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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:54:32 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:54:32 -0700 |
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diff --git a/18947-h/18947-h.htm b/18947-h/18947-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..429d2f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/18947-h/18947-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12811 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>The Younger Edda | Project Gutenberg</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + +<style type = "text/css"> + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +hr.mid {width: 50%;} +hr.tiny {width: 20%;} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; +font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; +margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 200%;} +h2 {font-size: 150%;} +h3 {font-size: 125%;} +h4 {font-size: 115%;} +h5 {font-size: 100%;} +h6 {font-size: 90%;} + +p, div, blockquote {margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0em; +line-height: 1.2;} + +p.illustration {text-align: center; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +.inset {padding-left: 2em;} +p.aster {text-align: center; letter-spacing: 1em;} + +div.longquote {font-size: 92%;} +div.vocab p {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} +div.index p {margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; margin-top: 0em;} +div.index h5 {margin-right: 25%; font-weight: bold;} + +.footnote {font-size: 95%; margin-right: 2em; margin-left: 2em;} +a.tag {text-decoration: none; vertical-align: .3em; font-size: 80%; +line-height: 0em;} +a.plain {text-decoration: none;} + +/* indented text for poetry */ + +.verse {margin-left: 2em;} /*continuous lines, no hang*/ + +/* tables */ + +table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1em; +margin-bottom: 1em;} +table.index {width: 90%;} +table.group {margin-left: 0em; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0em;} +table.group.space {margin-top: 1em;} + +td {vertical-align: top; padding: .1em .5em;} +td.chapnum {text-align: center; font-size: 90%; padding-top: .5em;} +td.chapname {font-size: 95%; font-variant: small-caps;} +td.number {text-align: right;} +td.toppad {padding-top: .7em;} +td.chapgroup {padding-top: .7em; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;} + +td.group {padding-left: 0em;} +td.leftline {border-left: thin solid; vertical-align: middle;} + +/* text formatting */ + +.chapter {margin-top: 4em;} +.section {margin-top: 2em;} +.space {margin-top: 1em;} +.nospace {margin-top: 0em;} + +span.greek {border-bottom: thin dotted #99F;} +.firstword {font-variant: small-caps;} +.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;} +.sans {font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + +/* correction popup */ +ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} +.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 5%; font-size: 95%; +font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right; +text-indent: 0em;} +.pagenum.note {color: #666; background-color: inherit;} +.pagenum.note:before {content: "(";} +.pagenum.note:after {content: ")";} + +.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; +margin: 1em 5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} +.contents {padding-left: 2em;} + + +</style> +</head> + +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 18947 ***</div> + +<div class = "mynote"> +A few paragraph-ending periods (full stops) have been supplied.<br> +The author omitted vowel modifiers and diacritics from all names in +the body text: Hakon, Malar, Mjolnir. The footnotes are generally more +linguistically precise.<br> +The name “Svanhild/Swanhild” is spelled “Swanhild” in the body text, +“Svanhild” in the Vocabulary (all occurrences) and Index. The spelling +“skees” is used consistently.<br> +<p class = "contents"> +<a href = "#preface">Translator’s Preface</a><br> +<a href = "#gylfe">The Fooling of Gylfe</a><br> +<a href = "#brage">Brage’s Talk</a><br> +<a href = "#poet">The Poetical Diction</a><br> +<a href = "#notes">Notes</a><br> +<a href = "#vocab">Vocabulary</a><br> +<a href = "#index">Index</a></p> +</div> + +<h1>THE YOUNGER EDDA:</h1> + +<h6>ALSO CALLED</h6> + +<h3>SNORRE’S EDDA, OR THE PROSE EDDA.</h3> + +<h5>AN ENGLISH VERSION OF THE FOREWORD; THE FOOLING OF GYLFE,<br> +THE AFTERWORD; BRAGE’S TALK, THE AFTERWORD<br> +TO BRAGE’S TALK, AND THE IMPORTANT<br> +PASSAGES IN THE POETICAL DICTION<br> +(SKALDSKAPARMAL).</h5> + +<h6>WITH AN</h6> + +<h3>INTRODUCTION, NOTES, VOCABULARY, AND INDEX.</h3> + +<h3 class = "smallcaps">By RASMUS B. ANDERSON, LL.D.,</h3> + +<h6>FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF THE SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY +OF WISCONSIN, EX-U.S. MINISTER TO DENMARK, AUTHOR OF “AMERICA NOT +DISCOVERED BY COLUMBUS,” “NORSE MYTHOLOGY,” “VIKING TALES OF THE NORTH,” +ETC.</h6> + + +<h4 class = "chapter">Chicago<br> +Scott, Foresman and Company<br> +1901</h4> + + +<h5 class = "chapter smallcaps">Copyright, 1879,<br> +By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY.</h5> + + +<h6 class = "section">PRESS OF<br> +THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO. +CHICAGO.</h6> + + +<h5 class = "chapter">TO</h5> + +<h4>HON. THOS. F. BAYARD,</h4> + +<h6>AMBASSADOR TO THE COURT OF ST. JAMES, IN GRATEFUL<br> +RECOLLECTION OF PLEASANT OFFICIAL<br> +RELATIONS.</h6> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<a name = "page7"> </a> +<h4 class = "chapter"><a name = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h4> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<p><span class = "firstword">In</span> the beginning, before the heaven +and the earth and the sea were created, the great abyss Ginungagap was +without form and void, and the spirit of Fimbultyr moved upon the face +of the deep, until the ice-cold rivers, the Elivogs, flowing from +Niflheim, came in contact with the dazzling flames from Muspelheim. This +was before Chaos.</p> + +<p>And Fimbultyr said: Let the melted drops of vapor quicken into life, +and the giant Ymer was born in the midst of Ginungagap. He was not a +god, but the father of all the race of evil giants. This was Chaos.</p> + +<p>And Fimbultyr said: Let Ymer be slain and let order be established. +And straightway Odin and his brothers—the bright sons of +Bure—gave Ymer a mortal wound, and from his body made they the +universe; from his flesh, the earth; from his blood, the sea; from his +bones, the rocks; from his hair, the trees; from his skull, the vaulted +heavens; from his eye-brows, the bulwark called Midgard. And the gods +formed man and woman in their own image of two trees, and breathed into +them the breath of life. Ask and Embla became living souls, and they +received a garden in Midgard as a dwelling-place for themselves and +their children until the end of time. This was Cosmos.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">8</span> +<a name = "page8"> </a> +The world’s last day approaches. All bonds and fetters that bound the +forces of heaven and earth together are severed, and the powers of good +and of evil are brought together in an internecine feud. Loke advances +with the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent, his own children, with all +the hosts of the giants, and with Surt, who flings fire and flame over +the world. Odin advances with all the asas and all the blessed +einherjes. They meet, contend, and fall. The wolf swallows Odin, but +Vidar, the Silent, sets his foot upon the monster’s lower jaw, he seizes +the other with his hand, and thus rends him till he dies. Frey +encounters Surt, and terrible blows are given ere Frey falls. Heimdal +and Loke fight and kill each other, and so do Tyr and the dog Garm from +the Gnipa Cave. Asa-Thor fells the Midgard-serpent with his Mjolner, but +he retreats only nine paces when he himself falls dead, suffocated by +the serpent’s venom. Then smoke wreathes up around the ash Ygdrasil, the +high flames play against the heavens, the graves of the gods, of the +giants and of men are swallowed up by the sea, and the end has come. +This is Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods.</p> + +<p>But the radiant dawn follows the night. The earth, completely green, +rises again from the sea, and where the mews have but just been rocking +on restless waves, rich fields unplowed and unsown, now wave their +golden harvests before the gentle breezes. The asas awake to a new life, +Balder is with them again. Then comes the mighty Fimbultyr, the god who +is from everlasting to +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +<a name = "page9"> </a> +everlasting; the god whom the Edda skald dared not name. The god of gods +comes to the asas. He comes to the great judgment and gathers all the +good into Gimle to dwell there forever, and evermore delights enjoy; but +the perjurers and murderers and adulterers he sends to Nastrand, that +terrible hall, to be torn by Nidhug until they are purged from their +wickedness. This is Regeneration.</p> + +<p>These are the outlines of the Teutonic religion. Such were the +doctrines established by Odin among our ancestors. Thus do we find it +recorded in the Eddas of Iceland.</p> + +<p>The present volume contains all of the Younger Edda that can possibly +be of any importance to English readers. In fact, it gives more than has +ever before been presented in any translation into English, German or +any of the modern Scandinavian tongues.</p> + +<p>We would recommend our readers to omit the Forewords and Afterwords +until they have perused the Fooling of Gylfe and Brage’s Speech. The +Forewords and Afterwords, it will readily be seen, are written by a +later and less skillful hand, and we should be sorry to have anyone lay +the book aside and lose the pleasure of reading Snorre’s and Olaf’s +charming work, because he became disgusted with what seemed to him mere +silly twaddle. And yet these Forewords and Afterwords become interesting +enough when taken up in connection with a study of the historical +anthropomorphized Odin. With a view of giving a pretty complete outline +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<a name = "page10"> </a> +of the founder of the Teutonic race we have in our notes given all the +Heimskringla sketch of the Black Sea Odin. We have done this, not only +on account of the material it furnishes as the groundwork of a Teutonic +epic, which we trust the muses will ere long direct some one to write, +but also on account of the vivid picture it gives of Teutonic life as +shaped and controlled by the Odinic faith.</p> + +<p>All the poems quoted in the Younger Edda have in this edition been +traced back to their sources in the Elder Edda and elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Where the notes seem to the reader insufficient, we must refer him to +our Norse Mythology, where he will, we trust, find much of the +additional information he may desire.</p> + +<p>Well aware that our work has many imperfections, and begging our +readers to deal generously with our shortcomings, we send the book out +into the world with the hope that it may aid some young son or daughter +of Odin to find his way to the fountains of Urd and Mimer and to Idun’s +rejuvenating apples. The son must not squander, but husband wisely, what +his father has accumulated. The race must cherish and hold fast and add +to the thought that the past has bequeathed to it. Thus does it grow +greater and richer with each new generation. The past is the mirror that +reflects the future.</p> + +<p align = "right"> +R. B. ANDERSON.</p> + +<p> +<span class = "smallcaps">University of Wisconsin,<br> +<span class = "inset"> +Madison, Wis.</span>,</span> +<i>September, 1879</i>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +<a name = "page11"> </a> +<h4 class = "chapter">CONTENTS.</h4> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<table class = "index"> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#preface"> +Preface</a></td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#intro"> +Introduction</a></td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#foreword"> +Foreword</a></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2"> +THE FOOLING OF GYLFE. +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER I. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_I"> +Gefjun’s Plowing</a></td> +<td class = "number">49</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER II. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_II"> +Gylfe’s Journey to Asgard</a></td> +<td class = "number">51</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER III. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_III"> +Of the Highest God</a></td> +<td class = "number">54</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER IV. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_IV"> +The Creation of the World</a></td> +<td class = "number">56</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER V. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_V"> +The Creation (continued)</a></td> +<td class = "number">64</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER VI. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VI"> +The First Works of the Asas—The Golden Age</a></td> +<td class = "number">69</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER VII. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VII"> +On the Wonderful Things in Heaven</a></td> +<td class = "number">72</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +<a name = "page12"> </a> +CHAPTER VIII. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VIII"> +The Asas</a></td> +<td class = "number">79</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER IX. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_IX"> +Loke and his Offspring</a></td> +<td class = "number">91</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER X. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_X"> +The Goddesses (Asynjes)</a></td> +<td class = "number">97</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER XI. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XI"> +The Giantess Gerd and Skirner’s Journey</a></td> +<td class = "number">101</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER XII. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XII"> +Life in Valhal</a></td> +<td class = "number">104</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER XIII. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XIII"> +Odin’s Horse and Frey’s Ship</a></td> +<td class = "number">109</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER XIV. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XIV"> +Thor’s Adventures</a></td> +<td class = "number">113</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER XV. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XV"> +The Death of Balder</a></td> +<td class = "number">131</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER XVI. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XVI"> +Ragnarok</a></td> +<td class = "number">140</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER XVII. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XVII"> +Regeneration</a></td> +<td class = "number">147</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_after"> +Afterword to the Fooling of Gylfe</a></td> +<td class = "number">151</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +<a name = "page13"> </a> +BRAGE’S TALK +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER I. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_I"> +Æger’s Journey to Asgard</a></td> +<td class = "number">152</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER II. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_II"> +Idun and her Apples</a></td> +<td class = "number">155</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER III. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_III"> +How Njord got Skade to Wife</a></td> +<td class = "number">158</td> +</tr> +<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +CHAPTER IV. +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_IV"> +The Origin of Poetry</a></td> +<td class = "number">160</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_after"> +Afterword to Brage’s Talk</a></td> +<td class = "number">166</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2"> +EXTRACTS FROM THE POETICAL DICTION. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_hrungner"> +Thor and Hrungner</a></td> +<td class = "number">169</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_journey"> +Thor’s Journey to Geirrod’s</a></td> +<td class = "number">176</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_idun"> +Idun</a></td> +<td class = "number">184</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_feast"> +Æger’s Feast</a></td> +<td class = "number">187</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_wager"> +Loke’s Wager with the Dwarfs</a></td> +<td class = "number">189</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_niflungs"> +The Niflungs and Gjukungs</a></td> +<td class = "number">193</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_menja"> +Menja and Fenja</a></td> +<td class = "number">206</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_grottesong"> +The Grottesong</a></td> +<td class = "number">208</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_rolf"> +Rolf Krake</a></td> +<td class = "number">214</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_hogne"> +Hogne and Hild</a></td> +<td class = "number">218</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +<a name = "page14"> </a> +NOTES +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_enea"> +Enea</a></td> +<td class = "number">221</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_herikon"> +Herikon</a></td> +<td class = "number">221</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_historical"> +The Historical Odin</a></td> +<td class = "number">221</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_fornjot"> +Fornjot and the Settlement of Norway</a></td> +<td class = "number">239</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_gylfe"> +Notes to the Fooling of Gylfe</a></td> +<td class = "number">242</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_niflungs"> +Note on the Niflungs and Gjukungs</a></td> +<td class = "number">266</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_menja"> +Note on Menja and Fenja</a></td> +<td class = "number">267</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_salt"> +Why the Sea is Salt</a></td> +<td class = "number">268</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname toppad"><a class = "plain" href = "#vocab"> +VOCABULARY</a></td> +<td class = "number toppad">275</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#index"> +INDEX</a></td> +<td class = "number">291</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +<a name = "page15"> </a> +<h3 class = "chapter">THE YOUNGER EDDA.</h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h4><a name = "intro">INTRODUCTION.</a></h4> + +<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> records of our Teutonic past +have hitherto received but slight attention from the English-speaking +branch of the great world-ash Ygdrasil. This indifference is the more +deplorable, since a knowledge of our heroic forefathers would naturally +operate as a most powerful means of keeping alive among us, and our +posterity, that spirit of courage, enterprise and independence for which +the old Teutons were so distinguished.</p> + +<p>The religion of our ancestors forms an important chapter in the +history of the childhood of our race, and this fact has induced us to +offer the public an English translation of the Eddas. The purely +mythological portion of the Elder Edda was translated and published by +A. S. Cottle, in Bristol, in 1797, and the whole work was +translated by Benjamin Thorpe, and published in London in 1866. Both +these works are now out of print. Of the Younger Edda we have likewise +had two translations into English,—the first by Dasent in 1842, +the second by Blackwell, in his +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +<a name = "page16"> </a> +edition of Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, in 1847. The former has long +been out of print, the latter is a poor imitation of Dasent’s. Both of +them are very incomplete. These four books constitute all the Edda +literature we have had in the English language, excepting, of course, +single lays and chapters translated by Gray, Henderson, W. Taylor, +Herbert, Jamieson, Pigott, William and Mary Howitt, and others.</p> + +<p>The Younger Edda (also called Snorre’s Edda, or the Prose Edda), of +which we now have the pleasure of presenting our readers an English +version, contains, as usually published in the original, the following +divisions:</p> + +<p>1. The Foreword.</p> + +<p>2. Gylfaginning (The Fooling of Gylfe).</p> + +<p>3. The Afterword to Gylfaginning.</p> + +<p>4. Brage’s Speech.</p> + +<p>5. The Afterword.</p> + +<p>6. Skaldskaparmal (a collection of poetic paraphrases, and +denominations in Skaldic language without paraphrases).</p> + +<p>7. Hattatal (an enumeration of metres; a sort of Clavis Metrica).</p> + +<p>In some editions there are also found six additional chapters on the +alphabet, grammar, figures of speech, etc.</p> + +<p>There are three important parchment manuscripts of the Younger Edda, +viz:</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">17</span> +<a name = "page17"> </a> +1. <i>Codex Regius</i>, the so-called King’s Book. This was presented to +the Royal Library in Copenhagen, by Bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson, in the +year 1640, where it is still kept.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Codex Wormianus</i>. This is found in the University Library in +Copenhagen, in the Arne Magnæan collection. It takes its name from +Professor Ole Worm [died 1654], to whom it was presented by the learned +Arngrim Jonsson. Christian Worm, the grandson of Ole Worm, and Bishop of +Seeland [died 1737], afterward presented it to Arne Magnusson.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Codex Upsaliensis</i>. This is preserved in the Upsala +University Library. Like the other two, it was found in Iceland, where +it was given to Jon Rugmann. Later it fell into the hands of Count +Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, who in the year 1669 presented it to the +Upsala University. Besides these three chief documents, there exist four +fragmentary parchments, and a large number of paper manuscripts.</p> + +<p>The first printed edition of the Younger Edda, in the original, is +the celebrated “Edda Islandorum,” published by Peter Johannes Resen, in +Copenhagen, in the year 1665. It contains a translation into Latin, made +partly by Resen himself, and partly also by Magnus Olafsson, Stephan +Olafsson and Thormod Torfason.</p> + +<p>Not until eighty years later, that is in 1746, did +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +<a name = "page18"> </a> +the second edition of the Younger Edda appear in Upsala under the +auspices of Johannes Goransson. This was printed from the Codex +Upsaliensis.</p> + +<p>In the present century we find a third edition by Rasmus Rask, +published in Stockholm in 1818. This is very complete and critical. The +fourth edition was issued by Sveinbjorn Egilsson, in Reykjavik, 1849; +the fifth by the Arne-Magnæan Commission in Copenhagen, 1852.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> All these five editions have +long been out of print, and in place of them we have a sixth edition by +Thorleif Jonsson (Copenhagen, 1875), and a seventh by Ernst Wilkin +(Paderborn, 1877). Both of these, and especially the latter, are +thoroughly critical and reliable.</p> + +<p>Of translations, we must mention in addition to those into English by +Dasent and Blackwell, R. Nyerup’s translation into Danish +(Copenhagen, 1808); Karl Simrock’s into German (Stuttgart and Tübingen, +1851); and Fr. Bergmann’s into French (Paris, 1871). Among the chief +authorities to be consulted in the study of the Younger Edda may be +named, in addition to those already mentioned, Fr. Dietrich, Th. Mobius, +Fr. Pfeiffer, Ludw. Ettmuller, K. Hildebrand, Ludw. Uhland, +P. E. Muller, Adolf Holzmann, Sophus Bugge, P. A. Munch and +Rudolph Keyser. For the material in our introduction and notes, we are +chiefly +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +<a name = "page19"> </a> +indebted to Simrock, Wilkin and Keyser. While we have had no opportunity +of making original researches, the published works have been carefully +studied, and all we claim for our work is, that it shall contain the +results of the latest and most thorough investigations by scholars who +live nearer the fountains of Urd and Mimer than do we. Our translations +are made from Egilsson’s, Jonsson’s and Wilkins’ editions of the +original. We have not translated any of the Hattatal, and only the +narrative part of Skaldskaparmal, and yet our version contains more of +the Younger Edda than any English, German, French or Danish translation +that has hitherto been published. The parts omitted cannot possibly be +of any interest to any one who cannot read them in the original. All the +paraphrases of the asas and asynjes, of the world, the earth, the sea, +the sun, the wind, fire, summer, man, woman, gold, of war, arms, of a +ship, emperor, king, ruler, etc., are of interest only as they help to +explain passages of Old Norse poems. The same is true of the enumeration +of metres, which contains a number of epithets and metaphors used by the +scalds, illustrated by specimens of their poetry, and also by a poem of +Snorre Sturleson, written in one hundred different metres.</p> + +<p>There has been a great deal of learned discussion in regard to the +authorship of the Younger +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +<a name = "page20"> </a> +Edda. Readers specially interested in this knotty subject we must refer +to Wilkins’ elaborate treatise, Untersuchungen zur Snorra Edda +(Paderborn, 1878), and to P. E. Muller’s, Die Æchtheit der Asalehre +(Copenhagen, 1811).</p> + +<p>Two celebrated names that without doubt are intimately connected with +the work are Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Thordsson Hvitaskald. Both of +these are conspicuous, not only in the literary, but also in the +political history of Iceland.</p> + +<p>Snorre Sturleson<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" href = "#note2">2</a> +was born in Iceland in the year 1178. Three years old, he came to the +house of the distinguished chief, Jon Loptsson, at Odde, a grandson of +Sæmund the Wise, the reputed collector of the Elder Edda, where he +appears to have remained until Jon Loptsson’s death, in the year 1197. +Soon afterward Snorre married into a wealthy family, and in a short time +he became one of the most distinguished leaders in Iceland, He was +several times elected chief magistrate, and no man in the land was his +equal in riches and prominence. He and his two elder brothers, Thord and +Sighvat, who were but little inferior to him in wealth and power, were +at one time well-nigh supreme in Iceland, and Snorre sometimes appeared +at the Althing at Thingvols accompanied by from eight hundred to nine +hundred armed men.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<a name = "page21"> </a> +Snorre and his brothers did not only have bitter feuds with other +families, but a deadly hatred also arose between themselves, making +their lives a perpetual warfare. Snorre was shrewd as a politician and +magistrate, and eminent as an orator and skald, but his passions were +mean, and many of his ways were crooked. He was both ambitious and +avaricious. He is said to have been the first Icelander who laid plans +to subjugate his fatherland to Norway, and in this connection is +supposed to have expected to become a jarl under the king of Norway. In +this effort he found himself outwitted by his brother’s son, Sturle +Thordsson, and thus he came into hostile relations with the latter. In +this feud Snorre was defeated, but when Sturle shortly after fell in a +battle against his foes, Snorre’s star of hope rose again, and he began +to occupy himself with far-reaching, ambitious plans. He had been for +the first time in Norway during the years 1218-1220, and had been well +received by King Hakon, and especially by Jarl Skule, who was then the +most influential man in the country. In the year 1237 Snorre visited +Norway again, and entered, as it is believed, into treasonable +conspiracies with Jarl Skule. In 1239 he left Norway against the wishes +of King Hakon, whom he owed obedience, and thereby incurred the king’s +greatest displeasure. When King Hakon, in +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +<a name = "page22"> </a> +1240, had crushed Skule’s rebellion and annihilated this dangerous +opponent, it became Snorre’s turn to feel the effects of the king’s +wrath. At the instigation of King Hakon, several chiefs of Iceland +united themselves against Snorre and murdered him at Reykholt, where +ruins of his splendid mansion are still to be seen. This event took +place on the 22d of September, 1241, and Snorre Sturleson was then +sixty-three years old. Snorre was Iceland’s most distinguished skald and +sagaman. As a writer of history he deserves to be compared with +Herodotos or Thukydides. His Heimskringla, embracing an elaborate +history of the kings of Norway, is famous throughout the civilized +world, and Emerson calls it the Iliad and Odyssey of our race. An +English translation of this work was published by Samuel Laing, in +London, in 1844. Carlyle’s Early Kings of Norway (London, 1875) was +inspired by the Heimskringla.</p> + +<p>Olaf Thordsson, surnamed Hvitaskald,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" +href = "#note3">3</a> to distinguish him from his contemporary, Olaf +Svartaskald,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> was a +son of Snorre’s brother. Though not as prominent and influential as his +uncle, he took an active part in all the troubles of his native island +during the first half of the thirteenth century. He visited Norway in +1236, whence he went to Denmark, where he was a guest at the +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> +<a name = "page23"> </a> +court of King Valdemar, and is said to have enjoyed great esteem. In +1240 we find him again in Norway, where he espoused the cause of King +Hakon against Skule. On his return to Iceland he served four years as +chief magistrate of the island. His death occurred in the year 1259, and +he is numbered among the great skalds of Iceland.</p> + +<p>Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Hvitaskald are the two names to whom the +authorship of the Younger Edda has generally been attributed, and the +work is by many, even to this day, called Snorra Edda—that is, +Snorre’s Edda. We do not propose to enter into any elaborate discussion +of this complicated subject, but we will state briefly the reasons given +by Keyser and others for believing that these men had a hand in +preparing the Prose Edda. In the first place, we find that the writer of +the grammatical and rhetorical part of the Younger Edda distinctly +mentions Snorre as author of Hattatal (the Clavis Metrica), and not only +of the poem itself, but also of the treatise in prose. In the second +place, the Arne Magnæan parchment manuscript, which dates back to the +close of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, has the +following note prefaced to the Skaldskaparmal. “Here ends that part of +the book which Olaf Thordsson put together, and now begins +Skaldskaparmal and the Kenningar, +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +<a name = "page24"> </a> +according to that which has been found in the lays of the chief skalds, +and which Snorre afterward suffered to be brought together.” In the +third place, the Upsala manuscript of the Younger Edda, which is known +with certainty to have been written in the beginning of the fourteenth +century, contains this preface, written with the same hand as the body +of the work: “This book hight Edda. Snorre has compiled it in the manner +in which it is arranged: first, in regard to the asas and Ymer, then +Skaldskaparmal and the denominations of many things, and finally that +Hattatal, which Snorre composed about King Hakon and Duke Skule.” In the +fourth place, there is a passage in the so-called Annales Breviores, +supposed to have been written about the year 1400. The passage relates +to the year 1241, and reads thus: “Snorre Sturleson died at Reykholt. He +was a wise and very learned man, a great chief and shrewd. He was the +first man in this land who brought property into the hands of the king +(the king of Norway). He compiled Edda and many other learned historical +works and Icelandic sagas. He was murdered at Reykholt by Jarl +Gissur’s men.”</p> + +<p>It seems, then, that there is no room for any doubt that these two +men have had a share in the authorship of the Younger Edda. How great a +share each has had is another and more difficult +<span class = "pagenum">25</span> +<a name = "page25"> </a> +problem to solve. Rudolf Keyser’s opinion is (and we know no higher +authority on the subject), that Snorre is the author, though not in so +strict a sense as we now use the word, of Gylfaginning, Brage’s Speech, +Skaldskaparmal and Hattatal. This part of the Younger Edda may thus be +said to date back to the year 1230, though the material out of which the +mythological system is constructed is of course much older. We find it +in the ancient Vala’s Prophecy, of the Elder Edda, a poem that breathes +in every line the purest asa-faith, and is, without the least doubt, +much older than the introduction of christianity in the north, or the +discovery and settlement of Iceland. It is not improbable that the +religious system of the Odinic religion had assumed a permanent prose +form in the memories of the people long before the time of Snorre, and +that he merely was the means of having it committed to writing almost +without verbal change.</p> + +<p>Olaf Thordsson is unmistakably the author of the grammatical and +rhetorical portion of the Younger Edda, and its date can therefore +safely be put at about 1250. The author of the treatise on the alphabet +is not known, but Professor Keyser thinks it must have been written, its +first chapter, about the year 1150, and its second chapter about the +year 1200. The forewords and afterwords are evidently also from another +pen. +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +<a name = "page26"> </a> +Their author is unknown, but they are thought to have been written about +the year 1300. To sum up, then, we arrive at this conclusion: The +mythological material of the Younger Edda is as old as the Teutonic +race. Parts of it are written by authors unknown to fame. A small +portion is the work of Olaf Thordsson. The most important portion is +written, or perhaps better, compiled, by Snorre Sturleson, and the whole +is finally edited and furnished with forewords and afterwords, early in +the fourteenth century,—according to Keyser, about 1320-1330.</p> + +<p>About the name Edda there has also been much learned discussion. Some +have suggested that it may be a mutilated form of the word Odde, the +home of Sæmund the Wise, who was long supposed to be the compiler of the +Elder Edda. In this connection, it has been argued that possibly Sæmund +had begun the writing of the Younger Edda, too. Others derive the word +from <i>óðr</i> (mind, soul), which in poetical usage also means song, +poetry. Others, again, connect Edda with the Sanscrit word Veda, which +is supposed to mean knowledge. Finally, others adopt the meaning which +the word has where it is actually used in the Elder Edda, and where it +means great-grandmother. Vigfusson adopts this definition, and it is +certainly both scientific and poetical. What can be more beautiful than +the idea +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +<a name = "page27"> </a> +that our great ancestress teaches her descendants the sacred traditions, +the concentrated wisdom, of the race? To sum up, then, we say the +Younger, or Prose, or Snorre’s Edda has been produced at different times +by various hands, and the object of its authors has been to produce a +manual for the skalds. In addition to the forewords and afterwords, it +contains two books, one greater (Gylfaginning) and one lesser (Brage’s +Speech), giving a tolerably full account of Norse mythology. Then +follows Skaldskaparmal, wherein is an analysis of the various +circumlocutions practiced by the skalds, all illustrated by copious +quotations from the poets. How much of these three parts is written by +Snorre is not certain, but on the other hand, there is no doubt that he +is the author of Hattatal (Clavis Metrica), which gives an enumeration +of metres. To these four treatises are added four chapters on grammar +and rhetoric. The writer of the oldest grammatical treatise is thought +to be one Thorodd Runemaster, who lived in the middle of the twelfth +century; and the third treatise is evidently written by Olaf Thordsson +Hvitaskald, the nephew of Snorre, a scholar who spent some time at the +court of the Danish king, Valdemar the Victorious.</p> + +<p>The Younger Edda contains the systematized theogony and cosmogony of +our forefathers, while the Elder Edda presents the Odinic faith in a +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +<a name = "page28"> </a> +series of lays or rhapsodies. The Elder Edda is poetry, while the +Younger Edda is mainly prose. The Younger Edda may in one sense be +regarded as the sequel or commentary of the Elder Edda. Both complement +each other, and both must be studied in connection with the sagas and +all the Teutonic traditions and folk-lore in order to get a +comprehensive idea of the asa-faith. The two Eddas constitute, as it +were, the Odinic Bible. The Elder Edda is the Old Testament, the Younger +Edda the New. Like the Old Testament, the Elder Edda is in poetry. It is +prophetic and enigmatical. Like the New Testament, the Younger Edda is +in prose; it is lucid, and gives a clue to the obscure passages in the +Elder Edda. Nay, in many respects do the two Eddas correspond with the +two Testaments of the Christian Bible.</p> + +<p>It is a deplorable fact that the religion of our forefathers seems to +be but little cared for in this country. The mythologies of other +nations every student manifests an interest for. He reads with the +greatest zeal all the legends of Rome and Greece, of India and China. He +is familiar with every room in the labyrinth of Crete, while when he is +introduced to the shining halls of Valhal and Gladsheim he gropes his +way like a blind man. He does not know that Idun, with her beautiful +apples, might, if applied to, render even +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +<a name = "page29"> </a> +greater services than Ariadne with her wonderful thread. When we inquire +whom Tuesday and Wednesday and Thursday and Friday are named after, and +press questions in reference to Tyr, Odin, Thor and Freyja, we get at +best but a wise and knowing look. Are we, then, as a nation, like the +ancient Jews, and do we bend the knee before the gods of foreign nations +and forsake the altars of our own gods? What if we then should suffer +the fate of that unhappy people—be scattered over all the world +and lose our fatherland? In these Eddas our fathers have bequeathed unto +us all their profoundest, all their sublimest, all their best thought. +They are the concentrated result of their greatest intellectual and +spiritual effort, and it behooves us to cherish this treasure and make +it the fountain at which the whole American branch of the Ygdrasil ash +may imbibe a united national sentiment. It is not enough to brush the +dust off these gods and goddesses of our ancestors and put them up on +pedestals as ornaments in our museums and libraries. These coins of the +past are not to be laid away in numismatic collections. The grandson +must use what he has inherited from his grandfather. If the coin is not +intelligible, then it will have to be sent to the mint and stamped anew, +in order that it may circulate freely. Our +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +<a name = "page30"> </a> +ancestral deities want a place in our hearts and in our songs.</p> + +<p>On the European continent and in England the zeal of the priests in +propagating Christianity was so great that they sought to root out every +trace of the asa-faith. They left but unintelligible fragments of the +heathen religious structure. Our gods and goddesses and heroes were +consigned to oblivion, and all knowledge of the Odinic religion and of +the Niblung-story would have been well nigh totally obliterated had not +a more lucky star hovered over the destinies of Iceland. In this +remotest corner of the world the ancestral spirit was preserved like the +glowing embers of Hekla beneath the snow and ice of the glacier. From +the farthest Thule the spirit of our fathers rises and shines like an +aurora over all Teutondom. It was in the year 860 that Iceland was +discovered. In 874 the Teutonic spirit fled thither for refuge from +tyranny. Here a government based on the principles of old Teutonic +liberty was established. From here went forth daring vikings, who +discovered Greenland and Vinland, and showed Columbus the way to +America. From here the courts of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, England and +Germany were supplied with skalds to sing their praises. Here was put in +writing the laws and sagas that give us a clue to the form of old +Teutonic institutions. Here was +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +<a name = "page31"> </a> +preserved the Old Norse language, and in it a record of the customs, the +institutions and the religion of our fathers. Its literature does not +belong to that island alone,—it belongs to the whole Teutonic +race! Iceland is for the Teutons what Greece and Rome are for the south +of Europe, and she accomplished her mission with no less efficiency and +success. Cato the Elder used to end all his speeches with these words: +<i>“Præterea censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.”</i> In these days, when +so many worship at the shrine of Romanism, we think it perfectly just to +adopt Cato’s sentence in this form: <i>Præterea censeo Romam esse +delendam</i>.</p> + + +<a name = "page32"> </a> + + +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> +<a name = "page33"> </a> +<h4 class = "chapter"><a name = "foreword">FOREWORD.</a></h4> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<p>1. <span class = "firstword">In</span> the beginning Almighty God +created heaven and earth, and all things that belong to them, and last +he made two human beings, from whom the races are descended (Adam and +Eve), and their children multiplied and spread over all the world. But +in the course of time men became unequal; some were good and +right-believing, but many more turned them after the lusts of the world +and heeded not God’s laws; and for this reason God drowned the world in +the flood, and all that was quick in the world, except those who were in +the ark with Noah. After the flood of Noah there lived eight men, who +inhabited the world, and from them the races are descended; and now, as +before, they increased and filled the world, and there were very many +men who loved to covet wealth and power, but turned away from obedience +to God, and so much did they do this that they would not name God. And +who could then tell their sons of the wonderful works of God? So it came +to pass that they lost God’s name; and in the wide world the man was not +to be found who could tell of his +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +<a name = "page34"> </a> +Maker. But, nevertheless, God gave them earthly-gifts, wealth and +happiness, that should be with them in the world; he also shared wisdom +among them, so that they understood all earthly things, and all kinds +that might be seen in the air and on the earth. This they thought upon, +and wondered at, how it could come to pass that the earth and the beasts +and the birds had the same nature in some things but still were unlike +in manners.</p> + +<p>One evidence of this nature was that the earth might be dug into upon +high mountain-peaks and water would spring up there, and it was not +necessary to dig deeper for water there than in deep dales; thus, also, +in beasts and birds it is no farther to the blood in the head than in +the feet. Another proof of this nature is, that every year there grow on +the earth grass and flowers, and the same year it falls and withers; +thus, also, on beasts and birds do hair and feathers grow and fall off +each year. The third nature of the earth is, that when it is opened and +dug into, then grass grows on the mould which is uppermost on the earth. +Rocks and stones they explained to correspond to the teeth and bones of +living things. From these things they judged that the earth must be +quick and must have life in some way, and they knew that it was of a +wonderfully great age and of a mighty nature. It nourished all that was +quick and took to itself +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<a name = "page35"> </a> +all that died. On this account they gave it a name, and numbered their +ancestors back to it This they also learned from their old kinsmen, that +when many hundred winters were numbered, the course of the heavenly +bodies was uneven; some had a longer course than others. From such +things they suspected that some one must be the ruler of the heavenly +bodies who could stay their course at his own will, and he must be +strong and mighty; and of him they thought that, if he ruled the prime +elements, he must also have been before the heavenly bodies, and they +saw that, if he ruled the course of the heavenly bodies, he must rule +the sunshine, and the dew of the heavens, and the products of the earth +that follow them; and thus, also, the winds of the air and therewith the +storms of the sea. They knew not where his realm was, but they believed +that he ruled over all things on the earth and in the air, over the +heavens and the heavenly bodies, the seas and the weather. But in order +that these things might be better told and remembered, they gave him the +same name with themselves, and this belief has been changed in many +ways, as the peoples have been separated and the tongues have been +divided.</p> + +<p>2. In his old age Noah shared the world with his sons: for Ham he +intended the western region, for Japheth the northern region, but for +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +<a name = "page36"> </a> +Shem the southern region, with those parts which will hereafter be +marked out in the division of the earth into three parts. In the time +that the sons of these men were in the world, then increased forthwith +the desire for riches and power, from the fact that they knew many +crafts that had not been discovered before, and each one was exalted +with his own handiwork; and so far did they carry their pride, that the +Africans, descended from Ham, harried in that part of the world which +the offspring of Shem, their kinsman, inhabited. And when they had +conquered them, the world seemed to them too small, and they smithied a +tower with tile and stone, which they meant should reach to heaven, on +the plain called Sennar. And when this building was so far advanced that +it extended above the air, and they were no less eager to continue the +work, and when God saw how their pride waxed high, then he sees that he +will have to strike it down in some way. And the same God, who is +almighty, and who might have struck down all their work in the twinkling +of an eye, and made themselves turn into dust, still preferred to +frustrate their purpose by making them realize their own littleness, in +that none of them should understand what the other talked; and thus no +one knew what the other commanded, and one broke what the other wished +to build up, until they came +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +<a name = "page37"> </a> +to strife among themselves, and therewith was frustrated, in the +beginning, their purpose of building a tower. And he who was foremost, +hight Zoroaster, he laughed before he wept when he came into the world; +but the master-smiths were seventy-two, and so many tongues have spread +over the world since the giants were dispersed over the land, and the +nations became numerous. In this same place was built the most famous +city, which took its name from the tower, and was called Babylon. And +when the confusion of tongues had taken place, then increased the names +of men and of other things, and this same Zoroaster had many names; and +although he understood that his pride was laid low by the said building, +still he worked his way unto worldly power, and had himself chosen king +over many peoples of the Assyrians. From him arose the error of +idolatry; and when he was worshiped he was called Baal; we call him Bel; +he also had many other names. But as the names increased in number, so +was truth lost; and from this first error every following man worshiped +his head-master, beasts or birds, the air and the heavenly bodies, and +various lifeless things, until the error at length spread over the whole +world; and so carefully did they lose the truth that no one knew his +maker, excepting those men alone who spoke the Hebrew tongue,—that +which +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +<a name = "page38"> </a> +flourished before the building of the tower,—and still they did +not lose the bodily endowments that were given them, and therefore they +judged of all things with earthly understanding, for spiritual wisdom +was not given unto them. They deemed that all things were smithied of +some one material.</p> + +<p>3. The world was divided into three parts, one from the south, +westward to the Mediterranean Sea, which part was called Africa; but the +southern portion of this part is hot and scorched by the sun. The second +part, from the west and to the north and to the sea, is that called +Europe, or Enea. The northern portion of this is cold, so that grass +grows not, nor can anyone dwell there. From the north around the east +region, and all to the south, that is called Asia. In that part of the +world is all beauty and pomp, and wealth of the earth’s products, gold +and precious stones. There is also the mid-world, and as the earth there +is fairer and of a better quality than elsewhere, so are also the people +there most richly endowed with all gifts, with wisdom and strength, with +beauty and with all knowledge.</p> + +<p>4. Near the middle of the world was built the house and inn, the most +famous that has been made, which was called Troy, in the land which we +call Turkey. This city was built much larger than others, with more +skill in many ways, at +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +<a name = "page39"> </a> +great expense, and with such means as were at hand. There were twelve +kingdoms and one over-king, and many lands and nations belonged to each +kingdom; there were in the city twelve chief languages.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a> Their chiefs have surpassed all men +who have been in the world in all heroic things. No scholar who has ever +told of these things has ever disputed this fact, and for this reason, +that all rulers of the north region trace their ancestors back thither, +and place in the number of the gods all who were rulers of the city. +Especially do they place Priamos himself in the stead of Odin; nor must +that be called wonderful, for Priamos was sprung from Saturn, him whom +the north region for a long time believed to be God himself.</p> + +<p>5. This Saturn grew up in that island in Greece which hight Crete. He +was greater and stronger and fairer than other men. As in other natural +endowments, so he excelled all men in wisdom. He invented many crafts +which had not before been discovered. He was also so great in the art of +magic that he was certain about things that had not yet come to pass. He +found, too, that red thing in the earth from which he smelted gold, and +from such things he soon became very mighty. He also foretold harvests +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +<a name = "page40"> </a> +and many other secret things, and for such, and many other deeds, he was +chosen chief of the island. And when he had ruled it a short time, then +there speedily enough became a great abundance of all things. No money +circulated excepting gold coins, so plentiful was this metal; and though +there was famine in other lands, the crops never failed in Crete, so +that people might seek there all the things which they needed to have. +And from this and many other secret gifts of power that he had, men +believed him to be God, and from him arose another error among the +Cretans and Macedonians like the one before mentioned among the +Assyrians and Chaldeans from Zoroaster. And when Saturn finds how great +strength the people think they have in him, he calls himself God, and +says that he rules heaven and earth and all things.</p> + +<p>6. Once he went to Greece in a ship, for there was a king’s daughter +on whom he had set his heart. He won her love in this way, that one day +when she was out with her maid-servants, he took upon himself the +likeness of a bull, and lay before her in the wood, and so fair was he +that the hue of gold was on every hair; and when the king’s daughter saw +him she patted his lips. He sprang up and threw off the bull’s likeness +and took her into his arms and bore her to the ship and took her to +Crete. But his wife, Juno, +<span class = "pagenum">41</span> +<a name = "page41"> </a> +found this out, so he turned her (the king’s daughter) into the likeness +of a heifer and sent her east to the arms of the great river (that is, +of the Nile, to the Nile country), and let the thrall, who hight +Argulos, take care of her. She was there twelve months before he changed +her shape again. Many things did he do like this, or even more wonderful +He had three sons: one hight Jupiter, another Neptune, the third Pluto. +They were all men of the greatest accomplishments, and Jupiter was by +far the greatest; he was a warrior and won many kingdoms; he was also +crafty like his father, and took upon himself the likeness of many +animals, and thus he accomplished many things which are impossible for +mankind; and on account of this, and other things, he was held in awe by +all nations. Therefore Jupiter is put in the place of Thor, since all +evil wights fear him.</p> + +<p>7. Saturn had built in Crete seventy-two burgs, and when he thought +himself firmly established in his kingdom, he shared it with his sons, +whom he set up with himself as gods; and to Jupiter he gave the realm of +heaven; to Neptune, the realm of the earth, and to Pluto, hell; and this +last seemed to him the worst to manage, and therefore he gave to him his +dog, the one whom he called Cerberos, to guard hell. This Cerberos, the +Greeks say, Herakles dragged out of hell and +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> +<a name = "page42"> </a> +upon earth. And although Saturn had given the realm of heaven to +Jupiter, the latter nevertheless desired to possess the realm of the +earth, and so he harried his father’s kingdom, and it is said that he +had him taken and emasculated, and for such great achievements he +declared himself to be god, and the Macedonians say that he had the +members taken and cast into the sea, and therefore they believed for +ages that therefrom had come a woman; her they called Venus, and +numbered among the gods, and she has in all ages since been called +goddess of love, for they believed she was able to turn the hearts of +all men and women to love. When Saturn was emasculated by Jupiter, his +son, he fled from the east out of Crete and west into Italy. There dwelt +at that time such people as did not work, and lived on acorns and grass, +and lay in caves or holes in the earth. And when Saturn came there he +changed his name and called himself Njord, for the reason that he +thought that Jupiter, his son, might afterward seek him out. He was the +first there to teach men to plow and plant vineyards. There the soil was +good and fresh, and it soon produced heavy crops. He was made chief and +thus he got possession of all the realms there and built many burgs.</p> + +<p>8. Jupiter, his son, had many sons, from whom races have descended; +his son was Dardanos, his +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> +<a name = "page43"> </a> +son Herikon, his son Tros, his son Ilos, his son Laomedon, the father of +the chief king Priamos. Priamos had many sons; one of them was Hektor, +who was the most famous of all men in the world for strength, and +stature and accomplishments, and for all manly deeds of a knightly kind; +and it is found written that when the Greeks and all the strength of the +north and east regions fought with the Trojans, they would never have +become victors had not the Greeks invoked the gods; and it is also +stated that no human strength would conquer them unless they were +betrayed by their own men, which afterward was done. And from their fame +men that came after gave themselves titles, and especially was this done +by the Romans, who were the most famous in many things after their days; +and it is said that, when Rome was built, the Romans adapted their +customs and laws as nearly as possible to those of the Trojans, their +forefathers. And so much power accompanied these men for many ages +after, that when Pompey, a Roman chieftain, harried in the east region, +Odin fled out of Asia and hither to the north country, and then he gave +to himself and his men their names, and said that Priamos had hight Odin +and his queen Frigg, and from this the realm afterward took its name and +was called Frigia where the burg stood. And whether Odin said +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +<a name = "page44"> </a> +this of himself out of pride, or that it was wrought by the changing of +tongues; nevertheless many wise men have regarded it a true saying, and +for a long time after every man who was a great chieftain followed his +example.</p> + +<p>9. A king in Troy hight Munon or Mennon, his wife was a daughter of +the head-king Priamos and hight Troan; they had a son who hight Tror, +him we call Thor. He was fostered in Thrace by the duke, who is called +Loricos. But when he was ten winters old he took his father’s weapons. +So fair of face was he, when he stood by other men, as when ivory is set +in oak; his hair was fairer than gold. When he was twelve winters old he +had full strength; then he lifted from the ground ten bear skins all at +once, and then he slew Loricos, the duke, his foster-father and his +wife, Lora or Glora, and took possession of Thrace; this we call +Thrudheim. Then he visited many lands and knew the countries of the +world, and conquered single-handed all the berserks and all the giants, +and one very big dragon and many beasts. In the north region he found +that prophetess who hight Sibyl, whom we call Sif, and married her. None +can tell the genealogy of Sif; she was the fairest of all women, her +hair was like gold. Their son was Loride (Hloride), who was like his +father; his son was Henrede; his son Vingethor (Vingthor); +<span class = "pagenum">45</span> +<a name = "page45"> </a> +his son Vingener (Vingner); his son Moda (Mode); his son Magi (Magne); +his son Kesfet; his son Bedvig; his son Atra, whom we call Annan; his +son Itrman; his son Heremod (Hermod); his son Skjaldun, whom we call +Skjold; his son Bjaf, whom we call Bjar; his son Jat; his son Gudolf, +his son Fjarlaf, whom we call Fridleif; he had the son who is called +Vodin, whom we call Odin; he was a famous man for wisdom and all +accomplishments. His wife hight Frigida, whom we call Frigg.</p> + +<p>10. Odin had the power of divination, and so had his wife, and from +this knowledge he found out that his name would be held high in the +north part of the world, and honored beyond that of all kings. For this +reason he was eager to begin his journey from Turkey, and he had with +him very many people, young and old, men and women, and he had with him +many costly things. But wherever they fared over the lands great fame +was spoken of them, and they were said to be more like gods than men. +And they stopped not on their journey before they came north into that +land which is now called Saxland; there Odin remained a long time, and +subjugated the country far and wide. There Odin established his three +sons as a defense of the land. One is named Veggdegg; he was a strong +king and ruled over East Saxland. His son was +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +<a name = "page46"> </a> +Vitrgils, and his sons were Ritta, the father of Heingest (Hengist), and +Sigar, the father of Svebdegg, whom we call Svipdag. Another son of Odin +hight Beldegg, whom we call Balder; he possessed the land which now +hight Vestfal; his son was Brander, and his son Frjodigar, whom we call +Froda (Frode). His son was Freovit, his son Yvigg, his son Gevis, whom +we call Gave. The third son of Odin is named Sigge, his son Verer. These +forefathers ruled the land which is now called Frankland, and from them +is come the race that is called the Volsungs. From all of these many and +great races are descended.</p> + +<p>11. Then Odin continued his journey northward and came into the +country which was called Reidgotaland, and in that land he conquered all +that he desired. He established there his son, who hight Skjold; his son +hight Fridleif; from him is descended the race which hight Skjoldungs; +these are the Dane kings, and that land hight now Jutland, which then +was called Reidgotaland.</p> + +<p>12. Thereupon he fared north to what is now called Svithjod (Sweden), +there was the king who is called Gylfe. But when he heard of the coming +of those Asiamen, who were called asas, he went to meet them, and +offered Odin such things in his kingdom as he himself might desire. +<span class = "pagenum">47</span> +<a name = "page47"> </a> +And such good luck followed their path, that wherever they stopped in +the lands, there were bountiful crops and good peace; and all believed +that they were the cause thereof. The mighty men of the kingdom saw that +they were unlike other men whom they had seen, both in respect to beauty +and understanding. The land there seemed good to Odin, and he chose +there for himself a place for a burg, which is now called Sigtuna.<a +class = "tag" name = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> He there established +chiefs, like unto what had formerly existed in Troy; he appointed twelve +men in the burg to be judges of the law of the land, and made all rights +to correspond with what had before been in Troy, and to what the Turks +had been accustomed.</p> + +<p>13. Thereupon he fared north until he reached the sea, which they +thought surrounded all lands, and there he established his son in the +kingdom, which is now called Norway; he is hight Saming, and the kings +of Norway count their ancestors back to him, and so do the jarls and +other mighty men, as it is stated in the Haleygjatal.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a> But Odin had with him that son who +is called Yngve, who was king in Sweden, and from him is descended the +families called Ynglings (Yngvelings). The asas took to themselves wives +there within the land. But some took +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +<a name = "page48"> </a> +wives for their sons, and these families became so numerous that they +spread over Saxland, and thence over the whole north region, and the +tongue of these Asiamen became the native tongue of all these lands. And +men think they can understand from the way in which the names of their +forefathers is written, that these names have belonged to this tongue, +and that the asas have brought this tongue hither to the north, to +Norway, to Sweden and to Saxland. But in England are old names of places +and towns which can be seen to have been given in another tongue than +this.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">49</span> +<a name = "page49"> </a> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "gylfe">THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.</a></h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h4><a name = "gylfe_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h4> + +<h6>GEFJUN’S PLOWING.</h6> + +<p>1. King Gylfe ruled the lands that are now called Svithjod (Sweden). +Of him it is said that he gave to a wayfaring woman, as a reward for the +entertainment she had afforded him by her story-telling, a plow-land in +his realm, as large as four oxen could plow it in a day and a night But +this woman was of the asa-race; her name was Gefjun. She took from the +north, from Jotunheim, four oxen, which were the sons of a giant and +her, and set them before the plow. Then went the plow so hard and deep +that it tore up the land, and the oxen drew it westward into the sea, +until it stood still in a sound. There Gefjun set the land, gave it a +name and called it Seeland. And where the land had been taken away +became afterward a sea, which in Sweden is now called Logrinn (the Lake, +the Malar Lake in Sweden). And in the Malar Lake the bays correspond +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<a name = "page50"> </a> +to the capes in Seeland. Thus Brage, the old skald:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Gefjun glad<br> +Drew from Gylfe<br> +The excellent land,<br> +Denmark’s increase,<br> +So that it reeked<br> +From the running beasts.<br> +Four heads and eight eyes<br> +Bore the oxen<br> +As they went before the wide<br> +Robbed land of the grassy isle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" href = +"#note8">8</a></p> + + + + +<p><span class = "pagenum">51</span> +<a name = "page51"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h4> + +<h6>GYLFE’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.</h6> + +<p>2. King Gylfe was a wise man and skilled in the black art. He +wondered much that the asa-folk was so mighty in knowledge, that all +things went after their will. He thought to himself whether this could +come from their own nature, or whether the cause must be sought for +among the gods whom they worshiped. He therefore undertook a journey to +Asgard. He went secretly, having assumed the likeness of an old man, and +striving thus to disguise himself. But the asas were wiser, for they see +into the future, and, foreseeing his journey before he came, they +received him with an eye-deceit. So when he came into the burg he saw +there a hall so high that he could hardly look over it. Its roof was +thatched with golden shields as with shingles. Thus says Thjodolf of +Hvin, that Valhal was thatched with shields:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Thinking thatchers<br> +Thatched the roof;<br> +The beams of the burg<br> +Beamed with gold.<a class = "tag" name = "tag9" href = "#note9">9</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">52</span> +<a name = "page52"> </a> +In the door of the hall Gylfe saw a man who played with swords so +dexterously that seven were in the air at one time. That man asked him +what his name was. Gylfe answered that his name was Ganglere;<a class = +"tag" name = "tag10" href = "#note10">10</a> that he had come a long +way, and that he sought lodgings for the night. He also asked who owned +the burg. The other answered that it belonged to their king: I will go +with you to see him and then you may ask him for his name yourself. Then +the man turned and led the way into the hall. Ganglere followed, and +suddenly the doors closed behind him. There he saw many rooms and a +large number of people, of whom some were playing, others were drinking, +and some were fighting with weapons. He looked around him, and much of +what he saw seemed to him incredible. Then quoth he:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Gates all,<br> +Before in you go,<br> +You must examine well;<br> +For you cannot know<br> +Where enemies sit<br> +In the house before you.<a class = "tag" name = "tag11" href = +"#note11">11</a> +</p> + +<p>He saw three high-seats, one above the other, and in each sat a man. +He asked what the names of these chiefs were. He, who had conducted him +in, answered that the one who sat +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<a name = "page53"> </a> +in the lowest high-seat was king, and hight Har; the one next above him, +Jafnhar; but the one who sat on the highest throne, Thride. Har asked +the comer what more his errand was, and added that food and drink was +there at his service, as for all in Har’s hall. Ganglere answered that +he first would like to ask whether there was any wise man. Answered Har: +You will not come out from here hale unless you are wiser.