to-day, next to nothing is visible. At Tassie's Holm there was +only a corner of a perhaps quite small earthwork—not necessarily +Roman—and the distance to Torwood Moor is nearer twenty than fourteen +Roman miles. At Torwood Moor only one side, 1,780 feet long with two +gates, was clear in Roy's time; the width of the camp is unknown. +Cleghorn seems to have been fairly complete, but modern measurers give +its size as 1,000 × 1,700 feet. Dr. Schulten builds on imaginary +foundations when he calls these four camps coeval. He has not even proof +that there were four camps. +</p> +<p> +Nor is his reason any more convincing for assigning these camps, and +Birrenswark with them, to Agricola. Here he parts company from Roy and +adduces an argument of his own—that Agricola was the only general who +used both eastern and western routes. That is a mere assertion, unproven +and improbable. Roman generals were operating in Scotland in the reigns +of Pius and Marcus (A.D. 140-80) and Septimius Severus; if there were +two routes, it is merely arbitrary to limit these men to the eastern +route. As a matter of fact, the history of the western route is rather +obscure; doubts have been thrown on its very existence north of Birrens. +But if it did exist, the sites most obviously connected with it are the +second-century sites of Birrens, Lyne, and Carstairs; at Birrenswark +itself the only definitely datable finds, four coins, include two issues +of Trajan.<a href="#note-15" name="noteref-15"><small>15</small></a> +</p> +<p> +The truth is that the question is more complex than Dr. Schulten has +realized. Possibly it is not ripe for solution. I have myself ventured, +in previous publications, to date Birrenswark to Agricola—for reasons +quite different from those of Dr. Schulten. But I would emphasize that +we need, both there and at many earth-camps, full + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page63" name="page63"></a>[63]</span> + + archaeological use of the spade. The circumstances of the hour are +unfavourable to that altogether. +</p> + +<h3> +<span class="sc">Postscript</span> +</h3> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Herefordshire</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name="para54" id="para54"></a> +(54) As I go to press, I receive the <i>Transactions of the Woolhope +Naturalists' Field Club</i> for 1908-11 (Hereford, 1914), a volume +which, despite the date on its title-page, does not appear to have been +actually issued till April 1915. It contains on pp. 68-73 and 105-9 two +illustrated papers on three Roman roads of Herefordshire—Stone Street, +the puzzling road near Leominster, and Blackwardine, the itinerary route +between Gloucester and Monmouth. The find made at Donnington in 1906, +which is explained on p. 69 as a 'villa' and on p. 109 as an +agrimensorial pit—this latter an impossibility—was, I think, really a +kiln, though there may have been a dwelling-house near. The most +interesting of the Roman finds made lately in Herefordshire, those of +Kenchester, do not come into this volume, but belong in point of date to +the volume which will succeed it. +</p> + +<a name="image-0030"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-063.png"><img src="images/ill-063.png" style="width:200px;height:261px;" alt="Fig. 30. Gellygaer. Stone Packing for a Wooden Posthole in the Verandah of the Barracks (Fig. 29 e)" /></a> +<br /> +Fig. 30. Gellygaer. Stone Packing for a Wooden +Posthole in the Verandah of the Barracks (Fig. 29 e) +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page64" name="page64"></a>[64]</span> +</p> + +<a name="h2H_APPE" id="h2H_APPE"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + APPENDIX: LIST OF PERIODICALS +</h2> + +<p> +The following list enumerates the archaeological and other periodicals +published in these islands which sometimes or often contain noteworthy +articles relating to Roman Britain. Those which contained such articles +in 1914 are marked by an asterisk, and references are given in square +brackets to the numbered paragraphs in the preceding section (pp. +38-63). +</p> + +<h3> +1. <span class="sc">Periodicals not connected with special districts</span> +</h3> + +<p> +<i>Archaeologia</i> (Society of Antiquaries of London). +</p> +<p> +*<i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London</i> [see <a href="#para30">30</a>, <a href="#para37">37</a>, <a href="#para44">44</a>, <a href="#para45">45</a>]. +</p> +<p> +<i>English Historical Review</i> (London). +</p> +<p> +<i>Scottish Historical Review</i> (Glasgow). +</p> +<p> +*<i>Numismatic Chronicle</i> (London) [see <a href="#para8">8</a>]. +</p> +<p> +<i>British Numismatic Journal</i> (London). +</p> +<p> +*<i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> (London) [see <a href="#para28">28</a>]. +</p> +<p> +*<i>Archaeological Journal</i> (Royal Archaeological Institute, London) [see <a href="#para2">2</a>]. +</p> +<p> +*<i>Journal of the British Archaeological Association</i> (London) [see <a href="#para17">17</a>, <a href="#para24">24</a>, <a href="#para30">30</a>]. +</p> +<p> +*<i>Antiquary</i> (London) [see <a href="#para3">3</a>, <a href="#para32">32</a>]. +</p> +<p> +<i>Athenaeum</i> (London). +</p> +<p> +<i>Architectural Review</i> (London). +</p> + +<h3> +2. <span class="sc">Periodicals dealing primarily with special districts</span> +</h3> + +<div class="periodical"> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Berkshire.</span> *<i>Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archaeological Journal</i> (Reading) [see <a href="#para5">5</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Buckinghamshire.</span> <i>Records of Buckinghamshire</i> (Aylesbury). See also Berks. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Cambridgeshire.</span> <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society</i> (Cambridge). +</p> +<p> + <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge and Huntingdonshire Archaeological Society</i> (Ely). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Cheshire.</span> <i>Journal of the Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society of Chester and North Wales</i> (Chester). +</p> +<p> + See also Lancashire. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Cornwall.