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+Project Gutenberg's The Discovery of a World in the Moone, by John Wilkins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Discovery of a World in the Moone
+       Or, A Discovrse Tending To Prove That 'Tis Probable There
+       May Be Another Habitable World In That Planet
+
+Author: John Wilkins
+
+Release Date: August 23, 2006 [EBook #19103]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WORLD IN THE MOONE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Robert Shimmin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+
+  Spelling and punctuation are as in the original, including the
+  consistently “modern” use of V and U. Italic capital V has two forms,
+  used interchangeably. Since italic capital U does not occur, the
+  rounded V-form has been transcribed as U.
+
+  Latin quotations were given in italics; the translation was usually
+  printed with marginal quotation marks. In this e-text, Latin passages
+  are shown as block quotes (indented) _without_ quotation marks, while
+  passages with marginal quotes are shown as block quotes _with_
+  quotation marks.
+
+  The six Sidenotes shown with an asterisk alongside their number were
+  printed with an asterisk in the original text; all other notes were
+  unmarked.
+
+  References from the Sidenotes are identified at the end of the text,
+  followed by a complete list of errata.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+  Sun with six orbits, each with symbol:
+    Mercurius, Venus, Ceres et Proserpina, Mars, Jupiter, Saturnus
+  Sun utters: Ame omnes
+  “Ceres and Proserpina” orbit continuing below sun shows earth with
+    orbiting moon.
+  Text on earth orbit: Sua fovent; Vniuersũ ornant.
+  Text on moon’s orbit: Mutuo se illuminant]
+
+
+                      THE
+                   DISCOVERY
+                      OF A
+                     WORLD
+                    IN THE
+                     MOONE.
+
+
+                      or,
+
+                  A DISCOVRSE
+                    Tending
+                    TO PROVE
+
+            that ’tis probable there
+            may be another habitable
+             World in that Planet.
+
+
+    _Quid tibi inquis ista proderunt? Si nihil aliud,
+        hoc certè, sciam omnia angusta esse._
+        SENECA. Præf. ad 1. Lib. _N. Q._
+
+                 [Decoration]
+
+                   _LONDON_,
+
+     Printed by _E. G._ for _Michael Sparl_
+          and _Edward Forrest_, 1638.
+
+
+
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+  _Perlegi hæc παράδοξα & novitatis graciâ typis
+     mandari permitto._
+
+  Mart. 29. 1638.
+    THO. WEEKES _R.P._
+      _Episc. Lond. Cap._
+        _Domest._
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+To the Reader.
+
+
+_If amongst thy leisure houres thou canst spare any for the perusall of
+this discourse, and dost looke to finde somewhat in it which may serve
+for thy information and benefit: let me then advise thee to come unto
+it with an equall minde, not swayed by prejudice, but indifferently
+resolved to assent unto that truth which upon deliberation shall seeme
+most probable unto thy reason, and then I doubt not, but either thou
+wilt agree with mee in this assertion, or at least not thinke it to be
+as farre from truth, as it is from common opinion._
+
+_Two cautions there are which I would willingly admonish thee of in the
+beginning._
+
+1. _That thou shouldst not here looke to find any exact, accurate
+   Treatise, since this discourse was but the fruit of some lighter
+   studies, and those too hudled up in a short time, being first
+   thought of and finished in the space of some few weekes, and
+   therefore you cannot in reason expect, that it should be so
+   polished, as perhaps, the subject would require, or the leisure
+   of the Author might have done it._
+
+2. _To remember that I promise onely probable arguments for the
+   proofe of this opinion, and therefore you must not looke that every
+   consequence should be of an undeniable dependance, or that the truth
+   of each argument should be measured by its necessity. I grant that
+   some Astronomicall appearances may possibly be solved otherwise then
+   here they are. But the thing I aime at is this, that probably they
+   may so be solved, as I have here set them downe: Which, if it be
+   granted (as I thinke it must) then I doubt not, but the indifferent
+   reader will find some satisfaction in the maine thing that is to be
+   proved._
+
+_Many ancient Philosophers of the better note, have formerly defended
+this assertion, which I have here laid downe, and it were to be wished,
+that some of us would more apply our endeavours unto the examination of
+these old opinions, which though they have for a long time lien
+neglected by others, yet in them may you finde many truths well worthy
+your paines and observation. Tis a false conceit, for us to thinke, that
+amongst the ancient variety and search of opinions, the best hath still
+prevailed. Time (saith the learned _Verulam_) seemes to be of the nature
+of a river or streame, which carrieth downe to us that which is light,
+or blowne up, but sinketh that which is weighty and solid._
+
+_It is my desire that by the occasion of this discourse, I may raise up
+some more active spirit to a search after other hidden and unknowne
+truthes. Since it must needes be a great impediment unto the growth of
+sciences, for men still so to plod on upon beaten principles, as to be
+afraid of entertaining any thing that may seeme to contradict them. An
+unwillingnesse to take such things into examination, is one of those
+errours of learning in these times observed by the judicious _Verulam_.
+Questionlesse there are many secret truths, which the ancients have
+passed over, that are yet left to make some of our age famous for their
+discovery._
+
+_If by this occasion I may provoke any reader to an attempt of this
+nature, I shall then thinke my selfe happy, and this work successefull._
+
+Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+
+The First Proposition, by way of Preface.
+
+_That the strangenesse of this opinion is no sufficient reason why it
+  should be rejected, because other certaine truths have beene formerly
+  esteemed ridiculous, and great absurdities entertayned by common
+  consent._
+
+
+There is an earnestnesse and hungering after novelty, which doth still
+adhere unto all our natures, and it is part of that primative image,
+that wide extent and infinite capacity at first created in the heart of
+man, for this since its depravation in _Adam_ perceiving it selfe
+altogether emptied of any good doth now catch after every new thing,
+conceiving that possibly it may finde satisfaction among some of its
+fellow creatures. But our enemy the divell (who strives still to pervert
+our gifts, and beate us with our owne weapons) hath so contriv’d it,
+that any truth doth now seeme distastefull for that very reason, for
+which errour is entertain’d--Novelty, for let but some upstart heresie
+be set abroach, and presently there are some out of a curious humour;
+others, as if they watched an occasion of singularity, will take it up
+for canonicall, and make it part of their creede and profession; whereas
+solitary truth cannot any where finde so ready entertainement; but the
+same Novelty which is esteemed the commendation of errour and makes that
+acceptable, is counted the fault of truth, and causes that to bee
+rejected. How did the incredulous World gaze at _Columbus_ when hee
+promised to discover another part of the earth, and he could not for a
+long time by his confidence, or arguments, induce any of the Christian
+Princes, either to assent unto his opinion, or goe to the charges of an
+experiment. Now if he who had such good grounds for his assertion, could
+finde no better entertainement among the wiser sort, and upper end of
+the World; ’tis not likely then that this opinion which I now deliver,
+shall receive any thing from the men of these daies, especially our
+vulgar wits, but misbeliefe or derision. It hath alwaies beene the
+unhappinesse of new truths in Philosophy, to be derided by those that
+are ignorant of the causes of things, and reiected by others whose
+perversenesse ties them to the contrary opinion, men whose envious pride
+will not allow any new thing for truth which they themselves were not
+the first inventors of. So that I may iustly expect to be accused of a
+pragmaticall ignorance, and bold ostentation, especially since for this
+opinion _Xenophanes_, a man whose authority was able to adde some credit
+to his assertion could not escape the like censure from others. For
+_Natales Comes_ speaking of that Philosopher,[1] and this his opinion,
+saith thus,
+
+  _Nonnulli ne nihil scisse videantur, aliqua nova monstra in
+  Philosophiã introducunt, ut alicujus rei inventores fuisse appareant._
+
+  “Some there are who least they might seeme to know nothing, will
+  bring up monstrous absurdities in Philosophy, that so afterward they
+  may bee famed for the invention of somewhat.”
+
+The same author doth also in another place accuse _Anaxagoras_[2] of
+folly for the same opinion,
+
+  _Est enim non ignobilis gradus stultitiæ, vel si nescias quid dicas,
+  tamen velle de rebus propositis hanc vel illam partem stabilire._
+
+“’Tis none of the worst kindes of folly, boldly to affirme one side or
+other, when a man knows not what to say.”
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Mytholog. lib. 3. c. 17._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Lib. 7. c. 1._]
+
+If these men were thus censur’d, I may iustly then expect to be derided
+by most, and to be believed by few or none; especially since this
+opinion seemes to carry in it so much strangenesse, so much
+contradiction to the generall consent of others. But how ever, I am
+resolved that this shall not be any discouragement, since I know that it
+is not the common opinion of others that can either adde or detract from
+the truth. For,
+
+1. Other truths have beene formerly esteemed altogether as ridiculous
+   as this can be.
+
+2. Grosse absurdities have beene entertained by generall opinion.
+
+I shall give an instance of each, that so I may the better prepare the
+Reader to consider things without a prejudice, when hee shall see that
+the common opposition against this which I affirme cannot any way
+derogate from its truth.
+
+1. Other truths have beene formerly accounted as ridiculous as this, I
+shall specifie that of the Antipodes, which have beene denied and laught
+at by many wise men and great Schollers, such as were _Herodotus_, St.
+_Austin_, _Lactantius_, the _Venerable Bede_, _Lucretius_ the Poet,
+_Procopius_, and the voluminous _Abulensis_ with others. _Herodotus_
+counted it so horrible an absurdity, that hee could not forbeare
+laughing to thinke of it. Γελῶ δὲ ὁρῶν γῆς περιόδος γράψαντας,
+πολλοὺς ἤδη καὶ οὐδένα νόον ἔχοντας ἐξηγησάμενον ὃι Ὠκεανόν τε
+ῥεόντα γράφουσι, πέριξ τήν τε γὴν ἐοῦσαν κυκλοτερέα ὡς ἀπὸ τόρνου.
+
+  [Greek: Gelô de horôn gês periodous grapsantas, pollous êdê kai
+  oudena noon echontas exêgêsamenon hoi Ôkeanon te rheonta graphousi,
+  perix tên te gên eousan kukloterea hôs apo tornou.]
+
+  “I cannot choose but laugh, (saith he) to see so many men venture to
+  describe the earths compasse, relating those things that are without
+  all sense, as that the Sea flowes about the World, and that the earth
+  it selfe is round as an Orbe.”
+
+But this great ignorance is not so much to be admired in him, as in
+those learneder men of later times, when all sciences began to flourish
+in the World. Such was Saint _Austin_ who censures that relation of the
+Antipodes to be an incredible fable,[1] and with him agrees the eloquent
+_Lactantius_,[2]
+
+  _quid illi qui esse contrarios vestigiis nostris Antipodes putant?
+  num aliquid loquuntur? aut est quispiam tam ineptus, qui credat esse
+  homines, quorum vestigia sunt superiora quàm capita? aut ibi quæ apud
+  nos jacent inversa pendere? fruges & arbores deorsum versus crescere,
+  pluvias & nives, & grandinem sursum versus cadere in terram? &
+  miratur aliquis hortor pensiles inter septem mira narrari, quum
+  Philosophi, & agros & maria, & urbes & montes pensiles faciunt? &c._
+
+  “What (saith he) are they that thinke there are Antipodes, such as
+  walke with their feet against ours? doe they speake any likelyhood?
+  or is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are men whose
+  heeles are higher than their heads? that things which with us doe lie
+  on the ground doe hang there? that the Plants and Trees grow
+  downewards, that the haile, and raine, and snow fall upwards to the
+  earth? and doe wee admire the hanging Orchards amongst the seven
+  wonders, whereas here the Philosophers have made the Field and Seas,
+  the Cities and Mountaines hanging.”
+
+What shall wee thinke (saith hee in _Plutarch_) that men doe clyng to
+that place like wormes, or hang by their clawes as Cats, or if wee
+suppose a man a little beyond the Center, to bee digging with a spade?
+is it likely (as it must bee according to this opinion) that the earth
+which hee loosened, should of it selfe ascend upwards? or else suppose
+two men with their middles about the center, the feete of the one being
+placed where the head of the other is, and so two other men crosse them,
+yet all these men thus situated according to this opinion should stand
+upright, and many other such grosse consequences would follow (saith
+hee) which a false imagination is not able to fancy as possible. Upon
+which considerations, _Bede_[3] also denies the being of any Antipodes,
+
+  _Neque enim Antipodarum ullatenus est Fabulis accommodandus assensus_,
+
+“Nor should wee any longer assent to the Fable of Antipodes.” So also
+_Lucretius_ the Poet speaking of the same subject, sayes:
+
+  _Sed vanus stolidis hæc omnia finxerit error._[4]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De civit. Dei. lib. 16. cap. 9._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Institut. l. 3. c. 24._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _De ratione temporum, Cap. 32._]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: _De nat. rerum, lib. 1._]
+
+That some idle fancy faigned these for fooles to believe. Of this
+opinion was _Procopius Gazæus_,[1] but he was perswaded to it by another
+kinde of reason; for he thought that all the earth under us was sunke in
+the water, according to the saying of the Psalmist,[2] Hee hath founded
+the Earth upon the Seas, and therefore hee accounted it not inhabited by
+any. Nay _Tostatus_ a man of later yeeres and generall learning doth
+also confidently deny that there are any such Antipodes, though the
+reason which hee urges for it bee not so absurde as the former, for the
+Apostles, saith hee,[3] travelled through the whole habitable world, but
+they never passed the Equinoctiall; and if you answer that they are said
+to goe through all the earth, because they went through all the knowne
+world, hee replies, that this is not sufficient, since Christ would have
+all men to be saved, and come to the knowledge of his truth,[4] and
+therefore ’tis requisite that they should have travelled thither also,
+if there had been any inhabitants, especially since he did expressely
+command them to goe and teach all nations, and preach the Gospell
+through the whole world,[5] and therefore he thinkes that as there are
+no men, so neither are there seas, or rivers, or any other conveniency
+for habitation: ’tis commonly related of one _Virgilius_, that he was
+excommunicated and condemned for a Heretique by _Zachary_ Bishop of
+_Rome_, because hee was not of the same opinion. But _Baronius_
+saies,[6] it was because hee thought there was another habitable world
+within ours. How ever, you may well enough discerne in these examples
+how confident many of these great Schollars were in so grosse an errour,
+how unlikely, what an incredible thing it seemed to them, that there
+should be any Antipodes, and yet now this truth is as certaine and
+plaine, as sense or demonstration can make it. This then which I now
+deliver is not to be rejected; though it may seeme to contradict the
+common opinion.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Comment. in 1. Cap. Gen._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Psal. 24. 2._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Comment. in_ 1. Genes.]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: 1 Tim. 2. 4.]
+
+  [Sidenote 5: Mat. 28. 19]
+
+  [Sidenote 6: _Annal. Eccles. A.D. 748._]
+
+2. Grosse absurdities have beene entertained by generall consent. I
+might instance in many remarkeable examples, but I will onely speake of
+the supposed labour of the Moone in her eclipses, because this is
+neerest to the chiefe matter in hand, and was received as a common
+opinion amongst many of the ancients, and therefore _Plutarch_ speaking
+of a Lunary eclipse, relates, that at such times ’twas a custome amongst
+the _Romanes_ (the most civill and learned people in the world) to sound
+brasse Instruments, and hold great torches toward the heaven. Τῶν δὲ
+Ρωμαίων (ὥσπερ ἐστω ἐνομισμένον) χαλκοῦ τε πατάγοις ἀνακαλουμένων
+τὸ φῶς αὐτὸς καὶ πυρὰ πολλὰ δαλοῖς καὶ δασσὶν ἀνεχόντων πρὸς τὸν
+οὐρανὸν,[1] for by this meanes they supposed the Moone was much eased
+in her labours, and therfore _Ovid_ calls such loud Instruments the
+auxiliaries or helpes of the Moone.[2]
+
+  _Cum frustra resonant æra auxiliaria Lunæ._
+
+and therefore the Satyrist too describing a loud scold, saies, she was
+able to make noise enough to deliver the labouring Moone.[3]
+
+  _Vna laboranti poterit succurrere Lunæ._
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _In vita Paul. Æmil._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Metam. l. 4._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Iuven. Sat. 6_]
+
+Now the reason of all this their ceremonie, was, because they feared the
+world would fall asleepe, when one of its eyes began to winke, and
+therefore they would doe what they could by loud sounds to rouse it from
+its drowsinesse, and keepe it awake by bright torches, to bestow that
+light upon it which it began to lose. Some of them thought hereby to
+keepe the Moone in her orbe, whereas otherwise she would have fallen
+downe upon the earth, and the world would have lost one of its lights,
+for the credulous people believed, that Inchanters, and Witches could
+bring the Moone downe, which made _Virgil_ say,
+
+  _Cantus & è cœlo possunt deducere Lunam._
+
+And those Wizards knowing the times of her eclipses, would then threaten
+to shew their skill, by pulling her out of her orbe. So that when the
+silly multitude saw that she began to looke red, they presently feared
+they should lose the benefit of her light, and therefore made a great
+noise that she might not heare the sound of those Charmes, which would
+otherwise bring her downe, and this is rendered for a reason of this
+custome by _Pliny_ and _Propertius_:
+
+  _Cantus & è curru lunam deducere tentant,
+  Et facerent, si non æra repulsa sonent._[1]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Nat. hist. lib. 2. c. 12._]
+
+_Plutarch_ gives another reason of it, and he sayes, ’tis because they
+would hasten the Moone out of the darke shade wherein shee was involv’d,
+that so she might bring away the soules of those Saints that inhabit
+within her, which cry out by reason they are then deprived of their
+wonted happinesse, and cannot heare the musicke of the Spheares, but are
+forced to behold the torments, and wailing of those damned soules which
+are represented to them as they are tortured in the region of the aire,
+but whether this or what ever else was the meaning of this superstition,
+yet certainly ’twas a very ridiculous custome, and bewrayed a great
+ignorance of those ancient times, especially since it was not onely
+received by the vulgar, such as were men of lesse note and learning, but
+believed also, by the more famous and wiser sort, such as were those
+great Poets, _Stesichorus_ and _Pindar_. And not onely amongst the more
+sottish heathens, who might account that Planet to be one of their Gods,
+but the primitive Christians also were in this kinde guilty; which made
+S. _Ambrose_ so tartly to rebuke those of his time, when he said,
+
+  _Tum turbatur carminibus Globus Lunæ, quando calicibus turbantur &
+  oculi_.
+
+“When your heads are troubled with cups, then you thinke the Moone to be
+troubled with charmes.”
+
+And for this reason also did _Maximus_ a Bishop,[1] write a Homily
+against it, wherein hee shewed the absurditie of that foolish
+superstition. I remember, that _Ludovicus Uives_ relates a more
+ridiculous story of a people that imprisoned an Asse for drinking up the
+Moone, whose image appearing in the water was covered with a cloud, as
+the Asse was drinking, for which the poore beast was afterward brought
+to the barre to receive a sentence according to his deserts, where the
+grave Senate being set to examine the matter, one of the Counsell
+(perhaps wiser than the rest) rises up, and out of his deepe judgement,
+thinkes it not fit that their Towne should lose its Moone, but that
+rather the Asse should be cut up, and that taken out of him, which
+sentence being approved by the rest of those Politicians, as the
+subtillest way for the conclusion of the matter was accordingly
+performed. But whether this tale were true or no I will not question,
+however there is absurdity enough in that former custome of the
+ancients, that may confirme the truth to be proved, and plainly declare
+the insufficiency of common opinion to adde true worth or estimation
+unto any thing. So that from that which I have said may be gathered thus
+much.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Turinens. Episc._]
+
+1. That a new truth may seeme absurd and impossible not onely to the
+   vulgar, but to those also who are otherwise wise men, and excellent
+   schollers; and hence it will follow, that every new thing which
+   seemes to oppose common Principles is not presently to be rejected,
+   but rather to be pry’d into with a diligent enquiry, since there
+   are many things which are yet hid from us, and reserv’d for future
+   discovery.
+
+2. That it is not the commonnesse of an opinion that can priviledge it
+   for a truth, the wrong way is sometime a well beaten path, whereas
+   the right way (especially to hidden truths) may bee lesse trodden
+   and more obscure.
+
+True indeed, the strangeness of this opinion will detract much from its
+credit; but yet we should know that nothing is in its selfe strange,
+since every naturall effect has an equall dependance upon its cause, and
+with the like necessity doth follow from it, so that ’tis our ignorance
+which makes things appeare so, and hence it comes to passe that many
+more evident truths seeme incredible to such who know not the causes of
+things: you may as soone perswade some Country peasants that the Moone
+is made of greene Cheese (as wee say) as that ’tis bigger than his
+Cart-wheele, since both seeme equally to contradict his sight, and hee
+has not reason enough to leade him farther than his senses. Nay, suppose
+(saith _Plutarch_) a Philosopher should be educated in such a secret
+place, where hee might not see either Sea or River, and afterwards
+should be brought out where one might shew him the great Ocean telling
+him the quality of that water, that it is blackish, salt, and not
+potable, and yet there were many vast creatures of all formes living in
+it, which make use of the water as wee doe of the aire, questionlesse he
+would laugh at all this, as being monstrous lies & fables, without any
+colour of truth. Just so will this truth which I now deliver appeare
+unto others; because we never dreamt of any such matter as a world in
+the Moone, because the state of that place hath as yet been vailed from
+our knowledge, therefore wee can scarcely assent to any such matter.
+Things are very hardly received which are altogether strange to our
+thoughts and our senses. The soule may with lesse difficulty be brought
+to believe any absurdity, when as it has formerly beene acquainted with
+some colours and probabilities for it, but when a new, and an unheard of
+truth shall come before it, though it have good grounds and reasons, yet
+the understanding is afraid of it as a stranger, and dares not admit it
+into its beliefe without a great deale of reluctancy and tryall. And
+besides things that are not manifested to the senses, are not assented
+unto without some labour of mind, some travaile and discourse of the
+understanding, and many lazie soules had rather quietly repose
+themselves in an easie errour, then take paines to search out the truth.
+The strangenesse then of this opinion which I now deliver will be a
+great hinderance to its beliefe, but this is not to be respected by
+reason it cannot bee helped. I have stood the longer in the Preface,
+because that prejudice which the meere title of the booke may beget
+cannot easily be removed without a great deale of preparation, and I
+could not tell otherwise how to rectifie the thoughts of the Reader for
+an impartiall survey of the following discourse.
+
+I must needs confesse, though I had often thought with my selfe that it
+was possible there might be a world in the Moone, yet it seemed such an
+uncouth opinion that I never durst discover it, for feare of being
+counted singular and ridiculous, but afterward having read _Plutarch_,
+_Galilæus_, _Keplar_, with some others, and finding many of mine owne
+thoughts confirmed by such strong authority, I then concluded that it
+was not onely possible there might bee, but probable that there was
+another habitable world in that Planet. In the prosecuting of this
+assertion, I shall first endeavour to cleare the way from such doubts as
+may hinder the speed or ease of farther progresse; and because the
+suppositions imply’d in this opinion may seeme to contradict the
+principles of reason or faith, it will be requisite that I first remove
+this scruple, shewing the conformity of them to both these, and proving
+those truths that may make way for the rest, which I shall labour to
+performe in the second, third, fourth, and fifth Chapters, and then
+proceede to confirme such Propositions, which doe more directly belong
+to the maine point in hand.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 2.
