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diff --git a/19115.txt b/19115.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..141cdd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/19115.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3397 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Roman Britain in 1914, by F. Haverfield + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Roman Britain in 1914 + +Author: F. Haverfield + +Release Date: August 25, 2006 [EBook #19115] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1914 *** + + + + +Produced by Ted Garvin, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. POTTERY STAMPS AND STAMPED POTTERY FROM HOLT. + +(A) Head of Silenus (1/1). Probably an artist's die, for casting stamps + for stamped ware (p. 20) + +(B) Fragment of stamped ware (1/1), with ornament imitated from Samian + (p. 19) + +(C) STAMP FOR MORTARIUM (1/1)] + + + + + + + THE BRITISH ACADEMY + SUPPLEMENTAL PAPERS. III + + + + + Roman Britain in 1914 + + + + By Professor F. Haverfield + + Fellow of the Academy + + + + London: 1915 + Published for the British Academy + By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press + Amen Corner, E.C. + + +[Transcribers Note: Professor Francis Haverfield] + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + PAGE + + LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 4 + + PREFACE 5 + + A. RETROSPECT OF FINDS MADE IN 1914 7 + + (_a_) Raedykes, near Stonehaven; Wall of Pius; Traprain Law; + Northumberland (Featherwood, Chesterholm, Corbridge); + Weardale (co. Durham); Appleby; Ambleside (fort at Borrans); + Lancaster; Ribchester; Slack (near Huddersfield); Holt; + Cardiff; Richborough. + + (_b_) Wroxeter; Lincoln; Gloucester; London; country houses + and farms; Lowbury (Berkshire); Beachy Head, Eastbourne; + Parc-y-Meirch (North Wales) 21 + + B. ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN 1914 29 + + Balmuildy (Wall of Pius); Traprain Law; Featherwood (altar); + Chesterholm (two altars); Corbridge (inscribed tile); Weardale + (bronze _paterae_); Holt (centurial stone and tile); Lincoln; + London; rediscovered milestone near Appleby. + + C. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1914. + + 1. General 38 + + 2. Special sites or districts 41 + + + APPENDIX: LIST OF PERIODICALS HAVING REFERENCE TO ROMAN BRITAIN 64 + + INDEX OF PLACES 67 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PAGE + + 1. Pottery-stamps and stamped pottery from Holt + (see p. 19) _Frontispiece_ + + 2. Plan of Roman Fort at Borrans, Ambleside. From a plan + by Mr. R. G. Collingwood 10 + + 3. Sketch plan of Principia (Praetorium) of Roman Fort at + Ribchester. After a plan by Mr. D. Atkinson and + Prof. W. B. Anderson 13 + + 4. Sketch plan of part of the Roman Fort at Slack. From a plan + by Messrs. A. Woodward and P. Ross 14 + + 5. Holt, plan of site 16 + + 6. Holt, plan of barracks 17 + + 7. Holt, plan of dwelling-house and bath-house 17 + + 8. Holt, plan of kilns 18 + + 9. Holt, reconstruction of the kilns shown in fig. 8 18 + + 10, 11. Holt, stamped 'imitation Samian' ware 20 + + (Figs. 1 and 5-11 are from photographs or drawings lent by + Mr. A. Acton, of Wrexham) + + 12. Sketch plan of Roman bath-house at East Grimstead, after + a plan by Mr. Heywood Sumner 24 + + 13. Sketch plan of Romano-British house at North Ash, after a + plan prepared by the Dartford Antiquarian Society 25 + + 14. Plan of Romano-British house at Clanville. After a plan by + the Rev. G. Engleheart, in _Archaeologia_ 26 + + 15. Fragment of inscription found at Balmuildy 29 + + 16. Altar found at Chesterholm, drawn from a photograph 31 + + 17-19. Graves and grave-nails, Infirmary Field, Chester. + From drawings and photographs by Prof. Newstead 41-2 + + 20-22. The Mersea grave-mound. From the Report of the Morant + Club and Essex Archaeological Society 43 + + 23, 24. Margidunum, plan and seal-box. From the _Antiquary_ 51 + + 25-28. Plan, section and views of the podium of the temple at + Wroxeter. From the Report by Mr. Bushe-Fox 53 + + 29. General plan of the Roman fort and precincts at Gellygaer. + After plans by Mr. J. Ward 59 + + 30. Postholes at Gellygaer 63 + + +For the loan of blocks 14, 17-20, 21-2, and 23-4, I am indebted +respectively to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, Prof. Newstead, +and the Liverpool University Press, the Morant Club and the Essex +Archaeological Society, and the publisher of the _Antiquary_. + + + + +PREFACE + + +The contents of the present volume are of much the same character as +those of its predecessor, 'Roman Britain in 1913'. The first section +gives a retrospect of the chief finds made in 1914, so far as they are +known to me. The second section is a more detailed and technical survey +of the inscriptions found in Britain during that year. The third and +longest section is a summary, with some attempt at estimate and +criticism, of books and articles dealing with Roman Britain which +appeared in 1914 or at least bear that date on cover or title-page. +At the end I have added, for convenience, a list of the English +archaeological and other publications which at least sometimes contain +noteworthy articles relating to Roman Britain. + +The total, both of finds and of publications, is smaller than in 1913. +In part the outbreak of war in August called off various supervisors +and not a few workmen from excavations then in progress; in one case +it prevented a proposed excavation from being begun. It also seems to +have retarded the issue of some archaeological periodicals. But the +scarcity of finds is much more due to natural causes. The most extensive +excavations of the year, those of Wroxeter and Corbridge, yielded +little; they were both concerned with remains which had to be explored +in the course of a complete uncovering of those sites but which were not +in themselves very interesting. The lesser sites, too, were somewhat +unproductive, though at least one, Traprain Law, is full of promise for +the future, and good work has been done in the systematic examination +of the fort at Ambleside and of certain rubbish-pits in London. In one +case, that of Holt (pp. 15-21), where excavations have for the present +come to an end, I have thought it well to include a brief retrospect +of the whole of a very interesting series of finds and, aided by the +kindness of the excavator, Mr. Arthur Acton of Wrexham, to add some +illustrations of notable objects which have not yet appeared elsewhere +in print. + + + + +A. RETROSPECT OF FINDS MADE IN 1914 + +i-xiv. FINDS RELATING TO THE ROMAN MILITARY OCCUPATION. + + +(i) The exploration of the Roman-seeming earthworks in northern Scotland +which Dr. Macdonald and I began in 1913 at Ythan Wells, in Aberdeenshire +(Report for 1913, p. 7), was continued in 1914 by Dr. Macdonald at +Raedykes, otherwise called Garrison Hill, three miles inland from +Stonehaven. Here Roy saw and planned a large camp of very irregular +outline, which he took to be Roman.[1] Since his time the ramparts have +been somewhat ploughed down, but Dr. Macdonald could trace them round, +identify the six gateways, and generally confirm Roy's plan, apart from +its hill-shading. The ramparts proved to be of two kinds: part was built +solidly of earth, with a deep ditch of Roman shape strengthened in +places with clay, in front of it, while part was roughly piled with +stones and defended only by a shallow rounded ditch. This difference +seemed due to the differing nature of the ground; ditch and rampart were +slighter where attack was less easy. The gateways were wide and provided +with traverses (_tituli_ or _tutuli_), as at Ythan Wells. No small finds +were secured. The general character of the gateways and ramparts seemed +to show Roman workmanship, but the exact date within the Roman period +remained doubtful. It has been suggested that the traverses indicate +Flavian rather than Antonine fortifying. But these devices are met with +in Britain at Bar Hill, which presumably dates from about A.D. 140, and +on Hadrian's Wall in third-century work. + +[Footnote 1: _Antiquities_, plate 50. Roy does not notice it in his +text, any more than he notices plate 51 (Ythan Wells camp). They are the +two last plates in his volume; as this was issued posthumously in 1793 +(he died in 1790), perhaps the omission is intelligible.] + +(ii) _Wall of Pius and its forts._ At Balmuildy, north of Glasgow +(see Report for 1913, p. 10), Mr. Miller has further cleared the baths +outside the south-east corner of the fort and the adjacent ditches. +The plan which I gave last year has now to be corrected so as to show +a triple ditch between the south gate and the south-east corner and a +double ditch from the south-east corner to the east gate. This latter +section of ditch was, however, filled up at some time with clay, and the +bath planted on top of it. At presumably the same time a ditch was run +out from the south-east corner so as to enclose the bath and form an +annexe; in this annexe was found a broken altar-top with a few letters +on it (below, p. 29). Search was also made for rubbish-pits on the north +side of the fort, but without any result. + +On other parts of the Wall Dr. Macdonald has gained further successes. +Evidence seems to be coming out as to the hitherto missing forts of +Kirkintilloch and Inveravon. More details have been secured of the fort +at Mumrills--fully 4-1/2 acres in area and walled with earth, not with +the turf or stone employed in the ramparts of the other forts of the +Wall. The line of the Wall from Falkirk to Inveravon, a distance of four +miles, has also been traced; it proved to be built of earth and clay, +not of the turf used in the Wall westwards. Dr. Macdonald suggests that +the eastern section of the Wall lay through heavily wooded country, +where turf was naturally awanting. + +(iii) _Traprain Law._ Very interesting, too, are the preliminary +results secured by Mr. A. O. Curie on Traprain Law. This is an isolated +hill in Haddingtonshire, some twenty miles east of Edinburgh, on the +Whittingehame estate of Mr. Arthur Balfour. Legends cluster round it--of +varying antiquity. It itself shows two distinct lines of fortification, +one probably much older than the other, enclosing some 60 acres. The +area excavated in 1914 was a tiny piece, about 30 yards square; the +results were most promising. Five levels of stratification could be +distinguished. The lowest and earliest yielded small objects of native +work and Roman potsherds of the late first century: higher up, Roman +coins and pottery of the second century appeared, and in the top level, +Roman potsherds assigned to the fourth century. One Roman potsherd, from +a second-century level, bore three Roman letters IRI, the meaning of +which is likely to remain obscure. As the inscribed surface came from +the inside of an urn, the writing must have been done after the pot was +broken, and presumably on the hill itself. Among the native finds were +stone and clay moulds for casting metal objects. The site, on a whole, +seems to be native rather than Roman; it may be our first clue to the +character of native _oppida_ in northern Britain under Roman rule; +its excavation is eminently worth pursuing. + +(iv) _Northumberland, Hadrian's Wall._ On Hadrian's Wall no excavations +have been carried out. But at Chesterholm two inscribed altars were +found in the summer. One was dedicated to Juppiter Optimus Maximus; +the rest of the lettering was illegible. The other, dedicated to Vulcan +on behalf of the Divinity of the Imperial House by the people of the +locality, possesses much interest. The dedicators describe themselves as +_vicani Vindolandenses_, and thus give proof that the civilians living +outside the fort at Chesterholm formed a _vicus_ or something that could +plausibly be described as such; further, they teach the proper name of +the place, which we have been wont to call Vindolana. See further below, +p. 31. + +North of the Wall, at Featherwood near High Rochester (the fort +Bremenium) an altar has been found, dedicated to Victory (see p. 30). + +(v) _Corbridge._ The exploration of Corbridge was carried through its +ninth season by Mr. R. H. Forster. As in 1913, the results were somewhat +scanty. The area examined, which lay on the north-east of the site, +adjacent to the areas examined in 1910 and 1913, seems, like them, to +have been thinly occupied in Roman times; at any rate the structures +actually unearthed consisted only of a roughly built foundation (25 feet +diam.) of uncertain use, which there is no reason to call a temple, some +other even more indeterminate foundations, and two bits of road. More +interest may attach to three ditches (one for sewage) and the clay base +of a rampart, which belong in some way to the northern defences of the +place in various times. The full meaning of these will, however, not be +discernible till complete plans are available and probably not till +further excavations have been made; Mr. Forster inclines to explain +parts of them as ditches of a fort held in the age of Trajan, about A.D. +90-110. Several small finds merit note. An inscribed tile seems to have +served as a writing lesson or rather, perhaps, as a reading lesson: see +below, p. 32. The Samian pottery included a very few pieces of '29', a +good deal of early '37', which most archaeologists would ascribe to the +late first or the opening second century, and some other pieces which +perhaps belong to a rather later part of the same century. The coins +cover much the same period; few are later than Hadrian. Among them was +a hoard of 32 denarii and 12 copper of which Mr. Craster has made the +following list:-- + + _Silver_: 2 Republican, 1 Julius Caesar, 1 Mark Antony, 1 Nero, + 1 Galba, 3 Vitellius, 13 Vespasian, 3 Titus, 6 Domitian, + 1 unidentified. + + _Copper_: 3 Vespasian, 1 Titus, 2 Domitian, 3 Nerva, 1 Trajan, + 2 unidentified. + +The latest coin was the copper of Trajan--a _dupondius_ or Second +Brass of A.D. 98. All the coins had been corroded into a single mass, +apparently by the burning of a wooden box in which they have been kept; +this burning must have occurred about A.D. 98-100. Among the bronze +objects found during the year was a dragonesque enamelled brooch. + +(vi) In Upper _Weardale_ (co. Durham) a peat-bog has given up two bronze +_paterae_ or skillets, bearing the stamp of the Italian bronze-worker +Cipius Polybius, and an uninscribed bronze ladle. See below, p. 33. + +(vii) Near Appleby, at Hangingshaw farm, Mr. P. Ross has come upon a +Roman inscription which proves to be a milestone of the Emperor Philip +(A.D. 244-6) first found in 1694 and since lost sight of (p. 35). + +(viii) _Ambleside Fort._ The excavation of the Roman fort in Borrans +Field near Ambleside, noted in my Report for 1913 (p. 13), was continued +by Mr. R. G. Collingwood, Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, and others +with much success. The examination of the ramparts, gates, and turrets +was completed; that of the main interior buildings was brought near +completion, and a beginning was made on the barracks, sufficient to show +that they were, at least in part, made of wood. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. BORRANS FORT, AMBLESIDE + +(I. Granaries; II. Head-quarters; III. Commandant's House; A. Cellar; +B. Hearth or Kiln; C. Deposit of corn; D. Ditch perhaps belonging to +earliest fort; E. Outer Court of Head-quarters; F. Inner Court)] + +The fort, as is now clear (fig. 2), was an oblong enclosure of about 300 +x 420 feet, nearly 3 acres. Round it ran a wall of roughly coursed stone +4 feet thick, with a clay ramp behind and a ditch in front. Turrets +stood at its corners. Four gates gave access to it; three of them were +single and narrow, while the fourth, the east gate, was double and was +flanked by two guard-chambers. As usual, the chief buildings stood in a +row across the interior. Building I--see plan, fig. 2--was a pair of +granaries, each 66 feet long, with a space between. They were of normal +plan, with external buttresses, basement walls, and ventilating windows +(not shown on plan). The space between them, 15 feet wide, contained +marks of an oven or ovens (plan, B) and also some corn (plan, C) and may +have been at one time used for drying grain stored in the granaries; how +far it was roofed is doubtful. Building II, the Principia or Praetorium, +a structure of 68 x 76 feet, much resembled the Principia at Hardknot, +ten miles west of Ambleside, but possessed distinct features. As the +plan shows, it had an entrance from the east, the two usual courts (EF), +and the offices which usually face on to the inner court F. These +offices, however, were only three in number instead of five, unless +wooden partitions were used. Under the central office, the _sacellum_ of +the fort, where the standards and the altars for the official worship of +the garrison are thought to have been kept, our fort had, at A, a sunk +room or cellar, 6 feet square, entered by a stone stair. Such cellars +occur at Chesters, Aesica, and elsewhere and probably served as +strong-rooms for the regimental funds. At Chesters, the cellar had stone +vaulting; at Ambleside there is no sign of this, and timber may have +been used. In the northernmost room of the Principia some corn and +woodwork as of a bin were noted (plan, C). The inner court F seemed to +Mr. Collingwood to have been roofed; in its north end was a detached +room, such as occurs at Chesters, of unknown use, which accords rather +ill with a roof. In the colonnade round the outer court E were vestiges +of a hearth or oven (plan, B). Building III (70 x 80 feet) is that +usually called the commandant's house; it seems to show the normal plan +of rooms arranged round a cloister enclosing a tiny open space. In +buildings II and III, at D, traces were detected as of ditches and +walling belonging to a fort older and probably smaller than that +revealed by the excavation generally. + +Small finds include coins of Faustina Iunior, Iulia Domna, and Valens, +Samian of about A.D. 80 and later, including one or two bits of German +Samian, a silver spoon, some glass, iron, and bronze objects, a leaden +basin (?), and seven more leaden sling-bullets. It now seems clear that +the fort was established about the time of Agricola (A.D. 80-5), though +perhaps in smaller dimensions than those now visible, and was held till +at least A.D. 365. Mr. Collingwood inclines to the view that it was +abandoned after A.D. 85 and reoccupied under or about the time of +Hadrian. The stratification of the turrets seems to show that it was +destroyed once or twice in the second or third centuries, but the +evidence is not wholly clear in details. The granaries seem to have been +rebuilt once and the rooms of the commandant's house mostly have two +floors. + +(ix) _Lancaster._ In October and November 1914, structural remains +thought to be Roman, including 'an old Roman fireplace, circular in +shape, with stone flues branching out', were noted in the garden of St. +Mary's vicarage. The real meaning of the find seems doubtful. + +(x) _Ribchester._ In the spring of 1913 a small school-building was +pulled down at Ribchester, and the Manchester Classical Association was +able to resume its examination of the Principia (praetorium) of the +Roman fort, above a part of which this building had stood. The work was +carried out by Prof. W. B. Anderson, of Manchester University, and Mr. +D. Atkinson, Research Fellow of Reading College, and, though limited in +extent, was very successful. + +The first discovery of the Principia is due to Miss Greenall, who about +1905 was building a house close to the school and took care that certain +remains found by her builders should be duly noted: excavations in +1906-7, however, left the size and extent of these remains somewhat +uncertain and resulted in what we now know to be an incorrect plan. The +work done last spring makes it plain (fig. 3) that the Principia +fronted--in normal fashion--the main street of the fort (gravel laid on +cobbles) running from the north to the south gate. But, abnormally, the +frontage was formed by a verandah or colonnade: the only parallel which +I can quote is from Caersws, where excavations in 1909 revealed a +similar verandah in front of the Principia[2]. Next to the verandah +stood the usual Outer Court with a colonnade round it and two wells in +it (one is the usual provision): the colonnade seemed to have been twice +rebuilt. Beyond that are fainter traces of the Inner Court which, +however, lies mostly underneath a churchyard: the only fairly clear +feature is a room (A on plan) which seems to have stood on the right +side of the Inner Court, as at Chesters and Ambleside (fig. 2, above). +Behind this, probably, stood the usual five office rooms. If we carry +the Principia about 20 feet further back, which would be a full +allowance for these rooms with their walling, the end of the whole +structure will line with the ends of the granaries found some years ago. +This, or something very like it, is what we should naturally expect. We +then obtain a structure measuring 81 x 112 feet, the latter dimension +including a verandah 8 feet wide. This again seems a reasonable result. +Ribchester was a large fort, about 6 acres, garrisoned by cavalry; +in a similar fort at Chesters, on Hadrian's Wall, the Principia measured +85 x 125 feet: in the 'North Camp' at Camelon, another fort of much the +same size (nearly 6 acres), they measured 92 x 120 feet. + +[Footnote 2: I saw this verandah while open. The whole excavations at +Caersws yielded important results and it is more than regrettable that +no report of them has ever been issued.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 3. RIBCHESTER FORT, HEAD-QUARTERS] + +(xi) _Slack._ The excavation of the Roman fort at Slack, near +Huddersfield, noted in my report for 1913 (p. 14), was continued in 1914 +by Mr. P. W. Dodd and Mr. A. M. Woodward, lecturers in Leeds University, +which is doing good work in the exploration of southern Yorkshire. The +defences of the fort, part of its central buildings (fig. 4, I-III), and +part of its other buildings (B-K) have now been attacked. The defences +consist of (1) a ditch 15 feet wide, possibly double on the north (more +exactly north-west) side and certainly absent on the southern two-thirds +of the east (north-east) side; (2) a berme, 8 feet wide; and (3) a +rampart 20-5 feet thick, built of turf and strengthened by a rough stone +base which is, however, only 8-10 feet wide. Of the four gates, three +(west, north, and east) have been examined; all are small and have +wooden gate-posts instead of masonry. On each side of the east gate, +which is the widest (15 ft.), the rampart is thought to thicken as if +for greater defence. The absence of a ditch on the southern two-thirds +of the east side may be connected with some paving outside the east gate +and also with a bath-house, partly explored in 1824 and 1865, outside +the south-east (east) corner; we may think that here was an annexe. The +central buildings, so far as uncovered, are of stone; the Principia +(III) perhaps had some wooden partitions. They are all ill-preserved and +call for no further comment. West of them, in the rear of the fort, the +excavators traced two long narrow wooden buildings (B, C), north of the +road from the west (south-west) gate to the back of the Principia; on +the other side of the road they found the ends of two similar buildings +(D, E). This looks as if this portion of the fort was filled with four +barracks. On the other side of the row of buildings I-III remains +were traced of stone structures; one of these (F) had the L-shape +characteristic of barracks, and indications point to two others (G, H) +of the same shape. This implies six barrack buildings in this portion +of the fort and ten barrack buildings in all, that is, a cohort 1,000 +strong. But the whole fort is only just 3 acres, and one would expect a +smaller garrison; when excavations have advanced, we may perhaps find +that the garrison was really a _cohors quingenaria_ with six barracks, +as at Gellygaer. Close against the east rampart, and indeed cutting +somewhat into it, was a long thin building (K), 12-16 feet wide, which +yielded much charcoal and potsherds and seemed an addition to the +original plan of the fort. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4. PART OF SLACK FORT + +(I. Granaries; II. Doubtful; III. Head-quarters; A. Shrine in III; B, C, +D, E. Wooden buildings in western part of fort; F, G, H, K. Stone +buildings in eastern part)] + +The few small finds included Samian of the late first and early second +centuries (but no '29'), and a denarius of Trajan. In respect of date, +they agree with the finds of last year and of 1865, and suggest that +the fort was established under Domitian or Trajan, and abandoned under +Hadrian or Pius; as an inscription of the Sixth Legion was found here in +1744, apparently in the baths, the evacuation cannot have been earlier +than about A.D. 130. The occupation of Slack must therefore have +resembled that of Castleshaw, which stands at the western end of the +pass through the Pennine Hills, which Slack guards on the east. If this +be so, an explanation must be discovered for two altars generally +assigned to Slack. One of these, found three miles north of Slack at +Greetland in 1597 among traces of buildings, is dated to A.D. 205 (CIL. +vii. 200). The other, found two miles eastwards, at Longwood, in 1880 +(Eph. Epigr. vii. 920), bears no date; but it was erected by an Aurelius +Quintus to the Numina Augustorum, and neither item quite suits so early +a date as the reign of Trajan. The dedication of the first is to the +goddess Victoria--_Vic_(_toria_) _Brig_(_antia_)--that of the second +_deo Berganti_ (as well as the _Numina Aug._); so that in each case a +local shrine to a native deity may be concerned. It is also possible +that a fort was built near Greetland, after the abandonment of Slack, +to guard another pass over the Pennine, that by way of Blackstone Edge. + +It is to be hoped that these interesting excavations may be continued +and completed. + +(xii) _Holt._ At Holt, eight miles south of Chester on the Denbighshire +bank of the Dee, Mr. Arthur Acton has further explored the very +interesting tile and pottery works of the Twentieth Legion, of which I +spoke in my Report for 1913 (p. 15). The site is not even yet exhausted. +But enough has been discovered to give a definite picture of it, and as +it may perhaps not be possible to continue the excavations at present, +and as the detailed report which Mr. Acton projects may take time to +issue, I shall try here, with his permission, to summarize very briefly +his most noteworthy results. I have to thank him for supplying me with +much information and material for illustrations. + +Holt combines the advantages of excellent clay for pottery and tile +making,[3] good building stone (the Bunter red sandstone), and an easy +waterway to Chester. Here the legion garrisoning Chester established, in +the latter part of the first century, tile and pottery works for its own +use and presumably also for the use of other neighbouring garrisons. +Traces of these works were noted early in the seventeenth century, +though they were not then properly understood.[4] In 1905 the late Mr. +A. N. Palmer, of Wrexham, identified the site in two fields called Wall +Lock and Hilly Field, just outside the village of Holt, and here, since +1906, Mr. Acton has, at his own cost, carefully and systematically +carried out excavations. + +[Footnote 3: A Bronze Age burial (fig. 6, D) suggests that the clay may +have been worked long before the Romans.] + +[Footnote 4: References are given by Watkin, _Cheshire_, p. 305, +and Palmer, _Archaeologia Cambrensis_, 1906, pp. 225 foll.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 5. ROMAN SITE NEAR HOLT + +(1. Barracks?; 2. Dwelling and Bath-house; 3. Kiln; 4. Drying-room, &c. +5. Kilns; 6. Work-rooms?; 7. Clay-pits)] + +The discoveries show a group of structures scattered along a bank about +a quarter of a mile in length which stands slightly above the Dee and +the often flooded meadows beside it (fig. 5). At the west end of this +area (fig. 5, no. 1, and fig. 6) was a large rectangular enclosure of +about 62 x 123 yards (rather over 1-1/2 acres), girt with a strong wall +7 feet thick. Within it were five various rows of rooms mostly 15 feet +square, with drains; some complicated masonry (? latrines) filled the +east end. This enclosure was not wholly explored; it may have served +for workmen's barracks; the contents of two rubbish-pits (fig. 6, +AA)--bones of edible animals, cherry-stones, shells of snails, and Dee +mussels, potsherds, &c.--had a domestic look; mill-stones for grinding +corn, including one bearing what seems to be a centurial mark, and +fragments of buff imported amphorae were also found here. Between this +enclosure and the river were two small buildings close together (fig. +5, no. 2 and fig. 7). The easternmost of these seems to have been a +dwelling-house 92 feet long, with a corridor and two hypocausts; it may +have housed the officer in charge of the potteries. The western building +was a bath-house, with hot-rooms at the east end, and the dressing-room, +latrine, and cold-bath at the west end; one side of this building was +hewn into the solid rock to a height of 3 feet. Several fibulae were +found in the drains of the bath-house. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6. BARRACKS (?), HOLT + +(A. Rubbish pits; B. Latrines?; C. Water-pipe; D. Bronze Age burial)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 7. DWELLING-HOUSE AND BATH-HOUSE, HOLT] + +The other structures (3, 4, 6, 7) served industrial purposes. No. 4 +(fig. 5) contained a hypocaust and was perhaps a workroom and drying +shed. At 6 were ill-built and ill-preserved rooms, containing puddled +clay, potsherds, &c., which declared them to be work-sheds of some sort. +Finally, at 3 and 5 we have the kilns. No. 3 was a kiln 17 feet square, +with a double flue, used (as its contents showed) for potting, and +indeed for fine potting. No. 5 (figs. 8, 9) was an elaborate 'plant' of +eight kilns in an enclosure of about 55 x 140 feet. Kilns A, B, F, H +were used for pottery, C, D, E for tiles, F for both large vessels and +tiles; the circular kiln G seems to be a later addition to the original +plan. The kilns were thus grouped together for economy in handling the +raw and fired material and in stacking the fuel, and also for economy +of heat; the three tile-kilns in the centre would be charged, fired, +and drawn in turn, and the heat from them would keep warm the smaller +pottery-kilns round them. The interiors of the kilns contained many +broken and a few perfect pots and tiles; round them lay an enormous +mass of wood-ashes, broken tiles and pots, 'wasters' and the like. +The wood-ashes seem to be mainly oak, which abounds in the neighbourhood +of Holt. The kilns themselves are exceptionally well-preserved. They +must have been in actual working order, when abandoned, and so they +illustrate--perhaps better than any kilns as yet uncovered and recorded +in any Roman province--the actual mechanism of a Roman tile- or +pottery-kiln. The construction of a kiln floor, which shall work +effectively and accurately, is less simple than it looks; the adjustment +of the heat to the class of wares to be fired, the distribution of the +heat by proper flues and by vent-holes of the right size, and other such +details require knowledge and care. The remains at Holt show these +features admirably, and Mr. Acton has been able to examine them with the +aid of two of our best experts on pottery-making, Mr. Wm. and Mr. Joseph +Burton, of Manchester. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8. PLAN OF KILN-PLANT AT HOLT (SEE p. 34, and FIG. 9) + +(Except at kilns F, G, the letters on the plan are placed at the +fire-holes. In kilns A, B a small piece of the kiln floor (on which the +vessels were placed for baking) is shown diagrammatically, to illustrate +the relation between the hot-air holes in the floors and the passages in +the underlying heating-chambers)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 9. RESTORATION OF THE HOLT KILN-PLANT, SHOWING THE +FLOORS ON WHICH THE TILES OR VESSELS WERE PILED FOR BAKING (p. 18) + +The letters ABCDE are placed at the mouths of the stoke-holes of the +respective kilns. Kilns ABDFH were used for pottery, CDE for tiles, F +for large vessels and for tiles; G seems an addition to the original +plan.] + +Smaller finds include two centurial stones (one found in 1914 is +described below, p. 34); a mill-stone with letters suggesting that it +belonged to a century of soldiers; several _graffiti_, mostly of a +military character, so far as one can decipher them (for one see my +Report for 1913, p. 30); a profusion of stamped tiles of the Twentieth +Legion, mostly 'wasters'; some two dozen antefixes of the same legion; +several tile and pottery stamps; about 45 coins of various dates; much +window glass, and an immense quantity of potsherds of the most various +kinds. Among these latter were Samian pieces of the late first century +(no '29', but early '37' and '78' and a stamp of CRESTO) and of the +second century (including the German stamp IANVF), and imitation Samian +made on the spot. A quantity of lead and of iron perhaps worked into +nails, &c., at Holt, and a few crucibles for casting small bronze +objects, may also be mentioned. + +The Twentieth Legion tiles at Holt bear stamps identical with those on +its tiles at Chester; we may think that the legion made for itself at +Holt most of the tiles which it used in its fortress. Equal interest +and more novelty attaches to the pottery made at Holt. This comprises +many varieties; most prominent is a reddish or buff ware of excellent +character, coated with a fine slip, which occurs in many different forms +of vessels, cooking pots, jars, saucers, and even large flat dishes up +to 30 inches in diameter. Specimens of these occur also in Chester, +and it is clear that the legionary workmen made not only tiles--as in +legionary tile-works in other lands--but also pots, mortaria (fig. 1), +&c., for legionary use. + +Perhaps the most remarkable pieces among the pottery are some stamped +pieces copied from decorated Samian, which I am able to figure here by +Mr. Acton's kindness (figs. 1, 10, 11). They are pale reddish-brown in +colour and nearly as firm in texture as good Samian; they are made (he +tells me) by throwing on a wheel a clay (or 'body') prepared from local +materials, then impressing the stamps, and finally laying on an iron +oxide slip, perhaps with a brush. Sir Arthur Evans has pointed out to me +that the stamp used for the heads on fig. 1 was a gem set in a ring; the +setting is clearly visible under each head. The shape and ornament have +plainly been suggested by specimens of Samian '37' bowls, probably of +the second century. How far the author tried to copy definite pieces of +Samian and how far he aimed at giving the general effect, is not quite +clear to me. The large circles on fig. 11 suggest the medallions of +Lezoux potters like Cinnamus; the palmettes might have been taken from +German originals. Very few of these interesting pieces were found--all +of them close to the kiln numbered 3 on fig. 5. + +[Illustration: FIG. 10. HOLT, STAMPED WARE IN IMITATION OF SAMIAN, SHAPE +37 (1/1)] + +An even more striking piece (fig. 1) is a 'poincon' bearing the head of +Silenus in relief. It is believed to be the artist's die, from which the +potters' sunk dies would be cast; from such sunk dies little casts would +be made and 'applied' in relief to the outsides of the bowls, to the +handles of jugs, &c. It does not seem to have been intended for any sort +of ware made from a mould; indeed, moulded ware rarely occurs among the +products of Holt. It is far finer work than most Samian ornamentation; +probably, however, it has never been damaged by use. It was found, with +one or two less remarkable dies, in the waste round kiln 3. + +[Illustration: FIG. 11. STAMPED WARE, IN IMITATION OF SAMIAN, SHAPE 37 +(1/1). (See pp. 19, 20)] + +Interest attaches also to various vessels, two or three nearly perfect +and many broken, which have been glazed with green, brown or yellow +glaze; some of these pieces seem to be imitated from cut glass ware. +Along with them Mr. Acton has found the containing bowls (saggars) and +kiln-props used to protect and support the glazed vessels during the +process of firing, and as the drip of the glaze is visible on the sides +of the props and the bottoms of the saggars, he infers that the Holt +potters manufactured glazed ware with success. + +It is obvious that Mr. Acton's detailed report on Holt will be full of +important matter, and that further excavation of the site, whenever it +may be possible, will also yield important results. + +(xiii) _Cardiff._ The widening of Duke Street, which fronts the eastern +half of the south side of Cardiff Castle, has revealed the south-east +angle of the Roman fort, on the top of which the castle stands, and has +revealed it in good preservation. Nothing, however, has come to light +which seems to increase or alter our previous knowledge of the fort. +Many small Roman objects are stated to have been found, Samian ware, +coins, brooches, beads, in the course of the work; these may belong to +the 'civil settlement' which, as I have said elsewhere, may have lain to +the south of the fort (_Military Aspects of Roman Wales_, p. 105). When +they have been sorted and dated, they should throw light on the history +of Roman Cardiff. + +(xiv) _Richborough._ This important site has been taken over by H.M. +Office of Works, and some digging has been done round the central +platform, but (Mr. Peers tells me) without any notable result. The +theory that this platform was the base of a lighthouse is still the +most probable. + + +xv-xxv. FINDS RELATING TO CIVIL LIFE + +(xv) _Wroxeter (Viroconium)._ The systematic excavation of Wroxeter +begun in 1912 by Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox on behalf of the London Society of +Antiquaries and the Shropshire Archaeological Society, was carried by +him through its third season in 1914. The area examined lay immediately +north of the temple uncovered in 1913. The main structure in it was a +large dwelling-house 115 feet long, with extensions up to 200 feet, +which possessed at least two courtyards, a small detached bath-house, +various mosaic and cement floors, hypocausts, and so forth. It had been +often altered, and its excavation and explanation were excessively +difficult. Mr. Bushe-Fox thinks that it may have begun as three shops +giving on to the north and south Street which bounds its eastern end. +Certainly it became, in course of time, a large corridor-house with a +south aspect and an eastern wing fronting the street, and as such it +underwent several changes in detail. Beyond its western end lay a still +more puzzling structure. An enceinte formed by two parallel walls, about +13 feet apart, enclosed a rectangular space of about 150 feet wide; the +western end of it, and therefore its length, could not be ascertained; +the two corners uncovered at the east end were rounded; an entrance +seems to have passed through the north-east corner. It has been called +a small fort, an amphitheatre, a stadium, and several other things. +But a fort should be larger and would indeed be somewhat hard to account +for at this spot; while a stadium should have a rounded end and, if it +was of orthodox length, would have extended outside the town into or +almost into the Severn. Interest attaches to a water-channel along the +main (north and south) street. This was found to have at intervals slits +in each side which were plainly meant for sluice-gates to be let down; +Mr. Bushe-Fox thinks that the channel was a water-supply, and not an +outfall, and that by the sluice-gates the water was dammed up so as, +when needed, to flow along certain smaller channels into the private +houses which stood beside the road. If so, the discovery has much +interest; the arrangement is peculiar, but no other explanation seems +forthcoming. + +Small finds were many and good. Mr. Bushe-Fox gathered 571 coins ranging +from three British and one or two Roman Republican issues, to three +early coins of the Emperor Arcadius, over 200 Samian potters' stamps, +and much Samian datable to the period about A.D. 75-130, with a few rare +pieces of the pre-Flavian age. There was a noticeable scarcity of both +Samian and coins of the post-Hadrianic, Antonine period; it was also +observed that recognizable 'stratified deposits' did not occur after the +age of Hadrian. Among individual objects attention is due to a small +seal-box, with wax for the seal actually remaining in it. + +It appears that it will probably not be possible to continue this +excavation, even on a limited scale, next summer. Mr. Bushe-Fox's report +for 1913 is noticed below, p. 52. + +(xvi) _Lincoln._ At Lincoln an inscribed fragment found in 1906 has now +come to light. It bears only three letters, IND, being the last letters +of the inscription; these plainly preserve a part of the name of the +town, Lindum. See below, p. 34. + +(xvii) _Gloucester._ Here, in March 1914, a mosaic floor, 16 feet +square, with a complex geometrical pattern in red, white, and blue, has +been found 9 feet below the present surface, at 22 Northgate Street. +Some painted wall-plaster from the walls of the room to which it +belonged were found with it. + +(xviii) Discoveries in _London_ have been limited to two groups of +rubbish-pits in the City, (_a_) At the General Post Office the pits +opened in 1913 (see my Report, p. 22) were further carefully explored +in 1914 by Mr. F. Lambert, Mr. Thos. Wilson, and Dr. Norman; the Post +Office gave full facilities. Over 100 'potholes' were detected, of which +about forty yielded more or less datable rubbish, mainly potsherds. +Four contained objects of about A.D. 50-80, though not in great +quantity--four bits of decorated Samian and eight Samian stamps--and +fourteen contained objects of about A.D. 70-100; the rest seemed to +belong to the second century, with some few later items intermixed. +One would infer that a little rubbish was deposited here before the +Flavian period, but that after about A.D. 70 or 80 the site was freely +used as a rubbish-ground for three generations or more. Two objects may +be noted, a gold ring bearing the owner's initials Q. D. D. and a bit +of inscribed wood from the lining of a well or pit (p. 35). (_b_) At the +top of King William Street, between Sherborne Lane and Abchurch Lane, +not so far from the Mansion House, five large pits were opened in the +summer of 1914, in the course of ordinary contractors' building work. +They could not be so minutely examined as the Post Office pits, but +it was possible to observe that their datable potsherds fell roughly +within the period A.D. 50-100, and that a good many potsherds were +earlier than the Flavian age; there must have been considerable deposit +of rubbish here before A.D. 70 or thereabouts, and it must have ceased +about the end of the century. A full account of both groups of pits was +given to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. F. Lambert on February 11, +1915; illustrated notices of the Post Office finds were contributed by +Mr. Thos. Wilson to the Post Office Magazine, _St. Martin-le-Grand_ +(January and July, 1914); Mr. D. Atkinson helped with the dating of the +pottery. + +Much gratitude is due to those who have so skilfully collaborated to +achieve these results. So far as it is permissible to argue from two +sites only, they seem to throw real light on the growth of the earliest +Roman London. The Post Office pits lie in the extreme north-west of the +later Londinium, just inside the walls; the King William Street pits +are in its eastern half, not far from the east bank of the now vanished +stream of Wallbrook, which roughly bisected the whole later extent of +the town. It may be assumed that, at the time when the two groups of +pits were in use, the inhabited area had not yet spread over their +sites, though it had come more or less close. That would imply that the +earliest city lay mainly, though perhaps not wholly, on the east bank +of Wallbrook; then, as the houses spread and the town west of Wallbrook +developed, the King William Street pits were closed, while the Post +Office pits came more into use, during and after the Flavian age. + +This conclusion is tentative. It must be remembered that the +stratification of rubbish-pits, ancient as well as modern, is often very +peculiar. It is liable to be confused by all sorts of cross-currents. +In particular, objects are constantly thrown into rubbish-pits many +years, perhaps even centuries, after those objects have passed out of +use. Whenever, even in a village, an old cottage is pulled down or a new +one built, old rubbish gets shifted to new places and mixed with rubbish +of a quite different age. At Caerwent, as Dr. T. Ashby once told me, a +deep rubbish-pit yielded a coin of about A.D. 85 at a third of the way +down, and at the very bottom a coin of about 315. That is, the pit was +in use about or after 315; some one then shovelled into it debris of +much earlier date. The London pits now in question are, however, fairly +uniform in their contents, and their evidence may be utilized at least +as a base for further inquiries. + +(xix-xxii) _Rural dwellings._ Three Roman 'villas'--that is, +country-houses or farms--have been explored in 1914. All are small. + +[Illustration: FIG. 12. BATH-HOUSE, EAST GRIMSTEAD] + +(xix) At _East Grimstead_, five miles south-east from Salisbury, on +Maypole Farm near Churchway Copse[5], a bath-house has been dug out and +planned by Mr. Heywood Sumner, to whom I owe the following details. The +building (fig. 12) measures only 14 x 28 feet and contains only four +rooms, (1) a tile-paved apartment which probably served as entrance and +dressing-room, (2) a room over a pillared hypocaust, which may be called +the tepidarium, (3) a similar smaller room, nearer the furnace and +therefore perhaps hotter, which may be the caldarium--though really it +is hardly worth while to distinguish between these two rooms--and (4) a +semicircular bath, lined with pink mortar and fine cement, warmed with +flues from rooms 3 and with box-tiles, and provided with an outfall +drain; east of rooms 3 and 4 was the furnace. Small finds included +window glass, potsherds, two to three hundred oyster-shells, and five +Third Brass coins (two Constantinian, three illegible). Large stone +foundations have been detected close by; presumably this was the +detached bath-house for a substantial residence which awaits excavation. +Such detached bath-houses are common; I may instance one found in 1845 +at Wheatley (Oxon.), which had very similar internal arrangements and +stood near a substantial dwelling-house not yet explored (_Archaeol. +Journal_, ii. 350). A full description of the Grimstead bath, by Mr. +Sumner, is in the press. + +[Footnote 5: The words Church, Chapel, and Chantry often form parts of +the names of Roman sites, where the ruined masonry has been popularly +mistaken for that of deserted ecclesiastical buildings.] + +(xx) Three miles south-west of Guildford, at Limnerslease in the +parish of _Compton_, Mr. Mill Stephenson has helped to uncover a house +measuring 53 x 76 feet, with front and back corridors, and seven rooms, +including baths. Coins suggested that it was inhabited in the early +fourth century--a period when our evidence shows that many +Romano-British farms and country-houses were occupied.[6] + +[Footnote 6: I may refer to my _Romanization of Britain_ (third edition, +p. 77). This does not, of course, mean that they were not also occupied +earlier.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 13. HOUSE AT NORTH ASH, KENT] + +(xxi) A third house is supplied by Kent. This was found in June about +six miles south of Gravesend, near the track from _North Ash_ to +Ash Church, on the farm of Mr. Geo. Day. Woodland was being cleared for +an orchard, flint foundations were encountered, and the site was then +explored by Mr. Jas. Kirk, Mr. S. Priest, and others of the Dartford +Antiquarian Society, to whom I am indebted for information: the Society +will in due course issue a full Report. The spade (fig. 13) revealed a +rectangular walled enclosure of 53 x 104 feet. The entrance was at +the east end; the dwelling-rooms (including a sunk bath, 7 feet square, +lined with plaster) were, so far as traced, in the west and south-west +portion; much of the walled space may have been farmyard or wooden +sheds. Many bits of Samian and other pottery were found (among them +a mortarium stamped MARTINVSF), and many oyster-shells. Other +Romano-British foundations have been suspected close by. + +The structure somewhat resembles the type of farm-house which might +fairly be called, from its best-known example--the only one now +uncovered to view--the Carisbrooke type.[7] That, however, usually has +rooms at both ends, as in the Clanville example which I figure here as +more perfect than the Carisbrooke one (fig. 14). One might compare the +buildings at Castlefield, Finkley, and Holbury, which I have discussed +in the _Victoria History of Hants_ (i. 302-3, 312), and which were +perhaps rudimentary forms of the Carisbrooke type. + +[Footnote 7: It has been styled the 'basilical' type, but few names +could be less suitable.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 14. FARM-HOUSE AT CLANVILLE, KENT (To illustrate +Fig. 13)] + +(xxii) A few kindred items may be grouped here. Digging has been +attempted in a Roman 'villa' at Litlington (Cambs.) but, as Prof. +McKenny Hughes tells me, with little success. The 'beautifully tiled +and marbled floors' are newspaper exaggeration. A 'Roman bath' which +was stated to have been found early in 1914 at Kingston-on-Thames, +in the work of widening the bridge, is declared by Mr. Mill Stephenson +not to be Roman at all. Lastly, an excavation of an undoubted Roman +house at Broom Farm, between Hambledon and Soberton in south-east Hants, +projected by Mr. A. Moray Williams, was prevented by the war, which +called Mr. Williams to serve his country. + +(xxiii) _Lowbury._ During the early summer of 1914 Mr. D. Atkinson +completed his examination of the interesting site of Lowbury, high amid +the east Berkshire Downs. Of the results which he won in 1913 I gave +some account last year (Report for 1913, p. 22); those of 1914 confirm +and develop them. We may, then, accept the site as, at first and during +the Middle Empire, a summer farm or herdsmen's shelter, and in the +latest Roman days a refuge from invading English. Whether the wall which +he traced round the little place was reared to keep in cattle or to keep +out foes, is not clear; possibly enough, it served both uses. In all, +Mr. Atkinson gathered about 850 coins belonging to all periods of the +Empire but especially to the latest fourth century and including +Theodosius, Arcadius, and Honorius. He also found over fifty brooches +and a great amount of pottery--3 cwt., he tells me--which was mostly +rough ware: there was little Samian (some of shape '37'), less Castor, +and hardly any traces of mortaria. A notable find was the skeleton of +a woman of 50 (ht. about 5 feet 9 inches), which he discovered in the +trench dug to receive the foundations of the enclosing wall; it lay in +the line of the foundations amidst the perished cement of the wall, and +its associations and position forbid us to think either that it was +buried before the wall was thought of or was inserted after the wall was +ruined. Mr. Atkinson formed the theory--with natural hesitation--that +it might be a foundation burial, and I understand that Sir Jas. Frazer +accepts this suggestion. A full report of the whole work will shortly +be issued in the Reading College Research Series. + +(xxiv) _Eastbourne, Beachy Head._ The Rev. W. Budgen, of Eastbourne, +tells me of a hoard of 540 coins found in 1914 in a coombe near Bullock +Down, just behind Beachy Head. The coins range from Valerian (1 coin) +to Quintillus (4 coins) and Probus (1 coin); 69 are attributed to +Gallienus, 88 to Victorinus, 197 to the Tetrici, and 40 to Claudius +Gothicus ; the hoard may have been buried about A.D. 280, but it has to +be added that 130 coins have not been yet identified. Hoards of somewhat +this date are exceedingly common; in 1901 I published accounts of two +such hoards detected, shortly before that, at points quite close to the +findspot of the present hoard (see _Sussex Archaeological Collections_, +xliv, pp. 1-8). + +Mr. Budgen has also sent me photographs of some early cinerary urns +and a 'Gaulish' fibula, found together in Eastbourne in 1914. The +things may belong to the middle of the first century A.D. The 'Gaulish' +type of fibula has been discussed and figured by Sir Arthur Evans +(_Archaeologia_, lv. 188-9, fig. 10; see also Dressel's note in _Bonner +Jahrbuecher_, lxiv. 82). Its home appears to be Gaul. In Britain it +occurs rather infrequently; east of the Rhine it is still rarer; it +shows only one vestige of itself at Haltern and is wholly absent from +Hofheim and the Saalburg. Its date appears to be the first century A.D., +and perhaps rather the earlier two-thirds than the end of that period. + +(xxv) _Parc-y-Meirch_ (_North Wales_). Here Mr. Willoughby Gardner has +further continued his valuable excavations (Report for 1913, p. 25). +The new coin-finds seem to hint that the later fourth-century stratum +may have been occupied earlier in that century than the date which I +gave last year, A.D. 340. But the siege of this hill-fort is bound to +be long and its full results will not be clear till the end. Then we +may expect it to throw real light on an obscure corner of the history +of Roman and also post-Roman Wales. + + + + +B. ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN BRITAIN IN 1914 + + +This section includes the Roman inscriptions which have been found, or +(perhaps I should say) first recognized to exist, in Britain in 1914 +or which have become more accurately known in that year. As in 1913, +the list is short and its items are not of great importance; but the +Chesterholm altar (No. 5) deserves note, and the Corbridge tile also +possesses considerable interest. + +I have edited them in the usual manner, first stating the origin, +character, &c., of the inscription, then giving its text with a +rendering in English, thirdly adding any needful notes and acknowledging +obligations to those who may have communicated the items to me. +In the expansions of the text, square brackets denote letters which, +owing to breakage or other cause, are not now on the stone, though one +may presume that they were originally there; round brackets denote +expansions of Roman abbreviations. The inscriptions are printed in +the same order as the finds in section A, that is, from north to +south--though with so few items the order hardly matters. + +(1) Found at Balmuildy (above, p. 7) in the annexe to the south-east of +the fort proper, some sandstone fragments from the top of a small altar, +originally perhaps about 14 inches wide. At the top, in a semicircular +panel is a rude head; below are letters from the first two lines of the +dedication; probably the first line had originally four letters:-- + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.] + +Possibly DIO may be for _deo_. It is by no means a common orthography, +but if it be accepted, we can read _dio [s(ancto) Ma]rti_.... The +reading DIIO, _deo_, is I fear impossible. + +I have to thank Mr. S. N. Miller, the excavator, for photographs. + +(2) At Traprain Law (above, p. 8) a small potsherd from a second-century +level bore the letters scratched on it + + + I R I / + + +These letters were on the side of the potsherd which had formed the +inner surface when the pot was whole; they must therefore have been +inscribed after the pot had been smashed, and the size and shape of the +bit give cause to think that it may have been broken intentionally for +inscription--possibly for use in some game. In any case, it must have +been inscribed at Traprain Law, and not brought there already written, +and the occurrence of writing of any sort on such a site is noteworthy. + +I am indebted to Dr. G. Macdonald for a sight of the piece. + +(3) Found about three and a half miles north of the Roman fort +Bremenium, High Rochester, near Horsley in north Northumberland, beside +the Roman road over the Cheviots (Dere Street), close to the steading of +Featherwood, in the autumn of 1914, now in the porch of Horsley Parish +Church, a plain altar 51 inches high by 22 inches wide, with six lines +of letters 2 inches tall. The inscription is unusually illegible. Only +the first and last lines are readable with certainty; elsewhere some +letters can be read or guessed, but not so as to yield coherent sense. + + + VICTORIAE (only bottom of final E visible) + ET....IVL (ET probable, IVL fairly certain) + MEIANIC (only M quite certain) + II........C (erased on purpose) + PVBLICO + V . S . L _m_ + + +The altar was dedicated to Victory; nothing else is certain. It is +tempting to conjecture in line 2 ET N AVG, _et numinibus Augustorum_, as +on some other altars to Victory, but ET is not certain, though probable, +and N AVG is definitely improbable. The fourth line seems to have been +intentionally erased. I find no sign of any mention of the Cohors I +Vardullorum, which garrisoned Bremenium, though it or its commander +might naturally be concerned in putting up such an altar. + +We may assume that the altar belongs to Bremenium; possibly it was +brought thence when Featherwood was built. + +I have to thank the Rev. Thos. Stephens, vicar of Horsley, for +photographs and an excellent squeeze and readings, and Mr. R. Blair for +a photograph. + +(4-5) Found on July 17, 1914, at Chesterholm, just south of Hadrian's +Wall, lying immediately underneath the surface in a grass field 120 +yards west of the fort, two altars: + +(4) 32 inches tall, 15 inches broad, illegible save for the first line + + + IOM + + +_I(ovi) o(ptimo) m(aximo)_.... + +(5) 34 inches tall, 22 inches broad, with 8 lines of rather irregular +letters, not quite legible at the end (fig. 16). + +[Illustration: FIG. 16. ALTAR FROM CHESTERHOLM] + +_Pro domu divina et numinibus Augustorum, Volcano sacrum, vicani +Vindolandesses, cu[r(am)] agente ... v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) +m(erito)_. + +'For the Divine (i.e. Imperial) House and the Divinity of the Emperors, +dedicated to Vulcan by the members of the _vicus_ of Vindolanda, under +the care of ... (name illegible).' + +The statement of the reason for the dedication given in the first three +lines is strictly tautologous, the Divine House and the Divinity of the +Emperors being practically the same thing. The formula _numinibus Aug._ +is very common in Britain, though somewhat rare elsewhere; in other +provinces its place is supplied by the formula _in honorem domus +divinae_; it belongs mostly to the late second and third centuries. The +plural _Augustorum_ does not appear to refer to a plurality of reigning +Emperors, but to the whole body of Emperors dead and living who were +worshipped in the Cult of the Emperors. + +The _vicani Vindolandesses_ are the members of the settlement--women and +children, traders, old soldiers, and others--which grew up outside the +fort at Chesterholm, as outside nearly all Roman forts and fortresses. +In this case they formed a small self-governing community, presumably +with its own 'parish council', which could be called by the Roman term +_vicus_, even if it was not all that a proper _vicus_ should be. This +altar was put up at the vote of their 'parish meeting' and paid for, +one imagines, out of their common funds. The term _vicus_ is applied to +similar settlements outside forts on the German Limes; thus we have the +_vicani Murrenses_ at the fort of Benningen on the Murr (CIL. xiii. +6454) and the _vicus Aurelius_ or _Aurelianus_ at Oehringen (_ibid._ +6541). + +_Vindolandesses_, which is merely a phonetic spelling or misspelling of +_Vindolandenses_, gives the correct name of the fort. In the Notitia +it is spelt Vindolana, in the Ravennas (431. 11) Vindolanda; and as +in general the Ravennas teems with errors and the Notitia is fairly +correct, the spelling Vindolana has always been preferred, although (as +Prof. Sir John Rhys tells me) its second part _-lana_ is an etymological +puzzle. It now appears that in this, as in some few other cases, the +Ravennas has kept the true tradition. The termination _-landa_ is a +Celtic word denoting a small defined space, akin to the Welsh 'llan', +and also to the English 'land'; I cannot, however, find any other +example in which it forms part of a place-name of Roman date. _Vindo-_ +is connected either with the adjective _vindos_, 'white', or with the +personal name Vindos derived from that adjective. + +I have to thank Mrs. Clayton, the owner of Chesterholm, and her foreman, +Mr. T. Hepple, for excellent photographs and squeezes. The altars are +now in the Chesters Museum. + +(6) Found at Corbridge, in August 1914, fragment of a tile, 7 x 8 inches +in size, on which, before it was baked hard, some one had scratched +three lines of lettering about 1-1-1/2 inches tall; the surviving +letters form the beginnings of the lines of which the ends are broken +off. There were never more than three lines, apparently. + + + O M Q L + LIIND/ + LEGEFEL + + +The inscription seems to have been a reading lesson. First the teacher +scratched two lines of letters, in no particular order and making no +particular sense; then he added the exhortation _lege feliciter_, +'read and good luck to you'. A modern teacher, even though he taught by +the aid of a slate in lieu of a soft tile, might have expressed himself +less gracefully. The tile may be compared with the well-known tile from +Silchester, on which Maunde Thompson detected a writing lesson (Eph. +Epigr. ix. 1293). A knowledge of reading and writing does not seem to +have been at all uncommon in Roman Britain or in the Roman world +generally, even among the working classes; I may refer to my +_Romanization of Roman Britain_ (ed. 3, pp. 29-34). + +The imperfectly preserved letter after Q in line 1 was perhaps an +angular L or E; that after D, in line 2, may have been M or N or even A. + +I am indebted to Mr. R. H. Forster for a photograph and squeeze of the +tile. + +(7) Found in a peat-bog in Upper Weardale, in August 1913, two bronze +skillets or 'paterae', of the usual saucepan shape, the larger weighing +15-1/2 oz., the smaller 8-1/2 oz. Each bore a stamp on the handle; +the smaller had also a graffito on the rim of the bottom made by a +succession of little dots. An uninscribed bronze ladle was found with +the 'paterae': + + + (_a_) on the larger patera: P CIPE POLI + + (_b_) on the smaller: _p_OLYBI.I + + (_c_) punctate: LICINIANI + + +The stamps of the Campanian bronze-worker Cipius Polybius are well +known. Upwards of forty have been found, rather curiously distributed +(in the main) between Pompeii and places on or near the Rhenish and +Danubian frontiers, in northern Britain, and in German and Danish +lands outside the Roman Empire. The stamped 'paterae' of other Cipii +and other bronze-workers have a somewhat similar distribution; it +seems that the objects were made in the first century A.D., in or +near Pompeii, and were chiefly exported to or beyond the borders of the +Empire. Their exact use is still uncertain, I have discussed them in the +_Archaeological Journal_, xlix, 1892, pp. 228-31; they have since been +treated more fully by H. Willers (_Bronzeeimer von Hemmoor_, 1901, p. +213, and _Neue Untersuchungen ueber die roemische Bronzeindustrie_, 1907, +p. 69). + +I have to thank Mr. W. M. Egglestone, of Stanhope, for information and +for rubbings of the stamps. The E in the first stamp seems clear on the +rubbing; all other examples have here I. or I. In the second stamp, the +conclusion might be BI.F. The _graffito_ was first read INVINDA; it is, +however, certainly as given above. + +(8) Found at Holt, eight miles south of Chester (see above, p. 15), in +the autumn of 1914, built upside down into the outer wall of a kiln, a +centurial stone of the usual size and character, 10 inches long, 7-8 +inches high, with letters (3/4-1 inch tall) inside a rude label + + + [C]CESo + NIANA + + +_c(enturia) C(a)esoniana_, set up by the century under Caesonius. + +[Transcribers Note: The bracketed "C" above is printed reversed in the +original.] + +Like another centurial stone found some time ago at Holt (Eph. Epigr. +ix. 1035), this was not found _in situ_; the kiln or other structure +into the wall of which it was originally inserted must have been pulled +down and its stones used up again. + +The centuries mentioned would of course be units from the Twentieth +Legion at Chester. + +(9) Found at Holt late in 1914, a fragment of tile (about 7 x 7 inches) +with parts of two (or three) lines of writing scratched on it. + + + ...LIVITILI.. + ..IT TAL.. + ......... + + +I can offer no guess at the sense of this. The third line may be mere +scratches. I am indebted to Mr. Arthur Acton for sending Nos. 8 and 9 to +me for examination. + +(10) Found at Lincoln in 1906, on the site of the Technical Schools +extensions (outside the east wall of the lower Roman town), a fragment +from the lower right-hand corner of an inscribed slab flanked with +foliation, 13 inches tall, 19 inches wide, with 2-inch lettering. + + + G | _fol_- + | _iat_- + IND | _ion_. + ____|__________ + + +No doubt one should prefix L to IND. That is, the inscription ended with +some part of the Romano-British name of Lincoln, Lindum, or of its +adjective Lindensis. From the findspot it seems probable that the +inscription may have been sepulchral. + +I am indebted to Mr. Arthur Smith, Curator of the City and County Museum +at Lincoln, for a squeeze. The stone is now in the Museum. + +(11) Found in London near the General Post Office in a rubbish-pit (see +above, p. 23), two pieces of wood from the staves of a barrel which +seems to have served as lining to a pit or well. They bear faint +impressions of a metal stamp; (_a_) is repeated twice. + + + (_a_) [TE]C.PAGA... _and_ ..C.PA..† + + (_b_) CS _or_ CB + + +The first stamp seems to include a name in the genitive, perhaps +_Pacati_, but I do not know what TEC means. + +[Transcribers Note: The bracketed [TE] above is a "TE" ligature.] + +(12) Found in another rubbish-pit of the same site as No. 11, a plain +gold ring with three sunk letters on the bezel: + + + Q.D.D + + +Presumably the initials of an owner. The letters were at first read +O.D.D, but the tail of the Q is discernible. + +I am indebted to the Post Office authorities and to Mr. F. Lambert for +a sight of Nos. 11 and 12. The objects are preserved at the General +Post Office. + +(13) I add here a note on a Roman milestone found in 1694 near Appleby +and lately refound. + +Among the papers of the antiquary Richard Gough in the Bodleian +Library--more exactly, in his copy of Horsley's _Britannia_, gen. top. +128 = MS. 17653, fol. 44 _v._--is recorded the text of a milestone of +the Emperor Philip and his son, 'dug out of ye military way 1694, now +at Hangingshaw'. The entry is written in Gough's own hand on the last +page of a list of Roman and other inscriptions once belonging to +Reginald Bainbridge, who was schoolmaster in Appleby in Elizabeth's +reign and died there in 1606.[8] This list had been drawn up by one +Hayton, under-schoolmaster at Appleby, in 1722 and had been copied out +by Gough. There is, however, nothing to show whether the milestone, +found eighty-eight years after the death of Bainbridge and plainly none +of his collection, was added by Hayton, or was otherwise obtained by +Gough and copied by him on a casually blank page; there is nothing even +to connect either the stone or Hangingshaw with Appleby. + +[Footnote 8: As to Bainbridge see my paper in the _Cumberland and +Westmorland Archaeological Transactions_, new series, vol. xi (1911), +pp. 343-78.] + +The notice lay neglected till Huebner undertook to edit the Roman +inscriptions of Britain, which he issued in the seventh volume of the +_Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_ in 1873. He included the milestone as +No. 1179. But, with his too frequent carelessness--a carelessness which +makes the seventh volume of the _Corpus_ far less valuable than the rest +of the series--he christened the stone, in defiance of dates, No. 17 in +Bainbridge's collection; he also added the statement (which we shall see +to be wrong) that Hangingshaw was near Old Carlisle. Fortunately, in the +autumn of 1914, Mr. Percival Ross, the Yorkshire archaeologist, sent me +a photograph of an inscription which he had come upon, built into the +wall of a farm called Hangingshaw, about 200 yards from the Roman road +which runs along the high ground a little east of Appleby. It then +became plain--despite Huebner's errors--that this stone was that recorded +in Gough's papers, although his copy was in one point faulty and on the +other hand some letters which were visible in 1694 have now apparently +perished. A rubbing sent me by the late Rev. A. Warren of Old Appleby +helped further; I now give from the three sources--Gough's copy, the +photograph, and the rubbing--what I hope may be a fairly accurate text. +I premise that the letters RCO in line 2, LIPPO in 3, PHILIPPO in 8, IMO +in 9, and I in 10 seem to be no longer visible but depend on Gough's +copy. + + + IMPC[lambda]C + SARIMARCO + IV[L]IOPHILIPPO + PIOFE[L]ICI + INVICTO + AVGVSTO + _p_ERP + ETMIVLPHILIPPO + NOBILISSIMO + CAESARI + + +[Transcribers Note: The bracketed "L" above are printed with the +horizontal line slanted downwards.] + +The chief fault in Gough's copy is the omission of line 6, _Augusto_. +This misled Huebner into treating line 7 (ERP) as a blundered reading of +that necessary word. In reality, line 7 is the most interesting item in +the inscription. It shows that the Emperor Philip was, here at least, +styled _perpetuus Augustus_. That is an appellation to which I find no +exact parallel in Philip's other inscriptions or indeed in any other +imperial inscriptions till half a century after his death. It fits, +however, into a definite development of the Roman imperial titles. In +the earliest Empire, phrases occur, mostly on coins, such as _Aeternitas +imperii_ or _Aeternitas populi romani_. Soon the notion of the stability +of the Empire was transferred to its rulers. As early as Vespasian, +coins bear the legend _aeternitas Augusti_, and in the first years +of the second century Pliny, writing to Trajan, speaks of petitions +addressed _per salutem tuam aeternitatemque_ and of 'works worthy of +the emperor's eternity,' (_opera aeternitate tua digna_). Late in the +second century such phrases become commoner. With Severus Alexander +(A.D. 221-35) coins begin to show the legend _Perpetuitas Aug._, and +before very long the indirect and abstract language changes into direct +epithets which are incorporated in the emperors' titulature. The first +case which I can find of this is that before us, of Philip (A.D. 244-9); +a little later, Aurelian (A.D. 270-5) is styled _semper Augustus_ and, +from Diocletian onwards, _aeternus_, _perpetuus_, and _semper Augustus_ +belong to the customary titulature. Constantine I, for example, is +called on one stone _invictus et perpetuus ... semper Augustus_, on +another _perpetuus imperator, semper Augustus_. That Philip should have +been the first to have applied to him, even once, the direct epithet, is +probably a mere accident. One might have wished to connect it with his +Secular Games, celebrated in 248. But by that time his son was no longer +Caesar but full Augustus (since 246), and our stone must fall into the +years 244-6. + +The ideas underlying these epithets were perhaps mixed. Notions of or +prayers for the long life of the Empire, the stability of the reigning +house, the long reign of the current emperor, may have jostled with +notions of the immortality of the emperors and their deification, and +with the eastern ideas which poured into Rome as the second century +ended and the third century began.