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +And stand now forth<br> +While you ask;<br> +He who answers shall sit. +</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">54</span> +<a name = "page54"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h4> + +<h6>OF THE HIGHEST GOD.</h6> + +<p>3. Ganglere then made the following question: Who is the highest and +oldest of all the gods? Made answer Har: Alfather he is called in our +tongue, but in Asgard of old he had twelve names. The first is Alfather, +the second is Herran or Herjan, the third Nikar or Hnikar, the fourth +Nikuz or Hnikud, the fifth Fjolner, the sixth Oske, the seventh Ome, the +eighth Biflide or Biflinde, the ninth Svidar, the tenth Svidrer, the +eleventh Vidrer, the twelfth Jalg or Jalk. Ganglere asks again: Where is +this god? What can he do? What mighty works has he accomplished? +Answered Har: He lives from everlasting to everlasting, rules over all +his realm, and governs all things, great and small. Then remarked +Jafnhar: He made heaven and earth, the air and all things in them. +Thride added: What is most important, he made man and gave him a spirit, +which shall live, and never perish, though the body may turn to dust or +burn to ashes. All who live a life of virtue shall dwell with him in +Gimle or Vingolf. The wicked, +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +<a name = "page55"> </a> +on the other hand, go to Hel, and from her to Niflhel, that is, down +into the ninth world. Then asked Ganglere: What was he doing before +heaven and earth were made? Har gave answer: Then was he with the +frost-giants.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">56</span> +<a name = "page56"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE CREATION OF THE WORLD.</h6> + +<p>4. Said Ganglere: How came the world into existence, or how did it +rise? What was before? Made answer to him Har: Thus is it said in the +Vala’s Prophecy:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +It was Time’s morning,<br> +When there nothing was;<br> +Nor sand, nor sea,<br> +Nor cooling billows.<br> +Earth there was not,<br> +Nor heaven above.<br> +The Ginungagap was,<br> +But grass nowhere.<a class = "tag" name = "tag12" href = +"#note12">12</a> +</p> + +<p>Jafnhar remarked: Many ages before the earth was made, Niflheim had +existed, in the midst of which is the well called Hvergelmer, whence +flow the following streams: Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Fimbul, Thul, Slid and +Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll, the last of which is nearest +the gate of Hel. Then added Thride: Still there was before a world to +the south which hight Muspelheim. It is light and hot, and so bright and +dazzling that no stranger, who is not a +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<a name = "page57"> </a> +native there, can stand it. Surt is the name of him who stands on its +border guarding it. He has a flaming sword in his hand, and at the end +of the world he will come and harry, conquer all the gods, and burn up +the whole world with fire. Thus it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Surt from the south fares<br> +With blazing flames;<br> +From the sword shines<br> +The sun of the war-god.<br> +Rocks dash together<br> +And witches collapse,<br> +Men go the way to Hel<br> +And the heavens are cleft.<a class = "tag" name = "tag13" href = +"#note13">13</a> +</p> + +<p>5. Said Ganglere: What took place before the races came into +existence, and men increased and multiplied? Replied Har, explaining, +that as soon as the streams, that are called the Elivogs, had come so +far from their source that the venomous yeast which flowed with them +hardened, as does dross that runs from the fire, then it turned into +ice. And when this ice stopped and flowed no more, then gathered over it +the drizzling rain that arose from the venom and froze into rime, and +one layer of ice was laid upon the other clear into Ginungagap. Then +said Jafnhar: All that part of Ginungagap that turns toward the north +was filled with thick and heavy ice and rime, and everywhere within were +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +<a name = "page58"> </a> +drizzling rains and gusts. But the south part of Ginungagap was lighted +up by the glowing sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. Added Thride: As +cold and all things grim proceeded from Niflheim, so that which bordered +on Muspelheim was hot and bright, and Ginungagap was as warm and mild as +windless air. And when the heated blasts from Muspelheim met the rime, +so that it melted into drops, then, by the might of him who sent the +heat, the drops quickened into life and took the likeness of a man, who +got the name Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer. Thus it is +said in the short Prophecy of the Vala (the Lay of Hyndla):</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +All the valas are<br> +From Vidolf descended;<br> +All wizards are<br> +Of Vilmeide’s race;<br> +All enchanters<br> +Are sons of Svarthofde;<br> +All giants have<br> +Come from Ymer.<a class = "tag" name = "tag14" href = "#note14">14</a> +</p> + +<p>And on this point, when Vafthrudner, the giant, was asked by +Gangrad:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Whence came Aurgelmer<br> +Originally to the sons<br> +Of the giants?—thou wise giant!<a class = "tag" name = "tag15" +href = "#note15">15</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">59</span> +<a name = "page59"> </a> +he said</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +From the Elivogs<br> +Sprang drops of venom,<br> +And grew till a giant was made.<br> +Thence our race<br> +Are all descended,<br> +Therefore are we all so fierce.<a class = "tag" name = "tag16" href = +"#note16">16</a> +</p> + +<p>Then asked Ganglere: How were the races developed from him? Or what +was done so that more men were made? Or do you believe him to be god of +whom you now spake? Made answer Har: By no means do we believe him to be +god; evil was he and all his offspring, them we call frost-giants. It is +said that when he slept he fell into a sweat, and then there grew under +his left arm a man and a woman, and one of his feet begat with the other +a son. From these come the races that are called frost-giants. The old +frost-giant we call Ymer.</p> + +<p>6. Then said Ganglere: Where did Ymer dwell, and on what did he live? +Answered Har: The next thing was that when the rime melted into drops, +there was made thereof a cow, which hight Audhumbla. Four milk-streams +ran from her teats, and she fed Ymer. Thereupon asked Ganglere: On what +did the cow subsist? Answered Har: She licked the salt-stones that were +covered with rime, and the first day that she +<span class = "pagenum">60</span> +<a name = "page60"> </a> +licked the stones there came out of them in the evening a man’s hair, +the second day a man’s head, and the third day the whole man was there. +This man’s name was Bure; he was fair of face, great and mighty, and he +begat a son whose name was Bor. This Bor married a woman whose name was +Bestla, the daughter of the giant Bolthorn; they had three +sons,—the one hight Odin, the other Vile, and the third Ve. And it +is my belief that this Odin and his brothers are the rulers of heaven +and earth. We think that he must be so called. That is the name of the +man whom we know to be the greatest and most famous, and well may men +call him by that name.</p> + +<p>7. Ganglere asked: How could these keep peace with Ymer, or who was +the stronger? Then answered Har: The sons of Bor slew the giant Ymer, +but when he fell, there flowed so much blood from his wounds that they +drowned therein the whole race of frost giants; excepting one, who +escaped with his household. Him the giants call Bergelmer. He and his +wife went on board his ark and saved themselves in it. From them are +come new races of frost-giants, as is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Countless winters<br> +Ere the earth was made,<br> +Was born Bergelmer. +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +<a name = "page61"> </a><br> +This first I call to mind<br> +How that crafty giant<br> +Safe in his ark lay.<a class = "tag" name = "tag17" href = +"#note17">17</a> +</p> + +<p>8. Then said Ganglere: What was done then by the sons of Bor, since +you believe that they were gods? Answered Har: About that there is not a +little to be said. They took the body of Ymer, carried it into the midst +of Ginungagap and made of him the earth. Of his blood they made the seas +and lakes; of his flesh the earth was made, but of his bones the rocks; +of his teeth and jaws, and of the bones that were broken, they made +stones and pebbles. Jafnhar remarked: Of the blood that flowed from the +wounds, and was free, they made the ocean; they fastened the earth +together and around it they laid this ocean in a ring without, and it +must seem to most men impossible to cross it. Thride added: They took +his skull and made thereof the sky, and raised it over the earth with +four sides. Under each corner they set a dwarf, and the four dwarfs were +called Austre (east), Vestre (West), Nordre (North), Sudre (South). Then +they took glowing sparks, that were loose and had been cast out from +Muspelheim, and placed them in the midst of the boundless heaven, both +above and below, to light up heaven and earth. They gave resting-places +to all fires, and set some in heaven; +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +<a name = "page62"> </a> +some were made to go free under heaven, but they gave them a place and +shaped their course. In old songs it is said that from that time days +and years were reckoned. Thus in the Prophecy of the Vala:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The sun knew not<br> +Where her hall she had;<br> +The moon knew not<br> +What might he had;<br> +The stars knew not<br> +Their resting-places.<a class = "tag" name = "tag18" href = +"#note18">18</a> +</p> + +<p>Thus it was before these things were made. Then said Ganglere: +Wonderful tidings are these I now hear; a wondrous great building is +this, and deftly constructed. How was the earth fashioned? Made answer +Har: The earth is round, and without it round about lies the deep ocean, +and along the outer strand of that sea they gave lands for the giant +races to dwell in; and against the attack of restless giants they built +a burg within the sea and around the earth. For this purpose they used +the giant Ymer’s eyebrows, and they called the burg Midgard. They also +took his brains and cast them into the air, and made therefrom the +clouds, as is here said:</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">63</span> +<a name = "page63"> </a></p> +<p class = "verse"> +Of Ymer’s flesh<br> +The earth was made,<br> +And of his sweat the seas;<br> +Rocks of his bones,<br> +Trees of his hair,<br> +And the sky of his skull;<br> +But of his eyebrows<br> +The blithe powers<br> +Made Midgard for the sons of men.<br> +Of his brains<br> +All the melancholy<br> +Clouds were made.<a class = "tag" name = "tag19" href = "#note19">19</a> +</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">64</span> +<a name = "page64"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_V">CHAPTER V.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE CREATION—(CONTINUED.)</h6> + +<p>9. Then said Ganglere: Much had been done, it seemed to me, when +heaven and earth were made, when sun and moon were set in their places, +and when days were marked out; but whence came the people who inhabit +the world? Har answered as follows: As Bor’s sons went along the +sea-strand, they found two trees. These trees they took up and made men +of them. The first gave them spirit and life; the second endowed them +with reason and power of motion; and the third gave them form, speech, +hearing and eyesight. They gave them clothes and names; the man they +called Ask, and the woman Embla. From them all mankind is descended, and +a dwelling-place was given them under Midgard. In the next place, the +sons of Bor made for themselves in the middle of the world a burg, which +is called Asgard, and which we call Troy. There dwelt the gods and their +race, and thence were wrought many tidings and adventures, both on earth +and in the sky. In Asgard is a place called Hlidskjalf, and when +<span class = "pagenum">65</span> +<a name = "page65"> </a> +Odin seated himself there in the high-seat, he saw over the whole world, +and what every man was doing, and he knew all things that he saw. His +wife hight Frigg, and she was the daughter of Fjorgvin, and from their +offspring are descended the race that we call asas, who inhabited Asgard +the old and the realms that lie about it, and all that race are known to +be gods. And for this reason Odin is called Alfather, that he is the +father of all gods and men, and of all things that were made by him and +by his might. Jord (earth) was his daughter and his wife; with her he +begat his first son, and that is Asa-Thor. To him was given force and +strength, whereby he conquers all things quick.</p> + +<p>10. Norfe, or Narfe, hight a giant, who dwelt in Jotunheim. He had a +daughter by name Night. She was swarthy and dark like the race she +belonged to. She was first married to a man who hight Naglfare. Their +son was Aud. Afterward she was married to Annar. Jord hight their +daughter. Her last husband was Delling (Daybreak), who was of asa-race. +Their son was Day, who was light and fair after his father. Then took +Alfather Night and her son Day, gave them two horses and two cars, and +set them up in heaven to drive around the earth, each in twelve hours by +turns. Night rides first on the horse which is called Hrimfaxe, and +every morning he bedews +<span class = "pagenum">66</span> +<a name = "page66"> </a> +the earth with the foam from his bit. The horse on which Day rides is +called Skinfaxe, and with his mane he lights up all the sky and the +earth.</p> + +<p>11. Then said Ganglere: How does he steer the course of the sun and +the moon? Answered Har: Mundilfare hight the man who had two children. +They were so fair and beautiful that he called his son Moon, and his +daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a man by name Glener, he called +Sun. But the gods became wroth at this arrogance, took both the brother +and the sister, set them up in heaven, and made Sun drive the horses +that draw the car of the sun, which the gods had made to light up the +world from sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. These horses hight Arvak +and Alsvid. Under their withers the gods placed two wind-bags to cool +them, but in some songs it is called ironcold (ísarnkol). Moon guides +the course of the moon, and rules its waxing and waning. He took from +the earth two children, who hight Bil and Hjuke, as they were going from +the well called Byrger, and were carrying on their shoulders the bucket +called Sager and the pole Simul. Their father’s name is Vidfin. These +children always accompany Moon, as can be seen from the earth.</p> + +<p>12. Then said Ganglere: Swift fares Sun, almost as if she were +afraid, and she could make no more haste in her course if she feared her +destroyer. +<span class = "pagenum">67</span> +<a name = "page67"> </a> +Then answered Har: Nor is it wonderful that she speeds with all her +might. Near is he who pursues her, and there is no escape for her but to +run before him. Then asked Ganglere: Who causes her this toil? Answered +Har: It is two wolves. The one hight Skol, he runs after her; she fears +him and he will one day overtake her. The other hight Hate, Hrodvitner’s +son; he bounds before her and wants to catch the moon, and so he will at +last.<a class = "tag" name = "tag20" href = "#note20">20</a> Then asked +Ganglere: Whose offspring are these wolves? Said Har; A hag dwells east +of Midgard, in the forest called Jarnved (Ironwood), where reside the +witches called Jarnvidjes. The old hag gives birth to many giant sons, +and all in wolf’s likeness. Thence come these two wolves. It is said +that of this wolf-race one is the mightiest, and is called Moongarm. He +is filled with the life-blood of all dead men. He will devour the moon, +and stain the heavens and all the sky with blood. Thereby the sun will +be darkened, the winds will grow wild, and roar hither and thither, as +it is said in the Prophecy of the Vala:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +In the east dwells the old hag,<br> +In the Jarnved forest;<br> +And brings forth there<br> +Fenrer’s offspring.<br> +There comes of them all<br> +One the worst, +<span class = "pagenum">68</span> +<a name = "page68"> </a><br> +The moon’s devourer<br> +In a troll’s disguise.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +He is filled with the life-blood<br> +Of men doomed to die;<br> +The seats of the gods<br> +He stains with red gore;<br> +Sunshine grows black<br> +The summer thereafter,<br> +All weather gets fickle.<br> +Know you yet or not?<a class = "tag" name = "tag21" href = +"#note21">21</a> +</p> + +<p>13. Then asked Ganglere: What is the path from earth to heaven? Har +answered, laughing: Foolishly do you now ask. Have you not been told +that the gods made a bridge from earth to heaven, which is called +Bifrost? You must have seen it. It may be that you call it the rainbow. +It has three colors, is very strong, and is made with more craft and +skill than other structures. Still, however strong it is, it will break +when the sons of Muspel come to ride over it, and then they will have to +swim their horses over great rivers in order to get on. Then said +Ganglere: The gods did not, it seems to me, build that bridge honestly, +if it shall be able to break to pieces, since they could have done so, +had they desired. Then made answer Har: The gods are worthy of no blame +for this structure. Bifrost is indeed a good bridge, but there is no +thing in the world that is able to stand when the sons of Muspel come to +the fight.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">69</span> +<a name = "page69"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE FIRST WORKS OF THE ASAS. THE GOLDEN AGE.</h6> + +<p>14. Then said Ganglere: What did Alfather do when Asgard had been +built? Said Har: In the beginning he appointed rulers in a place in the +middle of the burg which is called Idavold, who were to judge with him +the disputes of men and decide the affairs of the burg. Their first work +was to erect a court, where there were seats for all the twelve, and, +besides, a high-seat for Alfather. That is the best and largest house +ever built on earth, and is within and without like solid gold. This +place is called Gladsheim. Then they built another hall as a home for +the goddesses, which also is a very beautiful mansion, and is called +Vingolf. Thereupon they built a forge; made hammer, tongs, anvil, and +with these all other tools. Afterward they worked in iron, stone and +wood, and especially in that metal which is called gold. All their +household wares were of gold. That age was called the golden age, until +it was lost by the coming of those women from Jotunheim. Then the gods +set themselves in their high-seats and held counsel. +<span class = "pagenum">70</span> +<a name = "page70"> </a> +They remembered how the dwarfs had quickened in the mould of the earth +like maggots in flesh. The dwarfs had first been created and had +quickened in Ymer’s flesh, and were then maggots; but now, by the +decision of the gods, they got the understanding and likeness of men, +but still had to dwell in the earth and in rocks. Modsogner was one +dwarf and Durin another. So it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Then went all the gods,<br> +The all-holy gods,<br> +On their judgment seats,<br> +And thereon took counsel<br> +Who should the race<br> +Of dwarfs create<br> +From the bloody sea<br> +And from Blain’s bones.<br> +In the likeness of men<br> +Made they many<br> +Dwarfs in the earth,<br> +As Durin said. +</p> + +<p>And these, says the Vala, are the names of the dwarfs:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Nye, Nide,<br> +Nordre, Sudre,<br> +Austre, Vestre,<br> +Althjof, Dvalin,<br> +Na, Nain,<br> +Niping, Dain,<br> +Bifur, Bafur,<br> +Bombor, Nore,<br> +Ore, Onar,<br> +Oin, Mjodvitner,<br> +Vig, Gandalf,<br> +Vindalf, Thorin, +<span class = "pagenum">71</span> +<a name = "page71"> </a><br> +File, Kile,<br> +Fundin, Vale,<br> +Thro, Throin,<br> +Thek, Lit, Vit,<br> +Ny, Nyrad,<br> +Rek, Radsvid. +</p> + +<p>But the following are also dwarfs and dwell in the rocks, while the +above-named dwell in the mould:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Draupner, Dolgthvare,<br> +Hor, Hugstare,<br> +Hledjolf, Gloin,<br> +Dore, Ore,<br> +Duf, Andvare,<br> +Hepte, File,<br> +Har, Siar. +</p> + +<p>But the following come from Svarin’s How to Aurvang on Joruvold, and +from them is sprung Lovar. Their names are:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Skirfer, Virfir,<br> +Skafid, Ae,<br> +Alf, Inge,<br> +Eikinslgalde,<br> +Fal, Froste,<br> +Fid, Ginnar.<a class = "tag" name = "tag22" href = "#note22">22</a> +</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">72</span> +<a name = "page72"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></h4> + +<h6>ON THE WONDERFUL THINGS IN HEAVEN.</h6> + +<p>15. Then said Ganglere: Where is the chief or most holy place of the +gods? Har answered: That is by the ash Ygdrasil. There the gods meet in +council every day. Said Ganglere: What is said about this place? +Answered Jafnhar: This ash is the best and greatest of all trees; its +branches spread over all the world, and reach up above heaven. Three +roots sustain the tree and stand wide apart; one root is with the asas +and another with the frost-giants, where Ginungagap formerly was; the +third reaches into Niflheim; under it is Hvergelmer, where Nidhug gnaws +the root from below. But under the second root, which extends to the +frost-giants, is the well of Mimer, wherein knowledge and wisdom are +concealed. The owner of the well hight Mimer. He is full of wisdom, for +he drinks from the well with the Gjallar-horn. Alfather once came there +and asked for a drink from the well, but he did not get it before he +left one of his eyes as a pledge. So it is said in the Vala’s +Prophecy:</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">73</span> +<a name = "page73"> </a></p> +<p class = "verse"> +Well know I, Odin,<br> +Where you hid your eye:<br> +In the crystal-clear<br> +Well of Mimer.<br> +Mead drinks Mimer<br> +Every morning<br> +From Valfather’s pledge.<br> +Know you yet or not?<a class = "tag" name = "tag23" href = +"#note23">23</a> +</p> + +<p>The third root of the ash is in heaven, and beneath it is the most +sacred fountain of Urd. Here the gods have their doomstead. The asas +ride hither every day over Bifrost, which is also called Asa-bridge. The +following are the names of the horses of the gods: Sleipner is the best +one; he belongs to Odin, and he has eight feet. The second is Glad, the +third Gyller, the fourth Gler, the fifth Skeidbrimer, the sixth +Silfertop, the seventh Siner, the eighth Gisl, the ninth Falhofner, the +tenth Gulltop, the eleventh Letfet. Balder’s horse was burned with him. +Thor goes on foot to the doomstead, and wades the following rivers:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Kormt and Ormt<br> +And the two Kerlaugs;<br> +These shall Thor wade<br> +Every day<br> +When he goes to judge<br> +Near the Ygdrasil ash;<br> +For the Asa-bridge<br> +Burns all ablaze,—<br> +The holy waters roar.<a class = "tag" name = "tag24" href = +"#note24">24</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">74</span> +<a name = "page74"> </a> +Then asked Ganglere: Does fire burn over Bifrost? Har answered: The red +which you see in the rainbow is burning fire. The frost-giants and the +mountain-giants would go up to heaven if Bifrost were passable for all +who desired to go there. Many fair places there are in heaven, and they +are all protected by a divine defense. There stands a beautiful hall +near the fountain beneath the ash. Out of it come three maids, whose +names are Urd, Verdande and Skuld. These maids shape the lives of men, +and we call them norns. There are yet more norns, namely those who come +to every man when he is born, to shape his life, and these are known to +be of the race of gods; others, on the other hand, are of the race of +elves, and yet others are of the race of dwarfs. As is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Far asunder, I think,<br> +The norns are born,<br> +They are not of the same race.<br> +Some are of the asas,<br> +Some are of the elves,<br> +Some are daughters of Dvalin.<a class = "tag" name = "tag25" href = +"#note25">25</a> +</p> + +<p>Then said Ganglere: If the norns rule the fortunes of men, then they +deal them out exceedingly unevenly. Some live a good life and are rich; +some get neither wealth nor praise. Some have a long, others a short +life. Har answered: +<span class = "pagenum">75</span> +<a name = "page75"> </a> +Good norns and of good descent shape good lives, and when some men are +weighed down with misfortune, the evil norns are the cause +of it.</p> + +<p>16. Then said Ganglere: What other remarkable things are there to be +said about the ash? Har answered: Much is to be said about it. On one of +the boughs of the ash sits an eagle, who knows many things. Between his +eyes sits a hawk that is called Vedfolner. A squirrel, by name Ratatosk, +springs up and down the tree, and carries words of envy between the +eagle and Nidhug. Four stags leap about in the branches of the ash and +bite the leaves.<a class = "tag" name = "tag26" href = "#note26">26</a> +Their names are: Dain, Dvalin, Duney and Durathro. In Hvergelmer with +Nidhug are more serpents than tongue can tell. As is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The ash Ygdrasil<br> +Bears distress<br> +Greater than men know.<br> +Stags bite it above,<br> +At the side it rots,<br> +Nidhug gnaws it below. +</p> + +<p>And so again it is said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +More serpents lie<br> +’Neath the Ygdrasil ash<br> +Than is thought of<br> +By every foolish ape.<br> +Goin and Moin<br> +(They are sons of Grafvitner), +<span class = "pagenum">76</span> +<a name = "page76"> </a><br> +Grabak and Grafvollud,<br> +Ofner and Svafner<br> +Must for aye, methinks,<br> +Gnaw the roots of that tree.<a class = "tag" name = "tag27" href = +"#note27">27</a> +</p> + +<p>Again, it is said that the norns, that dwell in the fountain of Urd, +every day take water from the fountain and take the clay that lies +around the fountain and sprinkle therewith the ash, in order that its +branches may not wither or decay. This water is so holy that all things +that are put into the fountain become as white as the film of an +egg-shell As is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +An ash I know<br> +Hight Ygdrasil;<br> +A high, holy tree<br> +With white clay sprinkled.<br> +Thence come the dews<br> +That fall in the dales.<br> +Green forever it stands<br> +Over Urd’s fountain.<a class = "tag" name = "tag28" href = +"#note28">28</a> +</p> + +<p>The dew which falls on the earth from this tree men call honey-fall, +and it is the food of bees. Two birds are fed in Urd’s fountain; they +are called swans, and they are the parents of the race of swans.</p> + +<p>17. Then said Ganglere: Great tidings you are able to tell of the +heavens. Are there other remarkable places than the one by Urd’s +fountain? Answered Har: There are many magnificent +<span class = "pagenum">77</span> +<a name = "page77"> </a> +dwellings. One is there called Alfheim. There dwell the folk that are +called light-elves; but the dark-elves dwell down in the earth, and they +are unlike the light-elves in appearance, but much more so in deeds. The +light-elves are fairer than the sun to look upon, but the dark-elves are +blacker than pitch. Another place is called Breidablik, and no place is +fairer. There is also a mansion called Glitner, of which the walls and +pillars and posts are of red gold, and the roof is of silver. +Furthermore, there is a dwelling, by name Himinbjorg, which stands at +the end of heaven, where the Bifrost-bridge is united with heaven. And +there is a great dwelling called Valaskjalf, which belongs to Odin. The +gods made it and thatched it with, sheer silver. In this hall is the +high-seat, which is called Hlidskjalf, and when Alfather sits in this +seat, he sees over all the world. In the southern end of the world is +the palace, which is the fairest of all, and brighter than the sun; its +name is Gimle. It shall stand when both heaven and earth shall have +passed away. In this hall the good and the righteous shall dwell through +all ages. Thus says the Prophecy of the Vala:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +A hall I know, standing<br> +Than the sun fairer,<br> +Than gold better,<br> +Gimle by name. +<span class = "pagenum">78</span> +<a name = "page78"> </a><br> +There shall good<br> +People dwell,<br> +And forever<br> +Delights enjoy.<a class = "tag" name = "tag29" href = "#note29">29</a> +</p> + +<p>Then said Ganglere: Who guards this palace when Surt’s fire burns up +heaven and earth? Har answered: It is said that to the south and above +this heaven is another heaven, which is called Andlang. But there is a +third, which is above these, and is called Vidblain, and in this heaven +we believe this mansion (Gimle) to be situated; but we deem that the +light-elves alone dwell in it now.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">79</span> +<a name = "page79"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE ASAS.</h6> + +<p>18. Then said Ganglere: Whence comes the wind? It is so strong that +it moves great seas, and fans fires to flame, and yet, strong as it is, +it cannot be seen. Therefore it is wonderfully made. Then answered Har: +That I can tell you well. At the northern end of heaven sits a giant, +who hight Hrasvelg. He is clad in eagles’ plumes, and when he spreads +his wings for flight, the winds arise from under them. Thus is it here +said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Hrasvelg hight he<br> +Who sits at the end of heaven,<br> +A giant in eagle’s disguise.<br> +From his wings, they say,<br> +The wind does come<br> +Over all mankind.<a class = "tag" name = "tag30" href = "#note30">30</a> +</p> + +<p>19. Then said Ganglere: How comes it that summer is so hot, but the +winter so cold? Har answered: A wise man would not ask such a question, +for all are able to tell this; but if you alone have become so stupid +that you have not heard of it, then I would rather forgive you for +<span class = "pagenum">80</span> +<a name = "page80"> </a> +asking unwisely once than that you should go any longer in ignorance of +what you ought to know. Svasud is the name of him who is father of +summer, and he lives such a life of enjoyment, that everything that is +mild is from him called sweet (svasligt). But the father of winter has +two names, Vindlone and Vindsval. He is the son of Vasad, and all that +race are grim and of icy breath, and winter is like them.</p> + +<p>20. Then asked Ganglere: Which are the asas, in whom men are bound to +believe? Har answered him: Twelve are the divine asas. Jafnhar said: No +less holy are the asynjes (goddesses), nor is their power less. Then +added Thride: Odin is the highest and oldest of the asas. He rules all +things, but the other gods, each according to his might, serve him as +children a father. Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fate of men, +although she tells not thereof, as it is related that Odin himself said +to Asa-Loke:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Mad are you, Loke!<br> +And out of your senses;<br> +Why do you not stop?<br> +Fortunes all,<br> +Methinks, Frigg knows,<br> +Though she tells them not herself.<a class = "tag" name = "tag31" href = +"#note31">31</a> +</p> + +<p>Odin is called Alfather, for he is the father of all the gods; he is +also called Valfather, for all +<span class = "pagenum">81</span> +<a name = "page81"> </a> +who fall in fight are his chosen sons. For them he prepares Valhal and +Vingolf, where they are called einherjes (heroes). He is also called +Hangagod, Haptagod, Farmagod; and he gave himself still more names when +he came to King Geirrod:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Grim is my name,<br> +And Ganglare,<br> +Herjan, Hjalmbore,<br> +Thek, Thride,<br> +Thud, Ud,<br> +Helblinde, Har,<br> +Sad, Svipal,<br> +Sangetal,<br> +Herteit, Hnikar,<br> +Bileyg, Baleyg,<br> +Bolverk, Fjolner,<br> +Grimner, Glapsvid, Fjolsvid,<br> +Sidhot, Sidskeg,<br> +Sigfather, Hnikud,<br> +Alfather, Atrid, Farmatyr,<br> +Oske, Ome,<br> +Jafnhar, Biflinde,<br> +Gondler, Harbard,<br> +Svidur, Svidrir,<br> +Jalk, Kjalar, Vidur,<br> +Thro, Yg, Thund,<br> +Vak, Skilfing,<br> +Vafud, Hroptatyr,<br> +Gaut, Veratyr.<a class = "tag" name = "tag32" href = "#note32">32</a> +</p> + +<p>Then said Ganglere: A very great number of names you have given him; +and this I know, forsooth, that he must be a very wise man who is able +to understand and decide what chances are +<span class = "pagenum">82</span> +<a name = "page82"> </a> +the causes of all these names. Har answered: Much knowledge is needed to +explain it all rightly, but still it is shortest to tell you that most +of these names have been given him for the reason that, as there are +many tongues in the world, so all peoples thought they ought to turn his +name into their tongue, in order that they might be able to worship him +and pray to him each in its own language. Other causes of these names +must be sought in his journeys, which are told of in old sagas; and you +can lay no claim to being called a wise man if you are not able to tell +of these wonderful adventures.</p> + +<p>21. Then said Ganglere: What are the names of the other asas? What is +their occupation, and what works have they wrought? Har answered: Thor +is the foremost of them. He is called Asa-Thor, or Oku-Thor.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag33" href = "#note33">33</a> He is the strongest of all +gods and men, and rules over the realm which is called Thrudvang. His +hall is called Bilskirner. Therein are five hundred and forty floors, +and it is the largest house that men have made. Thus it is said in +Grimner’s Lay:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Five hundred floors<br> +And forty more,<br> +Methinks, has bowed Bilskirner.<br> +Of houses all<br> +That I know roofed<br> +I know my son’s is the largest.<a class = "tag" name = "tag34" href = +"#note34">34</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">83</span> +<a name = "page83"> </a> +Thor has two goats, by name Tangnjost and Tangrisner, and a chariot, +wherein he drives. The goats draw the chariot; wherefore he is called +Oku-Thor.<a class = "tag" name = "tag35" href = "#note35">35</a> He +possesses three valuable treasures. One of them is the hammer Mjolner, +which the frost-giants and mountain-giants well know when it is raised; +and this is not to be wondered at, for with it he has split many a skull +of their fathers or friends. The second treasure he possesses is +Megingjarder (belt of strength); when he girds himself with it his +strength is doubled. His third treasure that is of so great value is his +iron gloves; these he cannot do without when he lays hold of the +hammer’s haft. No one is so wise that he can tell all his great works; +but I can tell you so many tidings of him that it will grow late before +all is told that I know.</p> + +<p>22. Thereupon said Ganglere: I wish to ask tidings of more of the +asas. Har gave him answer: Odin’s second son is Balder, and of him good +things are to be told. He is the best, and all praise him. He is so fair +of face and so bright that rays of light issue from him; and there is a +plant so white that it is likened unto Balder’s brow, and it is the +whitest of all plants. From this you can judge of the beauty both of his +hair and of his body. He is the wisest, mildest and +<span class = "pagenum">84</span> +<a name = "page84"> </a> +most eloquent of all the asas; and such is his nature that none can +alter the judgment he has pronounced. He inhabits the place in heaven +called Breidablik, and there nothing unclean can enter. As is here +said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Breidablik it is called,<br> +Where Balder has<br> +Built for himself a hall<br> +In the land<br> +Where I know is found<br> +The least of evil.<a class = "tag" name = "tag36" href = +"#note36">36</a> +</p> + +<p>23. The third asa is he who is called Njord. He dwells in Noatun, +which is in heaven. He rules the course of the wind and checks the fury +of the sea and of fire. He is invoked by seafarers and by fishermen. He +is so rich and wealthy that he can give broad lands and abundance to +those who call on him for them. He was fostered in Vanaheim, but the +vans<a class = "tag" name = "tag37" href = "#note37">37</a> gave him as +a hostage to the gods, and received in his stead as an asa-hostage the +god whose name is Honer. He established peace between the gods and vans. +Njord took to wife Skade, a daughter of the giant Thjasse. She wished to +live where her father had dwelt, that is, on the mountains in Thrymheim; +Njord, on the other hand, preferred to be near the sea. They therefore +agreed to pass nine +<span class = "pagenum">85</span> +<a name = "page85"> </a> +nights in Thrymheim and three in Noatun. But when Njord came back from +the mountains to Noatun he sang this:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Weary am I of the mountains,<br> +Not long was I there,<br> +Only nine nights.<br> +The howl of the wolves<br> +Methought sounded ill<br> +To the song of the swans. +</p> + +<p>Skade then sang this:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Sleep I could not<br> +On my sea-strand couch,<br> +For the scream of the sea-fowl.<br> +<i>There</i> wakes me,<br> +As he comes from the sea,<br> +Every morning the mew. +</p> + +<p>Then went Skade up on the mountain, and dwelt in Thrymheim. She often +goes on skees (snow-shoes), with her bow, and shoots wild beasts. She is +called skee-goddess or skee-dis. Thus it is said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Thrymheim it is called<br> +Where Thjasse dwelt,<br> +That mightiest giant.<br> +But now dwells Skade,<br> +Pure bride of the gods,<br> +In her father’s old homestead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag38" href = +"#note38">38</a> +</p> + +<p>24. Njord, in Noatun, afterward begat two children: a son, by name +Frey, and a daughter, by name Freyja. They were fair of face, and +<span class = "pagenum">86</span> +<a name = "page86"> </a> +mighty. Frey is the most famous of the asas. He rules over rain and +sunshine, and over the fruits of the earth. It is good to call on him +for harvests and peace. He also sways the wealth of men. Freyja is the +most famous of the goddesses. She has in heaven a dwelling which is +called Folkvang, and when she rides to the battle, one half of the slain +belong to her, and the other half to Odin. As is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Folkvang it is called,<br> +And there rules Freyja.<br> +For the seats in the hall<br> +Half of the slain<br> +She chooses each day;<br> +The other half is Odin’s.<a class = "tag" name = "tag39" href = +"#note39">39</a> +</p> + +<p>Her hall is Sesrynmer, and it is large and beautiful. When she goes +abroad, she drives in a car drawn by two cats. She lends a favorable ear +to men who call upon her, and it is from her name the title has come +that women of birth and wealth are called frur.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag40" href = "#note40">40</a> She is fond of love ditties, and it is +good to call on her in love affairs.</p> + +<p>25. Then said Ganglere: Of great importance these asas seem to me to +be, and it is not wonderful that you have great power, since you have +such excellent knowledge of the gods, and know to which of them to +address your prayers on each +<span class = "pagenum">87</span> +<a name = "page87"> </a> +occasion. But what other gods are there? Har answered: There is yet an +asa, whose name is Tyr. He is very daring and stout-hearted. He sways +victory in war, wherefore warriors should call on him. There is a saw, +that he who surpasses others in bravery, and never yields, is +Tyr-strong. He is also so wise, that it is said of anyone who is +specially intelligent, that he is Tyr-learned. A proof of his daring is, +that when the asas induced the wolf Fenrer to let himself be bound with +the chain Gleipner, he would not believe that they would loose him again +until Tyr put his hand in his mouth as a pledge. But when the asas would +not loose the Fenris-wolf, he bit Tyr’s hand off at the place of the +wolf’s joint (the wrist; Icel. <i>úlfliðr</i><a class = "tag" name = +"tag41" href = "#note41">41</a>). From that time Tyr is one-handed, and +he is now called a peacemaker among men.</p> + +<p>26. Brage is the name of another of the asas. He is famous for his +wisdom, eloquence and flowing speech. He is a master-skald, and from him +song-craft is called brag (poetry), and such men or women as distinguish +themselves by their eloquence are called brag-men<a class = "tag" name = +"tag42" href = "#note42">42</a> and brag-women. His wife is Idun. She +keeps in a box those +<span class = "pagenum">88</span> +<a name = "page88"> </a> +apples of which the gods eat when they grow old, and then they become +young again, and so it will be until Ragnarok (the twilight of the +gods). Then said Ganglere: Of great importance to the gods it must be, +it seems to me, that Idun preserves these apples with care and honesty. +Har answered, and laughed: They ran a great risk on one occasion, +whereof I might tell you more, but you shall first hear the names of +more asas.</p> + +<p>27. Heimdal is the name of one. He is also called the white-asa. He +is great and holy; born of nine maidens, all of whom were sisters. He +hight also Hallinskide and Gullintanne, for his teeth were of gold. His +horse hight Gulltop (Gold-top). He dwells in a place called Himinbjorg, +near Bifrost. He is the ward of the gods, and sits at the end of heaven, +guarding the bridge against the mountain-giants. He needs less sleep +than a bird; sees an hundred miles around him, and as well by night as +by day. He hears the grass grow and the wool on the backs of the sheep, +and of course all things that sound louder than these. He has a trumpet +called the Gjallarhorn, and when he blows it it can be heard in all the +worlds. The head is called Heimdal’s sword. Thus it is here said:</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">89</span> +<a name = "page89"> </a></p> +<p class = "verse"> +Himinbjorg it is called,<br> +Where Heimdal rules<br> +Over his holy halls;<br> +There drinks the ward of the gods<br> +In his delightful dwelling<br> +Glad the good mead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag43" href = +"#note43">43</a> +</p> + +<p>And again, in Heimdal’s Song, he says himself:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Son I am of maidens nine,<br> +Born I am of sisters nine. +</p> + +<p>28. Hoder hight one of the asas, who is blind, but exceedingly +strong; and the gods would wish that this asa never needed to be named, +for the work of his hand will long be kept in memory both by gods +and men.</p> + +<p>29. Vidar is the name of the silent asa. He has a very thick shoe, +and he is the strongest next after Thor. From him the gods have much +help in all hard tasks.</p> + +<p>30. Ale, or Vale, is the son of Odin and Rind. He is daring in +combat, and a good shot.</p> + +<p>31. Uller is the name of one, who is a son of Sif, and a step-son of +Thor. He is so good an archer, and so fast on his skees, that no one can +contend with him. He is fair of face, and possesses every quality of a +warrior. Men should invoke him in single combat.</p> + +<p>32. Forsete is a son of Balder and Nanna, Nep’s daughter. He has in +heaven the hall which hight +<span class = "pagenum">90</span> +<a name = "page90"> </a> +Glitner. All who come to him with disputes go away perfectly reconciled. +No better tribunal is to be found among gods and men. Thus it is here +said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Glitner hight the hall,<br> +On gold pillars standing,<br> +And roofed with silver.<br> +There dwells Forsete<br> +Throughout all time,<br> +And settles all disputes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag44" href = +"#note44">44</a> +</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">91</span> +<a name = "page91"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></h4> + +<h6>LOKE AND HIS OFFSPRING.</h6> + +<p>33. There is yet one who is numbered among the asas, but whom some +call the backbiter of the asas. He is the originator of deceit, and the +disgrace of all gods and men. His name is Loke, or Lopt. His father is +the giant Farbaute, but his mother’s name is Laufey, or Nal. His +brothers are Byleist and Helblinde. Loke is fair and beautiful of face, +but evil in disposition, and very fickle-minded. He surpasses other men +in the craft called cunning, and cheats in all things. He has often +brought the asas into great trouble, and often helped them out again, +with his cunning contrivances. His wife hight Sygin, and their son, +Nare, or Narfe.</p> + +<p>34. Loke had yet more children. A giantess in Jotunheim, hight +Angerboda. With her he begat three children. The first was the +Fenris-wolf; the second, Jormungand, that is, the Midgard-serpent, and +the third, Hel. When the gods knew that these three children were being +fostered in Jotunheim, and were aware of the prophecies that much woe +and misfortune would thence come to +<span class = "pagenum">92</span> +<a name = "page92"> </a> +them, and considering that much evil might be looked for from them on +their mother’s side, and still more on their father’s, Alfather sent +some of the gods to take the children and bring them to him. When they +came to him he threw the serpent into the deep sea which surrounds all +lands. There waxed the serpent so that he lies in the midst of the +ocean, surrounds all the earth, and bites his own tail. Hel he cast into +Niflheim, and gave her power over nine worlds,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag45" href = "#note45">45</a> that she should appoint abodes to them +that are sent to her, namely, those who die from sickness or old age. +She has there a great mansion, and the walls around it are of strange +height, and the gates are huge. Eljudner is the name of her hall. Her +table hight famine; her knife, starvation. Her man-servant’s name is +Ganglate; her maid-servant’s, Ganglot.<a class = "tag" name = "tag46" +href = "#note46">46</a> Her threshold is called stumbling-block; her +bed, care; the precious hangings of her bed, gleaming bale. One-half of +her is blue, and the other half is of the hue of flesh; hence she is +easily known. Her looks are very stern and grim.</p> + +<p>35. The wolf was fostered by the asas at home, and Tyr was the only +one who had the courage to go to him and give him food. When the gods +<span class = "pagenum">93</span> +<a name = "page93"> </a> +saw how much he grew every day, and all prophecies declared that he was +predestined to become fatal to them, they resolved to make a very strong +fetter, which they called Lading. They brought it to the wolf, and bade +him try his strength on the fetter. The wolf, who did not think it would +be too strong for him, let them do therewith as they pleased. But as +soon as he spurned against it the fetter burst asunder, and he was free +from Lading. Then the asas made another fetter, by one-half stronger, +and this they called Drome. They wanted the wolf to try this also, +saying to him that he would become very famous for his strength, if so +strong a chain was not able to hold him. The wolf thought that this +fetter was indeed very strong, but also that his strength had increased +since he broke Lading. He also took into consideration that it was +necessary to expose one’s self to some danger if he desired to become +famous; so he let them put the fetter on him. When the asas said they +were ready, the wolf shook himself, spurned against and dashed the +fetter on the ground, so that the broken pieces flew a long distance. +Thus he broke loose out of Drome. Since then it has been held as a +proverb, “to get loose out of Lading” or “to dash out of Drome,” +whenever anything is extraordinarily hard. The asas now began to fear +that they would not get the wolf bound. +<span class = "pagenum">94</span> +<a name = "page94"> </a> +So Alfather sent the youth, who is called Skirner, and is Frey’s +messenger, to some dwarfs in Svartalfaheim, and had them make the fetter +which is called Gleipner. It was made of six things: of the footfall of +cats, of the beard of woman, of the roots of the mountain, of the sinews +of the bear, of the breath of the fish, and of the spittle of the birds. +If you have not known this before, you can easily find out that it is +true and that there is no lie about it, since you must have observed +that a woman has no beard, that a cat’s footfall cannot be heard, and +that mountains have no roots; and I know, forsooth, that what I have +told you is perfectly true, although there are some things that you do +not understand. Then said Ganglere: This I must surely understand to be +true. I can see these things which you have taken as proof. But how was +the fetter smithied? Answered Har: That I can well explain to you. It +was smooth and soft as a silken string. How strong and trusty it was you +shall now hear. When the fetter was brought to the asas, they thanked +the messenger for doing his errand so well. Then they went out into the +lake called Amsvartner, to the holm (rocky island) called Lyngve, and +called the wolf to go with them. They showed him the silken band and +bade him break it, saying that it was somewhat stronger than its +thinness would lead one to suppose. +<span class = "pagenum">95</span> +<a name = "page95"> </a> +Then they handed it from one to the other and tried its strength with +their hands, but it did not break. Still they said the wolf would be +able to snap it. The wolf answered: It seems to me that I will get no +fame though I break asunder so slender a thread as this is. But if it is +made with craft and guile, then, little though it may look, that band +will never come on my feet. Then said the asas that he would easily be +able to break a slim silken band, since he had already burst large iron +fetters asunder. But even if you are unable to break this band, you have +nothing to fear from the gods, for we will immediately loose you again. +The wolf answered: If you get me bound so fast that I am not able to +loose myself again, you will skulk away, and it will be long before I +get any help from you, wherefore I am loth to let this band be laid on +me; but in order that you may not accuse me of cowardice, let some one +of you lay his hand in my mouth as a pledge that this is done without +deceit. The one asa looked at the other, and thought there now was a +choice of two evils, and no one would offer his hand, before Tyr held +out his right hand and laid it in the wolf’s mouth. But when the wolf +now began to spurn against it the band grew stiffer, and the more he +strained the tighter it got. They all laughed except Tyr; he lost his +hand. When the asas saw that the +<span class = "pagenum">96</span> +<a name = "page96"> </a> +wolf was sufficiently well bound, they took the chain which was fixed to +the fetter, and which was called Gelgja, and drew it through a large +rock which is called Gjol, and fastened this rock deep down in the +earth. Then they took a large stone, which is called Tvite, and drove it +still deeper into the ground, and used this stone for a fastening-pin. +The wolf opened his mouth terribly wide, raged and twisted himself with +all his might, and wanted to bite them; but they put a sword in his +mouth, in such a manner that the hilt stood in his lower jaw and the +point in the upper, that is his gag. He howls terribly, and the saliva +which runs from his mouth forms a river called Von. There he will lie +until Ragnarok. Then said Ganglere: Very bad are these children of Loke, +but they are strong and mighty. But why did not the asas kill the wolf +when they have evil to expect from him? Har answered: So great respect +have the gods for their holiness and peace-stead, that they would not +stain them with the blood of the wolf, though prophecies foretell that +he must become the bane of Odin.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">97</span> +<a name = "page97"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_X">CHAPTER X.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE GODDESSES (ASYNJES).</h6> + +<p>36. Ganglere asked: Which are the goddesses? Har answered: Frigg is +the first; she possesses the right lordly dwelling which is called +Fensaler. The second is Saga, who dwells in Sokvabek, and this is a +large dwelling. The third is Eir, who is the best leech. The fourth is +Gefjun, who is a may, and those who die maids become her hand-maidens. +The fifth is Fulla, who is also a may, she wears her hair flowing and +has a golden ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg’s chest, takes +care of her shoes and knows her secrets. The sixth is Freyja, who is +ranked with Frigg. She is wedded to the man whose name is Oder; their +daughter’s name is Hnos, and she is so fair that all things fair and +precious are called, from her name, Hnos. Oder went far away. Freyja +weeps for him, but her tears are red gold. Freyja has many names, and +the reason therefor is that she changed her name among the various +nations to which she came in search of Oder. She is called Mardol, Horn, +Gefn, and Syr. She has the necklace Brising, and she is called Vanadis. +The +<span class = "pagenum">98</span> +<a name = "page98"> </a> +seventh is Sjofn, who is fond of turning men’s and women’s hearts to +love, and it is from her name that love is called Sjafne. The eighth is +Lofn, who is kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has +permission from Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no +matter what difficulties may stand in the way; therefore “love” is so +called from her name, and also that which is much loved by men. The +ninth is Var. She hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight +to each other. Hence such vows are called vars, and she takes vengeance +on those who break their promises. The tenth is Vor, who is so wise and +searching that nothing can be concealed from her. It is a saying that a +woman becomes vor (ware) of what she becomes wise. The eleventh is Syn, +who guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not +to enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make +use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that “syn is set against it,” when +anyone tries to deny ought. The twelfth is Hlin, who guards those men +whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he +hlins who is forewarned. The thirteenth is Snotra, who is wise and +courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras. The +fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds. +She rides upon a +<span class = "pagenum">99</span> +<a name = "page99"> </a> +horse called Hofvarpner, that runs through the air and over the sea. +Once, when she was riding, some vans saw her faring through the air. +Then said one of them:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +What flies there?<br> +What fares there?<br> +What glides in the air? +</p> + +<p>She answered</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +I fly not,<br> +Though I fare<br> +And glide through the air<br> +On Hofvarpner,<br> +That Hamskerper,<br> +Begat with Gardrofa.<a class = "tag" name = "tag47" href = +"#note47">47</a> +</p> + +<p>From Gna’s name it is said that anything that fares high in the air +gnas. Sol and Bil are numbered among the goddesses, but their nature has +already been described.<a class = "tag" name = "tag48" href = +"#note48">48</a></p> + +<p>37. There are still others who are to serve in Valhal, bear the drink +around, wait upon the table and pass the ale-horns. Thus they are named +in Grimner’s Lay:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Hrist and Mist<br> +I want my horn to bring to me;<br> +Skeggold and Skogul,<br> +Hild and Thrud,<br> +Hlok and Heifjoter,<br> +Gol and Geirahod,<br> +Randgrid and Radgrid,<br> +And Reginleif;<br> +These bear ale to the einherjes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag49" href = +"#note49">49</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">100</span> +<a name = "page100"> </a> +These are called valkyries. Odin sends them to all battles, where they +choose those who are to be slain, and rule over the victory. Gud and +Rosta, and the youngest norn, Skuld, always ride to sway the battle and +choose the slain. Jord, the mother of Thor, and Rind, Vale’s mother, are +numbered among the goddesses.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">101</span> +<a name = "page101"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE GIANTESS GERD AND SKIRNER’S JOURNEY.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag50" href = "#note50">50</a></h6> + +<p>38. Gymer hight a man whose wife was Orboda, of the race of the +mountain giants. Their daughter was Gerd, the fairest of all women. One +day when Frey had gone into Hlidskjalf, and was looking out upon all the +worlds, he saw toward the north a hamlet wherein was a large and +beautiful house. To this house went a woman, and when she raised her +hands to open the door, both the sky and the sea glistened therefrom, +and she made all the world bright. As a punishment for his audacity in +seating himself in that holy seat, Frey went away full of grief. When he +came home, he neither spake, slept, nor drank, and no one dared speak to +him. Then Njord sent for Skirner, Frey’s servant, bade him go to Frey +and ask him with whom he was so angry, since he would speak to nobody. +Skirner said that he would go, though he was loth to do so, as it was +probable that he would get evil words in reply. When he came to Frey and +asked him why he was so sad that he would not +<span class = "pagenum">102</span> +<a name = "page102"> </a> +talk, Frey answered that he had seen a beautiful woman, and for her sake +he had become so filled with grief, that he could not live any longer if +he could not get her. And now you must go, he added, and ask her hand +for me and bring her home to me, whether it be with or without the +consent of her father. I will reward you well for your trouble. Skirner +answered saying that he would go on this errand, but Frey must give him +his sword, that was so excellent that it wielded itself in fight. Frey +made no objection to this and gave him the sword. Skirner went on his +journey, courted Gerd for him, and got the promise of her that she nine +nights thereafter should come to Bar-Isle and there have her wedding +with Frey. When Skirner came back and gave an account of his journey, +Frey said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Long is one night,<br> +Long are two nights,<br> +How can I hold out three?<br> +Oft to me one month<br> +Seemed less<br> +Than this half night of love.<a class = "tag" name = "tag51" href = +"#note51">51</a> +</p> + +<p>This is the reason why Frey was unarmed when he fought with Bele, and +slew him with a hart’s horn. Then said Ganglere: It is a great wonder +that such a lord as Frey would give away his sword, when he did not have +another as good. +<span class = "pagenum">103</span> +<a name = "page103"> </a> +A great loss it was to him when he fought with Bele; and this I know, +forsooth, that he must have repented of that gift. Har answered: Of no +great account was his meeting with Bele. Frey could have slain him with +his hand. But the time will come when he will find himself in a worse +plight for not having his sword, and that will be when the sons of +Muspel sally forth to the fight.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">104</span> +<a name = "page104"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></h4> + +<h6>LIFE IN VALHAL.</h6> + +<p>39. Then said Ganglere: You say that all men who since the beginning +of the world have fallen in battle have come to Odin in Valhal. What +does he have to give them to eat? It seems to me there must be a great +throng of people. Har answered: It is true, as you remark, that there is +a great throng; many more are yet to come there, and still they will be +thought too few when the wolf<a class = "tag" name = "tag52" href = +"#note52">52</a> comes. But however great may be the throng in Valhal, +they will get plenty of flesh of the boar Sahrimner. He is boiled every +day and is whole again in the evening. But as to the question you just +asked, it seems to me there are but few men so wise that they are able +to answer it correctly. The cook’s name is Andhrimner, and the kettle is +called Eldhrimner as is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Andhrimner cooks<br> +In Eldhrimner<br> +Sahrimner.<br> +’Tis the best of flesh.<br> +There are few who know<br> +What the einherjes eat.<a class = "tag" name = "tag53" href = +"#note53">53</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">105</span> +<a name = "page105"> </a> +Ganglere asked: Does Odin have the same kind of food as the einherjes? +Har answered: The food that is placed on his table he gives to his two +wolves, which hight Gere and Freke. He needs no food himself. Wine is to +him both food and drink, as is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Gere and Freke<br> +Sates the warfaring,<br> +Famous father of hosts;<br> +But on wine alone<br> +Odin in arms renowned<br> +Forever lives.<a class = "tag" name = "tag54" href = "#note54">54</a> +</p> + +<p>Two ravens sit on Odin’s shoulders, and bring to his ears all that +they hear and see. Their names are Hugin and Munin. At dawn he sends +them out to fly over the whole world, and they come back at breakfast +time. Thus he gets information about many things, and hence he is called +Rafnagud (raven-god). As is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Hugin and Munin<br> +Fly every day<br> +Over the great earth.<br> +I fear for Hugin<br> +That he may not return,<br> +Yet more am I anxious for Munin.<a class = "tag" name = "tag55" href = +"#note55">55</a> +</p> + +<p>40. Then asked Ganglere: What do the einherjes have to drink that is +furnished them as bountifully as the food? Or do they drink water? Har +answered: That is a wonderful question. +<span class = "pagenum">106</span> +<a name = "page106"> </a> +Do you suppose that Alfather invites kings, jarls, or other great men, +and gives them water to drink? This I know, forsooth, that many a one +comes to Valhal who would think he was paying a big price for his +water-drink, if there were no better reception to be found +there,—persons, namely, who have died from wounds and pain. But I +can tell you other tidings. A she-goat, by name Heidrun, stands up in +Valhal and bites the leaves off the branches of that famous tree called +Lerad. From her teats runs so much mead that she fills every day a +vessel in the hall from which the horns are filled, and which is so +large that all the einherjes get all the drink they want out of it. Then +said Ganglere: That is a most useful goat, and a right excellent tree +that must be that she feeds upon. Then said Har: Still more remarkable +is the hart Eikthyrner, which stands over Valhal and bites the branches +of the same tree. From his horns fall so many drops down into +Hvergelmer, that thence flow the rivers that are called Sid, Vid, Sekin, +Ekin, Svol, Gunthro, Fjorm, Fimbulthul, Gipul, Gopul, Gomul and +Geirvimul, all of which fall about the abodes of the asas. The following +are also named: Thyn, Vin, Thol, Bol, Grad, Gunthrain, Nyt, Not, Non, +Hron, Vina, Vegsvin, Thjodnuma.</p> + +<p>41. Then said Ganglere: That was a wonderful tiding that you now told +me. A mighty +<span class = "pagenum">107</span> +<a name = "page107"> </a> +house must Valhal be, and a great crowd there must often be at the door. +Then answered Har: Why do you not ask how many doors there are in +Valhal, and how large they are? When you find that out, you will confess +that it would rather be wonderful if everybody could not easily go in +and out. It is also a fact that it is no more difficult to find room +within than to get in. Of this you may hear what the Lay of Grimner +says:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Five hundred doors<br> +And forty more,<br> +I trow, there are in Valhal.<br> +Eight hundred einherjes<br> +Go at a time through one door<br> +When they fare to fight with the wolf.<a class = "tag" name = "tag56" +href = "#note56">56</a> +</p> + +<p>42. Then said Ganglere: A mighty band of men there is in Valhal, and, +forsooth, I know that Odin is a very great chief, since he commands so +mighty a host. But what is the pastime of the einherjes when they do not +drink? Har answered: Every morning, when they have dressed themselves, +they take their weapons and go out into the court and fight and slay +each other. That is their play. Toward breakfast-time they ride home to +Valhal and sit down to drink. As is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +All the einherjes<br> +In Odin’s court<br> +Hew daily each other. +<span class = "pagenum">108</span> +<a name = "page108"> </a><br> +They choose the slain<br> +And ride from the battle-field,<br> +Then sit they in peace together.<a class = "tag" name = "tag57" href = +"#note57">57</a> +</p> + +<p>But true it is, as you said, that Odin is a great chief. There are +many proofs of that. Thus it is said in the very words of the asas +themselves:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The Ygdrasil ash<br> +Is the foremost of trees,<br> +But Skidbladner of ships,<br> +Odin of asas,<br> +Sleipner of steeds,<br> +Bifrost of bridges,<br> +Brage of Skalds,<br> +Habrok of hows,<br> +But Garm of dogs.<a class = "tag" name = "tag58" href = "#note58">58</a> +</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">109</span> +<a name = "page109"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></h4> + +<h6>ODIN’S HORSE AND FREY’S SHIP.</h6> + +<p>43. Ganglere asked: Whose is that horse Sleipner, and what is there +to say about it? Har answered: You have no knowledge of Sleipner, nor do +you know the circumstances attending his birth; but it must seem to you +worth the telling. In the beginning, when the town of the gods was +building, when the gods had established Midgard and made Valhal, there +came a certain builder and offered to make them a burg, in three half +years, so excellent that it should be perfectly safe against the +mountain-giants and frost-giants, even though they should get within +Midgard. But he demanded as his reward, that he should have Freyja, and +he wanted the sun and moon besides. Then the asas came together and held +counsel, and the bargain was made with the builder that he should get +what he demanded if he could get the burg done in one winter; but if on +the first day of summer any part of the burg was unfinished, then the +contract should be void. It was also agreed that no man should help him +with the work. When they told him these terms, he requested +<span class = "pagenum">110</span> +<a name = "page110"> </a> +that they should allow him to have the help of his horse, called +Svadilfare, and at the suggestion of Loke this was granted him.