+
+_That a plurality of worlds doth not contradict any principle of
+  reason or faith._
+
+
+Tis reported of _Aristotle_ that when hee saw the bookes of _Moses_ he
+commended them for such a majesticke stile as might become a God, but
+withall hee censured that manner of writing to be very unfitting for a
+Philosopher because there was nothing proved in them, but matters were
+delivered as if they would rather command than perswade beliefe. And
+’tis observed that hee sets downe nothing himselfe, but he confirmes it
+by the strongest reasons that may be found, there being scarce an
+argument of force for any subject in Philosophy which may not bee picked
+out of his writings, and therefore ’tis likely if there were in reason a
+necessity of one onely world, that hee would have found out some such
+necessary proofe as might confirme it: Especially since hee labours for
+it so much in two whole Chapters. But now all the arguments which he
+himselfe urges in this subject,[1] are very weake and farre enough from
+having in them any convincing power. Therefore ’tis likely that a
+plurality of worlds doth not contradict any principle of reason.
+However, I will set downe the two chiefe of his arguments from his owne
+workes, and from them you may guesse the force of the other. The 1. is
+this,[2] since every heavy body doth naturally tend downwards, and every
+light body upwards, what a hudling and confusion must there bee if there
+were two places for gravity and two places for lightnesse: for it is
+probable that the Earth of that other World would fall downe to this
+Center, and so mutually the aire and fire here ascend to those Regions
+in the other, which must needes much derogate from the providence of
+nature, and cause a great disorder in his workes. To this I answere,
+that if you will consider the nature of gravity, you will plainely see
+there is no ground to feare any such confusion, for heavinesse is
+nothing else but such a quality as causes a propension in ’its subject
+to tend downewards towards its owne Centre, so that for some of that
+earth to come hither would not bee said a fall but an ascension, since
+it moved from its owne place, and this would bee impossible (saith
+_Ruvio_) because against nature,[3] and therefore no more to bee feared
+than the falling of the Heavens.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De Cœlo_ l. 1. c. 8. 9.]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Ibid._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _De Cœlo_ l. 1. c. 9. q. 1.]
+
+Another Argument hee had from his master _Plato_,[1] that there is but
+one World, because there is but one first mover, God.[2]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Metaphys._ l. 12. c. 8.]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Diog. Laert. lib._ 3.]
+
+But here I may deny the consequence, since a plurality of worlds doth
+not take away the unity of the first mover.
+
+  _Vt enim forma substantialis, sic primum efficiens apparentem
+  solummodo multiplicitatem induit per signatam materiam_
+
+(saith a Countreyman of ours.)[1] As the substantiall forme, so the
+efficient cause hath onely an appearing multiplicity from its particular
+matter. You may see this point more largely handled, and these Arguments
+more fully answered by _Plutarch_ in his Booke (why Oracles are silent)
+and _Iacob Carpentarius_ in his comment on _Alcinous_.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Nic. Hill. de Philosop. Epic. partic. 379._]
+
+But our opposites the Interpreters themselves, (who too often doe
+_jurare in verba magistri_) will grant that there is not any strength in
+these consequences, and certainely their such weake arguments could not
+convince that wise Philosopher, who in his other opinions was wont to
+bee swayed by the strength and power of reason: wherefore I should
+rather thinke that he had some by-respect, which made him first assent
+to this opinion, and afterwards strive to prove it. Perhaps it was
+because hee feared to displease his scholler _Alexander_, of whom ’tis
+related[1] that he wept to heare a disputation of another world, since
+he had not then attained the Monarchy of this, his restlesse wide heart
+would have esteemed this Globe of Earth not big enough for him, if there
+had beene another, which made the Satyrist say of him,
+
+  _Æstuat infœlix angusto limite mundi._[2]
+
+  “That he did vexe himselfe and sweate in his desires, as being pend
+  up in a narrow roome, when hee was confin’d but to one world.”
+
+Before he thought to seate himselfe next the Gods, but now when hee had
+done his best, hee must be content with some equall, or perhaps
+superiour Kings.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plutarch. de tranq. anim._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Iuvenal._]
+
+It may be, that _Aristotle_ was moved to this opinion, that hee might
+thereby take from _Alexander_ the occasion of this feare and discontent,
+or else, perhaps, _Aristotle_ himselfe was as loth to hold the
+possibility of a world which he could not discover, as _Alexander_ was
+to heare of one which he could not conquer. Tis likely that some such
+by-respect moved him to this opinion, since the arguments he urges for
+it are confest by his zealous followers and commentators, to be very
+sleight and frivolous, and they themselves grant, what I am now to
+prove, that there is not any evidence in the light of naturall reason,
+which can sufficiently manifest that there is but one world.
+
+But however some may object, would it not be inconvenient and dangerous
+to admit of such opinions that doe destroy those principles of
+_Aristotle_, which all the world hath so long followed?
+
+This question is much controverted by the _Romish_ Divines; _Campanella_
+hath writ a Treatise[1] in defence of it, in whom you may see many
+things worth the reading and notice.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Apologia pro Galilæo._]
+
+To it I answer, that this position in Philosophy, doth not bring any
+inconvenience to the rest, since tis not _Aristotle_, but truth that
+should be the rule of our opinions, and if they be not both found
+together, wee may say to him, as hee said to his Master _Plato_,
+
+  ἀμφοῖν γὰρ ὄντοιν φίλοιν, ὅσιον προτιμᾶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν
+
+  [Greek: amphoin gar ontoin philoin, hosion protiman tên alêtheian].[1]
+
+  “Though _Plato_ were his friend, yet hee would rather adhere to
+  truth than him.”
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Ethic. l. 1. c. 6._]
+
+I must needs grant, that wee are all much beholden to the industry of
+the ancient Philosophers, and more especially to _Aristotle_, for the
+greater part of our learning, but yet tis not ingratitude to speake
+against him, when hee opposeth truth; for then many of the Fathers would
+be very guilty, especially _Iustin_, who hath writ a Treatise purposely
+against him.
+
+But suppose this opinion were false, yet ’tis not against the faith, and
+so it may serve for the better confirmation of that which is true; the
+sparkes of errour, being forc’d out by opposition, as the sparkes of
+fire, by the striking of the flint and steele. But suppose too that it
+were hereticall, and against the faith, yet may it be admitted with the
+same priviledge as _Aristotle_, from whom many more dangerous opinions
+have proceeded: as that the world is eternall, that God cannot have
+while to looke after these inferiour things, that after death there is
+no reward or punishment, and such like blasphemies, which strike
+directly at the fundamentalls of our Religion.
+
+So that it is justly to be wondred why some should be so superstitious
+in these daies, as to sticke closer unto him, than unto Scripture, as if
+his Philosophy were the onely foundation of all divine truths.
+
+Upon these grounds both St. _Uincentius_and _Senafinus_ _de firmo_ (as I
+have seene them quoted) thinke that _Aristotle_ was the viol of Gods
+wrath, which was powred out upon the waters of Wisedome by the third
+Angel;[1] But for my part, I thinke the world is much beholden to
+_Aristotle_ for all its sciences. But yet twere a shame for these later
+ages to rest our selves meerely upon the labours of our Fore-fathers, as
+if they had informed us of all things to be knowne, and when wee are set
+upon their shoulders, not to see further then they themselves did.
+’Twere a superstitious, a lazie opinion to thinke _Aristotles_ workes
+the bounds and limits of all humane invention, beyond which there could
+be no possibility of reaching. Certainly there are yet many things left
+to discovery, and it cannot be any inconvenience for us, to maintaine a
+new truth, or rectifie an ancient errour.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: Rev. 16. 4.]
+
+But the position (say some) is directly against Scripture, for
+
+1. _Moses_ tells us but of one world, and his History of the creation
+had beene very imperfect if God had made another.
+
+2. Saint _John_ speaking of Gods workes, saies he made the world, in the
+singular number, and therefore there is but one:[1] ’tis the argument of
+_Aquinas_, and he thinks that none will oppose it, but such who with
+_Democritus_ esteeme some blinde chance, and not any wise providence to
+be the framer of all things.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: Part 1. Q. 47. Art. 3.]
+
+3. The opinion of more worlds has in ancient time beene accounted a
+heresie, and _Baronius_ affirmes that for this very reason, _Virgilius_
+was cast out of his Bishopricke, and excommunicated from the Church.[1]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Annal. Eccl. A.D. 748._]
+
+4. A fourth argument there is urged by _Aquinas_, if there be more
+worlds than one, then they must either be of the same, or of a diverse
+nature, but they are not of the same kinde,[1] for this were needlesse,
+and would argue an improvidence, since one would have no more perfection
+than the other; not of divers kinds, for then one of them could not be
+called the world or universe, since it did not containe universall
+perfection, I have cited this argument, because it is so much stood upon
+by _Iulius Cæsar la Galla_,[2] one that has purposely writ a Treatise
+against this opinion which I now deliver, but the Dilemma is so blunt,
+that it cannot cut on either side, and the consequences so weake, that I
+dare trust them without an answer; And (by the way) you may see this
+Author in that place, where he endeavours to prove a necessity of one
+world, doth leave the chiefe matter in hand, and take much needlesse
+paines to dispute against _Democritus_, who thought that the world was
+made by the casuall concourse of _atoms_ in a great _vacuum_. It should
+seeme, that either his cause, or his skill was weake, or else he would
+have ventured upon a stronger adversary. These arguments which I have
+set downe, are the chiefest which I have met with against this subject,
+and yet the best of these hath not force enough to endanger the truth
+that I have delivered.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Ibid._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _De Phænom. in orbe lunæ._]
+
+Unto the two first it may be answered, that the negative authority of
+Scripture is not prevalent in those things which are not the
+fundamentalls of Religion.
+
+But you’le reply, though it doe not necessarily conclude, yet ’tis
+probable if there had beene another world, wee should have had some
+notice of it in Scripture.
+
+I answer, ’tis as probable that the Scripture should have informed us of
+the Planets they being very remarkable parts of the Creation, and yet
+neither _Moses_ nor _Job_, nor the _Psalmes_ (the places most frequent
+in Astronomicall observations) mention any of them but the Sunne and
+Moone, and moreover, you must know, that ’tis besides the scope of the
+Holy Ghost either in the new Testament or in the old, to reveale any
+thing unto us concerning the secrets of Philosophy; ’tis not his intent
+in the new Testament, since we cannot conceive how it might any way
+belong either to the Historicall exegeticall or propheticall parts of
+it: nor is it his intent in the old Testament, as is well observed by
+our Countrey-man Master WRIGHT.[1]
+
+  _Non Mosis aut Prophetarum institutum fuisse videtur Mathematicas
+  aliquas aut Physicas subtilitates promulgare, sed ad vulgi captum
+  & loquendi morem quemadmodum nutrices infantulis solent sese
+  accommodare._
+
+  “’Tis not the endeavour of _Moses_ or the Prophets to discover any
+  Mathematicall or Philosophicall subtilties, but rather to accõmodate
+  themselves to vulgar capacities, and ordinary speech, as nurses are
+  wont to use their infants.”
+
+True indeede, _Moses_ is there to handle the history of the Creation,
+but ’tis observed that he does not any where meddle with such matters as
+were very hard to be apprehended, for being to informe the common people
+as well as others, he does it after a vulgar way, as it is commonly
+noted, declaring the originall chiefely of those things which were
+obvious to the sense, and being silent of other things, which then could
+not well be apprehended. And therefore _Aquinas_ observes,[2] that
+_Moses_ writes nothing of the aire, because that being invisible, the
+people knew not whether there were any such body or no. And for this
+very reason Saint _Austin_ also thinkes that there is nothing exprest
+concerning the creation of Angels which notwithstanding are as
+remarkable parts of the creatures, and as fit to be knowne as another
+world. And therefore the Holy Ghost too uses such vulgar expressions
+which set things forth rather as they appeare, then as they are,[3] as
+when he calls the Moone one of the greater lights המארת הגדלים whereas
+’tis the least, but one that wee can see in the whole heavens. So
+afterwards speaking of the great raine which drowned the world,[4] he
+saies, the windowes of heaven were opened, because it seemed to come
+with that violence, as if it were, poured out from windows in the
+Firmament.[5] So that the phrases which the Holy Ghost uses concerning
+these things are not to be understood in a literall sense; but rather as
+vulgar expressions, and this rule is set downe by Saint _Austin_, where
+speaking concerning that in the Psalme, _who stretched the earth upon
+the waters_,[6] hee notes, that when the words of Scripture shall
+seeme to contradict common sense or experience, there are they to be
+understood in a qualified sense, and not according to the letter. And
+’tis observed that for want of this rule, some of the ancients have
+fastened strange absurdities upon the words of the Scripture. So Saint
+_Ambrose_ esteemed it a heresie, to thinke, that the Sunne and starres
+were not very hot, as being against the words of Scripture,[7] _Psalm._
+19. 6. where the _Psalmist_ sayes that there is nothing that is hid from
+the heate of the Sunne. So others there are that would prove the heavens
+not to be round, out of that place, _Psal._ 104. 2. _Hee stretcheth out
+the heavens like a curtaine._[8] So _Procopius_ also was of opinion,
+that the earth was founded upon the waters, nay, he made it part of his
+faith, proving it out of _Psal._ 24. 2. _Hee hath founded the earth upon
+the seas, and established it upon the flouds._ These and such like
+absurdities have followed, when men looke for the grounds of Philosophie
+in the words of Scripture. So that from what hath beene said, I may
+conclude that the silence of Scripture concerning any other world is not
+sufficient argument to prove that there is none. Thus for the two first
+arguments.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _In Epist. ad Gilbert._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: Part 1. Q. 68. Art. 3.]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: Gen. 1. 16]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: Gen. 11.]
+
+  [Sidenote 5: Sr. _W. Rawly_ c. 7. §. 6.]
+
+  [Sidenote 6: l. 2. in Gen. / Psal. 136. 6.]
+
+  [Sidenote 7: Wisd. 2. 4. 17. 5. / Ecclus. 43. 3. 4.]
+
+  [Sidenote 8: _Com. in c. 1. Gen._]
+
+Unto the third, I may answer, that this very example is quoted by
+others, to shew the ignorance of those primative times, who did
+sometimes condemne what they did not understand, and have often censur’d
+the lawfull & undoubted parts of Mathematiques for hereticall, because
+they themselves could not perceive a reason of it, and therefore their
+practise in this particular, is no sufficient testimony against us.
+
+But lastly I answer to all the above named objections, that the terme
+World, may be taken in a double sense, more generally for the whole
+Universe, as it implies in it the elementary and æthereall bodies, the
+starres and the earth. Secondly, more particularly for an inferiour
+World consisting of elements. Now the maine drift of all these
+arguments, is to confute a plurality of worlds in the first sense, and
+if there were any such, it might, perhaps, seeme strange, that _Moses_,
+or St. _John_ should either not know, or not mention its creation. And
+_Virgilius_ was condemned for this opinion, because he held, _quòd sit
+alius mundus sub terrâ, aliusque Sol & Luna_, (as _Baronius_) that
+within our globe of earth, there was another world, another Sunne and
+Moone, and so he might seeme to exclude this from the number of the
+other creatures.
+
+But now there is no such danger in this opinion, which is here
+delivered, since this world said to be in the Moone, whose creation is
+particularly exprest.
+
+So that in the first sense I yeeld, that there is but one world, which
+is all that the arguments do prove, but understand it in the second
+sense, and so I affirme there may be more nor doe any of the above named
+objections prove the cõtrary.
+
+Neither can this opinion derogate from the divine Wisdome (as _Aquinas_
+thinkes) but rather advance it, shewing a _compendium_ of providence,
+that could make the same body a world, and a Moone; a world for
+habitation, and a Moone for the use of others, and the ornament of the
+whole frame of Nature. For as the members of the body serve not onely
+for the preservation of themselves, but for the use and conveniency of
+the whole, as the hand protects the head as well as saves it selfe,[1]
+so is it in the parts of the Universe, where each one may serve, as well
+for the conservation of that which is within it, as the helpe of others
+without it.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Cusanus de doct. ignor. l. 2. c. 12._]
+
+I have now in some measure, shewed that a plurality of worlds does not
+contradict any principle of reason or place of Scripture, and so cleared
+the first part of that supposition which is applied in the opinion.
+
+It may next be enquired; whether ’tis possible there may be a globe of
+elements in that which we call the æthereall parts of the Universe; for
+if this (as it is according to the common opinion) be priviledged from
+any change or corruption, it will be in vaine then to imagine any
+element there, and if we will have another world, we must then seeke out
+some other place for its situation. The third Proposition therefore
+shall be this.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 3.
+
+_That the heavens doe not consist of any such pure matter which can
+  priviledge them from the like change and corruption, as these
+  inferiour bodies are liable unto._
+
+
+It hath beene often questioned amongst the ancient Fathers and
+Philosophers, what kind of matter that should be, of which the heavens
+are framed, whether or no of any fifth substance distinct from the foure
+elements, as _Aristotle_[1] holds, and with him some of the late
+Schoolemen, whose subtill braines could not be content to attribute to
+those vast glorious bodies, but common materialls, and therefore they
+themselves had rather take paines to preferre them to some extraordinary
+nature, whereas notwithstanding, all the arguments they could invent,
+were not able to convince a necessity of any such matter, as is confest
+by their owne[2]* side. It were much to be desired, thst these men had
+not in other cases, as well as this, multiplied things without
+necessity, and as if there had not beene enough to be knowne in the
+secrets of nature, have spun out new subjects from their owne braines to
+finde more worke for future ages, I shall not mention their arguments,
+since ’tis already confest, that they are none of them of any necessary
+consequence, and besides, you may see them set downe in any of the
+bookes _de Cœlo._
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De Cœlo., l. 1. cap. 2._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2*: _Colleg. Cannimb. De Cœlo. l. 1. c. 2. q. 6. art. 3._]
+
+But is it the generall consent of the Fathers, and the opinion of
+_Lombard_, that the heavens consist of the same matter with these
+sublunary bodies. St. _Ambrose_ is confident of it, that hee esteemes
+the contrary a heresie.[1] True indeed, they differ much among
+themselves, some thinking them to be made of fire, others of water, but
+herein they generally agree, that they are all framed of some element or
+other. For a better confirmation of this, you may see _Ludovicus
+Molina_, _Euseb. Nirembergius_, with divers others.[2] The venerable
+_Bede_ thought the Planets to consist of all the foure elements, and
+’tis likely that the other parts are of an aereous substance,[3] as will
+be shewed afterward; however, I cannot now stand to recite the arguments
+for either, I have onely urged these Authorities to countervaile
+_Aristotle_, and the Schoolemen, and the better to make way for a proof
+of their corruptibility.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _In Hexam. lib. 4._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _In opere 6. dierum. disput. 5._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _In lib. de Mundi constit._]
+
+The next thing then to be enquired after, is, whether they be of a
+corruptible nature, [1]not whether they can be destroyed by God, for
+this Scripture puts out of doubt.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: 2 Pet. 3. 12.]
+
+Nor whether or no in a long time they would weare away and grow worse,
+for from any such feare they have beene lately priviledged.[1] But
+whether they are capable of such changes and vicissitudes, as this
+inferiour world is liable unto.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: By Doctor _Hackwell_ _Apol._]
+
+The two chiefe opinions concerning this, have both erred in some
+extremity, the one side going so farre from the other, that they have
+both gone beyond the right, whilest _Aristotle_ hath opposed the truth,
+as well as the Stoicks.
+
+Some of the Ancients have thought, that the heavenly bodies have stood
+in need of nourishment from the elements, by which they were continually
+fed, and so had divers alterations by reason of their food, this is
+fathered on _Heraclitus_,[1] followed by that great Naturalist
+_Pliny_,[2] and in generall attributed to all the Stoicks. You may see
+_Seneca_ expressely to this purpose in these words,
+
+  _Ex illa alimenta omnibus animalibus, omnibus satis, omnibus stellis
+  dividuntur, hinc profertur quo sustineantur tot Sydera tam exercitata,
+  tam avida, per diem, noctemque, ut in opere, ita in pastu._[3]
+
+Speaking of the earth, he saies, from thence it is, that nourishment is
+divided to all the living creatures, the Plants and the Starres, hence
+were sustained so many constellations, so laborious, so greedy both day
+and night, as well in their feeding as working. Thus also _Lucan_ sings,
+
+  _Necnon Oceano pasci Phœbumque polumque credimus._
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plutarch. de plac. philos. l. 2. c. 17._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Nat. Hist. l. 2. c. 9._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Nat. Quæst. lib. 2. cap. 5._]
+
+Unto these _Ptolome_[1] also that learned Egyptian seemed to agree, when
+he affirmes that the body of the Moone is moister, and cooler than any
+of the other Planets, by reason of the earthly vapours that are exhaled
+unto it. You see these ancients thought the Heavens to be so farre from
+this imagined incorruptibility, that rather like the weakest bodies they
+stood in need of some continuall nourishment without which they could
+not subsist.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _I{o} Apost._]
+
+But _Aristotle_ and his followers were so farre from this,[1] that they
+thought those glorious bodies could not containe within them any such
+principles, as might make them lyable to the least change or corruption,
+and their chiefe reason was, because we could not in so long a space
+discerne any alteration amongst them; but unto this I answer.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De cœlo. l. 1. cap. 3._]
+
+1. Supposing we could not, yet would it not hence follow[1] that there
+were none, as hee himselfe in effect doth confesse in another place; for
+speaking concerning our knowledge of the Heavens, hee sayes ’tis very
+imperfect and difficult, by reason of the vaste distance of those bodies
+from us, and because the changes which may happen unto it, are not
+either bigge enough or frequent enough to fall within the apprehension
+and observation of our senses; no wonder then if hee himselfe bee
+deceived in his assertions concerning these particulars.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De Cœlo. l. 2. cap. 3._]
+
+2. Though we could not by our senses see such alterations, yet our
+reason might perhaps sufficiently convince us of them. Nor can we well
+conceive how the Sunne should reflect against the Moone, and yet not
+produce some alteration of heate. _Diogenes_ the Philosopher was hence
+perswaded that those scorching heates had burnt the Moone into the forme
+of a Pumice-stone.
+
+3. I answer that there have been some alterations observed there;
+witnesse those comets which have beene seene above the Moone. So that
+though _Aristotles_ consequence were sufficient, when hee proved that
+the heavens were not corruptible, because there have not any changes
+being observed in it, yet this by the same reason must bee as prevalent,
+that the Heavens are corruptible, because there have beene so many
+alterations observed there; but of these together with a farther
+confirmation of this proposition, I shall have occasion to speake
+afterwards; In the meane space, I will referre the Reader to that worke
+of _Scheiner_ a late Jesuit which hee titles his _Rosa Vrsina_,[1] where
+hee may see this point concerning the corruptibility of the Heavens
+largely handled and sufficiently confirmed.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _lib. 4. p. 2. cy.24, 35._]
+
+There are some other things, on which I might here take an occasion to
+enlarge my selfe, but because they are directly handled by many others,
+and doe not immediately belong to the chiefe matter in hand, I shall
+therefore referre the Reader to their authors, and omit any large proofe
+of them my selfe, as defining all possible brevity.
+
+1. The first is this: That there are no solid Orbes. If there be a
+habitable World in the Moone (which I now affirme) it must follow, that
+her Orbe is not solid, as _Aristotle_ supposed; and if not her, why any
+of the other? I rather thinke that they are all of a fluid (perhaps
+aereous) substance. Saint _Ambrose_, and Saint _Basil_[1] did endeavour
+to prove this out of that place in _Isay_,[2] where they are compared to
+smoake, as they are both quoted by _Rhodiginus_, _Eusebius_,
+_Nierembergius_[3] doth likewise from that place confute the solidity
+and incorruptibility of the Heavens, and cites for the same
+interpretation the authority of _Eustachius_ of _Antioch_; and Saint
+_Austin_,[4] I am sure seemes to assent unto this opinion, though he
+does often in his other workes contradict it. The testimony of other
+Fathers to this purpose you may see in _Sixtus Senensis. l. 5. Biblioth.