</span> <i>Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall</i> (Plymouth). See also Devon. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Cumberland.</span> *<i>Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society</i> (Kendal). Includes also Lancashire north of the Sands [see <a href="#para42">42</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Derbyshire.</span> *<i>Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society</i> (Derby) [see <a href="#para7">7</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Devon.</span> <i>Report and Transactions of the Devon Association</i> (Plymouth). +</p> +<p> + <i>Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries</i> (Exeter). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Dorset.</span> *<i>Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club</i> (Dorchester) [see <a href="#para8">8</a>, <a href="#para9">9</a>]. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>[65]</span> +</p> + +<div class="periodical"> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Durham.</span> <i>Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society</i> (Newcastle-on-Tyne). +</p> +<p> + See also Northumberland, <i>Archaeologia Aeliana</i>. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Essex.</span> *<i>Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society</i> (Colchester) [see <a href="#para10">10</a>, <a href="#para11">11</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <i>Essex Review</i> (Colchester). +</p> +<p> + <i>Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia</i> (London). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Gloucestershire.</span> *<i>Transactions of the British and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society</i> (Bristol) [see <a href="#para12">12</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Hampshire.</span> *<i>Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society</i> (Southampton) [see <a href="#para14">14</a>, <a href="#para15">15</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Herefordshire.</span> *<i>Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club</i> (Hereford) [see <a href="#para50">50</a>, <a href="#para54">54</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Hertford.</span> *<i>Transactions of the East Herts Archaeological Society</i> (Hertford) [see <a href="#para16">16</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Huntingdonshire.</span> See under Cambridgeshire. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Kent.</span> *<i>Archaeologia Cantiana</i>, Transactions of the Kent Archaeological Society (London) [see <a href="#para17">17</a>]. +</p> +<p> + *<i>Transactions of the Greenwich Antiquarian Society</i> (London) [see <a href="#para18">18</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Lancashire.</span> *<i>Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society</i> (Manchester) [see <a href="#para19">19</a>, <a href="#para20">20</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <i>Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society</i> (Liverpool). +</p> +<p> + (For Lancashire north of the Sands see also Cumberland.) +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Leicestershire.</span> <i>Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological Society</i> (Leicester). +</p> +<p> + <i>Reports and Papers of the Architectural Societies of Lincoln, York, Northampton and Oakham, Worcester and Leicester</i>, called Associated Architectural Societies (Lincoln). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Lincolnshire.</span> *<i>Lincolnshire Notes and Queries</i> (Horncastle) [see <a href="#para21">21</a>, <a href="#para22">22</a>]. +</p> +<p> + See also under Leicestershire. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">London and Middlesex.</span> <i>Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society</i> (London). +</p> +<p> + <i>London Topographical Record</i> (London). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Norfolk.</span> <i>Norfolk Archaeology</i> (Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, Norwich). +</p> +<p> + See also under Essex. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Northants.</span> <i>Northamptonshire Notes and Queries</i> (London). +</p> +<p> + See also under Leicestershire. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Northumberland.</span> *<i>Archaeologia Aeliana</i> (Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Newcastle) [see <a href="#para30">30</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <i>Proceedings</i> of the same Society. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Notts.</span> <i>Transactions of the Thornton Society</i> (Nottingham). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Oxfordshire.</span> <i>Oxford Archaeological Society</i> (Banbury). +</p> +<p> + See also under Berkshire. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Rutland.</span> See under Leicestershire. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Shropshire.</span> <i>Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society</i> (Shrewsbury). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Somerset.</span> *<i>Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society</i> (Taunton) [see <a href="#para35">35</a>]. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>[66]</span> +</p> + +<div class="periodical"> +<p> + *<i>Proceedings of the Bath and District Branch, of the Somersetshire Archaeological Society</i> (Bath) [see <a href="#para43">43</a>]. +</p> +<p> + *<i>Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset</i> (Sherborne) [see <a href="#para36">36</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Staffordshire.</span> <i>Annual Report and Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club</i> (Stafford). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Suffolk.</span> <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History</i> (Ipswich). +</p> +<p> + See also under Essex. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Surrey.</span> *<i>Surrey Archaeological Collections</i> (London) [see <a href="#para38">38</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Sussex.