</p> + +<p>On the first day of winter he began to build the burg, but by night +he hauled stone for it with his horse. But it seemed a great wonder to +the asas what great rocks that horse drew, and the horse did one half +more of the mighty task than the builder. The bargain was firmly +established with witnesses and oaths, for the giant did not deem it safe +to be among the asas without truce if Thor should come home, who now was +on a journey to the east fighting trolls. Toward the end of winter the +burg was far built, and it was so high and strong that it could in +nowise be taken. When there were three days left before summer, the work +was all completed excepting the burg gate. Then went the gods to their +judgment-seats and held counsel, and asked each other who could have +advised to give Freyja in marriage in Jotunheim, or to plunge the air +and the heavens in darkness by taking away the sun and the moon and +giving them to the giant; and all agreed that this must have been +advised by him who gives the most bad counsels, namely, Loke, son of +Laufey, and they threatened him with a cruel death if he could not +contrive some way of preventing the builder from fulfilling his part of +the bargain, and they proceeded +<span class = "pagenum">111</span> +<a name = "page111"> </a> +to lay hands on Loke. He in his fright then promised with an oath that +he should so manage that the builder should lose his wages, let it cost +him what it would. And the same evening, when the builder drove out +after stone with his horse Svadilfare, a mare suddenly ran out of the +woods to the horse and began to neigh at him. The steed, knowing what +sort of horse this was, grew excited, burst the reins asunder and ran +after the mare, but she ran from him into the woods. The builder hurried +after them with all his might, and wanted to catch the steed, but these +horses kept running all night, and thus the time was lost, and at dawn +the work had not made the usual progress. When the builder saw that his +work was not going to be completed, he resumed his giant form. When the +asas thus became sure that it was really a mountain-giant that had come +among them, they did not heed their oaths, but called on Thor. He came +straightway, swung his hammer, Mjolner, and paid the workman his +wages,—not with the sun and moon, but rather by preventing him +from dwelling in Jotunheim; and this was easily done with the first blow +of the hammer, which broke his skull into small pieces and sent him down +to Niflhel. But Loke had run such a race with Svadilfare that he some +time after bore a foal. It was gray, and had eight feet, and this is the +<span class = "pagenum">112</span> +<a name = "page112"> </a> +best horse among gods and men. Thus it is said in the Vala’s +Prophecy:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Then went the gods.<br> +The most holy gods,<br> +Onto their judgment-seats,<br> +And counseled together<br> +Who all the air<br> +With guile had blended<br> +Or to the giant race<br> +Oder’s may had given.<br> +Broken were oaths,<br> +And words and promises,—<br> +All mighty speech<br> +That had passed between them.<br> +Thor alone did this,<br> +Swollen with anger.<br> +Seldom sits he still<br> +When such things he hears.<a class = "tag" name = "tag59" href = +"#note59">59</a> +</p> + +<p>44. Then asked Ganglere: What is there to be said of Skidbladner, +which you say is the best of ships? Is there no ship equally good, or +equally great? Made answer Har: Skidbladner is the best of ships, and is +made with the finest workmanship; but Naglfare, which is in Muspel, is +the largest. Some dwarfs, the sons of Ivalde, made Skidbladner and gave +it to Frey. It is so large that all the asas, with their weapons and +war-gear, can find room on board it, and as soon as the sails are +hoisted it has fair wind, no matter whither it is going. When it is not +wanted for a voyage, it is made of so many pieces and with so much +skill, that Frey can fold it together like a napkin and carry it in his +pocket.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">113</span> +<a name = "page113"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></h4> + +<h6>THOR’S ADVENTURES.</h6> + +<p>Then said Ganglere: A good ship is Skidbladner, but much black art +must have been resorted to ere it was so fashioned. Has Thor never come +where he has found anything so strong and mighty that it has been +superior to him either in strength or in the black art? Har answered: +Few men, I know, are able to tell thereof, but still he has often been +in difficult straits. But though there have been things so mighty and +strong that Thor has not been able to gain the victory, they are such as +ought not to be spoken of; for there are many proofs which all must +accept that Thor is the mightiest. Then said Ganglere: It seems to me +that I have now asked about something that no one can answer. Said +Jafnhar: We have heard tell of adventures that seem to us incredible, +but here sits one near who is able to tell true tidings thereof, and you +may believe that he will not lie for the first time now, who never told +a lie before. Then said Ganglere: I will stand here and listen, to see +if any answer is to be had to this question. But if you cannot +<span class = "pagenum">114</span> +<a name = "page114"> </a> +answer my question I declare you to be defeated. Then answered Thride: +It is evident that he now is bound to know, though it does not seem +proper for us to speak thereof. The beginning of this adventure is that +Oku-Thor went on a journey with his goats and chariot, and with him went +the asa who is called Loke. In the evening they came to a bonde<a class += "tag" name = "tag60" href = "#note60">60</a> and got there lodgings +for the night. In the evening Thor took his goats and killed them both, +whereupon he had them flayed and borne into a kettle. When the flesh was +boiled, Thor and his companion sat down to supper. Thor invited the +bonde, his wife and their children, a son by name Thjalfe, and a +daughter by name Roskva, to eat with them. Then Thor laid the goat-skins +away from the fire-place, and requested the bonde and his household to +cast the bones onto the skins. Thjalfe, the bonde’s son, had the thigh +of one of the goats, which he broke asunder with his knife, in order to +get at the marrow, Thor remained there over night. In the morning, just +before daybreak, he arose, dressed himself, took the hammer Mjolner, +lifted it and hallowed the goat-skins. Then the goats arose, but one of +them limped on one of its hind legs. When Thor saw this he said that +either the bonde or one of his folk had not dealt skillfully with the +goat’s bones, for he noticed that +<span class = "pagenum">115</span> +<a name = "page115"> </a> +the thigh was broken. It is not necessary to dwell on this part of the +story. All can understand how frightened the bonde became when he saw +that Thor let his brows sink down over his eyes. When he saw his eyes he +thought he must fall down at the sight of them alone. Thor took hold of +the handle of his hammer so hard that his knuckles grew white. As might +be expected, the bonde and all his household cried aloud and sued for +peace, offering him as an atonement all that they possessed. When he saw +their fear, his wrath left him. He was appeased, and took as a ransom +the bonders children, Thjalfe and Roskva. They became his servants, and +have always accompanied him since that time.</p> + +<p>46. He left his goats there and went on his way east into Jotunheim, +clear to the sea, and then he went on across the deep ocean, and went +ashore on the other side, together with Loke and Thjalfe and Roskva. +When they had proceeded a short distance, there stood before them a +great wood, through which they kept going the whole day until dark. +Thjalfe, who was of all men the fleetest of foot, bore Thor’s bag, but +the wood was no good place for provisions. When it had become dark, they +sought a place for their night lodging, and found a very large hall. At +the end of it was a door as wide as the +<span class = "pagenum">116</span> +<a name = "page116"> </a> +hall. Here they remained through the night. About midnight there was a +great earthquake; the ground trembled beneath them, and the house shook. +Then Thor stood up and called his companions. They looked about them and +found an adjoining room to the right, in the midst of the hall, and +there they went in. Thor seated himself in the door; the others went +farther in and were very much frightened. Thor held his hammer by the +handle, ready to defend himself. Then they heard a great groaning and +roaring. When it began to dawn, Thor went out and saw a man lying not +far from him in the wood. He was very large, lay sleeping, and snored +loudly. Then Thor thought he had found out what noise it was that they +had heard in the night. He girded himself with his Megingjarder, whereby +his asa-might increased. Meanwhile the man woke, and immediately arose. +It is said that Thor this once forbore to strike him with the hammer, +and asked him for his name. He called himself Skrymer; but, said he, I +do not need to ask you what your name is,—I know that you are +Asa-Thor. But what have you done with my glove? He stretched out his +hand and picked up his glove. Then Thor saw that the glove was the hall +in which he had spent the night, and that the adjoining room was the +thumb of the glove. Skrymer asked whether +<span class = "pagenum">117</span> +<a name = "page117"> </a> +they would accept of his company. Thor said yes. Skrymer took and loosed +his provision-sack and began to eat his breakfast; but Thor and his +fellows did the same in another place. Skrymer proposed that they should +lay their store of provisions together, to which Thor consented. Then +Skrymer bound all their provisions into one bag, laid it on his back, +and led the way all the day, taking gigantic strides. Late in the +evening he sought out a place for their night quarters under a large +oak. Then Skrymer said to Thor that he wanted to lie down to sleep; they +might take the provision-sack and make ready their supper. Then Skrymer +fell asleep and snored tremendously. When Thor took the provision-sack +and was to open it, then happened what seems incredible, but still it +must be told,—that he could not get one knot loosened, nor could +he stir a single end of the strings so that it was looser than before. +When he saw that all his efforts were in vain he became wroth, seized +his hammer Mjolner with both his hands, stepped with one foot forward to +where Skrymer was lying and dashed the hammer at his head. Skrymer awoke +and asked whether some leaf had fallen upon his head; whether they had +taken their supper, and were ready to go to sleep. Thor answered that +they were just going to sleep. Then they went under another oak. But the +<span class = "pagenum">118</span> +<a name = "page118"> </a> +truth must be told, that there was no fearless sleeping. About midnight +Thor heard that Skrymer was snoring and sleeping so fast that it +thundered in the wood. He arose and went over to him, clutched the +hammer tight and hard, and gave him a blow in the middle of the crown, +so that he knew that the head of the hammer sank deep into his head. But +just then Skrymer awoke and asked: What is that? Did an acorn fall onto +my head? How is it with you, Thor? Thor hastened back, answered that he +had just waked up, and said that it was midnight and still time to +sleep. Then Thor made up his mind that if he could get a chance to give +him the third blow, he should never see him again, and he now lay +watching for Skrymer to sleep fast. Shortly before daybreak he heard +that Skrymer had fallen asleep. So he arose and ran over to him. He +clutched the hammer with all his might and dashed it at his temples, +which he saw uppermost. The hammer sank up to the handle. Skrymer sat +up, stroked his temples, and said: Are there any birds sitting in the +tree above me? Methought, as I awoke, that some moss from the branches +fell on my head. What! are you awake, Thor? It is now time to get up and +dress; but you have not far left to the burg that is called Utgard. I +have heard that you have been whispering among yourselves that I +<span class = "pagenum">119</span> +<a name = "page119"> </a> +am not small of stature, but you will see greater men when you come to +Utgard. Now I will give you wholesome advice. Do not brag too much of +yourselves, for Utgard-Loke’s thanes will not brook the boasting of such +insignificant little fellows as you are; otherwise turn back, and that +is, in fact, the best thing for you to do. But if you are bound to +continue your journey, then keep straight on eastward; my way lies to +the north, to those mountains that you there see. Skrymer then took the +provision-sack and threw it on his back, and, leaving them, turned into +the wood, and it has not been learned whether the asas wished to meet +him again in health.</p> + +<p>47. Thor and his companions went their way and continued their +journey until noon. Then they saw a burg standing on a plain, and it was +so high that they had to bend their necks clear back before they could +look over it. They drew nearer and came to the burg-gate, which was +closed. Thor finding himself unable to open it, and being anxious to get +within the burg, they crept between the bars and so came in. They +discovered a large hall and went to it. Finding the door open they +entered, and saw there many men, the most of whom were immensely large, +sitting on two benches. Thereupon they approached the king, Utgard-Loke, +and greeted him. He scarcely deigned to look at them, smiled scornfully +and +<span class = "pagenum">120</span> +<a name = "page120"> </a> +showed his teeth, saying: It is late to ask for tidings of a long +journey, but if I am not mistaken this stripling is Oku-Thor, is it not? +It may be, however, that you are really bigger than you look For what +feats are you and your companions prepared? No one can stay with us +here, unless he is skilled in some craft or accomplishment beyond the +most of men. Then answered he who came in last, namely Loke: I know the +feat of which I am prepared to give proof, that there is no one present +who can eat his food faster than I. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is a +feat, indeed, if you can keep your word, and you shall try it +immediately. He then summoned from the bench a man by name Loge, and +requested him to come out on the floor and try his strength against +Loke. They took a trough full of meat and set it on the floor, whereupon +Loke seated himself at one end and Loge at the other. Both ate as fast +as they could, and met at the middle of the trough. Loke had eaten all +the flesh off from the bones, but Loge had consumed both the flesh and +the bones, and the trough too. All agreed that Loke had lost the wager. +Then Utgard-Loke asked what game that young man knew? Thjalfe answered +that he would try to run a race with anyone that Utgard-Loke might +designate. Utgard-Loke said this was a good feat, and added that it was +to be +<span class = "pagenum">121</span> +<a name = "page121"> </a> +hoped that he excelled in swiftness if he expected to win in this game, +but he would soon have the matter decided. He arose and went out. There +was an excellent race-course along the flat plain. Utgard-Loke then +summoned a young man, whose name was Huge, and bade him run a race with +Thjalfe. Then they took the first heat, and Huge was so much ahead that +when he turned at the goal he met Thjalfe. Said Utgard-Loke: You must +lay yourself more forward, Thjalfe, if you want to win the race; but +this I confess, that there has never before come anyone hither who was +swifter of foot than you. Then they took a second heat, and when Huge +came to the goal and turned, there was a long bolt-shot to Thjalfe. Then +said Utgard-Loke: Thjalfe seems to me to run well; still I scarcely +think he will win the race, but this will be proven when they run the +third heat. Then they took one more heat. Huge ran to the goal and +turned back, but Thjalfe had not yet gotten to the middle of the course. +Then all said that this game had been tried sufficiently. Utgard-Loke +now asked Thor what feats there were that he would be willing to exhibit +before them, corresponding to the tales that men tell of his great +works. Thor replied that he preferred to compete with someone in +drinking. Utgard-Loke said there would be no objection to this. He went +into the hall, +<span class = "pagenum">122</span> +<a name = "page122"> </a> +called his cup-bearer, and requested him to take the sconce-horn that +his thanes were wont to drink from. The cup-bearer immediately brought +forward the horn and handed it to Thor. Said Utgard-Loke: From this horn +it is thought to be well drunk if it is emptied in one draught, some men +empty it in two draughts, but there is no drinker so wretched that he +cannot exhaust it in three. Thor looked at the horn and did not think it +was very large, though it seemed pretty long, but he was very thirsty. +He put it to his lips and swallowed with all his might, thinking that he +should not have to bend over the horn a second time. But when his breath +gave out, and he looked into the horn to see how it had gone with his +drinking, it seemed to him difficult to determine whether there was less +in it than before. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is well drunk, still it +is not very much. I could never have believed it, if anyone had told me, +that Asa-Thor could not drink more, but I know you will be able to empty +it in a second draught. Thor did not answer, but set the horn to his +lips, thinking that he would now take a larger draught. He drank as long +as he could and drank deep, as he was wont, but still he could not make +the tip of the horn come up as much as he would like. And when he set +the horn away and looked into it, it seemed to him that he had drunk +less than +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +<a name = "page123"> </a> +the first time; but the horn could now be borne without spilling. Then +said Utgard-Loke: How now, Thor! Are you not leaving more for the third +draught than befits your skill? It seems to me that if you are to empty +the horn with the third draught, then this will be the greatest. You +will not be deemed so great a man here among us as the asas call you, if +you do not distinguish yourself more in other feats than you seem to me +to have done in this. Then Thor became wroth, set the horn to his mouth +and drank with all his might and kept on as long as he could, and when +he looked into it its contents had indeed visibly diminished, but he +gave back the horn and would not drink any more. Said Utgard-Loke: It is +clear that your might is not so great as we thought. Would you like to +try other games? It is evident that you gained nothing by the first. +Answered Thor: I should like to try other games, but I should be +surprised if such a drink at home among the asas would be called small. +What game will you now offer me? Answered Utgard-Loke: Young lads here +think it nothing but play to lift my cat up from the ground, and I +should never have dared to offer such a thing to Asa-Thor had I not +already seen that you are much less of a man than I thought. Then there +sprang forth on the floor a gray cat, and it was rather large. Thor went +over to it, +<span class = "pagenum">124</span> +<a name = "page124"> </a> +put his hand under the middle of its body and tried to lift it up, but +the cat bent its back in the same degree as Thor raised his hands; and +when he had stretched them up as far as he was able the cat lifted one +foot, and Thor did not carry the game any further. Then said +Utgard-Loke: This game ended as I expected. The cat is rather large, and +Thor is small, and little compared with the great men that are here with +us. Said Thor: Little as you call me, let anyone who likes come hither +and wrestle with me, for now I am wroth. Answered Utgard-Loke, looking +about him on the benches: I do not see anyone here who would not think +it a trifle to wrestle with you. And again he said: Let me see first! +Call hither that old woman, Elle, my foster-mother, and let Thor wrestle +with her if he wants to. She has thrown to the ground men who have +seemed to me no less strong than Thor. Then there came into the hall an +old woman. Utgard-Loke bade her take a wrestle with Asa-Thor. The tale +is not long. The result of the grapple was, that the more Thor tightened +his grasp, the firmer she stood. Then the woman began to bestir herself, +and Thor lost his footing. They had some very hard tussles, and before +long Thor was brought down on one knee. Then Utgard-Loke stepped +forward, bade them cease the wrestling, and added that Thor did not need +to challenge +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> +<a name = "page125"> </a> +anybody else to wrestle with him in his hall, besides it was now getting +late. He showed Thor and his companions to seats, and they spent the +night there enjoying the best of hospitality.</p> + +<p>48. At daybreak the next day Thor and his companions arose, dressed +themselves and were ready to depart. Then came Utgard-Loke and had the +table spread for them, and there was no lack of feasting both in food +and in drink. When they had breakfasted, they immediately departed from +the burg. Utgard-Loke went with them out of the burg, but at parting he +spoke to Thor and asked him how he thought his journey had turned out, +or whether he had ever met a mightier man than himself. Thor answered +that he could not deny that he had been greatly disgraced in this +meeting; and this I know, he added, that you will call me a man of +little account, whereat I am much mortified. Then said Utgard-Loke: Now +I will tell you the truth, since you have come out of the burg, that if +I live, and may have my way, you shall never enter it again; and this I +know, forsooth, that you should never have come into it had I before +known that you were so strong, and that you had come so near bringing us +into great misfortune. Know, then, that I have deceived you with +illusions. When I first found you in the woods I came to meet you, and +when you were +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +<a name = "page126"> </a> +to loose the provision-sack I had bound it with iron threads, but you +did not find where it was to be untied. In the next place, you struck me +three times with the hammer. The first blow was the least, and still it +was so severe that it would have been my death if it had hit me. You saw +near my burg a mountain cloven at the top into three square dales, of +which one was the deepest,—these were the dints made by your +hammer. The mountain I brought before the blows without your seeing it. +In like manner I deceived you in your contests with my courtiers. In +regard to the first, in which Loke took part, the facts were as follows: +He was very hungry and ate fast; but he whose name was Loge was +wildfire, and he burned the trough no less rapidly than the meat. When +Thjalfe ran a race with him whose name was Huge, that was my thought, +and it was impossible for him to keep pace with its swiftness. When you +drank from the horn, and thought that it diminished so little, then, by +my troth, it was a great wonder, which I never could have deemed +possible.. One end of the horn stood in the sea, but that you did not +see. When you come to the sea-shore you will discover how much the sea +has sunk by your drinking; that is now called the ebb. Furthermore he +said: Nor did it seem less wonderful to me that you lifted up the cat; +and, to tell you the truth, all +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +<a name = "page127"> </a> +who saw it were frightened when they saw that you raised one of its feet +from the ground, for it was not such a cat as you thought. It was in +reality the Midgard-serpent, which surrounds all lands. It was scarcely +long enough to touch the earth with its tail and head, and you raised it +so high that your hand nearly reached to heaven. It was also a most +astonishing feat when you wrestled with Elle, for none has ever been, +and none shall ever be, that Elle (eld, old age) will not get the better +of him, though he gets to be old enough to abide her coming. And now the +truth is that we must part; and it will be better for us both that you +do not visit me again. I will again defend my burg with similar or other +delusions, so that you will get no power over me. When Thor heard this +tale he seized his hammer and lifted it into the air, but when he was +about to strike he saw Utgard-Loke nowhere; and when he turned back to +the burg and was going to dash that to pieces, he saw a beautiful and +large plain, but no burg. So he turned and went his way back to +Thrudvang. But it is truthfully asserted that he then resolved in his +own mind to seek that meeting with the Midgard-serpent, which afterward +took place. And now I think that no one can tell you truer tidings of +this journey of Thor.</p> + +<p>49. Then said Ganglere: A most powerful +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> +<a name = "page128"> </a> +man is Utgard-Loke, though he deals much with delusions and sorcery. His +power is also proven by the fact that he had thanes who were so mighty. +But has not Thor avenged himself for this? Made answer Har: It is not +unknown, though no wise men tell thereof, how Thor made amends for the +journey that has now been spoken of. He did not remain long at home, +before he busked himself so suddenly for a new journey, that he took +neither chariot, nor goats nor any companions with him. He went out of +Midgard in the guise of a young man, and came in the evening to a giant +by name Hymer.<a class = "tag" name = "tag61" href = "#note61">61</a> +Thor tarried there as a guest through the night. In the morning Hymer +arose, dressed himself, and busked himself to row out upon the sea to +fish. Thor also sprang up, got ready in a hurry and asked Hymer whether +he might row out with him. Hymer answered that he would get but little +help from Thor, as he was so small and young; and he added, you will get +cold if I row as far out and remain as long as I am wont. Thor said that +he might row as far from shore as he pleased, for all that, and it was +yet to be seen who would be the first to ask to row back to land. And +Thor grew so wroth at the giant that he came near letting the hammer +ring on +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +<a name = "page129"> </a> +his head straightway, but he restrained himself, for he intended to try +his strength elsewhere. He asked Hymer what they were to have for bait, +but Hymer replied that he would have to find his own bait. Then Thor +turned away to where he saw a herd of oxen, that belonged to Hymer. He +took the largest ox, which was called Himinbrjot, twisted his head off +and brought it down to the sea-strand. Hymer had then shoved the boat +off. Thor went on board and seated himself in the stern; he took two +oars and rowed so that Hymer had to confess that the boat sped fast from +his rowing. Hymer plied the oars in the bow, and thus the rowing soon +ended. Then said Hymer that they had come to the place where he was wont +to sit and catch flat-fish, but Thor said he would like to row much +farther out, and so they made another swift pull. Then said Hymer that +they had come so far out that it was dangerous to stay there, for the +Midgard-serpent. Thor said he wished to row a while longer, and so he +did; but Hymer was by no means in a happy mood. Thor took in the oars, +got ready a very strong line, and the hook was neither less nor weaker. +When he had put on the ox-head for bait, he cast it overboard and it +sank to the bottom. It must be admitted that Thor now beguiled the +Midgard-serpent not a whit less than Utgard-Loke +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +<a name = "page130"> </a> +mocked him when he was to lift the serpent with his hand. The +Midgard-serpent took the ox-head into his mouth, whereby the hook +entered his palate, but when the serpent perceived this he tugged so +hard that both Thor’s hands were dashed against the gunwale. Now Thor +became angry, assumed his asa-might and spurned so hard that both his +feet went through the boat and he stood on the bottom of the sea. He +pulled the serpent up to the gunwale; and in truth no one has ever seen +a more terrible sight than when Thor whet his eyes on the serpent, and +the latter stared at him and spouted venom. It is said that the giant +Hymer changed hue and grew pale from fear when he saw the serpent and +beheld the water flowing into the boat; but just at the moment when Thor +grasped the hammer and lifted it in the air, the giant fumbled for his +fishing-knife and cut off Thor’s line at the gunwale, whereby the +serpent sank back into the sea. Thor threw the hammer after it, and it +is even said that he struck off his head at the bottom, but I think the +truth is that the Midgard-serpent still lives and lies in the ocean. +Thor clenched his fist and gave the giant a box on the ear so that he +fell backward into the sea, and he saw his heels last, but Thor waded +ashore.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +<a name = "page131"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE DEATH OF BALDER.</h6> + +<p>50. Then asked Ganglere: Have there happened any other remarkable +things among the asas? A great deed it was, forsooth, that Thor wrought +on this journey. Har answered: Yes, indeed, there are tidings to be told +that seemed of far greater importance to the asas. The beginning of this +tale is, that Balder dreamed dreams great and dangerous to his life. +When he told these dreams to the asas they took counsel together, and it +was decided that they should seek peace for Balder against all kinds of +harm. So Frigg exacted an oath from fire, water, iron and all kinds of +metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds and creeping +things, that they should not hurt Balder. When this was done and made +known, it became the pastime of Balder and the asas that he should stand +up at their meetings while some of them should shoot at him, others +should hew at him, while others should throw stones at him; but no +matter what they did, no harm came to him, and this seemed to all a +great honor. When Loke, Laufey’s son, saw this, it +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +<a name = "page132"> </a> +displeased him very much that Balder was not scathed. So he went to +Frigg, in Fensal, having taken on himself the likeness of a woman. Frigg +asked this woman whether she knew what the asas were doing at their +meeting. She answered that all were shooting at Balder, but that he was +not scathed thereby. Then said Frigg: Neither weapon nor tree can hurt +Balder, I have taken an oath from them all. Then asked the woman: Have +all things taken an oath to spare Balder? Frigg answered: West of Valhal +there grows a little shrub that is called the mistletoe, that seemed to +me too young to exact an oath from. Then the woman suddenly disappeared. +Loke went and pulled up the mistletoe and proceeded to the meeting. +Hoder stood far to one side in the ring of men, because he was blind. +Loke addressed himself to him, and asked: Why do you not shoot at +Balder? He answered: Because I do not see where he is, and furthermore I +have no weapons. Then said Loke: Do like the others and show honor to +Balder; I will show you where he stands; shoot at him with this wand. +Hoder took the mistletoe and shot at Balder under the guidance of Loke. +The dart pierced him and he fell dead to the ground. This is the +greatest misfortune that has ever happened to gods and men. When Balder +had fallen, the asas were struck speechless with horror, and their hands +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +<a name = "page133"> </a> +failed them to lay hold of the corpse. One looked at the other, and all +were of one mind toward him who had done the deed, but being assembled +in a holy peace-stead, no one could take vengeance. When the asas at +length tried to speak, the wailing so choked their voices that one could +not describe to the other his sorrow. Odin took this misfortune most to +heart, since he best comprehended how great a loss and injury the fall +of Balder was to the asas. When the gods came to their senses, Frigg +spoke and asked who there might be among the asas who desired to win all +her love and good will by riding the way to Hel and trying to find +Balder, and offering Hel a ransom if she would allow Balder to return +home again to Asgard. But he is called Hermod, the Nimble, Odin’s swain, +who undertook this journey. Odin’s steed, Sleipner, was led forth. +Hermod mounted him and galloped away.</p> + +<p>51. The asas took the corpse of Balder and brought it to the +sea-shore. Hringhorn was the name of Balder’s ship, and it was the +largest of all ships. The gods wanted to launch it and make Balder’s +bale-fire thereon, but they could not move it. Then they sent to +Jotunheim after the giantess whose name is Hyrrokken. She came riding on +a wolf, and had twisted serpents for reins. When she alighted, Odin +appointed four berserks to take care of her steed, but they +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +<a name = "page134"> </a> +were unable to hold him except by throwing him down on the ground. +Hyrrokken went to the prow and launched the ship with one single push, +but the motion was so violent that fire sprang from the underlaid +rollers and all the earth shook. Then Thor became wroth, grasped his +hammer, and would forthwith have crushed her skull, had not all the gods +asked peace for her. Balder’s corpse was borne out on the ship; and when +his wife, Nanna, daughter of Nep, saw this, her heart was broken with +grief and she died. She was borne to the funeral-pile and cast on the +fire. Thor stood by and hallowed the pile with Mjolner. Before his feet +ran a dwarf, whose name is Lit. Him Thor kicked with his foot and dashed +him into the fire, and he, too, was burned. But this funeral-pile was +attended by many kinds of folk. First of all came Odin, accompanied by +Frigg and the valkyries and his ravens. Frey came riding in his chariot +drawn by the boar called Gullinburste or Slidrugtanne. Heimdal rode his +steed Gulltop, and Freyja drove her cats. There was a large number of +frost-giants and mountain-giants. Odin laid on the funeral-pile his gold +ring, Draupner, which had the property of producing, every ninth night, +eight gold rings of equal weight. Balder’s horse, fully caparisoned, was +led to his master’s pile.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<a name = "page135"> </a> +52. But of Hermod it is to be told that he rode nine nights through deep +and dark valleys, and did not see light until he came to the +Gjallar-river and rode on the Gjallar-bridge, which is thatched with +shining gold. Modgud is the name of the may who guards the bridge. She +asked him for his name, and of what kin he was, saying that the day +before there rode five fylkes (kingdoms, bands) of dead men over the +bridge; but she added, it does not shake less under you alone, and you +do not have the hue of dead men. Why do you ride the way to Hel? He +answered: I am to ride to Hel to find Balder. Have you seen him pass +this way? She answered that Balder had ridden over the Gjallar-bridge; +adding: But downward and northward lies the way to Hel. Then Hermod rode +on till he came to Hel’s gate. He alighted from his horse, drew the +girths tighter, remounted him, clapped the spurs into him, and the horse +leaped over the gate with so much force that he never touched it. +Thereupon Hermod proceeded to the hall and alighted from his steed. He +went in, and saw there sitting on the foremost seat his brother Balder. +He tarried there over night. In the morning he asked Hel whether Balder +might ride home with him, and told how great weeping there was among the +asas. But Hel replied that it should now be tried whether Balder was so +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> +<a name = "page136"> </a> +much beloved as was said. If all things, said she, both quick and dead, +will weep for him, then he shall go back to the asas, but if anything +refuses to shed tears, then he shall remain with Hel. Hermod arose, and +Balder accompanied him out of the hall. He took the ring Draupner and +sent it as a keepsake to Odin. Nanna sent Frigg a kerchief and other +gifts, and to Fulla she sent a ring. Thereupon Hermod rode back and came +to Asgard, where he reported the tidings he had seen and heard.</p> + +<p>53. Then the asas sent messengers over all the world, praying that +Balder might be wept out of Hel’s power. All things did so,—men +and beasts, the earth, stones, trees and all metals, just as you must +have seen that these things weep when they come out of frost and into +heat. When the messengers returned home and had done their errand well, +they found a certain cave wherein sat a giantess (gygr = ogress) whose +name was Thok. They requested her to weep Balder from Hel; but she +answered:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Thok will weep<br> +With dry tears<br> +For Balder’s burial;<br> +Neither in life nor in death<br> +Gave he me gladness.<br> +Let Hel keep what she has! +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">137</span> +<a name = "page137"> </a> +It is generally believed that this Thok was Loke, Laufey’s son, who has +wrought most evil among the asas.</p> + +<p>54. Then said Ganglere: A very great wrong did Loke perpetrate; first +of all in causing Balder’s death, and next in standing in the way of his +being loosed from Hel. Did he get no punishment for this misdeed? Har +answered: Yes, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long +remember. The gods became exceedingly wroth, as might be expected. So he +ran away and hid himself in a rock. Here he built a house with four +doors, so that he might keep an outlook on all sides. Oftentimes in the +daytime he took on him the likeness of a salmon and concealed himself in +Frananger Force. Then he thought to himself what stratagems the asas +might have recourse to in order to catch him. Now, as he was sitting in +his house, he took flax and yarn and worked them into meshes, in the +manner that nets have since been made; but a fire was burning before +him. Then he saw that the asas were not far distant. Odin had seen from +Hlidskjalf where Loke kept himself. Loke immediately sprang up, cast the +net on the fire and leaped into the river. When the asas came to the +house, he entered first who was wisest of them all, and whose name was +Kvaser; and when he saw in the fire the ashes of the net that had +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> +<a name = "page138"> </a> +been burned, he understood that this must be a contrivance for catching +fish, and this he told to the asas. Thereupon they took flax and made +themselves a net after the pattern of that which they saw in the ashes +and which Loke had made. When the net was made, the asas went to the +river and cast it into the force. Thor held one end of the net, and all +the other asas laid hold on the other, thus jointly drawing it along the +stream. Loke went before it and laid himself down between two stones, so +that they drew the net over him, although they perceived that some +living thing touched the meshes. They went up to the force again and +cast out the net a second time. This time they hung a great weight to +it, making it so heavy that nothing could possibly pass under it. Loke +swam before the net, but when he saw that he was near the sea he sprang +over the top of the net and hastened back to the force. When the asas +saw whither he went they proceeded up to the force, dividing themselves +into two bands, but Thor waded in the middle of the stream, and so they +dragged the net along to the sea. Loke saw that he now had only two +chances of escape,—either to risk his life and swim out to sea, or +to leap again over the net. He chose the latter, and made a tremendous +leap over the top line of the net. Thor grasped after him and caught +him, but he slipped in his hand so that +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +<a name = "page139"> </a> +Thor did not get a firm hold before he got to the tail, and this is the +reason why the salmon has so slim a tail. Now Loke was taken without +truce and was brought to a cave. The gods took three rocks and set them +up on edge, and bored a hole through each rock. Then they took Loke’s +sons, Vale and Nare or Narfe. Vale they changed into the likeness of a +wolf, whereupon he tore his brother Narfe to pieces, with whose +intestines the asas bound Loke over the three rocks. One stood under his +shoulders, another under his loins, and the third under his hams, and +the fetters became iron. Skade took a serpent and fastened up over him, +so that the venom should drop from the serpent into his face. But Sigyn, +his wife, stands by him, and holds a dish under the venom-drops. +Whenever the dish becomes full, she goes and pours away the venom, and +meanwhile the venom drops onto Loke’s face. Then he twists his body so +violently that the whole earth shakes, and this you call earthquakes. +There he will lie bound until Ragnarok.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<a name = "page140"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a></h4> + +<h6>RAGNAROK.</h6> + +<p>55. Then said Ganglere: What tidings are to be told of Ragnarok? Of +this I have never heard before. Har answered: Great things are to be +said thereof. First, there is a winter called the Fimbul-winter, when +snow drives from all quarters, the frosts are so severe, the winds so +keen and piercing, that there is no joy in the sun. There are three such +winters in succession, without any intervening summer. But before these +there are three other winters, during which great wars rage over all the +world. Brothers slay each other for the sake of gain, and no one spares +his father or mother in that manslaughter and adultery. Thus says the +Vala’s Prophecy:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Brothers will fight together<br> +And become each other’s bane;<br> +Sisters’ children<br> +Their sib shall spoil.<a class = "tag" name = "tag62" href = +"#note62">62</a><br> +Hard is the world,<br> +Sensual sins grow huge.<br> +There are ax-ages, sword-ages—<br> +Shields are cleft in twain,—<br> +There are wind-ages, wolf-ages,<br> +Ere the world falls dead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag63" href = +"#note63">63</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">141</span> +<a name = "page141"> </a> +Then happens what will seem a great miracle, that the wolf<a class = +"tag" name = "tag64" href = "#note64">64</a> devours the sun, and this +will seem a great loss. The other wolf will devour the moon, and this +too will cause great mischief. The stars shall be Hurled from heaven. +Then it shall come to pass that the earth and the mountains will shake +so violently that trees will be torn up by the roots, the mountains will +topple down, and all bonds and fetters will be broken and snapped. The +Fenris-wolf gets loose. The sea rushes over the earth, for the +Midgard-serpent writhes in giant rage and seeks to gain the land. The +ship that is called Naglfar also becomes loose. It is made of the nails +of dead men; wherefore it is worth warning that, when a man dies with +unpared nails, he supplies a large amount of materials for the building +of this ship, which both gods and men wish may be finished as late as +possible. But in this flood Naglfar gets afloat. The giant Hrym is its +steersman. The Fenris-wolf advances with wide open mouth; the upper jaw +reaches to heaven and the lower jaw is on the earth. He would open it +still wider had he room. Fire flashes from his eyes and nostrils. The +Midgard-serpent vomits forth venom, defiling all the air and the sea; he +is very terrible, and places himself by the side of the wolf. In the +midst of this clash and din +<span class = "pagenum">142</span> +<a name = "page142"> </a> +the heavens are rent in twain, and the sons of Muspel come riding +through the opening. Surt rides first, and before him and after him +flames burning fire. He has a very good sword, which shines brighter +than the sun. As they ride over Bifrost it breaks to pieces, as has +before been stated. The sons of Muspel direct their course to the plain +which is called Vigrid. Thither repair also the Fenris-wolf and the +Midgard-serpent. To this place have also come Loke and Hrym, and with +him all the frost-giants. In Loke’s company are all the friends of Hel. +The sons of Muspel have there effulgent bands alone by themselves. The +plain Vigrid is one hundred miles (rasts) on each side.</p> + +<p>56. While these things are happening, Heimdal stands up, blows with +all his might in the Gjallar-horn and awakens all the gods, who +thereupon hold counsel. Odin rides to Mimer’s well to ask advice of +Mimer for himself and his folk. Then quivers the ash Ygdrasil, and all +things in heaven and earth fear and tremble. The asas and the einherjes +arm themselves and speed forth to the battle-field. Odin rides first; +with his golden helmet, resplendent byrnie, and his spear Gungner, he +advances against the Fenris-wolf. Thor stands by his side, but can give +him no assistance, for he has his hands full in his struggle with the +Midgard-serpent. Frey encounters +<span class = "pagenum">143</span> +<a name = "page143"> </a> +Surt, and heavy blows are exchanged ere Frey falls. The cause of his +death is that he has not that good sword which he gave to Skirner. Even +the dog Garm, that was bound before the Gnipa-cave, gets loose. He is +the greatest plague. He contends with Tyr, and they kill each other. +Thor gets great renown by slaying the Midgard-serpent, but retreats only +nine paces when he falls to the earth dead, poisoned by the venom that +the serpent blows on him. The wolf swallows Odin, and thus causes his +death; but Vidar immediately turns and rushes at the wolf, placing one +foot on his nether jaw. On this foot he has the shoe for which materials +have been gathering through all ages, namely, the strips of leather +which men cut off for the toes and heels of shoes; wherefore he who +wishes to render assistance to the asas must cast these strips away. +With one hand Vidar seizes the upper jaw of the wolf, and thus rends +asunder his mouth. Thus the wolf perishes. Loke fights with Heimdal, and +they kill each other. Thereupon Surt flings fire over the earth and +burns up all the world. Thus it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Loud blows Heimdal<br> +His uplifted horn.<br> +Odin speaks<br> +With Mimer’s head.<br> +The straight-standing ash<br> +Ygdrasil quivers, +<span class = "pagenum">144</span> +<a name = "page144"> </a><br> +The old tree groans,<br> +And the giant gets loose.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +How fare the asas?<br> +How fare the elves?<br> +All Jotunheim roars.<br> +The asas hold counsel;<br> +Before their stone-doors<br> +Groan the dwarfs,<br> +The guides of the wedge-rock.<br> +Know you now more or not?</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +From the east drives Hrym,<br> +Bears his shield before him.<br> +Jormungand welters<br> +In giant rage<br> +And smites the waves.<br> +The eagle screams,<br> +And with pale beak tears corpses,<br> +Naglfar gets loose.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +A ship comes from the east,<br> +The hosts of Muspel<br> +Come o’er the main,<br> +And Loke is steersman.<br> +All the fell powers<br> +Are with the wolf;<br> +Along with them<br> +Is Byleist’s brother.<a class = "tag" name = "tag65" href = +"#note65">65</a></p> + +<p class = "verse"> +From the south comes Surt<br> +With blazing fire-brand,—<br> +The sun of the war-god<br> +Shines from his sword.<br> +Mountains dash together,<br> +Giant maids are frightened,<br> +Heroes go the way to Hel,<br> +And heaven is rent in twain.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">145</span> +<a name = "page145"> </a> +Then comes to Hlin<br> +Another woe,<br> +When Odin goes<br> +With the wolf to fight,<br> +And Bele’s bright slayer<a class = "tag" name = "tag66" href = +"#note66">66</a><br> +To contend with Surt.<br> +There will fall<br> +Frigg’s beloved.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Odin’s son goes<br> +To fight with the wolf,<br> +And Vidar goes on his way<br> +To the wild beast.<a class = "tag" name = "tag67" href = +"#note67">67</a><br> +With his hand he thrusts<br> +His sword to the heart<br> +Of the giant’s child,<br> +And avenges his father.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Then goes the famous<br> +Son<a class = "tag" name = "tag68" href = "#note68">68</a> of Hlodyn<br> +To fight with the serpent.<br> +Though about to die,<br> +He fears not the contest;<br> +All men<br> +Abandon their homesteads<br> +When the warder of Midgard<br> +In wrath slays the serpent.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The sun grows dark,<br> +The earth sinks into the sea,<br> +The bright stars<br> +From heaven vanish;<br> +Fire rages,<br> +Heat blazes,<br> +And high flames play<br> +’Gainst heaven itself.<a class = "tag" name = "tag69" href = +"#note69">69</a> +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">146</span> +<a name = "page146"> </a> +And again it is said as follows:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Vigrid is the name of the plain<br> +Where in fight shall meet<br> +Surt and the gentle god.<br> +A hundred miles<br> +It is every way.<br> +This field is marked out for them.<a class = "tag" name = "tag70" href = +"#note70">70</a> +</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">147</span> +<a name = "page147"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a></h4> + +<h6>REGENERATION.</h6> + +<p>57. Then asked Ganglere: What happens when heaven and earth and all +the world are consumed in flames, and when all the gods and all the +einherjes and all men are dead? You have already said that all men shall +live in some world through all ages. Har answered: There are many good +and many bad abodes. Best it is to be in Gimle, in heaven. Plenty is +there of good drink for those who deem this a joy in the hall called +Brimer. That is also in heaven. There is also an excellent hall which +stands on the Nida mountains. It is built of red gold, and is called +Sindre. In this hall good and well-minded men shall dwell. Nastrand is a +large and terrible hall, and its doors open to the north. It is built of +serpents wattled together, and all the heads of the serpents turn into +the hall and vomit forth venom that flows in streams along the hall, and +in these streams wade perjurers and murderers. So it is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +A hall I know standing<br> +Far from the sun<br> +On the strand of dead bodies. +<span class = "pagenum">148</span> +<a name = "page148"> </a><br> +Drops of venom<br> +Fall through the loop-holes.<br> +Of serpents’ backs<br> +The hall is made.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +There shall wade<br> +Through heavy streams<br> +Perjurers<br> +And murderers. +</p> + +<p>But in Hvergelmer it is worst.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +There tortures Nidhug<br> +The bodies of the dead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag71" href = +"#note71">71</a> +</p> + +<p>58. Then said Ganglere: Do any gods live then? Is there any earth or +heaven? Har answered: The earth rises again from the sea, and is green +and fair. The fields unsown produce their harvests. Vidar and Vale live. +Neither the sea nor Surfs fire has harmed them, and they dwell on the +plains of Ida, where Asgard was before. Thither come also the sons of +Thor, Mode and Magne, and they have Mjolner. Then come Balder and Hoder +from Hel. They all sit together and talk about the things that happened +aforetime,—about the Midgard-serpent and the Fenris-wolf. They +find in the grass those golden tables which the asas once had. Thus it +is said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Vidar and Vale<br> +Dwell in the house of the gods,<br> +When quenched is the fire of Surt. +<span class = "pagenum">149</span> +<a name = "page149"> </a><br> +Mode and Magne<br> +Vingner’s Mjolner shall have<br> +When the fight is ended.<a class = "tag" name = "tag72" href = +"#note72">72</a> +</p> + +<p>In a place called Hodmimer’s-holt<a class = "tag" name = "tag73" href += "#note73">73</a> are concealed two persons during Surt’s fire, called +Lif and Lifthraser. They feed on the morning dew. From these so numerous +a race is descended that they fill the whole world with people, as is +here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Lif and Lifthraser<br> +Will lie hid<br> +In Hodmimer’s-holt.<br> +The morning dew<br> +They have for food.<br> +From them are the races descended.<a class = "tag" name = "tag74" href = +"#note74">74</a> +</p> + +<p>But what will seem wonderful to you is that the sun has brought forth +a daughter not less fair than herself, and she rides in the heavenly +course of her mother, as is here said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +A daughter<br> +Is born of the sun<br> +Ere Fenrer takes her.<br> +In her mother’s course<br> +When the gods are dead<br> +This maid shall ride.<a class = "tag" name = "tag75" href = +"#note75">75</a> +</p> + +<p>And if you now can ask more questions, said Har to Ganglere, I know +not whence that power came to you. I have never heard any one tell +<span class = "pagenum">150</span> +<a name = "page150"> </a> +further the fate of the world. Make now the best use you can of what has +been told you.</p> + +<p>59. Then Ganglere heard a terrible noise on all sides, and when he +looked about him he stood out-doors on a level plain. He saw neither +hall nor burg. He went his way and came back to his kingdom, and told +the tidings which he had seen and heard, and ever since those tidings +have been handed down from man to man.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">151</span> +<a name = "page151"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_after">AFTERWORD</a></h4> + +<h6>TO THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.</h6> + +<p>The asas now sat down to talk, and held their counsel, and remembered +all the tales that were told to Gylfe. They gave the very same names +that had been named before to the men and places that were there. This +they did for the reason that, when a long time has elapsed, men should +not doubt that those asas of whom these tales were now told and those to +whom the same names were given were all identical. There was one who is +called Thor, and he is Asa-Thor, the old. He is Oku-Thor, and to him are +ascribed the great deeds done by Hektor in Troy. But men think that the +Turks have told of Ulysses, and have called him Loke, for the Turks were +his greatest enemies.</p> + + +<a name = "page152"> </a> + + +<span class = "pagenum">153</span> +<a name = "page153"> </a> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "brage">BRAGE’S TALK.</a></h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h4><a name = "brage_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h4> + +<h6>ÆGER’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.</h6> + +<p>1. A man by name Æger, or Hler, who dwelt on the island called Hler’s +Isle, was well skilled in the black art. He made a journey to Asgard. +But the asas knew of his coming and gave him a friendly reception; but +they also made use of many sorts of delusions. In the evening, when the +feast began, Odin had swords brought into the hall, and they were so +bright that it glistened from them so that there was no need of any +other light while they sat drinking. Then went the asas to their feast, +and the twelve asas who were appointed judges seated themselves in their +high-seats. These are their names: Thor, Njord, Frey, Tyr, Heimdal, +Brage, Vidar, Vale, Uller, Honer, Forsete, Loke. The asynjes (goddesses) +also were with them: Frigg, Freyja, Gefjun, Idun, Gerd, Sigyn, Fulla, +Nanna. Æger thought all that he saw looked very grand. The panels of the +walls +<span class = "pagenum">154</span> +<a name = "page154"> </a> +were all covered with beautiful shields. The mead was very strong, and +they drank deep. Next to Æger sat Brage, and they talked much together +over their drink. Brage spoke to Æger of many things that had happened +to the asas.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">155</span> +<a name = "page155"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h4> + +<h6>IDUN AND HER APPLES.</h6> + +<p>2. Brage began his tale by telling how three asas, Odin, Loke and +Honer, went on a journey over mountains and heaths, where they could get +nothing to eat. But when they came down into a valley they saw a herd of +cattle. From this herd they took an ox and went to work to boil it. When +they deemed that it must be boiled enough they uncovered the broth, but +it was not yet done. After a little while they lifted the cover off +again, but it was not yet boiled. They talked among themselves about how +this could happen. Then they heard a voice in the oak above them, and he +who sat there said that he was the cause that the broth did not get +boiled. They looked up and saw an eagle, and it was not a small one. +Then said the eagle: If you will give me my fill of the ox, then the +broth will be boiled. They agreed to this. So he flew down from the +tree, seated himself beside the boiling broth, and immediately snatched +up first the two thighs of the ox and then both the shoulders. This made +Loke wroth: he grasped a large pole, raised it with all +<span class = "pagenum">156</span> +<a name = "page156"> </a> +his might and dashed it at the body of the eagle. The eagle shook +himself after the blow and flew up. One end of the pole fastened itself +to the body of the eagle, and the other end stuck to Loke’s hands. The +eagle flew just high enough so that Loke’s feet were dragged over stones +and rocks and trees, and it seemed to him that his arms would be torn +from his shoulder-blades. He calls and prays the eagle most earnestly +for peace, but the latter declares that Loke shall never get free unless +he will pledge himself to bring Idun and her apples out of Asgard. When +Loke had promised this, he was set free and went to his companions +again; and no more is related of this journey, except that they returned +home. But at the time agreed upon, Loke coaxed Idun out of Asgard into a +forest, saying that he had found apples that she would think very nice, +and he requested her to take with her her own apples in order to compare +them. Then came the giant Thjasse in the guise of an eagle, seized Idun +and flew away with her to his home in Thrymheim. The asas were ill at +ease on account of the disappearance of Idun,—they became +gray-haired and old. They met in council and asked each other who last +had seen Idun. The last that had been seen of her was that she had gone +out of Asgard in company with Loke. Then Loke was seized and brought +into the council, +<span class = "pagenum">157</span> +<a name = "page157"> </a> +and he was threatened with death or torture. But he became frightened, +and promised to bring Idun back from Jotunheim if Freyja would lend him +the falcon-guise that she had. He got the falcon-guise, flew north into +Jotunheim, and came one day to the giant Thjasse. The giant had rowed +out to sea, and Idun was at home alone. Loke turned her into the +likeness of a nut, held her in his claws and flew with all his might. +But when Thjasse returned home and missed Idun, he took on his +eagle-guise, flew after Loke, gaining on the latter with his eagle +wings. When the asas saw the falcon coming flying with the nut, and how +the eagle flew, they went to the walls of Asgard and brought with them +bundles of plane-shavings. When the falcon flew within the burg, he let +himself drop down beside the burg-wall. Then the asas kindled a fire in +the shavings; and the eagle, being unable to stop himself when he missed +the falcon, caught fire in his feathers, so that he could not fly any +farther. The asas were on hand and slew the giant Thjasse within the +gates of Asgard, and that slaughter is most famous.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">158</span> +<a name = "page158"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h4> + +<h6>HOW NJORD GOT SKADE TO WIFE.</h6> + +<p>Skade, the daughter of the giant Thjasse, donned her helmet, and +byrnie, and all her war-gear, and betook herself to Asgard to avenge her +father’s death. The asas offered her ransom and atonement; and it was +agreed to, in the first place, that she should choose herself a husband +among the asas, but she was to make her choice by the feet, which was +all she was to see of their persons. She saw one man’s feet that were +wonderfully beautiful, and exclaimed: This one I choose! On Balder there +are few blemishes. But it was Njord, from Noatun. In the second place, +it was stipulated that the asas were to do what she did not deem them +capable of, and that was to make her laugh. Then Loke tied one end of a +string fast to the beard of a goat and the other around his own body, +and one pulled this way and the other that, and both of them shrieked +out loud. Then Loke let himself fall on Skade’s knees, and this made her +laugh. It is said that Odin did even more than was asked, in that he +took Thjasse’s eyes and +<span class = "pagenum">159</span> +<a name = "page159"> </a> +cast them up into heaven, and made two stars of them. Then said Æger: +This Thjasse seems to me to have been considerable of a man; of what kin +was he? Brage answered: His father’s name was Olvalde, and if I told you +of him, you would deem it very remarkable. He was very rich in gold, and +when he died and his sons were to divide their heritage, they had this +way of measuring the gold, that each should take his mouthful of gold, +and they should all take the same number of mouthfuls. One of them was +Thjasse, another Ide, and the third Gang. But we now have it as a saw +among us, that we call gold the mouth-number of these giants. In runes +and songs we wrap the gold up by calling it the measure, or word, or +tale, of these giants. Then said Æger: It seems to me that it will be +well hidden in the runes.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">160</span> +<a name = "page160"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h4> + +<h6>THE ORIGIN OF POETRY.</h6> + +<p>3. And again said Æger: Whence originated the art that is called +skaldship? Made answer Brage: The beginning of this was, that the gods +had a war with the people that are called vans. They agreed to hold a +meeting for the purpose of making peace, and settled their dispute in +this wise, that they both went to a jar and spit into it. But at parting +the gods, being unwilling to let this mark of peace perish, shaped it +into a man whose name was Kvaser, and who was so wise that no one could +ask him any question that he could not answer. He traveled much about in +the world to teach men wisdom. Once he came to the home of the dwarfs +Fjalar and Galar. They called him aside, saying they wished to speak +with him alone, slew him and let his blood run into two jars called Son +and Bodn, and into a kettle called Odrarer. They mixed honey with the +blood, and thus was produced such mead that whoever drinks from it +becomes a skald and sage. The dwarfs told the asas that Kvaser had +choked in his wisdom, because no one was so wise that he could ask him +enough about learning.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">161</span> +<a name = "page161"> </a> +4. Then the dwarfs invited to themselves the giant whose name is +Gilling, and his wife; and when he came they asked him to row out to sea +with them. When they had gotten a short distance from shore, the dwarfs +rowed onto a blind rock and capsized the boat. Gilling, who was unable +to swim, was drowned, but the dwarfs righted the boat again and rowed +ashore. When they told of this mishap to his wife she took it much to +heart, and began to cry aloud. Then Fjalar asked her whether it would +not lighten her sorrow if she could look out upon the sea where her +husband had perished, and she said it would. He then said to his brother +Galar that he should go up over the doorway, and as she passed out he +should let a mill-stone drop onto her head, for he said he was tired of +her bawling, Galar did so. When the giant Suttung, the son of Gilling, +found this out he came and seized the dwarfs, took them out to sea and +left them on a rocky island, which was flooded at high tide. They prayed +Suttung to spare their lives, and offered him in atonement for their +father’s blood the precious mead, which he accepted. Suttung brought the +mead home with him, and hid it in a place called Hnitbjorg. He set his +daughter Gunlad to guard it. For these reasons we call songship Kvaser’s +blood; the drink of the dwarfs; the dwarfs’ fill; some kind of liquor of +Odrarer, +<span class = "pagenum">162</span> +<a name = "page162"> </a> +or Bodn or Son; the ship of the dwarfs (because this mead ransomed their +lives from the rocky isle); the mead of Suttung, or the liquor of +Hnitbjorg.</p> + +<p>5. Then remarked Æger: It seems dark to me to call songship by these +names; but how came the asas by Suttung’s mead? Answered Brage: The saga +about this is, that Odin set out from home and came to a place where +nine thralls were mowing hay. He asked them whether they would like to +have him whet their scythes. To this they said yes. Then he took a +whet-stone from his belt and whetted the scythes. They thought their +scythes were much improved, and asked whether the whet-stone was for +sale. He answered that he who would buy it must pay a fair price for it. +All said they were willing to give the sum demanded, and each wanted +Odin to sell it to him. But he threw the whet-stone up in the air, and +when all wished to catch it they scrambled about it in such a manner +that each brought his scythe onto the other’s neck. Odin sought lodgings +for the night at the house of the giant Bauge, who was a brother of +Suttung. Bauge complained of what had happened to his household, saying +that his nine thralls had slain each other, and that he did not know +where he should get other workmen. Odin called himself Bolverk. He +offered to undertake +<span class = "pagenum">163</span> +<a name = "page163"> </a> +the work of the nine men for Bauge, but asked in payment therefor a +drink of Suttung’s mead. Bauge answered that he had no control over the +mead, saying that Suttung was bound to keep that for himself alone. But +he agreed to go with Bolverk and try whether they could get the mead. +During the summer Bolverk did the work of the nine men for Bauge, but +when winter came he asked for his pay. Then they both went to Suttung. +Bauge explained to Suttung his bargain with Bolverk, but Suttung stoutly +refused to give even a drop of the mead. Bolverk then proposed to Bauge +that they should try whether they could not get at the mead by the aid +of some trick, and Bauge agreed to this. Then Bolverk drew forth the +auger which is called Rate, and requested Bauge to bore a hole through +the rock, if the auger was sharp enough. He did so. Then said Bauge that +there was a hole through the rock; but Bolverk blowed into the hole that +the auger had made, and the chips flew back into his face. Thus he saw +that Bauge intended to deceive him, and commanded him to bore through. +Bauge bored again, and when Bolverk blew a second time the chips flew +inward. Now Bolverk changed himself into the likeness of a serpent and +crept into the auger-hole. Bauge thrust after him with the auger, but +missed him. Bolverk went to where Gunlad was, and shared +<span class = "pagenum">164</span> +<a name = "page164"> </a> +her couch for three nights. She then promised to give him three draughts +from the mead. With the first draught he emptied Odrarer, in the second +Bodn, and in the third Son, and thus he had all the mead. Then he took +on the guise of an eagle, and flew off as fast as he could. When Suttung +saw the flight of the eagle, he also took on the shape of an eagle and +flew after him. When the asas saw Odin coming, they set their jars out +in the yard. When Odin reached Asgard, he spewed the mead up into the +jars. He was, however, so near being caught by Suttung, that he sent +some of the mead after him backward, and as no care was taken of this, +anybody that wished might have it. This we call the share of poetasters. +But Suttung’s mead Odin gave to the asas and to those men who are able +to make verses. Hence we call songship Odin’s prey, Odin’s find, Odin’s +drink, Odin’s gift, and the drink of the asas.</p> + +<p>6. Then said Æger: In how many ways do you vary the poetical +expressions, or how many kinds of poetry are there? Answered Brage: +There are two kinds, and all poetry falls into one or the other of these +classes. Æger asks: Which two? Brage answers: Diction and meter. What +diction is used in poetry? There are three sorts of poetic diction. +Which? One is to name everything by its own name; another is to name it +with a pronoun, +<span class = "pagenum">165</span> +<a name = "page165"> </a> +but the third sort of diction is called <i>kenning</i> (a poetical +periphrasis or descriptive name); and this sort is so managed that when +we name Odin, or Thor or Tyr, or any other of the asas or elves, we add +to their name a reference to some other asa, or we make mention of some +of his works. Then the appellation belongs to him who corresponds to the +whole phrase, and not to him who was actually named. Thus we speak of +Odin as Sigtyr, Hangatyr or Farmatyr, and such names we call simple +appellatives. In the same manner he is called Reidartyr.