+annot. 14._ but for your better satisfaction herein, I shall referre you
+to the above named _Scheiner_ in his _Rosa Ursina_,[5] in whom you may
+see both authorities and reason, and very largely and distinctly set
+downe for this opinion, for the better confirmation of which hee
+adjoynes also some authenticall Epistles of _Fredericus Cæsius Lynceus_
+a Noble Prince written to _Bellarmine_, containing divers reasons to the
+same purpose, you may also see the same truth set downe by _Johannes
+Pena_ in his preface to _Euclids Opticks_, and _Christoph. Rothmannus_,
+both who thought the Firmament to bee onely aire: and though the noble
+_Tycho_[6] doe dispute against them, yet he himselfe holds,
+
+  _Quod propius ad veritatis penetralia accedit hæc opinio, quam
+  Aristotelica vulgariter approbata, quæ cœlum pluribus realibus atque
+  imperviis orbibus citra rem replevit._
+
+  “That this opinion comes neerer to the truth than that common one
+  of _Aristotle_ which hath to no purpose filled the heavens with such
+  reall and impervious Orbes.”
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Isa. 51. 6._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Ant. lect. l. 1. c. 4._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Hist. nat. l. 2. c. 11. 13._]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: _In lib. sup. Gen. ad lit._]
+
+  [Sidenote 5: _lib. 4. p. 11, 2. c. 7. 26, 30._]
+
+  [Sidenote 6: _De stella. 15. 72. l. 6. c. 9._]
+
+2. There is no element of fire, which must be held with this opinion
+here delivered; for if wee suppose a world in the Moone, then it will
+follow, that the spheare of fire, either is not there where ’tis usually
+placed in the concavity of his Orbe, or else that there is no such thing
+at all, which is most probable, since there are not any such solid Orbs,
+that by their swift motion might heare and enkindle the adjoyning aire,
+which is imagined to be the reason of that element. Concerning this see
+_Cardan_, _Iohannes Pena_ that learned _Frenchman_, the noble _Tycho_,
+with divers others who have purposely handled this proposition.
+
+3. I might adde a third, _viz._ that there is no Musicke of the
+spheares, for if they be not solid, how can their motion cause any such
+sound as is conceived? I doe the rather medle with this, because
+_Plutarch_ speaks as if a man might very conveniently heare that
+harmony, if he were an inhabitant in the Moone. But I guesse that hee
+said this out of incogitancy, and did not well consider those necessary
+consequences which depended upon his opinion. However the world would
+have no great losse in being deprived of this Musicke, unlesse at some
+times we had the priviledge to heare it: Then indeede _Philo_ the Jew[1]
+thinkes it would save us the charges of diet, and we might live at an
+easie rate by feeding at the eare onely, and receiving no other
+nourishment; and for this very reason (saies he) was _Moses_ enabled to
+tarry forty daies and forty nights in the Mount without eating any
+thing, because he there heard the melody of the Heavens,--_Risum
+teneatis_. I know this Musicke hath had great patrons both sacred and
+prophane authours, such as _Ambrose_, _Bede_, _Boetius_, _Anselme_,
+_Plato_, _Cicero_ and others, but because it is not now, I thinke
+affirmed by any, I shall not therefore bestow either paines or time in
+arguing against it.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De somniis._]
+
+It may suffice that I have onely named these three last, and for the two
+more necessary, have referred the Reader to others for satisfaction. I
+shall in the next place proceede to the nature of the Moones body, to
+know whether that be capable of any such conditions, as may make it
+possible to be inhabited, and what those qualities are wherein it more
+neerely agrees with our earth.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 4.
+
+_That the Moone is a solid, compacted, opacous body._
+
+
+I shall not need to stand long in the proofe of this proposition, since
+it is a truth already agreed on by the generall consent of the most and
+the best Philosophers.
+
+1. It is solid in opposition to fluid, as is the ayre, for how otherwise
+could it beare backe the light which it receives from the Sunne?
+
+But here it may be questioned, whether or no the Moone bestow her light
+upon us by the reflection of the Sunne-beames from the superficies of
+her body, or else by her owne illumination. Some there are who affirme
+this latter part. So _Averroes_, _Cælius Rhodiginus_, _Iulius Cæsar_,
+_&c._ and their reason is because this light is discerned in many
+places,[1] whereas those bodies which give light by reflexion can there
+onely be perceived where the angle of reflexion is equall to the angle
+of incidence, and this is onely in one place, as in a looking-glasse
+those beames which are reflected from it cannot bee perceived in every
+place where you may see the glasse, but onely there where your eye is
+placed on the same line whereon the beames are reflected.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De cœlo. l. 2. com. 49._
+  _Ant. lection. l. 20. c. 4._
+  _De phænom. lunæ. c. 11._]
+
+But to this I answere, that the argument will not hold of such bodies,
+whose superficies is full of unequall parts and gibbosities as the Moone
+is. Wherefore it is as well the more probable as the more common
+opinion, that her light proceedes from both these causes, from reflexion
+and illumination; nor doth it herein differ from our earth, since that
+also hath some light by illumination: for how otherwise would the parts
+about us in a Sunne-shine day appeare so bright, when as all the rayes
+of reflexion cannot enter into our eye?
+
+2. It is compact, and not a spungie and porous substance.[1] But this is
+denied by _Diogenes_, _Vitellio_, and _Reinoldus_, and some others, who
+held the Moone to bee of the same kind of nature as a Pumice-stone, and
+this, say they, is the reason why in the Suns eclipses there appeares
+within her a duskish ruddy colour, because the Sunne-beames being
+refracted in passing through the pores of her body, must necessarily be
+represented under such a colour.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plut. de pla. phil. l. 2. c. 13._
+  _Opt. l. 4._
+  _Com. Purbac. Theo. p. 164._]
+
+But I reply, if this be the cause of her rednesse; then why doth she not
+appeare under the same forme when she is about a sextile aspect, and the
+darkned part of her body is discernable? for then also doe the same
+rayes passe through her, and therefore in all likelihood should produce
+the same effect, and notwithstanding those beames are then diverted from
+us, that they cannot enter into our eyes by a streight line, yet must
+the colour still remaine visible in her body,[1] and besides according
+to this opinion, the spots would not alwaies be the same, but divers, as
+the various distance of the Sunne requires. Againe, if the Sunne-beames
+did passe through her, why then hath she not a taile as the Comets? why
+doth she appeare in such an exact round? and not rather attended with a
+long flame, since it is meerely this penetration of the Sunne beames
+that is usually attributed to be the cause of beards in blazing starres.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Scaliger exercit. 80. § 13._]
+
+3. It is opacous, not transparent or diaphanous like Chrystall or
+glasse,[1] as _Empedocles_ thought, who held the Moone to bee a globe of
+pure congealed aire, like haile inclosed in a spheare of fire, for then.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plut. de fa. lunæ._]
+
+1. Why does shee not alwaies appeare in the full? since the light is
+dispersed through all her body?
+
+2. How can the interposition of her body so darken the Sun, or cause
+such great eclipses as have turned day into night,[1] that have
+discovered the stars, and frighted the birds with such a sudden
+darknesse, that they fell downe upon the earth, as it is related in
+divers Histories? And therefore _Herodotus_ telling of an Eclipse which
+fell in _Xerxes_ time, describes it thus:[2] ὁ ἥλιος ἐκλιπὼν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ
+οὐρανοῦ ἕδρην ἀφανὴς ἦν. The Sunne leaving his wonted seate in the
+heavens, vanished away: all which argues such a great darknesse, as
+could not have beene, if her body had beene perspicuous. Yet some there
+are who interpret all these relations to bee hyperbolicall expressions,
+and the noble _Tycho_ thinkes it naturally impossible, that any eclipse
+should cause such darknesse, because the body of the Moone can never
+totally cover the Sunne; however, in this he is singular, all other
+Astronomers (if I may believe _Keplar_) being on the contrary opinion,
+by reason the Diameter of the Moone does for the most part appeare
+bigger to us then the Diameter of the Sunne.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Thucid._
+  _Livii._
+  _Plut. de fa. Lunæ._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Herodot. l. 7 c. 37._]
+
+But here _Julius Cæsar_[1] once more, puts in to hinder our passage. The
+Moone (saith he) is not altogether opacous, because ’tis still of the
+same nature with the Heavens, which are incapable of totall opacity: and
+his reason is, because perspicuity is an inseparable accident of those
+purer bodies, and this hee thinkes must necessarily bee granted, for hee
+stops there, and proves no further; but to this I shall deferre an
+answere, till hee hath made up his argument.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De phænom. Lunæ. c. 11._]
+
+We may frequently see, that her body does so eclipse the Sunne, as our
+earth doth the Moone; since then the like interposition of them both,
+doth produce the like effect, they must necessarily be of the like
+natures, that is a like opacous, which is the thing to be shewed; and
+this was the reason (as the Interpreters guesse) why _Aristotle_
+affirmed the Moone to be of the earths nature,[1] because of their
+agreement in opacity, whereas all the other elements save that, are in
+some measure perspicuous.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _In lib. de animalib._]
+
+But the greatest difference which may seeme to make our earth altogether
+unlike the Moone, is, because the one is a bright body, and hath light
+of its owne, and the other a grosse dark body which cannot shine at all.
+’Tis requisite therefore, that in the next place I cleare this doubt,
+and shew that the Moone hath no more light of her owne than our earth.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 5.
+
+_That the Moone hath not any light of her owne._
+
+
+Twas the fancy of some of the Jewes, and more especially of _Rabbi
+Simeon_, that the Moone was nothing else but a contracted Sunne,[1] and
+that both those planets at their first creation were equall both in
+light and quantity, for because God did then call them both great
+lights, therefore they inferred, that they must be both equall in
+bignesse. But a while after (as the tradition goes) the ambitious Moone
+put up her complaint to God against the Sunne, shewing, that it was not
+fit there should be two such great lights in the heavens, a Monarchy
+would best become the place of order and harmony. Upon this God
+commanded her to contract her selfe into a narrower compasse, but she
+being much discontented hereat, replies, What! because I have spoken
+that which is reason and equity, must I therefore be diminished? This
+sentence could not chuse but much trouble her; and for this reason was
+shee in much distresse and griefe for a long space, but that her sorrow
+might be some way pacified, God bid her be of good cheere, because her
+priviledges and charet should be greater then the Suns, he should
+appeare in the day timeonely, shee both in the day and night, but her
+melancholy being not satisfied with this, shee replyed againe, that that
+alas was no benefit, for in the day-time she should be either not seene,
+or not noted. Wherefore, God to comfort her up, promised, that his
+people the Israelites should celebrate all their feasts and holy daies
+by a computation of her moneths, but this being not able to content her,
+shee has looked very melancholy ever since; however shee hath still
+reserved much light of her owne.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Tostatus in 1. Gen._
+  _Hieron. de 5. Hide._
+  _Hebræonia l. 2. c. 4._]
+
+Others there were, that did thinke the Moone to be a round globe, the
+one halfe of whole body was of a bright substance, the other halfe being
+darke, and the divers conversions of those sides towards our eyes,
+caused the variety of her appearances: of this opinion was _Berosus_, as
+he is cited by _Vitruvius_,[1] and St. _Austin_[2] thought it was
+probable enough, but this fancy is almost equally absurd with the
+former, and both of them sound rather like fables, then philosophicall
+truths. You may commonly see how this latter does contradict frequent
+and easie experience, for ’tis observed, that that spot which is
+perceived about her middle, when she is in the increase, may be
+discern’d in the same place when she is in the ful: whence it must
+follow, that the same part which was before darkened, is after
+inlightened, and that the one part is not alwaies darke, and the other
+light of it selfe, but enough of this, I would be loth to make an enemy,
+that I may afterwards overcome him, or bestow time in proving that which
+is already granted. I suppose now, that neither of them hath any
+patrons, and therefore need no confutation.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Lib. 9. Architecturæ._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _in enarrat. Psalmorum._]
+
+’Tis agreed upon by all sides, that this Planet receives most of her
+light from the Sunne, but the chiefe controversie is, whether or no she
+hath any of her owne? The greater multitude affirme this. _Cardan_
+amongst the rest, is very confident of it, and he thinkes that if any of
+us were in the Moone at the time of her greatest eclipse,[1]
+
+  _Lunam aspiceremus non secus ac innumeris cereis splendidissimis
+  accensis, atque in eas oculis defixis cæcutiremus_;
+
+“wee should perceive so great a brightnesse of her owne, that would
+blind us with the meere sight,” and when shee is enlightened by the
+Sunne, then no eagles eye if there were any there, is able to looke upon
+her. This _Cardan_ saies, and hee doth but say it without bringing any
+proofe for its confirmation. However, I will set downe the arguments
+that are usually urged for this opinion, and they are taken either from
+Scripture or reason; from Scripture is urged that place, _1 Cor. 15._
+where it is said, _There is one glory of the Sunne, and another glory
+of the Moone_. _Vlysses Albergettus_ urges, that in _Math. 24. 22._
+ἡ σελήνη οὐ δώσει τὸ φέγγος αὐτῆς, _The Moone shall not give her
+light_: therefore (saies he) she hath some of her owne.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De Subtil. lib. 3._]
+
+But to these wee may easily answer that the glory and light there spoken
+of, may be said to be hers, though it be derived, as you may see in many
+other instances.
+
+The arguments from reason are taken either
+
+1. From that light which is discerned in her, when there is a totall
+eclipse of her owne body, or of the Sunne.
+
+2. For the light which is discerned in the darker part of her body, when
+she is but a little distant from the Sunne.
+
+1. For when there are any totall eclipses, there appeares in her body a
+great rednesse, and many times light enough to cause a remarkeable
+shade, as common experience doth sufficiently manifest: but this cannot
+come from the Sunne, since at such times either the earth, or her owne
+body shades her from the Sun-beames, therefore it must proceede from her
+owne light.
+
+2. Two or three daies after the new Moone, wee may perceive light in her
+whole body, whereas the rayes of the Sun reflect but upon a small part
+of that which is visible, therefore ’tis likely that there is some light
+of her owne.
+
+In answering to these objections, I shall first shew, that this light
+cannot be her owne, and then declare that which is the true reason of
+it.
+
+That it is not her own, appeares
+
+1. From the variety of it at divers times; for ’tis commonly observed,
+that sometimes ’tis of a brighter, sometimes of a darker appearance, now
+redder, and at another time of a more duskish colour. The observation of
+this variety in divers eclipses, you may see set downe by _Keplar_[1]
+and many others, but now this could not be if that light were her owne,
+that being constantly the same, and without any reason of such an
+alteration: So that thus I may argue.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Opt. Astron. c. 7. num. 3._]
+
+If there were any light proper to the Moone, then would that Planet
+appeare brightest when she is eclipied in her Perige, being neerest to
+the earth, and so consequently more obscure and duskish when she is in
+her Apoge or farthest from it; the reason is, because the neerer any
+enlightened body comes to the sight, by so much the more strong are the
+species and the better perceived. This sequell is granted by some of our
+adversaries, and they are the very words of noble _Tycho_,[1]
+
+  _Si luna genuino gauderet lumine, utique cum in umbra terræ esset,
+illud non amitteret, sed eò evidentiùs exereret, omne enim lumen in
+tenebris, plus splendet cum alio majore fulgore non præpeditur._
+
+If the Moone had any light of her owne, then would she not lose it in
+the earths shadow, but rather shine more clearely, since every light
+appeares greater in the darke, when it is not hindered by a more
+perspicuous brightnesse.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De nova stella lib. 1. c. 10._]
+
+But now the event falls out cleane contrary, (as observation doth
+manifest, and our opposites themselves doe grant)[1] the Moone appearing
+with a more reddish and cleare light when she is eclipsed being in her
+Apoge or farthest distance, and a more blackish yron colour when she is
+in her Perige or neerest to us, therefore shee hath not any light of her
+owne. Nor may we thinke that the earths shadow can cloud the proper
+light of the Moone from appearing, or take away any thing from her
+inherent brightnesse, for this were to thinke a shadow to be a body, an
+opinion altogether mis-becomming a Philosopher, as _Tycho_ grants in the
+fore-cited place,
+
+  _Nec umbra terræ corporeum quid est, aut densa aliqua substantia,
+  aut lunæ lumen obtenebrare possit, atque id visui nostro præripere,
+  sed est quædam privatio luminis solaris, ob interpositum opacum
+  corpus terræ._
+
+Nor is the earths shadow any corporall thing, or thicke substance, that
+it can cloud the Moones brightnesse, or take it away from our sight, but
+it is a meere privation of the Suns light, by reason of the
+interposition of the earths opacous body.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: Reinhold _comment. in Purb. Theor. pag. 164._]
+
+2. If shee had any light of her owne then that would in it selfe be,
+either such a ruddy brightnesse as appeares in the eclipses, or else
+such a leaden duskish light as wee see in the darker parts of her body,
+when shee is a little past the conjunction. (That it must be one of
+these may follow from the opposite arguments) but it is neither of
+these, therefore she hath none of her owne.
+
+1. ’Tis not such a ruddy light as appeares in eclipses, for then why can
+wee not see the like rednesse, when wee may discerne the obscurer parts
+of the Moone?
+
+You will say, perhaps, that then the neerenesse of that greater light,
+takes away that appearance.
+
+I reply, this cannot be, for then why does Mars shine with his wonted
+rednesse, when he is neere the Moone? or why cannot her greater
+brightnesse make him appeare white as the other Planets? nor can there
+be any reason given why that greater light should represent her body
+under a false colour.
+
+2. ’Tis not such a duskish leaden light, as we see in the darker part of
+her body, when shee is about a sextile Aspect distant from the Sunne,
+for then why does shee appeare red in the eclipses, since the more shade
+cannot choose such variety, for ’tis the nature of darknesse by its
+opposition, rather to make things appeare of a more white and cleare
+brightnesse then they are in themselves, or if it be the shade, yet
+those parts of the Moone are then in the shade of her body, and
+therefore in reason should have the like rednesse. Since then neither of
+these lights are hers, it followes that she hath none of her owne. Nor
+is this a singular opinion, but it hath had many learned patrons, such
+was _Macrobius_,[1] who being for this quoted of _Rhodiginus_, he calls
+him _vir reconditissimæ scientiæ_,[2] a man who knew more than ordinary
+Philosophers, thus commending the opinion in the credit of the Authour.
+To him assents the Venerable _Bede_, upon whom the glosse hath this
+comparison.[3] As the Looking-glasse represents not any image within it
+selfe, unlesse it receive some from without; so the Moone hath not any
+light, but what is bestowed by the Sun. To these agreed _Albertus
+Magnus_, _Scaliger_, _Mæslin_, and more especially _Mulapertius_,[4]
+whose words are more pat to the purpose then others, and therefore I
+shall set them downe as you may finde them in his Preface to his
+Treatise concerning the _Austriaca sydera_;
+
+  _Luna, Venus, & Mercurius, terrestris & humidæ sunt substantiæ
+  ideoque de suo non lucere, sicut nec terra._
+
+The Moone, _Venus_, and _Mercurie_ (saith he) are of an earthly and
+moyst substance, and therefore have no more light of their owne, then
+the earth hath. Nay, some there are who thinke that all the other
+Starres doe receive that light, whereby they appeare visible to us from
+the Sunne, so _Ptolomie_, _Isidore Hispalensis_, _Albertus Magnus_ and
+_Bede_, much more then must the Moone shine with a borrowed light.[5]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Somn. Scip. l. 1. c. 20._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Lect. antiq. l. 1. c. 15._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _In lib. de natur. rerum._]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: _De 4r. Coævis. Q. 4ª. Art. 21._
+  _Exercit. 62._
+  _1. Epitome. Astron. lib. 4. p. 2._]
+
+  [Sidenote 5: _Originum l. 3. c. 60._
+  _De Cœlo. l. 2._
+  _De ratione tempor. c. 4._]
+
+But enough of this. I have now sufficiently shewed what at the first I
+promised, that this light is not proper to the Moone. It remaines in the
+next place, that I tell you the true reason of it. And here, I thinke
+’tis probable that the light which appeares in the Moone at the eclipses
+is nothing else but the second species of the Sunnes rayes which passe
+through the shadow unto her body: and from a mixture of this second
+light with the shadow, arises that rednesse which at such times appeares
+unto us. I may call it _Lumen crepusculum_, the _Aurora_ of the Moone,
+or such a kinde of blushing light, that the Sunne causes when he is
+neere his rising, when he bestowes some small light upon the thicker
+vapours. Thus wee see commonly the Sunne being in the Horizon, and the
+reflexion growing weake, how his beames make the waters appeare very
+red.
+
+The Moabites in _Iehorams_ time when they rose early in the morning, and
+beheld the waters a farre off, mistooke them for blood.[1]
+
+  _Et causa hujus est, quia radius solaris in aurora contrahit quandam
+  rubedinem, propter vapores combustos manentes circa superficiem
+  terræ, per quos radii transeunt, & ideo cum repercutiantur in aqua
+  ad oculos nostros, trahunt secum eundem ruborem, & faciunt apparere
+  locum aquarum, in quo est repercussio esse rubrum_,
+
+saith _Tostatus_.[2] The reason is, because of his rayes, which being in
+the lower vapours, those doe convey an imperfect mixed light upon the
+waters. Thus the Moone being in the earths shadow, and the Sunne beames
+which are round about it, not being able to come directly unto her body,
+yet some second raies there are, which passing through the shadow, make
+her appeare in that ruddy colour: So that she must appeare brightest,
+when shee is eclipsed, being in her Apoge, of greatest distance from us,
+because then the cone of the earths shadow is lesse, and the refraction
+is made through a narrower medium. So on the contrary, she must be
+represented under a more darke and obscure forme when she is eclipsed,
+being in her Perige, or neerest to the earth, because then she is
+involved in a greater shadow, or bigger part of the cone, and so the
+refraction passing through a greater medium, the light must needes be
+weaker which doth proceed from it. If you aske now what the reason may
+be of that light which we discerne in the darker part of the new Moone:
+I answer, ’tis reflected from our earth which returnes as great a
+brightnesse to that Planet, as it receives from it. This I shall have
+occasion to prove afterward.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: 2 King. 3. 22.]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _2ª. Quæst. in hoc cap._]
+
+I have now done with these propositions which were set downe to cleare
+the passage, and confirme the suppositions implied in the opinion, I
+shall in the next place proceed to a more direct treating of the chiefe
+matter in hand.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 6.
+
+_That there is a world in the Moone, hath beene the direct opinion of
+  many ancient, with some moderne Mathematicians, and may probably be
+  deduced from the tenents of others._
+
+
+Since this opinion may be suspected of singularity, I shall therefore
+first confirme it by sufficient authority of divers authours, both
+ancient and moderne, that so I may the better cleare it from the
+prejudice either of an upstart fancy, or an absolute errour. This is by
+some attributed to _Orpheus_, one of the most ancient Greeke Poets, who
+speaking of the Moone, saies thus, ἡ πολλ᾽ οὔρεα ἔχει, πολλ᾽ ἄστεα,
+πολλὰ μέλαθρα,[1] That it hath many mountaines and cities, and houses
+in it. To him assented _Xenophanes_, _Anaxagoras_, _Democritus_, and
+_Heraclitus_,[2] all who thought it to have firme solid ground, like to
+our earth,[3] containing in it many large fields, champion grounds, and
+divers inhabitants, unto these agreed _Pythagoras_, who thought that our
+earth was but one of the Planets which moved round about the Sunne,[4]
+(as _Aristotle_ relates it of him) and the _Pythagoreans_ in generall
+did affirme, that the Moone also was terrestriall, that she was
+inhabited as this lower world. That those living creatures & plants
+which are in her, exceed any of the like kind with us in the same
+proportion, as their daies are longer than ours: _viz._ by 15 times.