[9] The hardening despotism of the +imperial constitution, growing more and more autocratic every decade, +also helped. As the emperor became unchecked and unqualified monarch, +his appellations grew more emphatic; _perpetuus Augustus, semper +Augustus_ connoted that unchecked and autocratic rule. + +[Footnote 9: See an excellent paper by Cumont, _Revue d'Histoire et de +Litterature religieuses_, 1896, pp. 435-52.] + + + + +C. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1914 + + +The following summary of the books and articles on Roman Britain which +appeared in 1914 is grouped under two heads, first, those few which deal +with general aspects of the subject, and secondly, the far larger number +which concern special sites or areas. In this second class, those which +belong to England are placed under their counties in alphabetical order, +while those which belong to Wales and Scotland are grouped under these +two headings. I have in general admitted only matter which was published +in 1914, or which bears that date. + + +1. GENERAL + +(1) Mr. G. L. Cheesman's _Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army_ (Oxford +University Press) does not deal especially with Roman Britain, but it +deserves brief notice here. It is an excellent and up-to-date sketch +of an important section of the Roman army, with which British +archaeologists are much concerned. It also contains valuable lists, +which can be found nowhere else, of the 'auxiliary' regiments stationed +in Britain (pp. 146-9 and 170-1). It is full, cheap, compact; every +historical and archaeological library should get it. + +(2) A learned and scholarly attempt to settle the obscure chronology of +the north British frontiers in the fourth century has been made by Mr. +H. Craster, Fellow of All Souls, and one of the excavators of Corbridge, +in the _Archaeological Journal_ (lxxi. 25-44). His conclusions are novel +and, though to some extent disputable, are well worth printing. Starting +from the known fact that, during much of the third century, the north +frontier of Roman Britain coincided roughly with the line of Cheviot and +was then withdrawn to the line of Hadrian's Wall, he distinguishes five +stages in the subsequent history. (1) At or just before the outset of +the fourth century, in the reign of Diocletian, the Wall was reorganized +in some ill-recorded fashion. (2) Thirty years later, towards the end +of Constantine's reign, about A.D. 320-30, it was (he thinks) further +reorganized; perhaps its mile-castles were then discarded. (3) Thirty or +forty years later still, after disturbances which (he conjectures) +included the temporary loss of Hadrian's Wall and the destruction of its +garrisons, Theodosius carried out in 369 a fuller reorganization. This +garrison had consisted of the regiments known to us by various evidence +as posted 'per lineam valli' in the third and early fourth centuries; +their places were now filled by soldiers of whom we know absolutely +nothing. (4) In 383 Maximus withdrew these unknown troops for his +continental wars. Now perhaps the line of the Wall had to be given up, +but Tyne and Solway, South Shields, Corbridge, and Carlisle were still +held. (5) Finally, about 395-9, Stilicho ordered a last reorganization; +he withdrew the frontier from the Tyne to the Tees, from Carlisle to +Lancaster, and garrisoned the new line with new soldiery--those, namely, +which are listed in the Notitia as serving under the Dux Britanniarum, +save only the regiments 'per lineam valli'; these last the compiler of +the Notitia borrowed from the older order to disguise the loss of the +Wall. Even this did not last. In 402 Stilicho had to summon troops to +Italy for home defence--among them, Mr. Craster suggests, the Sixth +Legion--and in 407 the remaining Roman soldiers, including the Second +Legion, were taken to the continent by Constantine III. + +Every one who handles this difficult period must indulge in conjecture; +Mr. Craster has, perhaps, indulged rather much. It might be simpler +to connect the abandonment of the mile-castles--his stage 2--with the +recorded troubles which called Constans to Britain in 343, rather than +invent an unrecorded action by Constantine I. I hesitate also to assume +for the period 369-83 an otherwise unknown frontier garrison, which has +left no trace of itself. I feel still greater doubt respecting the years +383-99. Here Mr. Craster argues from coin-finds. No coins have been +found on the line of the Wall which were minted later than 383, and none +at Corbridge, Carlisle, and South Shields which were minted later than +395; therefore, he infers, the Wall was abandoned soon after 383, and +the other sites soon after 395. This is too rigid an argument. It may +be a mere accident that the Wall has as yet yielded no coin which was +minted between 383 and 395. At Wroxeter, for example, two small hoards +were found some years ago which had clearly been lost at the moment +when the town was sacked. By these hoards we should be able to date the +catastrophe. Now the latest coin in one hoard was minted in or before +377, and the latest in the other in or before 383. But newer finds show +that Wroxeter was not destroyed at earliest till after 390. Again, +as Mr. Craster himself says, the coining of Roman copper practically +stopped in 395; after that year the older copper issues appear to have +remained in use for many a long day. That is clear in Gaul, where coins +later than 395 seem to be rare, although Roman armies and influences +were present for another fifty years. When Mr. Craster states that +'archaeology gives no support to the theory that the Tyne-Solway line +was held after 395', he might add that it gives equally little support +to the theory that it was not held after 395. + +Incidentally, he offers a new theory of the two chapters in the Notitia +Dignitatum which describe the forces commanded by the Comes Litoris +Saxonici and the Dux Britanniarum (_Occ._ 28 and 40). It is agreed +that these chapters do not exhibit the garrison of Britain at the moment +when the Notitia was substantially completed, about A.D. 425, for the +good reason that there was then no garrison left in the island; they +exhibit some garrison which had then ceased to exist, and which is +mentioned, apparently, to disguise the loss of the province. The +question is, to what date do they refer? Mommsen long ago pointed out +that the regiments enumerated in one part of them (the 'per lineam +valli' section) are very much the same as existed in the third century. +Seeck added the suggestion that these regiments remained in garrison +till 383, when Maximus marched them off to the continent. According to +him, the garrison of the Wall through the first eighty years of the +fourth century was much the same as it had been in the third century, +with certain changes and additions. Mr. Craster holds a different view. +He thinks that most of the troops named in these chapters were due to +Stilicho's reorganization in 395-9, but that one section, headed 'per +lineam valli', records troops who had been in Britain in the third +century and had been destroyed before 369. I cannot feel that he has +proved his case. One would have thought that, when the compiler of the +Notitia in 425 wanted to fill the gap left by the loss of the Wall, he +would have gone back to the last garrison of the Wall, that is, on Mr. +Craster's view, the garrison of 369-83, not to arrangements which had +vanished some years earlier. But the problems of this obscure period are +not to be solved without many attacks. We must be glad that Mr. Craster +has delivered a serious attack; even if he has not succeeded, his +scholarly discussion may make things easier for the next assailants. + +(3) The _Antiquary_ for 1914 contains an attempt by Mr. W. J. Kaye +to catalogue all the examples of triple vases of Roman date found in +Britain. It also prints a note by myself (p. 439) on the topography of +the campaign of Suetonius against Boudicca, which argues that the defeat +of the British warrior queen occurred somewhere on Watling Street +between Chester (or Wroxeter) and London. + +[Illustration: FIG. 18. TILE GRAVES IN THE INFIRMARY FIELD, CHESTER] + +(4) In the _Sitzungsberichte der kgl. preuss. Akademie_ (1914, p. 635), +prof. Kuno Meyer, late of Liverpool, argues that the Celtic name of St. +Patrick, commonly spelt Sucat and explained as akin to Celtic words +meaning 'brave in war' (stem _su_-, 'good'), ought to be really spelt +Succet and connected with Gaulish names like Succius and Sucelus. This, +he thinks, destroys the last remnant of a reason for Zimmer's idea that +Patrick was the same as Palladius. + + +2. SPECIAL SITES OR DISTRICTS + + +_Berks_ + +(5) Some notes of traces, near Kintbury west of Speen (Spinae), of the +Roman road from Silchester to Bath are given by Mr. O. G. S. Crawford in +the _Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archaeological Journal_ for Oct. 1914 +(xx. 96). + + +_Cheshire_ + +[Illustration: FIG. 17. GRAVES IN THE INFIRMARY FIELD, CHESTER] + +(6) In _Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology_ (Liverpool, 1914, +vol. vi, pp. 121-67) Prof. Newstead describes and illustrates fully +the thirty-five graves found in 1912-3 in the Infirmary Field, Chester, +of which I gave a brief account in my Report for 1913 (p. 14). Save +for a few first-century remains in one corner, the graveyard seems to +be an inhumation cemetery, used during the second half of the second +century--rather an early date for such a cemetery. I do not myself feel +much doubt that some at least of the tombstones extracted in 1890-2 +from the western half of the North City Wall were taken from this area. +They belong to the first and second centuries and suggest (as I pointed +out when they were found) that the Wall was built about A.D. 200. That, +however, is just the date when the cemetery was closed; the seizure +of the tombstones for the construction of the Wall would explain why +the Infirmary Field has yielded no tombstones from all its graves. +By the kindness of Professors Bosanquet and Newstead I can add some +illustrations of the graves themselves, from blocks used for Prof. +Newstead's paper. Fig. 17 shows two of the simpler graves, fig. 18, two +built with tiles. Fig. 19 illustrates some curious nails found with the +bodies. + + +_Derbyshire_ + +(7) A list of the place-names of Derbyshire with philological notes is +commenced by Mr. B. Walker, sometime of Liverpool University, in the +_Proceedings of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History +Society_ for 1913 (xxxvi. 123-284, Derby, 1914); it is to be completed +in a future volume. I venture two suggestions. First, like, many similar +treatises on place-names which are now being issued, this work has too +limited a scope. It deals mainly with certain names of modern towns and +villages; it takes little or no heed of ancient names of houses and +fields or of lanes and roads (as Bathamgate, Doctorgate), or of rivers +(as Noe), or (lastly) of the place-names of the older England which are +preserved only in charters, chronicles, and the like; unless they chance +to come among the select list of modern names which the writer chooses +to admit, they find no notice. Yet it is the older names of all sorts, +irrespective of their survival in prominent fashion to-day, with which +historical students and even philologists are most really concerned. +Secondly, writers on place-names take too little account of facts +outside the phonetic horizon. In the present instalment of Derbyshire, +the one Roman item noted is Derby. Here, in the suburb of Little +Chester, was a Roman fort or village, and past it flows the river then +and now called Derwent or something similar. Yet the etymology of Derby +is discussed without any reference to the river name. No doubt Derby is +not derived by regular phonetic process from Derwent; its earliest +spellings, Deoraby and the like, connect it with either the word for +'wild beast' or the proper name Deor. Still, it is incredible that the +Derwent should flow past Derby and the adjacent Darley (formerly Derley) +and be unrelated. One may guess with little rashness that the invaders +who renamed the site took over the Romano-British name (Deruentio or the +like) and reshaped that after analogies of their own speech. Does not a +form Deorwenta occur (though Mr. Walker has missed it) to show that the +two names interacted? Again, Chesterfield (Cesterfelda, A.D. 955) is +glossed as 'the field by the fort'. What fort? There is none, nor does +'Chester' necessarily mean that there was. Etymologizing without +reference to facts is wasted work. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19. NAILS FROM THE CHESTER GRAVES. (p. 42)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 20. THE MERSEA GRAVE MOUND. (p. 43)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 21. LEADEN CASKET AND GLASS SEPULCHRAL VESSEL FROM +THE MERSEA BURIAL-MOUND. (p. 43)] + + +_Dorset_ + +(8) In the _Numismatic Chronicle_ for 1914 (pp. 92-5), Mr. H. Symonds +lists 107 'third brass' from a hoard found (it seems) about 1850 near +Puncknoll. They consist of 3 Gallienus, 2 Salonina, 55 Postumus, 40 +Victorinus, 3 Tetricus, 1 Tetricus junior, 2 Claudius Gothicus, and 1 +Garausius. The hoard was, then, of a familiar type; its original size +we cannot guess. A brief reference to the same hoard occurs in the +_Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club_ +(xxxv, p. li). + +(9) The latter periodical (pp. 88, 118) also contains Mr. H. Gray's +Fifth Report on the gradual exploration of the Roman amphitheatre and +the underlying prehistoric remains at Maumbury Rings, Dorchester--now +substantially concluded--and an interesting little note on the New +Forest pottery-works by Mr. Sumner (p. xxxii). + + +_Essex_ + +[Illustration: FIG. 22. RESTORATION OF THE TILE-BUILT GRAVE-CHAMBER OF +THE MERSEA MOUND] + +(10) By the kindness of the Morant Club and the Essex Archaeological +Society, I am able to reproduce here three illustrations of the finds in +the Mersea Mound, which I mentioned in my Report for 1913 (p. 42). Figs. +20, 22 show a view of the actual tomb; fig. 21 shows the chief contents. +The interest of these half-native, half-Roman grave-mounds, which occur +in eastern Britain and in the Low Countries opposite, will justify their +insertion here. I may also correct an error in my account. No 'Samian +stamped VITALIS' was found at Mersea, but objects which have been +elsewhere found in association with that stamp. + +(11) Two small Essex excavations are recorded in the _Transactions of +the Essex Archaeological Society_, vol. xiii. At Chadwell St. Mary, +near Tilbury, Mr. Miller Christy and Mr. F. W. Reader explored an +early-looking mound, only to find that it was probably mediaeval (pp. +218-33). At Hockley, also in South Essex, the same archaeologists with +Mr. E. B. Francis dug into a similar mound and met with many potsherds +of Roman date and a coin of Domitian; no trace of a burial was detected, +such as has come to light in other Romano-British mounds at Mersea, +Bartlow, and elsewhere (_ibid._, p. 224). Indeed, it does not seem quite +clear that the mound was thrown up in Roman times; it may have been +reared later, with earth which contained Romano-British objects. + + +_Gloucester_ + +(12) The _Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological +Society_ (vol. xxxvi) refers to excavations at Sea Mills, on the King's +Weston estate, in February 1913; the finds appear not to have been +extensive. They also record the transfer of the Roman 'villa' at +Witcombe to the care of H.M. Office of Works by the owner, Mr. W. F. +Hicks-Beach. + + +_Hants_ + +(13) Mr. Heywood Sumner's pamphlet _Excavations on Rockbourne Down_ +(London, 1914, p. 43) is a readable, scholarly, and well-illustrated +account of a Romano-British farm-site five miles south-west of Salisbury +on the edge of Cranborne Chase. Mr. Sumner excavated parts of it in +1911-13; his account appeared so early in 1914 that it found a place in +my