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">166</span> +<a name = "page166"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_after">AFTERWORD</a></h4> + +<h6>TO BRAGE’S TALK.</h6> + + +<p>Now it is to be said to young skalds who are desirous of acquiring +the diction of poetry, or of increasing their store of words with old +names, or, on the other hand, are eager to understand what is obscurely +sung, that they must master this book for their instruction and pastime. +These sagas are not to be so forgotten or disproved as to take away from +poetry old periphrases which great skalds have been pleased with. But +christian men should not believe in heathen gods, nor in the truth of +these sagas, otherwise than is explained in the beginning of this book, +where the events are explained which led men away from the true faith, +and where it, in the next place, is told of the Turks how the men from +Asia, who are called asas, falsified the tales of the things that +happened in Troy, in order that the people should believe them to be +gods.</p> + +<p>King Priam in Troy was a great chief over all the Turkish host, and +his sons were the most distinguished men in his whole army. That +excellent hall, which the asas called Brime’s Hall, or +<span class = "pagenum">167</span> +<a name = "page167"> </a> +beer-hall, was King Priam’s palace. As for the long tale that they tell +of Ragnarok, that is the wars of the Trojans. When it is said that +Oku-Thor angled with an ox-head and drew on board the Midgard-serpent, +but that the serpent kept his life and sank back into the sea, then this +is another version of the story that Hektor slew Volukrontes, a famous +hero, in the presence of Achilleus, and so drew the latter onto him with +the head of the slain, which they likened unto the head of an ox, which +Oku-Thor had torn off. When Achilleus was drawn into this danger, on +account of his daring, it was the salvation of his life that he fled +from the fatal blows of Hektor, although he was wounded. It is also said +that Hektor waged the war so mightily, and that his rage was so great +when he caught sight of Achilleus, that nothing was so strong that it +could stand before him. When he missed Achilleus, who had fled, he +soothed his wrath by slaying the champion called Roddros. But the asas +say that when Oku-Thor missed the serpent, he slew the giant Hymer. In +Ragnarok the Midgard serpent came suddenly upon Thor and blew venom onto +him, and thus struck him dead. But the asas could not make up their +minds to say that this had been the fate of Oku-Thor, that anyone stood +over him dead, though this had so happened. They rushed headlong over +old sagas +<span class = "pagenum">168</span> +<a name = "page168"> </a> +more than was true when they said that the Midgard-serpent there got his +death; and they added this to the story, that Achilleus reaped the fame +of Hektor’s death, though he lay dead on the same battle-field on that +account. This was the work of Elenus and Alexander, and Elenus the asas +call Ale. They say that he avenged his brother, and that he lived when +all the gods were dead, and after the fire was quenched that burned up +Asgard and all the possessions of the gods. Pyrrhos they compared with +the Fenris-wolf. He slew Odin, and Pyrrhos might be called a wolf +according to their belief, for he did not spare the peace-steads, when +he slew the king in the temple before the altar of Thor. The burning of +Troy they call the flame of Surt. Mode and Magne, the sons of Oku-Thor, +came to crave the land of Ale or Vidar. He is Æneas. He came away from +Troy, and wrought thereupon great works. It is said that the sons of +Hektor came to Frigialand and established themselves in that kingdom, +but banished Elenus.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">169</span> +<a name = "page169"> </a> +<h4 class = "section"> </h4> +<h6><a name = "poet">EXTRACTS FROM</a></h6> + +<h4>THE POETICAL DICTION.</h4> + +<h6>(SKALDSKAPARMAL.)<a class = "tag" name = "tag76" href = +"#note76">76</a></h6> + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_hrungner">THOR AND +HRUNGNER.</a></h5> + +<p>Brage told Æger that Thor had gone eastward to crush trolls. Odin +rode on his horse Sleipner to Jotunheim, and came to the giant whose +name is Hrungner. Then asked Hrungner what man that was who with a +golden helmet rode both through the air and over the sea, and added that +he had a remarkably good horse. Odin said that he would wager his head +that so good a horse could not be found in Jotunheim. Hrungner admitted +that it was indeed an excellent horse, but he had one, called Goldfax, +that could take much longer paces; and in his wrath he immediately +sprang upon his horse and galloped after Odin, intending to pay him for +his insolence. Odin rode so fast that he was a good distance ahead, but +Hrungner had worked himself into such a giant rage that, before he was +aware of it, he had come within the gates of Asgard. +<span class = "pagenum">170</span> +<a name = "page170"> </a> +When he came to the hall door, the asas invited him to drink with them. +He entered the hall and requested a drink. They then took the bowls that +Thor was accustomed to drink from, and Hrungner emptied them all. When +he became drunk, he gave the freest vent to his loud boastings. He said +he was going to take Valhal and move it to Jotunheim, demolish Asgard +and kill all the gods except Freyja and Sif, whom he was going to take +home with him. When Freyja went forward to refill the bowls for him, he +boasted that he was going to drink up all the ale of the asas. But when +the asas grew weary of his arrogance, they named Thor’s name. At once +Thor was in the hall, swung his hammer in the air, and, being +exceedingly wroth, asked who was to blame that dog-wise giants were +permitted to drink there, who had given Hrungner permission to be in +Valhal, and why Freyja should pour ale for him as she did in the feasts +of the asas. Then answered Hrungner, looking with anything but friendly +eyes at Thor, and said that Odin had invited him to drink, and that he +was there under his protection. Thor replied that he should come to rue +that invitation before he came out. Hrungner again answered that it +would be but little credit to Asa-Thor to kill him, unarmed as he was. +It would be a greater proof of his valor if he dared fight a duel +<span class = "pagenum">171</span> +<a name = "page171"> </a> +with him at the boundaries of his territory, at Grjottungard. It was +very foolish of me, he said, that I left my shield and my flint-stone at +home; had I my weapons here, you and I would try a holmgang (duel on a +rocky island); but as this is not the case, I declare you a coward if +you kill me unarmed. Thor was by no means the man to refuse to fight a +duel when he was challenged, an honor which never had been shown him +before. Then Hrungner went his way, and hastened with all his might back +to Jotunheim. His journey became famous among the giants, and the +proposed meeting with Thor was much talked of. They regarded it very +important who should gain the victory, and they feared the worst from +Thor if Hrungner should be defeated, for he was the strongest among +them. Thereupon the giants made at Grjottungard a man of clay, who was +nine rasts tall and three rasts broad under the arms, but being unable +to find a heart large enough to be suitable for him, they took the heart +from a mare, but even this fluttered and trembled when Thor came. +Hrungner had, as is well known, a heart of stone, sharp and three-sided; +just as the rune has since been risted that is called Hrungner’s heart. +Even his head was of stone. His shield was of stone, and was broad and +thick, and he was holding this shield before him as he stood at +Grjottungard waiting +<span class = "pagenum">172</span> +<a name = "page172"> </a> +for Thor. His weapon was a flint-stone, which he swung over his +shoulders, and altogether he presented a most formidable aspect. On one +side of him stood the giant of clay, who was named Mokkerkalfe. He was +so exceedingly terrified, that it is said that he wet himself when he +saw Thor. Thor proceeded to the duel, and Thjalfe was with him. Thjalfe +ran forward to where Hrungner was standing, and said to him: You stand +illy guarded, giant; you hold the shield before you, but Thor has seen +you; he goes down into the earth and will attack you from below. Then +Hrungner thrust the shield under his feet and stood on it, but the +flint-stone he seized with both his hands. The next that he saw were +flashes of lightning, and he heard loud crashings; and then he saw Thor +in his asa-might advancing with impetuous speed, swinging his hammer and +hurling it from afar at Hrungner. Hrungner seized the flint-stone with +both his hands and threw it against the hammer. They met in the air, and +the flint-stone broke. One part fell to the earth, and from it have come +the flint-mountains; the other part hit Thor’s head with such force that +he fell forward to the ground. But the hammer Mjolner hit Hrungner right +in the head, and crushed his skull in small pieces. He himself fell +forward over Thor, so that his foot lay upon Thor’s neck. Meanwhile +Thjalfe +<span class = "pagenum">173</span> +<a name = "page173"> </a> +attacked Mokkerkalfe, who fell with but little honor. Then Thjalfe went +to Thor and was to take Hrungner’s foot off from him, but he had not the +strength to do it. When the asas learned that Thor had fallen, they all +came to take the giant’s foot off, but none of them was able to move it. +Then came Magne, the son of Thor and Jarnsaxa. He was only three nights +of age. He threw Hrungner’s foot off Thor, and said It was a great +mishap, father, that I came so late. I think I could have slain this +giant with my fist, had I met him. Then Thor arose, greeted his son +lovingly, saying that he would become great and powerful; and, added he, +I will give you the horse Goldfax, that belonged to Hrungner. Odin said +that Thor did wrong in giving so fine a horse to the son of a giantess, +instead of to his father. Thor went home to Thrudvang, but the +flint-stone still stuck fast in his head. Then came the vala whose name +is Groa, the wife of Orvandel the Bold. She sang her magic songs over +Thor until the flint-stone became loose. But when Thor perceived this, +and was just expecting that the flint-stone would disappear, he desired +to reward Groa for her healing, and make her heart glad. So he related +to her how he had waded from the north over the Elivogs rivers, and had +borne in a basket on his back Orvandel from Jotunheim; and in evidence +of this he told +<span class = "pagenum">174</span> +<a name = "page174"> </a> +her how that one toe of his had protruded from the basket and had +frozen, wherefore Thor had broken it off and had cast it up into the +sky, and made of it the star which is called Orvandel’s toe. Finally he +added that it would not be long before Orvandel would come home. But +Groa became so glad that she forgot her magic songs, and so the +flint-stone became no looser than it was, and it sticks fast in Thor’s +head yet. For this reason it is forbidden to throw a flint-stone across +the floor, for then the stone in Thor’s head is moved. Out of this saga +Thjodolf of Hvin has made a song:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +We have ample evidence<br> +Of the giant-terrifier’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag77" href = +"#note77">77</a> journey<br> +To Grjottungard, to the giant Hrungner,<br> +In the midst of encircling flames.<br> +The courage waxed high in Meile’s brother;<a class = "tag" name = +"tag78" href = "#note78">78</a><br> +The moon-way trembled<br> +When Jord’s son<a class = "tag" name = "tag79" href = "#note79">79</a> +went<br> +To the steel-gloved contest.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The heavens stood all in flames<br> +For Uller’s step-father,<a class = "tag" name = "tag80" href = +"#note80">80</a><br> +And the earth rocked.<br> +Svolne’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag81" href = "#note81">81</a> widow<a +class = "tag" name = "tag82" href = "#note82">82</a> burst asunder<br> +When the span of goats<br> +Drew the sublime chariot<br> +And its divine master<br> +To the meeting with Hrungner. +</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">175</span> +<a name = "page175"> </a></p> +<p class = "verse"> +Balder’s brother<a class = "tag" name = "tag83" href = "#note83">83</a> +did not tremble<br> +Before the greedy fiend of men;<br> +Mountains quaked and rocks broke;<br> +The heavens were wrapped in flames.<br> +Much did the giant<br> +Get frightened, I learn,<br> +When his bane man he saw<br> +Ready to slay him.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Swiftly the gray shield flew<br> +’Neath the heels of the giant.<br> +So the gods willed it,<br> +So willed it the valkyries.<br> +Hrungner the giant,<br> +Eager for slaughter,<br> +Needed not long to wait for blows<br> +From the valiant friend of the hammer.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The slayer<a class = "tag" name = "tag84" href = "#note84">84</a> of +Bele’s evil race<br> +Made fall the bear of the loud-roaring mountain;<a class = "tag" name = +"tag85" href = "#note85">85</a><br> +On his shield<br> +Bite the dust<br> +Must the giant<br> +Before the sharp-edged hammer,<br> +When the giant-crusher<br> +Stood against the mighty Hrungner,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +And the flint-stone<br> +(So hard to break)<br> +Of the friend of the troll-women<br> +Into the skull did whiz<br> +Of Jord’s son,<a class = "tag" name = "tag86" href = +"#note86">86</a><br> +And this flinty piece<br> +Fast did stick<br> +In Eindride’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag87" href = "#note87">87</a> +blood;</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Until Orvandel’s wife,<br> +Magic songs singing,<br> +<span class = "pagenum">176</span> +<a name = "page176"> </a> +From the head of Thor<br> +Removed the giant’s<br> +Excellent flint-stone.<br> +All do I know<br> +About that shield-journey.<br> +A shield adorned<br> +With hues most splendid<br> +I received from Thorleif. +</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_journey">THOR’S JOURNEY TO +GEIRROD’S.</a></h5> + +<p>Then said Æger: Much of a man, it seems to me, was that Hrungner. Has +Thor accomplished any other great deeds in his intercourse with trolls +(giants)? Then answered Brage: It is worth giving a full account of how +Thor made a journey to Geirrodsgard. He had with him neither the hammer +Mjolner, nor his belt of strength, Megingjard, nor his steel gloves; and +that was Loke’s fault,—he was with him. For it had happened to +Loke, when he once flew out to amuse himself in Frigg’s falcon-guise, +that he, out of curiosity, flew into Geirrodsgard, where he saw a large +hall. He sat down and looked in through the window, but Geirrod +discovered him, and ordered the bird to be caught and brought to him. +The servant had hard work to climb up the wall of the hall, so high was +it. It amused Loke that it gave the servant so much trouble to get at +him, and he thought it would be time enough to fly away when he +<span class = "pagenum">177</span> +<a name = "page177"> </a> +had gotten over the worst. When the latter now caught at him, Loke +spread his wings and spurned with his feet, but these were fast, and so +Loke was caught and brought to the giant. When the latter saw his eyes +he suspected that it was a man. He put questions to him and bade him +answer, but Loke refused to speak. Then Geirrod locked him down in a +chest, and starved him for three months; and when Geirrod finally took +him up again, and asked him to speak, Loke confessed who he was, and to +save his life he swore an oath to Geirrod that he would get Thor to come +to Geirrodsgard without his hammer or his belt of strength.</p> + +<p>On his way Thor visited the giantess whose name is Grid. She was the +mother of Vidar the Silent. She told Thor the truth concerning Geirrod, +that he was a dog-wise and dangerous giant; and she lent him her own +belt of strength and steel gloves, and her staff, which is called +Gridarvol. Then went Thor to the river which is called Vimer, and which +is the largest of all rivers. He buckled on the belt of strength and +stemmed the wild torrent with Gridarvol, but Loke held himself fast in +Megingjard. When Thor had come into the middle of the stream, the river +waxed so greatly that the waves dashed over his shoulders. Then quoth +Thor:</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">178</span> +<a name = "page178"> </a></p> +<p class = "verse"> +Wax not Vimer,<br> +Since I intend to wade<br> +To the gards of giants.<br> +Know, if you wax,<br> +Then waxes my asa-might<br> +As high, as the heavens. +</p> + +<p>Then Thor looked up and saw in a cleft Gjalp, the daughter of +Geirrod, standing on both sides of the stream, and causing its growth. +Then took he up out of the river a huge stone and threw at her, saying: +At its source the stream must be stemmed.<a class = "tag" name = "tag88" +href = "#note88">88</a> He was not wont to miss his mark. At the same +time he reached the river bank and got hold of a shrub, and so he got +out of the river. Hence comes the adage that <i>a shrub saved +Thor</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag89" href = "#note89">89</a> When +Thor came to Geirrod, he and his companion were shown to the guest-room, +where lodgings were given them, but there was but one seat, and on that +Thor sat down. Then he became aware that the seat was raised under him +toward the roof. He put the Gridarvol against the rafters, and pressed +himself down against the seat. Then was heard a great crash, which was +followed by a loud screaming. Under the seat were Geirrod’s daughters, +Gjalp and Greip, and he had broken the backs of both of them. Then quoth +Thor:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Once I employed<br> +My asa-might<br> +In the gards of the giants. +<span class = "pagenum">179</span> +<a name = "page179"> </a><br> +When Gjalp and Greip,<br> +Geirrod’s daughters,<br> +Wanted to lift me to heaven. +</p> + +<p>Then Geirrod had Thor invited into the hall to the games. Large fires +burned along the whole length of the hall. When Thor came into the hall, +and stood opposite Geirrod, the latter seized with a pair of tongs a +red-hot iron wedge and threw it at Thor. But he caught it with his steel +gloves, and lifted it up in the air. Geirrod sprang behind an iron post +to guard himself. But Thor threw the wedge with so great force that it +struck through the post, through Geirrod, through the wall, and then +went out and into the ground. From this saga, Eilif, son of Gudrun, made +the following song, called Thor’s Drapa:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The Midgard-serpent’s father exhorted<br> +Thor, the victor of giants,<br> +To set out from home.<br> +A great liar was Loke.<br> +Not quite confident,<br> +The companion of the war-god<br> +Declared green paths to lie<br> +To the gard of Geirrod.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Thor did not long let Loke<br> +Invite him to the arduous journey.<br> +They were eager to crush<br> +Thorn’s descendants.<br> +When he, who is wont to swing Megingjard,<br> +Once set out from Odin’s home<br> +To visit Ymer’s children in Gandvik, + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">180</span> +<a name = "page180"> </a> +The giantess Gjalp,<br> +Perjured Geirrod’s daughter,<br> +Sooner got ready magic to use<br> +Than the god of war and Loke.<br> +A song I recite.<br> +Those gods noxious to the giants<br> +Planted their feet<br> +In Endil’s land,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +And the men wont to battle<br> +Went forth.<br> +The message of death<br> +Came of the moon-devourer’s women,<br> +When the cunning and wrathful<br> +Conqueror of Loke<br> +Challenged to a contest<br> +The giantess.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +And the troll-woman’s disgracer<br> +Waded across the roaring stream,—<br> +Rolling full of drenched snow over its banks.<br> +He who puts giants to flight<br> +Rapidly advanced<br> +O’er the broad watery way,<br> +Where the noisy stream’s<br> +Venom belched forth.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Thor and his companions<br> +Put before him the staff;<br> +Thereon he rested<br> +Whilst over they waded:<br> +Nor sleep did the stones,—<br> +The sonorous staff striking the rapid wave<br> +Made the river-bed ring,—<br> +The mountain-torrent rang with stones.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The wearer of Megingjard<br> +Saw the flood fall<br> +On his hard-waxed shoulders:<br> +He could do no better. +<span class = "pagenum">181</span> +<a name = "page181"> </a><br> +The destroyer of troll-children<br> +Let his neck-strength<br> +Wax heaven high,<br> +Till the mighty stream should diminish.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +But the warriors,<br> +The oath-bound protectors of Asgard,—<br> +The experienced vikings,—<br> +Waded fast and the stream sped on.<br> +Thou god of the bow!<br> +The billows<br> +Blown by the mountain-storm<br> +Powerfully rushed<br> +Over Thor’s shoulders.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Thjalfe and his companion,<br> +With their heads above water,<br> +Got over the river,—<br> +To Thor’s belt they clung.<br> +Their strength was tested,—<br> +Geirrod’s daughters made hard the stream<br> +For the iron rod.<br> +Angry fared Thor with the Gridarvol.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Nor did courage fail<br> +Those foes of the giant<br> +In the seething vortex.<br> +Those sworn companions<br> +Regarded a brave heart<br> +Better than gold.<br> +Neither Thor’s nor Thjalfe’s heart<br> +From fear did tremble.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +And the war companions—<br> +Weapons despising—<br> +’Mong the giants made havoc,<br> +Until, O woman!<br> +The giant destroyers<br> +The conflict of helmets<br> +With the warlike race<br> +Did commence.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">182</span> +<a name = "page182"> </a> +The giants of Iva’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag90" href = +"#note90">90</a> capes<br> +Made a rush with Geirrod;<br> +The foes of the cold Svithiod<br> +Took to flight.<br> +Geirrod’s giants<br> +Had to succumb<br> +When the lightning wielder’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag91" href = +"#note91">91</a> kinsmen<br> +Closely pursued them.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Wailing was ’mongst the cave-dwellers<br> +When the giants,<br> +With warlike spirit endowed,<br> +Went forward.<br> +There was war.<br> +The slayer of troll-women,<br> +By foes surrounded,<br> +The giant’s hard head hit.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +With violent pressure<br> +Were pressed the vast eyes<br> +Of Gjalp and Greip<br> +Against the high roof.<br> +The fire-chariot’s driver<br> +The old backs broke<br> +Of both these maids<br> +For the cave-woman.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The man of the rocky way<br> +But scanty knowledge got;<br> +Nor able were the giants<br> +To enjoy perfect gladness.<br> +Thou man of the bow-string!<br> +The dwarf’s kinsman<br> +An iron beam, in the forge heated,<br> +Threw against Odin’s dear son.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">183</span> +<a name = "page183"> </a> +But the battle-hastener,<br> +Freyja’s old friend,<br> +With swift hands caught<br> +In the air the beam<br> +As it flew from the hands<br> +Of the father of Greip,—<br> +His breast with anger swollen<br> +Against Thruda’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag92" href = "#note92">92</a> +father.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Geirrod’s hall trembled<br> +When he struck,<br> +With his broad head,<br> +’Gainst the old column of the house-wall.<br> +Uller’s splendid flatterer<br> +Swung the iron beam<br> +Straight ’gainst the head<br> +Of the knavish giant.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The crusher of the hall-wont troll-women<br> +A splendid victory won<br> +Over Glam’s descendants;<br> +With gory hammer fared Thor.<br> +Gridarvol-staff,<br> +Which made disaster<br> +’Mong Geirrod’s companion,<br> +Was not used ’gainst that giant himself.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The much worshiped thunderer,<br> +With all his might, slew<br> +The dwellers in Alfheim<br> +With that little willow-twig,<br> +And no shield<br> +Was able to resist<br> +The strong age-diminisher<br> +Of the mountain-king. +</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">184</span> +<a name = "page184"> </a> +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_idun">IDUN.</a></h5> + +<p>How shall Idun be named? She is called the wife of Brage, the keeper +of the apples; but the apples are called the medicine to bar old age +(ellilyf, elixir vitæ). She is also called the booty of the giant +Thjasse, according to what has before been said concerning how he took +her away from the asas. From this saga Thjodolf, of Hvin, composed the +following song in his Haustlong:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +How shall the tongue<br> +Pay an ample reward<br> +For the sonorous shield<br> +Which I received from Thorleif,<br> +Foremost ’mong soldiers?<br> +On the splendidly made shield<br> +I see the unsafe journey<br> +Of three gods and Thjasse.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Idun’s robber flew long ago<br> +The asas to meet<br> +In the giant’s old eagle-guise.<br> +The eagle perched<br> +Where the asas bore<br> +Their food to be cooked.<br> +Ye women! The mountain-giant<br> +Was not wont to be timid.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Suspected of malice<br> +Was the giant toward the gods.<br> +Who causes this?<br> +Said the chief of the gods.<br> +The wise-worded giant-eagle<br> +From the old tree began to speak.<br> +The friend of Honer<br> +Was not friendly to him.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">185</span> +<a name = "page185"> </a> +The mountain-wolf from Honer<br> +Asked for his fill<br> +From the holy table:<br> +It fell to Honer to blow the fire.<br> +The giant, eager to kill,<br> +Glided down<br> +Where the unsuspecting gods,<br> +Odin, Loke and Honer, were sitting.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The fair lord of the earth<br> +Bade Farbaute’s son<br> +Quickly to share<br> +The ox with the giant;<br> +But the cunning foe of the asas<br> +Thereupon laid<br> +The four parts of the ox<br> +Upon the broad table.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +And the huge father of Morn<a class = "tag" name = "tag93" href = +"#note93">93</a><br> +Afterward greedily ate<br> +The ox at the tree-root.<br> +That was long ago,<br> +Until the profound<br> +Loke the hard rod laid<br> +’Twixt the shoulders<br> +Of the giant Thjasse.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Then clung with his hands<br> +The husband of Sigyn<br> +To Skade’s foster-son,<br> +In the presence of all the gods.<br> +The pole stuck fast<br> +To Jotunheim’s strong fascinator,<br> +But the hands of Honer’s dear friend<br> +Stuck to the other end.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Flew then with the wise god<br> +The voracious bird of prey<br> +Far away; so the wolf’s father<br> +To pieces must be torn.<br> +<span class = "pagenum">186</span> +<a name = "page186"> </a> +Odin’s friend got exhausted.<br> +Heavy grew Lopt.<br> +Odin’s companion<br> +Must sue for peace.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Hymer’s kinsman demanded<br> +That the leader of hosts<br> +The sorrow-healing maid,<br> +Who the asas’ youth-preserving apples keeps,<br> +Should bring to him.<br> +Brisingamen’s thief<br> +Afterward brought Idun<br> +To the gard of the giant.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Sorry were not the giants<br> +After this had taken place,<br> +Since from the south<br> +Idun had come to the giants.<br> +All the race<br> +Of Yngve-Frey, at the Thing,<br> +Grew old and gray,—<br> +Ugly-looking were the gods.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Until the gods found the blood-dog,<br> +Idun’s decoying thrall,<br> +And bound the maid’s deceiver,<br> +You shall, cunning Loke,<br> +Spake Thor, die;<br> +Unless back you lead,<br> +With your tricks, that<br> +Good joy-increasing maid.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Heard have I that thereupon<br> +The friend of Honer flew<br> +In the guise of a falcon<br> +(He often deceived the asas with his cunning);<br> +And the strong fraudulent giant,<br> +The father of Morn,<br> +With the wings of the eagle<br> +Sped after the hawk’s child.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">187</span> +<a name = "page187"> </a> +The holy gods soon built a fire—<br> +They shaved off kindlings—<br> +And the giant was scorched.<br> +This is said in memory<br> +Of the dwarf’s heel-bridge.<a class = "tag" name = "tag94" href = +"#note94">94</a><br> +A shield adorned with splendid lines<br> +From Thorleif I received. +</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_feast">ÆGER’S FEAST.</a></h5> + +<p>How shall gold be named? It may be called fire; the needles of +Glaser; Sif’s hair; Fulla’s head-gear; Freyja’s tears; the chatter, talk +or word of the giants; Draupner’s drop; Draupner’s rain or shower; +Freyja’s eyes; the otter-ransom, or stroke-ransom, of the asas; the seed +of Fyrisvold; Holge’s how-roof; the fire of all waters and of the hand; +or the stone, rock or gleam of the hand.</p> + +<p>Why is gold called Æger’s fire? The saga relating to this is, as has +before been told, that Æger made a visit to Asgard, but when he was +ready to return home he invited Odin and all the asas to come and pay +him a visit after the lapse of three months. On this journey went Odin, +Njord, Frey, Tyr, Brage, Vidar, Loke; and also the asynjes, Frigg, +Freyja, Gefjun, Skade, Idun, Sif. Thor was not there, for he had gone +eastward to fight trolls. When the gods had taken their seats, Æger let +his servants bring in +<span class = "pagenum">188</span> +<a name = "page188"> </a> +on the hall floor bright gold, which shone and lighted up the whole hall +like fire, just as the swords in Valhal are used instead of fire. Then +Loke bandied hasty words with all the gods, and slew Æger’s thrall who +was called Fimafeng. The name of his other thrall is Elder. The name of +Æger’s wife is Ran, and they have nine daughters, as has before been +written. At this feast all things passed around spontaneously, both food +and ale and all the utensils needed for the feasting. Then the asas +became aware that Ran had a net in which she caught all men who perish +at sea. Then the saga goes on telling how it happens that gold is called +the fire, or light or brightness of Æger, of Ran, or of Æger’s +daughters; and from these periphrases it is allowed to call gold the +fire of the sea, or of any of the periphrases of the sea, since Æger and +Ran are found in periphrases of the sea; and thus gold is now called the +fire of waters, of rivers, or of all the periphrases of rivers. But +these names have fared like other periphrases. The younger skald has +composed poetry after the pattern of the old skalds, imitating their +songs; but afterward they have expanded the metaphors whenever they +thought they could improve upon what was sung before; and thus the water +is the sea, the river is the lakes, the brook is the river. Hence all +the figures that are expanded more than what has +<span class = "pagenum">189</span> +<a name = "page189"> </a> +before been found are called new tropes, and all seem good that contain +likelihood and are natural. Thus sang the skald Brage:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +From the king I received<br> +The fire of the brook.<br> +This the king gave to me<br> +And a head with song. +</p> + +<p>Why is gold called the needles or leaves of Glaser? In Asgard, before +the doors of Valhal, stands a grove which is called Glaser, and all its +leaves are of red gold, as is here sung:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Glaser stands<br> +With golden leaves<br> +Before Sigtyr’s halls. +</p> + +<p>This is the fairest forest among gods and men.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_wager">LOKE’S WAGER WITH THE +DWARFS.</a></h5> + +<p>Why is gold called Sif’s hair? Loke Laufey’s son had once craftily +cut all the hair off Sif; but when Thor found it out he seized Loke, and +would have broken every bone in him, had he not pledged himself with an +oath to get the swarthy elves to make for Sif a hair of gold that should +grow like other hair. Then went Loke to the dwarfs that are called +Ivald’s sons, and they made the hair and Skidbladner, and the spear that +Odin owned and is called Gungner. Thereupon Loke wagered his head with +the dwarf, +<span class = "pagenum">190</span> +<a name = "page190"> </a> +who hight Brok, that his brother Sindre would not be able to make three +other treasures equally as good as these were. But when they came to the +smithy, Sindre laid a pig-skin in the furnace and requested Brok to blow +the bellows, and not to stop blowing before he (Sindre) had taken out of +the furnace what he had put into it. As soon, however, as Sindre had +gone out of the smithy and Brok was blowing, a fly lighted on his hand +and stung him; but he kept on blowing as before until the smith had +taken the work out of the furnace. That was now a boar, and its bristles +were of gold. Thereupon he laid gold in the furnace, and requested Brok +to blow, and not to stop plying the bellows before he came back. He went +out; but then came the fly and lighted on his neck and stung him still +worse; but he continued to work the bellows until the smith took out of +the furnace the gold ring called Draupner. Then Sindre placed iron in +the furnace, and requested Brok to work the bellows, adding that +otherwise all would be worthless. Now the fly lighted between his eyes +and stung his eye-lids, and as the blood ran down into his eyes so that +he could not see, he let go of the bellows just for a moment and drove +the fly away with his hands. Then the smith came back and said that all +that lay in the furnace came near being entirely spoiled. Thereupon he +took a hammer out of the furnace. +<span class = "pagenum">191</span> +<a name = "page191"> </a> +All these treasures he then placed in the hands of his brother Brok, and +bade him go with Loke to Asgard to fetch the wager. When Loke and Brok +brought forth the treasures, the gods seated themselves upon their +doom-steads. It was agreed to abide by the decision which should be +pronounced by Odin, Thor and Frey. Loke gave to Odin the spear Gungner, +to Thor the hair, which Sif was to have, and to Frey, Skidbladner; and +he described the qualities of all these treasures, stating that the +spear never would miss its mark, that the hair would grow as soon as it +was placed on Sif s head, and that Skidbladner would always have fair +wind as soon as the sails were hoisted, no matter where its owner +desired to go; besides, the ship could be folded together like a napkin +and be carried in his pocket if he desired. Then Brok produced his +treasures. He gave to Odin the ring, saying that every ninth night eight +other rings as heavy as it would drop from it; to Frey he gave the boar, +stating that it would run through the air and over seas, by night or by +day, faster than any horse; and never could it become so dark in the +night, or in the worlds of darkness, but that it would be light where +this boar was present, so bright shone his bristles. Then he gave to +Thor the hammer, and said that he might strike with it as hard as he +pleased; no matter what was before him, the hammer would take no scathe, +<span class = "pagenum">192</span> +<a name = "page192"> </a> +and wherever he might throw it he would never lose it; it would never +fly so far that it did not return to his hand; and if he desired, it +would become so small that he might conceal it in his bosom; but it had +one fault, which was, that the handle was rather short. The decision of +the gods was, that the hammer was the best of all these treasures and +the greatest protection against the frost-giants, and they declared that +the dwarf had fairly won the wager. Then Loke offered to ransom his +head. The dwarf answered saying there was no hope for him on that score. +Take me, then! said Loke; but when the dwarf was to seize him Loke was +far away, for he had the shoes with which he could run through the air +and over the sea. Then the dwarf requested Thor to seize him, and he did +so. Now the dwarf wanted to cut the head off Loke, but Loke said that +the head was his, but not the neck. Then the dwarf took thread and a +knife and wanted to pierce holes in Loke’s lips, so as to sew his mouth +together, but the knife would not cut. Then said he, it would be better +if he had his brother’s awl, and as soon as he named it the awl was +there and it pierced Loke’s lips. Now Brok sewed Loke’s mouth together, +and broke off the thread at the end of the sewing. The thread with which +the mouth of Loke was sewed together is called Vartare +(a strap).</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">193</span> +<a name = "page193"> </a> +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_niflungs">THE NIFLUNGS AND +GJUKUNGS.</a></h5> + +<p>The following is the reason why gold is called otter-ransom: It is +related that three asas went abroad to learn to know the whole world, +Odin, Honer and Loke. They came to a river, and walked along the +river-bank to a force, and near the force was an otter. The otter had +caught a salmon in the force, and sat eating it with his eyes closed. +Loke picked up a stone, threw it at the otter and hit him in the head. +Loke bragged of his chase, for he had secured an otter and a salmon with +one throw. They took the salmon and the otter with them, and came to a +byre, where they entered. But the name of the bonde who lived there was +Hreidmar. He was a mighty man, and thoroughly skilled in the black art. +The asas asked for night-lodgings, stating that they had plenty of food, +and showed the bonde their game. But when Hreidmar saw the otter he +called his sons, Fafner and Regin, and said that Otter, their brother, +was slain, and also told who had done it. Then the father and the sons +attacked the asas, seized them and bound them, and then said, in +reference to the otter, that he was Hreidmar’s son. The asas offered, as +a ransom for their lives, as much money as Hreidmar himself might +demand, and this was agreed to, and confirmed with an oath. Then the +otter was +<span class = "pagenum">194</span> +<a name = "page194"> </a> +flayed. Hreidmar took the otter-belg and said to them that they should +fill the belg with red gold, and then cover it with the same metal, and +when this was done they should be set free. Thereupon Odin sent Loke to +the home of the swarthy elves, and he came to the dwarf whose name is +Andvare, and who lived as a fish, in the water. Loke caught him in his +hands, and demanded of him, as a ransom for his life, all the gold that +he had in his rock. And when they entered the rock, the dwarf produced +all the gold that he owned, and that was a very large amount. Then the +dwarf concealed in his hand a small gold ring. Loke saw this, and +requested him to hand forth the ring. The dwarf begged him not to take +the ring away from him, for with this ring he could increase his wealth +again if he kept it. Loke said the dwarf should not keep as much as a +penny, took the ring from him and went out. But the dwarf said that that +ring should be the bane of every one who possessed it. Loke replied that +he was glad of this, and said that all should be fulfilled according to +his prophecy: he would take care to bring the curse to the ears of him +who was to receive it. He went to Hreidmar and showed Odin the gold; but +when the latter saw the ring, it seemed to him a fair one, and he took +it and put it aside, giving Hreidmar the rest of the gold. They filled +the +<span class = "pagenum">195</span> +<a name = "page195"> </a> +otter-belg as full as it would hold, and raised it up when it was full. +Then came Odin, and was to cover the belg with gold; and when this was +done, he requested Hreidmar to come and see whether the belg was +sufficiently covered. But Hreidmar looked at it, examined it closely, +and saw a mouth-hair, and demanded that it should be covered, too, +otherwise the agreement would be broken. Then Odin brought forth the +ring and covered with it the mouth-hair, saying that now they had paid +the otter-ransom. But when Odin had taken his spear, and Loke his shoes, +so that they had nothing more to fear, Loke said that the curse that +Andvare had pronounced should be fulfilled, and that the ring and that +gold should be the bane of its possessor; and this curse was afterward +fulfilled. This explains why gold is called the otter-ransom, or forced +payment of the asas, or strife-metal.</p> + +<p>What more is there to be told of this gold? Hreidmar accepted the +gold as a ransom for his son, but Fafner and Regin demanded their share +of it as a ransom for their brother. Hreidmar was, however, unwilling to +give them as much as a penny of it. Then the brothers made an agreement +to kill their father for the sake of the gold. When this was done, Regin +demanded that Fafner should give him one half of it. Fafner answered +that there was but little hope that he +<span class = "pagenum">196</span> +<a name = "page196"> </a> +would share the gold with his brother, since he had himself slain his +father to obtain it; and he commanded Regin to get him gone, for else +the same thing would happen to him as had happened to Hreidmar. Fafner +had taken the sword hight Hrotte, and the helmet which had belonged to +his father, and the latter he had placed on his head. This was called +the Æger’s helmet, and it was a terror to all living to behold it. Regin +had the sword called Refil. With it he fled. But Fafner went to +Gnita-heath (the glittering heath), where he made himself a bed, took on +him the likeness of a serpent (dragon), and lay brooding over the +gold.</p> + +<p>Regin then went to Thjode, to king Hjalprek, and became his smith. +There he undertook the fostering of Sigurd (Sigfrid), the son of +Sigmund, the son of Volsung and the son of Hjordis, the daughter of +Eylime. Sigurd was the mightiest of all the kings of hosts, in respect +to both family and power and mind. Regin explained to him where Fafner +was lying on the gold, and egged him on to try to get possession +thereof. Then Regin made the sword which is hight Gram (wrath), and +which was so sharp that when Sigurd held it in the flowing stream it cut +asunder a tuft of wool which the current carried down against the +sword’s edge. In the next place, Sigurd cut with his sword Regin’s anvil +in twain. +<span class = "pagenum">197</span> +<a name = "page197"> </a> +Thereupon Sigurd and Regin repaired to Gnita-heath. Here Sigurd dug a +ditch in Fafner’s path and sat down in it; so when Fafner crept to the +water and came directly over this ditch, Sigurd pierced him with the +sword, and this thrust caused his death. Then Regin came and declared +that Sigurd had slain his brother, and demanded of him as a ransom that +he should cut out Fafner’s heart and roast it on the fire; but Regin +kneeled down, drank Fafner’s blood, and laid himself down to sleep. +While Sigurd was roasting the heart, and thought that it must be done, +he touched it with his finger to see how tender it was; but the fat +oozed out of the heart and onto his finger and burnt it, so that he +thrust his finger into his mouth. The heart-blood came in contact with +his tongue, which made him comprehend the speech of birds, and he +understood what the eagles said that were sitting in the trees. One of +the birds said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +There sits Sigurd,<br> +Stained with blood.<br> +On the fire is roasting<br> +Fafner’s heart.<br> +Wise seemed to me<br> +The ring-destroyer,<br> +If he the shining<br> +Heart would eat. +</p> + +<p>Another eagle sang:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +There lies Regin,<br> +Contemplating +<span class = "pagenum">198</span> +<a name = "page198"> </a><br> +How to deceive the man<br> +Who trusts him;<br> +Thinks in his wrath<br> +Of false accusations.<br> +The evil smith plots<br> +Revenge ’gainst the brother.<a class = "tag" name = "tag95" href = +"#note95">95</a> +</p> + +<p>Then Sigurd went to Regin and slew him, and thereupon he mounted his +horse hight Grane, and rode until he came to Fafner’s bed, took out all +the gold, packed it in two bags and laid it on Grane’s back, then got on +himself and rode away. Now is told the saga according to which gold is +called Fafner’s bed or lair, the metal of Gnita-heath, or Grane’s +burden.</p> + +<p>Then Sigurd rode on until he found a house on the mountain. In it +slept a woman clad in helmet and coat-of-mail. He drew his sword and cut +the coat-of-mail off from her. Then she awaked and called herself Hild. +Her name was Brynhild, and she was a valkyrie. Thence Sigurd rode on and +came to the king whose name was Gjuke. His wife was called Grimhild, and +their children were Gunnar, Hogne, Gudrun, Gudny; Gothorm was Gjuke’s +step-son. Here Sigurd remained a long time. Then he got the hand of +Gudrun, Gjuke’s daughter, and Gunnar and Hogne entered into a sworn +brotherhood with Sigurd. Afterward Sigurd and the sons of Gjuke went to +Atle, Budle’s son, to ask for his sister, +<span class = "pagenum">199</span> +<a name = "page199"> </a> +Brynhild, for Gunnar’s wife. She sat on Hindfell, and her hall was +surrounded by the bickering flame called the Vafurloge, and she had made +a solemn promise not to wed any other man than him who dared to ride +through the bickering flame. Then Sigurd and the Gjukungs (they are also +called Niflungs) rode upon the mountain, and there Gunnar was to ride +through the Vafurloge. He had the horse that was called Gote, but this +horse did not dare to run into the flame. So Sigurd and Gunnar changed +form and weapons, for Grane would not take a step under any other man +than Sigurd. Then Sigurd mounted Grane and rode through the bickering +flame. That same evening he held a wedding with Brynhild; but when they +went to bed he drew his sword Gram from the sheath and placed it between +them. In the morning when he had arisen, and had donned his clothes, he +gave to Brynhild, as a bridal gift, the gold ring that Loke had taken +from Andvare, and he received another ring as a memento from her. Then +Sigurd mounted his horse and rode to his companions. He and Gunnar +exchanged forms again and went back to Gjuke with Brynhild. Sigurd had +two children with Gudrun. Their names were Sigmund and Swanhild.</p> + +<p>Once it happened that Brynhild and Gudrun went to the water to wash +their hair. When they came to the river Brynhild waded from the +<span class = "pagenum">200</span> +<a name = "page200"> </a> +river bank into the stream, and said that she could not bear to have +that water in her hair that ran from Gudrun’s hair, for she had a more +high-minded husband. Then Gudrun followed her into the stream, and said +that she was entitled to wash her hair farther up the stream than +Brynhild, for the reason that she had the husband who was bolder than +Gunnar, or any other man in the world; for it was he who slew Fafner and +Regin, and inherited the wealth of both. Then answered Brynhild: A +greater deed it was that Gunnar rode through the Vafurloge, which Sigurd +did not dare to do. Then laughed Gudrun and said: Do you think it was +Gunnar who rode through the bickering flame? Then I think you shared the +bed with him who gave me this gold ring. The gold ring which you have on +your finger, and which you received as a bridal-gift, is called +Andvaranaut (Andvare’s Gift), and I do not think Gunnar got it on +Gnita-heath. Then Brynhild became silent and went home. Thereupon she +egged Gunnar and Hogne to kill Sigurd; but being sworn brothers of +Sigurd, they egged Guthorm, their brother, to slay Sigurd. Guthorm +pierced him with his sword while he was sleeping; but as soon as Sigurd +was wounded he threw his sword, Gram, after Guthorm, so that it cut him +in twain through the middle. There Sigurd fell, and his +<span class = "pagenum">201</span> +<a name = "page201"> </a> +son, three winters old, by name Sigmund, whom they also killed. Then +Brynhild pierced herself with the sword and was cremated with Sigurd. +But Gunnar and Hogne inherited Fafner’s gold and the Gift of Andvare, +and now ruled the lands.</p> + +<p>King Atle, Budle’s son, Brynhild’s brother, then got in marriage +Gudrun, who had been Sigurd’s wife, and they had children. King Atle +invited Gunnar and Hogne to visit him, and they accepted his invitation. +But before they started on their journey they concealed Fafner’s hoard +in the Rhine, and that gold has never since been found. King Atle had +gathered together an army and fought a battle with Gunnar and Hogne, and +they were captured. Atle had the heart cut out of Hogne alive. This was +his death. Gunnar he threw into a den of snakes, but a harp was secretly +brought to him, and he played the harp with his toes (for his hands were +fettered), so that all the snakes fell asleep excepting the adder, which +rushed at him and bit him in the breast, and then thrust its head into +the wound and clung to his liver until he died. Gunnar and Hogne are +called Niflungs (Niblungs) and Gjukungs. Hence gold is called the +Niflung treasure or inheritance. A little later Gudrun slew her two sons +and made from their skulls goblets trimmed with gold, and thereupon the +<span class = "pagenum">202</span> +<a name = "page202"> </a> +funeral ceremonies took place. At the feast, Gudrun poured for King Atle +in these goblets mead that was mixed with the blood of the youths. Their +hearts she roasted and gave to the king to eat. When this was done she +told him all about it, with many unkind words. There was no lack of +strong mead, so that the most of the people sitting there fell asleep. +On that night she went to the king when he had fallen asleep, and had +with her her son Hogne. They slew him, and thus he ended his life. Then +they set fire to the hall, and with it all the people who were in it +were burned. Then she went to the sea and sprang into the water to drown +herself; but she was carried across the fjord, and came to the land +which belonged to King Jonaker. When he saw her he took her home and +made her his wife. They had three children, whose names were Sorle, +Hamder and Erp. They all had hair as black as ravens, like Gunnar and +Hogne and the other Niflungs.</p> + +<p>There was fostered Swanhild, the daughter of Sigurd, and she was the +fairest of all women. That Jormunrek, the rich, found out. He sent his +son, Randver, to ask for her hand for him; and when he came to Jonaker, +Swanhild was delivered to him, so that he might bring her to King +Jormunrek. Then said Bikke that it would be more fitting that Randver +should marry Swanhild, +<span class = "pagenum">203</span> +<a name = "page203"> </a> +he being young and she too, but Jormunrek being old. This plan pleased +the two young people well. Soon afterward Bikke informed the king of it, +and so King Jormunrek seized his son and had him brought to the gallows. +Then Randver took his hawk, plucked the feathers off him, and requested +that it should be sent to his father, whereupon he was hanged. But when +King Jormunrek saw the hawk, it came to his mind that as the hawk was +flightless and featherless, so his kingdom was without preservation; for +he was old and sonless. Then King Jormunrek riding out of the woods from +the chase with his courtiers, while Queen Swanhild sat dressing her +hair, had the courtiers ride onto her, and she was trampled to death +beneath the feet of the horses. When Gudrun heard of this, she begged +her sons to avenge Swanhild. While they were busking themselves for the +journey, she brought them byrnies and helmets, so strong that iron could +not scathe them. She laid the plan for them, that when they came to King +Jormunrek, they should attack him in the night whilst he was sleeping. +Sorle and Hamder should cut off his hands and feet, and Erp his head. On +the way they asked Erp what assistance they were to get from him, when +they came to King Jormunrek. He answered them that he would give them +such assistance as the hand gives the foot. They said +<span class = "pagenum">204</span> +<a name = "page204"> </a> +that the feet got no support from the hands whatsoever. They were angry +at their mother, because she had forced them to undertake this journey +with harsh words, and hence they were going to do that which would +displease her most. So they killed Erp, for she loved him the most. A +little later, while Sorle was walking, he slipped with one foot, and in +falling supported himself with his hands. Then said he: Now the hands +helped the foot; better were it now if Erp were living. When they came +to Jormunrek, the king, in the night, while he was sleeping, they cut +off both his hands and his feet. Then he awaked, called his men and bade +them arise. Said Hamder then: The head would now have been off had Erp +lived. The courtiers got up, attacked them, but could not overcome them +with weapons. Then Jormunrek cried to them that they should stone them +to death. This was done, Sorle and Hamder fell, and thus perished the +last descendants of Gjuke.</p> + +<p>After King Sigurd lived a daughter hight Aslaug, who was fostered at +Heimer’s in Hlymdaler. From her mighty races are descended. It is said +that Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was so powerful, that he drank venom +and received no harm therefrom. But Sinfjotle, his son, and Sigurd, were +so hard-skinned that no venom coming +<span class = "pagenum">205</span> +<a name = "page205"> </a> +onto them could harm them. Therefore the skald Brage has sung as +follows:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +When the tortuous serpent,<br> +Full of the drink of the Volsungs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag96" href = +"#note96">96</a><br> +Hung in coils<br> +On the bait of the giant-slayer,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97" href = +"#note97">97</a> +</p> + +<p>Upon these sagas very many skalds have made lays, and from them they +have taken various themes. Brage the Old made the following song about +the fall of Sorle and Hamder in the drapa, which he composed about +Ragnar Lodbrok:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Jormunrek once,<br> +In an evil dream, waked<br> +In that sword-contest<br> +Against the blood-stained kings.<br> +A clashing of arms was heard<br> +In the house of Randver’s father,<br> +When the raven-blue brothers of Erp<br> +The insult avenged.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Sword-dew flowed<br> +Off the bed on the floor.<br> +Bloody hands and feet of the king<br> +One saw cut off.<br> +On his head fell Jormunrek,<br> +Frothing in blood.<br> +On the shield<br> +This is painted.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The king saw<br> +Men so stand<br> +That a ring they made<br> +’Round his house<ins class = "correction" +title = "page break">. </ins><br> +<span class = "pagenum">206</span> +<a name = "page206"> </a> +Sorle and Hamder<br> +Were both at once,<br> +With slippery stones,<br> +Struck to the ground<ins class = "correction" +title = "no stanza break in printed text">. </ins></p> + +<p class = "verse"> +King Jormunrek<br> +Ordered Gjuke’s descendants<br> +Violently to be stoned<br> +When they came to take the life<br> +Of Swanhild’s husband.<br> +All sought to pay<br> +Jonaker’s sons<br> +With blows and wounds.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +This fall of men<br> +And sagas many<br> +On the fair shield I see.<br> +Ragnar gave me the shield. +</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_menja">MENJA AND FENJA.</a></h5> + +<p>Why is gold called Frode’s meal? The saga giving rise to this is the +following:</p> + +<p>Odin had a son by name Skjold, from whom the Skjoldungs are +descended. He had his throne and ruled in the lands that are now called +Denmark, but were then called Gotland. Skjold had a son by name +Fridleif, who ruled the lands after him. Fridleif’s son was Frode. He +took the kingdom after his father, at the time when the Emperor Augustus +established peace in all the earth and Christ was born. But Frode being +the mightiest king in the northlands, this peace was attributed to him +by all who spake the Danish tongue, and the Norsemen called it the +<span class = "pagenum">207</span> +<a name = "page207"> </a> +peace of Frode. No man injured the other, even though he might meet, +loose or in chains, his father’s or brother’s bane. There was no thief +or robber, so that a gold ring would be a long time on Jalanger’s heath. +King Frode sent messengers to Svithjod, to the king whose name was +Fjolner, and bought there two maid-servants, whose names were Fenja and +Menja. They were large and strong. About this time were found in Denmark +two mill-stones, so large that no one had the strength to turn them. But +the nature belonged to these mill-stones that they ground whatever was +demanded of them by the miller. The name of this mill was Grotte. But +the man to whom King Frode gave the mill was called Hengekjapt. King +Frode had the maid-servants led to the mill, and requested them to grind +for him gold and peace, and Frode’s happiness. Then he gave them no +longer time to rest or sleep than while the cuckoo was silent or while +they sang a song. It is said that they sang the song called the +Grottesong, and before they ended it they ground out a host against +Frode; so that on the same night there came the sea-king, whose name was +Mysing, and slew Frode and took a large amount of booty. Therewith the +Frode-peace ended. Mysing took with him Grotte, and also Fenja and +Menja, and bade them grind salt, and in the middle of the night they +asked Mysing +<span class = "pagenum">208</span> +<a name = "page208"> </a> +whether he did not have salt enough. He bade them grind more. They +ground only a short time longer before the ship sank. But in the ocean +arose a whirlpool (Maelstrom, mill-stream) in the place where the sea +runs into the mill-eye. Thus the sea became salt.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_grottesong">THE +GROTTESONG.</a></h5> + +<p class = "verse"> +Now are come<br> +To the house of the king<br> +The prescient two,<br> +Fenja and Menja.<br> +There must the mighty<br> +Maidens toil<br> +For King Frode,<br> +Fridleif’s son.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Brought to the mill<br> +Soon they were;<br> +The gray stones<br> +They had to turn.<br> +Nor rest nor peace<br> +He gave to them:<br> +He would hear the maidens<br> +Turn the mill.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +They turned the mill,<br> +The prattling stones<br> +The mill ever rattling.<br> +What a noise it made!<br> +Lay the planks!<br> +Lift the stones!<a class = "tag" name = "tag98" +href = "#note98">98</a><br> +<span class = "pagenum">209</span> +<a name = "page209"> </a> +But he<a class = "tag" name = "tag99" href = "#note99">99</a> bade the +maids<br> +Yet more to grind.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +They sang and swung<br> +The swift mill-stone,<br> +So that Frode’s folk<br> +Fell asleep.<br> +Then, when she came<br> +To the mill to grind,<br> +With a hard heart<br> +And with loud voice<br> +Did Menja sing:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +We grind for Frode<br> +Wealth and happiness,<br> +And gold abundant<br> +On the mill of luck.<br> +Dance on roses!<br> +Sleep on down!<br> +Wake when you please!<br> +That is well ground.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Here shall no one<br> +Hurt the other,<br> +Nor in ambush lie,<br> +Nor seek to kill;<br> +Nor shall any one<br> +With sharp sword hew,<br> +Though bound he should find<br> +His brother’s bane.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +They stood in the hall,<br> +Their hands were resting;<br> +Then was it the first<br> +Word that he spoke:<br> +Sleep not longer<br> +Than the cuckoo on the hall,<br> +Or only while<br> +A song I sing: + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">210</span> +<a name = "page210"> </a> +Frode! you were not<br> +Wary enough,—<br> +You friend of men,—<br> +When maids you bought!<br> +At their strength you looked,<br> +And at their fair faces,<br> +But you asked no questions<br> +About their descent.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Hard was Hrungner<br> +And his father;<br> +Yet was Thjasse<br> +Stronger than they,<br> +And Ide and Orner,<br> +Our friends, and<br> +The mountain-giants’ brothers,<br> +Who fostered us two.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Not would Grotte have come<br> +From the mountain gray,<br> +Nor this hard stone<br> +Out from the earth;<br> +The maids of the mountain-giants<br> +Would not thus be grinding<br> +If we two knew<br> +Nothing of the mill.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Through winters nine<br> +Our strength increased,<br> +While below the sod<br> +We played together.<br> +Great deeds were the maids<br> +Able to perform;<br> +Mountains they<br> +From their places moved.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The stone we rolled<br> +From the giants’ dwelling,<br> +So that all the earth<br> +Did rock and quake. +<span class = "pagenum">211</span> +<a name = "page211"> </a><br> +So we hurled<br> +The rattling stone,<br> +The heavy block,<br> +That men caught it.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +In Svithjod’s land<br> +Afterward we<br> +Fire-wise women,<br> +Fared to the battle,<br> +Byrnies we burst,<br> +Shields we cleaved,<br> +Made our way<br> +Through gray-clad hosts.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +One chief we slew,<br> +Another we aided,—<br> +To Guthorm the Good<br> +Help we gave.<br> +Ere Knue had fallen<br> +Nor rest we got.<br> +Then bound we were<br> +And taken prisoners.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Such were our deeds<br> +In former days,<br> +That we heroes brave<br> +Were thought to be.<br> +With spears sharp<br> +Heroes we pierced,<br> +So the gore did run<br> +And our swords grew red.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Now we are come<br> +To the house of the king,<br> +No one us pities.<br> +Bond-women are we.<br> +Dirt eats our feet,<br> +Our limbs are cold,<br> +The peace-giver<a class = "tag" name = "tag100" href = +"#note100">100</a> we turn.<br> +Hard it is at Frode’s.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">212</span> +<a name = "page212"> </a> +The hands shall stop,<br> +The stone shall stand;<br> +Now have I ground<br> +For my part enough.<br> +Yet to the hands<br> +No rest must be given,<br> +’Till Frode thinks<br> +Enough has been ground.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Now hold shall the hands<br> +The lances hard,<br> +The weapons bloody,—<br> +Wake now, Frode!<br> +Wake now, Frode!<br> +If you would listen<br> +To our songs,—<br> +To sayings old.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Fire I see burn<br> +East of the burg,—<br> +The warnews are awake.<br> +That is called warning.<br> +A host hither<br> +Hastily approaches<br> +To burn the king’s<br> +Lofty dwelling.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +No longer you will sit<br> +On the throne of Hleidra<br> +And rule o’er red<br> +Rings and the mill.<br> +Now must we grind<br> +With all our might,<br> +No warmth will we get<br> +From the blood of the slain.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Now my father’s daughter<br> +Bravely turns the mill.<br> +The death of many<br> +Men she sees. +<span class = "pagenum">213</span> +<a name = "page213"> </a><br> +Now broke the large<br> +Braces ’neath the mill,—<br> +The iron-bound braces.<br> +Let us yet grind!</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Let us yet grind!<br> +Yrsa’s son<br> +Shall on Frode revenge<br> +Halfdan’s death.<br> +He shall Yrsa’s<br> +Offspring be named,<br> +And yet Yrsa’s brother.<br> +Both of us know it.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +The mill turned the maidens,—<br> +Their might they tested;<br> +Young they were,<br> +And giantesses wild.<br> +The braces trembled.<br> +Then fell the mill,—<br> +In twain was broken<br> +The heavy stone.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +All the old world<br> +Shook and trembled,<br> +But the giant’s maid<br> +Speedily said:<br> +We have turned the mill, Frode!<br> +Now we may stop.<br> +By the mill long enough<br> +The maidens have stood. +</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">214</span> +<a name = "page214"> </a> +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_rolf">ROLF KRAKE.</a></h5> + +<p>A king in Denmark hight Rolf Krake, and was the most famous of all +kings of olden times; moreover, he was more mild, brave and +condescending than all other men. A proof of his condescension, which is +very often spoken of in olden stories, was the following: There was a +poor little fellow by name Vog. He once came into King Rolf’s hall while +the king was yet a young man, and of rather delicate growth. Then Vog +went before him and looked up at him. Then said the king: What do you +mean to say, my fellow, by looking so at me? Answered Vog: When I was at +home I heard people say that King Rolf, at Hleidra, was the greatest man +in the northlands, but now sits here in the high-seat a little crow +(krake), and it they call their king. Then made answer the king: You, my +fellow, have given me a name, and I shall henceforth be called Rolf +Krake, but it is customary that a gift accompanies the name. Seeing that +you have no gift that you can give me with the name, or that would be +suitable to me, then he who has must give to the other. Then he took a +gold ring off his hand and gave it to the churl. Then said Vog: You give +as the best king of all, and therefore I now pledge myself to become the +bane of +<span class = "pagenum">215</span> +<a name = "page215"> </a> +him who becomes your bane. Said the king, laughing: A small thing makes +Vog happy.</p> + +<p>Another example is told of Rolf Krake’s bravery. In Upsala reigned a +king by name Adils, whose wife was Yrsa, Rolf Krake’s mother. He was +engaged in a war with Norway’s king, Ale. They fought a battle on the +ice of the lake called Wenern. King Adils sent a message to Rolf Krake, +his stepson, asking him to come and help him, and promising to furnish +pay for his whole army during the campaign. Furthermore King Rolf +himself should have any three treasures that he might choose in Sweden. +But Rolf Krake could not go to his assistance, on account of the war +which he was then waging against the Saxons. Still he sent twelve +berserks to King Adils. Among them were Bodvar Bjarke, Hjalte the +Valiant, Hvitserk the Keen, Vot, Vidsete, and the brothers Svipday and +Beigud. In that war fell King Ale and a large part of his army. Then +King Adils took from the dead King Ale the helmet called Hildesvin, and +his horse called Rafn. Then the berserks each demanded three pounds of +gold in pay for their service, and also asked for the treasures which +they had chosen for Rolf Krake, and which they now desired to bring to +him. These were the helmet Hildegolt; the byrnie Finnsleif, which no +steel could scathe; and the gold ring called Sviagris, which had +<span class = "pagenum">216</span> +<a name = "page216"> </a> +belonged to Adils’ forefathers. But the king refused to surrender any of +these treasures, nor did he give the berserks any pay. The berserks then +returned home, and were much dissatisfied. They reported all to King +Rolf, who straightway busked himself to fare against Upsala; and when he +came with his ships into the river Fyre, he rode against Upsala, and +with him his twelve berserks, all peaceless. Yrsa, his mother, received +him and took him to his lodgings, but not to the king’s hall. Large +fires were kindled for them, and ale was brought them to drink. Then +came King Adils’ men in and bore fuel onto the fireplace, and made a +fire so great that it burnt the clothes of Rolf and his berserks, +saying: Is it true that neither fire nor steel will put Rolf Krake and +his berserks to flight? Then Rolf Krake and all his men sprang up, and +he said:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Let us increase the blaze<br> +In Adils’ chambers. +</p> + +<p>He took his shield and cast it into the fire, and sprang over the +fire while the shield was burning, and cried:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +From the fire flees not he<br> +Who over it leaps. +</p> + +<p>The same did also his men, one after the other, and then they took +those who had put fuel on the fire and cast them into it. Now Yrsa came +<span class = "pagenum">217</span> +<a name = "page217"> </a> +and handed Rolf Krake a deer’s horn full of gold, and with it she gave +him the ring Sviagris, and requested them to ride straightway to their +army. They sprang upon their horses and rode away over the Fyrisvold. +Then they saw that King Adils was riding after them with his whole army, +all armed, and was going to slay them. Rolf Krake took gold out of the +horn with his right hand, and scattered it over the whole way. But when +the Swedes saw it they leaped out of their saddles, and each one took as +much as he could. King Adils bade them ride, and he himself rode on with +all his might. The name of his horse was Slungner, the fastest of all +horses. When Rolf Krake saw that King Adils was riding near him, he took +the ring Sviagris and threw it to him, asking him to take it as a gift. +King Adils rode to the ring, picked it up with the end of his spear, and +let it slide down to his hand. Then Rolf Krake turned round and saw that +the other was stooping. Said he: Like a swine I have now bended the +foremost of all Swedes. Thus they parted. Hence gold is called the seed +of Krake or of Fyrisvold.