+This _Pythagoras_[5] was esteemed by all, of a most divine wit, as
+appeares especially by his valuation amongst the _Romans_ who being
+cõmanded by the Oracle to erect a statue to the wisest _Grecian_, the
+Senate determined[6] _Pythagoras_ to be meant, preferring him in their
+judgements before the divine _Socrates_, whom their Gods pronounc’d the
+wisest. Some think him a _Iew_ by birth, but most agree that hee was
+much conversant amongst the learneder sort, & Priests of that Nation,
+by whom he was informed of many secrets, and perhaps, this opinion,
+which he vented afterwards in _Greece_, where he was much opposed by
+_Aristotle_ in some worded disputations, but never confuted by any solid
+reason.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plut. de plac. phil. l. 2. c. 13._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Ibid. c. 25._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Diog. Laert. l. 2. & l. 9._]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: _De Cœlo. l. 2. cap. 13._]
+
+  [Sidenote 5: _Plut. ibid. cap. 30._]
+
+  [Sidenote 6: _Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 34. cap. 6._]
+
+To this opinion of _Pythagoras_ did _Plato_ also assent, when hee
+considered that there was the like eclipse made by the earth, and this,
+that it had no light of its owne, that it was so full of spots. And
+therefore wee may often reade in him and his followers,[1] of an
+_ætherea terra_, and _lunares populi_, an æthereall earth, and
+inhabiters in the Moone; but afterwards this was mixed with many
+ridiculous fancies: for some of them considering the mysteries implied
+in the number 3. concluded that there must necessarily bee a Trinity of
+worlds, whereof the first is this of ours, the second in the Moone whose
+element of water is represented by the spheare of _Mercury_, the aire by
+_Uenus_, and the fire by the Sunne. And that the whole Universe might
+the better end in earth as it began, they have contrived it, that _Mars_
+shall be a spheare of the fire, _Iupiter_ of aire, _Saturne_ of water;
+and above all these, the Elysian fields, spacious and pleasant places
+appointed for the habitation of those unspotted soules, that either
+never were imprisoned in, or else now have freed themselves from any
+commerce with the body. _Scaliger_[2] speaking of this _Platonicke_
+fancie, _quæ in tres trientes mundum quasi assem divisit_, thinks ’tis
+confutation enough, to say, ’tis _Plato’s_. However for the first part
+of this assertion, it was assented unto by many others, and by reason of
+the grossnesse and inequality of this planet, ’twas frequently called
+_quasi terra cœlestis_, as being esteemed the sediment and more
+imperfect part of those purer bodies, you may see this proved by
+_Plutarch_,[3] in that delightfull work which he properly made for the
+confirmition of this particular. With him agreed _Alcinous_[4] and
+_Plotinus_, later Writers. Unto these I might also adde the imperfect
+testimony of _Mahomet_, whose authority of grant can adde but little
+credit to this opinion, because hee was an ignorant imposter, but yet
+consider that originall, from whence hee derived most of his knowledge,
+and then, perhaps, his witnesse may carry with it some probablity. He is
+commonly thought by birth to be an Ismaelite, being instructed by the
+Jewes in the secrets of their Philosophy,[5] and perhaps, learned this
+from those Rabbies, for in his _Alcaron_, hee talkes much of mountaines,
+pleasant fields, and cleare rivers in the heavens, but because he was
+for the maine very unlearned, he was not able to deliver any thing so
+distinctly as he was informed.[6] The Cardinall _Cusanus_ and _Iornandus
+Bunus_, held a particular world in every Starre, and therefore one of
+them defining our earth, he saies, it is
+
+  _stella quædam nobilis, quæ lunam & calorem & influentiam habet
+  aliam, & diversam ab omnibus aliis stellis_;
+
+a “noble starre having a distinct light, heat and influence from all the
+rest.” Unto this _Nichol. Hill_, a country man of ours was inclined,
+when he said _Astrea terræ natura probabilis est_: “That ’tis probable
+the earth hath a starry nature.”[7]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plat. de conviviis._
+  _Macrob. Somn. Scip. lib. 1. ca. 11._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Exercit. 62._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _De facie Lunæ._]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: _Instit. ad discip._ Plat. _Cæl. Rhodig. l. 1. c. 4._]
+
+  [Sidenote 5: _Azoara. 57. & 65._]
+
+  [Sidenote 6: _Cusa. de doct. ign. l. 2. cap. 12._]
+
+  [Sidenote 7: _Philos. epicur. part. 434._]
+
+But the opinion which I have here delivered was more directly proved by
+_Mæslin_, _Keplar_, and _Galilæus_, each of them late writers, and
+famous men for their singular skill in Astronomy.[1] As for those workes
+of _Mæslin_ and _Keplar_ wherein they doe more expresly treate of this
+opinion, I have not yet had the happinesse to see them. However their
+opinions appeare plaine enough from their owne writings, and the
+testimony of others concerning them. But _Iulius Cæsar_, whom I have
+above quoted, speaking of their testimony whom I now cite for this
+opinion,[2] _viz._ _Keplar_ and _Galilæus_ affirmes that to his
+knowledge they did but jest in those things which they write concerning
+this, and as for any such world, he assuredly knowes they never so much
+as dreamt of it. But I had rather believe their owne words, then his
+pretended knowledge.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _In Thesibus_
+  _dissertatio cum Nic. Hill._
+  _Nuncius Sydereus._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _De phænom. lunæ. c. 4._]
+
+’Tis true indeed, in many things they doe but trifle, but for the maine
+scope of those discourses, ’tis as manifest they seriously meant it, as
+any indifferent Reader may easily discerne; otherwise sure _Campanella_
+(a man as well acquainted with his opinion, and perhaps his person as
+_Cæsar_ was) would never have writ an apologie for him. And besides ’tis
+very likely if it had beene but a jest, _Galilæus_ would never have
+suffered so much for it as afterwards he did. But as for the knowledge
+which hee pretends, you may guesse what it was by his confidence (I say
+not presumption) in other assertions, and his boldnesse[1] in them may
+well derogate from his credit in this. For speaking of _Ptolome’s_
+_Hypothesis_ he pronounces this verdict,
+
+  _Impossibile est excentricorum & epicyclorum positio, nec aliquis
+  est ex Mathematicis adeo stultus qui veram illam existimet._
+
+  “The position of _Excentricks_ and _Epicycles_ is altogether
+  impossible, nor is there any Mathematician such a foole as to
+  thinke it true.”
+
+I should guesse hee could not have knowledge enough to maintaine any
+other Hypothesis who was so ignorant in Mathematicks, as to deny that
+any good Authour held this. For I would faine know whether there were
+never any that thought the Heavens to be solid bodies, and that there
+were such kindes of motion as is by those feined Orbes supplyed; if so,
+then _Cæsar la Galla_ was much mistaken. I thinke his assertions are
+equally true, that _Galilæus_ and _Keplar_ did not hold this, and that
+there were none which ever held that other.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Cap. 7._]
+
+But in my following discourse I shall most insist on the observation of
+_Galilæus_, the inventour of that famous perspective, whereby we may
+discerne the heavens hard by us, whereby those things which others have
+formerly guest at are manifested to the eye, and plainely discovered
+beyond exception or doubt, of which admirable invention, these latter
+ages of the world may justly boast, and for this expect to be celebrated
+by posterity. ’Tis related of _Eudoxus_, that hee wished himselfe burnt
+with _Phaeton_, so he might stand over the Sunne to contemplate its
+nature; had hee lived in these daies, he might have enjoyed his wish at
+an easie rate, and scaling the heavens by this glasse, might plainely
+have discerned what hee so much desired. _Keplar_ considering those
+strange discoveries which this perspective had made, could not choose
+but cry out in a προσωποπεία and rapture of admiration.
+
+  _O multiscium & quovis sceptro pretiosius perspicillum! an qui te
+  dextra tenet, ille non dominus constituatur operum Dei?_
+
+And _Johannes Fabricius_[1] an elegant writer, speaking of the same
+glasse, and for this invention preferring our age before those former
+times of greater ignorance, saies thus;
+
+  _Adeo sumus superiores veteribus, ut quam illi carminis magici
+  pronunciatu de missam representâsse putantur nos non tantum
+  innocenter demittamus, sed etiam familiari quodam intuitu ejus quasi
+  conditionem intueamur._
+
+  “So much are wee above the ancients, that whereas they were faine by
+  their magical charms to represent the Moones approach, wee cannot
+  onely bring her lower with a greater innocence, but may also with a
+  more familiar view behold her condition.”
+
+And because you shall have no occasion to question the truth of those
+experiments, which I shal afterwards urge from it; I will therefore set
+downe the testimony of an enemy, and such a witnesse hath alwaies beene
+accounted prevalent: you may see it in the abovenamed _Cæsar la
+Galla_,[2] whose words are these:
+
+  _Mercurium caduceum gestantem, cœlestia nunciare, & mortuorum animas
+  ab inferis revacare sapiens finxit antiquitas. Galilæum verò novum
+  Iovis interpretem Telescopio caducæo instructum Sydera aperire, &
+  veterum Philosophorum manes ad superos revocare solers nostra ætas
+  videt & admiratur._
+
+Wise antiquity fabled _Mercury_ carrying a rodde in his hand to relate
+newes from Heaven, and call backe the soules of the dead, but it hath
+beene the happinesse of our industrious age to see and admire _Galilæus_
+the new Embassadour of the Gods furnished with his perspective to unfold
+the nature of the Starres, and awaken the ghosts of the ancient
+Philosophers. So worthily and highly did these men esteeme of this
+excellent invention.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De macula in sole obser._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _De phænom. c. 1._]
+
+Now if you would know what might be done by this glasse, in the sight of
+such things as were neerer at hand, the same Authour will tell you,[1]
+when hee sayes, that by it those things which could scarce at all bee
+discerned by the eye at the distance of a mile and a halfe, might
+plainely and distinctly bee perceived for 16 Italian miles, and that as
+they were really in themselves, without any transposition or falsifying
+at all. So that what the ancient Poets were faine to put in a fable, our
+more happy age hath found out in a truth, and we may discerne as farre
+with these eyes which _Galilæus_ hath bestowed upon us, as _Lynceus_
+could with those which the Poets attributed unto him. But if you yet
+doubt whether all these observations were true, the same Authour may
+confirme you,[2] when hee saies they were shewed,
+
+  _Non uni aut alteri, sed quamplurimis, neque gregariis hominibus,
+  sed præcipuis atque disciplinis omnibus, necnon Mathematicis &
+  opticis præceptis, optimè instructis sedulâ ac diligenti inspectione_.
+
+  “Not to one or two, but to very many, and those not ordinary men,
+  but to those who were well vers’d in Mathematickes and Opticks,
+  and that not with a meere glance but with a sedulous and diligent
+  inspection.”
+
+And least any scruple might remaine unanswered, or you might thinke the
+men who beheld all this though they might be skilfull, yet they came
+with credulous minds, and so were more easie to be deluded. He addes
+that it was shewed,[3]
+
+  _vius qui ad experimenta hæc contradicendi animo accesserant_.
+
+  “To such as were come with a great deale of prejudice, and an intent
+  of contradiction.”
+
+Thus you may see the certainety of those experiments which were taken by
+this glasse. I have spoken the more concerning it, because I shall
+borrow many things in my farther discourse, from those discoveries which
+were made by it.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _ibid. c. 5._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Cap. 1._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Cap. 5._]
+
+I have now cited such Authors both ancient and moderne, who have
+directly maintained the same opinion. I told you likewise in the
+proposition that it might probably be deduced from the tenent of others:
+such were _Aristarchus_, _Philolaus_ and _Copernicus_, with many other
+later writers who assented to their hypothesis, so _Ioach. Rlelicus_,
+_David Origanus_, _Lansbergius_, _Guil. Gilbert_, and (if I may believe
+_Campanella_[1]) _Innumeri alii Angli & Galli_. Very many others both
+English and French, all who affirmed our Earth to be one of the Planets,
+and the Sunne to bee the Centre of all, about which the heavenly bodies
+did move, and how horrid soever this may seeme at the first, yet is it
+likely enough to be true, nor is there any maxime or observation in
+Opticks (saith _Pena_) that can disprove it.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Apologia pro Galilæo._]
+
+Now if our earth were one of the Planets (as it is according to them)
+then why may not another of the Planets be an earth?
+
+Thus have I shewed you the truth of this proposition: Before I proceede
+farther, ’tis requisite that I informe the Reader, what method I shall
+follow in the proving of this chiefe assertion, that there is a World in
+the Moone.
+
+The order by which I shall bee guided will be that which _Aristotle_[1]
+uses in his booke _De mundo_ (if that booke were his.)
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _à 1º. cap. ad 10m._]
+
+First, περὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ of those chiefe parts which are in it; not the
+elementary and æthereall (as he doth there) since this doth not belong
+to the elementary controversie, but of the Sea and Land, &c. Secondly,
+περὶ αὐτὴν παθῶν, of those things which are extrinsecall to it, as the
+seasons, meteors and inhabitants.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 7.
+
+_That those spots and brighter parts which by our sight may be
+  distinguished in the Moone, doe shew the difference betwixt the Sea
+  and Land in that other World._
+
+
+For the cleare proofe of this proposition, I shall first reckon up and
+refute the opinions of others concerning the matter and forme of those
+spots, and then shew the greater probability of this present assertion,
+and how agreeable it is to that truth, which is most commonly received;
+as for the opinions of other concerning these, they have beene very
+many, I will only reckon up those which are common and remarkeable.
+
+Some there are that thinke those spots doe not arise from any deformity
+of the parts, but a deceit of the eye, which cannot at such a distance
+discerne an equall light in that planet, but these do but onely say it,
+and shew not any reason for the proofe of their opinion: Others think[1]
+that there be some bodies betwixt the Sunne and Moone, which keeping off
+the lights in some parts, doe by their shadow produce these spots which
+wee there discerne.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: So _Bede_ in _d. de Mund. constit._]
+
+Others would have them to be the figure of the mountaines here below
+represented there as in a looking-glasse. But none of those fancies can
+bee true, because the spots are stil the same, & not varied according to
+the difference of places, and besides, _Cardan_ thinks it is impossible
+that any image should be conveyed so farre as there to be represented
+unto us at such a distance,[1] but tis commonly related of _Pythagoras_,
+that he by writing, what he pleased in a glasse, by the reflexiõ of the
+same species, would make those letters to appeare in the circle of the
+Moone, where they should be legible by any other, who might at that time
+be some miles distant from him.[2]* _Agrippa_ affirmes this to be
+possible, and the way of performing it not unknowne to himselfe, with
+some others in his time. It may be that our Bishop did by the like
+meanes performe those strange conclusions which hee professes in his
+_Nuncius inanimatus_, where hee pretends that hee can informe his
+friends of what he pleases, though they be an hundred miles distant,
+_forte etiam, vel milliare millesimum_, they are his owne words, and,
+perhaps, a thousand, and all this in a minutes space, or little more,
+quicker than the Sunne can move.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De subtil. lib. 3._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2*: _Occulta ad Philos. l. 1. cap. 6._]
+
+Now, what conveyance there should be for so speedy a passage, I cannot
+conceive, unlesse it be carried with the light, then which wee know not
+any thing quicker; but of this onely by the way; however, whether those
+images can be represented so or not, yet certaine it is, those spots are
+not such representations. Some thinke that when God had at first created
+too much earth to make a perfect globe, not knowing well where to bestow
+the rest, he placed it in the Moone, which ever since hath so darkened
+it in some parts, but the impiety of this is sufficient confutation,
+since it so much detracts from the divine power and wisedome.
+
+The *[1]Stoicks held that planet to be mixed of fire and aire, and in
+their opinion, the variety of its composition, caused her spots:
+_Anaxagoras_ thought all the starres to be of an earthly nature, mixed
+with some fire, and as for the Sunne, hee affirmed it to be nothing else
+but a fiery stone; for which later opinion, the _Athenians_ sentenc’d
+him to death;[2] those zealous Idolaters counting it a great blasphemy,
+to make their God a stone, whereas not withstanding, they were so
+senslesse in their adoration of Idolls, as to make a stone their God,
+this _Anaxagoras_ affirmed the Moone to be more terrestriall then the
+other, but of a greater purity then any thing here below, and the spots
+hee thought were nothing else, but some cloudy parts, intermingled with
+the light which belonged to that Planet, but I have above destroyed the
+supposition on which this fancy is grounded: _Pliny_[3] thinkes they
+arise from some drossie stuffe, mixed with that moysture which the Moone
+attracts unto her selfe, but hee was of their opinion, who thought the
+starres were nourished by some earthly vapours, which you may commonly
+see refuted in the _Commentators_ on the bookes, _de Cœlo_.
+
+  [Sidenote 1*: _Plut. de placit. phil. l. 2. c. 25._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Iosephus l. 2. con. App._
+  _August. de civit. Dei. l. 18. c. 41._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Nat. Hist. lib. 2. c. 9._]
+
+_Vitellio_ and _Reinoldus_[1] affirme the spots to be the thicker parts
+of the Moone, into which the Sunne cannot infuse much light, and this
+(say they) is the reason, why in the Sunnes eclipses, the spots and
+brighter parts are still in some measure distinguished, because the
+Sunne beames are not able so well to penetrate through those thicker, as
+they may through the thinner parts of the Planet. Of this opinion also
+was _Cæsar la Galla_, whose words are these,[2]
+
+  “The Moone doth there appeare clearest, where shee is transpicuous,
+  not onely through the superficies, but the substance also, and there
+  she seemes spotted, where her body is most opacous.”
+
+The ground of this his assertion was, because hee thought the Moone did
+receive and bestow her light by illumination onely, and not at all by
+reflexion, but this, together with the supposed penetration of the Sunne
+beames, and the perspicuity of the Moones body I have above answered and
+refuted.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Opt. lib. 9._
+  _Comment. in Purb. pag. 164._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Ex qua parte luna est transpicua non totum secundum
+  superficiem, sed etiam secundum substantiam, eatenus clara, ex qua
+  autem parte opaca est, eatenus obscura videtur._ _De Phænom.
+  cap. 11._]
+
+The more common and generall opinion[1] is, that the spots are the
+thinner parts of the Moone, which are lesse able to reflect the beames
+that they receive from the Sunne, and this is most agreeable to reason,
+for if the starres are therefore brightest, because they are thicker and
+more solid then their orbes, then it will follow, that those parts of
+the Moone which have lesse light, have also lesse thickenesse. It was
+the providence of nature (say some) that so contrived that planet to
+have these spots within it, for since that is neerest to those lower
+bodies which are so full of deformity, ’tis requisite that it should in
+some measure agree with them, and as in this inferiour world the higher
+bodies are the most compleat, so also in the heavens perfection is
+ascended unto by degrees, and the Moone being the lowest, must be the
+least pure, and therefore _Philo_ the Jew[2] interpreting _Iacobs_
+dreame concerning the ladder, doth in an allegory shew, how that in the
+fabricke of the world, all things grow perfecter as they grow higher,
+and this is the reason (saith hee) why the Moone doth not consist of any
+pure simple matter, but is mixed with aire, which shewes so darkely
+within her body.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Albert. mag. de coævis. Q. 4. Art. 21._
+  _Colleg. Con._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _De Somniis._]
+
+But this cannot be a sufficient reason, for though it were true that
+nature did frame every thing perfecter as it was higher, yet is it as
+true, that nature frames every thing fully perfect for that office to
+which shee intends it. Now, had she intended the Moone meerly to reflect
+the Sunne beames and give light, the spots then had not so much argued
+her providence, as her unskilfulnesse and imperfection,[1] as if in the
+haste of her worke shee could not tell how to make that body exactly
+fit, for that office to which she appointed it.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Scalig. exercit. 62._]
+
+Tis likely then that she had some other end which moved her to produce
+this variety, and this in all probability was her intent to make it a
+fit body for habitation with the same conveniencies of sea and land, as
+this inferiour world doth partake of. For since the Moone is such a
+vast, such a solid and opacous body like our earth (as was above proved)
+why may it not be probable, that those thinner and thicker parts
+appearing in her, doe shew the difference betwixt the sea and land in
+that other world; and _Galilæus_ doubts not, but that if our earth were
+visible at the same distance, there would be the like appearance of it.
+
+As for the forme of those spots, some of the vulgar thinke they
+represent a man, and the Poets guesse ’tis the boy _Endimion_, whose
+company shee loves so well, that shee carries him with her, others will
+have it onely to be the face of a man as the Moone is usually pictured,
+but _Albertus_ thinkes rather, that it represents a Lyon with his taile
+towards the East, and his head the West, and [1]*some others have
+thought it to be very much like a Fox, & certainly ’tis as much like a
+Lyon as that in the _Zodiake_, or as _Vrsa major_ is like a Beare.
+
+  [Sidenote 1*: Eusebius Nioremb. _Hist. Nat. lib. 8. c. 15._]
+
+I should guesse that it represents one of these as well as another, and
+any thing else as well as any of these, since ’tis but a strong
+imagination, which fancies such images as schoole-boyes usually doe in
+the markes of a wall, whereas there is not any such similitude in the
+spots themselves, which rather like our Sea, in respect of the land,
+appeares under a rugged and confused figure, and doth not represent any
+distinct image, so that both in respect of the matter and the forme it
+may be probable enough, that those spots and brighter parts may shew the
+distinction betwixt the Sea and Land in that other world.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 8.
+
+_The spots represent the Sea, and the brighter parts the Land._
+
+
+When I first compared the nature of our earth and water with those
+appearances in the Moone; I concluded contrary to the proposition, that
+the brighter parts represented the water, and the spots the land; of
+this opinion likewise was _Keplar_ at the first; but my second thoughts,
+and the reading of others,[1] have now convinced me (as after he was) of
+the truth of that Proposition which I have now set downe. But before I
+come to the confirmation of it, I shall mention those scruples which at
+first made mee doubt of the truth of this opinion.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Opt. Astro. c. 6. num. 9._
+  _Dissert. cum nuncio Gal._]
+
+1. It may be objected, ’tis probable, if there be any such sea and land
+as ours, that it bears some proportion and similitude with ours: but now
+this Proposition takes away all likenesse betwixt them, for whereas the
+superficies of our earth is but the third part of the whole surface in
+the globe, two parts being overspread with the water (as _Scaliger_[1]
+observes) yet here according to this opinion, the Sea should be lesse
+then the Land, since there is not so much of the bespotted, as ther is
+of the enlightened parts, wherefore ’tis probable, that either there is
+no such thing at all, or else that the brighter parts are the Sea.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Exercit. 38._]
+
+2. The water, by reason of the smoothnesse of its superficies, seemes
+better able to reflect the Sun beames then the earth, which in most
+places is so full of ruggednesse of grasse and trees, and such like
+impediments of reflection, and besides, cõmon experience shewes, that
+the water shines with a greater and more glorious brightnesse then the
+earth, therefore it should seeme that the spots are the earth, and the
+brighter parts the water.
+
+But to the first it may be answered.
