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diff --git a/18938-h/18938-h.htm b/18938-h/18938-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3eba1f --- /dev/null +++ b/18938-h/18938-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7942 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Great Book-Collectors, by Charles Isaac Elton & Mary Augusta Elton. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + /* kludge to get around brain dead IE not understanding CSS */ + div.centered {text-align: center;} + div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} + img {border: none;} + .ctr {text-align: center;} + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em;} + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Book-Collectors, by +Charles Isaac Elton and Mary Augusta Elton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Book-Collectors + +Author: Charles Isaac Elton and Mary Augusta Elton + +Release Date: July 29, 2006 [EBook #18938] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT BOOK-COLLECTORS *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/01.jpg"><img src="./images/01_th.jpg" alt="The Great Book-Collectors: Charles & Mary Elton" title="The Great Book-Collectors: Charles & Mary Elton" /></a></p> +<hr /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/02.jpg"><img src="./images/02_th.jpg" alt="FABRI DE PEIRESC." title="FABRI DE PEIRESC." /></a></p><p class="figcenter">FABRI DE PEIRESC.</p> + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> + +<h1>The Great Book-Collectors</h1> + +<h2>By Charles Isaac Elton</h2> + +<h3>Author of 'Origins of English History'</h3> +<h3>'The Career of Columbus,' etc.</h3> + +<h2>& Mary Augusta Elton</h2> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/03.jpg"><img src="./images/03_th.jpg" alt="Title Page Engraving" title="Title Page Engraving" /></a></p> + +<h4>London</h4> + +<h4>Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.</h4> + +<h5>MDCCCXCIII</h5> +<hr /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> + + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>Contents</h2> +<div class="centered"><table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><th align="right">Chapter</th><th align="left"> </th><th align="right">Page</th></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"> </td><td align="left"><a href="#List_of_Illustrations"><span class="smcap">List of Illustrations</span></a></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Classical</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ireland—Northumbria</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">England</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Italy—The Age of Petrarch</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oxford—Duke Humphrey's Books—The Library of the Valois</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Italy—The Renaissance</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Italian Cities—Olympia Morata—Urbino—The Books of Corvinus</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Germany—Flanders—Burgundy—England</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_87">87</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">France: Early Bookmen—Royal Collectors</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">X</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Old Royal Library—Fairfax—Cotton—Harley—The University of Cambridge</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">XI</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bodley—Digby—Laud—Selden—Ashmole</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">XII</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Grolier and his Successors</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">XIII</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Later Collectors: France—Italy—Spain</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">XIV</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">De Thou—Pinelli—Peiresc</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">XV</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">French Collectors—Naudé to Renouard</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">XVI</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Later English Collectors</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" valign="top"></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a></span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="List_of_Illustrations" id="List_of_Illustrations"></a>List of Illustrations</h2> + +<div class="centered"><table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations"> +<tr><th align="left"> </th><th align="left"> </th><th align="right">Page</th></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Peiresc</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_ii"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(From an engraving by Claude Mellan.)</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Initial Letter from the 'Gospels of St. Cuthbert</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Seal of Richard de Bury</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Portrait of the Duke of Bedford praying before St. George</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(From the Book of Hours commonly known as the 'Bedford Missal.')</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Magliabecchi</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(From an engraving in the British Museum.)</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Binding executed for Queen Elizabeth</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(English jeweller's-work on a cover of red velvet. From a copy of 'Meditationum Christianarum Libellus,' Lyons, 1570, in the British Museum.)</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Sir Robert Cotton</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(From an engraving by R. White after C. Jonson.)</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Sir Thomas Bodley</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(From an engraving in the British Museum.)</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Binding executed for Grolier</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(From a copy of Silius Italicus, Venice, 1523, in the British Museum.)</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Portrait of De Thou</span></td><td align="right" valign='bottom'><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> </td><td align="left">(From an engraving by Morin, after L. Ferdinand.)</td><td align="right" valign='bottom'> </td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>CLASSICAL.