Report for 1913 (pp. 23-5). + +(14) Some Roman roads in Hampshire are treated in the _Papers and +Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society_ +(vii, part 1). Capt. G. A. Kempthorne writes on the road east and west +of Silchester and Mr. Karslake adds a word as to the line outside the +west gate of that town, which he puts north of the generally assumed +line (p. 25). Mr. O. G. S. Crawford and Mr. J. P. Freeman-Williams deal +with very much more uncertain roads in the New Forest--one across +Beaulieu Heath, another from Otterbourn to Ringwood (pp. 34-42). + +(15) Mr. Karslake also (_ibid._, p. 43) notes that the outer +entrenchment at Silchester, which is thought to be pre-Roman, does not +coincide with the south-eastern front of the Roman town-walls, as we +have all supposed, but runs as much as 300 yards outside them. + + +_Herefordshire_ + +See p. 62, below. + + +_Herts_ + +(16) Mr. Urban A. Smith, the Herts County Surveyor, submitted in 1912 +to his County Council a Report on the Roman roads of the county, which +is now printed in the _Transactions of the East Herts Archaeological +Society_ (v. 117-31). It deals mainly with the surviving traces of +these roads and the question of preserving them in public use. The roads +selected as Roman are by no means all certain or probable Roman roads. +The article is furnished with a map, which however omits several names +used in the text. + + +_Kent_ + +(17) A few notes on the Roman Pharos at Dover and on some unexplained +pits near it, by Lieut. Peck, R.E., are given in the _Journal of the +British Archaeological Association_ (xx. 248 foll.). + +(18) In the _Transactions of the Greenwich Antiquarian Society_ (vol. i, +parts 3, 4) Mr. J. M. Stone and Mr. J. E. de Montmorency write on the +line which the Roman road from Dover and Canterbury to London followed +near Greenwich. Its course is quite clear as far west as the outskirts +of Greenwich; thence it is doubtful all the way to London. In these +papers evidence is advanced that a piece of road was closed in the lower +part of Greenwich Park in 1434 and it is suggested that this was a bit +of the lost Roman line. If so, the road ran straight on from Shooter's +Hill, across Greenwich Park and the site of the Hospital School, towards +the mouth of Deptford Creek. It is, however, hard to see how it crossed +that obstacle, or why it should have run so near the Thames at this +point, where the shore must have been very marshy. + + +_Lancashire_ + +(19) In the _Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian +Society_ (xxxi. 69-87) Mr. W. Harrison discusses the Roman road which +runs from Ribchester to Overborough for twenty-seven lonely miles +through the hills of north-east Lancashire. He does not profess to add +to our knowledge of the line of the road; he directs attention rather +to the reasons for the course which the road pursues, its diversions +from the straight line, and its gradients. He notes also, as others +have noted, the absence of any intermediate fort half-way along the +twenty-seven miles. Probably there was such a fort; but it must have +stood in the wildest part of the road, almost in the heart of the Forest +of Bowland and perhaps somewhere in Croasdale, and it has never been +detected. The greater ease of the lowland route from Ribchester by +Lancaster to Overborough may have led to the early abandonment of +the shorter mountain track and of any post which guarded its central +portion. That, at any rate, is the suggestion which I would offer to +Lancashire antiquaries as a working hypothesis. + +(20) In the same journal Mr. J. W. Jackson lists some animal remains +found among the Roman remains of Manchester (pp. 113-18). + + +_Lincolnshire_ + +(21) Samian fragments, mostly of the second century but including shape +'29', found in making new streets and sewers in Lincoln, are noted in +_Lincolnshire Notes and Queries_, xiii. 1-4. + +(22) In south Lincolnshire, between Ulceby and Dexthorpe, chance +excavation has revealed tiles, potsherds, iron nails, and a few late +coins (Victorinus-Constantine junior, nob. caes.) on a site which has +previously yielded Roman scraps (_ibid._, p. 34). The tiles point to +some sort of farm or other dwelling. + + +_London_ + +(23) In his new volume _London_ (London, 1914) Sir L. Gomme continues +his efforts to prove that English London can trace direct and +uninterrupted descent from Roman Londinium. Though, he says (p. 9), +'Roman civilization certainly ceased in Britain with the Anglo-Saxon +conquest, ... amidst the wreckage London was able to continue its use +of the Roman city constitution in its new position as an English city'. +I can only record my conviction that not all his generous enthusiasm +provides proof that Roman London survived the coming of the English. +The root-error in his arguments is perhaps a failure to realize the +Roman side of the argument. He says, for instance, that, though not +a 'colonia', Londinium had the rank of 'municipium civium Romanorum'. +There is not the least reason to think that it was a 'municipium'. +So again, his references to a 'botontinus' on Hampstead Heath (p. 86), +to the 'jurisdictional terminus' of Roman London at Mile End (p. 95), +to its 'pomerium' (p. 98), its right of forming commercial alliances +with other cities, which 'lasted into the Middle Ages and is a direct +survival of the system adopted in Roman towns' (p. 101), its position +as a 'city-state' and its relation to the choice of Emperors (pp. 105, +130)--all this has nothing to do with the real Londinium; these things +did not exist in the Roman town. When Sir Laurence goes on to assert +that 'the ritual of St. Paul's down to the seventeenth century preserved +the actual rites of the worship of Diana', he again falls short of +proof. What part of the ritual and what rites of Diana?[10] + +[Footnote 10: Sir Laurence alludes (p. 77) to a Caerwent inscription as +unpublished. It has probably appeared in print a dozen times; I have had +the misfortune to publish it three times over myself. Its meaning is not +quite correctly stated on p. 77.] + +(24) In the December number of the _Journal of the British +Archaeological Association_ (xx. 307) Mr. F. Lambert, of the Guildhall +Museum, prints pertinent criticisms of Sir L. Gomme's volume, much +in the direction of my preceding paragraphs. He also makes useful +observations on Roman London. In particular, he attacks the difficult +problem of the date when its town-walls were built. Here he agrees with +those who ascribe them to the second century, and for two main reasons. +First, he thinks that the occurrence of early Roman potsherds at certain +points near the walls proves the town to have grown to its full extent +by about A.D. 100. Secondly, he points to the foundations of the Roman +gate at Newgate; as they are shallower than those of the adjacent +town-walls, he dates the gate after the walls and thus obtains (as +he hopes) an early date for the walls. Both points were worth raising, +but I doubt if either proves Mr. Lambert's case. For (_a_) the potsherds +come mostly from groups of rubbish-pits--such as those which Mr. +Lambert himself has lately done good work in helping to explore--and +rubbish-pits, especially in groups, lie rather outside the inhabited +areas of towns. Those of London itself suggest to me that the place had +_not_ reached its full area by A.D. 100 (see above, p. 23). (_b_) The +Newgate foundations are harder to unravel. As a rule, Roman town-gates +had large super-structures and needed stronger foundations than the +town-walls. At Newgate, where the superstructure must have been +comparatively slender, the published plans show that under a part, at +least, of the gate-towers the undisturbed subsoil rises higher than +beneath the adjacent town-walls. According to the elevation published by +Dr. Norman and Mr. F. W. Reader in _Archaeologia_ lxiii, plate lvii, the +wall-builders at this point stopped their deep foundation trenches for +the full width of the gateway (98 feet), or at least dug them shallower +there. No motive for such action could be conceived except the wish to +leave a passage for a gate. There would seem, therefore, to have been an +entrance into Roman London at Newgate as early as the building of the +walls, and there may have been such an entrance even before the erection +of these walls. Dr. Norman has, however, warned me that plate lvii goes +much beyond the actual evidence (see plate lvi); practically, we do not +know enough to form conjectures of any value on this point. + +(25) In the _Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects_ for +April 11, 1914 (xxi. 333), Mr. W. R. Davidge prints a lecture on the +Development of London which deals mostly with present and future London +but also contains a new theory as to the Roman town. Hitherto, most +writers have agreed that, while Londinium may have been laid out on a +regular town-plan, no discoverable trace of such plan survived, nor +could any existing street be said to run to any serious extent on Roman +lines. Mr. Davidge devises a rectangular plan of oblong blocks, and +finds vestiges of Roman streets in the present Cheapside, Cannon Street, +Gracechurch Street, and Birchin Lane. In a later number of the same +journal (Aug. 29, p. 52) I have given some reasons for not accepting +this view. First, Mr. Davidge's list of four survivals would be too +brief to prove much if the survivals were proved. Secondly, Roman +structural remains seem to have been found under all the streets in +question, and it is, therefore, plain that they do not run on the lines +of Roman thoroughfares. Thirdly, his suggested plan brings none of his +conjectured Roman streets (except one) to any of the various known gates +of Londinium; it requires us to assume a number of other gates for which +there is neither probability nor proof. + +(26) In the Post Office Magazine, _St. Martin's-le-Grand_ (Jan. and July +1914), Mr. Thos. Wilson, then Clerk of the Works, gives details, with +illustrations, of the Roman rubbish-pits lately excavated at the General +Post Office (see above, p. 23). + + +_Norfolk_ + +(27) In the earlier pages (1-45) of his _Roman Camp at Burgh Castle_ +(London, 1913) Mr. L. H. Dahl deals with the Roman fort at Burgh Castle +(Gariannonum), near Yarmouth, which formed part of the fourth-century +_Litus Saxonicum_. His account, which is not very technical, seems based +on previous writers, Ives, Harrod, Fox. I note a list of thirty coins +which, save for an uncertain specimen of Domitian and one of Marcus, +belong entirely to the late third and the fourth centuries, and end with +two silver of Honorius (_Virtus Romanorum_, Cohen 59). He detects a +Roman road running east from Burgh Castle towards Gorleston, preserved +(he thinks) in an old road sometimes called the Jews' Way; this, +however, seems unlikely. He also maintains the view, which others have +held, that the fort had no defences towards the water. This again seems +unlikely. Burgh Castle, like Richborough, Stutfall, and other forts of +the _Litus_, may well have had different arrangements on its water-front +from the walls on its other three faces. But it cannot have lacked +defences, and excavations prove, here as elsewhere, that walls did +actually exist on this side. + + +_Northumberland: Corbridge_ + +(28) A paper by the present writer and Prof. P. Gardner, entitled +'Roman silver in Northumberland' (_Journal of Roman Studies_, iv. +1-12), discusses the relics of what was seemingly a hoard--or perhaps +a service--of Roman silver plate, lost in the Tyne or on its banks near +Corbridge in the fourth century. Of five pieces, four were picked up +between 1731 and 1736, about 100-150 yards below the present bridge at +Corbridge; a fifth was found in 1760 floating in the stream four miles +lower down. One was a silver 'basin', of which no more is recorded. +Another was a small two-handled cup with figures of men and beasts round +it. A third was a round flat-bottomed bowl, with a decorated rim bearing +the Chi-Rho amidst its other ornament. A fourth was a small ovoid cup, +4 inches high, with the inscription _Desideri vivas_. Last, not least, +is the Corbridge Lanx, the only surviving piece of the five, and +probably the finest piece of Roman engraved silver found in these +islands, an oblong dish measuring 15 x 19 inches, weighing 148 ounces, +and ornamented with figures of deities from classical mythology. That +all five pieces belonged together can hardly be doubted, though it cannot +be proved outright. That they all belong to the later Roman period, and +probably to the fourth century, seems highly probable. Whether they were +buried in the river-bank to conceal them from raiders or were lost from +a boat or otherwise, is not now discoverable. But the occurrence of +such silver close to the Roman Wall is in itself notable. It is to be +attributed rather to a Roman officer residing in or passing through +Corbridge than to either a Romanized Briton or a Pictish looter. + +Apart from its findspot, the Lanx is important for its excellent art and +for the place which it seems to hold in the history of later Greek art. +It is, of course, not Romano-British work; it is purely Greek in all its +details and no doubt of Greek workmanship. The deities figured on it +have long been a puzzle. They are evidently classical deities; three of +them, indeed, are Apollo, Artemis, and Athena. But the identity of the +other two figures and the meaning of the whole scene have been much +disputed. Roger Gale, the first to attempt its unravelment, suggested +in 1735 that it was 'just an assemblage of deities', and at one time I +inclined to this view--that we had here merely (let us say) a tea-party +at Apollo's; Dr. Drexel, too, wrote to me lately to express the same +idea. But I must confess that nearly all the best archaeologists demand +a definite mythological identification, and my colleague, Prof. Gardner, +suggests a new view--that the scene is the so-called Judgement of +Paris. This mythological incident was often depicted in ancient art, +and--strange as it may sound--in the later versions Paris was not seldom +omitted, Apollo was made arbiter, and the scene was removed from Mount +Ida to Delphi.[11] The two hitherto disputable figures are, Prof. +Gardner thinks, Hera (seated) and Aphrodite (standing, with a long +sceptre). He ascribes the work to the third or early part of the fourth +century, and believes that it was made in the Eastern Empire; from the +prominence granted to Artemis, he conjectures that Ephesus may have been +its origin. But he adds that he would not be sure that the artist of the +piece, while copying a Judgement of Paris, was consciously aware of the +meaning of the original before him. His views will be published in +fuller detail in the _Journal of Hellenic Studies_. + +[Footnote 11: Compare the Roman provincial bas-reliefs of Actaeon +surprising Diana, with Actaeon omitted (R. Cagnat, _Archaeological +Journal_, lxiv. 42).] + +I am glad, further, to have been able to illustrate this paper by what I +believe to be a better illustration of the Lanx than has been published +before, and also to set out in more accurate fashion the curious legal +history of the object after it was found. + +(29) In the new _History of Northumberland_, issued by the Northumberland +County History Committee in vol. x (edited by Mr. H. H. Craster, +Newcastle, 1914, pp. 455-522) I have given a long account of the known +Roman remains in Corbridge parish. These are the settlement of +Corstopitum, a small stretch of Roman road and another of the Roman +Wall, and the fort of Halton (Hunnum) on the Wall. The account is +necessarily historical rather than archaeological; it tries to sum up +the finds and estimate their historical bearing, and it also catalogues +all the inscribed and sculptured stones found at Corbridge and Halton, +with the 'literature' relating to them. Mr. Knowles contributes a plan +of the Corbridge excavations to the end of 1912. + +(30) The Corbridge excavations of 1913 are described by Mr. R. H. +Forster, who was in personal charge of the work, Mr. W. H. Knowles, and +myself, in _Archaeologia Aeliana_ (third series, 1914, xi. 279-310); +see also a short account by myself in the _Proceedings of the Society of +Antiquaries of London_ (xxvi. 185-9). The discoveries were comparatively +few; they comprised some ill-preserved and mostly insignificant +buildings on the north side of the site, some ditches, and a stretch of +the road leading to the north (Dere Street). Among small objects were an +interesting but imperfect altar to 'Panthea ...', a bronze 'balsamarium' +showing a puzzling variety of barbarian's head, and another piece of the +Corbridge grey _applique_ ware. A short account of the excavations of +1914 (see above, p. 9) is contained in the _Journal of the British +Archaeological Association_ (xx. 343). + +(31) The _Proceedings of the Berwick Naturalists' Club_ (vol. xxxii, +part 2) print an agreeable paper by Mr. James Curle, describing Dere +Street and some Roman posts on it between Tyne and Tweed. + + +_Notts._ + +[Illustration: FIG. 23. ROMAN SITE NEAR EAST BRIDGEFORD, NOTTS. (No. +32)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 24. DECORATION OF ENAMELLED SEAL-BOX.] + +(32) About ten miles east from Nottingham, and a mile south of the +village of East Bridgeford, the Fosse-way crosses a Roman site which has +usually been identified with the Margidunum of the Antonine Itinerary. +Lately excavation has been attempted, and the _Antiquary_ of December +1914 contains an interesting account of the results attained up to the +end of 1913, with some illustrations.