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">218</span> +<a name = "page218"> </a> +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_hogne">HOGNE AND HILD.</a></h5> + +<p>A king by name Hogne had a daughter by name Hild. Her a king, by name +Hedin, son of Hjarrande, made a prisoner of war, while King Hogne had +fared to the trysting of the kings. But when he learned that there had +been harrying in his kingdom, and that his daughter had been taken away, +he rode with his army in search of Hedin, and learned that he had sailed +northward along the coast. When King Hogne came to Norway, he found out +that Hedin had sailed westward into the sea. Then Hogne sailed after him +to the Orkneys. And when he came to the island called Ha, then Hedin was +there before him with his host. Then Hild went to meet her father, and +offered him as a reconciliation from Hedin a necklace; but if he was not +willing to accept this, she said that Hedin was prepared for a battle, +and Hogne might expect no clemency from him. Hogne answered his daughter +harshly. When she returned to Hedin, she told him that Hogne would not +be reconciled, and bade him busk himself for the battle. And so both +parties did; they landed on the island and marshaled their hosts. Then +Hedin called to Hogne, his father-in-law, offering him a reconciliation +and much gold as a ransom. Hogne answered: +<span class = "pagenum">219</span> +<a name = "page219"> </a> +Too late do you offer to make peace with me, for now I have drawn the +sword Dainsleif, which was smithied by the dwarfs, and must be the death +of a man whenever it is drawn; its blows never miss the mark, and the +wounds made by it never heal. Said Hedin: You boast the sword, but not +the victory. That I call a good sword that is always faithful to its +master. Then they began the battle which is called the Hjadninga-vig +(the slaying of the Hedin<i>ians</i>); they fought the whole day, and in +the evening the kings fared back to their ships. But in the night Hild +went to the battlefield, and waked up with sorcery all the dead that had +fallen. The next day the kings went to the battlefield and fought, and +so did also all they who had fallen the day before. Thus the battle +continued from day to day; and all they who fell, and all the swords +that lay on the field of battle, and all the shields, became stone. But +as soon as day dawned all the dead arose again and fought, and all the +weapons became new again, and in songs it is said that the Hjadnings +will so continue until Ragnarok.</p> + + +<a name = "page220"> </a> + + +<span class = "pagenum">221</span> +<a name = "page221"> </a> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "notes">NOTES.</a></h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_enea">ENEA.</a></h5> + +<p>The Enea mentioned in the Foreword to Gylfe’s Fooling refers to the +settlement of western Europe, where Æneas is said to have founded a city +on the Tiber. Bergmann, however, in his Fascination de Gulfi, +page 28, refers it to the Thracian town Ainos.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_herikon">HERIKON.</a></h5> + +<p>Herikon is undoubtedly a mutilated form for Erichthonios. The +genealogy here given corresponds with the one given in the Iliad, Book +20, 215.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_historical">THE HISTORICAL +ODIN.</a></h5> + +<p>The historical or anthropomorphized Odin, described in the Foreword +to the Fooling of Gylfe, becomes interesting when we compare it with +Snorre’s account of that hero in Heimskringla, and then compare both +accounts with the Roman traditions about Æneas. Of course the whole +story is only a myth; but we should remember that in the minds and +hearts of our ancestors it served every purpose of genuine history. Our +fathers accepted it in as good faith as any Christian ever believed in +the gospel of Christ, and so it had a similar influence in moulding the +social, religious, political and literary life of our ancestors. We +become interested in this legend as +<span class = "pagenum">222</span> +<a name = "page222"> </a> +much as if it were genuine history, on account of the influence it +wielded upon the minds and hearts of a race destined to act so great a +part in the social, religious and political drama of Europe. We look +into this and other ancestral myths, and see mirrored in them all that +we afterward find to be reliable history of the old Teutons. In the same +manner we are interested in the story told about Romulus and Remus, +about Mars and the wolf. This Roman myth is equally prophetic in +reference to the future career of Rome. The warlike Mars, the rapacity +of the wolf, and the fratricide Romulus, form a mirror in which we see +reflected the whole historical development of the Romans; so that the +story of Romulus is a vest-pocket edition of the history of Rome.</p> + +<p>There are many points of resemblance between this old story of Odin +and the account that Virgil gives us of Æneas, the founder of the Latin +race; and it is believed that, while Virgil imitated Homer, he based his +poem upon a legend current among his countrymen. The Greeks in Virgil’s +poem are Pompey and the Romans in our Teutonic story. The Trojans +correspond to Mithridates and his allies. Æneas and Odin are identical. +Just as Odin, a heroic defender of Mithridates, after traversing various +unknown countries, finally reaches the north of Europe, organizes the +various Teutonic kingdoms, settles his sons upon the thrones of Germany, +England, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and instructs his people to gather +strength and courage, so as eventually to take revenge on the cursed +Romans; so Æneas, one of the most valiant defenders of Troy, after many +adventures in various lands, at length settles in Italy, +<span class = "pagenum">223</span> +<a name = "page223"> </a> +and becomes the founder of a race that in course of time is to wreak +vengeance upon the Greeks. The prophecy contained in the Roman legend +was fulfilled by Metellus and Mummius, in the years 147 and 146 before +Christ, when the Romans became the conquerors of Greece. The prophecy +contained in our Teutonic legend foreshadowed with no less unrelenting +necessity the downfall of proud Rome, when the Teutonic commander +Odoacer, in the year 476 after Christ, dethroned, not Romulus, brother +of Remus, but Romulus Augustulus, son of Orestes. Thus history repeats +itself. Roman history begins and ends with Romulus; and we fancy we can +see some connection between Od-in and Od-oacer. “As the twig is bent the +tree is inclined.”</p> + +<p>It might be interesting to institute a similar comparison between our +Teutonic race-founder Odin and Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but the reader +will have to do this for himself.</p> + +<p>In one respect our heroes differ. The fall of Troy and the wanderings +of Ulysses became the theme of two great epic poems among the Greeks. +The wanderings and adventures of Æneas, son of Anchises, were fashioned +into a lordly epic by Virgil for the Romans. But the much-traveled man, +the <span class = "greek" title = +"Greek: anêr polutropos (text reads ‘πολύθροπος/poluthropos’)">ἀνὴρ +πολύτροπος</span> the weapons and the hero, Odin, who, driven by the +norns, first came to Teutondom and to the Baltic shores, has not yet +been sung. This wonderful expedition of our race-founder, which, by +giving a historic cause to all the later hostilities and conflicts +between the Teutons and the Romans, might, as suggested by Gibbon, +supply the noble ground-work of an epic poem as thrilling as the Æneid +of Virgil, has not yet +<span class = "pagenum">224</span> +<a name = "page224"> </a> +been woven into a song for our race, and we give our readers this full +account of Odin from the Heimskringla in connection with the Foreword to +Gylfe’s Fooling, with the hope that among our readers there may be found +some descendant of Odin, whose skaldic wings are but just fledged for +the flights he hopes to take, who will take a draught, first from +Mimer’s gushing fountain, then from Suttung’s mead, brought by Odin to +Asgard, and consecrate himself and his talents to this legend with all +the ardor of his soul. For, as William Morris so beautifully says of the +Volsung Saga, this is the great story of the Teutonic race, and should +be to us what the tale of Troy was to the Greeks, and what the tale of +Æneas was to the Romans, to all our race first and afterward, when the +evolution of the world has made the Teutonic race nothing more than a +name of what it has been; a story, too, then, should it be to the races +that come after us, no less than the Iliad, and the Odyssey and the +Æneid have been to us.<a class = "tag" name = "tag101" href = +"#note101">101</a> We sincerely trust that we shall see Odin wrought +into a Teutonic epic, that will present in grand outline the contrast +between the Roman and the Teuton. And now we are prepared to give the +Heimskringla account of the historical Odin. We have adopted Samuel +Laing’s translation, with a few verbal alterations where such seemed +necessary.</p> + +<p>It is said that the earth’s circle (Heimskringla), which the human +race inhabits, is torn across into many bights, so that great seas run +into the land from the out-ocean. Thus it is known that a great +<span class = "pagenum">225</span> +<a name = "page225"> </a> +sea goes into <ins class = "correction" title = +"so in original: ‘-sund’?">Njorvasound</ins>,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag102" href = "#note102">102</a> and up to the land of Jerusalem. From +the same sea a long sea-bight stretches toward the northeast, and is +called the Black Sea, and divides the three parts of the earth; of which +the eastern part is called Asia, and the western is called by some +Europe, by some Enea.<a class = "tag" name = "tag103" href = +"#note103">103</a> Northward of the Black Sea lies Svithjod the Great,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag104" href = "#note104">104</a> or the Cold. The +Great Svithjod is reckoned by some not less than the Saracens’ land,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag105" href = "#note105">105</a> others compare +it to the Great Blueland.<a class = "tag" name = "tag106" href = +"#note106">106</a> The northern part of Svithjod lies uninhabited on +account of frost and cold, as likewise the southern parts of Blueland +are waste from the burning sun. In Svithjod are many great domains, and +many wonderful races of men, and many kinds of languages. There are +giants,<a class = "tag" name = "tag107" href = "#note107">107</a> and +there are dwarfs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag108" href = +"#note108">108</a> and there are also blue men.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag109" href = "#note109">109</a> There are wild beasts and dreadfully +large dragons. On the north side of the mountains, which lie outside of +all inhabited lands, runs a river through Svithjod, which is properly +called by the name of Tanais,<a class = "tag" name = "tag110" href = +"#note110">110</a> but was formerly called Tanaquisl or Vanaquisl, and +which falls into the ocean at +<span class = "pagenum">226</span> +<a name = "page226"> </a> +the Black Sea. The country of the people on the Vanaquisl was called +Vanaland or Vanaheim, and the river separates the three parts of the +world, of which the easternmost is called Asia and the westernmost +Europe.</p> + +<p>The country east of the Tanaquisl in Asia was called Asaland or +Asaheim, and the chief city in that land was called Asgard.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag111" href = "#note111">111</a> In that city was a chief +called Odin, and it was a great place for sacrifice. It was the custom +there that twelve temple-priests<a class = "tag" name = "tag112" href = +"#note112">112</a> should both direct the sacrifices and also judge the +people. They were called priests or masters, and all the people served +and obeyed them. Odin was a great and very far-traveled warrior, who +conquered many kingdoms, and so successful was he that in every battle +the victory was on his side. It was the belief of his people that +victory belonged to him in every battle. It was his custom when he sent +his men into battle, or on any expedition, that he first laid his hand +upon their heads, and called down a blessing upon them; and then they +believed their undertaking would be successful. His people also were +accustomed, whenever they fell into danger by land or sea, to call upon +his name; and they thought +<span class = "pagenum">227</span> +<a name = "page227"> </a> +that always they got comfort and aid by it, for where he was they +thought help was near. Often he went away so long that he passed many +seasons on his journeys.</p> + +<p>Odin had two brothers, the one hight Ve, the other Vile,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag113" href = "#note113">113</a> and they governed the +kingdom when he was absent. It happened once when Odin had gone to a +great distance, and had been so long away that the people of Asia +doubted if he would ever return home, that his two brothers took it upon +themselves to divide his estate; but both of them took his wife Frigg to +themselves. Odin soon after returned home, and took his wife back.</p> + +<p>Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but they +were well prepared, and defended their land, so that victory was +changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other and did great +damage. They tired of this at last, and, on both sides appointing a +meeting for establishing peace, made a truce and exchanged hostages. The +Vanaland people sent their best men,—Njord the Rich and his son +Frey; the people of Asaland sent a man hight Hœner,<a class = "tag" name += "tag114" href = "#note114">114</a> as he was a stout and very handsome +man, and with him they sent a man of great understanding, called Mimer; +and on the other side the Vanaland people sent the wisest man in their +community, who was called Quaser. Now when Hœner came to Vanaheim he was +immediately made a chief, and Mimer came to him with good counsel on all +occasions. But when Hœner stood in the Things, or other meetings, if +Mimer was not near him, and any difficult matter was +<span class = "pagenum">228</span> +<a name = "page228"> </a> +laid before him, he always answered in one way: Now let others give +their advice; so that the Vanaland people got a suspicion that the +Asaland people had deceived them in the exchange of men. They took +Mimer, therefore, and beheaded him, and sent his head to the Asaland +people. Odin took the head, smeared it with herbs, so that it should not +rot, and sang incantations over it. Thereby he gave it the power that it +spoke to him, and discovered to him many secrets.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag115" href = "#note115">115</a> Odin placed Njord and Frey as priests +of the sacrifices, and they became deities of the Asaland people. +Njord’s daughter, Freyja, was priestess of the sacrifices, and first +taught the Asaland people the magic art, as it was in use and fashion +among the Vanaland people. While Njord was with the Vanaland people he +had taken his own sister in marriage, for that was allowed by their law; +and their children were Frey and Freyja. But among the Asaland people it +was forbidden to come together in so near relationship.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag116" href = "#note116">116</a></p> + +<p>There goes a great mountain barrier from northeast to southwest, +which divides the Great Svithjod from other kingdoms. South of this +mountain ridge is not +<span class = "pagenum">229</span> +<a name = "page229"> </a> +far to Turkland, where Odin had great possessions.<a class = "tag" name += "tag117" href = "#note117">117</a> But Odin, having foreknowledge and +magic-sight, knew that his posterity would come to settle and dwell in +the northern half of the world. In those times the Roman chiefs went +wide around the world, subduing to themselves all people; and on this +account many chiefs fled from their domains.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag118" href = "#note118">118</a> Odin set his brothers +<span class = "pagenum">230</span> +<a name = "page230"> </a> +Vile and Ve over Asgard, and he himself, with all the gods and a great +many other people, wandered out, first westward to Gardarike (Russia), +and then south to Saxland (Germany). He had many sons, and +<span class = "pagenum">231</span> +<a name = "page231"> </a> +after having subdued an extensive kingdom in Saxland he set his sons to +defend the country. He himself went northward to the sea, and took up +his abode in an island which is called Odinse (see note below), in +Funen. Then he sent Gefjun across the sound to the north to discover new +countries, and she came to King Gylfe, who gave her a ploughland. Then +she went to Jotunheim and bore four sons to a giant, and transformed +them into a yoke of oxen, and yoked them to a plough and broke out the +land into the ocean, right opposite to Odinse, which was called Seeland, +where she afterward settled and dwelt.<a class = "tag" name = "tag119" +href = "#note119">119</a> Skjold, a son of Odin, married her, and they +dwelt at Leidre.<a class = "tag" name = "tag120" href = +"#note120">120</a> Where the ploughed land was, is a lake or sea called +Laage.<a class = "tag" name = "tag121" href = "#note121">121</a> In the +Swedish land the fjords of Laage correspond to the nesses of Seeland. +Brage the old sings thus of it:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Gefjun glad<br> +Drew from Gylfe<br> +The excellent land,<br> +Denmark’s increase,<br> +So that it reeked<br> +From the running beasts.<br> +Four heads and eight eyes<br> +Bore the oxen,<br> +As they went before the wide<br> +Robbed land of the grassy isle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag122" href = +"#note122">122</a> +</p> + +<p>Now when Odin heard that things were in a prosperous condition in the +land to the east beside Gylfe, +<span class = "pagenum">232</span> +<a name = "page232"> </a> +he went thither, and Gylfe made a peace with him, for Gylfe thought he +had no strength to oppose the people of Asaland. Odin and Gylfe had many +tricks and enchantments against each other; but the Asaland people had +always the superiority. Odin took up his residence at the Malar lake, at +the place now called Sigtun.<a class = "tag" name = "tag123" href = +"#note123">123</a> There he erected a large temple, where there were +sacrifices according to the customs of the Asaland people. He +appropriated to himself the whole of that district of country, and +called it Sigtun. To the temple gods he gave also domains. Njord dwelt +in Noatun, Frey in Upsal, Heimdal in Himinbjorg, Thor in Thrudvang, +Balder in Breidablik;<a class = "tag" name = "tag124" href = +"#note124">124</a> to all of them he gave good domains.</p> + +<p>When Odin of Asaland came to the north, and the gods with him, he +began to exercise and to teach others the arts which the people long +afterward have practiced. Odin was the cleverest of all, and from him +all others learned their magic arts; and he knew them first, and knew +many more than other people. But now, to tell why he is held in such +high respect, we must mention various causes that contributed to it. +When sitting among his friends his countenance was so beautiful and +friendly, that the spirits of all were exhilarated by it; but when he +was in war, he appeared fierce and dreadful. This arose from his being +able to +<span class = "pagenum">233</span> +<a name = "page233"> </a> +change his color and form in any way he liked. Another cause was, that +he conversed so cleverly and smoothly, that all who heard were +persuaded. He spoke everything in rhyme, such as is now composed, and +which we call skald-craft. He and his temple gods were called +song-smiths, for from them came that art of song into the northern +countries. Odin could make his enemies in battle blind or deaf, or +terror-struck, and their weapons so blunt that they could no more cut +than a willow-twig; on the other hand, his men rushed forward without +armor, were as mad as dogs or wolves, bit their shields, and were strong +as bears or wild bulls, and killed people at a blow, and neither fire +nor iron told upon them. These were called berserks.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag125" href = "#note125">125</a></p> + +<p>Odin could transform his shape; his body would lie as if dead or +asleep, but then he would be in the shape of a fish, or worm, or bird, +or beast, and be off +<span class = "pagenum">234</span> +<a name = "page234"> </a> +in a twinkling to distant lands upon his own or other peoples’ business. +With words alone he could quench fire, still the ocean in tempest, and +turn the wind to any quarter he pleased. Odin had a ship, which he +called Skidbladner,<a class = "tag" name = "tag126" href = +"#note126">126</a> in which he sailed over wide seas, and which he could +roll up like a cloth. Odin carried with him Mimer’s head, which told him +all the news of other countries. Sometimes even he called the dead out +of the earth, or set himself beside the burial-mounds; whence he was +called the ghost-sovereign, and the lord of the mounds. He had two +ravens,<a class = "tag" name = "tag127" href = "#note127">127</a> to +whom he had taught the speech of man; and they flew far and wide through +the land, and brought him the news. In all such things he was +preëminently wise. He taught all these arts in runes and songs, which +are called incantations, and therefore the Asaland people are called +incantation-smiths. Odin also understood the art in which the greatest +power is lodged, and which he himself practiced, namely, what is called +magic. By means of this he could know beforehand the predestined fate<a +class = "tag" name = "tag128" href = "#note128">128</a> of men, or their +not yet completed lot, and also bring on the death, ill-luck or bad +health of people, or take away the strength or wit from one person and +give it to another. But after such witchcraft followed such +<span class = "pagenum">235</span> +<a name = "page235"> </a> +weakness and anxiety, that it was not thought respectable for men to +practice it; and therefore the priestesses were brought up in this art. +Odin knew definitely where all missing cattle were concealed under the +earth, and understood the songs by which the earth, the hills, the +stones and mounds were opened to him; and he bound those who dwell in +them by the power of his word, and went in and took what he pleased. +From these arts he became very celebrated. His enemies dreaded him; his +friends put their trust in him, and relied on his power and on himself. +He taught the most of his arts to his priests of the sacrifices, and +they came nearest to himself in all wisdom and witch-knowledge. Many +others, however, occupied themselves much with it; and from that time +witchcraft spread far and wide, and continued long. People sacrificed to +Odin, and the twelve chiefs of Asaland,—called them their gods, +and believed in them long after. From Odin’s name came the name Audun, +which people gave to his sons; and from Thor’s name came Thorer, also +Thorarinn; and it was also sometimes augmented by other additions, as +Steinthor, Hafthor, and many kinds of alterations.</p> + +<p>Odin established the same law in his land that had been before in +Asaland. Thus he established by law that all dead men should be burned, +and their property laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast +into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, everyone will come +to Valhal with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would +also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of +consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other +warriors who had been +<span class = "pagenum">236</span> +<a name = "page236"> </a> +distinguished for manhood, a standing stone; which custom remained long +after Odin’s time. Toward winter there should be a blood-sacrifice for a +good year, and in the middle of winter for a good crop; and the third +sacrifice should be in summer, for victory in battle. Over all +Svithjod<a class = "tag" name = "tag129" href = "#note129">129</a> the +people paid Odin a scatt, or tax,—so much on each head; but he had +to defend the country from enemy or disturbance, and pay the expense of +the sacrifice-feasts toward winter for a good year.</p> + +<p>Njord took a wife hight Skade; but she would not live with him, but +married afterward Odin, and had many sons by him, of whom one was called +Saming, and of this Eyvind Skaldespiller sings thus:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +To Asason<a class = "tag" name = "tag130" href = "#note130">130</a> +Queen Skade bore<br> +Saming, who dyed his shield in gore,—<br> +The giant queen of rock and snow<br> +Who loves to dwell on earth below,<br> +The iron pine-tree’s daughter she,<br> +Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,<br> +To Odin bore full many a son,—<br> +Heroes of many a battle won. +</p> + +<p>To Saming Jarl Hakon the Great reckoned up his pedigree.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag131" href = "#note131">131</a> This Svithjod (Sweden) +they call Mannheim, but the great Svithjod they call Godheim, and of +Godheim great wonders and novelties were related.</p> + +<p>Odin died in his bed in Sweden; and when he was near his death he +made himself be marked with the point of a spear,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag132" href = "#note132">132</a> and said he was going to Godheim, +<span class = "pagenum">237</span> +<a name = "page237"> </a> +and would give a welcome there to all his friends, and all brave +warriors should be dedicated to him; and the Swedes believed that he was +gone to the ancient Asgard, and would live there eternally. Then began +the belief in Odin, and the calling upon him. The Swedes believed that +he often showed himself to them before any great battle. To some he gave +victory, others he invited to himself; and they reckoned both of these +to be well off in their fate. Odin was burnt, and at his pile there was +great splendor. It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in +the air, the higher would he be raised whose pile it was; and the richer +he would be the more property that was consumed with him.</p> + +<p>Njord of Noatun was then the sole sovereign of the Swedes; and he +continued the sacrifices, and was called the drot, or sovereign, by the +Swedes, and he received scatt and gifts from them. In his days were +peace and plenty, and such good years in all respects that the Swedes +believed Njord ruled over the growth of seasons and the prosperity of +the people. In his time all the diars, or gods, died, and +blood-sacrifices were made for them. Njord died on a bed of sickness, +and before he died made himself be marked for Odin with the spear-point. +The Swedes burned him, and all wept over his grave-mound.</p> + +<p>Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes, +and they paid taxes to him. He was like his father, fortunate in friends +and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsala, made it his +chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land and goods. Then began +the Upsala domains, which have remained ever since. Then began in his +day the +<span class = "pagenum">238</span> +<a name = "page238"> </a> +Frode-peace; and then there were good seasons in all the land, which the +Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshiped than the other +gods, as the people became much richer in his days by reason of the +peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd, daughter of Gymer, and +their son was called Fjolner. Frey was called by another name, Yngve; +and this name Yngve was considered long after in his race as a name of +honor, so that his descendants have since been called Ynglings +(<i>i.e.</i> Yngve-lings). Frey fell into a sickness, and as his illness +took the upper hand, his men took the plan of letting few approach him. +In the meantime they raised a great mound, in which they placed a door +with three holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him secretly into +the mound, but told the Swedes he was alive, and they kept watch over +him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the mound, and +through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other the silver, +and through the third the copper money that was paid. Peace and good +seasons continued.</p> + +<p>Freyja alone remained of the gods, and she became on this account so +celebrated that all women of distinction were called by her name, whence +they now have the title Frue (Germ. <i>Frau</i>), so that every woman is +called frue (that is, mistress) over her property, and the wife is +called the house-frue. Freyja continued the blood-sacrifices. Freyja had +also many other names. Her husband was called Oder, and her daughters +Hnos and Gersame. They were so very beautiful that afterward the most +precious jewels were called by their names.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">239</span> +<a name = "page239"> </a> +When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet peace and +good seasons continued, they believed that it must be so as long as Frey +remained in Sweden, and therefore they would not burn his remains, but +called him the god of this world, and afterward offered continually +blood-sacrifices to him, principally for peace and good seasons.<a class += "tag" name = "tag133" href = "#note133">133</a></p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_fornjot">FORNJOT AND THE +SETTLEMENT OF NORWAY.</a></h5> + +<p>In the asa-faith we find various foreign elements introduced. Thus, +for example, the vans did not originally belong to the Odinic system. As +the Teutons came in contact with other races, the religious ideas of the +latter were frequently adopted in some modified form. Especially do +Finnish elements enter into the asa-system. The Finnish god of thunder +was Ukko. He is supposed to have been confounded with our Thor, whence +the latter got the name Öku-Thor (Ukko-Thor). The vans may be connected +with the Finnish Wainamoinen, and in the same manner a number of Celtic +elements have been mixed with Teutonic mythology. And this is not all. +There must have flourished a religious system in the North before the +arrival of Odin and +<span class = "pagenum">240</span> +<a name = "page240"> </a> +his apostles. This was probably either Tshudic or Celtic, or a mixture +of the two. The asa-doctrine superseded it, but there still remain +traces in some of the oldest records of the North. Thus we have in the +prehistoric sagas of Iceland an account of the finding of Norway, +wherein it is related that Fornjot,<a class = "tag" name = "tag134" href += "#note134">134</a> in Jotland, which is also called Finland or +Quenland, east of the Gulf of Bothnia, had three sons: Hler, also called +Æger, Loge and Kare.<a class = "tag" name = "tag135" href = +"#note135">135</a> Of Loge it is related that he was of giant descent, +and, being very tall of stature, he was called Haloge, that is High +Loge; and after him the northern part of Norway is called Halogaland +(now Helgeland). He was married to Glod (a red-hot coal), and had +with her two daughters, Eysa and Eimyrja; both words meaning glowing +embers. Haloge had two jarls, Vifil (the one taking a vif = wife) and +Vesete (the one who sits at the ve = the sanctuary, that is, the dweller +by the hearth, the first sanctuary), who courted his daughters; the +former addressing himself to Eimyrja, the latter to Eysa, but the king +refusing to give his consent, they carried them away secretly. Vesete +settled in Borgundarholm (Bornholm), and had a son, Bue (one who settles +on a farm); Vifil sailed further east and settled on the island +Vifilsey, on the coast of Sweden, and had a son, Viking (the +pirate).</p> + +<p>The third son, Kare, had a numerous offspring. He had one son by name +Jokul (iceberg), another Froste +<span class = "pagenum">241</span> +<a name = "page241"> </a> +(frost), and Froste’s son was named Sna (snow). He had a third son, by +name Thorri (bare frost), after whom the mid-winter month, Thorra-month, +was called; and his daughters hight Fonn (packed snow), Drifa +(snow-drift), and Mjoll (meal, fine snow). All these correspond well to +Kare’s name, which, as stated, means wind. Thorri had two sons, Nor and +Gor, and a daughter, Goe. The story goes on to tell how Goe, the sister, +was lost, and how the brothers went to search for her, until they +finally found him who had robbed her. He was Hrolf, from the mountain, a +son of the giant Svade, and a grandson of Asa-Thor. They settled their +trouble, and thereupon Hrolf married Goe, and Nor married Hrolf’s +sister, settled in the land and called it after his own name, Norvegr, +that is, Norway. By this story we are reminded of Kadmos, who went to +seek his lost sister Europa. In the Younger Edda the winds are called +the sons of Fornjot, the sea is called the son of Fornjot, and the +brother of the fire and of the winds, and Fornjot is named among the old +giants. This makes it clear that Fornjot and his offspring are not +historical persons, but cosmological impersonations. And additional +proof of this is found by an examination of the beginning of the Saga of +Thorstein, Viking’s Son. (See Viking Tales of the North, pp. 1 +and 2).</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">242</span> +<a name = "page242"> </a> +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_gylfe">THE FOOLING OF +GYLFE.</a></h5> + +<h6>CHAPTER I.</h6> + +<p>This story about the ploughing of Gylfe reminds us of the legend told +in the first book of Virgil’s Æneid, about the founding of Carthage by +Dido, who bought from the Libyan king as much ground as she could cover +with a bull’s hide. Elsewhere it is related that she cut the bull’s hide +into narrow strips and encircled therewith all the ground upon which +Carthage was afterward built. Thus Dido deceived the Libyan king nearly +as effectually as Gefjun deluded King Gylfe. The story is also told by +Snorre in Heimskringla, see p. 231.</p> + +<p>The passage in verse, which has given translators so much trouble in +a transposed form, would read as follows: Gefjun glad drew that +excellent land (djúpródul = the deep sun = gold; öðla = udal = property; +djúpródul öðla = the golden property), Denmark’s increase (Seeland), so +that it reeked (steamed) from the running oxen. The oxen bore four heads +and eight eyes, as they went before the wide piece of robbed land of the +isle so rich in grass.</p> + +<p>Gefjun is usually interpreted as a goddess of agriculture, and her +name is by some derived from <span class = "greek" title = +"Greek: gê">γῆ</span>; and <i>fjon</i>, that is, <i>terræ separatio</i>; +others compare it with the Anglo-Saxon <i>geofon</i> = the sea. The +etymology remains very uncertain.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">243</span> +<a name = "page243"> </a> +<h6>CHAPTER II.</h6> + +<p>It is to the delusion or eye-deceit mentioned in this chapter that +Snorre Sturlasson refers in his Heimskringla, in Chapter VI of <ins +class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Ynglingla’">Ynglinga</ins> +Saga.</p> + +<p>Thjodolf of Hvin was a celebrated skald at the court of Harald +Fairhair.</p> + +<p>Thinking thatchers, etc. Literally transposed, this passage would +read: Reflecting men let shields (literally Svafner’s, that is Odin’s +roof-trees,) glisten on the back. They were smitten with stones. To let +shields glisten on the back, is said of men who throw their shields on +their backs to protect themselves against those who pursue the flying +host.</p> + +<p>Har means the High One, Jafnhar the Equally High One, and Thride the +Third One. By these three may be meant the three chief gods of the +North: Odin, Thor and Frey; or they may be simply an expression of the +Eddic trinity. This trinity is represented in a number of ways: by Odin, +Vile and Ve in the creation of the world, and by Odin, Hœner and Loder +in the creation of Ask and Embla, the first human pair. The number three +figures extensively in all mythological systems. In the pre-chaotic +state we have Muspelheim, Niflheim and Ginungagap. Fornjot had three +sons: Hler, Loge and Kare. There are three norns: Urd, Verdande and +Skuld. There are three fountains: Hvergelmer, Urd’s and Mimer’s; etc. +(See Norse Mythology, pp. 183, 195, 196.)</p> + +<p>Har being Odin, Har’s Hall will be Valhal. You will not come out from +this hall unless you are wiser. In the lay of Vafthrudner, of the Elder +Edda, we +<span class = "pagenum">244</span> +<a name = "page244"> </a> +have a similar challenge, where Vafthrudner says to Odin:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Out will you not come<br> +From our halls<br> +Unless I find you to be wiser (than I am). +</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER III.</h6> + +<p>This chapter gives twelve names of Odin. In the Eddas and in the +skaldic lays he has in all nearly two hundred names. His most common +name is Odin (in Anglo-Saxon and in Old High German <i>Wodan</i>), +and this is thought by many to be of the same origin as our word +<i>god</i>. The other Old Norse word for god, <i>tivi</i>, is identical +in root with Lat. <i>divus</i>; Sansk. <ins class = "correction" title = +"so in original: ‘dyaus’?"><i>dwas</i></ins>; Gr. <span class = "greek" +title = "Greek: Dios (Zeus)">Διός (Ζεύς)</span>; and this is again +connected with <i>Tyr</i>, the Tivisco in the Germania of Tacitus. (See +Max Müller’s Lectures on the Science of Language, 2d series, +p. 425). Paulus Diakonus states that Wodan, or Gwodan, was +worshiped by all branches of the Teutons. Odin has also been sought and +found in the Scythian <i>Zalmoxis</i>, in the Indian <i>Buddha</i>, in +the Celtic Budd, and in the Mexican Votan. Zalmoxis, derived from the +Gr. <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: Zalmos">Ζαλμός</span>,<a class += "tag" name = "trans_tagA" href = "#trans_noteA">A</a> helmet, reminds +us of Odin as the helmet-bearer (Grimm, Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache). +According to Humboldt, a race in Guatemala, Mexico, claim to be +descended from Votan (Vues des Cordillères, 1817, I, 208). This suggests +the question whether Odin’s name may not have been brought to America by +the Norse discoverers in the 10th and 11th centuries, and adopted by +some of the native races. In the Lay of Grimner (Elder Edda) the +following names of Odin are enumerated:</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">245</span> +<a name = "page245"> </a></p> +<p class = "verse"> +Grim is my name<br> +And Ganglere,<br> +Herjan and Helmet-bearer,<br> +Thekk and Thride,<br> +Thud and Ud,<br> +Helblinde and Har,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Sad and Svipal,<br> +And Sanngetal,<br> +Herteit and Hnikar,<br> +Bileyg and Baleyg,<br> +Bolverk, Fjolner,<br> +Grim and Grimner,<br> +Glapsvid and Fjolsvid,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Sidhot, Sidskeg,<br> +Sigfather, Hnikud,<br> +Alfather, Valfather,<br> +Atrid and Farmatyr.<br> +With one name<br> +Was I never named<br> +When I fared ’mong the peoples.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Grimner they called me<br> +Here at Geirrod’s,<br> +But Jalk at Asmund’s,<br> +And Kjalar the time<br> +When sleds (kjalka) I drew,<br> +And Thror at the Thing,<br> +Vidur on the battle-field,<br> +Oske and Ome,<br> +Jafnhar and Biflinde,<br> +Gondler and Harbard ’mong the gods.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Svidur and Svidre<br> +Hight I at Sokmimer’s,<br> +And fooled the ancient giant<br> +When I alone Midvitne’s,<br> +The mighty son’s,<br> +Bane had become.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum">246</span> +<a name = "page246"> </a> +Odin I now am called,<br> +Ygg was my name before,<br> +Before that I hight Thund,<br> +Yak and Skilfing,<br> +Vafud and Hroptatyr,<br> +Got and Jalk ’mong the gods,<br> +Ofner and Svafner.<br> +All these names, I trow,<br> +Have to me alone been given.</p> + +<p>What the etymology of all these names is, it is not easy to tell. The +most of them are clearly Norse words, and express the various activities +of their owner. It is worthy of notice that it is added when and where +Odin bore this or that name (his name was Grim at Geirrod’s, Jalk at +Asmund’s, etc.), and that the words sometimes indicate a progressive +development, as Thund, then Ygg, and then Odin. First he was a mere +sound in the air (Thund), then he took to thinking (Ygg), and at last he +became the inspiring soul of the universe. Although we are unable to +define all these names, they certainly each have a distinct meaning, and +our ancestors certainly understood them perfectly. Har = the High One; +Jafn-har = the Equally High One; Thride = the Third (<span class = +"greek" title = "Greek: Zeus allos">Ζεὺς ἄλλος</span> and <span class = +"greek" title = "Greek: Tritos">Τρίτος</span>; Alfather probably +contracted from <i>Alda</i>father = the Father of the Ages and the +Creations; Veratyr = the Lord of Beings; Rögner = the Ruler (from +regin); Got (Gautr, from <i>gjóta</i>, to cast) = the Creator, Lat. +Instillator; Mjotud = the Creator, the word being allied to Anglo-Saxon +<i>meotod</i>, <i>metod</i>, Germ. <i>Messer</i>, and means originally +cutter; but to cut and to make are synonymous. Such names as these have +reference to Odin’s divinity as creator, arranger and ruler of gods and +men. Svid and Fjolsvid +<span class = "pagenum">247</span> +<a name = "page247"> </a> += the swift, the wise; Ganglere, Gangrad and Vegtam = the wanderer, the +waywont; Vidrer = the weather-ruler, together with serpent-names like +Ofner, Svafner, etc., refer to Odin’s knowledge, his journeys, the +various shapes he assumes. Permeating all nature, he appears in all its +forms. Names like Sidhot = the slouchy hat; Sidskeg = the long-beard; +Baleyg = the burning-eye; Grimner = the masked; Jalk (Jack) = the youth, +etc., express the various forms in which he was thought to +appear,—to his slouchy hat, his long beard, or his age, etc. Such +names as Sanngetal = the true investigator; Farmatyr = the cargo-god, +etc., refer to his various occupations as inventor, discoverer of runes, +protector of trade and commerce, etc. Finally, all such names as +Herfather = father of hosts; Herjan = the devastator; Sigfather = the +father of victory; Sigtyr = god of victory; Skilfing = producing +trembling; Hnikar = the breaker, etc., represent Odin as the god of war +and victory. Oske = wish, is thus called because he gratifies our +desires. Gimle, as will be seen later, is the abode of the blessed after +Ragnarok. Vingolf (Vin and golf) means <i>friends’ floor</i>, and is the +hall of the goddesses. Hel is the goddess of death, and from her name +our word <i>hell</i> is derived.</p> + +<p>Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds: the uppermost +was Muspelheim (the world of light); the lowest was Niflheim (the world +of darkness). Compare the Greek word <span class = "greek" title = +"Greek: nephelê (text reads ‘νεφέλγ/nephelg’)">νεφέλη</span> = mist. +(See Norse Mythology, p. 187.)</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginungagap.</span> Ginn means wide, large, +far-reaching, perhaps also void (compare the Anglo-Saxon <i>gin</i> = +gaping, open, spacious; ginian = to gap; and ginnung +<span class = "pagenum">248</span> +<a name = "page248"> </a> += a yawning). Ginungagap thus means the yawning gap or abyss, and +represents empty space. The poets use ginnung in the sense of a fish and +of a hawk, and in geographical saga-fragments it is used as the name of +the Polar Sea.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hvergelmer.</span> This word is usually +explained as a transposition for Hvergemler, which would then be derived +from Hver and gamall (old) = the old kettle; but Petersen shows that +gelmir must be taken from galm, which is still found in the Jutland +dialect, and means a gale (compare Golmstead = a windy place, and +<i>golme</i> = to roar, blow). Gelmer is then the one producing galm, +and Hvergelmer thus means the roaring kettle. The twelve rivers +proceeding from Hvergelmer are called the Elivogs (Élivágar) in the next +chapter. Éli-vágar means, according to Vigfusson, ice-waves. The most of +the names occur in the long list of river names given in the Lay of +Grimner, of the Elder Edda. Svol = the cool; Gunnthro = the +battle-trough. Slid is also mentioned in the Vala’s Prophecy, where it +is represented as being full of mud and swords. Sylg (from +<i>svelgja</i> = to swallow) = the devourer; Ylg (from <i>yla</i> = to +roar) = the roaring one; Leipt = the glowing, is also mentioned in the +Lay of Helge Hunding’s Bane, where it is stated that they swore by it +(compare Styx); Gjoll (from <i>gjalla</i> = to glisten and clang) = the +shining, clanging one. The meaning of the other words is not clear, but +they doubtless all, like those explained, express cold, violent motion, +etc. The most noteworthy of these rivers are Leipt and Gjoll. In the Lay +of Grimner they are said to flow nearest to the abode of man, and fall +thence into Hel’s realm. Over Gjoll was +<span class = "pagenum">249</span> +<a name = "page249"> </a> +the bridge which Hermod, after the death of Balder, crossed on his way +to Hel. It is said to be thatched with shining gold, and a maid by name +Modgud watches it. In the song of Sturle Thordson, on the death of Skule +Jarl, it is said that “the king’s kinsman went over the Gjoll-bridge.” +The farther part of the horizon, which often appears like a broad bright +stream, may have suggested this river.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Surt</span> means the swarthy or black one. +Many have regarded him as the unknown (dark) god, but this is probably +an error. But there was some one in Muspelheim who sent the heat, and +gave life to the frozen drops of rime. The latter, and not Surt, who is +a giant, is the eternal god, the mighty one, whom the skald in the Lay +of Hyndla dare not name. It is interesting to notice that our ancestors +divided the evolution of the world into three distinct periods: +(1) a pre-chaotic condition (Niflheim, Muspelheim and Ginungagap); +(2) a chaotic condition (Ymer and the cow Audhumbla); (3) and +finally the three gods, Odin (spirit), Vile (will) and Ve (sanctity), +transformed chaos into cosmos. And away back in this pre-chaotic state +of the world we find this mighty being who sends the heat. It is not +definitely stated, but it can be inferred from other passages, that just +as the good principle existed from everlasting in Muspelheim, so the +evil principle existed co-eternally with it in Hvergelmer in Niflheim. +Hvergelmer is the source out of which all matter first proceeded, and +the dragon or devil Nidhug, who dwells in Hvergelmer, is, in our +opinion, the evil principle who is from eternity. The good principle +shall continue forever, but the evil shall cease to exist after +Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">250</span> +<a name = "page250"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Ymer</span> is the noisy one, and his name is +derived from <i>ymja</i> = to howl (compare also the Finnish deity Jumo, +after whom the town Umea takes its name, like Odinse).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aurgelmer</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Thrudgelmer</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Bergelmer</span> express the gradual development from aur +(clay) to thrud (that which is compressed), and finally to berg +(rock).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidolf</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Vilmeide</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Svarthofde</span> are mentioned nowhere else in the +mythology.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bure</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Bore</span> mean the bearing and the born; that is, father +and son.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolthorn</span> means the miserable one, +from bol = evil; and Bestla may mean that which is best. The idea then +is that Bor united himself with that which was best of the miserable +material at hand.</p> + +<p>That the flood caused by the slaying of Ymer reminds us of Noah and +his ark, and of the Greek flood, needs only to be suggested.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER IV.</h6> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ask</span> means an ash-tree, and <span +class = "smallcaps">Embla</span> an elm-tree.</p> + +<p>While the etymology of the names in the myths are very obscure, the +myths themselves are clear enough. Similar myths abound in Greek +mythology. The story about Bil and Hjuke is our old English rhyme about +Jack and Gill, who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER V.</h6> + +<p>In reference to the golden age, see Norse Mythology, pp. 182 and +197.</p> + +<p>In the appendix to the German so-called Hero-Book we are told that +the dwarfs were first created +<span class = "pagenum">251</span> +<a name = "page251"> </a> +to cultivate the desert lands and the mountains; thereupon the giants, +to subdue the wild beasts; and finally the heroes, to assist the dwarfs +against the treacherous giants. While the giants are always hostile to +the gods, the dwarfs are usually friendly to them.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dwarfs.</span> Both giants and dwarfs shun +the light. If surprised by the breaking forth of day, they become +changed to stone. In one of the poems of the Elder Edda (the Alvismál), +Thor amuses the dwarf Alvis with various questions till daylight, and +then <ins class = "correction" title = "so in original">cooly</ins> +says to him: With great artifices, I tell you, you have been +deceived; you are surprised here, dwarf, by daylight! The sun now shines +in the hall. In the Helgakvida Atle says to the giantess Hrimgerd: It is +now day, Hrimgerd! But Atle has detained you, to your life’s perdition. +It will appear a laughable harbor-mark, where you stand as a +stone-image.</p> + +<p>In the German tales the dwarfs are described as deformed and +diminutive, coarsely clad and of dusky hue: “a little black man,” “a +little gray man.” They are sometimes of the height of a child of four +years, sometimes as two spans high, a thumb high (hence, Tom Thumb). The +old Danish ballad of Eline of Villenwood mentions a troll not bigger +than an ant. Dvergmál (the speech of the dwarfs) is the Old Norse +expression for the echo in the mountains.</p> + +<p>In the later popular belief, the dwarfs are generally called the +subterraneans, the brown men in the moor, etc. They make themselves +invisible by a hat or hood. The women spin and weave, the men are +smiths. In Norway rock-crystal is called dwarf-stone. Certain +<span class = "pagenum">252</span> +<a name = "page252"> </a> +stones are in Denmark called dwarf-hammers. They borrow things and seek +advice from people, and beg aid for their wives when in labor, all which +services they reward. But they also lame cattle, are thievish, and will +carry off damsels. There have been instances of dwarf females having +married and had children with men. (Thorpe’s Northern Mythology.)</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">War.</span> It was the first warfare in the +world, says the Elder Edda, when they pierced Gullveig (gold-thirst) +through with a spear, and burned her in Odin’s hall. Thrice they burned +her, thrice she was born anew: again and again, but still she lives. +When she comes to a house they call her Heide (the bright, the welcome), +and regard her as a propitious vala or prophetess. She can tame wolves, +understands witchcraft, and delights wicked women. Hereupon the gods +consulted together whether they should punish this misdeed, or accept a +blood-fine, when Odin cast forth a spear among mankind, and now began +war and slaughter in the world. The defenses of the burgh of the asas +was broken down. The vans anticipated war, and hastened over the field. +The valkyries came from afar, ready to ride to the gods’ people: Skuld +with the shield, Skogul, Gunn, Hild, Gondul and Geirr Skogul. (Quoted by +Thorpe.)</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER VI.</h6> + +<p>In reference to Ygdrasil, we refer our readers to Norse Mythology, +pp. 205-211, and to Thomas Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-worship.</p> + +<p>A connection between the norns Urd, Verdande and Skuld and the weird +sisters in Shakspeare’s <i>Macbeth</i> has long since been recognized; +but new light has +<span class = "pagenum">253</span> +<a name = "page253"> </a> +recently been thrown upon the subject by the philosopher Karl Blind, who +has contributed valuable articles on the subject in the German +periodical “Die Gegenwart” and in the “London Academy.” We take the +liberty of reproducing here an abstract of his article in the +“Academy”:</p> + +<div class = "longquote"> +<p class = "aster">* * * * * *</p> + +<p>The fact itself of these Witches being simply transfigurations, or +later disguises, of the Teutonic Norns is fully established—as may +be seen from Grimm or Simrock. In delineating these hags, Shakspeare has +practically drawn upon old Germanic sources, perhaps upon current +folk-lore of his time.</p> + +<p>It has always struck me as noteworthy that in the greater part of the +scene between the Weird Sisters, Macbeth and Banquo, and wherever the +Witches come in, Shakspeare uses the staff-rime in a remarkable manner. +Not only does this add powerfully to the archaic impressiveness and awe, +but it also seems to bring the form and figure of the Sisters of Fate +more closely within the circle of the Teutonic idea. I have pointed out +this striking use of the alliterative system in <i>Macbeth</i> in an +article on “An old German Poem and a Vedic Hymn,” which appeared in +<i>Fraser</i> in June, 1877, and in which the derivation of the Weird +Sisters from the Germanic Norns is mentioned.</p> + +<p>The very first scene in the first act of <i>Macbeth</i> opens +strongly with the staff-rime:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>1st Witch</i>. When shall we three meet again—<br> +In thunder, lightning or in rain?</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>2d Witch</i>. When the hurly-burly’s done,<br> +When the battle’s lost and won.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>3d Witch</i>. That will be ere set of sun.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>1st Witch</i>. Where the place?</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>2d Witch</i>.<span class = "inset">Upon the heath.</span></p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>3d Witch</i>. There to meet with Macbeth.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>1st Witch</i>. I come, Graymalkin!</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>All</i>. Paddock calls. Anon.<br> +Fair is foul, and foul is fair.<br> +Hover through the fog and filthy air. +</p> + +<p>Not less marked is the adoption of the fullest +staff-rime—together (as above) with the end-rime—in the +third scene, when the Weird Sisters speak. Again, there is the +staff-rime when Banquo addresses them. Again, the strongest +alliteration, combined with the +<span class = "pagenum">254</span> +<a name = "page254"> </a> +end-rime, runs all through the Witches’ spell-song in Act iv, scene 1. +This feature in Shakspeare appears to me to merit closer investigation; +all the more so because a less regular alliteration, but still a marked +one, is found in not a few passages of a number of his plays. Only one +further instance of the systematic employment of alliteration may here +be noted in passing. It is in Ariel’s songs in the <i>Tempest</i>, Act +i, scene 2. Schlegel and Tieck evidently did not observe this +alliterative peculiarity. Their otherwise excellent translation does not +render it, except so far as the obvious similarity of certain English +and German words involuntarily made them do so. But in the notes to +their version of <i>Macbeth</i> the character of the Weird Sisters is +also misunderstood, though Warburton is referred to, who had already +suggested their derivations from the Valkyrs or Norns.</p> + +<p>It is an error to say that the Witches in <i>Macbeth</i> “are never +called witches” (compare Act i, scene 3: “‘Give me!’ quoth I. ‘A-roint +thee, <i>witch</i>!’ the rump-fed ronyon cries”). However, their +designation as Weird Sisters fully settles the case of their Germanic +origin.</p> + +<p>This name “Weird” is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Norn Wyrd (Sax. +<i>Wurth</i>; O. H. Ger. <i>Wurd</i>; Norse, <i>Urd</i>), who represents +the Past, as her very name shows. Wurd is <i>die Gewordene</i>—the +“Has Been,” or rather the “Has Become,” if one could say so in +English.</p> + +<p class = "aster">* * * * * *</p> + +<p>In Shakspeare the Witches are three in number—even as in Norse, +German, as well as in Keltic and other mythologies. Urd, properly +speaking, is the Past. Skuld is the Future, or “That Which shall Be.” +Verdandi, usually translated as the Present, has an even deeper meaning. +Her name is not to be derived from <i>vera</i> (to be), but from +<i>verda</i> (Ger. <i>werden</i>). This verb, which has a mixed meaning +of “to be,” “to become,” or to “grow,” has been lost in English. +Verdandi is, therefore, not merely a representative of present Being, +but of the process of Growing, or of Evolution—which gives her +figure a profounder aspect. Indeed, there is generally more significance +in mythological tales than those imagine who look upon them chiefly as a +barren play of fancy.</p> + +<p>Incidentally it may be remarked that, though Shakspeare’s Weird +Sisters are three in number—corresponding to Urd, Verdandi and +Skuld—German and Northern mythology and folk-lore occasionally +speak of twelve or seven of them. In the German tale of +<i>Dornröschen</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">255</span> +<a name = "page255"> </a> +or the Sleeping Beauty, there are twelve good fays; and a thirteenth, +who works the evil spell. Once, in German folk-lore, we meet with but +two Sisters of Fate—one of them called <i>Kann</i>, the other +<i>Muss</i>. Perhaps these are representatives of man’s measure of free +will (that which he “can”), and of that which is his inevitable +fate—or, that which he “must” do.</p> + +<p>Though the word “Norn” has been lost in England and Germany, it is +possibly preserved in a German folk-lore ditty, which speaks of three +Sisters of Fate as “Nuns.” Altogether, German folk-lore is still full of +rimes about three Weird Sisters. They are sometimes called Wild Women, +or Wise Women, or the Measurers (<i>Metten</i>)—namely, of Fate; +or, euphemistically, like the Eumenides, the Advisers of Welfare +(<i>Heil-Räthinnen</i>), reminding us of the counsels given to Macbeth +in the apparition scene; or the Quick Judges (<i>Gach-Schepfen</i>). +Even as in the Edda, these German fays weave and twist threads or ropes, +and attach them to distant parts, thus fixing the weft of Fate. One of +these fays is sometimes called Held, and described as black, or as half +dark half white—like Hel, the Mistress of the Nether World. That +German fay is also called Rachel, clearly a contraction of Rach-Hel, +i.e. the Avengeress Hel.</p> + +<p>Now, in <i>Macbeth</i> also the Weird Sisters are described as +“black.” The coming up of Hekate with them in the cave-scene might not +unfitly be looked upon as a parallel with the German Held, or Rach-Hel, +and the Norse Hel; these Teutonic deities being originally Goddesses of +Nocturnal Darkness, and of the Nether World, even as Hekate.</p> + +<p>In German folk-lore, three Sisters of Fate bear the names of Wilbet, +Worbet and Ainbet. Etymologically these names seem to refer to the +well-disposed nature of a fay representing the Past; to the warring or +worrying troubles of the Present; and to the terrors (<i>Ain</i> = +<i>Agin</i>) of the Future. All over southern Germany, from Austria to +Alsace and Rhenish Hesse, the three fays are known under various names +besides Wilbet, Worbet, and Ainbet—for instance, as Mechtild, +Ottilia, and Gertraud; as Irmina, Adela, and Chlothildis, and so forth. +The fay in the middle of this trio is always a good fay, a white +fay—but blind. Her treasure (the very names of Ottilia and Adela +point to a treasure) is continually being taken from her by the third +fay, a dark and evil one, as well as by the first. This myth has been +interpreted as meaning that the Present, being blinded as to its own +existence, is continually being encroached upon, robbed as it were, by +the dark Future and the Past. +<span class = "pagenum">256</span> +<a name = "page256"> </a> +Of this particular trait there is no vestige in Shakspeare’s Weird +Sisters. They, like the Norns, “go hand in hand.” But there is another +point which claims attention Shakspeare’s Witches are bearded. (“You +should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are +so.” Act i, scene 3.)</p> + +<p>It need scarcely be brought to recollection that a commingling of the +female and male character occurs in the divine and semi-divine figures +of various mythological systems—including the Bearded Venus. Of +decisive importance is, however, the fact of a bearded Weird Sister +having apparently been believed in by our heathen German +forefathers.</p> + +<p>Near Wessobrunn, in Upper Bavaria, where the semi-heathen fragment of +a cosmogonic lay, known as “Wessobrunn Prayer,” was discovered, there +has also been found, of late, a rudely-sculptured three-headed image. It +is looked upon as an ancient effigy of the German Norns. The Cloister of +the three Holy Bournes, or Fountains, which stands close by the place of +discovery, is supposed to have been set up on ground that had once +served for pagan worship. Probably the later monkish establishment of +the Three Holy Bournes had taken the place of a similarly named heathen +sanctuary where the three Sisters of Fate were once adored. Indeed, the +name of all the corresponding fays in yet current German folk-lore is +connected with holy wells. This quite fits in with the three Eddic +Bournes near the great Tree of Existence, at one of +which—apparently at the oldest, which is the very Source of +Being—the Norns live, “the maidens that over the Sea of Age travel +in deep foreknowledge,” and of whom it is said that:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +They laid the lots, they ruled the life<br> +To the sons of men, their fate foretelling. +</p> + +<p>Now, curiously enough, the central head of the slab found near +Wessobrunn, in the neighborhood of the Cloister of the Three Holy +Bournes, is <i>bearded</i>. This has puzzled our archæologists. Some of +them fancied that what appears to be a beard might after all be the hair +of one of the fays or Norns, tied round the chin. By the light of the +description of the Weird Sisters in Shakspeare’s <i>Macbeth</i> we, +however, see at once the true connection.</p> + +<p>In every respect, therefore, his “Witches” are an echo from the +ancient Germanic creed—an echo, moreover, coming to us in the +oldest Teutonic verse-form; that is, in the staff-rime.</p> + +<p class = "smallcaps" align = "right">Karl Blind.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">257</span> +<a name = "page257"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Elves.</span> The elves of later times seem a +sort of middle thing between the light and dark elves. They are fair and +lively, but also bad and mischievous. In some parts of Norway the +peasants describe them as diminutive naked boys with hats on. Traces of +their dance are sometimes to be seen on the wet grass, especially on the +banks of rivers. Their exhalation is injurious, and is called +<i>alfgust</i> or <i>elfblæst</i>, causing a swelling, which is easily +contracted by too nearly approaching places where they have spat, etc. +They have a predilection for certain spots, but particularly for large +trees, which on that account the owners do not venture to meddle with, +but look on them as something sacred, on which the weal or woe of the +place depends. Certain diseases among their cattle are attributed to the +elves, and are, therefore, called elf-fire or elf-shot. The dark elves +are often confounded with the dwarfs, with whom they, indeed, seem +identical, although they are distinguished in Odin’s Raven’s Song. The +Norwegians also make a distinction between dwarfs and elves, believing +the former to live solitary and in quiet, while the latter love music +and dancing. (Faye, p. 48; quoted by Thorpe.)</p> + +<p>The fairies of Scotland are precisely identical with the above. They +are described as a diminutive race of beings of a mixed or rather +dubious nature, capricious in their dispositions and mischievous in +their resentment. They inhabit the interior of green hills, chiefly +those of a conical form, in Gaelic termed <i>Sighan</i>, on which they +lead their dances by moonlight; impressing upon the surface the marks of +circles, which sometimes appear yellow and blasted, +<span class = "pagenum">258</span> +<a name = "page258"> </a> +sometimes of a deep green hue, and within which it is dangerous to +sleep, or to be found after sunset. Cattle which are suddenly seized +with the cramp, or some similar disorder, are said to be +<i>elf-shot</i>. (Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border; quoted by +Thorpe.)</p> + +<p>Of the Swedish elves, Arndt gives the following sketch: Of giants, of +dwarfs, of the alp, of dragons, that keep watch over treasures, they +have the usual stories; nor are the kindly elves forgotten. How often +has my postillion, when he observed a circular mark in the dewy grass, +exclaimed: See! there the elves have been dancing. These elf-dances play +a great part in the spinning-room. To those who at midnight happen to +enter one of these circles, the elves become visible, and may then play +all kinds of pranks with them; though in general they are little, merry, +harmless beings, both male and female. They often sit in small stones, +that are hollowed out in circular form, and which are called elf-querns +or mill-stones. Their voice is said to be soft like the air. If a loud +cry is heard in the forest, it is that of the Skogsrå (spirit of the +wood), which should be answered only by a <i>He!</i> when it can do no +harm. (Reise durch Sweden; quoted by Thorpe.)</p> + +<p>The elf-shot was known in England in very remote times, as appears +from the Anglo-Saxon incantation, printed by Grimm in his Deutsche +Mythologie, and in the appendix to Kemble’s Saxons in England: Gif hit +wœre esa gescot oððe hit wœre ylfa gescot; that is, if it were an +asa-shot or an elf-shot. On this subject Grimm says: It is a very old +belief that dangerous arrows were shot by the elves from the air. The +thunder-bolt is also called elf-shot, and in Scotland +<span class = "pagenum">259</span> +<a name = "page259"> </a> +a hard, sharp, wedge-shaped stone is known by the name of elf-arrow, +elf-flint, elf-bolt, which, it is supposed, has been sent by the +spirits. (Quoted by Thorpe.)