</span> *<i>Sussex Archaeological Collections</i> (Brighton) [see <a href="#para39">39</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Warwickshire.</span> <i>Transactions of the Birmingham and Midland Institute</i> (Birmingham). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Westmorland.</span> See under Cumberland. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Wiltshire.</span> <i>Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine</i> (Devizes). +</p> +<p> + <i>Wiltshire Notes and Queries</i> (Devizes). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Worcestershire.</span> See under Leicestershire. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Yorkshire.</span> <i>Yorkshire Archaeological Journal</i> (Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Leeds). +</p> +<p> + <i>Publications of the Thoresby Society</i> (Leeds). +</p> +<p> + *<i>The Bradford Antiquary</i> (Bradford) [see <a href="#para46">46</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <i>Transactions of the Hunter Archaeological Society</i> (Sheffield). +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Wales.</span> *<i>Archaeologia Cambrensis</i> (Cambrian Archaeological Association, London) [see <a href="#para47">47</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <i>Montgomeryshire Collections</i> (Oswestry). +</p> +<p> + <i>Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</i> and <i>Y-Cymmrodor</i> (London). +</p> +<p> + <i>Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club Transactions</i> (Carmarthen). +</p> +<p> + *<i>Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society</i> (Cardiff) [see <a href="#para48">48</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <span class="sc2">Scotland.</span> *<i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i> (Edinburgh) [see <a href="#para52">52</a>]. +</p> +<p> + <i>Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society</i> (Glasgow). +</p> +<p> + *<i>Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club</i> (Alnwick) [see <a href="#para31">31</a>]. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name="page67"></a>[67]</span> +</p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0010" id="h2H_4_0010"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + INDEX +</h2> + +<h3> +(<i>Mainly of Place-names</i>) +</h3> + +<ul style="list-style: none;"> + +<li> Ambleside, <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</li> +<li> Appleby, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</li> + +<li> Balcreggan, <a href="#page61">61</a>.</li> +<li> Balmuildy (Wall of Pius), <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>.</li> +<li> Beachy Head, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</li> +<li> Birrenswark, <a href="#page61">61</a>.</li> +<li> Borrans, <i>see</i> Ambleside.</li> +<li> Broom Farm (Hants), <a href="#page26">26</a>.</li> +<li> Burgh Castle, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</li> + +<li> Cae Gaer (Montgom.), <a href="#page58">58</a>.</li> +<li> Camerton, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</li> +<li> Cardiff, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</li> +<li> Castell Collen, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</li> +<li> Caves in Roman Britain, <a href="#page54">54</a>;</li> + <li> + <ul style="list-style: none;"> + <li> Borness, <a href="#page60">60</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> +<li> Chedzoy, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</li> +<li> Chester, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</li> +<li> Chesterholm (Hadrian's Wall), <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</li> +<li> Compton (Surrey), <a href="#page25">25</a>.</li> +<li> Corbridge, <a href="#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>.</li> + +<li> Derby, Derwent, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</li> +<li> Donnington (Heref.), <a href="#page63">63</a>.</li> +<li> Dorchester (Dorset), <a href="#page43">43</a>.</li> +<li> Dover, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</li> + +<li> Eastbourne, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</li> +<li> East Bridgeford, <a href="#page51">51</a>.</li> +<li> East Grimstead (Wilts.), <a href="#page24">24</a>.</li> +<li> Ewell, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</li> + +<li> Featherwood (Northumberland), <a href="#page30">30</a>.</li> +<li> Fetcham (Surrey), <a href="#page55">55</a>.</li> + +<li> Gaer (near Brecon), <a href="#page60">60</a>.</li> +<li> Gellygaer, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</li> +<li> Gloucester, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</li> +<li> Greenwich, Roman road, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</li> +<li> Guildford, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</li> + +<li> Halton (Wall of Hadrian), <a href="#page50">50</a>.</li> +<li> Hangingshaw, <i>see</i> Appleby.</li> +<li> Hants, Roman roads, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</li> +<li> Harden (Yorks.), <a href="#page57">57</a>.</li> +<li> Herefordshire, Roman roads, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</li> +<li> Hertfordshire, Roman roads, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</li> +<li> Hockley (Essex), <a href="#page44">44</a>.</li> +<li> Holt, <a href="#page15">15</a>-<a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>.</li> +<li> Hurstpierpoint, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</li> + +<li> Inveravon (Wall of Pius), <a href="#page8">8</a>.</li> + +<li> Kingston-on-Thames, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</li> +<li> Kintbury (Berks.), <a href="#page41">41</a>.</li> +<li> Kirkintilloch, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</li> + +<li> Lancashire, Roman roads, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</li> +<li> Lancaster, <a href="#page12">12</a>.</li> +<li> Lincoln, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</li> +<li> Litlington (Camb.), <a href="#page26">26</a>.</li> +<li> <i>Litus Saxonicum</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a>.