[12] A very broad earthwork and +ditch surround an area of 7 acres, rhomboidal in shape (fig. 23). +In this area the excavators, Drs. Felix Oswald and T. D. Pryce, have +turned up floor-tesserae, roof-slates, flue-tiles, window-glass, painted +wall-plaster, potsherds of the first and later centuries, including a +black bowl with a well-modelled figure of Mercury in relief, coins +ranging down to the end of the fourth century (Eugenius), and other +small objects of interest, such as the small seal-box with Late-Celtic +enamel, shown in fig. 24. No foundations _in situ _have yet come to +light, but that is doubtless to follow; only a tiny part of the whole +area has, as yet, been touched. Margidunum may have begun as a fort +coeval with the Fosse-way, which (if I am right) dates from the earliest +years of the Roman Conquest. Whether any of the first-century potsherds +as yet found there can be assigned to these years (say A.D. 45-75) is +not clear. But the excavations plainly deserve to be continued. + +[Footnote 12: By the courtesy of the publisher of the _Antiquary_, Mr. +Elliot Stock, I am able to reproduce two of these illustrations (figs. +23, 24).] + + +_Shropshire_ + +(33) Mr. Bushe-Fox's second Report on his excavations at Wroxeter +(_Reports of the Research Committee of the London Society of +Antiquaries_, No. II, Oxford, 1914) deserves all the praise accorded +to his first Report. I can only repeat what I said of that; it is an +excellent description, full and careful, minute in its account of the +smaller finds, lavishly illustrated, admirably printed, and sold for +half a crown. The finds which it enumerates in detail I summarized in +my Report for 1913, pp. 19-20--the temple with its interesting Italian +plan, the fragments of sculpture which seem to belong to it, the crowd +of small objects, the masses of Samian (indefatigably recorded), the 528 +coins; all combine to make up an admirable pamphlet. + +[Illustration: FIG. 27. THE PODIUM, AS SEEN FROM THE NORTH + +(The measuring staff to the right stands in the _cella_, the floor of +which is slightly higher than that of the portico to the left of it)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 28. EAST WALL OF PODIUM, COURSED MASONRY WITH CLAY +AND RUBBLE FOUNDATIONS] + +I will venture a suggestion on the temple. This, as I pointed out last +year, is on the Italian, not on the Celto-Roman plan. But one item is +not quite clear in it. All ordinary classical temples stood on _podia_ +or platforms which raised them above the surrounding surface at least to +some small extent. Mr. Bushe-Fox speaks of a _podium_ to the Wroxeter +temple. But it appears that he does not mean a _podium_, as generally +understood. The masonry which he denotes by that term was, in his +opinion, buried underground and merely foundation. The floor of the +portico of the temple (he says) was about level with the floor of the +court which surrounded the temple; the floor of the _cella_, though +higher, was but a trifle higher (see figs. 26, 27). This view needs more +reflection than he has given it in his rather brief account. No doubt +a temple in a Celtic land might have been built on a classical plan, +though without a classical _podium_. But it is not what one would most +expect. Nor do I feel sure that it was actually done at Wroxeter in this +case. The walls which Mr. Bushe-Fox explains as the foundations of the +temple are quite needlessly good masonry for foundations never meant to +be seen; this will be plain from figs. 27, 28, which I reproduce by +permission from his Report. Further, as fig. 26 (from the same source) +shows, there was outside the base of this masonry a level cobbled +surface, for which no structural reason is to be found. This, one may +guess, was a pavement at the original ground-level when the temple was +first erected; from this, steps presumably led up to the floor of the +portico and _cella_. The 'podium', then, was at first a real _podium_. +Later, the ground-level rose, and the walls of the _podium_ were buried. + +[Illustration: FIG. 25. TEMPLE AT WROXETER] + +[Illustration: FIG. 26. FOUNDATIONS OF WROXETER TEMPLE] + + +_Somerset_ + +(34) In his handsome volume, _Wookey Hole, its caves and cave-dwellers_ +(London, 1914), Mr. H. E. Balch collects for general antiquarian readers +the results of his long exploration of this Mendip cave; some of these +results were noted in my Report for 1913, p. 47. The cave, as a whole, +contained--besides copious prehistoric remains--two well-defined Roman +layers, with many potsherds, including a little Samian and one Samian +stamp given as PIIR PIIT OFII (apparently a new variety of Perpetuus), +broken glass, a few fibulae and other bronze and iron objects, and +106 coins. These coins are:--1 Republican (124-103 B.C., Marcia), +1 Vespasian, 1 Titus, 1 Trajan, 2 Hadrian, 2 Pius; then, 3 Gallienus, +1 Salonina, 1 Carausius, 2 Chlorus, 1 Theodora, 6 Constantinopolis, +1 Crispus, 4 Constantine II, 4 Magnentius, 4 Constantius II, with 20 +Valentinian I, 14 Valens, 21 Gratian, 7 Valentinian II, and 6 illegible. +Just two-thirds of the coins are later than A.D. 364; they may be set +beside the late hoard found at Wookey Hole in 1852, which Mr. Balch +might well have mentioned. Plainly, the later Roman layer in the cave +belongs to the end of the fourth century. The date of the other layer is +harder to fix, since we are not told how the coins and potsherds were +distributed between the layers. Probably the cave was long inhabited +casually but in the troubled time of the latest Empire became a place of +refuge or otherwise attracted more numerous occupants. That, if true, is +a more interesting result that Mr. Balch realizes. For in general the +cave-life of Roman Britain belonged to the first two or three centuries +of our era; it is only rarely, and mostly in the west country, that the +caves contain among their Roman relics objects of the late fourth +century (see _Victoria Hist. Derbyshire_, i. 233-42). I must add that +Mr. Balch repeats on pp. 57-8 the error about the significance of the +Republican coin which was noted in my Report for 1915. + +(35) The _Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural +History Society_ for 1913 (vol. lix, Taunton, 1914) record small Roman +finds at Bratton and Barrington (part i, pp. 24, 65, 76, and part ii, p. +79), and describe in detail Mr. Gray's trial excavations at Cadbury +Castle. Cadbury, it seems, was occupied mainly in the Celtic period, +before the Roman conquest. + +(36) A little light is thrown on two Somerset 'villas' in _Notes and +Queries for Somerset and Dorset_ (xiv. 1914). (_a_) Skinner in 1818 +excavated a 'villa' near Camerton which he recorded in his manuscripts. +(British Mus. Add. 33659, &c.) and which I described in print in the +_Victoria History of Somerset_ (i. 315). His account did not, however, +enable one to fix the precise site; he said only that it stood south +of a certain Ridgeway and next to a field called Chessils. Mr. E. J. +Holmroyd has now, with the aid of tithe maps, discovered a field called +Chessils in the north of Midsomer Norton parish, about a mile east of +Paulton village, at the point where a lane called in the Ordnance Survey +'Coldharbour Lane', which runs north and south, cuts a lane running +east and west from Camerton to Paulton; this latter lane keeps to high +ground and must be Skinner's Ridgeway. In Chessils and in adjoining +fields called Cornwell, just 525 feet above sea-level, he has, further, +actually found Roman potsherds, tiles, and rough tesserae. This, as he +says (_Notes and Queries_, xiv. 5, and in a letter to me) will be the +site of Skinner's 'villa.' (_b_) In the same publication (p. 122) I have +pointed out that the Parish Award (1798) of Chedzoy, near Bridgwater, +contains a field-name Chesters. This, as the Rector of Chedzoy attests, +is still in use there, as the name of an orchard on the Manor Farm, just +west of Chedzoy village. According to older statements, a hypocaust was +long ago found in 'Slapeland', and Slapeland too lies west of Chedzoy +village (see _Vict. Hist. Somerset_, i. 359). Two bits of slender +evidence seem thus to confirm each other, although no actual Roman +remains have been noted at Chedzoy lately. + +(37) In the _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London_ (xxvi. +137-44) Mr. A. Bulleid describes, with illustrations, some excavations +which he lately made in the marshes north of the Polden Hills, near +Cossington and Chilton. Here are curious mounds which have often been +taken for some kind of potteries, and are so explained by Mr. Bulleid; +many of these mounds were excavated about a hundred years ago, and Mr. +Bulleid has now dug into others. His results are not very conclusive, +but they seem to imply that the mounds, whatever they were, were not +used for pottery making, since among many relics of various sorts no +'wasters' have been found. See further, for an account of the finds in +this region, _Victoria Hist. of Somerset_, i. 351-3. + + +_Surrey_ + +(38) The _Surrey Archaelogical Collections_ (vol. xxvi) note various +small Roman finds--Roman bricks in the walls of Fetcham Church, possibly +Roman plaster at Stoke D'Abernon Church (p. 123), some thirty coins +and Roman urns and glass from Ewell (pp. 135, 148), and an urn from +Camberwell (p. 149). The same journal (vol. xxvii, p. 155) notes the +discovery, not hitherto recorded, of over 100 coins of A.D. 296-312 in +an urn dug up in 1904 at Normandy Manor Nurseries, near Guildford. + +(39) A _Schedule of Antiquities in the County of Surrey_, by Mr. P. M. +Johnston (Guildford, 1913), seems intended for students of mediaeval and +modern antiquities, and says little about Roman remains; it has no index +and cites no authorities. + + +_Sussex_ + +(40) A Roman well has been examined near Ham Farm, between Hassocks +railway station and Hurstpierpoint. It was 38 feet deep, the upper part +round and lined with local blue clay, the lower part square and lined +with stout oak planks. The only object recorded from it is a 'first +century vase', taken out at half-way down, which suggests that the well +collapsed at an early date. Another well, flint-lined, was noted near +but not explored; Roman potsherds were picked up not far off (_Sussex +Archaeological Collections_, lvi. 197). The remains probably belong to +a farm detected close by in 1857 (_S. A. C._ xiv. 178). Traces of Roman +civilized life are comparatively common in this neighbourhood. + +(41) Mr. R. G. Roberts' volume, _The Place-names of Sussex_ (Cambridge +University Press, 1914), much resembles the Derbyshire monograph noted +above (No. 7). Its selection of place-names is about as limited and +its neglect of all but purely phonetic considerations is as marked. +Names such as Cold Waltham (beside a Roman road), Adur, Lavant, Arun, +Chanctonbury, Mount Caburn, do not find a place in it. From a full +criticism by Dr. H. Bradley in the _English Historical Review_ (xxx. +161-6) one would infer that its philology, too, is by no means +satisfactory. + + +_Westmorland_ + +(42) The _Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and +Archaeological Society_ (xiv. 433-65) contain the first Report, by Mr. +R. G. Collingwood, of the excavation of the Roman fort at Borrans Ring, +near Ambleside, covering the period from August 1913 to April 1914. It +is an excellent piece of description and well illustrated; due attention +is given to the small objects; the whole is scholarly and satisfactory. +It is perhaps as well to add that one or two details first found in +April 1914 were further explored in the following August, and some +corrections were obtained which will be published in the second Report. +For the rest see above, p. 10. + + +_Wilts._ + +(43) I have contributed to the _Proceedings of the Bath and District +Branch of the Somersetshire Archaeological Society and Natural History_ +for 1914 (p. 50) a note on the relief of Diana found at Nettleton Scrub, +to much the same effect as the paragraph on this sculpture in my Report +for 1913 (p. 49). + +(44) The _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London_ (xxvi. +209) contain a note by Mr. E. H. Binney on Roman remains on the known +Roman site, Nythe Farm, about three miles east of Swindon. + + +_Worcestershire_ + +(45) The same _Proceedings_ (xxvi. 206) contain an account by Dr. G. B. +Grundy of two sections which he dug lately across the line of Rycknield +Street on the high ground south-east of Broadway, thereby helping to fix +the road at this point. A sketch-map is added. + + +_Yorkshire_ + +(46) In the _Bradford Antiquary_ for October 1914 (iv. 117-34) Dr. F. +Villy continues his inquiries into a supposed Roman road running past +Harden, a little north-west of Bradford. Dr. Villy actually excavates +for his roads, in very praiseworthy fashion. But I do not feel sure +that he has actually proved a Roman road on the line which he has here +examined; he has found interesting and indubitable traces of an old +road, but not decisive evidence of its date. The same volume includes a +note of eight Roman coins of the 'Thirty Tyrants', from Yew Bank, Utley. + + +_Wales_ + +(47) _Archaeologia Cambrensis_ for 1914 (series vi, vol. xiv) contains +useful papers on Roman remains. Mr. H. G. Evelyn White describes in +detail his excavations carried out at Castell Collen in 1913--see my +Report for that year, pp. 1-58. One must regret that they have not been +continued in 1914. Mr. F. N. Pryce describes his work at Cae Gaer, near +Llangurig (pp. 205-20), also noted in that Report. The Rev. J. Fisher +quotes place-names possibly indicative of a Roman road near St. Asaph, +and quotes a suggestion by Mr. Egerton Phillimore that the township name +Wigfair, once Wicware, stands for Gwig-wair, and that the second half of +this represents the name Varis which the Antonine Itinerary places on +the Roman road from Chester to Carnarvon at a point which cannot be far +from St. Asaph and the Clwydd river (see my _Military Aspects of Roman +Wales_, pp. 26-8, and Owen's forthcoming _Pembrokeshire_, ii. 524). +Lastly, Mr. J. Ward reports on further finds of the fort wall at Cardiff +Castle (pp. 407-10): see above, p. 21. + +(48) The excavation of the Roman fort at Gellygaer, thirteen miles north +of Cardiff, was brought in 1913 to a point at which (as I learn) it is +considered to be for the present finished. I referred to it in my Report +for 1913; Mr. John Ward's full description of the results obtained in +1913 is now issued in the _Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' +Society_ (vol. xlvi). The principal finds were a supposed 'drill-ground' +on the north-east of the fort, a bit of another inscription of Trajan, +a kiln in the churchyard, and a largish earthwork on the north-west of +the fort. This last is a regular oblong of not quite five acres internal +area, fortified by an earthen mound and a ditch; trenching across the +interior showed no trace of buildings or indeed of any occupation, but +the search was not carried very far. Several explanations have been +offered of it--that it was a temporary affair, thrown up while the +actual fort was abuilding; that it was intended for troops marching past +and needing to camp for a night at the spot; that it was an earlier +fort, begun when the first invasion of the Silures was made, about A.D. +50-2, but never finished. This third view is Mr. Ward's own. Without +more excavation, it is rash to pronounce positively, and perhaps even +a minute search might be fruitless. Analogies somewhat favour the first +theory, but there will always be room for difference of opinion in +explaining these excrescences (so to speak) of permanent forts, which +are slight in themselves and slightly explored. + +As the exploration of this site appears to be closed for the present, +and indeed is nearly complete, it may be convenient to give a conspectus +of the whole in a small plan (fig. 29). + +[Illustration: FIG. 29. GENERAL PLAN OF ROMAN WORKS AT GELLYGAER +(GLAMORGAN) + +(A. Granaries; B. Commandant's House; C. Head-quarters; D. doubtful; E. +Barracks; F. Stabling(?))] + +(49) The fourth volume issued by the Welsh Monuments Commission +(_Inventory of Ancient Monuments in the County of Denbigh_, H.M. +Stationery Office, 1914) enumerates the few Roman remains of +Denbighshire. The one important item is the group of tile and pottery +kilns lately excavated by Mr. A. Acton at Holt, eight miles south of +Chester, which I have described above (p. 15); the Commissioners' plan +of the site seems to have an incorrect scale. Chance finds, important +if not yet fully understood, have been found in British camps at +Pen-y-corddin, Moel Fenlli, Moel y Gaer, and especially at Parc-y-Meirch +or Dinorben (above, p. 28). Isolated coins have been found scantily--a +hoard of perhaps 6,000 Constantinian copper at Moel Fenlli, a gold coin +of Nero from the same hill, another coin of Nero at Llanarmon, 200-300 +Constantinian at Llanelidan. A parcel of bronze 'cooking vessels' was +found near Abergele (Eph. Epigr. iii. 130) but has unfortunately +disappeared. The index also mentions coins under 'No. 458', which does +not appear in the volume itself. A Roman road probably ran across the +county from St. Asaph to Caerhyn (Canovium); its east end is pretty +certain, as far as Glascoed, though the 'Inventory' hardly makes this +clear. + +(50) A partial plan and some views of the west gate of the Roman fort at +the Gaer, near Brecon, are given in the _Transactions of the Woolhope +Naturalists' Field Club_ for 1908-11. + + +_Scotland_ + +(51) The fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Ancient and +Historical Monuments in Scotland, _Inventory of Monuments in Galloway. +II. Stewartry of Kirkcudbright_ (Edinburgh, 1914) shows that the eastern +half of Galloway, like the western half described in the fourth Report +in 1912, contains nothing that can be called a 'Roman site' and very few +Roman remains of any sort. Indeed this eastern half, the land between +Dumfries and Newton Stewart, seems even poorer in such remains than the +district between Newton Stewart and the Irish Sea. Its only items are +some trifles of Samian, &c., found in the Borness Cave, and some iron +implements found in a bronze caldron in Carlingwark Loch. This result +is, of course, contrary to the views of older Scottish writers like +Skene, who talked of 'numerous Roman camps and stations' in Galloway, +but it will surprise no recent student. Probably the Romans never got +far west of a line roughly coinciding with that of the Caledonian +Railway from Carlisle by Carstairs to Glasgow. Their failure or omission +to hold the south-west weakened the left flank and rear of their +position on the Wall of Pius and helped materially to shorten their +dominion in Scotland in the second century. + +(52) In the _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_ +for 1913-4 (vol. xlviii) Mr. J. M. Corrie describes some polishers and +other small objects found casually at Newstead (p. 338), and Dr. +Macdonald expands (p. 395) the account of the Balcreggan hoard which he +had contributed to the _Scotsman_ (my Report for 1913, p. 11). Mr. A. O. +Curle (p. 161) records the discovery and exploration of a vitrified fort +at the Mote of Mark near Dalbeattie (Kirkcudbright), and the discovery +in it of two clearly Roman potsherds. The main body of the finds made +here seem to belong to the ninth century; whether any of them can be +earlier than has been thought, I am not competent to decide. + +(53) The well-known and remarkable earthworks at Birrenswark, near +Lockerbie in Dumfriesshire, have long been explained as a Roman +circumvallation[13] or at least as siege-works round a native hill-fort. +In 1913 they were visited by Prof. Schulten, of Erlangen, the excavator +of a Roman circumvallation round the Spanish fortress of Numantia; they +naturally interested him, and he has now described them for German +readers (_Neue Jahrbuecher fuer das klassische Altertum_, xxxiii, 1914, +pp. 607-17) and added some remarks on their date. His description is +clear and readable; his chronological arguments are less satisfactory. +He adopts[14] the view generally adopted by English archaeologists +(except Roy) for the last two centuries, that these camps date from +Agricola; he supports this old conclusion by reasons which are in part +novel. I may summarize his position thus: Two Roman roads led from the +Tyne and the Solway to Caledonia, an eastern road by Corbridge and +Newstead, and a western one by Annandale and Upper Clydesdale. On the +eastern road, a little north of Newstead, is the camp of Channelkirk; +on the western are the three camps of Torwood Moor (near Lockerbie), +Tassie's Holm (north of Moffat), and Cleghorn in Clydesdale, near +Carstairs. These four camps are--so far as preserved--of the same size, +1,250 x 1,800 feet; they all have six gates (two in each of the longer +sides); they all have traverses in front of the gates; lastly, Torwood +Moor is fourteen Roman miles, a day's march, from Tassie's Holm, and +that is twenty-eight miles from Cleghorn. Plainly they belong to the +same date. Further, Agricola is the only Roman general who used both +eastern and western routes together; accordingly, these camps date from +him. Finally, as Birrenswark is near Torwood Moor, it too must be +Agricolan. + +[Footnote 13: It is proper to add a warning that the traces of the +'circumvallation' are dim, and high authorities like Dr. Macdonald are +sceptical about them. The two camps are, however, certain, and there +must have been communication between them of some sort, if they were +occupied at the same time.] + +[Footnote 14: No doubt it is by oversight that Dr. Schulten omits to +state that the view which he is supporting is the ordinary view and not +his own.] + +Dr. Schulten has not advanced matters by this speculation. His first +point, that the four camps are coeval, and his reasons for that idea, +are mainly taken from Roy--he does not make this clear in his paper. +But he has not heeded Roy's warnings that the reasons are not cogent. +Actually, they are very weak. At Channelkirk, only two sides of a camp +remained in Roy's time; they measured not 1,250 x 1,800 feet but +1,330 x 1,660 feet, and the longer side had one gate in the middle, +not two; to-day, next to nothing is visible. At Tassie's Holm there +was only a corner of a perhaps quite small earthwork--not necessarily +Roman--and the distance to Torwood Moor is nearer twenty than fourteen +Roman miles. At Torwood Moor only one side, 1,780 feet long with two +gates, was clear in Roy's time; the width of the camp is unknown. +Cleghorn seems to have been fairly complete, but modern measurers +give its size as 1,000 x 1,700 feet. Dr. Schulten builds on imaginary +foundations when he calls these four camps coeval. He has not even proof +that there were four camps. + +Nor is his reason any more convincing for assigning these camps, and +Birrenswark with them, to Agricola. Here he parts company from Roy and +adduces an argument of his own--that Agricola was the only general who +used both eastern and western routes. That is a mere assertion, unproven +and improbable. Roman generals were operating in Scotland in the reigns +of Pius and Marcus (A.D. 140-80) and Septimius Severus; if there were +two routes, it is merely arbitrary to limit these men to the eastern +route. As a matter of fact, the history of the western route is rather +obscure; doubts have been thrown on its very existence north of Birrens. +But if it did exist, the sites most obviously connected with it are the +second-century sites of Birrens, Lyne, and Carstairs; at Birrenswark +itself the only definitely datable finds, four coins, include two issues +of Trajan.[15] + +[Footnote 15: Gordon, p. 184, _Minutes of the Soc. Antiq._ i. 183 +(2 February, 1725). It has been suggested that Gordon mixed up Birrens +and Birrenswark. But though the Soc. Antiq. Minutes only describe the +coins as 'found in a Roman camp in Annandale, ... the first Roman camp +to be seen in Scotland', Gordon obviously knew more than the Minutes +contain--he gives, e.g. the name of a local antiquary who noted the +find--and the distinction between the 'town' (as it was then thought) +of Middelby (as it was then called) and the camp of Burnswork, was well +recognized in his time.] + +The truth is that the question is more complex than Dr. Schulten has +realized. Possibly it is not ripe for solution. I have myself ventured, +in previous publications, to date Birrenswark to Agricola--for reasons +quite different from those of Dr. Schulten. But I would emphasize that +we need, both there and at many earth-camps, full archaeological use of +the spade. The circumstances of the hour are unfavourable to that +altogether. + + +POSTSCRIPT + + +_Herefordshire_ + +(54) As I go to press, I receive the _Transactions of the Woolhope +Naturalists' Field Club_ for 1908-11 (Hereford, 1914), a volume +which, despite the date on its title-page, does not appear to have been +actually issued till April 1915. It contains on pp. 68-73 and 105-9 two +illustrated papers on three Roman roads of Herefordshire--Stone Street, +the puzzling road near Leominster, and Blackwardine, the itinerary +route between Gloucester and Monmouth. The find made at Donnington +in 1906, which is explained on p. 69 as a 'villa' and on p. 109 as an +agrimensorial pit--this latter an impossibility--was, I think, really +a kiln, though there may have been a dwelling-house near. The most +interesting of the Roman finds made lately in Herefordshire, those of +Kenchester, do not come into this volume, but belong in point of date +to the volume which will succeed it. + +[Illustration: FIG. 30. GELLYGAER. STONE PACKING FOR A WOODEN POSTHOLE +IN THE VERANDAH OF THE BARRACKS (FIG. 29 E)] + + + + +APPENDIX: LIST OF PERIODICALS + + +The following list enumerates the archaeological and other periodicals +published in these islands which sometimes or often contain noteworthy +articles relating to Roman Britain. Those which contained such articles +in 1914 are marked by an asterisk, and references are given in square +brackets to the numbered paragraphs in the preceding section (pp. +38-63). + + +1. PERIODICALS NOT CONNECTED WITH SPECIAL DISTRICTS + + + _Archaeologia_ (Society of Antiquaries of London). + + *_Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London_ + [see 30, 37, 44, 45]. + + _English Historical Review_ (London). + + _Scottish Historical Review_ (Glasgow). + + *_Numismatic Chronicle_ (London) + [see 8]. + + _British Numismatic Journal_ (London). + + *_Journal of Roman Studies_ (London) + [see 28]. + + *_Archaeological Journal_ (Royal Archaeological Institute, London) + [see 2]. + + *_Journal of the British Archaeological Association_ (London) + [see 17, 24, 30]. + + *_Antiquary_ (London) + [see 3, 32]. + + _Athenaeum_ (London). + + _Architectural Review_ (London). + + +2. PERIODICALS DEALING PRIMARILY WITH SPECIAL DISTRICTS + + +BERKSHIRE. + + *_Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archaeological Journal_ (Reading) + [see 5]. + + +BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + _Records of Buckinghamshire_ (Aylesbury). See also Berks. + + +CAMBRIDGESHIRE. + + _Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society_ (Cambridge). + + _Proceedings of the Cambridge and Huntingdonshire Archaeological + Society_ (Ely). + + +CHESHIRE. + + _Journal of the Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society + of Chester and North Wales_ (Chester). + + See also Lancashire. + + +CORNWALL. + + _Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall_ (Plymouth). + + See also Devon. + + +CUMBERLAND. + + *_Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and + Archaeological Society_ (Kendal). Includes also Lancashire north + of the Sands + [see 42]. + + +DERBYSHIRE. + + *_Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History + Society_ (Derby) + [see 7]. + + +DEVON. + + _Report and Transactions of the Devon Association_ (Plymouth). + + _Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries_ (Exeter). + + +DORSET. + + *_Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian + Field Club_ (Dorchester) + [see 8, 9]. + + +DURHAM. + + _Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society_ + (Newcastle-on-Tyne). + + See also Northumberland, _Archaeologia Aeliana_. + + +ESSEX. + + *_Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society_ (Colchester) + [see 10, 11]. + + _Essex Review_ (Colchester). + + _Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia_ (London). + + +GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + *_Transactions of the British and Gloucestershire Archaeological + Society_ (Bristol) + [see 12]. + + +HAMPSHIRE. + + *_Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological + Society_ (Southampton) + [see 14, 15]. + + +HEREFORDSHIRE. + + *_Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club_ (Hereford) + [see 50, 54]. + + +HERTFORD. + + *_Transactions of the East Herts Archaeological Society_ (Hertford) + [see 16]. + + +HUNTINGDONSHIRE. + + See under Cambridgeshire. + + +KENT. + + *_Archaeologia Cantiana_, Transactions of the Kent Archaeological + Society (London) + [see 17]. + + *_Transactions of the Greenwich Antiquarian Society_ (London) + [see 18]. + + +LANCASHIRE. + + *_Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society_ + (Manchester) + [see 19, 20]. + + _Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society_ + (Liverpool). + + (For Lancashire north of the Sands see also Cumberland.) + + +LEICESTERSHIRE. + + _Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological Society_ + (Leicester). + + _Reports and Papers of the Architectural Societies of Lincoln, York, + Northampton and Oakham, Worcester and Leicester_, called Associated + Architectural Societies (Lincoln). + + +LINCOLNSHIRE. + + *_Lincolnshire Notes and Queries_ (Horncastle) + [see 21, 22]. + + See also under Leicestershire. + + +LONDON AND MIDDLESEX. + + _Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society_ + (London). + + _London Topographical Record_ (London). + + +NORFOLK. + + _Norfolk Archaeology_ (Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, + Norwich). + + See also under Essex. + + +NORTHANTS. + + _Northamptonshire Notes and Queries_ (London). + + See also under Leicestershire. + + +NORTHUMBERLAND. + + *_Archaeologia Aeliana_ (Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne, + Newcastle) + [see 30]. + + _Proceedings_ of the same Society. + + +NOTTS. + + _Transactions of the Thornton Society_ (Nottingham). + + +OXFORDSHIRE. + + _Oxford Archaeological Society_ (Banbury). + + See also under Berkshire. + + +RUTLAND. + + See under Leicestershire. + + +SHROPSHIRE. + + _Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History + Society_ (Shrewsbury). + + +SOMERSET. + + *_Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History + Society_ (Taunton) + [see 35]. + + *_Proceedings of the Bath and District Branch, of the Somersetshire + Archaeological Society_ (Bath) + [see 43]. + + *_Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset_ (Sherborne) + [see 36]. + + +STAFFORDSHIRE. + + _Annual Report and Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club_ + (Stafford). + + +SUFFOLK. + + _Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural + History_ (Ipswich). + + See also under Essex. + + +SURREY. + + *_Surrey Archaeological Collections_ (London) + [see 38]. + + +SUSSEX. + + *_Sussex Archaeological Collections_ (Brighton) + [see 39]. + + +WARWICKSHIRE. + + _Transactions of the Birmingham and Midland Institute_ (Birmingham). + + +WESTMORLAND. + + See under Cumberland. + + +WILTSHIRE. + + _Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine_ (Devizes). + + _Wiltshire Notes and Queries_ (Devizes). + + +WORCESTERSHIRE. + + See under Leicestershire. + + +YORKSHIRE. + + _Yorkshire Archaeological Journal_ (Yorkshire Archaeological Society, + Leeds). + + _Publications of the Thoresby Society_ (Leeds). + + *_The Bradford Antiquary_ (Bradford) + [see 46]. + + _Transactions of the Hunter Archaeological Society_ (Sheffield). + + +WALES. + + *_Archaeologia Cambrensis_ (Cambrian Archaeological Association, London) + [see 47]. + + _Montgomeryshire Collections_ (Oswestry). + + _Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion_ and + _Y-Cymmrodor_ (London). + + _Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club Transactions_ + (Carmarthen). + + *_Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society_ (Cardiff) + [see 48]. + + +SCOTLAND. + + *_Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_ (Edinburgh) + [see 52]. + + _Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society_ (Glasgow). + + *_Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club_ (Alnwick) + [see 31]. + + + + +INDEX + + +(_Mainly of Place-names_) + + + Ambleside, 10, 56. + + Appleby, 35. + + + Balcreggan, 61. + + Balmuildy (Wall of Pius), 7, 29. + + Beachy Head, 27. + + Birrenswark, 61. + + Borrans, _see_ Ambleside. + + Broom Farm (Hants), 26. + + Burgh Castle, 48. + + + Cae Gaer (Montgom.), 58. + + Camerton, 55. + + Cardiff, 21, 58. + + Castell Collen, 57. + + Caves in Roman Britain, 54; + Borness, 60. + + Chedzoy, 55. + + Chester, 41. + + Chesterholm (Hadrian's Wall), 8, 31. + + Compton (Surrey), 25. + + Corbridge, 9, 32, 49. + + + Derby, Derwent, 42. + + Donnington (Heref.), 63. + + Dorchester (Dorset), 43. + + Dover, 45. + + + Eastbourne, 27. + + East Bridgeford, 51. + + East Grimstead (Wilts.), 24. + + Ewell, 56. + + + Featherwood (Northumberland), 30. + + Fetcham (Surrey), 55. + + + Gaer (near Brecon), 60. + + Gellygaer, 58. + + Gloucester, 22. + + Greenwich, Roman road, 45. + + Guildford, 56. + + + Halton (Wall of Hadrian), 50. + + Hangingshaw, _see_ Appleby. + + Hants, Roman roads, 44. + + Harden (Yorks.), 57. + + Herefordshire, Roman roads, 62. + + Hertfordshire, Roman roads, 45. + + Hockley (Essex), 44. + + Holt, 15-21, 34, 60. + + Hurstpierpoint, 56. + + + Inveravon (Wall of Pius), 8. + + + Kingston-on-Thames, 26. + + Kintbury (Berks.), 41. + + Kirkintilloch, 8. + + + Lancashire, Roman roads, 45. + + Lancaster, 12. + + Lincoln, 34, 46. + + Litlington (Camb.), 26. + + _Litus Saxonicum_, 49. + + London, 22, 35, 46. + + Lowbury, 27. + + + Manchester, 46. + + Mersea Island (Essex), 44. + + Midsomer Norton, 55. + + Mote of Mark (Kirkcudbright), 61. + + Mumrills (Wall of Pius), 8. + + + Nettleton Scrub, 57. + + Newstead (Melrose), 61. + + North Ash (Kent), 25. + + Nythe Farm (near Swindon), 57. + + + Parc-y-Meirch, 28, 60 + + Place-names of Derbyshire, 42; + of Sussex, 56. + + Polden Hills (Som.), 55. + + Puncknoll (Dorset), 43. + + + Raedykes (near Stonehaven), 7. + + Ribchester, 12, 45. + + Richborough, 21. + + Rockbourne Down, 44. + + Rycknield Street, 57. + + + St. Asaph (road near), 58. + + Sea Mills, 44. + + Silchester, 44. + + Slack, 13. + + Suetonius Paulinus, topography of campaign against Boudicca, 40. + + + _Tituli_ (_tutuli_), age of, 7. + + Traprain Law, 8, 30. + + + Ulceby (South Lincs.), 46. + + + Varis (of Ant. Itin.), 58. + + Vindolanda, 31. + + + Wall of Hadrian, 8, 38-40. + + Wall of Pius, 7, 8. + + Weardale (co. Durham), 9, 33. + + Wigfair (St. Asaph), 58. + + Witcombe (Glouc.), 44. + + Wookey Hole (Mendip), 54. + + Wroxeter, 21, 52. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Roman Britain in 1914, by F. 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