+
+1. There is no great probability in this consequence, that because ’tis
+so with us, therefore it must be so with the parts of the Moone, for
+since there is such a difference betwixt them in divers other respects,
+they may not, perhaps, agree in this.
+
+2. That assertion of _Scaliger_ is not by all granted for a truth.
+_Fromondus_[1] with others, thinke, that the superficies of the Sea and
+Land in so much of the world as is already discovered, is equall, and of
+the same extension.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De Meteoris l. 5. c. 1. Art. 1._]
+
+3. The Orbe of thicke and vaporous aire which encompasses the Moone,
+makes the brighter parts of that Planet appeare bigger then in
+themselves they are; as I shall shew afterwards.
+
+To the second it may be answered, that though the water be of a smooth
+superficies, and so may seeme most fit to reverberate the light, yet
+because ’tis of a perspicuous nature, therefore the beames must sinke
+into it, and cannot so strongly and clearely be reflected. _Sicut in
+speculo ubi plumbum abrasum fuerit_, (saith _Cardan_) as in
+Looking-glasses where part of the lead is raized off, and nothing left
+behind to reverberate the image, the species must there passe through
+and not backe againe; so it is where the beames penetrate and sinke into
+the substance of the body, there cannot be such an immediate and strong
+reflection as when they are beate backe from the superficies, and
+therefore the Sunne causes a greater heate by farre upon the Land then
+upon the water. Now as for that experiment, where ’tis said, that the
+waters have a greater brightness then the Land: I answer, ’tis true
+onely there where they represent the image of the Sunne or some bright
+cloud, and not in other places, as is very plaine by common observation.
+
+So that notwithstanding those doubts, yet this Proposition may remaine
+true, that the spots may be the Sea, and the brighter parts the Land. Of
+this opinion was _Plutarch_: unto him assented _Keplar_ and _Galilæus_,
+whose words are these,
+
+  _Si quis veterum Pythagoræorum sententiam excuscitare velit, lunam
+  scilicet esse quasi tellurem alteram, ejus pars lucidior terrenam
+  superficiem, obscurior verò aqueam magis congruè repræsentet. Mihi
+  autem dubium fuit numquam terrestris globi à longè conspecti,
+  atque a radiis solaribus perfusi, terream superficiem clariorem,
+  obscuriorem verò aqueam sese in conspectum daturam._[1]
+
+  “If any man have a minde to renew the opinion of the _Pythagoreans_,
+  that the Moone is another earth, then her brighter parts may fitly
+  represent the earths superficies, and the darker part the water:
+  and for my part, I never doubted but that our earthly globe being
+  shined upon by the Sunne, and beheld at a great distance, the Land
+  would appeare brightest and the Sea more obscurely.”
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De facie lun._
+  _Dissertatio._
+  _Nunc. Syd._]
+
+The reasons may be.
+
+1. That which I urged about the foregoing Chapter, because the water is
+the thinner part, and therefore must give the lesse light.
+
+2. Because observation tels us, that the spotted parts are alwaies
+smooth and equall, having every where an equality of light, when once
+they are enlightened by the Sunne, whereas the brighter parts are full
+of rugged gibbosities and mountaines having many shades in them, as I
+shall shew more at large afterwards.
+
+That in this Planet there must be Seas, _Campanella_[1] indeavours to
+prove out of Scripture interpreting the _waters above the Firmament_
+spoken of in _Genesis_ to be meant of the Sea in this world. For (saith
+he) ’tis not likely that there are any such waters above the Orbes to
+moderate that heate which they receive from their swift motion (as some
+of the Fathers thinke) nor did _Moses_ meane the Angells which may be
+called spirituall waters, as _Origen_ and _Austin_[2] would have it, for
+both these are rejected by the generall consent: nor could he meane any
+waters in the second region, as most Commentators interpret it. For
+first there is nothing but vapours, which though they are afterwards
+turned into water, yet while they remaine there, they are onely the
+matter of that element, which may as well be fire or earth, or aire.
+2. Those vapors are not above the _expansum_, but in it. So that hee
+thinkes there is no other way to salve all, but by making the Planets
+severall worlds with Sea & Land, with such Rivers and Springs, as wee
+have here below: Especially since _Esdras_[3] speakes of the springs
+above the Firmament, but I cannot agree with him in this, nor doe I
+thinke that any such thing can be proved out of Scripture.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Apologia pro Galilæo._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Confession. l. 13. c. 32._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: 2 Esdr. 4. 7.]
+
+Before I proceede to the next Position, I shall first answer some doubts
+which might be made against the generality of this truth, whereby it may
+seeme impossible that there should be either Sea or Land in the Moone;
+for since she moves so swiftly as Astronomers observe, why then does
+there nothing fall from her, or why doth shee not shake something out by
+the celerity of her revolution? I answer, you must know that the
+inclination of every heavie body, to its proper Center doth sufficiently
+tie it unto its place, so that suppose any thing were separated, yet
+must it necessarily returne againe, and there is no more danger of their
+falling into our world then there is feare of our falling into the
+Moone.
+
+But yet there are many fabulous relations of such things as have dropped
+thence. There is a tale of the Nemean Lyon that _Hercules_ slew, which
+first rushing among the heards out of his unknowne den in the Mountaine
+of _Cytheron_ in _Bœotia_, the credulous people thought he was sent from
+their Goddesse the Moone. And if a whirle-winde did chance to snatch any
+thing up, and afterwards raine it downe againe, the ignorant multitude
+are apt to believe that it dropt from Heaven. Thus _Avicenna_ relates
+the story of a Calfe which fell downe in a storme, the beholders
+thinking it a Moone-calfe, and that it fell thence. So _Cardan_
+travelling upon the Apennine Mountaines, a sudden blast tooke off his
+hat, which if it had beene carryed farre, he thinkes the peasants who
+had perceived it to fall, would have sworne it had rained hats. After
+some such manner many of our prodigies come to passe, and the people are
+willing to believe anything, which they may relate to others as a very
+strange and wonderfull event. I doubt not but the Trojan _Palladium_,
+the Romane _Minerva_, and our Ladies Church at _Loretto_, with many
+sacred reliques preserved by the Papists might droppe from the Moone as
+well as any of these.
+
+But it may be againe objected, suppose there were a bullet shot up in
+that world, would not the Moone runne away from it, before it could fall
+downe, since the motion of her body (being every day round our earth) is
+farre swifter than the other, and so the bullet must be left behinde,
+and at length fall downe to us? To this I answer,
+
+1. If a bullet could be shot so farre till it came to the circumference
+of those things which belong to our center, then it would fall downe to
+us.
+
+2. Though there were some heavie body a great height in that ayer, yet
+would the motion of its centre by an attractive vertue still hold it
+within its convenient distance, so that whether their earth moved or
+stood still, yet would the same violence cast a body from it equally
+farre. That I may the plainer expresse my meaning, I will set downe this
+Diagramme.
+
+  [Illustration as described in text]
+
+Suppose this earth were A, which was to move in the circle C, D. and let
+the bullet be supposed at B. within its proper verge; I say, whether
+this earth did stand stil or move swiftly towards D, yet the bullet
+would still keepe at the same distance by reason of that Magneticke
+vertue of the center (if I may so speake) whereby all things within its
+spheare are attracted with it. So that the violence to the bullet, being
+nothing else but that whereby ’tis removed from its center, therefore an
+equall violence can carry a body from its proper place, but at an equall
+distance whether or no the center stand still or move.
+
+The impartiall Reader may finde sufficient satisfaction for this and
+such other arguments as may be urged against the motion of that earth in
+the writings of _Capernicus_ and his followers, unto whom for brevities
+sake I will referre them.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 9.
+
+_That there are high Mountaines, deepe vallies, and spacious plains
+  in the body of the Moone._
+
+
+Though there are some who thinke Mountaines to bee a deformity in the
+earth, as if they were either beate up by the flood, or else cast up
+like so many heaps of rubbish left at the creation, yet if well
+considered, they will be found as much to conduce to the beauty and
+conveniency of the universe as any of the other parts. Nature (saith
+_Pliny_[1]) purposely framed them for many excellent uses: partly to
+tame the violence of greater Rivers, to strengthen certaine joynts
+within the veines and bowels of the earth, to breake the force of the
+Seas inundation, and for the safety of the earths inhabitants, whether
+beasts or men. That they make much for the protection of beasts the
+Psalmist[2] testifies, _The highest hils are a refuge for the wilde
+Goats, and the rockes for Conies_. The Kingly Prophet had learned the
+safety of these by his owne experience, when he also was faine to make a
+mountaine his refuge from the fury of his Master _Saul_, who persecuted
+him in the wildernesse.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Nat. hist. l. 36. c. 1._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: Psal. 104. v. 18.]
+
+True indeed, such places as these keepe their neighbours poore, as
+beeing most barren, but yet they preserve them safe, as being most
+strong, witnesse our unconquered _Wales_ and _Scotland_, whose greatest
+protection hath beene the naturall strength of their Countrey, so
+fortified with Mountaines, that these have alwaies been unto them sure
+retraites from the violence and oppression of others, wherefore a good
+Authour doth rightly call them natures bulwarkes cast up at God
+Almighties owne charges, the scornes and curbs of victorious armies,
+which made the Barbarians in _Curtius_ so confident of their owne
+safety, when they were once retired to an inaccessible mountaine, that
+when _Alexanders_ Legate had brought them to a parley and perswading
+them to yeeld, told them of his masters victories, what Seas and
+Wildernesses hee had passed, they replyed that all that might be, but
+could _Alexander_ fly too? Over the Seas he might have ships, and over
+the land horses, but hee must have wings before he could get up thither.
+Such safety did those barbarous nations conceive in the mountaines
+whereunto they were retyred, certainely then such usefull parts were not
+the effect of mans sinne, or produced by the Worlds curse the flood, but
+rather at the first created by the goodnesse and providence of the
+Almighty.
+
+So that if I intend to prove that the Moone is such a habitable world as
+this is, ’tis requisite that I shew it to have the same conveniences of
+habitation as this hath, and here if some Rabbi or Chymicke were to
+handle the point they would first prove it out of Scripture, from that
+place in _Moses_ his blessing,[1] where hee speakes of the ancient
+mountaines and lasting hils, _Deut._ 33 הררי קדם וגבעות עולם for having
+immediately before mentioned those blessings which should happen unto
+_Ioseph_ by the influence of the Moone, he does presently exegetically
+iterate thẽ in blessing him with the chiefe things of the ancient
+Mountaines and lasting hils; you may also see the same expression used
+in _Iacobs_ blessing of _Ioseph_.[2]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: Deut. 33. 15]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: Gen. 49. 26]
+
+But however we may deale _pro_ or _con_ in Philosophy, yet we must not
+jest with divine truths, or bring Scripture to patronize any fancy of
+our owne, though, perhaps, it be truth. For the better proofe of this
+proposition, I might here cite the testimony of _Diodorus_, who thought
+the Moone to bee full of rugged places, _vel ut terrestribus tumulis
+superciliosam_, but he erred much in some circumstances of this opinion,
+especially where he saies, there is an Iland amongst the _Hyperboreans_,
+wherein those hils may to the eye bee plainely discovered, and for this
+reason. [1]*_Cælius_ calls him a fabulous Writer, but you may see more
+expresse authority for the proofe of this in the opinions of
+_Anaxagoras_ and _Democritus_,[2] who held that this Planet was full of
+champion grounds, mountains and vallies, and this seemed likewise
+probable unto _Augustinus Nifus_, whose words are these:
+
+  _Forsitan non est remotum dicere, lunæ partes esse diversas, veluti
+  sunt partes terræ, quarum aliæ sunt vallosæ, aliæ montosæ, ex quarum
+  differentia effici potest facies illa lunæ; nec est rationi dissonum,
+  nam luna est corpus imperfectè Sphæricum, cum sit corpus ab ultimo
+  cœlo elongatum, ut supra dixit Aristoteles._
+
+  “Perhaps, it would not be amisse to say that the parts of the Moone
+  were divers, as the parts of this earth, whereof some are vallies,
+  and some mountaines, from the difference of which, some spots in the
+  Moone may proceed, nor is this against reason, for that Planet cannot
+  be perfectly sphericall, since ’tis so remote a body from the first
+  orbe, as _Aristotle_ had said before.”
+
+You may see this truth assented unto by _Blancanus_ the Jesuit,[3] and
+by him confirmed with with divers reasons. _Keplar_ hath observed in the
+Moones eclipses,[4] that the division of her enlightened part from the
+shaded, was made by a crooked unequall line, of which there cannot be
+any probable cause conceived, unlesse it did arise from the ruggednesse
+of that planet, for it cannot at all be produc’d from the shade of any
+mountains here upon earth, because these would be so lessned before they
+could reach so high in a conicall shadow, that they would not be at all
+sensible unto us (as might easily be demonstrated) nor can it be
+conceived what reason of this difference there should be in the Sunne.
+Wherefore there being no other body that hath any thing to doe in
+eclipses, we must necessarily conclude, that it is caused by a variety
+of parts in the Moone it selfe, and what can there be but its
+gibbosities? Now if you should aske a reason why there should be such a
+similitude of these in that Planet, the same _Keplar_ shall jest you out
+an answere, for supposing (saith he) those inhabitants are bigger than
+any of us in the same proportion, as their daies are longer than ours,
+viz. by fifteen times it may bee for want of stones to erect such vast
+houses as were requisite for their bodies, they are faine to digge great
+and round hollowes in the earth, where they may both procure water for
+their thirst, and turning about with the shade, may avoid those great
+heats which otherwise they would be lyable unto; or if you will give
+_Cæsar la Galla_ leave to guesse in the same manner, he would rather
+think that those thirsty nations cast up so many and so great heaps of
+earth in digging of their wine cellars, but this onely by the way.
+
+  [Sidenote 1*: _Lect. aut l. 1. c. 15._
+  _Plut. de plac. l. 2. c. 25._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _De cœlo. l. 2. p. 49._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _De Mundi fab. pars 3ª. c. 4._]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: _Astron. Opt. c. 6. num 9._]
+
+I shall next produce the eye-witnesse of _Galilæus_,[1] on which I most
+of all depend for the proofe of this Proposition, when he beheld the new
+Moone through his perspective, it appeared to him under a rugged and
+spotted figure, seeming to have the darker and enlightned parts divided
+by a tortuous line, having some parcels of light at a good distance from
+the other, and this difference is so remarkable, that you may easily
+perceive it through one of those ordinary perspectives, which are
+commonly sold amongst us, but for your better apprehending of what I
+deliver, I will set downe the Figure as I find it in _Galilæus_:
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Nuncius Sydereus._]
+
+  [Illustration: Crescent Moon]
+
+Suppose ABCD to represent the appearance of the Moones body being in a
+sextile, you may see some brighter parts separated at a pretty distance
+from the other, which can bee nothing else but a reflexion of the
+Sunne-beames upon some parts that are higher then the rest, and those
+obscure gibbosities which stand out towards the enlightened parts must
+bee such hollow and deepe places whereto the rayes cannot reach, but
+when the Moone is got further off from the Sunne, and come to that
+fulnesse, as this line BD doth represent her under, then doe these parts
+also receive an equall light, excepting onely that difference which doth
+appeare betwixt their sea and land. And if you do consider how any
+rugged body would appeare, being enlightned, you would easily conceive
+that it must necessarily seeme under some such gibbous unequall forme,
+as the Moone is here represented. Now for the infallibility of these
+appearances, I shall referre the reader to that which hath beene said in
+the 6th Proposition.
+
+But _Cæsar la Galla_ affirmes, that all these appearances may consist
+with a plaine superficies, if wee suppose the parts of the body to be
+some of them, _Diaphanous_, and some opacous; and if you object that the
+light which is conveyed to any diaphanous part in a plaine superficies
+must be by a continued line, whereas here there appeare many brighter
+parts among the obscure at some distance from the rest. To this he
+answers, it may arise from some secret conveyances and channels within
+her body, that doe consist of a more diaphanous matter which being
+covered over with an opacious superficies, the light passing through
+them may breake out a great way off, whereas the other parts betwixt may
+still remaine darke. Just as the River _Arethusa_ in _Sicile_ which
+runnes under ground for a great way, and afterwards breakes out againe.
+But because this is one of the chiefest fancies whereby hee thinkes hee
+hath fully answered the arguments of this opinion, I will therefore set
+downe his answere in his owne words, lest the Reader might suspect more
+in them then I have expressed.[1]
+
+  _Non est impossibile cœcos ductus diaphani & perspicui corporis,
+  sed opacâ superficie protendi, usque in diaphanam aliquam ex profundo
+  in superficiem, emergentem partem, per quos ductus lumen longo
+  postmodum interstitio erumpat, &c._
+
+But I reply, if the superficies betwixt these two enlightened parts
+remaine darke because of its opacity, then would it alwaies be darke,
+and the Sunne could not make it partake of light more then it could of
+perspicuity: But this contradicts all experience as you may see in
+_Galilæus_, who affirmes that when the Sunne comes nearer to his
+opposition, then that which is betwixt them, both is enlightned as well
+as either. Nay this opposes his owne eye-witnesse, for he confesses
+himselfe that he saw this by the glasse. He had said before that he came
+to see those strange sights discovered by _Galilæus_ his glasse with an
+intent of contradiction, and you may reade that confirmed in the
+weakenesse of this answere, which rather bewrayes an obstinate then a
+perswaded will, for otherwise sure hee would never have undertooke to
+have destroyed such certaine proofes with so groundlesse a fancy.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Cap. 11._]
+
+But it may bee objected, that ’tis almost impossible, and altogether
+unlikely that in the Moone thete should be any mountaines so high as
+those observations make them, for doe but suppose according to the
+common principles, that the Moones diameter unto the Earths is very
+neere to the proportion of 2. to 7, suppose withall that the Earths
+diameter containes about 7000 Italian miles, and the Moones 2000 (as is
+commonly granted) now _Galiæus_ hath observed that some parts have been
+enlightened when they were the twentieth part of the diameter distant
+from the common terme of illumination, so that hence it must necessarily
+follow that there may bee some Mountaines in the Moone so high, that
+they are able to cast a shadow a 100 miles off. An opinion that sounds
+like a prodigie or a fiction; wherefore ’tis likely that either those
+appearances are caused by somewhat else besides mountaines, or else
+those are fallible observations, from whence may follow such improbable
+inconceiveable consequences.
+
+But to this I answere:
+
+1. You must consider the height of the Mountaines is but very little, if
+you compare them to the length of their shadowes. Sr. _Walter
+Rawleigh_[1] observes that the Mount _Athos_ now called _Lacas_ casts
+its shadow 300 furlongs, which is above 37 miles, and yet that Mount is
+none of the highest, nay _Solinus_[2] (whom I should rather believe in
+this kinde) affirmes that this Mountaine gives his shadow quite over the
+Sea, from _Macedon_ to the Ile of _Lemnos_ which is 700 furlongs or 84
+miles, and yet according to the common reckoning it doth scarce reach 4
+miles upwards, in its perpendicular height.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Hist. l. 1. c. 7. § 11._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Poly. histor. c. 21._]
+
+2. I affirme that there are very high Mountaines in the Moone. _Keplar_
+and _Galilæus_ thinke that they are higher than any which are upon our
+earth. But I am not of their opinion in this, because I suppose they goe
+upon a false ground whilst they conceive that the highest mountaine upon
+the earth is not above a mile perpendicular.
+
+Whereas ’tis the common opinion and found true enough by observation,
+that _Olympus_, _Atlas_, _Taurus_ and _Enius_, with many others are much
+above this height. _Tenariffa_ in the Canary Ilands is proved by
+computation to bee above 8 miles perpendicular, and about this height is
+the mount _Perjacaca_ in _America_. Sr. _Walter Rawleigh_ seemes to
+thinke, that the highest of these is neere 30 miles upright: nay
+_Aristotle_[1] speaking of _Caucasus_ in _Asia_, affirmes it to bee
+visible for 560 miles, as some interpreters finde by computation, from
+which it will follow, that it was 78 miles perpendicularly high, as you
+may see confirmed by _Jacobus Mazonius_,[2] and out of him in
+_Blancanus_ the Jesuite.[3] But this deviates from the truth more in
+excesse then the other doth in defect. However though these in the moone
+are not so high as some amongst us, yet certaine it is they are of a
+great height, and some of them at the least foure miles perpendicular.
+This I shall prove from the observation of _Galilæus_, whose glasse can
+shew this truth to the senses, a proofe beyond exception and certaine
+that man must needs be of a most timerous faith who dares not believe
+his owne eye.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Meteor. l. 1. c. 11._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Comparatio Arist. cum Platone, Sect. 3. c. 5._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Exposi. in loc. Math. Artis. loc. 148._]
+
+By that perspective you may plainely discerne some enlightned parts
+(which are the mountaines) to be distant from the other about the
+twentieth part of the diameter. From whence it will follow, that those
+mountaines must necessarily be at the least foure Italian miles in
+height.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+For let BDEF be the body of the moone, ABC will be a ray or beame of the
+Sunne, which enlightens a mountaine at A and _B_ is the point of
+contingency, the distance betwixt A and B must bee supposed to be the
+twentieth part of the diameter which is an 100 miles, for so far are
+some enlightened parts severed from the common terme of illumination.
+Now the aggregate of the quadrate from A _B_ a hundred, and _B_ _G_ a
+1000 will bee 1010000, unto which the quadrate arising from A G must be
+equall according to the 47th proposition in the first booke of elements.
+Therefore the whole line _A_ _G_ is somewhat more than 104, and the
+distance betwixt H A must be above 4 miles, which was the thing to be
+proved.
+
+But it may be againe objected, if there be such rugged parts, and so
+high mountaines, why then cannot wee discerne them at this distance, why
+doth the moone appeare unto us so exactly round, and not rather as a
+wheele with teeth?
+
+I answere, by reason of too great a distance, for if the whole body
+appeare to our eye so little, then those parts which beare so small a
+proportion to the whole will not at all be sensible.
+
+But it may be replied, if there were any such remarkeable hils, why does
+not the limbe of the moone appeare like a wheele with teeth to those who
+looke upon it through the great perspective on whose witnesse you so
+much depend? or what reason is there that she appeares as exactly round
+through it as shee doth to the bare eye? certainely then either there is
+no such thing as you imagine, or else the glasse failes much in this
+discovery.
+
+To this I shall answere out of _Galilæus_.
+
+1. You must know that there is not meerely one ranke of mountaines about
+the edge of the moone, but divers orders, one mountaine behind another,
+and so there is somewhat to hinder those void spaces which otherwise,
+perhaps, might appeare.
+
+Now where there be many hils, the ground seemes even to a man that can
+see the tops of all. Thus when the sea rages, and many vast waves are
+lifted up, yet all may appeare plaine enough to one that stands at the
+shore. So where there are so many hils, the inequality will be lesse
+remarkable, if it be discerned at a distance.
+
+2. Though there be mountains in that part which appeares unto us, to be
+the limbe of the Moone, as well as in any other place, yet the bright
+vapours hide their appearance: for there is an orbe of thicke vaporous
+aire that doth immediatly compasse the body of the Moone, which though
+it have not so great opacity, as to terminate the sight, yet being once
+enlightened by the Sunne, it doth represent the body of the Moone under
+a greater forme, and hinders our sight from a distinct view of her true
+circumference. But of this in the next Chapter.
+
+I have now sufficiently proved, that there are hills in the Moone, and
+hence it may seeme likely that there is also a world, for since
+providence hath some speciall end in all its workes, certainly then
+these mountaines were not produced in vaine, and what more probable
+meaning can wee conceive there should be, than to make that place
+convenient for habitation.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 10.