</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER VII.</h6> + +<p>Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds, and these again +into three groups:</p> + +<p>1. Over the earth. Muspelheim, Ljosalfaheim and Asaheim.</p> + +<p>2. On the earth. Jotunheim, Midgard and Vanheim.</p> + +<p>3. Below the earth. Svartalfaheim, Niflheim and Niflhel.</p> + +<p>The gods had twelve abodes:</p> + +<p>1. <span class = "smallcaps">Thrudheim.</span> The abode of Thor. His +realm is Thrudvang, and his palace is Bilskirner.</p> + +<p>2. <span class = "smallcaps">Ydaler.</span> Uller’s abode.</p> + +<p>3. <span class = "smallcaps">Valaskjalf.</span> Odin’s hall.</p> + +<p>4. <span class = "smallcaps">Sokvabek.</span> The abode of Saga.</p> + +<p>5. <span class = "smallcaps">Gladsheim</span>, where there are twelve +seats for the gods, besides the throne occupied by Alfather.</p> + +<p>6. <span class = "smallcaps">Thrymheim.</span> Skade’s abode.</p> + +<p>7. <span class = "smallcaps">Breidablik.</span> Balder’s abode.</p> + +<p>8. <span class = "smallcaps">Himminbjorg.</span> Heimdal’s abode.</p> + +<p>9. <span class = "smallcaps">Folkvang.</span> Freyja’s abode.</p> + +<p>10. <span class = "smallcaps">Glitner.</span> Forsete’s abode.</p> + +<p>11. <span class = "smallcaps">Noatun.</span> Njord’s abode.</p> + +<p>12. <span class = "smallcaps">Landvide.</span> Vidar’s abode.</p> + +<p>According to the Lay of Grimner, the gods had twelve horses, but the +owner of each horse is not given:</p> + +<p>(1) Sleipner (Odin’s), (2) Goldtop (Heimdal’s), +<span class = "pagenum">260</span> +<a name = "page260"> </a> +(3) Glad, (4) Gyller, (5) Gler, (6) Skeidbrimer, +(7) Silvertop, (8) Siner, (9) Gisl, (10) Falhofner, +(11) Lightfoot, (12) Blodughofdi (Frey’s).</p> + +<p>The owners of nine of them are not given, and, moreover, it is stated +that Thor had no horse, but always either went on foot or drove his +goats.</p> + +<p>The favorite numbers are three, nine and twelve. Monotheism was +recognized in the unknown god, who is from everlasting to everlasting. A +number of trinities were established, and the nine worlds were +classified into three groups. The week had nine days, and originally +there were probably but nine gods, that is, before the vans were united +with the asas. The number nine occurs where Heimdal is said to have nine +mothers, Menglad is said to have nine maid-servants, Æger had nine +daughters, etc. When the vans were united with the asas, the number rose +to twelve:</p> + +<p>(1) Odin, (2) Thor, (3) Tyr, (4) Balder, (5) Hoder, +(6) Heimdal, (7) Hermod, (8) Njord, (9) Frey, +(10) Uller, (11) Vidar, (12) Forsete.</p> + +<p>If we add to this list Brage, Vale and Loke, we get fifteen; but the +Eddas everywhere declare that there are twelve gods, who were entitled +to divine worship.</p> + +<p>The number of the goddesses is usually given as twenty-six.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER VIII.</h6> + +<p>Loke and his offspring are so fully treated in our Norse Mythology, +that we content ourselves by referring our readers to that work.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">261</span> +<a name = "page261"> </a> +<h6>CHAPTER IX.</h6> + +<p>Freyja’s ornament Brising. In the saga of Olaf Tryggvason, there is a +rather awkward story of the manner in which Freyja became possessed of +her ornament. Freyja, it is told, was a mistress of Odin. Not far from +the palace dwelt four dwarfs, whose names were Alfrig, Dvalin, Berling +and Grer; they were skillful smiths. Looking one day into their stony +dwelling, Freyja saw them at work on a beautiful golden necklace, or +collar, which she offered to buy, but which they refused to part with, +except on conditions quite incompatible with the fidelity she owed to +Odin, but to which she, nevertheless, was tempted to accede. Thus the +ornament became hers. By some means this transaction came to the +knowledge of Loke, who told it to Odin. Odin commanded him to get +possession of the ornament. This was no easy task, for no one could +enter Freyja’s bower without her consent. He went away whimpering, but +most were glad on seeing him in such tribulation. When he came to the +locked bower, he could nowhere find an entrance, and, it being cold +weather, he began to shiver. He then transformed himself into a fly and +tried every opening, but in vain; there was nowhere air enough to make +him to get through [Loke (fire) requires air]. At length he found a hole +in the roof, but not bigger than the prick of a needle. Through this he +<ins class = "correction" title = "variant spelling in original">slipt</ins>. +On his entrance he looked around to see if anyone were awake, but +all were buried in sleep. He peeped in at Freyja’s bed, and saw that she +had the ornament round her neck, but that the lock was on the side she +lay on. He then +<span class = "pagenum">262</span> +<a name = "page262"> </a> +transformed himself to a flea, placed himself on Freyja’s cheek, and +stung her so that she awoke, but only turned herself round and slept +again. He then laid aside his assumed form, cautiously took the +ornament, unlocked the bower, and took his prize to Odin. In the +morning, on waking, Freyja seeing the door open, without having been +forced, and that her ornament was gone, instantly understood the whole +affair. Having dressed herself, she repaired to Odin’s hall, and +upbraided him with having stolen her ornament, and insisted on its +restoration, which she finally obtained. (Quoted by Thorpe.)</p> + +<p>Mention is also made of the Brósinga-men in the Beowulf (verse 2394). +Here it is represented as belonging to Hermanric, but the legend +concerning it has never been found.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER X.</h6> + +<p>This myth about Frey and Gerd is the subject of one of the most +fascinating poems in the Elder Edda, the Journey of Skirner. It is, as +Auber Forestier, in Echoes from Mistland, says, the germ of the Niblung +story. Frey is Sigurd or Sigfrid, and Gerd is Brynhild. The myth is also +found in another poem of the Elder Edda, the Lay of Fjolsvin, in which +the god himself—there called Svipday (the hastener of the +day)—undertakes the journey to arouse from the winter sleep the +cold giant nature of the maiden Menglad (the sun-radiant daughter), who +is identical with Freyja (the goddess of spring, promise, or of love +between man and woman, and who can easily be compared with Gerd). Before +the bonds which enchain the maiden can in either case be broken, Bele +(the +<span class = "pagenum">263</span> +<a name = "page263"> </a> +giant of spring storms, corresponding to the dragon Fafner in the +Niblung story,) must be conquered, and Wafurloge (the wall of bickering +flames that surrounded the castle) must be penetrated. The fanes +symbolize the funeral pyre, for whoever enters the nether world must +scorn the fear of death. (Auber Forestier’s Echoes from Mistland; +Introduction, xliii, xliv.) We also find this story repeated again and +again, in numberless variations, in Teutonic folk-lore; for instance, in +The Maiden on the Glass Mountain, where the glass mountain takes the +place of the bickering flame.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER XI.</h6> + +<p>The tree Lerad (furnishing protection) must be regarded as a branch +of Ygdrasil.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER XII.</h6> + +<p>In Heimskringla Skidbladner is called Odin’s ship. This is correct. +All that belonged to the gods was his also.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER XIII.</h6> + +<p>For a thorough analysis of Thor as a spring god, as the god who +dwells in the clouds, as the god of thunder and lightning, as the god of +agriculture, in short, as the god of culture, we can do no better than +to refer our readers to Der Mythus von Thor, nach Nordischen Quellen, +von Ludwig Uhland, Stuttgart, 1836; and to Handbuch der Deutschen +Mythologie, mit Einschluss der Nordischen, von Karl Simrock, Vierte +Auflage, Bonn, 1874.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">264</span> +<a name = "page264"> </a> +<h6>CHAPTER XIV.</h6> + +<p>The death of Balder is justly regarded as the most beautiful myth in +Teutonic mythology. It is connected with the Lay of Vegtam in the Elder +Edda. Like so many other myths (Frey and Gerd, The Robbing of Idun, +etc.) the myth symbolizes originally the end of summer and return of +spring. Thus Balder dies every year and goes to Hel. But in the +following spring he returns to the asas, and gladdens all things living +and dead with his pure shining light. Gradually, however, the myth was +changed from a symbol of the departing and returning summer, and applied +to the departing and returning of the world year, and thus the death of +Balder prepares the way for Ragnarok and Regeneration. Balder goes to +Hel and does not return to this world. Thokk refuses to weep for him. +His return is promised after Ragnarok. The next spring does not bring +him back, but the rejuvenated earth. Thus the death of Balder becomes +the central thought in the drama of the fate of the gods and of the +world. It is inseparably connected with the punishment of Loke and the +twilight of the gods. The winter following the death of Balder is not an +ordinary winter, but the Fimbul-winter, which is followed by no summer, +but by the destruction of the world. The central idea in the Odinic +religion, the destruction and regeneration of the world, has taken this +beautiful sun-myth of Balder into its service. Balder is then no more +merely the pure holy light of heaven; he symbolizes at the same time the +purity and innocence of the gods; he is changed from a physical to an +ethical myth. He impersonated <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘al’">all</ins> +<span class = "pagenum">265</span> +<a name = "page265"> </a> +that was good and holy in the life of the gods; and so it came to pass +that when the golden age had ceased, when thirst for gold (Gulveig), +when sin and crime had come into the world, he was too good to live in +it. As in Genesis fratricide (Cain and Abel) followed upon the eating of +the forbidden fruit, and the loss of paradise; so, when the golden age +(paradise) had ended among the asas, Loke (the serpent) brought +fratricide (Hoder and Balder) among the gods; themselves and our +ancestors regarded fratricide as the lowest depth of moral depravity. +After the death of Balder</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Brothers slay brothers,<br> +Sisters’ children<br> +Shed each other’s blood,<br> +Hard grows the world,<br> +Sensual sin waxes huge.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +There are sword-ages, ax-ages—<br> +Shields are cleft in twain,—<br> +Storm-ages, murder-ages,—<br> +Till the world falls dead,<br> +And men no longer spare<br> +Or pity one another.</p> + +<p>Upon the whole we may say that a sun-myth first represents the death +of the day at sunset, when the sky is radiant as if dyed in blood. In +the flushing morn light wins its victory again. Then this same myth +becomes transferred to the death and birth of summer. Once more it is +lifted into a higher sphere, while still holding on to its physical +interpretation, and is applied to the world year. Finally, it is clothed +with ethical attributes, becomes thoroughly anthropomorphized, and +typifies the good and the evil, the virtues and vices (light and +darkness), in the character and life of gods +<span class = "pagenum">266</span> +<a name = "page266"> </a> +and of men. Thus we get four stages in the development of the myth.</p> + + +<h6>CHAPTER XV.</h6> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ragnarok.</span> The word is found written +in two ways, Ragnarok and ragnarökr. Ragna is genitive plural, from the +word regin (god), and means of the gods. Rok means reason, ground, +origin, a wonder, sign, marvel. It is allied to the O.H.G. <i>rahha</i> += sentence, judgment. Ragnarök would then mean <i>the history of the +gods</i>, and applied to the dissolution of the world, might be +translated <i>the last judgment</i>, <i>doomsday</i>, <i>weird of gods +and the world</i>. Rokr means <i>twilight</i>, and Ragnarokr, as the +Younger Edda has it, thus means <i>the twilight of the gods</i>, and the +latter is adopted by nearly all modern writers, although Gudbr. +Vigfusson declares that Ragnarok (doomsday) is no doubt the correct +form. And this is also to be said in favor of doomsday, that Ragnarok +does not involve only the <i>twilight</i>, but the whole <i>night</i> of +the gods and the world.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_niflungs">THE NIFLUNGS AND +GJUKUNGS.</a></h5> + +<p>This chapter of <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘Skaldkaparmal’"><i>Skaldskaparmal</i></ins> contains much +valuable material for a correct understanding of the Nibelungen-Lied, +especially as to the origin of the Niblung hoard, and the true character +of Brynhild. The material given here, and in the Icelandic Volsunga +Saga, has been used by Wm. Morris in his Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall +of the Niblungs. In the Nibelungen-Lied, as transposed by Auber +Forestier, in Echoes from <ins class = "correction" title = +"inconsistent hyphenation in original">Mist-Land,</ins> we have a +perfect gem of literature from the middle high German +<span class = "pagenum">267</span> +<a name = "page267"> </a> +period, but its author had lost sight of the divine and mythical origin +of the material that he wove into his poem. It is only by combining the +German Nibelungen-Lied with the mythical materials found in Norseland +that our national Teutonic epic can be restored to us. Wagner has done +this for us in his famous drama; Jordan has done it in his Sigfrid’s +saga; Morris has done it in the work mentioned above; but will not Auber +Forestier gather up all the scattered fragments relating to Sigurd and +Brynhild, and weave them together into a prose narrative, that shall +delight the young and the old of this great land?</p> + +<p>We are glad to welcome at this time a new book in the field of +Niblung literature. We refer to Geibel’s Brunhild, translated, with +introduction and notes, by Prof. G. Theo. Dippold, and recently +published in Boston.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_menja">MENJA AND FENJA.</a></h5> + +<p>This is usually called the peace of Frode, which corresponds to the +golden age in the life of the asas. Avarice is the root of crime, and +all other evils. Avarice is at the bottom of all the endless woes of the +Niblung story. The myth explaining why the sea is salt is told in a +variety of forms in different countries. In Germany there are several +folk-lore stories and traditions in regard to it. In Norway, where +folk-lore tales are so abundant, we find the myth about Menja and Fenja +recurring in the following form:</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">268</span> +<a name = "page268"> </a> +<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_salt">WHY THE SEA IS +SALT.</a></h5> + +<p>Long, long ago there were two brothers, the one was rich and the +other was poor. On Christmas eve the poor one had not a morsel of bread +or meat in his house, and so he went to his brother and asked him for +mercy’s sake to give him something for Christmas. It was not the first +time the brother had had to give him, and he was not very much pleased +to see him this time either.</p> + +<p>“If you will do what I ask of you, I will give you a whole ham of +pork,” said he.</p> + +<p>The poor man promised immediately, and was very thankful besides.</p> + +<p>“There you have it, now go to hell,” said the rich one, and threw the +ham at him.</p> + +<p>“What I have promised, I suppose, I must keep,” said the other. He +took the ham and started. He walked and walked the whole day, and at +twilight he came to a place where everything looked so bright and +splendid.</p> + +<p>“This must be the place,” thought the man with the ham.</p> + +<p>Out in the wood-shed stood an old man with a long white beard, +cutting wood for Christmas.</p> + +<p>“Good evening,” said the man with the ham.</p> + +<p>“Good evening, sir. Where are you going so late?” said +the man.</p> + +<p>“I am on my way to hell, if I am on the right road,” said the +poor man.</p> + +<p>“Yes, you have taken the right road; it is here,” said the old man. +“Now when you get in, they will all want to buy your ham, for pork is +rare food in +<span class = "pagenum">269</span> +<a name = "page269"> </a> +hell; but you must not sell it, unless you get the hand-mill that stands +back of the door for it. When you come out again I will show you how to +regulate it. You will find it useful in more than one respect.”</p> + +<p>The man with the ham thanked the old man for this valuable +information, and rapped at the devil’s door.</p> + +<p>When he came in it happened as the old man had said. All the devils, +both the large ones and the small ones, crowded around him like ants +around a worm, and the one bid higher than the other for +the ham.</p> + +<p>“It is true my wife and I were to have it for our Christmas dinner, +but, seeing that you are so eager for it, I suppose I will have to let +you have it,” said the man. “But if I am to sell it, I want that +hand-mill that stands behind the door there for it.”</p> + +<p>The devil did not like to spare it, and kept dickering and bantering +with the man, but he insisted, and so the devil had to give him the +hand-mill. When the man came out in the yard he asked the old +wood-chopper how he should regulate the mill; and when he had learned +how to do it, he said “thank you,” and made for home as fast as he +could. But still he did not reach home before twelve o’clock in the +night Christmas eve.</p> + +<p>“Why, where in the world have you been?” said the woman. “Here I have +been sitting hour after hour waiting and waiting, and I haven’t as much +as two sticks to put on the fire so as to cook the Christmas +porridge.”</p> + +<p>“Oh, I could not come any sooner. I had several errands to do, and I +had a long way to go too. But +<span class = "pagenum">270</span> +<a name = "page270"> </a> +now I will show you,” said the man. He set the mill on the table, and +had it first grind light, then a table-cloth, then food and ale and all +sorts of good things for Christmas, and as he commanded the mill ground. +The woman expressed her great astonishment again and again, and wanted +to know where her husband had gotten the mill, but this he would not +tell.</p> + +<p>“It makes no difference where I have gotten it; you see the mill is a +good one, and that the water does not freeze,” said the man.</p> + +<p>Then he ground food and drink, and all good things, for the whole +Christmas week, and on the third day he invited his friends: he was +going to have a party. When the rich brother saw all the nice and good +things at the party, he became very wroth, for he could not bear to see +his brother have anything.</p> + +<p>“Christmas eve he was so needy that he came to me and asked me for +mercy’s sake to give him a little food, and now he gives a feast as +though he were both count and king,” said he to the others.</p> + +<p>“But where in hell have you gotten all your riches from?” said he to +his brother.</p> + +<p>“Behind the door,” answered he who owned the mill. He did not care to +give any definite account, but later in the evening, when he began to +get a little tipsy, he could not help himself and brought out the +mill.</p> + +<p>“There you see the one that has given me all the riches,” said he, +and then he let the mill grind both one thing and another. When the +brother saw this he was bound to have the mill, and after a long +<span class = "pagenum">271</span> +<a name = "page271"> </a> +bantering about it, he finally was to have it; but he was to pay three +hundred dollars for it, and his brother was to keep it until +harvest.</p> + +<p>“When I keep it until then, I shall have ground food enough to last +many years,” thought he.</p> + +<p>Of course the mill got no chance to grow rusty during the next six +months, and when harvest-time came, the rich brother got it; but the +other man had taken good care not to show him how to regulate it. It was +in the evening that the rich man brought the mill home, and in the +morning he bade his wife go and spread the hay after the +mowers,—he would get dinner ready, he said. Toward dinner he put +the mill on the table.</p> + +<p>“Grind fish and gruel: Grind both well and fast!” said the man, and +the mill began to grind fish and gruel. It first filled all the dishes +and tubs full, and after that it covered the whole floor with fish and +gruel. The man kept puttering and tinkering, and tried to get the mill +to stop; but no matter how he turned it and fingered at it, the mill +kept on, and before long the gruel got so deep in the room that the man +was on the point of drowning. Then he opened the door to the +sitting-room, but before long that room was filled too, and the man had +all he could do to get hold of the door-latch down in this flood of +gruel. When he got the door open he did not remain long in the room. He +ran out as fast as he could, and there was a perfect flood of fish gruel +behind, deluging the yard and his fields.</p> + +<p>The wife, who was in the meadow making hay, began to think that it +took a long time to get dinner ready. +<span class = "pagenum">272</span> +<a name = "page272"> </a> +“Even if husband does not call us, we will have to go anyway. I suppose +he does not know much about making gruel; I will have to go and help +him,” said the woman to the mowers.</p> + +<p>They went homeward, but on coming up the hill they met the flood of +fish and gruel and bread, the one mixed up with the other, and the man +came running ahead of the flood.</p> + +<p>“Would that each one of you had an hundred stomachs, but have a care +that you do not drown in the gruel flood,” cried the husband. He ran by +them as though the devil had been after him, and hastened down to his +brother. He begged him in the name of everything sacred to come and take +the mill away immediately.</p> + +<p>“If it grinds another hour the whole settlement will perish in fish +and gruel,” said he.</p> + +<p>But the brother would not take it unless he got three hundred +dollars, and this money had to be paid to him.</p> + +<p>Now the poor brother had both money and the mill, and so it did not +take long before he got himself a farm, and a much nicer one than his +brother’s. With his mill he ground out so much gold that he covered his +house all over with sheets of gold. The house stood down by the +sea-shore, and it glistened far out upon the sea. All who sailed past +had to go ashore and visit the rich man in the golden house, and all +wanted to see the wonderful mill, for its fame spread far and wide, and +there was none who had not heard speak of it.</p> + +<p>After a long time there came a sea-captain who +<span class = "pagenum">273</span> +<a name = "page273"> </a> +wished to see the mill. He asked whether it could grind salt.</p> + +<p>“Yes, it can grind salt,” said he who owned the mill; and when the +captain heard this, he was bound to have it, let it cost what it will. +For if he had that, thought he, he would not have to sail far off over +dangerous waters after cargoes of salt. At first the man did not wish to +sell it, but the captain teased and begged and finally the man sold it, +and got many thousand dollars for it. When the captain had gotten the +mill on his back, he did not stay there long, for he was afraid the man +might reconsider the bargain and back out again. He had no time to ask +how to regulate it; he went to his ship as fast as he could, and when he +had gotten some distance out upon the sea, he got his mill out.</p> + +<p>“Grind salt both fast and well,” said the captain. The mill began to +grind salt, and that with all its might. When the captain had gotten the +ship full he wanted to stop the mill; but no matter how he worked, and +no matter how he handled it, the mill kept grinding as fast as ever, and +the heap of salt kept growing larger and larger, and at last the ship +sank. The mill stands on the bottom of the sea grinding this very day, +and so it comes that the sea is salt.</p> + + +<hr class = "mid chapter"> + +<a name = "page274"> </a> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES</h4> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">18</span> +The third volume of this work has not yet appeared.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">20</span> +Keyser.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">22</span> +White Skald.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a> +Black Skald.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">39</span> +Dasent translates “hövuðtungur” (chief or head tongues) with “lords,” +which is certainly an error.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">47</span> +Near Upsala.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a> +A heroic poem, giving the pedigree (tal) of Norse kings.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">50</span> +Heimskringla: Ynglinga Saga, ch. v.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">51</span> +Heimskringla: Harald Harfager’s Saga, ch. xix.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">52</span> +The walker.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a> +Elder Edda: Havamal.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note12" href = "#tag12">12.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">56</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 6.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note13" href = "#tag13">13.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">57</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 56.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note14" href = "#tag14">14.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">58</span> +Elder Edda: Hyndla’a Lay, 34.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note15" href = "#tag15">15.</a> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 30.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note16" href = "#tag16">16.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">59</span> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 31.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note17" href = "#tag17">17.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">61</span> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 35.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note18" href = "#tag18">18.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">62</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 8. In Old Norse the sun is feminine, +and the moon masculine. See below, sections 11 and 12.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note19" href = "#tag19">19.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">63</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 40, 41. Comp. Vafthrudner’s Lay, 21.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note20" href = "#tag20">20.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">67</span> +That wolves follow the sun and moon, is a wide-spread popular +superstition. In Sweden, a parhelion is called Solvarg (sun-wolf).</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note21" href = "#tag21">21.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">68</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 43, 44.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note22" href = "#tag22">22.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">71</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 12, 14-16, 18, 19.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note23" href = "#tag23">23.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">74</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 24.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note24" href = "#tag24">24.</a> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 29.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note25" href = "#tag25">25.</a> +Elder Edda: Fafner’s Lay, 13.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note26" href = "#tag26">26.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">75</span> +The Icelandic barr. See Vigfusson, <i>sub voce</i>.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note27" href = "#tag27">27.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">76</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 35, 34.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note28" href = "#tag28">28.</a> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 22.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note29" href = "#tag29">29.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">78</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 70.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note30" href = "#tag30">30.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">79</span> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 37.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note31" href = "#tag31">31.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">80</span> +Elder Edda. Loke’s Quarrel, 29, 47.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note32" href = "#tag32">32.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">81</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 46-50.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note33" href = "#tag33">33.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">82</span> +Oku is derived from the Finnish thunder-god, Ukko.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note34" href = "#tag34">34.</a> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 24.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note35" href = "#tag35">35.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">83</span> +The author of the Younger Edda is here mistaken. See <a href = +"#note33">note on page 82</a>.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note36" href = "#tag36">36.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">84</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 12.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note37" href = "#tag37">37.</a> +Compare Vainamoinen, the son of Ukko, in the Finnish epic Kalevala.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note38" href = "#tag38">38.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">85</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 11.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note39" href = "#tag39">39.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">86</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 14.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note40" href = "#tag40">40.</a> +Icel. <i>frú</i> (Ger. <i>frau</i>; Dan. <i>frue</i>), pl. <i>frúr</i>, +means a lady. It is used of the wives of men of rank or title. It is +derived from Freyja.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note41" href = "#tag41">41.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">87</span> +This etymology is, however, erroneous, for the word is derived from +<i>oln</i> or <i>öln</i>, and the true form of the word is +<i>ölnliðr</i> = the ell-joint (wrist); thus we have +<i>ölnboge</i>—the elbow; <i>öln</i> = <i>alin</i> (Gr. <span +class = "greek" title = "Greek: ôdinê">ὠδίνη</span>; Lat. <i>ulna</i>; +cp. A.-S. <i>el-boga</i>; Eng. <i>elbow</i>) is the arm from the elbow +to the end of the middle finger, hence an ell in long measure.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note42" href = "#tag42">42.</a> +Compare the Anglo-Saxon <i>brego</i> = princeps, chief.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note43" href = "#tag43">43.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">89</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 13.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note44" href = "#tag44">44.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">90</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 15.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note45" href = "#tag45">45.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">92</span> +Possibly this ought to read the ninth world, which would correspond with +what we read on <a href = "#page72">page 72</a>, and in the Vala’s +Prophecy. See also notes. It may be a mistake of the transcriber.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note46" href = "#tag46">46.</a> +Both these words mean sloth.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note47" href = "#tag47">47.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">99</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note48" href = "#tag48">48.</a> +See <a href = "#page66">page 66</a>.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note49" href = "#tag49">49.</a> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note50" href = "#tag50">50.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">101</span> +This is the Niblung story in a nut-shell.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note51" href = "#tag51">51.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">102</span> +Elder Edda: Skirner’s Journey, 42.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note52" href = "#tag52">52.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">104</span> +The Fenris-wolf in Ragnarok.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note53" href = "#tag53">53.</a> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 18.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note54" href = "#tag54">54.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">105</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 19.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note55" href = "#tag55">55.</a> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 20.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note56" href = "#tag56">56.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">107</span> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 23.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note57" href = "#tag57">57.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">108</span> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 41.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note58" href = "#tag58">58.</a> +Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 44.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note59" href = "#tag59">59.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">112</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 29, 30.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note60" href = "#tag60">60.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">114</span> +Bonde = peasant.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note61" href = "#tag61">61.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">128</span> +Called Ymer in the Younger Edda, but the Elder Edda calls him Hymer.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note62" href = "#tag62">62.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">140</span> +Commit adultery.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note63" href = "#tag63">63.</a> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 48, 49.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note64" href = "#tag64">64.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">141</span> +Fenris-wolf.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note65" href = "#tag65">65.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">144</span> +Loke.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note66" href = "#tag66">66.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">145</span> +Frey.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note67" href = "#tag67">67.</a> +The Fenris-wolf.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note68" href = "#tag68">68.</a> +Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note69" href = "#tag69">69.</a> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 50-52, 54-57, 59, 60, 62, 63.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note70" href = "#tag70">70.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">146</span> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 18.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note71" href = "#tag71">71.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">184</span> +Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 40, 41.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note72" href = "#tag72">72.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">149</span> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 51.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note73" href = "#tag73">73.</a> +Holt = grove.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note74" href = "#tag74">74.</a> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 45.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note75" href = "#tag75">75.</a> +Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 47.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note76" href = "#tag76">76.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">169</span> +This part of the Younger Edda corresponds to the Latin Ars Poetica, and +contains the rules and laws of ancient poetry.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note77" href = "#tag77">77.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">174</span> +Thor’s.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note78" href = "#tag78">78.</a> +Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note79" href = "#tag79">79.</a> +Jord’s (= earth’s) son = Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note80" href = "#tag80">80.</a> +Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note81" href = "#tag81">81.</a> +Odin’s.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note82" href = "#tag82">82.</a> +The earth.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note83" href = "#tag83">83.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">175</span> +Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note84" href = "#tag84">84.</a> +Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note85" href = "#tag85">85.</a> +The giant Hrungner.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note86" href = "#tag86">86.</a> +Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note87" href = "#tag87">87.</a> +Thor’s.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note88" href = "#tag88">88.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">178</span> +Icelandic proverb.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note89" href = "#tag89">89.</a> +Icelandic proverb.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note90" href = "#tag90">90.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">182</span> +A river in Jotunheim.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note91" href = "#tag91">91.</a> +Thor’s kinsmen = the asas.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note92" href = "#tag92">92.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">183</span> +Thruda was a daughter of Thor and Sif.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note93" href = "#tag93">93.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">185</span> +A troll-woman.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note94" href = "#tag94">94.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">187</span> +Shield.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note95" href = "#tag95">95.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">198</span> +Elder Edda: the Lay of Fafner, 32, 33.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note96" href = "#tag96">96.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">205</span> +The drink of the Volsungs = venom; the tortuous venom-serpent = the +Midgard-serpent.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note97" href = "#tag97">97.</a> +Thor.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note98" href = "#tag98">98.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">208</span> +These words are spoken by the maidens while they put the mill +together.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note99" href = "#tag99">99.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">209</span> +Frode.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note100" href = "#tag100">100.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">211</span> +The mill.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note101" href = "#tag101">101.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">224</span> +Quoted from memory.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note102" href = "#tag102">102.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">225</span> +<ins class = "correction" title = +"so in original: ‘-sund’?">Njorvasound</ins>, the Straits of Gibraltar; +so called from the first Norseman who sailed through them. His name was +Njorve. See Ann. for nordisk Oldkyndighed, Vol. I, p. 58.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note103" href = "#tag103">103.</a> +See <a href = "#notes_enea">note, page 221</a>.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note104" href = "#tag104">104.</a> +Svithjod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient Sarmatia and Scythia +Magna, and formed the great part of the present European Russia. In the +mythological sagas it is also called Godheim; that is, the home of Odin +and the other gods. Svithjod the Less is Sweden proper, and is called +Mannheim; that is, the home of the kings, the descendants of the +gods.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note105" href = "#tag105">105.</a> +The Saracens’ land (Serkland) means North Africa and Spain, and the +Saracen countries in Asia; that is, Persia, Assyria, etc.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note106" href = "#tag106">106.</a> +Blueland, the country of the blacks in Africa, the country south of +Serkland, the modern Ethiopia.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note107" href = "#tag107">107.</a> +Tartareans.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note108" href = "#tag108">108.</a> +Kalmuks.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note109" href = "#tag109">109.</a> +Mongolians.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note110" href = "#tag110">110.</a> +The Tanais is the present Don river, which empties into the Sea of +Asov.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note111" href = "#tag111">111.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">226</span> +Asgard is supposed, by those who look for historical fact in +mythological tales, to be the present Assor; others, that it is Chasgar +in the Caucasian ridge, called by Strabo Aspargum the Asburg, or castle +of the asas. We still have in the Norse tongue the word Aas, meaning a +ridge of high land. The word asas is not derived from Asia, as Snorre +supposed. It is the O.H. Ger. <i>ans</i>; Anglo-Sax. <i>os</i> = a hero. +The word also means a pillar; and in this latter sense the gods are the +pillars of the universe. Connected with the word is undoubtedly Aas, a +mountain-ridge, as supporter of the skies; and this reminds us of +<i>Atlas</i>, as bearer of the world.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note112" href = "#tag112">112.</a> +The temple-priests performed the functions of priest and judge, and +their office continued hereditary throughout the heathen period of Norse +history.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note113" href = "#tag113">113.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">227</span> +See Norse Mythology, page 174.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note114" href = "#tag114">114.</a> +See Brage’s Talk, p. 160; and Norse Mythology, pp. 247 and 342.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note115" href = "#tag115">115.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">228</span> +In the Vala’s Prophecy of the Elder Edda it is said that Odin talks with +the head of Mimer before the coming of Ragnarok. See Norse Mythology, +p. 421.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note116" href = "#tag116">116.</a> +This shows that the vans must have belonged to the mythological system +of some older race that, like the ancient Romans (Liber and Libera), +recognized the propriety of marriage between brothers and sisters, at +least among their gods. Such marriages were not allowed among our Odinic +ancestors. Hence we see that when Njord, Frey and Freyja were admitted +to Asgard, they entered into new marriage relations. Njord married +Skade, Frey married Gerd, and Freyja married Oder. Our ancestors were +never savages!</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note117" href = "#tag117">117.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">229</span> +Turkland was usually supposed to mean Moldau and Wallachia. Some, who +regard the great mountain barrier as being the Ural Mountains, think +Turkland is Turkistan in Asia. Asia Minor is also frequently styled +Turkland.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note118" href = "#tag118">118.</a> +Ancient Norse writers connect this event with Mithridates and Pompey the +Great. They tell how Odin was a heroic prince who, with his twelve peers +or apostles, dwelt in the Black Sea region. He became straightened for +room, and so led the asas out of Asia into eastern Europe. Then they go +on to tell how the Roman empire had arrived at its highest point of +power, and saw all the then known world—the orbis +terrarum—subject to its laws, when an unforeseen event raised up +enemies against it from the very heart of the forests of Scythia, and on +the banks of the Don river. The leader was Mithridates the Great, +against whom the Romans waged three wars, and the Romans looked upon him +as the most formidable enemy the empire had ever had to contend with. +Cicero delivered his famous oration, Pro lege Manilia, and succeeded in +getting Pompey appointed commander of the third war against Mithridates. +The latter, by flying, had drawn Pompey after him into the wilds of +Scythia. Here the king of Pontus sought refuge and new means of +vengeance. He hoped to arm against the ambition of Rome all his +neighboring nations whose liberties she threatened. He was successful at +first, but all those Scythian peoples, ill-united as allies, ill-armed +as soldiers, and still worse disciplined, were at length forced to yield +to the genius of the great general Pompey. And here traditions tell us +that Odin and the other asas were among the allies of Mithridates. Odin +had been one of the gallant defenders of Troy, and at the same time, +with Æneas and Anchises, he had taken flight out of the burning and +falling city. Now he was obliged to withdraw a second time by flight, +but this time it was not from the Greeks, but from the Romans, whom he +had offended by assisting Mithridates. He was now compelled to go and +seek, in lands unknown to his enemies, that safety which he could no +longer find in the Scythian forests. He then proceeded to the north of +Europe, and laid the foundations of the Teutonic nations. As fast as he +subdued the countries in the west and north of Europe he gave them to +one or another of his sons to govern. Thus it comes to pass that so many +sovereign families throughout Teutondom are said to be descended from +Odin. Hengist and Horsa, the chiefs of those Saxons who conquered +Britain in the fifth century, counted Odin in the number of their +ancestors. The traditions go on to tell how he conquered Denmark, +founded Odinse (Odinsve = Odin’s Sanctuary; comp. <i>ve</i> with the +German <i>Wei</i> in <i>Weinacht</i>), and gave the kingdom to his son +Skjold (shield); how he conquered Sweden, founded the Sigtuna temple, +and gave the country to his son Yngve; how finally Norway had to submit +to him, and be ruled by a third son of Odin, Saming.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +It has been seriously contended,—and it would form an important +element in an epic based on the historical Odin,—that a desire of +being revenged on the Romans was one of the ruling principles of Odin’s +whole conduct. Driven by those foes of universal liberty from his former +home in the east, his resentment was the more violent, since the Teutons +thought it a sacred duty to revenge all injuries, especially those +offered to kinsmen or country. Odin had no other view in traversing so +many distant lands, and in establishing with so much zeal his doctrines +of valor, than to arouse all Teutonic nations, and unite them against so +formidable and odious a race as the Romans. And we, who live in the +light of the nineteenth century, and with the records before us, can +read the history of the convulsions of Europe during the decline of the +Roman empire; we can understand how that leaven, which Odin left in the +bosoms of the believers in the asa-faith, first fermented a long time in +secret; but we can also see how in the fullness of time, the signal +given, the descendants of Odin fell like a swarm of locusts upon this +unhappy empire, and, after giving it many terrible shocks, eventually +overturned it, thus completely avenging the insult offered so many +centuries before by Pompey to their founder Odin. We can understand how +it became possible for “those vast multitudes, which the populous north +poured from her frozen loins, to pass the Rhine and the Danube, and come +like a deluge on the south, and spread beneath Gibraltar and the Libyan +sands;” how it were possible, we say, for them so largely to remodel and +invigorate a considerable part of Europe, nay, how they could succeed in +overrunning and overturning “the rich but rotten, the mighty but +marrowless, the disciplined but diseased, Roman empire; that gigantic +and heartless and merciless usurpation of soulless materialism and +abject superstition of universal despotism, of systemized and relentless +plunder, and of depravity deep as hell.” In connection with this subject +we would refer our readers to Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, pp. 79-83, +where substantially the same account is given; to Norse Mythology, pp. +232-236; to George Stephen’s Runic Monuments, Vol. I; and to Charles +Kingsley’s The Roman and the Teuton.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note119" href = "#tag119">119.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">231</span> +Compare this version of the myth with the one given in the first chapter +of The Fooling of Gylfe. Many explain the myth to mean the breaking +through of the Baltic between Sweden and Denmark.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note120" href = "#tag120">120.</a> +Leidre or Leire, at the end of Isefjord, in the county of Lithraborg, is +considered the oldest royal seat in Denmark.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note121" href = "#tag121">121.</a> +Laage is a general name for lakes and rivers. It here stands for Lake +Malar, in Sweden.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note122" href = "#tag122">122.</a> +The grassy isle is Seeland.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note123" href = "#tag123">123.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">232</span> +Sigtun. <i>Sige</i>, Ger. Sieg, (comp. Sigfrid,) means victory, and is +one of Odin’s names; <i>tun</i> means an inclosure, and is the same word +as our modern English <i>town</i>. Thus Sigtun would, in modern English, +be called Odinstown; like our Johnstown, Williamstown, etc.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note124" href = "#tag124">124.</a> +Noatun, Thrudvang, Breidablik and Himinbjorg are purely mythological +names, and for their significance the reader is referred to The Fooling +of Gylfe. Snorre follows the lay of Grimner in the Elder Edda.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note125" href = "#tag125">125.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">233</span> +Berserk. The etymology of this word has been much contested. Some, upon +the authority of Snorre in the above quoted passage, derive it from berr +(<i>bare</i>) and serkr (comp. <i>sark</i>, Scotch for shirt); but this +etymology is inadmissible, because serkr is a substantive, not an +adjective. Others derive it from berr (Germ. <i>Bär</i> = <i>ursus</i>), +which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and +champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves and reindeer +(as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjalfe, +Bjarnhedinn, Ulfhedinn (hedinn, <i>pellis</i>),—“pellibus aut +parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur.” Cæsar, Bell. Gall. VI, 22. Even the +old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of +Hornklofi (beginning of the 10th century), a dialogue between a valkyrie +and a raven, where the valkyrie says at berserkja reiðu vil ek <ins +class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘pik’">þik</ins> spyrja, to which the raven replies, +Ulfhednar heita, <i>they are called wolf coats</i>. In battle the +berserks were subject to fits of frenzy, called <i>berserksgangr</i> +(<i>furor bersercicus</i>), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at +the mouth, and gnawed the iron rim of their shields. During these fits +they were, according to a popular belief, proof against steel and fire, +and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy. But when the fever +abated they were weak and tame. Vigfusson Cleasby’s Icelandic-English +Dictionary, <i>sub voce</i>.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note126" href = "#tag126">126.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">234</span> +In the mythology this ship belongs to Frey, having been made for him by +the dwarfs.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note127" href = "#tag127">127.</a> +Hugin and Munin.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note128" href = "#tag128">128.</a> +The old Norse word is órlög, which is plural, (from ör = Ger. <i>ur</i>, +and lög, <i>laws</i>,) and means the primal law, fate, weird, doom; the +Greek <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: moira">μοῖρα</span>. The +idea of predestination was a salient feature in the Odinic religion. The +word örlog, O.H.G. <i>urlac</i>, M.H.G. <i>urlone</i>, Dutch +<i>orlog</i>, had special reference to a man’s fate in war. Hence +Orlogschiffe in German means a naval fleet. The Danish orlog means +warfare at sea.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note129" href = "#tag129">129.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">236</span> +Svithjod, which here means Sweden, is derived from Odin’s name, Svidr +and thjod = folk, people. Svithjod thus means Odin’s people, and the +country takes its name from the people.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note130" href = "#tag130">130.</a> +Odin.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note131" href = "#tag131">131.</a> +Norway was given to Saming by Odin.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note132" href = "#tag132">132.</a> +He gave himself nine wounds in the form of the head of a spear, or +Thor’s hammer; that is, he marked himself with the sign of the +<i>cross</i>, an ancient heathen custom.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note133" href = "#tag133">133.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">239</span> +Here ends Snorre’s account of the asas in Heimskringla. The reader will, +of course, compare the account here given of Odin, Njord, Frey, Freyja, +etc., with the purely mythological description of them in the Younger +Edda, and with that in Norse Mythology. Upon the whole, Snorre has +striven to accommodate his sketch to the Eddas, while he has had to +clothe mythical beings with the characteristics of human kings. Like +Saxo-Grammaticus, Snorre has striven to show that the deities, which we +now recognize as personified forces and phenomena of nature, were +extraordinary and enterprising persons, who formerly ruled in the North, +and inaugurated the customs, government and religion of Norway, Sweden, +Denmark, Germany, England, and the other Teutonic lands.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note134" href = "#tag134">134.</a> +<span class = "pagenum note">240</span> +The word fornjot can be explained in two ways: either as for-njot = the +first enjoyer, possessor; or as forn-jot, the ancient giant. He would +then correspond to Ymer.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note135" href = "#tag135">135.</a> +Notice this trinity: Hler is the sea (comp. the Welsh word <i>llyr</i> = +sea); Loge is fire (comp. the Welsh <i>llwg</i>), he reminds us both by +his name and his nature of Loke; Kare is the wind.</p> + +<p class = "footnote sans"><a name = "trans_noteA" href = +"#trans_tagA">A.</a> +Transcriber’s Footnote: Zalmoxis or Salmoxis was a Thracian deity. The +word <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: Zalmos">Ζαλμός</span> is +defined by Liddell and Scott—a dictionary available to the +author—as Thracian for “a skin”.</p> + + +<hr class = "mid chapter"> + +<div class = "vocab"> + +<span class = "pagenum">275</span> +<a name = "page275"> </a> +<h3><a name = "vocab">VOCABULARY.</a></h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Adils.</span> A king who reigned in +Upsala.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ae.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Æger.</span> The god presiding over the +stormy sea.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alf.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfheim.</span> The home of the elves.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfrig.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alsvid.</span> One of the horses of +the sun.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Althjof.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alvis.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Amsvartner.</span> The name of the lake in +which the island was situated where the wolf Fenrer was chained.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andhrimner.</span> The cook in Valhal.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andlang.</span> The second heaven.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andvare.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andvare-naut.</span> The ring in the +Niblung story.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Angerboda.</span> A giantess; mother of the +Fenris-wolf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Annar.</span> Husband of Night and father +of Jord.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Arvak.</span> The name of one of the horses +of the sun.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asaheim.</span> The home of the asas.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asaland.</span> The land of the asas.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asas.</span> The Teutonic gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asa-thor.</span> A common name for +Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asgard.</span> The residence of the +gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ask.</span> The name of the first man +created by Odin, Honer and Loder.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aslaug.</span> Daughter of Sigurd and +Brynhild.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asmund.</span> A man visited by Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asynjes.</span> The Teutonic goddesses.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Atle.</span> Gudrun’s husband after the +death of Sigurd.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Atrid.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aud.</span> The son of Night and +Naglfare.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Audhumbla.</span> The cow that nourished +the giant Ymer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Audun.</span> A name derived from Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aurgelmer.</span> A giant; grandfather of +Bergelmer; the same as Ymer.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">276</span> +<a name = "page276"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Aurvang.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Austre.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Bafur.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Balder.</span> Son of Odin and Frigg, slain +by Hoder.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Baleyg.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bar-isle.</span> A cool grove in which Gerd +agreed with Skirner to meet Frey.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bauge.</span> A brother of Suttung. Odin +worked for him one summer, in order to get his help in obtaining +Suttung’s mead of poetry.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Beigud.</span> One of Rolf Krake’s +berserks.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bele.</span> A giant, brother of Gerd, +slain by Frey.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bergelmer.</span> A giant; son of +Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Berling.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bestla.</span> Wife of Bure and mother of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Biflide.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Biflinde.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bifrost.</span> The rainbow.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bifur.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bikke.</span> A minister of Jormunrek; +causes Randver to be hanged, and Svanhild trodden to death by +horses.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bil.</span> One of the children that +accompany Moon.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bileyg.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bilskirner.</span> Thor’s abode.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blain.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blodughofde.</span> Frey’s horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bodn.</span> One of the three jars in which +the poetic mead is kept.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bodvar bjarke.</span> One of Rolf Krake’s +berserks.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bol.</span> One of the rivers flowing out +of Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolthorn.</span> A giant; father of Bestla, +mother of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolverk.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bombur.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bor.</span> Son of Bure; father of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brage.</span> A son of Odin; the best of +skalds.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Breidablik.</span> The abode of Balder.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brimer.</span> One of the heavenly halls +after Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brising.</span> Freyja’s necklace.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brok.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brynhild.</span> One of the chief heroines +in the Niblung story.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Budle.</span> Father of Atle and +Brynhild.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bue.</span> A son of Vesete, who settled in +Borgundarholm.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">277</span> +<a name = "page277"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Bure.</span> Grandfather of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Byleist.</span> A brother of Loke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Byrger.</span> A well from which Bil and +Hjuke were going when they were taken by Moon.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Dain.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dain.</span> One of the stags that bite the +leaves of Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dainsleif.</span> Hogne’s sword.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Day.</span> Son of Delling.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Daybreak.</span> The father of Day.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Delling.</span> Daybreak.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dolgthvare.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dore.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Draupner.</span> Odin’s ring.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Drome.</span> One of the fetters with which +the Fenris-wolf was chained.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Duf.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Duney.</span> One of the stags that bite +the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Durathro.</span> One of the stags that bite +the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Durin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dvalin.</span> One of the stags that bite +the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dvalin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Eikinskjalde.</span> A +dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eikthyrner.</span> A hart that stands over +Odin’s hall.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eilif.</span> Son of Gudrun; a skald.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eimyrja.</span> One of the daughters of +Haloge and Glod.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eindride.</span> A name of Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eir.</span> An attendant of Menglod, and +the best of all in the healing art.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ekin.</span> One of the rivers flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elder.</span> A servant of Æger.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eldhrimner.</span> The kettle in which the +boar Sahrimner is cooked in Valhal.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elivogs.</span> The ice-cold streams that +flow out of Niflheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eljudner.</span> Hel’s hall.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elle.</span> An old woman (old age) with +whom Thor wrestled in Jotunheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Embla.</span> The first woman created by +Odin, Honer and Loder.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Endil.</span> The name of a giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Erp.</span> A son of Jonaker, murdered by +Sorle and Hamder.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eylime.</span> The father of Hjordis, +mother of Volsung.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eysa.</span> One of the daughters of Haloge +and Glod.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Fafner.</span> Son of +Hreidmar, killed by Sigurd.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">278</span> +<a name = "page278"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Fal.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Falhofner.</span> One of the horses of the +gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farbaute.</span> The father of Loke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farmagod.</span> One of the names of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farmatyr.</span> One of the names of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fenja.</span> A female slave who ground at +Frode’s mill.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fenris-wolf.</span> The monster wolf, son +of Loke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fensaler.</span> The abode of Frigg.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fid.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">File.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimafeng.</span> Æger’s servant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbulthul.</span> One of the streams +flowing from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul-tyr.</span> The unknown god.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul-winter.</span> The great and awful +winter of three years duration preceding Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Finnsleif.</span> A byrnie belonging to +King Adils, of Upsala.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjalar.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjolner.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjolsvid.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjorgvin.</span> The mother of Frigg and of +Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjorm.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Folkvang.</span> Freyja’s abode.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Form.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fornjot.</span> The ancient giant; the +father of Æger.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Forsete.</span> The peace-maker; son of +Balder and Nanna.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frananger force.</span> The waterfall into +which Loke cast himself in the likeness of a salmon.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Freke.</span> One of Odin’s wolves.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frey.</span> Son of Njord and husband of +Skade.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Freyja.</span> The daughter of Njord and +sister of Frey.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fridleif.</span> A son of Skjold.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frigg.</span> Wife of Odin and mother of +the gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frode.</span> Grandson of Skjold.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Froste.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fulla.</span> Frigg’s attendant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fundin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fyre.</span> A river in Sweden.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Gagnrad.</span> A name of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Galar.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gandolf.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">279</span> +<a name = "page279"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Gang.</span> A giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglare.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglate.</span> Hel’s man-servant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglere.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglot.</span> Hel’s maid-servant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gangrad.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gardrofa.</span> A horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Garm.</span> A dog that barks at +Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gaut.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gefjun.</span> A goddess; she is present at +Æger’s feast.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gefn.</span> One of the names of +Freyja.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirahod.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirrod.</span> A giant visited by +Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geir Skogul.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirvimul.</span> One of the streams +flowing from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gelgja.</span> The fetter with which the +Fenris-wolf was chained.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gerd.</span> A beautiful giantess, daughter +of Gymer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gere.</span> One of Odin’s wolves.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gersame.</span> One of the daughters of +Freyja.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gilling.</span> Father of Suttung, who +possessed the poetic mead.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gimle.</span> The abode of the righteous +after Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginnar.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginungagap.</span> The premundane +abyss.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gipul.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gisl.</span> One of the horses of the +gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-bridge.</span> The bridge across +the river Gjol, near Helheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-horn.</span> Heimdal’s horn.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-river.</span> The river near +Helheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjalp.</span> One of the daughters of +Geirrod.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjuke.</span> A king in Germany, visited by +Sigurd.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gladsheim.</span> Odin’s dwelling.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glam.</span> The name of a giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glapsvid.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glaser.</span> A grove in Asgard.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gleipner.</span> The last fetter with which +the wolf Fenrer was bound.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glener.</span> The husband of Sol +(sun).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gler.</span> One of the horses of the +gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glitner.</span> Forsete’s hall.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gloin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gna.</span> Frigg’s messenger.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gnipa-cave.</span> The cave before which +the dog Garm barks.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">280</span> +<a name = "page280"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Gnita-heath.</span> Fafner’s abode, where he +kept the treasure of the Niblungs.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goin.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gol.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goldfax.</span> The giant Hrungner’s +horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gomul.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gondler.</span> One of the names of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gondul.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gopul.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Got.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gote.</span> Gunnar’s horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gothorm.</span> A son of Gjuke; murders +Sigurd, and is slain by him.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grabak.</span> One of the serpents under +Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grad.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grafvitner.</span> A serpent under +Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grafvollud.</span> A serpent under +Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gram.</span> Sigurd’s sword.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grane.</span> Sigurd’s horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Greip.</span> One of the daughters of +Geirrod.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grid.</span> A giantess visited by +Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gridarvol.</span> Grid’s staff.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grim.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grimhild.</span> Gjuke’s queen.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grimner.</span> One of the names of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grjottungard.</span> The place where Thor +fought with Hrungner.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Groa.</span> A giantess, mother of +Orvandel.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grotte.</span> The name of King Frode’s +mill.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gud.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gudny.</span> One of the children of +Gjuke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gudrun.</span> The famous daughter of +Gjuke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullinburste.</span> The name of Frey’s +boar.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullintanne.</span> A name of Heimdal.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gulltop.</span> Heimdal’s horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullveig.</span> A personification of gold; +she is pierced and burnt.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gungner.</span> Odin’s spear.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunlat.</span> The daughter of the giant +Suttung.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunn.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunnar.</span> The famous son of Gjuke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunthrain.</span> One of the rivers flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gwodan.</span> An old name for Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">281</span> +<a name = "page281"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Gylfe.</span> A king of Svithjod, who visited +Asgard under the name of Ganglere.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gyller.</span> One of the horses of the +gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gymer.</span> Another name of the ocean +divinity Æger.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Habrok.</span> A celebrated +hero.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hallinskide.</span> Another name of +Heimdal.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Haloge.</span> A giant, son of Fornjot; +also called Loge.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hamder.</span> Son of Jonaker and Gudrun, +incited by his mother to avenge his sister’s death.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hamskerper.</span> A horse; the sire of +Hofvarpner, which was Gna’s horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hangagod.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hangatyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Haptagod.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Har.</span> The High One; applied to +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Harbard.</span> A name assumed by Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hate.</span> The wolf bounding before the +sun, and will at last catch the moon.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heide.</span> Another name for +Gullveig.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heidrun.</span> A goat that stands over +Valhal.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heimdal.</span> The god of the rainbow.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heimer.</span> Brynhild’s +foster-father.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hel.</span> The goddess of death; daughter +of Loke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helblinde.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helmet-bearer.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hengekjapt.</span> The man to whom King +Frode gave his mill.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hepte.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heran.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herjan.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hermod.</span> The god who rode on Sleipner +to Hel, to get Balder back.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herteit.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hild.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hildesvin.</span> A helmet, which King +Adils took from King Ale.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Himinbjorg.</span> Heimdal’s dwelling.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hindfell.</span> The place where Brynhild +sat in her hall, surrounded by the Vafurloge.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjalmbore.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjalprek.</span> A king in Denmark; +collects a fleet for Sigurd.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjatle the valiant.</span> One of Rolf +Krake’s berserks.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjordis.</span> Married to Sigmund, and +mother of Sigurd.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">282</span> +<a name = "page282"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Hjuke.</span> One of the children that +accompany Moon.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hledjolf.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hler.</span> Another name of Æger.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlidskjalf.</span> The seat of Odin, whence +he looked out over all the world.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlin.</span> One of the attendants of +Frigg; Frigg herself is sometimes called by this name.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlodyn.</span> Thor’s mother.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlok.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hloride.</span> A name of Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hniker.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnikud.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnitbjorg.</span> The place where Suttung +hid the poetic mead.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnos.</span> Freyja’s daughter.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hoder.</span> The slayer of Balder; he is +blind.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hodmimer’s-holt.</span> The grove where the +two human beings, Lif and Lifthraser, were preserved during +Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hofvarpner.</span> Gna’s horse.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hogne.</span> A son of Gjuke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Honer.</span> One of the three creating +gods; with Odin and Loder he creates Ask and Embla.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hor.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Horn.</span> A name of Freyja.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrasvelg.</span> A giant in an eagle’s +plumage, who produces the wind.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hreidmar.</span> The father of Regin and +Fafner.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrib.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrimfaxe.</span> The horse of Night.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hringhorn.</span> The ship upon which +Balder’s body was burned.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrist.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrodvitner.</span> A wolf; father of the +wolf Hate.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hron.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hroptatyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrotte.</span> Fafner’s sword.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrungner.</span> A giant; Thor +slew him.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrym.</span> A giant, who steers the ship +Naglfar at Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hvergelmer.</span> The fountain in the +middle of Niflheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Huge.</span> A person (Thought) who ran a +race with Thjalfe, in Jotunheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hugist.</span> One of Odin’s ravens.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hugstore.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">283</span> +<a name = "page283"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Hymer.</span> A giant with whom Thor went +fishing when he caught the Midgard-serpent.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hyndla.</span> A vala visited by +Freyja.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hyrroken.</span> A giantess who launched +the ship on which Balder was burned.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ida.</span> A plain where +the gods first assemble, and where they assemble again after +Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Idavold.</span> The same.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ide.</span> A giant, son of Olvalde.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Idun.</span> Wife of Brage; she kept the +rejuvenating apples.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ironwood.</span> The abode of giantesses +called Jarnveds.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Iva.</span> A river in Jotunheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ivald.</span> The father of the dwarfs that +made Sif’s hair, the ship Skidbladner, and Odin’s spear Gungner.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Jafnhar.</span> A name of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jalg.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jalk.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jarnsaxa.</span> One of Heimdal’s nine +giant mothers.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jarnved.</span> The same as Ironwood.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Jarnvidjis’"><span +class = "smallcaps">Jarnvidjes.</span></ins> The giantesses dwelling in +Ironwood.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jord.</span> Wife of Odin, mother of +Thor.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Jormundgand’"><span +class = "smallcaps">Jormungand.</span></ins> The Midgard-serpent.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jormunrek.</span> King of Goths, marries +Svanhild.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Joruvold.</span> The country where Aurvang +is situated. Thence come several dwarfs.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jotunheim.</span> The home of the +giants.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Kerlaugs.</span> The rivers +that Thor every day must cross.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kile.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kjaler.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kormt.</span> A river which Thor every day +must cross.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kvaser.</span> The hostage given by the +vans to the asas; his blood, when slain, was the poetical meed kept by +Suttung.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Lading.</span> One of the +fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Landvide.</span> Vidar’s abode.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Laufey.</span> Loke’s mother.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Leipt.</span> One of the rivers flowing out +of Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lerad.</span> A tree near Valhal.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Letfet.</span> One of the horses of the +gods.</p> + +<table class = "group"> +<tr> +<td class = "group smallcaps">Lif.</td> +<td class = "leftline" rowspan = "2"><p class = "nospace"> +The two persons preserved in Hodmimer’s-holt during Ragnarok.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "group smallcaps">Lifthraser.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lit.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">284</span> +<a name = "page284"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Ljosalfaheim.</span> The home of the light +elves.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loder.</span> One of the three gods who +created Ask and Embla.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lofn.</span> One of the asynjes.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loge.</span> A giant who tried his strength +at eating with Loke in Jotunheim.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loke.</span> The giant-god of the Norse +mythology.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lopt.</span> Another name for Loke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lovar.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lyngve.</span> The island where the +Fenris-wolf was chained.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Magne.</span> A son of +Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mannheim.</span> The home of man; our +earth.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mardol.</span> One of the names of +Freyja.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Megingjarder.</span> Thor’s belt.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Meile.</span> A son of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Menglad.</span> Svipdag’s betrothed.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Menja.</span> A female slave who ground at +Frode’s mill.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Midgard.</span> The name of the earth in +the mythology.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Midvitne.</span> A giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mimer.</span> The name of the wise giant; +keeper of the holy well.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mist.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjodvitner.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjolner.</span> Thorn’s hammer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjotud.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mode.</span> One of Thor’s sons.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modgud.</span> The may who guards the +Gjallar-bridge.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modsogner.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moin.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mokkerkalfe.</span> A clay giant in the +myth of Thor and Hrungner.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moon, brother of sun.</span> Both children +of Mundilfare.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moongarm.</span> A wolf of Loke’s +offspring; he devours the moon.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Morn.</span> A troll-woman.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mundilfare.</span> Father of the sun and +moon.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Munin.</span> One of Odin’s ravens.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Muspel.</span> The name of an abode of +fire.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Muspelheim.</span> The world of blazing +light before the creation.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Na.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Naglfar.</span> A mythical ship made of +nail-parings; it appears in Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nain.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nal.</span> Mother of Loke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nanna.</span> Daughter of Nep; mother of +Forsete, and wife of Balder.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">285</span> +<a name = "page285"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Nare.</span> Sod of Loke; also called +Narfe.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Narfe.</span> <i>See</i> Nare.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nastrand.</span> A place of punishment for +the wicked after Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nep.</span> Father of Nanna.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niblungs.</span> Identical with +Gjukungs.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nida mountains.</span> A place where there +is, after Ragnarok, a golden hall for the race of Sindre (the +dwarfs).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nide.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nidhug.</span> A serpent in the nether +world.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niflheim.</span> The world of mist before +the creation.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niflungs.</span> Identical with +Niblungs.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Night.</span> Daughter of Norfe.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nikar.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nikuz.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niping.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Njord.</span> A van; husband of Skade, and +father of Frey and Freyja.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Noatun.</span> Njord’s dwelling.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Non.</span> One of the streams flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nor.</span> The man after whom Norway was +supposed to have been named.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nordre.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Norfe.</span> A giant, father of Night.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Norns.</span> The weird sisters.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Not.</span> One of the streams flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ny.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nye.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nyrad.</span> A dwarf.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Oder.</span> Freyja’s +husband.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Odin.</span> Son of Bor and Bestla; the +chief of Teutonic gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Odrarer.</span> One of the vessels in which +the poetic mead was kept.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ofner.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oku-thor.</span> A name of Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Olvalde.</span> A giant; father of Thjasse, +Ide and Gang.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ome.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Onar.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orboda.</span> Wife of the giant Gymer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ore.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ormt.</span> One of the rivers that Thor +has to cross.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orner.</span> The name of a giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">286</span> +<a name = "page286"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Orvandel.</span> The husband of Groa, the vala +who sang magic songs over Thor after he had fought with Hrungner.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oske.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Otter.</span> A son of Hreidmar; in the +form of an otter he was killed by Loke.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Quaser.</span> <i>See</i> +Kvaser.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Radgrid.</span> A +valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Radsvid.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rafnagud.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ragnarok.</span> The last day; the +dissolution of the gods and the world; the twilight of the gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ran.</span> The goddess of the sea; wife of +Æger.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Randgrid.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Randver.</span> A son of Jormunrek.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ratatosk.</span> A squirrel in +Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rate.</span> An auger used by Odin in +obtaining the poetic mead.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Regin.</span> Son of Hreidmar.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Reginleif.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Reidartyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rek.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rind.</span> Mother of Vale.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rogner.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Roskva.</span> Thor’s maiden follower.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Sahrimner.</span> The boar +on which the gods and heroes in Valhal live.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sad.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Saga.</span> The goddess of history.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sager.</span> The bucket carried by Bil and +Hjuke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sangetal.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sekin.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sessrymner.</span> Freyja’s palace.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Siar.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sid.</span> A stream flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sidhot.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sidskeg.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sif.</span> Thor’s wife.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigfrid.</span> The hero in the Niblung +story; the same as Sigurd.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigmund.</span> Son of Volsung. Also son of +Sigurd and Gudrun.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sindre.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigtyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigyn.</span> Loke’s wife.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">287</span> +<a name = "page287"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Sigurd.</span> The hero in the Niblung story; +identical with Sigfrid.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Silvertop.</span> One of the horses of the +gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Simul.</span> The pole on which Bil and +Hjuke carried the bucket.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sinfjotle.</span> Son of Sigmund.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Siner.</span> One of the horses of the +gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sjofn.</span> One of the asynjes.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skade.</span> A giantess; daughter of +Thjasse and wife of Njord.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skeggold.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skeidbrimer.</span> One of the horses of +the gods.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skidbladner.</span> Frey’s ship.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skifid.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skifir.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skilfing.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skinfaxe.</span> The horse of Day.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skirner.</span> Frey’s messenger.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skogul.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skol.</span> The wolf that pursues +the sun.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skrymer.</span> The name assumed by +Utgard-Loke; a giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skuld.</span> The norn of the future.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sleipner.</span> Odin’s eight-footed +steed.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Slid.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Slidrugtanne.</span> Frey’s boar.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Snotra.</span> One of the asynjes.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sokmimer.</span> A giant slain by Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sokvabek.</span> A mansion, where Odin and +Saga quaff from golden beakers.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sol.</span> Daughter of Mundilfare.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Son.</span> One of the vessels containing +the poetic mead.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sorle.</span> Son of Jonaker and Gudrun; +avenges the death of Svanhild.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sudre.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sun.</span> Identical with Sol.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Surt.</span> Guards Muspelheim. A +fire-giant in Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Suttung.</span> The giant possessing the +poetic mead.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svade.</span> A giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svadilfare.</span> A horse, the sire of +Sleipner.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svafner.</span> A serpent under +Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = +"inconsistent spelling in original"><span class = +"smallcaps">Svanhild.</span></ins> Daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svarin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svartalfaheim.</span> The home of the +swarthy elves.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svarthofde.</span> The ancestor of all +enchanters.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svasud.</span> The name of a giant; father +of summer.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">288</span> +<a name = "page288"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Sviagris.</span> A ring demanded by the +berserks for Rolf Krake.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svid.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidar.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidr.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidre.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidrir.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidur.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svipdag.</span> The betrothed of +Menglad.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svipol.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svol.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svolne.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sylg.</span> A stream flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Syn.</span> A minor goddess.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Syr.</span> A name of Freyja.</p> + +<table class = "group space"> +<tr> +<td class = "group smallcaps">Tangnjost.</td> +<td class = "leftline" rowspan = "2"><p class = "nospace"> +Thor’s goats.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "group smallcaps">Tangrisner.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thek.</span> A dwarf; also a name of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjalfe.</span> The name of Thor’s +man-servant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjasse.</span> A giant; the father of +Njord’s wife, Skade.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjodnuma.</span> One of the streams +flowing from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thok.</span> Loke in the disguise of a +woman.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thol.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thor.</span> Son of Odin and Fjorgyn. The +god of thunder.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thorin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thorn.</span> A giant.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thride.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thro.</span> A dwarf; also a name of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Throin.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thror.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thrud.</span> A valkyrie.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thud.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thul.</span> A stream flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thund.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thvite.</span> A stone used in chaining the +Fenris-wolf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thyn.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Tyr.</span> The one-armed god +of war.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ud.</span> A name of +Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ukko.</span> The god of thunder in Tshudic +mythology.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ukko-thor.</span> A name for Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Uller.</span> Son of Sif and step-son of +Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Urd.</span> The norn of the past.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">289</span> +<a name = "page289"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Utgard.</span> The abode of the giant +Utgard-Loke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Utgard-loke.</span> A giant visited by +Thor; identical with Skrymer.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Vafthrudner.</span> A giant +visited by Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vafud.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vafurloge.</span> The bickering flame +surrounding Brynhild on Hindfell.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vak.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valaskjalf.</span> One of Odin’s +dwellings.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vale.</span> Brother of Balder; kills +Hoder.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valhal.</span> The hall to which Odin +invites those slain in battle.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vanadis.</span> A name of Freyja.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vanaheim.</span> The home of the vans.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Var.</span> The goddess of betrothals and +marriages.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vartare.</span> The thread with which the +mouth of Loke was sewed together.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vasad.</span> The grandfather of +Winter.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ve.</span> A brother of Odin. (Odin, Vile +and Ve).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vedfolner.</span> A hawk in Ygdrasil.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vegsvin.</span> One of the streams flowing +from Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vegtam.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Veratyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Verdande.</span> The norn of the +present.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vestre.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vid.</span> One of the streams flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidar.</span> Son of Odin and the giantess +Grid.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidblain.</span> The third heaven.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidfin.</span> The father of Bil and +Hjuke.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidolf.</span> The ancestor of the +valas.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidrer.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidur.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vig.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vigrid.</span> The field of battle where +the gods and the hosts of Surt meet in Ragnarok.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vile.</span> Brother of Odin +and Ve.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vilmeide.</span> The ancestor of all +wizards.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vimer.</span> A river that Thor +crosses.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vin.</span> A river that flows from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vina.</span> A river that flows from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vindalf.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vindlong.</span> One of the names of the +father of winter.</p> + +<p><span class = "pagenum">290</span> +<a name = "page290"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Vindsval.</span> One of the names of the +father of winter.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingner.</span> A name of Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingolf.</span> The palace of the +asynjes.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingthor.</span> A name of Thor.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Virfir.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vit.</span> A dwarf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Volsungs.</span> The descendants of +Volsung.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Von.</span> A river formed by the saliva +running from the mouth <ins class = "correction" title = "illegible">of +the</ins> chained Fenris-wolf.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vor.</span> One of the asynjes.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Wodan.</span> A name of +Odin.</p> + + +<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ydaler.</span> Uller’s +dwelling.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Yg.</span> A name of Odin.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ygdrasil.</span> The world-embracing +ash-tree.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ylg.</span> One of the streams flowing from +Hvergelmer.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ymer.</span> The huge giant out of whose +body the world was cr<ins class = "correction" title = +"illegible">eated.</ins></p> + +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">291</span> +<a name = "page291"> </a> +<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "index">INDEX.</a></h3> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Page references in the 5-10 range were left unlinked, as they do not +correspond reliably to actual citations; pages 5 and 6 do not exist +at all. It is possible that the Preface was rewritten and repaginated +between 1879 (the original date of the book) and 1901 (the date of the +printing used as the basis for this e-text). +</p> + +<div class = "index"> + +<table> +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>A - Annar</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td width = "50%"> +<p>Abel, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Academy (London), <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Achilleus, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = +"#page168">168</a>.</p> + +<p>Adam, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>Adela, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Adils, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href = +"#page217">217</a>.</p> + +<p>Ae, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Æger, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page154">154</a>, <a +href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href = +"#page162">162</a>, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href = +"#page169">169</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>-189, <a href = +"#page196">196</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Æneas, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href = +"#page221">221</a>-224, <a href = "#page229">229</a>, <a href = +"#page242">242</a>.</p> + +<p>Africa and Africans, <a href = "#page36">36</a>, <a href = +"#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Ainbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Ainos, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p> + +<p>Aldafather, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Ale, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a +href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Alf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Alfather, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a +href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = +"#page80">80</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href = +"#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href = +"#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Alfheim, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = +"#page183">183</a>.</p> + +<p>Alfrig, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p> + +<p>Alsace, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Alsvid, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Althjof, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Alvis, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p> + +<p>America, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = +"#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Amsvartner, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p> + +<p>Anchises, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Andhrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p> + +<p>Andlang, <a href = "#page78">78</a>.</p> + +<p>Andvare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page194">194</a>, <a +href = "#page195">195</a>, <a href = "#page199">199</a>-201.</p> + +<p>Andvarenaut, <a href = "#page200">200</a>.</p> + +<p>Angerboda, <a href = "#page91">91</a>.</p> + +<p>Anglo-Saxon, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p> + +<p>Annan, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Annar, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Argulos - Austria</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Argulos, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p> + +<p>Ariadne, <a href = "#page29">29</a>.</p> + +<p>Ariel, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p> + +<p>Ark, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>Arndt, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href = +"#page258">258</a>.</p> + +<p>Arvak, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Asaheim, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Asaland, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href = +"#page234">234</a>.</p> + +<p>Asas, <a href = "#page79">79</a>-90.</p> + +<p>Asa-Thor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Asburg, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>Asgard, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page51">51</a>, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = +"#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = +"#page69">69</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href = +"#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href = +"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page156">156</a>-158, <a href = +"#page164">164</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>-176, <a href = +"#page181">181</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, <a href = +"#page191">191</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href = +"#page226">226</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = +"#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page237">237</a>.</p> + +<p>Asia, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href += "#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>-229.</p> + +<p>Asiamen, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>.</p> + +<p>Ask, 5, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Aslaug, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p> + +<p>Asmund, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = +"#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Aspargum, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>Asov, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Assor, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Asynjes, <a href = "#page97">97</a>-100.</p> + +<p>Assyrians, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a +href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Atlas, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>Atle, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-202, <a href = +"#page251">251</a>.</p> + +<p>Atra, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Atrid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Aud, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>Audhumbla, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, <a href = +"#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Audun, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p> + +<p>Aurgelmer, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Aurvang, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Austre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Austria, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>B - Bjarnhedinn</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Baal, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>Babylon, <a href = "#page39">39</a>.</p> + +<p>Bafur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Balder, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page8">8</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = +"#page131">131</a>-136, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href = +"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>, <a href = +"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Baleyg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a +href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Baltic, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href = +"#page231">231</a>.</p> + +<p>Banquo, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p> + +<p>Bar, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href += "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Bar-Isle, <a href = "#page102">102</a>.</p> + +<p>Bauge, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, <a href = +"#page163">163</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">292</span> +<a name = "page292"> </a> +<p>Bavaria, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p> + +<p>Bedvig, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Beigud, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Bel, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>Beldegg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Bele, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a +href = "#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>, <a href = +"#page262">262</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Beowulf, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p> + +<p>Bergelmer, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Bergmann, Fr., <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = +"#page221">221</a>.</p> + +<p>Berling, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p> + +<p>Bestla, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Biflide, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Biflinde, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a +href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Bifrost, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a +href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = +"#page88">88</a>, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, <a href = +"#page142">142</a>.</p> + +<p>Bifur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Bikke, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href = +"#page203">203</a>.</p> + +<p>Bil, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href += "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Bileyg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Bilskirner, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Bjaf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Bjalfe, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p> + +<p>Bjar, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Bjarnhedinn, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Black Sea - Byrger</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Black Sea, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Blackwell, W. L., <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href = +"#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Blain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Blind, Karl, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-256.</p> + +<p>Blodughofde, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Blueland, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>Bodn, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p> + +<p>Bodvar Bjarke, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Bol, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Bolthorn, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Bolverk, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, <a +href = "#page163">163</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Bombur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Bor, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href += "#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Borgundarholm, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Bornholm, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Bothnia, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Brage, 6, 9, <a href = +"#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, <a href = +"#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href = +"#page108">108</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page154">154</a>, <a href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href = +"#page160">160</a>, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href = +"#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, <a href = +"#page184">184</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page189">189</a>, <a href = "#page205">205</a>, <a href = +"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Brander, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Breidablik, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Brimer, <a href = "#page147">147</a>, <a href = +"#page166">166</a>.</p> + +<p>Brising, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, <a +href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p> + +<p>Britain, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Brok, <a href = "#page190">190</a>-192.</p> + +<p>Brynhild, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-201, <a href = +"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Budd, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Buddha, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Budle, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, <a href = +"#page201">201</a>.</p> + +<p>Bue, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Bugge, Sophus, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Bure, 5, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Byleist, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = +"#page144">144</a>.</p> + +<p>Byrger, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>C</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Cæsar, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p> + +<p>Cain, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Carlyle, Sir Thomas, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href = +"#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Carthage, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, <a href = +"#page242">242</a>.</p> + +<p>Cato, the Elder, <a href = "#page31">31</a>.</p> + +<p>Caucasian, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>Celtic, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, +<a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Cerberos, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Chaldeans, <a href = "#page40">40</a>.</p> + +<p>Chasgar, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>China, <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>Chlotildis, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Christ, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, +<a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Cicero, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Columbus, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p> + +<p>Cottle, A. S., <a href = "#page15">15</a>.</p> + +<p>Crete, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page39">39</a>-42.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>D</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Dain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Dainsleif, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p> + +<p>Dane, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Danube, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Dardanos, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p> + +<p>Dasent, G. W., <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href = +"#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Day, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Daybreak, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>Delling, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>Denmark, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page206">206</a>, <a +href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href = +"#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = +"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = +"#page242">242</a>, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Dido, <a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p> + +<p>Dietrich, Fr., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Dippold, G. Theo., <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Dolgthvare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Don, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Dore, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Dornröschen, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p> + +<p>Draupner, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, +<a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p> + +<p>Drome, <a href = "#page93">93</a>.</p> + +<p>Duf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Duney, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Durathro, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Durin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Dvalin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a +href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">293</span> +<a name = "page293"> </a> +<h5>E</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Egilsson, S., <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = +"#page19">19</a>.</p> + +<p>Eikenskjalde, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Eikthyrner, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Eilif, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>Eimyrja, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Eindride, <a href = "#page175">175</a>.</p> + +<p>Eir, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>Ekin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Elder, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p> + +<p>Eldhrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p> + +<p>Elenus, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p> + +<p>Eline, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p> + +<p>Elivogs, 5, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a +href = "#page59">59</a>, <a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href = +"#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Eljudner, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p> + +<p>Elle, <a href = "#page124">124</a>, <a href = "#page127">127</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Embla, 5, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href += "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Emerson, R. W., <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p> + +<p>Endil, <a href = "#page180">180</a>.</p> + +<p>Enea, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a +href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>England, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a +href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = +"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>, <a href = +"#page258">258</a>.</p> + +<p>Erichthonios, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p> + +<p>Erp, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-205.</p> + +<p>Ethiopia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Ettmüller, Ludw., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Europe, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>-230, +<a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p> + +<p>Eve, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>Eylime, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p> + +<p>Eysa, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Eyvind Skaldespiller, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>F - Fjorm</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Fafner, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-201, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Fal, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Falhofner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Farbaute, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = +"#page185">185</a>.</p> + +<p>Farmagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Farmatyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page165">165</a>, +<a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Faye, A., <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p> + +<p>Fenja, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-208, <a href = +"#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Fenris-wolf, 8, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a +href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = "#page104">104</a>, <a href = +"#page141">141</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href = +"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href = +"#page168">168</a>.</p> + +<p>Fensaler, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = +"#page132">132</a>.</p> + +<p>Fid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>File, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Fimafeng, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p> + +<p>Fimbul, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p> + +<p>Fimbulthul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Fimbul-tyr, 5, 6, <a +href = "#page8">8</a>.</p> + +<p>Fimbul-winter, 7, <a href = +"#page140">140</a>, <a href = "#page264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>Finnish, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Finnsleif, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Fjalar, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href = +"#page161">161</a>.</p> + +<p>Fjarlaf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Fjolner, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a +href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href = +"#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Fjolsvid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, +<a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Fjorgvin, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>Fjorm, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Folkvang - Fyrisvold</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Folkvang, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Forestier, Auber, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>, <a href = +"#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Form, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Fornjot, <a href = "#page239">239</a>-243.</p> + +<p>Forsete, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, <a +href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Frananger Force, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p> + +<p>Frankland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Fraser’s Magazine, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p> + +<p>Freke, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p> + +<p>Freovit, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Frey, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page8">8</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href = "#page101">101</a>-103, <a href = +"#page109">109</a>-112, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href = +"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href = +"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page191">191</a>, <a href = "#page192">192</a>, <a href = +"#page227">227</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = +"#page237">237</a>-239, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>Freyja, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href = +"#page86">86</a>, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = +"#page110">110</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href = +"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href = +"#page170">170</a>, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, <a href = +"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = +"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href = +"#page262">262</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Fridleif, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a +href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p> + +<p>Frigialand, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p> + +<p>Frigg, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = +"#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href = +"#page94">94</a>, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = +"#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page131">131</a>-136, <a href = +"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page176">176</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page227">227</a>.</p> + +<p>Frigia, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p> + +<p>Frigida, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Frjodiger, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Frode, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-213, +<a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Froste, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a +href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Fulla, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a +href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p> + +<p>Fundin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Funen, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p> + +<p>Fyre, <a href = "#page216">216</a>.</p> + +<p>Fyrisvold, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page217">217</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>G - Gissur</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Gaelic, <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p> + +<p>Gagnrad, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Galar, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href = +"#page161">161</a>.</p> + +<p>Gandolf, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Gandvik, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>Gang, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p> + +<p>Ganglare, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">294</span> +<a name = "page294"> </a> +<p>Ganglate, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p> + +<p>Ganglere, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Ganglot, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p> + +<p>Gangrad, <a href = "#page58">58</a>.</p> + +<p>Gardarike, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Gardie, de la, <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Gardrofa, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Garm, 8, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, <a href += "#page143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>Gaut, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>Gave, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Gefjun, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a +href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>, <a href = +"#page242">242</a>.</p> + +<p>Gefn, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>Gegenwart, Die, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Geibel, Em., <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Geir, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Geirabod, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Geirrod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page176">176</a>-183, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = +"#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Geir Skogul, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Geirvimul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Gelgja, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p> + +<p>Gelmer, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Gerd, <a href = "#page101">101</a>-113, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href = +"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Gere, <a href = "#page105">105</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p> + +<p>Germania (of Tacitus), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Germany, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a +href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>-256.</p> + +<p>Gersame, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Gertraud, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Gibraltar, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Gill, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Gilling, <a href = "#page161">161</a>.