</li> +<li> London, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</li> +<li> Lowbury, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</li> + +<li> Manchester, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</li> +<li> Mersea Island (Essex), <a href="#page44">44</a>.</li> +<li> Midsomer Norton, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</li> +<li> Mote of Mark (Kirkcudbright), <a href="#page61">61</a>.</li> +<li> Mumrills (Wall of Pius), <a href="#page8">8</a>.</li> + +<li> Nettleton Scrub, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</li> +<li> Newstead (Melrose), <a href="#page61">61</a>.</li> +<li> North Ash (Kent), <a href="#page25">25</a>.</li> +<li> Nythe Farm (near Swindon), <a href="#page57">57</a>.</li> + +<li> Parc-y-Meirch, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> +<li> Place-names of Derbyshire, <a href="#page42">42</a>;</li> + <li> + <ul style="list-style: none;"> + <li> of Sussex, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> +<li> Polden Hills (Som.), <a href="#page55">55</a>.</li> +<li> Puncknoll (Dorset), <a href="#page43">43</a>.</li> + +<li> Raedykes (near Stonehaven), <a href="#page7">7</a>.</li> +<li> Ribchester, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</li> +<li> Richborough, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</li> +<li> Rockbourne Down, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</li> +<li> Rycknield Street, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</li> + +<li> St. Asaph (road near), <a href="#page58">58</a>.</li> +<li> Sea Mills, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</li> +<li> Silchester, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</li> +<li> Slack, <a href="#page13">13</a>.</li> +<li> Suetonius Paulinus, topography of campaign against Boudicca, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</li> + +<li> <i>Tituli</i> (<i>tutuli</i>), age of, <a href="#page7">7</a>.</li> +<li> Traprain Law, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</li> + +<li> Ulceby (South Lincs.), <a href="#page46">46</a>.</li> + +<li> Varis (of Ant. Itin.), <a href="#page58">58</a>.</li> +<li> Vindolanda, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</li> + +<li> Wall of Hadrian, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page38">38</a>-<a href="#page40">40</a>.</li> +<li> Wall of Pius, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</li> +<li> Weardale (co. Durham), <a href="#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</li> +<li> Wigfair (St. Asaph), <a href="#page58">58</a>.</li> +<li> Witcombe (Glouc.), <a href="#page44">44</a>.</li> +<li> Wookey Hole (Mendip), <a href="#page54">54</a>.</li> +<li> Wroxeter, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>.</li> + +</ul> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> +Footnotes +</h2> + +<a name="note-1"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>1</u> (<a href="#noteref-1">return</a>)<br /> +<i>Antiquities</i>, plate 50. Roy does not notice it in his +text, any more than he notices plate 51 (Ythan Wells camp). They are the +two last plates in his volume; as this was issued posthumously in 1793 +(he died in 1790), perhaps the omission is intelligible. +</p> + +<a name="note-2"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>2</u> (<a href="#noteref-2">return</a>)<br /> +I saw this verandah while open. The whole excavations at +Caersws yielded important results and it is more than regrettable that +no report of them has ever been issued. +</p> + +<a name="note-3"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>3</u> (<a href="#noteref-3">return</a>)<br /> +A Bronze Age burial (fig. 6, D) suggests that the clay may +have been worked long before the Romans. +</p> + +<a name="note-4"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>4</u> (<a href="#noteref-4">return</a>)<br /> +References are given by Watkin, <i>Cheshire</i>, p. 305, +and Palmer, <i>Archaeologia Cambrensis</i>, 1906, pp. 225 foll. +</p> + +<a name="note-5"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>5</u> (<a href="#noteref-5">return</a>)<br /> +The words Church, Chapel, and Chantry often form parts of +the names of Roman sites, where the ruined masonry has been popularly +mistaken for that of deserted ecclesiastical buildings. +</p> + +<a name="note-6"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>6</u> (<a href="#noteref-6">return</a>)<br /> +I may refer to my <i>Romanization of Britain</i> (third +edition, p. 77). This does not, of course, mean that they were not also +occupied earlier. +</p> + +<a name="note-7"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>7</u> (<a href="#noteref-7">return</a>)<br /> +It has been styled the 'basilical' type, but few names +could be less suitable. +</p> + +<a name="note-8"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>8</u> (<a href="#noteref-8">return</a>)<br /> +As to Bainbridge see my paper in the <i>Cumberland and +Westmorland Archaeological Transactions</i>, new series, vol. xi (1911), +pp. 343-78. +</p> + +<a name="note-9"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>9</u> (<a href="#noteref-9">return</a>)<br /> +See an excellent paper by Cumont, <i>Revue d'Histoire et de +Littérature religieuses</i>, 1896, pp. 435-52. +</p> + +<a name="note-10"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>10</u> (<a href="#noteref-10">return</a>)<br /> +Sir Laurence alludes (p. 77) to a Caerwent inscription as +unpublished. It has probably appeared in print a dozen times; I have had +the misfortune to publish it three times over myself. Its meaning is not +quite correctly stated on p. 77. +</p> + +<a name="note-11"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>11</u> (<a href="#noteref-11">return</a>)<br /> +Compare the Roman provincial bas-reliefs of Actaeon +surprising Diana, with Actaeon omitted (R. Cagnat, <i>Archaeological +Journal</i>, lxiv. 42). +</p> + +<a name="note-12"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>12</u> (<a href="#noteref-12">return</a>)<br /> +By the courtesy of the publisher of the <i>Antiquary</i>, +Mr. Elliot Stock, I am able to reproduce two of these illustrations +(figs. 23, 24). +</p> + +<a name="note-13"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>13</u> (<a href="#noteref-13">return</a>)<br /> +It is proper to add a warning that the traces of the +'circumvallation' are dim, and high authorities like Dr. Macdonald are +sceptical about them. The two camps are, however, certain, and there +must have been communication between them of some sort, if they were +occupied at the same time. +</p> + +<a name="note-14"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>14</u> (<a href="#noteref-14">return</a>)<br /> +No doubt it is by oversight that Dr. Schulten omits to +state that the view which he is supporting is the ordinary view and not +his own. +</p> + +<a name="note-15"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>15</u> (<a href="#noteref-15">return</a>)<br /> +Gordon, p. 184, <i>Minutes of the Soc. Antiq.