+
+_That there is an Atmo-sphæra, or an orbe of grosse vaporous aire,
+  immediately encompassing the body of the Moone._
+
+
+As that part of our aire which is neerest to the earth, is of a thicker
+substance than the other, by reason tis alwaies mixed with some vapours,
+which are continually exhaled into it. So is it equally requisite, that
+if there be a world in the Moone, that the aire about that should be
+alike qualified with ours. Now, that there is such an orbe of grosse
+aire, was first of all (for ought I can reade) observed by _Meslin_,
+afterwards assented unto by _Keplar_ and _Galilæus_,[1] and since by
+_Baptistae Cisatus_, _Sheiner_ with others, all of them confirming it by
+the same arguments which I shall onely cite, and then leave this
+Proposition.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Vide_ Euseb. Nierem. _de Nat. Hist. l. 2. c. 11._]
+
+1. ’Tis observed, that so much of the Moone as is enlightened, is
+alwaies part of a bigger circle then that which is darker. Their
+frequent experience hath proved this, and an easie observation may
+quickely confirme it. But now this cannot proceede from any other cause
+so probable, as from this orbe of aire, especially when we consider how
+that planet shining with a borrowed light, doth not send forth any such
+rayes as may make her appearance bigger then her body.
+
+2. ’Tis observed in the Solary eclipses, that there is a great
+trepidation about the body of the Moone, from which we may likewise
+argue an Atmo-sphæra, since we cannot well conceive what so probable a
+cause there should be of such an appearance as this,
+
+  _Quod radii Solares à vaporibus Lunam ambientibus fuerint
+  intercisi_,[1]
+
+that the Sun beames were broken and refracted by the vapours that
+encompassed the Moone.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Scheiner. Ros. Vrs. l. 4. pars 2. c. 27._]
+
+3. I may adde the like argument taken from another observation which
+will be easily tried and granted. When the Sunne is eclipsed, wee
+discerne the Moone as shee is in her owne naturall bignesse, but then
+she appeares somewhat lesse then when shee is in the full, though she be
+in the same place of her supposed excentrick and epicycle, and therefore
+_Tycho_ hath calculated a Table for the Diameter of the divers new
+Moones. But now there is no reason so probable to salve this appearance,
+as to place an orbe of thicker aire, neere the body of that Planet,
+which may be enlightened by the reflected beames, and through which the
+direct raies may easily penetrate.
+
+But some may object that this will not consist with that which was
+before delivered, where I said, that the thinnest parts had least light.
+
+If this were true, how comes it to passe then, that this aire should be
+as bright as any of the other parts, when as tis the thinnest of all?
+
+I answer, if the light be received by reflection, then the thickest body
+hath most because it is best able to beare backe the raies, but if the
+light be received by illumination[1] (especially if there be an opacous
+body behinde, which may double the beames by reflexion) as it is here,
+then I deny not but a thinne body may retaine much light, and perhaps,
+some of those appearances which wee take for fiery comets, are nothing
+else but a bright cloud enlightened, so that probable it is, there may
+be such aire without the Moone, and hence it comes to passe, that the
+greater spots are onely visible towards her middle parts, and none neere
+the circumference, not but that there are some as well in those parts as
+else where, but they are not there perceiveable, by reason of those
+brighter vapours which hide them.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Hist. l. 1. c. 7. § 11._]
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 11.
+
+_That as their world is our Moone, so our world is their Moone._
+
+
+I have already handled the first thing that I promised according to the
+Method which _Aristotle_ uses in his Booke _de Mundo_, and shew’d you
+the necessary parts that belong to this world in the Moone. In the next
+place ’tis requisite that I proceed to those things which are
+extrinsecall unto it, as the Seasons, the Meteors, and the Inhabitants.
+
+  1. Of the Seasons;
+
+And if there be such a world in the Moone, ’tis requisite then that
+their seasons should be some way correspondent unto ours, that they
+should have Winter and Summer, night and day, as wee have.
+
+Now that in this Planet there is some similitude of Winter and Summer is
+affirmed by _Aristotle_ [1] himselfe, since there is one hemispheare
+that hath alwaies heate and light, and the other that hath darknesse and
+cold. True indeed, their daies and yeeres are alwaies of one and the
+same length, but tis so with us also under the Poles, and therefore that
+great difference is not sufficient to make it altogether unlike ours,
+nor can we expect that every thing there should be in the same manner as
+it is here below, as if nature had no way but one to bring about her
+purposes. Wee may easily see what great differences there are amongst
+us, betwixt things of the same kinde. Some men (say they) [2] there are,
+who can live onely upon smells, without eating any thing, and the same
+Plant, saith _Besoldus_, hath sometimes contrary effects. _Mandragora_
+which growes in _Syria_ inflames the lust, wheras _Mandragora_ which
+grows in other places doth coole the blood & quench lust.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De gen. animal. l. 4. 12._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Plat. de fac._
+  _De naturâ populorum. c. 3._]
+
+Now if with us there be such great difference betwixt things of the same
+kinde, we have no reason then to thinke it necessary that both these
+worlds should be altogether alike, but it may suffice if they bee
+correspondent in something onely, however it may be questioned whether
+it doth not seeme to be against the wisedome of providence, to make the
+night of so great a length, when they have such a long time unfit for
+worke? I answere no, since tis so, and more with us also under the
+poles; and besides, the generall length of their night is somewhat
+abated in the bignesse of their Moone which is our earth. For this
+returnes as great a light unto that Planet, as it receives from it. But
+for the better proofe of this, I shall first free the way from such
+opinions as might otherwise hinder the speede of a clearer progresse.
+
+_Plutarch_[1] one of the chiefe patrons of this world in the Moone, doth
+directly contradict this proposition; affirming, that those who live
+there may discerne our world as the dregges and sediment of all other
+creatures, appearing to them through clouds and foggy mists, and that
+altogether devoid of light, being base and unmoveable, so that they
+might well imagine the darke place of damnation to be here situate, and
+that they onely were the inhabiters of the world, as being in the midst
+betwixt Heaven and Hell.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plut. de fac. lunæ._]
+
+To this I may answere, ’tis probable that _Plutarch_ spake this
+inconsiderately, and without a reason, which makes him likewise fall
+into another absurditie, when he sayes our earth would appeare
+immoveable, whereas questionlesse though it did not, yet would it seeme
+to move, and theirs to stand still, as the Land doth to a man in a
+Shippe; according to that of the Poet:
+
+  _Provehimur portu, terræque urbesque recedunt._
+
+And I doubt not but that ingenuous Authour would easily have recanted if
+hee had beene but acquainted with those experiences which men of latter
+times have found out, for the confirmation of this truth.
+
+2. Unto him assents _Macrobius_, whose words are these;
+
+  _Terra accepto solis lumine clarescit, tantummodò, non relucet._
+
+  “The earth is by the Sunne-beames made bright, but not able to
+  enlighten any thing so farre.”
+
+And his reason is, because this being of a thicke and grosse matter, the
+light is terminated in its superficies, and cannot penetrate into the
+substance; whereas the moone doth therefore seeme so bright to us,
+because it receives the beames within it selfe. But the weaknesse of
+this assertion, may bee easily manifest by a common experience, for
+polished steele (whose opacity will not give any admittance to the
+rayes) reflects a stronger heate then glasse, and so consequently a
+greater light.
+
+3. ’Tis the generall consent of Philosophers, that the reflection of the
+Sunne-beames from the earth doth not reach much above halfe a mile high,
+where they terminate the first region, so that to affirme they might
+ascend to the moone, were to say, there were but one region of aier,
+which contradicts the proved and received opinion.
+
+Unto this it may be answered:
+
+That it is indeed the common consent, that the reflexion of the
+Sunne-beames reach onely to the second region, but yet some there are,
+and those too Philosophers of good note, who thought otherwise. Thus
+_Plotinus_ is cited by _Cælius_,[1]
+
+  _Si concipias te in sublimi quopiam mundi loco, unde oculis
+  subjiciatur terræ moles aquis circumfusa, & solis syderumque radiis
+  illustrata, non aliam profecto visam iri probabile est, quam qualis
+  modo visatur lunaris globi species._
+
+  “If you did conceive your selfe to bee in some such high place,
+  where you might discerne the whole Globe of the earth and water,
+  when it was enlightned by the Sunnes rayes, ’tis probable it would
+  then appeare to you in the same shape as the moone doth now unto us.”
+
+Thus also _Carolus Malapertius_, whose words are these,[2]
+
+  _Terra hæc nostra si in luna constituti essemus, splendida prorsus
+  quasi non ignobilis planeta, nobis appareret._
+
+  “If wee were placed in the moone, and from thence beheld this our
+  earth, it would appeare unto us very bright, like one of the nobler
+  Planets.”
+
+Unto these doth _Fromondus_ assent, when he sayes,[3]
+
+  _Credo equidem quod si oculus quispiam in orbe lunari foret, globum
+  terræ & aquæ instar ingentis syderis à sole illustrem conspiceret._
+
+  “I believe that this globe of earth and water would appeare like
+  some great Starre to any one, who should looke upon it from the
+  moone.”
+
+Now this could not be, nor could it shine so remarkably, unlesse the
+beames of light, were reflected from it. And therefore the same
+_Fromondus_ expresly holds, that the first region of ayre is there
+terminated, where the heate caused by reflexion begins to languish,
+whereas the beames themselves doe passe a great way further. The chiefe
+argument which doth most plainely manifest this truth, is taken from a
+common observation which may be easily tryed.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Ant. lect. l. 1. c. 4._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Præfat. ad Austrica syd._]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: _Meteor. l. 1. c. 2. Art. 2._]
+
+If you behold the Moone a little before or after the conjunction, when
+she is in a sextile with the Sunne, you may discerne not onely the part
+which is enlightned, but the rest also to have in it a kind of a duskish
+light, but if you chuse out such a scituation, where some house or
+chimney (being some 70 or 80 paces distant from you) may hide from your
+eye the enlightned hornes, you may then discerne a greater and more
+remarkeable shining in those parts unto which the Sunne beames cannot
+reach; nay there is so great a light, that by the helpe of a good
+perspective you may discerne its spots. Inso much that _Blancanus_ the
+Jesuite speaking of it sayes[1]
+
+  _Hæc experientia ita me aliquando fefellit, ut in hunc fulgorem
+  casu ac repente incidens, existimarim novo quodam miraculo tempore
+  adolescentis lunæ factum esse plenilunium._
+
+  “This experiment did once so deceive mee, that happening upon the
+  sight of this brightnesse upon a sudden, I thought that by some new
+  miracle the Moone had beene got into her full a little after her
+  change.””
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De mundi fab. p. 3ª. c. 3._]
+
+But now this light is not proper to the Moone, it doth not proceed from
+the rayes of the Sunne which doth penetrate her body, nor is it caused
+by any other of the Planets and Starres. Therefore it must necessarily
+follow, that it comes from the earth. The two first of these I have
+already proved, and as for the last, it is confidently affirmed by
+_Cælius_,[1]
+
+  _Quod si in disquisitionem evocet quia, an lunari syderi lucem
+  fœnerent planetæ item alii, asseveranter astruendum non fœnerare_.
+
+“If any should aske whether the other Planets lend any light to the
+Moone; I answer they doe not.” True indeed, the noble _Tycho_[2]
+discussing the reason of this light attributes it to the Planet _Uenus_,
+and I grant that this may convey some light to the Moone; but that it is
+not the cause of this whereof wee now discourse, is of itselfe
+sufficiently plaine, because _Uenus_ is sometimes over the Moone, when
+as shee cannot convey any light to that part which is turned from her.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Progym. 1._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _l. 20. c. 5._]
+
+It doth not proceede from the fixed starres, for then it would retaine
+the same light in eclipses, whereas the light at such times is more
+ruddy and dull. Then also the light of the Moone would not be greater or
+lesser, according to its distance from the edge of the earths shadow,
+since it did at all times equally participate this light of the starres.
+
+Now because there is no other body in the whole Universe, save the
+earth, it remaines that this light must necessarily be caused by that
+which with a just gratitude repaies to the Moone, such illumination as
+it receives from her.
+
+And as loving friends equally participate of the same joy and griefe, so
+doe these mutually partake of the same light from the Sunne, and the
+same darkenesse from the eclipses, being also severally helped by one
+another in their greatest wants: For when the Moone is in conjunction
+with the Sunne, and her upper part receives all the light, then her
+lower Hemispheare (which would otherwise be altogether darke) is
+enlightened by the reflexion of the Sunne beames from the earth. When
+these two planets are in opposition, then that part of the earth which
+could not receive any light from the Sunne beames, is most enlightened
+by the Moone, being then in her full; and as she doth most illuminate
+the earth when the Sunne beames cannot, so the gratefull earth returnes
+to her as great, nay greater light when shee most wants it; so that
+alwaies that visible part of the Moone which receives nothing from the
+Sunne, is enlightened by the earth, as is proved by _Galilæus_, with
+many more arguments, in that Treatise which he calls _Systema mundi_.
+True indeed, when the Moone comes to a quartile, then you can neither
+discerne this light, nor yet the darker part of her body, but the reason
+is, because of the exuperancy of the light in the other parts. _Quippe
+illustratum medium speciem recipit valentiorem_,[1] the clearer
+brightnesse involves the weaker, it being with the species of sight, as
+it is with those of sound, and as the greater noise drownes the lesse,
+so the brighter object hides that which is more obscure. But they doe
+alwaies in their mutuall vicissitudes participate of one anothers light;
+so also doe they partake of the same defects and darknings, for when our
+Moone is eclipsed, then is their Sunne darkened, and when our Sunne is
+eclipsed, then is their Moone deprived of its light, as you may see
+affirmed by _Mæslin_.[2]
+
+  _Quod si terram nobis ex alto liceret intueri, quemadmodum
+  deficientem lunam ex longinquo spectare possumus, videremus tempore
+  eclipsis solis terræ aliquam partem lumine solis deficere, eodem
+  planè modo sicut ex opposito luna deficit_,
+
+  “If wee might behold this globe of earth at the same distance as we
+  doe the Moone in her defects, wee might discerne some part of it
+  darkened in the Sunnes eclipses, just so as the Moone is in hers.”
+
+For as our Moone is eclipsed by the interposition of our earth, so is
+their Moone eclipsed by the interposition of theirs. The manner of this
+mutuall illumination betwixt these two you may plainly discerne in this
+Figure following.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Scal. exerc. 62._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Epit. Astro. l. 4. part. 2._]
+
+  [Illustration as described in text:
+  sun, crescent moon and gibbous earth]
+
+Where A represents the Sun, B the Earth, and C the Moone; Now suppose
+the Moone C to be in a sextile of increase, when there is onely one
+small part of her body enlightened, then the earth B will have such a
+part of its visible Hemispheare darkened, as is proportionable to that
+part of the Moone which is enlightened; and as for so much of the Moone,
+as the Sun beames cannot reach unto, it receives light from a
+proportionall part of the earth which shines upon it, as you may plainly
+perceive by the Figure.
+
+You see then that agreement and similitude which there is betwixt our
+earth and the Moone. Now the greatest difference which makes them
+unlike, is this, that the Moone enlightens our earth round about,
+whereas our earth gives light onely to that Hemispheare of the Moone
+which is visible unto us, as may be certainly gathered from the constant
+appearance of the same spots, which could not thus come to passe, if the
+Moone had such a diurnall motion about its own axis, as perhaps our
+earth hath. And though some suppose her to move in an epicycle, yet this
+doth not so turne her body round, that we may discerne both
+Hemispheares, for according to that hypothesis, the motion of her
+eccentrick, doth turne her face towards us, as much as the other doth
+from us.
+
+But now if any question what they doe for a Moone who live in the upper
+part of her body? I answer, the solving of this is the most uncertaine
+and difficult thing that I know of concerning this whole matter. But yet
+I will give you two probable conjectures.
+
+1. Perhaps, the upper Hemispheare of the Moone doth receive a sufficient
+light from those planets about it, and amongst these _Venus_ (it may be)
+bestowes a more especiall brightnesse, since _Galilæus_ hath plainly
+discerned that she suffers the same increase and decreases, as the Moone
+hath, and ’tis probable that this may be perceived there without the
+help of a glasse, because they are farre neerer it than wee. When
+_Venus_ (saith _Keplar_) lies downe in the Perige or lower part of her
+supposed Epicycle, then is she in conjunction with her husband the
+Sunne, from whom after she hath departed for the space of ten moneths,
+shee gets _plenum uterum_, and is in the full.
+
+But you’ll reply, though _Venus_ may bestow some light when she is over
+the Moone, and in conjunction, yet being in opposition, she is not
+visible to them, and what shall they then doe for light?
+
+I answer, then they have none: nor doth this make so great a difference
+betwixt those two Hemispheares as there is with us, betwixt the places
+under the poles, and the line, but if this bee not sufficient, then I
+say in the second place that
+
+2. Perhaps there may be some other enlightened body above the Moone
+which we cannot discerne, nor is this altogether improbable because
+there is almost the like observed in Saturne, who appeares through this
+glasse with two lesser bodies on each side, which may supply the office
+of Moones, unto each hemispheare thus:
+
+    o O o
+
+So in this world also there may be some such body, though wee cannot
+discerne it, because the Moone is alwaies in a streight line, betwixt
+our eye and that. Nor is it altogether unlikely that there should bee
+more moones to one Orbe, because _Jupiter_ also is observed to have
+foure such bodies that move round about him.
+
+But it may seeme a very difficult thing to conceive, how so grosse and
+darke a body as our earth, should yeeld such cleare light as proceedes
+from the Moone, and therefore the Cardinall _de Cusa_[1] (who thinkes
+every Starre to be a severall world) is of opinion that the light of the
+Sunne is not able to make them appeare so bright, but the reason of
+their shining is, because wee behold them at a great distance through
+their regions of fire which doe set a shining lustre upon those bodies
+that of themselves are darke.
+
+  _Vnde si quis esset extra regionem ignis, terra ista in
+  circumferentia suæ regionis per medium ignis lucida stella
+  appareret._
+
+  “So that if man were beyond the region of fire, this earth would
+  appear through that as a bright Starre.”
+
+But if this were the onely reason then would the Moone bee freed from
+such increases and decreases as shee is now lyable unto.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De doct. ig. l. 2. c. 12._]
+
+_Keplar_ thinkes that our earth receives that light whereby it shines
+from the Sunne, but this (saith he) is not such an intended cleare
+brightnesse as the Moone is capable of, and therefore hee guesses, that
+the earth there is of a more chokie soyle like the Ile of _Creete_, and
+so is better able to reflect a stronger light, whereas our earth must
+supply this intention with the quantity of its body, but this I conceive
+to be a needlesse conjecture, since our earth if all things were well
+considered, will be found able enough to reflect as great a light. For
+
+1. Consider its opacity, if you marke these sublunary things, you shall
+perceive that amongst them, those that are most perspicuous, are not so
+well able to reverberate the Sunne beames as the thicker bodies. The
+rayes passe singly through a diaphanous matter, but in an opacous
+substance they are doubled in their returne and multiplyed by reflexion.
+Now if the moone and the other Planets can shine so clearely by beating
+backe the Sunne beames, why may not the earth also shine as well, which
+agrees with them in the cause of this brightnesse their opacity?
+
+2. Consider what a cleare light wee may discerne reflected from the
+earth in the middest of Summer, and withall conceive how much greater
+that must bee which is under the line, where the rayes are more directly
+and strongly reverberated.
+
+3. Consider the great distance at which wee behold the Planets, for this
+must needs adde much to their shining and therefore _Cusanus_ (in the
+above cited place) thinkes that if a man were in the Sunne, that Planet
+would not appeare so bright to him, as now it doth to us, because then
+his eye could discerne but little, whereas here wee may comprehend the
+beames as they are contracted in a narrow body. _Keplar_ beholding the
+earth from a high mountaine when it was enlightned by the Sunne
+confesses that it appeared unto him of an incredible brightnesse,
+whereas then the reflected rayes entered into his sight obliquely; but
+how much brighter would it have appeared if hee might in a direct line
+behold the whole globe of earth and these rayes gathered together? So
+that if wee consider that great light which the earth receives from the
+Sunne in the Summer, and then suppose wee were in the Moone, where wee
+might see the whole earth hanging in those vast spaces where there is
+nothing to terminate the sight, but those beames which are there
+contracted into a little compasse; I say, if wee doe well consider this,
+wee may easily conceive, that our earth appeares as bright to those
+other inhabitants in the Moone, as theirs doth to us.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 12.
+
+_That tis probable there may bee such Meteors belonging to that world
+  in the Moone, as there are with us._
+
+
+_Plutarch_ discussing this point affirmes that it is not necessary there
+should be the same meanes of growth and fructifying in both these
+worlds, since nature might in her policy finde out more waies then one
+how to bring about the same effect. But however he thinks its probable
+that the Moone her selfe sendeth forth warme winds, and by the
+swiftnesse of her motion there should breathe out a sweet and
+comfortable ayer, pleasant dewes and gentle moysture, which might serve
+for the refreshing and nourishment of the inhabitants and plants in that
+other world.
+
+But since they have all things alike with us, as sea and land, and
+vaporous ayer encompassing both, I should rather therefore thinke that
+nature there should use the same way of producing meteors as she doth
+with us (and not by a motion as _Plutarch_ supposes) because shee doth
+not love to vary from her usuall operations without some extraordinary
+impediment, but still keepes her beaten path unlesse she be driven
+thence.
+
+One argument whereby I shall manifest this truth, may be taken from
+those new Starres which have appeared in divers ages of the world, and
+by their parallax have beene discerned to have been above the _M_oone,
+such as was that in _Cassiopeia_, that in _Sagittarius_, with many
+others betwixt the Planets. _Hipparchus_ in his time tooke especiall
+notice of such as these,[1] and therefore fancied out such
+constellations in which to place the Starres, shewing how many there
+were in every asterisme, that so afterwards posterity might know,
+whether there were any new Starre produced or any old one missing. Now
+the nature of these Comets may probably manifest, that in this other
+world there are other meteors also; for these in all likelihood are
+nothing else but such evaporations caused by the Sunne, from the bodies
+of the Planets. I shall prove this by shewing the improbabilities and
+inconveniences of any other opinion.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Plin. nat. hist. l. 2. c. 26._]
+
+For the better pursuite of this ’tis in the first place requisite that I
+deale with our chiefe adversary, _Cæsar la Galla_, who doth most
+directly oppose that truth which is here to bee proved. Hee endeavouring
+to confirme the incorruptibility of the Heavens, and being there to
+satisfie the argument which is taken from these comets, He answers it
+thus:
+
+  _Aut argumentum desumptum ex paralaxi non est efficax, aut si est
+  efficax, eorum instrumentorum usum decipere, vel ratione astri vel
+  medii, vel distantiæ, aut ergo erat in suprema parte aeris, aut si
+  in cœlo, tum forsan factum erat ex reflectione radiorum Saturni &
+  Jovis, qui tunc in conjunctione fuerant._
+
+  “Either the argument from the paralax is not efficacious, or if it
+  be, yet the use of the instruments might deceive either in regard of
+  the starre or the _medium_, or the distance, and so this comet might
+  be in the upper regions of the aire, or if it were in the heavens,
+  there it might be produced by the reflexion of the rayes from
+  _Saturne_ and _Jupiter_, who were then in conjunction.”