</p> + +<p>Gimle, 9, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href += "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page78">78</a>, <a href = +"#page147">147</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Ginnar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Ginungagap, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a +href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = +"#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>-249.</p> + +<p>Gipul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Gisl, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Gissur, Jarl, <a href = "#page24">24</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Gjallar - Goransson</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Gjallar-bridge, <a href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href = +"#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Gjallarhorn, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a>.</p> + +<p>Gjallar-river, <a href = "#page135">135</a>.</p> + +<p>Gjalp, <a href = "#page178">178</a>, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, <a +href = "#page180">180</a>, <a href = "#page182">182</a>.</p> + +<p>Gjoll, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, <a +href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Gjuke, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page204">204</a>, <a +href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p> + +<p>Gjukungs, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-201.</p> + +<p>Glad, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Gladsheim, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a +href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Glam, <a href = "#page183">183</a>.</p> + +<p>Glapsvid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Glaser, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page199">199</a>.</p> + +<p>Gleipner, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p> + +<p>Glener, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Gler, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Glitner, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a +href = "#page90">90</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Glod, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Gloin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Glora, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Gna, <a href = "#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Gnipa-cave, 8, <a href = +"#page143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>Gnita-heath, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-200.</p> + +<p>God, <a href = "#page33">33</a>-40, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Godheim, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page236">236</a>.</p> + +<p>Goe, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Goin, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Gol, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Golden Age, <a href = "#page69">69</a>-71.</p> + +<p>Goldfax, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, <a href = +"#page176">176</a>.</p> + +<p>Gomul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Gondler, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Gondul, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Gopul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Gor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Got, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Gote, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p> + +<p>Gothorm, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-211.</p> + +<p>Gotland, <a href = "#page206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>Goransson, J., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Grabak - Gymer</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Grabak, <a href = "#page76">76</a>.</p> + +<p>Grad, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Grafvitner, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Grafvollud, <a href = "#page76">76</a>.</p> + +<p>Gram, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page200">200</a>.</p> + +<p>Grane, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p> + +<p>Grave, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p> + +<p>Gray, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p> + +<p>Greece and Greeks, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = +"#page31">31</a>, <a href = "#page39">39</a>-43, <a href = +"#page222">222</a>-229, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Greenland, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p> + +<p>Greip, <a href = "#page178">178</a>-183.</p> + +<p>Grid, <a href = "#page177">177</a>.</p> + +<p>Gridarvol, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href = +"#page181">181</a>.</p> + +<p>Grim, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a +href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Grimhild, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p> + +<p>Grimm (Brothers), <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href = +"#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p> + +<p>Grimner, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a +href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href = +"#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Grjottungard, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href = +"#page174">174</a>.</p> + +<p>Groa, <a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p> + +<p>Grotte, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = +"#page210">210</a>.</p> + +<p>Grottesong, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = +"#page208">208</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Guatemala, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a href = +"#page244">244</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">295</span> +<a name = "page295"> </a> +<p>Gud, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p> + +<p>Gudny, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p> + +<p>Gudolf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Gudrun, <a href = "#page179">179</a>-203.</p> + +<p>Gullinburste, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p> + +<p>Gullintanne, <a href = "#page88">88</a>.</p> + +<p>Gulltop, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a +href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Gullveig, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href = +"#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Gungner, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href = +"#page189">189</a>-192.</p> + +<p>Gunlad, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p> + +<p>Gunn, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Gunnar, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-203.</p> + +<p>Gunnthro, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = +"#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Gunthrain, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Gwodan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Gylfe, 9, <a href = "#page16">16</a>, <a href += "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = +"#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href = +"#page52">52</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href = +"#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href = +"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = +"#page242">242</a>.</p> + +<p>Gyller, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Gymer, <a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a +href = "#page238">238</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>H - Helmet</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Ha, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p> + +<p>Habrok, <a href = "#page108">108</a>.</p> + +<p>Hafthor, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p> + +<p>Hakon, <a href = "#page21">21</a>-24, <a href = +"#page236">236</a>.</p> + +<p>Haleygjatal, <a href = "#page47">47</a>.</p> + +<p>Halfdan, <a href = "#page213">213</a>.</p> + +<p>Hallinskide, <a href = "#page88">88</a>.</p> + +<p>Haloge, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Halogeland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Ham, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p> + +<p>Hamder, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href = +"#page206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>Hamskerper, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Hangagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>Hangatyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p> + +<p>Haptagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>Har, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href += "#page243">243</a>-246.</p> + +<p>Harald Harfager, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Harbard, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Hate, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>Haustlong, <a href = "#page184">184</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Hebrew, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>Hedin, <a href = "#page218">218</a>, <a href = +"#page219">219</a>.</p> + +<p>Hedinians, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p> + +<p>Heide, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Heidrun, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Heimdal, 6, 8, <a href += "#page88">88</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = +"#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href = +"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Heimer, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p> + +<p>Heimskringla, 10, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, +<a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href = +"#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href = +"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page242">242</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Hekate, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Hektor, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a +href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p> + +<p>Hel, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page55">55</a>, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = +"#page57">57</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = +"#page133">133</a>, <a href = "#page135">135</a>-137, <a href = +"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page144">144</a>, <a href = +"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>, <a href = +"#page255">255</a>, <a href = "#page264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>Helblinde, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a +href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Held, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Helge Hundings-Bane, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Helgeland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Helmet-bearer, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Henderson - Hlymdaler</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Henderson, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p> + +<p>Hendride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Hengekjapt, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p> + +<p>Hengist, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Hepte, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Herakles, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p> + +<p>Heran, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Herbert, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p> + +<p>Herfather, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Herfjoter, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Herikon, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = +"#page221">221</a>.</p> + +<p>Herjan, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a +href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Hermanric, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p> + +<p>Hermod, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a +href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = +"#page249">249</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Hero-book, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Herodotos, <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p> + +<p>Herteit, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Hesse (Rhenish), <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Hild, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, <a +href = "#page218">218</a>, <a href = "#page219">219</a>, <a href = +"#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Hildebrand, Karl, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Hildesvin, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Himminbjorg, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Hindfell, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p> + +<p>Hjaddingavig, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p> + +<p>Hjalmbore, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>Hjalprek, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p> + +<p>Hjalte the Valiant, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Hjarrande, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p> + +<p>Hjordis, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p> + +<p>Hjuke, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Hledjolf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Hleidre, <a href = "#page212">212</a>, <a href = +"#page214">214</a>.</p> + +<p>Hler, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a +href = "#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Hlidskjalf, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p> + +<p>Hlin, <a href = "#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page145">145</a>.</p> + +<p>Hlodyn, <a href = "#page145">145</a>.</p> + +<p>Hlok, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Hloride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Hlymdaler, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Hnikar - Hyrrokken</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Hnikar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a +href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">296</span> +<a name = "page296"> </a> +<p>Hnikud, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a +href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Hnitbjorg, <a href = "#page161">161</a>, <a href = +"#page162">162</a>.</p> + +<p>Hnos, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Hoder, 7, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href += "#page132">132</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Hodmimer’s-holt, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p> + +<p>Hofvarpner, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Hogne, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-218.</p> + +<p>Holge, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p> + +<p>Holzmann, A., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Homer, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p> + +<p>Honer, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a +href = "#page155">155</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href = +"#page184">184</a>-186, <a href = "#page193">193</a>, <a href = +"#page227">227</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Hor, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Horn, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>Hornklofe, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p> + +<p>Horsa, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Howitts, the, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrasvelg, <a href = "#page79">79</a>.</p> + +<p>Hreidmar, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-196.</p> + +<p>Hrid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Hrimfaxe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrimgerd, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p> + +<p>Hringhorn, <a href = "#page133">133</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrist, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrodvitner, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrolf, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Hron, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Hroptatyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrotte, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrungner, 7, <a href = "#page169">169</a>-176, +<a href = "#page210">210</a>.</p> + +<p>Hrym, <a href = "#page141">141</a>-144.</p> + +<p>Hvergelmer, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href = +"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = +"#page248">248</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Hvitserk, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Huge, <a href = "#page121">121</a>, <a href = "#page126">126</a>.</p> + +<p>Hugin, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p> + +<p>Hugstare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Humboldt, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Hymer, <a href = "#page128">128</a>-133, <a href = +"#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p> + +<p>Hyndla, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Hyrrokken, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href = +"#page134">134</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>I</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Iceland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Ida, <a href = "#page148">148</a>.</p> + +<p>Idavold, <a href = "#page69">69</a>.</p> + +<p>Ide, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p> + +<p>Idun, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page10">10</a>, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = +"#page87">87</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a href = +"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page155">155</a>, <a href = +"#page157">157</a>, <a href = "#page184">184</a>-187, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>Iliad, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a +href = "#page224">224</a>.</p> + +<p>Ilos, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>India, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Irmina, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Ironwood, <a href = "#page57">57</a>.</p> + +<p>Isefjord, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p> + +<p>Italy, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p> + +<p>Ithaca, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Itrman, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Iva, <a href = "#page182">182</a>.</p> + +<p>Ivalde, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a href = +"#page189">189</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>J</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Jack, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Jafnhar, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a +href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Jalanger, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p> + +<p>Jalg, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Jalk, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href += "#page245">245</a>-247.</p> + +<p>Jamieson, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p> + +<p>Japhet, <a href = "#page35">35</a>.</p> + +<p>Jarnsaxa, <a href = "#page173">173</a>.</p> + +<p>Jarnved, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>Jarnvidjes, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>Jat, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Jerusalem, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Jews, <a href = "#page29">29</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Johnstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p> + +<p>Jokul, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Jonaker, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href = +"#page206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>Jonsson (Arngrim), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Jonsson (Th.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = +"#page19">19</a>.</p> + +<p>Jord, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>, <a +href = "#page174">174</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>.</p> + +<p>Jormungand, <a href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = +"#page144">144</a>.</p> + +<p>Jormunrek, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-206.</p> + +<p>Joruvold, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Jotland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Jotunheim, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a +href = "#page69">69</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = +"#page110">110</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, <a href = +"#page115">115</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href = +"#page144">144</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href = +"#page169">169</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href = +"#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Juno, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Jupiter, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p> + +<p>Jutland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = +"#page247">247</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>K</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Kadmos, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Kalevala, <a href = "#page84">84</a>.</p> + +<p>Kalmuks, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Kann, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p> + +<p>Kare, <a href = "#page240">240</a>-243.</p> + +<p>Kemble, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p> + +<p>Kerlangs, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Keyser (Rud.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = +"#page19">19</a>, <a href = "#page20">20</a>, <a href = +"#page23">23</a>, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, <a href = +"#page26">26</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">297</span> +<a name = "page297"> </a> +<p>Kesfet, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Kile, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Kingsley (Chas.), <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Kjalar, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Knue, <a href = "#page211">211</a>.</p> + +<p>Kormt, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p> + +<p>Kvaser, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a href = +"#page160">160</a>-165, <a href = "#page227">227</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>L</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Laage, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p> + +<p>Lading, <a href = "#page93">93</a>.</p> + +<p>Laing (Samuel), <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href = +"#page224">224</a>.</p> + +<p>Landvide, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Laomedon, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p> + +<p>Latin, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p> + +<p>Laufey, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, <a +href = "#page113">113</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p> + +<p>Leidre (See Hleidre), <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p> + +<p>Leipt, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Lerad, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Letfet, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Liber, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p> + +<p>Libera, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p> + +<p>Lif, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p> + +<p>Lifthraser, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p> + +<p>Lit, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p> + +<p>Lithraborg, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Ljosalfaheim, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Loder, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Lofn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>Loge, <a href = "#page120">120</a>, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, <a +href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Logrinn, <a href = "#page49">49</a>.</p> + +<p>Loke, 6-8, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href += "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = "#page109">109</a>-145, <a href = +"#page151">151</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page155">155</a>-158, <a href = "#page176">176</a>-187, <a href = +"#page188">188</a>-199, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Lopt, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p> + +<p>Loptsson (Jon), <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Lora, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Loricos, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Loride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Lovar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Lybia, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = +"#page242">242</a>.</p> + +<p>Lyngve, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>M - Mithridates</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Macbeth, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-265.</p> + +<p>Macedonians, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p> + +<p>Maelstrom, <a href = "#page208">208</a>.</p> + +<p>Magi, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Magne, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a +href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href = +"#page173">173</a>.</p> + +<p>Magnusson (Arne), <a href = "#page17">17</a>, <a href = +"#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page23">23</a>.</p> + +<p>Malar, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>, <a +href = "#page232">232</a>.</p> + +<p>Mallet, <a href = "#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Manilius, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Mannheim, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page236">236</a>.</p> + +<p>Mardol, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>Mars, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p> + +<p>Mechtild, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Mediterranean Sea, <a href = "#page38">38</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Megingjarder, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, <a href = +"#page106">106</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href = +"#page180">180</a>.</p> + +<p>Meile, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p> + +<p>Menglad, <a href = "#page260">260</a>, <a href = +"#page262">262</a>.</p> + +<p>Menja, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-209, <a href = +"#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Menon, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Metellus, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Mexican, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Midgard, 5, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, <a +href = "#page63">63</a>, <a href = "#page67">67</a>, <a href = +"#page109">109</a>, <a href = "#page128">128</a>, <a href = +"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Midvitne, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Mimer, 10, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a +href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = +"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href = +"#page224">224</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href = +"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page234">234</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Mist, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Mithridates, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Mjodvitner - Mysing</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Mjodvitner, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Mjoll, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Mjolner, 6-8, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a +href = "#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>-130, <a href = +"#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href = +"#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href = +"#page176">176</a>.</p> + +<p>Mjotud, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Möbius (Th.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Mode, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a +href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p> + +<p>Modgud, <a href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href = +"#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Modsogner, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Moin, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Mokkerkalfe, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href = +"#page173">173</a>.</p> + +<p>Moldau, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p> + +<p>Mongolians, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Moon, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Moongarm, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Morn, <a href = "#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p> + +<p>Morris (Wm.), <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href = +"#page266">266</a>.</p> + +<p>Müller (Max), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Müller (P. E.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = +"#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Mummius, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Munch (P. A.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Mundilfare, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Munin, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p> + +<p>Munon, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Muspel, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a +href = "#page112">112</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href = +"#page144">144</a>.</p> + +<p>Muspelheim, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a +href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = +"#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = +"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Muss, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p> + +<p>Mysing, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">298</span> +<a name = "page298"> </a> +<h5>N</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Na, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Naglfar, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a +href = "#page141">141</a>, <a href = "#page144">144</a>.</p> + +<p>Nain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Nal, <a href = "#page91">91</a>.</p> + +<p>Nanna, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a +href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>.</p> + +<p>Nare, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page139">139</a>.</p> + +<p>Narfe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a +href = "#page139">139</a>.</p> + +<p>Nastrand, 9, <a href = "#page147">147</a>.</p> + +<p>Nep, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p> + +<p>Neptune, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p> + +<p>Niblungs, <a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page193">193</a>, +<a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href = +"#page202">202</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p> + +<p>Niblung Story, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = +"#page266">266</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Nida Mountains, <a href = "#page147">147</a>.</p> + +<p>Nide, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Nidhug, 9, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href += "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href = +"#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Niflheim, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a +href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = +"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = +"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Niflhel, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, <a +href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Niflungs, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-199, <a href = +"#page201">201</a>, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href = +"#page266">266</a>.</p> + +<p>Night, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Nikar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Nikuz, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Nile, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p> + +<p>Niping, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Njord, 6, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href += "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href = +"#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href = +"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href = +"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = +"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page237">237</a>, <a href = +"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Njorvasnud, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Njorve, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Noah, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, <a href += "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Noatun, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a +href = "#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = +"#page237">237</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Non, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Nor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Nordre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Norfe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>Norns, <a href = "#page73">73</a>-78.</p> + +<p>Norway, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href = "#page218">218</a>, +<a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = +"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = +"#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href = +"#page251">251</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>, <a href = +"#page257">257</a>.</p> + +<p>Not, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Ny, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Nye, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Nyrad, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Nyerup (R.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>O</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Oder, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a +href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Odin, 5-10, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, <a +href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = +"#page45">45</a>-47, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = +"#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = +"#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href = +"#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, <a href = +"#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, <a href = +"#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page104">104</a>-112, <a href = +"#page132">132</a>-134, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a href = +"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href = +"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page155">155</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href = +"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165, <a href = +"#page168">168</a>-176, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, <a href = +"#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, <a href = +"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>-192, <a href = +"#page194">194</a>, <a href = "#page195">195</a>, <a href = +"#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a href = +"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>-263.</p> + +<p>Odinse, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>, +<a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Odinstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p> + +<p>Odoacer, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Odrarer, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p> + +<p>Odyssey, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href = +"#page224">224</a>.</p> + +<p>Ofner, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a +href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Oin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Oku-Thor, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, +<a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href = +"#page209">209</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Olafsson (Magnus), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Olafsson (Stephan), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Olaf (Thordsson), 9, <a href = +"#page20">20</a>, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href = +"#page23">23</a>-27.</p> + +<p>Olaf (Tryggvason), <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p> + +<p>Olvalde, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p> + +<p>Ome, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href += "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Onar, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Orboda, <a href = "#page101">101</a>.</p> + +<p>Ore, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Orestes, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Orkneys, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p> + +<p>Ormt, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p> + +<p>Orner, <a href = "#page210">210</a>.</p> + +<p>Orvandel, <a href = "#page173">173</a>-175.</p> + +<p>Oske, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href += "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Otter, <a href = "#page193">193</a>.</p> + +<p>Ottilia, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>P</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Paulus (Diakonos), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Persia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Petersen (N. M.), <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Pfeiffer (Fr.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Pigott, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p> + +<p>Pluto, <a href = "#page49">49</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Poetry (origin of), <a href = "#page161">161</a>-165.</p> + +<p>Polar Sea, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Pompey, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a +href = "#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Pontus, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Priamos, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a +href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page166">166</a>, <a href = +"#page167">167</a>.</p> + +<p>Pyrrhus, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Q</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Quaser (see Kvaser).</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Quenland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>R</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Rachel, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Radgrid, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Redsvid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">299</span> +<a name = "page299"> </a> +<p>Rafn, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Rafnagud, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p> + +<p>Ragnar, <a href = "#page206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>Ragnar (Lodbrok), <a href = "#page205">205</a>.</p> + +<p>Ragnarok, 8, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a +href = "#page96">96</a>, <a href = "#page104">104</a>, <a href = +"#page139">139</a>-145, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = +"#page219">219</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = +"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p> + +<p>Ran, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p> + +<p>Randgrid, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Randver, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘22’"><a href += "#page202">202</a></ins>-205.</p> + +<p>Rask (Rasmus), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>Ratatosk, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Rate, <a href = "#page163">163</a>.</p> + +<p>Refil, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p> + +<p>Regin, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-200.</p> + +<p>Reginleif, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Reidartyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p> + +<p>Reidgotaland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Rek, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Remus, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = +"#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Resen (P. J.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Rhine, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href = +"#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Rind, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p> + +<p>Ritta, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Roddros, <a href = "#page167">167</a>.</p> + +<p>Rolf Krake, <a href = "#page214">214</a>-217.</p> + +<p>Rogner, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Rome, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href += "#page221">221</a>-230.</p> + +<p>Romulus, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = +"#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Romulus (Augustulus), <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p> + +<p>Roskva, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, <a href = +"#page115">115</a>.</p> + +<p>Rosta, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p> + +<p>Rugman (Jon), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Russia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page230">230</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>S - Sinfjotle</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Sad, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Saga, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Sager, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Sahrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p> + +<p>Saming, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a +href = "#page236">236</a>.</p> + +<p>Samund the Wise, <a href = "#page20">20</a>, <a href = +"#page26">26</a>.</p> + +<p>Sangetal, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Saracens, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Sarmatia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Saturn, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a +href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p> + +<p>Saxland, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a +href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p> + +<p>Saxo-Grammaticus, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p> + +<p>Saxons, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Schlegel, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p> + +<p>Scotland, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href = +"#page258">258</a>.</p> + +<p>Scott (Walter), <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href = +"#page258">258</a>.</p> + +<p>Scythia (Magna), <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Seeland, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a +href = "#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p> + +<p>Sekin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Sennar, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p> + +<p>Serkland, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Sessrymner, <a href = "#page86">86</a>.</p> + +<p>Shakspeare, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-256.</p> + +<p>Shem, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Siar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Sibyl, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Sid, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Sidhot, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a +href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Sidskeg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a +href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Sif, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href += "#page170">170</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page189">189</a>-192.</p> + +<p>Sigar, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Sigfather, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Sigfrid, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a +href = "#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Sigge, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Sighan, <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p> + +<p>Sighvat, <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Sigmund, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-204.</p> + +<p>Sigtuna, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a +href = "#page232">232</a>.</p> + +<p>Sigtyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Sigurd, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-204, <a href = +"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p> + +<p>Sigyn, <a href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a +href = "#page185">185</a>.</p> + +<p>Silvertop, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Simrock (K.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, +<a href = "#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Simul, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Sindre, <a href = "#page147">147</a>, <a href = +"#page190">190</a>-192.</p> + +<p>Siner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Sinfjotle, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Sjafne - Snotra</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Sjafne, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>Sjofn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>Skade, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a +href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href = "#page158">158</a>, <a href = +"#page159">159</a>, <a href = "#page185">185</a>, <a href = +"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = +"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Skeggold, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Skeidbrimer, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = +"#page200">200</a>.</p> + +<p>Skidbladner, <a href = "#page108">108</a>-113, <a href = +"#page189">189</a>-192, <a href = "#page234">234</a>, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Skifid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Skilfing, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Skinfaxe, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Skirfir, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Skirner, <a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href = +"#page101">101</a>-103, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Skjaldun, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Skjold, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a +href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = +"#page231">231</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Skogul, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p> + +<p>Skol, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>Skrymer, <a href = "#page116">116</a>-127.</p> + +<p>Skuld, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>, <a +href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href = +"#page256">256</a>.</p> + +<p>Skule (Jarl), <a href = "#page21">21</a>-24, <a href = +"#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">300</span> +<a name = "page300"> </a> +<p>Sleeping Beauty, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p> + +<p>Sleipner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = +"#page108">108</a>-112, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href = +"#page169">169</a>-176, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Slid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Slidrugtanne, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p> + +<p>Sna, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Snorre, 9, <a href = "#page19">19</a>-27, <a +href = "#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href = +"#page233">233</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = +"#page242">242</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Snotra, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Sokmimer - Syr</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Sokmimer, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Sokvabek, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Sol, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Solvarg, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>Son, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p> + +<p>Sorle, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-206</p> + +<p>Spain, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Steinthor, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p> + +<p>Stephens (Geo.), <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p> + +<p>Strabo, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>Sturle (Thordsson), <a href = "#page21">21</a>, <a href = +"#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Styx, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Sudre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Sun, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Surt, 8, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href = +"#page78">78</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>-149, <a href = +"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Suttung, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href = +"#page165">165</a>.</p> + +<p>Svade, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Svadilfare, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, <a href = +"#page111">111</a>.</p> + +<p>Svafner, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a +href = "#page246">246</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Svanhild, <a href = "#page199">199</a>-206.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Svarin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Svartalfaheim, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p> + +<p>Svarthofde, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Svasud, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p> + +<p>Sveinsson (Br.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Sviagris, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href = +"#page217">217</a>.</p> + +<p>Svid, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Svidar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p> + +<p>Svidr, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p> + +<p>Svidrer, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = +"#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Svidrir, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>Svidur, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Svipdag, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a +href = "#page262">262</a>.</p> + +<p>Svipol, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Svithjod, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a +href = "#page181">181</a>, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = +"#page211">211</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p> + +<p>Svebdegg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Svol, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a +href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Svolne, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p> + +<p>Sylg, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Syn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>Syr, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>T - Thorstein</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Tacitus, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Tanais, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Tanaquisl, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = +"#page226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>Tangnjost, <a href = "#page83">83</a>.</p> + +<p>Tangrisner, <a href = "#page83">83</a>.</p> + +<p>Tartareans, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p> + +<p>Taylor (W.), <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p> + +<p>Testament (New), <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>Testament (Old), <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>Teutons, <a href = "#page222">222</a>-224, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = +"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href = +"#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>Thek, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href += "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Thjalfe, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, <a href = "#page115">115</a>, +<a href = "#page120">120</a>, <a href = "#page121">121</a>, <a href = +"#page126">126</a>, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href = +"#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page181">181</a>.</p> + +<p>Thjasse, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a +href = "#page155">155</a>-158, <a href = "#page184">184</a>-187, <a href += "#page210">210</a>.</p> + +<p>Thjode, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Thjodnuma, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Thjodolf, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href = "#page174">174</a>, +<a href = "#page184">184</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Thok, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a +href = "#page264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>Thol, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Thor, 6, 8, <a href = +"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = +"#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = +"#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = +"#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = +"#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page109">109</a>-153, <a href = +"#page165">165</a>-192, <a href = "#page205">205</a>-243, <a href = +"#page251">251</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorarin, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p> + +<p>Thord, <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorer, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorleif, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href = "#page184">184</a>, +<a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorn, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorodd (Runemaster), <a href = "#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorpe (Benjamin), <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href = +"#page252">252</a>, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorre, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> + +<p>Thorstein (Viking’s son), <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Thrace - Tyr</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Thrace, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p> + +<p>Thride, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>-246.</p> + +<p>Thro, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>Throin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Thror, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Thrud, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p> + +<p>Thruda, <a href = "#page183">183</a>.</p> + +<p>Thrudgelmer, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Thrudheim, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Thrudvang, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page127">127</a>, +<a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Thrym, 7.</p> + +<p>Thrymheim, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a +href = "#page156">156</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Thucydides, <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p> + +<p>Thud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Thul, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">301</span> +<a name = "page301"> </a> +<p>Thule, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p> + +<p>Thund, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Thvite, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p> + +<p>Thyn, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Tiber, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p> + +<p>Tieck, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Tivisco, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Tom Thumb, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p> + +<p>Torfason (T.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Tror, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Tros, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p> + +<p>Troy, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href += "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = +"#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href = +"#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = +"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>-224, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Tshudic, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Turkey, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a +href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href = +"#page166">166</a>.</p> + +<p>Turkistan, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = +"#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Turkland, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Tyr, 6, 8, <a href = +"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href = +"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page95">95</a>, <a href = +"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page165">165</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href = +"#page244">244</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>U</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Ud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p> + +<p>Uhland (Ludw.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Ukko, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href += "#page239">239</a>.</p> + +<p>Ukko-Thor, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p> + +<p>Ulfhedinn, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p> + +<p>Uller, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a +href = "#page174">174</a>, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, <a href = +"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Ulysses, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href = +"#page223">223</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Umea, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Upsala, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a +href = "#page216">216</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = +"#page237">237</a>.</p> + +<p>Ural Mountains, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p> + +<p>Urd, 10, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a href += "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = +"#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = +"#page252">252</a>-256.</p> + +<p>Utgard, <a href = "#page118">118</a>-127.</p> + +<p>Utgard-Loke, <a href = "#page119">119</a>-130.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>V - Vestre</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Vafthrudner, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Vafud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Vafurloge, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = +"#page200">200</a>.</p> + +<p>Vag, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Vainamoinen, <a href = "#page84">84</a>.</p> + +<p>Vak, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Valaskjalf, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Valdemar (King), <a href = "#page23">23</a>, <a href = +"#page27">27</a>.</p> + +<p>Vale, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href += "#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href = +"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Valfather, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Valhal, 6, 7, <a href = +"#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href = +"#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href = +"#page104">104</a>-109, <a href = "#page132">132</a>, <a href = +"#page170">170</a>-176, <a href = "#page188">188</a>, <a href = +"#page235">235</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Vanadis, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>Vanaheim, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Vanaland, <a href = "#page226">226</a>-228.</p> + +<p>Vanaquisl, <a href = "#page225">225</a>-226.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Var, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>Vartare, <a href = "#page192">192</a>.</p> + +<p>Vasad, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p> + +<p>Ve, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href += "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = +"#page249">249</a>.</p> + +<p>Vedas, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p> + +<p>Vedfolner, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p> + +<p>Veggdegg, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Vegsvin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Vegtam, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>Venus, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p> + +<p>Veratyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = +"#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Verdande, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, +<a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p> + +<p>Verer, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Vesete, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Vestfal, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Vestre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Vid - Votan</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Vid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Vidar, 8, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href += "#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page145">145</a>, <a href = +"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = +"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href = +"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href = +"#page260">260</a>.</p> + +<p>Vidblain, <a href = "#page78">78</a>.</p> + +<p>Vidfin, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>Vidolf, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Vidrer, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Vidsete, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Vidur, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p> + +<p>Vifil, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Vifilsey, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Vig, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Vigfusson (G.), 9, <a href = "#page26">26</a>, +<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href = +"#page248">248</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p> + +<p>Vigrid, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href = +"#page146">146</a>.</p> + +<p>Viking, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Vile, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a +href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href = +"#page277">277</a>.</p> + +<p>Villenwood, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p> + +<p>Vilmeide, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>.</p> + +<p>Vimer, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href = +"#page178">178</a>.</p> + +<p>Vin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>Vina, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Vindalf, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>Vindlone, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p> + +<p>Vindsval, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p> + +<p>Vingener, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = +"#page149">149</a>.</p> + +<p>Vingethor, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>Vingolf, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a +href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p> + +<p>Vinland, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p> + +<p>Virfir, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Virgil, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, +<a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">302</span> +<a name = "page302"> </a> +<p>Vit, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p> + +<p>Vitrgils, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> + +<p>Vodin, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p> + +<p>Vog, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Volsungs, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = +"#page196">196</a>-205.</p> + +<p>Volsung saga, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href = +"#page266">266</a>.</p> + +<p>Volukrontes, <a href = "#page167">167</a>.</p> + +<p>Von, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p> + +<p>Vor, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p> + +<p>Vot, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Votan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>W</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Wafurloge, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Wainamoinen, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p> + +<p>Wallachia, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p> + +<p>Warburton, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p> + +<p>Weird Sisters, <a href = "#page253">253</a>-256.</p> + +<p>Welsh, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p> + +<p>Wenern, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p> + +<p>Wessebrun Prayer, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Wilbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Wilkin (E.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, +<a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p> + +<p>Williamstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p> + +<p>Witches, <a href = "#page253">253</a>-256.</p> + +<p>Wodan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Worbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p> + +<p>Worm (Chr.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> + +<p>Worm (Ole), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Y</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Ydaler, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>Yg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p>Ygdrasil, 6, 8, <a href += "#page15">15</a>, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, <a href = +"#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>-78, <a href = +"#page108">108</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href = +"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href = +"#page263">263</a>.</p> + +<p>Ylg, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p> + +<p>Ymer, 5, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, <a href = +"#page58">58</a>-63, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = +"#page128">128</a>, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, <a href = +"#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href = +"#page250">250</a>.</p> +</td> + +<td> +<p>Ynglinga saga, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = +"#page243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>Ynglings, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = +"#page238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Yngve, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a +href = "#page238">238</a>.</p> + +<p>Yngve-Frey, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p> + +<p>Yrsa, <a href = "#page213">213</a>-216.</p> + +<p>Yvigg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan = "2"> +<h5>Z</h5> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<p>Zalmoxis, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p> + +<p>Zeus, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Zoroaster, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, <a href = +"#page40">40</a>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +</div> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 18947 ***</div> +</body> +</html> + |