</i> i. 183 +(2 February, 1725). It has been suggested that Gordon mixed up Birrens +and Birrenswark. But though the Soc. Antiq. Minutes only describe the +coins as 'found in a Roman camp in Annandale, ... the first Roman camp +to be seen in Scotland', Gordon obviously knew more than the Minutes +contain—he gives, e.g. the name of a local antiquary who noted the +find—and the distinction between the 'town' (as it was then thought) of +Middelby (as it was then called) and the camp of Burnswork, was well +recognized in his time. +</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Roman Britain in 1914, by F. Haverfield + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1914 *** + +***** This file should be named 19115-h.htm or 19115-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/1/1/19115/ + +Produced by Ted Garvin, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/19115-h/images/frontis-a.png b/19115-h/images/frontis-a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb7f7a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/frontis-a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/frontis-b.png b/19115-h/images/frontis-b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..64a18d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/frontis-b.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/frontis-c.png b/19115-h/images/frontis-c.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..079fb2c --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/frontis-c.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-010.png b/19115-h/images/ill-010.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6bdece --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-010.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-013.png b/19115-h/images/ill-013.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..59599d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-013.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-014.png b/19115-h/images/ill-014.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..abc78ea --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-014.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-016.png b/19115-h/images/ill-016.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4317407 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-016.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-017a.png b/19115-h/images/ill-017a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ea5c84 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-017a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-017b.png b/19115-h/images/ill-017b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0bfbc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-017b.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-018.png b/19115-h/images/ill-018.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..99bd95c --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-018.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-019.png b/19115-h/images/ill-019.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2099780 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-019.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-020.png b/19115-h/images/ill-020.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7edee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-020.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-021.png b/19115-h/images/ill-021.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9aff1ab --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-021.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-024.png b/19115-h/images/ill-024.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..74f85cd --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-024.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-025.png b/19115-h/images/ill-025.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b38ec0e --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-025.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-026.png b/19115-h/images/ill-026.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fff80c --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-026.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-029.png b/19115-h/images/ill-029.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea54d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-029.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-030a.png b/19115-h/images/ill-030a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8439499 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-030a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-030b1.png b/19115-h/images/ill-030b1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..465a289 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-030b1.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-030b2.png b/19115-h/images/ill-030b2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2dd24e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-030b2.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-030b3.png b/19115-h/images/ill-030b3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..abc24d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-030b3.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-030b4.png b/19115-h/images/ill-030b4.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7fa0531 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-030b4.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-030b5.png b/19115-h/images/ill-030b5.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6755f2c --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-030b5.