+
+You see what shifts hee is driven to, how he runnes up and downe to many
+starting holes, that hee may find some shelter, and in stead of the
+strength of reason, he answers with a multitude of words, thinking (as
+the Proverbe is) that hee may use haile, when hee hath no thunder,
+_Nihil turpius_ (saith [1]*_Seneca_)
+
+  _dubio est incerto, pedem modo referente, modo producente._
+
+  “What can there bee more unseemely in one that should be a faire
+  disputant, then to be now here, now there, and so uncertaine, that
+  one cannot tell where to find him.”
+
+He thinkes that there are not Comets in the heavens, because there may
+be many other reasons of such appearances, but what he knowes not,
+perhaps (he saies) that argument from the parallax is not sufficient, or
+if it be, then there may be some deceit in the observation. To this I
+may safely say, that hee may justly be accounted a weake Mathematician
+who mistrusts the strength of this argument, nor can hee know much in
+Astronomy, who understands not the parallax, which is the foundation of
+that Science, and I am sure that hee is a timorous man, who dares not
+believe the frequent experience of his senses, or trust to a
+demonstration.
+
+  [Sidenote 1*: _Epist. 95._]
+
+True indeed, I grant tis possible, that the eye, the _medium_, and the
+distance may al deceive the beholder, but I would have him shew which of
+all these was likely to cause an error in this observation? Meerely to
+say they might be deceived is no sufficient answer, for by this I might
+confute the positions of all Astronomers, and affirme the starres are
+hard by us, because ’tis possible they may be deceived in their
+observing that distance. But I forbeare any further reply; my opinion is
+of that Treatise, that either it was set forth purposely to tempt a
+confutation, that hee might see the opinion of _Galilæus_ confirmed by
+others, or else it was invented with as much haste and negligence as it
+was printed, there being in it almost as many faults as lines.
+
+Others thinke that these are not any new Comets, but some ancient
+starres that were there before, which now shine with that unusuall
+brightnesse, by reason of the interposition of such vapors which doe
+multiply their light, and so the alteration will be here onely, and not
+in the heavens. Thus _Aristotle_ thought the appearance of the milkie
+way was produced, for he held that there were many little starres, which
+by their influence did constantly attract such a vapour towards that
+place of heaven, so that it alwaies appeared white. Now by the same
+reason may a brighter vapor be the cause of these appearances.
+
+But how probable soever this opinion may seeme, yet if well considered,
+you shall finde it to be altogether absurd and impossible: for,
+
+1. These starres were never seene there before, and tis not likely that
+a vapour being hard by us can so multiply that light which could not
+before be at all discerned.
+
+2. This supposed vapour cannot be either contracted into a narrow
+compasse or dilated into a broad: 1. it could not be within a little
+space, for then that starre would not appeare with the same multiplied
+light to those in other climates: 2. it cannot be a dilated vapour, for
+then other starres which were discerned through the same vapour would
+seeme as bigg as that; this argument is the same in effect with that of
+the paralax, as you may see in this Figure.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+Suppose A B to be a Hemispheare of one earth, C D to be the upper part
+of the highest region, in which there might be either a contracted
+vapour, as G, or else a dilated one, as H I. Suppose E F likewise to
+represent halfe the heavens, wherein was this appearing Comet at K. Now
+I say, that a contracted vapour, as G, could not cause this appearance,
+because an inhabitant at M could not discerne the same starre with this
+brightnesse, but perhaps another at L, betwixt which the vapour is
+directly interposed. Nor could it be caused by a dilated vapour, as H I,
+because then all the starres that were discerned through it would be
+perceived with the same brightnesse.
+
+Tis necessary therefore that the cause of this appearance should be in
+the heavens. And this is granted by the most and best Astronomers. But,
+say some, this doth not argue any naturall alteration in those purer
+bodies, since tis probable that the concourse of many little vagabond
+starres by the union of their beames may cause so great a light. Of this
+opinion were _Anaxagoras_ and _Zeno_ amongst the ancient, and _Baptista
+Cisatus_, _Blancanus_, with others amongst our moderne Astronomers. For,
+say they, when there happens to be a concourse of some few starres, then
+doe many other flie unto them from all the parts of heaven like so many
+Bees unto their King. But 1. tis not likely that amongst those which wee
+count the fixed starres there should be any such uncertaine motions,
+that they can wander from all parts of the heavens, as if Nature had
+neglected them, or forgot to appoint them a determinate course. 2. If
+there be such a conflux of these, as of Bees to their King, then what
+reason is there that they doe not still tarry with it, that so the Comet
+may not be dissolved? But enough of this. You may commonly see it
+confuted by many other arguments. Others there are, who affirme these to
+be some new created stars, produced by an extraordinary supernaturall
+power. I answer, true indeed, tis possible they might be so, but however
+tis not likely they were so, since such appearances may be salved some
+other way, wherefore to fly unto a miracle for such things, were a great
+injury to nature, and to derogate from her skill, an indignitie much
+mis-becomming a man who professes himselfe to be a Philosopher,
+_Miraculum_ (saith one) _est ignorantiæ Asylum_, a miracle often serves
+for the receptacle of a lazy ignorance which any industrious Spirit
+would be ashamed of, it being but an idle way to shift off the labour of
+any further search. But here’s the misery of it, wee first tie our
+selves unto _Aristotles_ Principles, and then conclude, that nothing
+could contradict them but a miracle, whereas ’twould be much better for
+the Common-wealth of learning, if we would ground our Principles rather
+upon the frequent experiences of our owne, then the bare authority of
+others.
+
+Some there are, who thinke that these Comets are nothing else, but
+exhalations from our earth, carried up into the higher parts of the
+Heaven. So _Peno_, _Rothmannus_ & _Galilæus_,[1] but this is not
+possible, since by computation ’tis found that one of them is above 300
+times bigger than the whole Globe of Land and Water. Others therefore
+have thought that they did proceed from the body of the Sun, and that
+that Planet onely is
+
+  _Cometarum officina, unde tanquam emissarii & exploratores
+  emitterentur, brevi ad solem redituri_:
+
+The shop or forge of Comets from whence they were sent, like so many
+spies, that they might in some short space returne againe, but this
+cannot be, since if so much matter had proceeded from him alone, it
+would have made a sensible diminution in his body. The Noble _Tycho_
+therefore thinkes that they consist of some such fluider parts of the
+Heaven, as the milkie way is framed of, which being condenst together,
+yet not attaining to the consistency of a Starre, is in some space of
+time rarified againe into its wonted nature. But this is not likely, for
+if there had beene so great a condensation as to make them shine so
+bright, and last so long, they would then sensibly have moved downewards
+towards some center of gravity, because whatsoever is condenst must
+necessarily grow heavier, whereas these rather seemed to ascend higher,
+as they lasted longer. But some may object, that a thing may be of the
+same weight, when it is rarified, as it had while it was condenst: so
+metalls, when they are melted, and when they are cold: so water also
+when it is frozen, and when it is fluid, doth not differ in respect of
+gravity. But to these I answer: First, Metalls are not rarified by
+melting, but molified. Secondly, waters are not properly condensed, but
+congealed into a harder substance, the parts being not contracted closer
+together, but still possessing the same extension.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Tycho Progym. l. 1. cap. 9._]
+
+And beside, what likely cause can we conceive of this condensation,
+unlesse there be such qualities there, as there are in our ayre, and
+then why may not the Planets have the like qualities, as our earth? and
+if so, then ’tis more probable that they are made by the ordinary way of
+nature, as they are with us, and consist of exhalations from the bodies
+of the Planets. Nor is this a singular opinion; but it seemed most
+likely to _Camillus Gloriosus_, _Th. Campanella_, _Fromondus_,[1] with
+some others. But if you aske whither all these exhalations shall
+returne, I answer, every one into his owne Planet: if it be againe
+objected,[2] that then there will be so many centers of gravity, and
+each severall Planet will be a distinct world; I reply, perhaps all of
+them are so except the Sunne, though _Cusanus_ thinkes there is one
+also, and later times have discovered some lesser Planets moving round
+about him. But as for _Saturne_, he hath two Moones on each side.
+_Jupiter_ hath foure, that incircle his body with their motion. _Venus_
+is observed to increase and decrease as the Moone. _Mars_, and all the
+rest, derive their light from the Sunne onely. Concerning _Mercury_,
+there hath beene little or no observation, because for the most part,
+he lies hid under the Sunne beames, and seldome appeares by himselfe.
+So that if you consider their quantity, their opacity, or these other
+discoveries, you shall finde it probable enough, that each of them may
+be a severall world. But this would be too much for to vent at the
+first: the chiefe thing at which I now ayme in this discourse, is to
+prove that there may be one in the Moone.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De Comet. l. 5. c. 4._
+  _Apolog._
+  _Meteor. l. 3. c. 2. Art. 6._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: _Iohan. Fabr._
+  _Carolus Malaptius de Heliocyc._
+  _Scheiner. Rosa Vrsina._]
+
+It hath beene before confirmed that there was a spheare of thicke
+vaporous aire encompasing the Moone, as the first and second regions doe
+this earth. I have now shewed, that thence such exhalations may proceede
+as doe produce the Comets: now from hence it may probably follow, that
+there may be wind also and raine, with such other Meteors as are common
+amongst us. This consequence is so dependant, that _Fromondus_[1] dares
+not deny it, though hee would (as hee confesses himselfe) for if the
+Sunne be able to exhale from them such fumes as may cause Comets, why
+not then such as may cause winds, and why not such also as cause raine,
+since I have above shewed, that there is Sea and Land as with us. Now
+raine seemes to be more especially requisite for them, since it may
+allay the heate and scorchings of the Sunne, when he is over their
+heads. And nature hath thus provided for those in _Peru_, with the other
+inhabitants under the line.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De meteor. l. 3. c. 2. Art. 6._]
+
+But if there be such great, and frequent alterations in the Heavens, why
+cannot wee discerne them?
+
+I answer:
+
+1. There may be such, and we not able to perceive them, because of the
+weaknesse of our eye, and the distance of those places from us, they are
+the words of _Fienus_, as they are quoted by _Fromondus_ in the above
+cited place,
+
+  _Possunt maximæ permutationes in cœlo fieri, etiamsi a nobis non
+  conspiciantur, hoc visus nostri debilitas & immensa cœli distantia
+  faciunt._
+
+And unto him assents _Fromondus_ himselfe, when a little after hee
+saies,
+
+  _Si in sphæris planetarum degeremus, plurima forsan cœlestium
+  nebularum vellere toto æthere passim dispersa videremus, quorum
+  species jam evanescit nimia spatii intercapedine._
+
+  “If we did live in the spheares of the Planets, wee might there,
+  perhaps, discerne many great clouds dispersed through the whole
+  Heavens, which are not now visible by reason of this great distance.”
+
+2. _Mæslin_ and _Keplar_ affirme, that they have seene some of these
+alterations. The words of _Mæslin_ are these (as I finde them cited.)[1]
+
+  _In eclipsi Lunari vespere Dominicæ Palmarum Anni 1605, in corpore
+  Lunæ versus Boream, nigricans quædam macula conspecta fuit, obscurior
+  cætero toto corpore, quod candentis ferri figuram repræsentabat;
+  dixisses nubila in multam regionem extensa pluviis & tempestuosis
+  imbribus gravida, cujusmodi ab excelsorum montium jugis in humiliora
+  convallium loca videre non rarò contingit._
+
+  “In that lunary eclipse which happened in the even of Palme-sunday,
+  in the yeere 1605, there was a certaine blackish spot discerned in
+  the Northerly part of the Moone, being darker than any other part of
+  her body, and representing the colour of red hot yron; you might
+  conjecture that it was some dilated cloud, being pregnant with
+  showers, for thus doe such lower clouds appeare from the tops of
+  high mountaines.”
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Disser. 2. cum nunc. Galil._]
+
+Unto this I may adde another testimony of _Bapt. Cisatus_, as he is
+quoted by _Nierembergius_,[1] grounded upon an observation taken 23.
+yeeres after this of _Mæslin_, and writ to this _Euseb. Nieremberg._ in
+a letter by that diligent and judicious Astronomer. The words of it
+runne thus:
+
+  _Et quidem in eclipsi nupra solari quæ fuit ipso die natali Christi,
+  observavi clarè in luna soli supposita, quidpiam quod valde probat
+  id ipsum quod Cometæ quoque & maculæ solares urgent, nempe cœlum non
+  esse à tenuitate & variationibus aeris exemptum, nam circa Lunam
+  adverti esse sphæram seu orbem quendam vaporosum, non secus atque
+  circum terram, adeoque sicut ex terra in aliquam usque sphæram
+  vapores & exhalationes expirant, ita quoque ex luna._
+
+  “In that late solary eclipse which happened on Christmas day, when
+  the Moone was just under the Sunne, I plainly discerned that in her
+  which may clearely confirme what the Comets and Sunne spots doe seeme
+  to prove, _viz._ that the heavens are not solid, nor freed from those
+  changes which our aire is liable unto, for about the Moone I perceived
+  such an orbe of vaporous aire, as that is which doth encompasse our
+  earth, and as vapours and exhalations, are raised from our earth into
+  this aire, so are they also from the Moone.”
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Hist. Nat. l. 2. c. 11._]
+
+You see what probable grounds and plaine testimonies have brought for
+the confirmation of this Proposition: many other things in this behalfe
+might be spoken, which for brevity sake I now omit, and passe unto the
+next.
+
+
+
+
+Proposition 13.
+
+_That tis probable there may be inhabitants in this other World, but
+  of what kinde they are is uncertaine._
+
+
+I have already handled the Seasons and Meteors belonging to this new
+World: ’tis requisite that in the next place I should come unto the
+third thing which I promised, and to say somewhat of the inhabitants,
+concerning whom there might be many difficult questions raised, as
+whether that place be more inconvenient for habitation then our World
+(as _Keplar_ thinkes) whether they are the seed of _Adam_, whether they
+are there in a blessed estate, or else what meanes there may be for
+their salvation, with many other such uncertaine enquiries, which I
+shall willingly omit, leaving it to their examination, who have more
+leisure and learning for the search of such particulars.
+
+Being for mine own part content only to set downe such notes belonging
+unto these which have observed in other Writers.
+
+  _Cum tota illa regio nobis ignota sit, remanent inhabitores illi
+  ignoti penitus_,
+
+(saith _Cusanus_)[1] since we know not the regions of that place, wee
+must be altogether ignorant of the inhabitants. There hath not yet beene
+any such discovery concerning these, upon which wee may build a
+certainty, or good probability: well may wee guesse at them, and that
+too very doubtfully, but we can know nothing, for if we doe hardly
+guesse aright at things which be upon earth, if with labour wee doe
+finde the things that are at hand, [2]how then can wee search out those
+things that are in Heaven? What a little is that which wee know? in
+respect of those many matters contained within this great Universe, this
+whole globe of earth and water? though it seeme to us to be of a large
+extent, yet it beares not so great a proportion unto the whole frame of
+Nature, as a small sand doth unto it; and what can such little creatures
+as wee discerne, who are tied to this point of earth? or what can they
+in the Moone know of us? If wee understand any thing (saith _Esdras_[3])
+’tis nothing but that which is upon the earth, and hee that dwelleth
+above in the Heavens, may onely understand the things that are above in
+the heighth of the heavens.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De doct. ign. l. 2. c. 12._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: Wisd. 9. 16.]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: 2 Esd. 4. 22.]
+
+So that ’twere a very needelesse thing for us, to search after any
+particulars, however, wee may guesse in the generall, that there are
+some inhabitans in that Planet: for why else did Providence furnish that
+place with all such conveniences of habitation as have beene above
+declared?
+
+But you will say, perhaps, is there not too great and intollerable a
+heate, since the Sunne is in their Zinith every moneth, and doth tarry
+their so long before hee leaves it?
+
+I answer, 1. This may, perhaps, be remedied (as it is under the line) by
+the frequencie of mid-day showers, which may cloud their Sunne, and
+coole their earth: 2. The equality of their nights doth much temper the
+scorching of the day, and the extreme cold that comes from the one,
+require some space before it can be dispelled by the other, so that the
+heate spending a great while before it can have the victory, hath not
+afterwards much time to rage in. Wherfore notwithstanding this, yet that
+place may remaine habitable. And this was the opinion of the _Cardinal
+de Cusa_, when speaking of this Planet, he saies,[1]
+
+  _Hic locus Mundi est habitatio hominum & animalium atque
+  vegetabilium_.
+
+  “This part of the world is inhabited by men and beasts, and Plantes.”
+
+To him assented _Campanella_, but hee cannot determine whether there
+were men, or rather some other kinde of creatures. If they were men,
+then he thinkes they could not be infected with _Adams_ sinne; yet,
+perhaps, they had some of their owne, which might make them liable to
+the same misery with us, out of which, perhaps, they were delivered by
+the same means as we, the death of Christ, and thus he thinkes that
+place of the _Ephesians_ may be interpreted, where the Apostle saies,[2]
+_God gathered all things together in Christ, both which are in earth,
+and which are in the heavens_: So also that of the same Apostle to the
+_Colossians_, where hee saies,[3] that _it pleased the Father to
+reconcile all things unto himselfe by Christ, whether they be things in
+earth, or things in heaven_.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De doct. ign. l. 2. c. 12._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: Eph. 1. 10.]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: Col. 1. 20.]
+
+But I dare not jest with Divine truthes, or apply these places according
+as fancy directs. As I thinke this opinion doth not any where contradict
+Scripture, so I thinke likewise, that it cannot be proved from it,
+wherefore _Campanella’s_ second conjecture may be more probable, that
+the inhabitants of that world, are not men as wee are, but some other
+kinde of creatures which beare some proportion and likenesse to our
+natures, and _Cusanus_ too thinkes they differ from us in many respects;
+I will set downe his words as they may bee found in the abovecited
+place,
+
+  _Suspicamus in regione solis magis esse solares, claros & illuminatos
+  intellectuares habitatores, spiritu aliores etiam quam in lunâ, ubi
+  magis lunatici, & in terra, magis materiales, & grossi, ut illi
+  intellectualis naturæ solares sint multum in actu & parum in
+  potentia; terreni vero magis in potentia, & parum in actu, lunares
+  in medio fluctuantes. Hoc quidem opinamur ex influentia ignili
+  solis aquatica simul & aeria lunæ, & gravedine materiali terræ,
+  & consimiliter de aliis stellarum regionibus suspicantes, nullam
+  habitatoribus carêre, quasi tot sint partes particulares mundiales
+  omnius universi, quot sunt stellæ quarum non est numerus, nisi apud
+  eum qui omnia in numero creavit._
+
+  “Wee may conjecture (saith he) the inhabiters of the Sunne are
+  like to the nature of that Planet, more cleare and bright, more
+  intellectuall and spirituall than those in the Moone where they
+  are neerer to the nature of that duller Planet, and those of the
+  earth being more grosse and materiall than either, so that these
+  intellectuall natures in the Sun, are more forme than matter, those
+  in the earth more matter than forme, and those in the Moone betwixt
+  both. This wee may guesse from the fiery influence of the Sunne, the
+  watery and aereous influence of the Moone, as also the matereall
+  heavinesse of the earth. In some such manner likewise is it with the
+  regions of the other Starres, for wee conjecture that none of them
+  are without inhabitants, but that there are so many particular
+  worlds and parts of this one universe, as there are Stars which are
+  innumerable, unlesse it bee to him who created all things in number.”
+
+For he held that the stars were not all in one equall Orbe as we
+commonly suppose, but that some were farre higher than others which made
+them appeare lesse and that many others were so farre above any of
+these, that they were altogether invisible unto us. An opinion (which as
+I conceive) hath not any great probability for it, nor certainty against
+it.
+
+The Priest of _Saturne_ relating to _Plutarch_ (as he faignes it) the
+nature of the Selenites, told him they were of divers dispositions, some
+desiring to live in the lower parts of the Moone, where they might looke
+downewards upon us, while others were more surely mounted aloft, all of
+them shining like the rayes of the Sun, and as being victorious are
+crowned with garlands made with the wings of _Eustathia_ or
+_Constancie_.
+
+It hath beene the opinion amongst some of the Ancients, that their
+Heavens and Elysian fields were in the Moone where the aire is most
+quiet and pure. Thus _Socrates_, thus _Plato_,[1] with his followers,
+did esteeme this to bee the place where those purer soules inhabit, who
+are freed from the Sepulchre, and contagion of the body. And by the
+Fable of _Ceres_, continually wandring in search of her daughter
+_Proserpina_, is meant nothing else but the longing desire of men, who
+live upon _Ceres_ earth, to attaine a place in _Proserpina_, the Moone
+or Heaven.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Nat. Com. lib. 3. c. 19._]
+
+_Plutarch_ also seemes to assent unto this, but hee thinkes moreover,
+that there are two places of happinesse answerable to those two parts
+which hee fancies to remaine of a man when hee is dead, the soule and
+the understanding; the soule he thinkes is made of the Moone, and as our
+bodies doe so proceede from the dust of this earth, that they shall
+returne to it hereafter, so our soules were generated out of that
+Planet, and shall bee resolved into it againe, whereas the understanding
+shall ascend unto the Sunne, out of which it was made where it shall
+possesse an eternity of well being, and farre greater happinesse than
+that which is enjoyed in the Moone. So that when a man dies, if his
+soule bee much polluted, then must it wander up and downe in the middle
+regions of the aire where hell is, and there suffer unspeakable torments
+for those sinnes whereof it is guilty. Whereas the soules of better men,
+when they have in some space of time beene purged from that impurity
+which they did derive from the body, then doe they returne into the
+Moone, where they are possest with such a joy, as those men feele who
+professe holy misteries, from which place (saith he) some are sent downe
+to have the superintendance of Oracles, being diligent either in the
+preservation of the good, either from or in all perils, and the
+prevention or punishment of all wicked actions, but if in these
+imployments they mis-behave themselves, then are they againe to be
+imprisoned in a body, otherwise they remaine in the Moone till their
+body be resolved into it, & the understanding being cleared from all
+impediments, ascends to the Sunne which is its proper place. But this
+requires a diverse space of time according to the diverse affections of
+the soule. As for those who have beene retired and honest, addicting
+themselves to a studious and quiet life, these are quickly preferred to
+a higher happinesse. But as for such who have busied themselves in many
+broyles, or have beene vehement in the prosecution of any lust, as the
+ambitious, the amorous, the wrathfull man, these still retaine the
+glimpses and dreames of such things as they have performed in their
+bodies, which makes them either altogether unfit to remaine there where
+they are, or else keepes them long ere they can put off their soules.
+Thus you see _Plutarchs_ opinion concerning the inhabitants and
+neighbours of the Moone, which (according to the manner of the
+Academickes) hee delivers in a third person; you see he makes that
+Planet an inferiour kind of heaven, and though hee differ in many
+circumstances, yet doth hee describe it to be some such place, as wee
+suppose Paradise to be. You see likewise his opinion concerning the
+place of damned spirits, that it is in the middle region of the aire,
+and in neither of these is hee singular, but some more late and Orthodox
+Writers have agreed with him. As for the place of hell, many thinke it
+may be in the aire as well as any where else.
+
+True indeed, Saint _Austin_ affirmes that this place cannot bee
+discovered;[1] But others there are who can shew the situation of it out
+of Scripture; Some holding it to bee in some other world without this,
+because our Saviour calls it σκότος ἐξώτερον, outward darkenesse.[2] But
+the most will have it placed towards the Center of our earth, because
+’tis said,[3] Christ descended into the lower parts of the earth, and
+some of these are so confident, that this is its situation, that they
+can describe you its bignes also, and of what capacity it is. _Francis
+Ribera_ in his Comment on the _Revelations_, speaking of those words,
+where ’tis said,[4] that the blood went out of the Wine-presse, even
+unto the horses bridles by the space of one thousand and sixe hundred
+furlongs, interprets them to bee meant of Hell, and that that number
+expresses the diameter of its concavity, which is 200 _Italian_ miles;
+but _Lessius_ thinkes that this opinion gives them too much roome in
+hell,[5] and therefore hee guesses that ’tis not so wide; for (saith
+hee) the diameter of one league being cubically multiplied, will make a
+spheare capable of 800000 millions of damned bodies, allowing to each
+sixe foote in the square, whereas (saies hee) ’tis certaine that there
+shall not be one hundred thousand millions in all that shall bee damned.
+You see the bold _Iesuit_ was carefull that every one should have but
+roome enough in hell, and by the strangenesse of the conjecture, you may
+guesse that he had rather bee absurd, than seeme either uncharitable or
+ignorant. I remember there is a relation in _Pliny_, how that
+_Dionisiodorus_ a Mathematician, being dead, did send a letter from his
+place to some of his friends upon earth, to certifie them what distance
+there was betwixt the center and superficies: hee might have done well
+to have prevented this controversie, and enformed them the utmost
+capacity of that place. However, certaine it is, that that number cannot
+bee knowne, and probable it is, that the place is not yet determined,
+but that hell is there where there is any tormented soule, which may bee
+in the regions of the aire as well as in the center; but of this onely
+occasionally, and by reason of _Plutarchs_ opinion concerning those that
+are round about the Moone; as for the Moone it selfe, hee esteemes it
+to bee a lower kinde of Heaven, and therefore in another place hee cals
+it a terrestriall starre,[6] and an Olympian or celestiall earth
+answerable, as I conceive, to the paradise of the Schoolemen, and that
+Paradise was either in or neere the Moone, is the opinion of some later
+Writers, who derived it (in all likelihood) from the assertion of
+_Plato_, and perhaps, this of _Plutarch_. _Tostatus_[7] laies this
+opinion upon _Isioder. Hispalensis_, and the venerable _Bede_; and
+_Pererius_[8] fathers it upon _Strabus_ and _Rabanus_ his Master.
+Some would have it to bee situated in such a place as could not be
+discovered, which causes the penman of _Esdras_ to make it a harder
+matter to know the outgoings of Paradise, then to weigh the weight of
+the fire, or measure the blasts of wind, or call againe a day that is
+past.[9] But notwithstanding this, there bee some others who thinke that
+it is on the top of some high mountaine under the line, and these
+interpreted the torrid Zone to be the flaming Sword whereby Paradise
+was guarded. ’Tis the consent of divers others, who agree in this, that
+Paradise is situated in some high and eminent place.[10] So _Tostatus_:
+
+  _Est etiam Paradisus situ altissima, supra omnem terræ altitudinem_,
+
+  “Paradise is situated in some high place above the earth”:
+
+and therefore in his Cõment upon the 49. of _Genesis_, hee understands
+the blessing of _Iacob_ concerning the everlasting hills to bee meant of
+Paradise, and the blessing it selfe to bee nothing else but a promise of
+Christs comming, by whose passion the gates of Paradise should bee
+opened. Unto him assented _Rupertus_, _Scotus_, and most of the other
+Schoolemen, as I find them cited by _Pererius_,[11] and out of him in
+Sr. _W. Rawleigh_. Their reason was this: because in probability this
+place was not overflowed by the flood, since there were no sinners there
+which might draw that curse upon it. Nay _Tostatus_ thinkes that the
+body of _Enoch_ was kept there, and some of the Fathers, as _Tertullian_
+and _Austin_ have affirmed, that the blessed soules were reserved in
+that place till the day of judgement, and therefore ’tis likely that it
+was not overflowed by the flood; and besides, since all men should have
+went naked if _Adam_ had not fell, ’tis requisite therefore that it
+should be situated in some such place where it might bee priviledged
+from the extremities of heat and cold. But now this could not bee (they
+thought) so conveniently in any lower, as it might in some higher aire.
+For these and such like considerations have so many affirmed that
+Paradise was in a high elevated place, which some have conceived could
+bee no where but in the Moone: For it could not be in the top of any
+mountaine, nor can we thinke of any other body separated from this earth
+which can bee a more convenient place for habitation than this Planet,
+therefore they concluded that it was there.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _De civit. Dei. lib. 22. ca. 16._]
+
+  [Sidenote 2: Mat. 25. 30]
+
+  [Sidenote 3: Eph. 4. 9.]
+
+  [Sidenote 4: Rev. 14. 20.]
+
+  [Sidenote 5: _De Morib. div. l. 13. c. 24._]
+
+  [Sidenote 6: _Cur silent oracula._]
+
+  [Sidenote 7: _S. W. Raw. lib. 1. cap. 3. § 7._]
+
+  [Sidenote 8: _in Gen._]
+
+  [Sidenote 9: 2 Esd. 4. 7.]
+
+  [Sidenote 10: _In_ Genes.]
+
+  [Sidenote 11: _Comment. in 2. Gen. v. 8. lib 1. cap. 3. § 6 7._]
+
+It could not bee on the top of any mountaine.
+
+1. Because wee have expresse Scripture, that the highest of them was
+overflowed.[1]
+
+  [Sidenote 1: Gen. 7. 19.]
+
+2. Because it must bee of a greater extension, and not some small patch
+of ground, since ’tis likely all men should have lived there, if _Adam_
+had not fell. But for a satisfaction of these arguments, together with a
+farther discourse of Paradise, I shall referre you to those who have
+written purposely upon this subject. Being content for my owne part to
+have spoken so much of it, as may conduce to shew the opinion of others
+concerning the inhabitants of the Moone, I dare not my selfe affirme any
+thing of these Selenites, because I know not any ground whereon to build
+any probable opinion. But I thinke that future ages will discover more;
+and our posterity, perhaps, may invent some meanes for our better
+acquaintance with these inhabitants. ’Tis the method of providence not
+presently to shew us all, but to lead us along from the knowledge of one
+thing to another. ’Twas a great while ere the Planets were distinguished
+from the fixed Stars, and sometime after that ere the morning and
+evening starre were found to bee the same, and in greater space I doubt
+not but this also, and farre greater mysteries will bee discovered. In
+the first ages of the world the Islanders either thought themselves to
+be the onely dwellers upon the earth, or else if there were any other,
+yet they could not possibly conceive how they might have any commerce
+with them, being severed by the deepe and broad Sea, but the after-times
+found out the invention of ships, in which notwithstanding none but some
+bold daring men durst venture, there being few so resolute as to commit
+themselves unto the vaste Ocean, and yet now how easie a thing is this,
+even to a timorous & cowardly nature? So, perhaps, there may be some
+other meanes invented for a conveyance to the Moone, and though it may
+seeme a terrible and impossible thing ever to passe through the vaste
+spaces of the aire, yet no question there would bee some men who durst
+venture this as well as the other. True indeed, I cannot conceive any
+possible meanes for the like discovery of this conjecture, since there
+can bee no sailing to the Moone, unlesse that were true which the Poets
+doe but feigne, that shee made her bed in the Sea. We have not now any
+_Drake_ or _Columbus_ to undertake this voyage, or any _Dædalus_ to
+invent a conveyance through the aire. However, I doubt not but that time
+who is still the father of new truths, and hath revealed unto us many
+things which our Ancestours were ignorant of, will also manifest to our
+posterity, that which wee now desire, but cannot know. _Veniet tempus_
+(saith _Seneca_[1])
+
+  _quo ista quæ nunc latent, in lucem, dies extrahet, & longioris ævi
+  diligentia._
+
+Time will come when the indeavours of after-ages shall bring such things
+to light, as now lie hid in obscurity. Arts are not yet come to their
+Solstice, but the industry of future times assisted with the labours of
+their forefathers, may reach unto that height which wee could not
+attaine to.
+
+  _Ueniet tempus quo posteri nostri nos tam aperta nescisse mirentur._
+
+As wee now wonder at the blindnesse of our Ancestors, who were not able
+to discerne such things as seeme plaine and obvious unto us. So will our
+posterity admire our ignorance in as perspicuous matters. _Keplar_
+doubts not, but that as soone as the art of flying is found out, some of
+their Nation will make one of the first colonies that shall inhabite
+that other world. But I leave this and the like conjectures to the
+fancie of the reader; Desiring now to finish this Discourse, wherein I
+have in some measure proved what at the first I promised, a world in the
+Moone. However, I am not so resolute in this, that I thinke tis
+necessary there must be one, but my opinion is that ’tis possible there
+may be, and tis probable there is another habitable world in that
+Planet. And this was that I undertooke to prove. In the pursuit whereof,
+if I have shewed much weaknesse or indiscretion; I shall willingly
+submit my selfe to the reason and censure of the more judicious.
+
+  [Sidenote 1: _Nat. Quæst. l. 7. c. 25._]
+
+
+
+
+  [Decoration]
+
+The Propositions that are proved in this Discourse.
+
+
+Proposition 1.
+
+_That the strangenesse of this opinion is no sufficient reason why it
+  should be rejected, because other certaine truths have beene formerly
+  esteemed ridiculous, and great absurdities entertayned by common
+  consent._
+
+By way of Preface.
+
+
+Prop. 2.
+
+_That a plurality of worlds doth not contradict any principle of
+  reason or faith._
+
+
+Prop. 3.
+
+_That the heavens doe not consist of any such pure matter which can
+  priviledge them from the like change and corruption, as these
+  inferiour bodies are liable unto._
+
+
+Prop. 4.
+
+_That the Moone is a solid, compacted opacous body._
+
+
+Prop. 5.
+
+_That the Moone hath not any light of her owne._
+
+
+Prop. 6.
+
+_That there is a world in the Moone, hath beene the direct opinion of
+  many ancient, with some moderne Mathematicians, and may probably be
+  deduced from the tenents of others._
+
+
+Prop. 7.
+
+_That those spots and brighter parts which by our sight may be
+  distinguished in the Moone, doe shew the difference betwixt the
+  Sea and Land in that other world._
+
+
+Prop. 8.
+
+_That the spots represent the Sea, and the brighter parts the Land._
+
+
+Prop. 9.
+
+_That there are high Mountaines, deepe vallies, and spacious plaines
+  in the body of the Moone._
+
+
+Prop. 10.
+
+_That there is an Atmo-sphæra, or an orbe of grosse vaporous aire,
+  immediately encompassing the body of the Moone._
+
+
+Prop. 11.
+
+_That as their world is our Moone, so our world is their Moone._
+
+
+Prop. 12.
+
+_That tis probable there may bee such Meteors belonging to that world
+  in the Moone, as there are with us._
+
+
+Prop. 13.
+
+_That tis probable there may be inhabitants in this other World, but
+  of what kinde they are is uncertaine._
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Transcriber’s Additional Notes and Errata]
+
+Works and Authors Cited in Sidenotes:
+
+This is not intended to be a comprehensive list. A few sources could not
+be identified; others are so well-known, they did not need to be marked.
+
+The following spellings and name forms are used consistently:
+
+  Austin = Augustine
+  Blancanus the Jesuit(e) = Josephus Blancanus, Giuseppe Biancani
+  Caelius = Lodovicus Caelius Rhodiginus
+  Tycho = Tycho Brahe
+  Nicholas Hill “a country man of ours”. Hill the early atomist,
+    not Hill (Montanus, van de Bergh) the printer.
+  Keplar = Kepler (Johannes)
+  Julius Caesar = Cæsar la Galla, Giulio Cesare La Galla, Lagalla
+  Mæslin = Maestlin (Michael)
+  Rawleigh, Rawly = Raleigh (Sir Walter)
+  Verulam = Francis Bacon (1st Baron Verulam)
+
+  Note also “sydera” for “sidera”.
+
+Albertus Magnus: _De quattuor coaequaevis_
+----: _De caelo et mundo_
+Aristotle: _De Caelo_
+Bede: _De ratione temporum_
+Christopher Besoldus: _De Natura Populorum ejusque variatione, et de
+    Linguarum ortu atque immutatione_ (1632)
+Josephus Blancanus (Giuseppe Biancani): _Sphaera mundi_
+    (Full Title: _Sphaera Mundi seu Cosmographia. Demonstrativa, ac
+    facili Methodo tradita: In qua totius Mundi fabrica, una cum novis,
+    Tychonis, Kepleri, Galilaei, aliorumque; Astronomorum adinventis
+    continetur_)
+----: _Aristotelis loca mathematica ex universes ipsius operibus
+    collecta et explicata_
+Tycho (Brahe): _Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata_
+Th. (Tommaso) Campanella: _Apologia pro Galileo_ (1622)
+Collegium Conimbricenses (Jesuits of Coimbra University): _Commentarii
+    Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Jesu in quattuor libros
+    physicorum Aristotelis de Coelo_ (1592)
+Cardinal de Cusa, Cusanus (Nicholas of Cusa/Kues, Nicolaus Cryffts):
+    _De Docta Ignorantia_
+Johannes Fabricius: _De Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum
+    cum Sole Conversione Narratio_ (1611)
+    Text not identified by name.
+Libertus Fromondus (Libert Froidmont): _Meteorologicorum libri sex_
+    (1627)
+Galileo: _Nuncius Sidereus_
+Camillus Gloriosus (Giovanni Camillo Glorioso): _De Cometis dissertatio
+    astronomico-physica_ (1624)
+Isidore: _Originum_
+Johannes Kepler: _Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo_
+    The name “Galileo” (or “Galilei”) is sometimes included in the
+    title, as “Diss. cum Nunc. Syd. Galil.”
+----: _Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae_
+----: _Astronomiae Pars Optica_
+Julius Caesar (Giulio Cesare La Galla): _De Phenomenis in Orbe Lunae_
+     (1612)
+Leonard Lessius: _De perfectionibus moribusque divinis_ (1620)
+    This work is often cited as “De Moribus”; other early mentions are
+    found in _Tristram Shandy_ and _The Anatomy of Melancholy_.
+Mæslin (Michael Maestlin): _Epitome Astronomiae_ (1610)
+Carolus Malapertus, Malapertius (Charles Malapert): _Austriaca sidera
+    heliocyclia astronomicis hypothesibus illigata_ (1633)
+Jacobus Mazonius (Jacopo Mazzoni): _In universam Platonis et Aristotelis
+    philosophiam praeludia sive de Comparatione Platonis et Aristotelis_
+Johannes Eusebius (Juan Eusebio) Nieremberg: _Historia Naturae_ (1635)
+Augustinus Nifus (Niphus, Agostino Nifo)
+    Quoted text not identified by name.
+Benedictus Pererius (Benito Pereira): _Commentariorum et disputationum
+    in Genesim tomi quattuor_ (1591-99)
+Plutarch: _De facie in orbe lunae_
+----: _De tranquillitate animi_
+Erasmus Reinhold: Commentary (1542, 1553) on Georg Purbach’s _Theoricae
+    novae planetarum_
+Caelius = Lodovicus Caelius Rhodiginus (Lodovico / Luigi Ricchieri):
+    _Lectionum antiquarum libri triginta_
+Ruvio (Antonio Rubio): Commentary on Aristotle’s _De Caelo_
+(Julius Caesar) Scaliger: _Exotericae exercitationes ad Hieronymum
+    Cardanum_
+Christoph Scheiner: _Rosa Ursina sive Sol ex Admirando Facularum
+    & Macularum suarum Phoenomeno varius_
+Tostatus (Alonso Tostado): _In Genesis_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errors and Anomalies:
+
+All but one occurrence of -que is written with a ligature. They have
+been expanded for this e-text.
+
+though they have for a long time lien neglected
+  _so in original: “lain”?_
+πολλοὺς ἤδη καὶ οὐδένα νόον ἔχοντας
+  _text reads πελλοὺς; last vowel in ἔχοντας unclear_
+both St. _Uincentius_and _Senafinus_
+  _“Senafinus” could not be identified, but cannot be Serafinus_
+_Aristotle_ was the viol of Gods wrath
+  _spelling “viol” as in original_
+the world is much beholden to _Aristotle_ for all its sciences
+  _text reads “it sciences”_
+if there be more worlds than one
+  _text reads “more words”_
+[Sidenote] Ecclus. 43. 3. 4.
+  _so in original: “Eccles.”?_
+[Sidenote to “Ptolome”] _I{o} Apost._
+  _reading unclear, text not identified: “I^o.”?_
+[Sidenote to “Rosa Vrsina”] _lib. 4. p. 2. cy. 24, 35._
+  _unclear: “ty.” or error for “cp.”?_
+_Hebræonia l. 2. c. 4._
+  _text unclear: “Hebraeoma”?_
+and more especially _Malapertius_
+  _text reads “Mulapertius”_
+but never confuted by any solid reason
+  _text reads “coufuted”_
+[Sidenote] ... _dissertatio / cum Nic. Hill._ ...
+  _so in original: error for “dissertatio cum Nunc[ius] Sid[ereus]”
+  (by Kepler)?_
+vius qui ad experimenta hæc contradicendi animo accesserant
+  _so in original_
+it might probably be deduced
+  _text reads “de deduced”_
+so _Ioach. Rlelicus_
+  _so in original: “Rheticus”?_
+Others think[1] that there be some bodies
+  _text reads “that there some bodies”_
+[Sidenote] So _Bede_ in _d. de Mund. constit._
+  _single letter illegible: could be “fi” or “à”_
+[Sidenote] Eusebius Nioremb. _Hist. Nat.
+  _so in original: “Nieremberg”_
+sententiam exsuscitare velit
+  _text reads “excuscitare”_
+that earth in the writings of _Capernicus_ and his followers
+  _spelling as in original_
+[Sidenote] _Lect. ant. l. 1. c. 15._
+  _text reads “Lect. aut l. 1”_
+Nay this opposes his owne eye-witnesse
+  _text reads “owne-eye-witnesse”_
+that in the Moone there should be any mountaines
+  _text reads “thete”_
+_Olympus_, _Atlas_, _Taurus_ and _Enius_
+  _text unclear; may be “Emus”: for Mt. Aenus?_
+the 47th proposition in the first booke of elements.
+Therefore the whole line _A_ _G_ is somewhat more than 104
+  _“the 47th proposition” is better known as the Pythagorean theorem.
+  “104” is presumably an error for “1004”; the correct figure is
+  almost 1005_
+[Sidenote] _Plat. de fac._
+  _so in original: “Plut[arch]”?_
+[Sidenote] _Præfat. ad Austrica syd._
+  _so in original: “Austriaca”_
+[Sidenote to Cælius] _Progym. 1._
+[Sidenote to Tycho] _l. 20. c. 5._
+  _notes may be reversed: Tycho Brahe wrote a “Progymnasmata”_
+because of the exuperancy of the light in the other parts
+  _so in original: “exsuperancy”_
+because they are farre neerer it than wee
+  _text unclear_
+a more chokie soyle like the Ile of _Creete_
+  _spelling as in original: “chalky”_
+in his time tooke especiall notice
+  _text reads “looke” but catchword has “tooke”_
+such appearances may be salved some other way
+  _so in original_
+[Sidenote] _Carolus Malaptius de Heliocyc._
+  _so in original: Malapert(i)us_
+2. _Mæslin_ and _Keplar_ affirme, that they have seene some of these
+    alterations. The words of _Mæslin_ are these (as I finde them
+    cited.)
+[Sidenote] _Disser. 2. cum nunc. Galil._
+  _sidenote is attached to Mæslin quote, but work named is by Kepler_
+there are some inhabitants in that Planet
+  _text reads “inhabitans”_
+The equality of their nights doth much temper the scorching of the day,
+    and the extreme cold that comes from the one, require some space
+  _wording as in original_
+This part of the world is inhabited by men and beasts, and Plantes.
+  _text reads “Planets”_
+intellectuares habitatores
+  _so in original: “intellectuales”?_
+ex influentia ignili solis
+  _adjective “ignilis” may have been invented by author cited_
+but _Lessius_ thinkes that this opinion gives them too much roome
+  _text reads “opi/on” at line break_
+hee cals it a terrestriall starre
+  _text reads “terrestraill”_
+_Pererius_ fathers it upon _Strabus_ and _Rabanus_
+  _text reads “fathers is”_
+
+Punctuation:
+
+the Cities and Mountaines hanging.” What shall wee thinke
+  _marginal quotes continue through line beginning “shall wee”_
+a propension in its subject
+  _text reads “’its” with leading apostrophe_
+But the position (say some) is directly against Scripture
+  _opening parenthesis missing_
+Scripturequæ cœlum pluribus realibus atque
+  _“atque” written out (all other -que occurrences use ligature)_
+more directly proved by _Mæslin_, _Keplar_, and _Galilæus_
+  _no comma after “Mæslin”_
+it seemed most / likely to _Camillus Gloriosus_, _Th. Campanella_
+  _text has period (full stop) for comma_
+too much for to vent at the first: the chiefe thing
+  _text reads “at the first. the”_
+the words of _Fienus_, as they are quoted by _Fromondus_ in the above
+    cited place, _Possunt maximæ ..._
+  _text has “... cited place) _Possunt ...”_
+  _could also be:_
+    the words of _Fienus_ (as they are quoted by _Fromondus_ in the
+    above cited place) _Possunt maximæ
+vespere Dominicæ Palmarum Anni 1605, in corpore Lunæ
+  _text reads “Anni 1605. in corpore”_
+And this was the opinion of the _Cardinal de Cusa_
+  _text reads “de cusa”_
+but to lead us along from the knowledge of one thing to another
+  _“a/long” printed at line break without hyphen_
+
+Printer’s Errors:
+
+Invisible letters or punctuation marks, supplied from context, are shown
+in {braces}.
+
+2{.} Grosse absurdities have beene entertained
+[Sidenote] _Plutarch. de t{r}anq. anim._
+[Sidenote] _Lib. 9. Architecturæ{.}_
+[Sidenote] Reinhold _comment. in Purb. Th{e}or. pag. 164._
+[Sidenote] _In lib. de natur. rerum{.}_
+[Sidenote] _De 4r. Coævis.... Exercit{.} 62._
+[Sidenote] _Plut. de plac. phil. l. 2. c. 13{.}_]
+[Sidenote] _Ex qua parte luna est transpi{c}ua non totum secundum
+    superfi{ci}em,
+[Sidenote] _Albert. mag. de {c}oævis. Q. 4. Art. 21._
+[Sidenote] _S{c}alig. exercit. 62._
+some others have thought it to be ver{y} much like a Fox
+Mihi autem dubium fuit nu{m}quam ... sese in conspectum da{t}uram
+But it may be againe obj{e}cted
+yet would the motion of i{t}s centre by an attractive vertue still hold
+    it w{it}hin i{t}s convenient distance, so that whether their ear{t}h
+    moved
+  _“within”: “i” missing, “t” invisible_
+You may see this truth assented unto by _Blancanus_ the J{e}suit
+and if you obj{e}ct that the light which is conveyed
+for he confesses himselfe that he saw this by the glasse{.}
+our earth appeares a{s} brigh{t}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Pagination:
+
+_Pages 177-192 (printed as 175-190) are all one error: The eight pages
+printed on one side of the sheet forming signature N were misnumbered
+by -2._
+
+118, 120 _read_ 18, 20
+123 _reads_ 113
+166 _reads_ 66
+177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 188, 189, 192
+  _read_ 175, 178, 179, 182, 183, 186, 187, 190
+209 _reads_ 107
+210, 211 _read_ 208, 209
+212, 213, 214 _no printed number_
+215 _reads_ 63
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Discovery of a World in the Moone, by 
+John Wilkins
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