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-030b6.png b/19115-h/images/ill-030b6.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..97f923b --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-030b6.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-031.png b/19115-h/images/ill-031.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6d21db --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-031.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-036.png b/19115-h/images/ill-036.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cb2e3b --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-036.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-038a.png b/19115-h/images/ill-038a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..42fd9ab --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-038a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-038b1.png b/19115-h/images/ill-038b1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..232cc0b --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-038b1.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-038b2.png b/19115-h/images/ill-038b2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..09fad00 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-038b2.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-038b3.png b/19115-h/images/ill-038b3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..80333f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-038b3.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-039a.png b/19115-h/images/ill-039a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6dcab53 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-039a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-039b.png b/19115-h/images/ill-039b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef4a92d --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-039b.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-039c.png b/19115-h/images/ill-039c.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8b8308 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-039c.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-040.jpg b/19115-h/images/ill-040.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4dec49d --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-040.jpg diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-040a.png b/19115-h/images/ill-040a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a296810 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-040a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-040b.png b/19115-h/images/ill-040b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f8d926 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-040b.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-040c.png b/19115-h/images/ill-040c.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5196a3d --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-040c.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-040d.png b/19115-h/images/ill-040d.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..15943f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-040d.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-040e.png b/19115-h/images/ill-040e.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2efa33 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-040e.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-041.png b/19115-h/images/ill-041.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b0ea38 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-041.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-041b.png b/19115-h/images/ill-041b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbfe58b --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-041b.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-043.jpg b/19115-h/images/ill-043.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e920010 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-043.jpg diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-043a.jpg b/19115-h/images/ill-043a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0774b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-043a.jpg diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-043b.jpg b/19115-h/images/ill-043b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bdd317a --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-043b.jpg diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-043f.png b/19115-h/images/ill-043f.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b30818 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-043f.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-051a.png b/19115-h/images/ill-051a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..04012fa --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-051a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-051b.png b/19115-h/images/ill-051b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..704f04d --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-051b.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-053a.png b/19115-h/images/ill-053a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fda715f --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-053a.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-053b.png b/19115-h/images/ill-053b.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d3145b --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-053b.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-053fa.jpg b/19115-h/images/ill-053fa.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c7de85 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-053fa.jpg diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-053fb.jpg b/19115-h/images/ill-053fb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8aefa9c --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-053fb.jpg diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-059.png b/19115-h/images/ill-059.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..17dadc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-059.png diff --git a/19115-h/images/ill-063.png b/19115-h/images/ill-063.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d59945 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115-h/images/ill-063.png |