</h3> + + +<p>In undertaking to write these few chapters on the +lives of the book-collectors, we feel that we must move +between lines that seem somewhat narrow, having +regard to the possible range of the subject. We +shall therefore avoid as much as possible the description +of particular books, and shall endeavour to deal +with the book-collector or book-hunter, as distinguished +from the owner of good books, from librarians +and specialists, from the merchant or broker of books +and the book-glutton who wants all that he sees.</p> + +<p>Guillaume Postel and his friends found time to +discuss the merits of the authors before the Flood. +Our own age neglects the libraries of Shem, and casts +doubts on the antiquity of the Book of Enoch. But +even in writing the briefest account of the great book-collectors, +we are compelled to go back to somewhat +remote times, and to say at least a few words about the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +ancient book-stories from the far East, from Greece +and Rome, from Egypt and Pontus and Asia. We +have seen the brick-libraries of Nineveh and the +copies for the King at Babylon, and we have heard +of the rolls of Ecbatana. All the world knows how +Nehemiah 'founded a library,' and how the brave +Maccabæus gathered again what had been lost by +reason of the wars. Every desert in the East seems +to have held a library, where the pillars of some +temple lie in the sand, and where dead men 'hang +their mute thoughts on the mute walls around.' The +Egyptian traveller sees the site of the book-room of +Rameses that was called the 'Hospital for the Soul.' +There was a library at the breast of the Sphinx, and +another where Cairo stands, and one at Alexandria +that was burned in Julius Cæsar's siege, besides the +later assemblage in the House of Serapis which Omar +was said to have sacrificed as a tribute of respect for +the Koran.</p> + +<p>Asia Minor was celebrated for her libraries. There +were 'many curious books' in Ephesus, and rich stores +of books at Antioch on the Orontes, and where the +gray-capped students 'chattered like water-fowl' by +the river at Tarsus. In Pergamus they made the +fine parchment like ivory, beloved, as an enemy has +said, by 'yellow bibliomaniacs whose skins take the +colour of their food'; and there the wealthy race of +Attalus built up the royal collection which Antony +captured in war and sent as a gift to Cleopatra.</p> + +<p>It pleased the Greeks to invent traditions about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +the books of Polycrates at Samos, or those of Pisistratus +that were counted among the spoils of Xerxes: +and the Athenians thought that the very same +volumes found their way home again after the +victories of Alexander the Great. Aristotle owned +the first private library of which anything is actually +recorded; and it is still a matter of interest to follow +the fortunes of his books. He left them as a legacy +to a pupil, who bequeathed them to his librarian +Neleus: and his family long preserved the collection +in their home near the ruins of Troy. One portion +was bought by the Ptolemies for their great Alexandrian +library, and these books, we suppose, must +have perished in the war with Rome. The rest +remained at home till there was some fear of their +being confiscated and carried to Pergamus. They +were removed in haste and stowed away in a cave, +where they nearly perished in the damp. When the +parchments were disinterred they became the property +of Apellicon, to whom the saying was first +applied that he was 'rather a bibliophile than a lover +of learning.' While the collection was at Athens he +did much damage to the scrolls by his attempt to +restore their worm-eaten paragraphs. Sulla took +the city soon afterwards, and carried the books to +Rome, and here more damage was done by the careless +editing of Tyrannion, who made a trade of copying +'Aristotle's books' for the libraries that were +rising on all sides at Rome.</p> + +<p>The Romans learned to be book-collectors in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +gathering the spoils of war. When Carthage fell, +the books, as some say, were given to native chieftains, +the predecessors of King Jugurtha in culture +and of King Juba in natural science: others say that +they were awarded as a kind of compensation to the +family of the murdered Regulus. Their preservation is +attested by the fact that the Carthaginian texts were +cited centuries afterwards by the writers who described +the most ancient voyages in the Atlantic. When the +unhappy Perseus was deprived of the kingdom of +Macedonia, the royal library was chosen by Æmilius +Paullus as the general's share of the plunder. Asinius +Pollio furnished a great reading-room with the literary +treasures of Dalmatia. A public library was established +by Julius Cæsar on the Aventine, and two +were set up by Augustus within the precinct of the +palace of the Cæsars; and Octavia built another +near the Tiber in memory of the young Marcellus. +The gloomy Domitian restored the library at the +Capitol, which had been struck and fired by lightning. +Trajan ransacked the wealth of the world for his +collection in the 'Ulpiana,' which, in accordance with +a later fashion, became one of the principal attractions +of the Thermæ of Diocletian.</p> + +<p>The splendours of the private library began in the +days of Lucullus. Enriched with the treasure of +King Mithridates and all the books of Pontus, he +housed his collection in such stately galleries, thronged +with a multitude of philosophers and poets, that it +seemed as if there were a new home for the Muses,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +and a fresh sanctuary for Hellas. Seneca, a philosopher +and a millionaire himself, inveighed against +such useless pomp. He used to rejoice at the blow +that fell on the arrogant magnificence of Alexandria. +'Our idle book-hunters,' he said, 'know about nothing +but titles and bindings: their chests of cedar and ivory, +and the book-cases that fill the bath-room, are nothing +but fashionable furniture, and have nothing to do with +learning.' Lucian was quite as severe on the book-hunters +of the age of the Antonines. The bibliophile +goes book in hand, like the statue of Bellerophon +with the letter, but he only cares for the choice vellum +and bosses of gold. 'I cannot conceive,' said Lucian, +'what you expect to get out of your books; yet you +are always poring over them, and binding and tying +them, and rubbing them with saffron and oil of cedar, +as if they could make you eloquent, when by nature +you are as dumb as a fish.' He compares the industrious +dunce to an ass at a music-book, or to a monkey +that remains a monkey still for all the gold on its +jacket. 'If books,' he adds, 'have made you what +you are, I am sure that you ought of all things to +avoid them.'</p> + +<p>After the building of Constantinople a home for +literature was found in the eastern cities; and, as the +boundaries of the empire were broken down by the +Saracen advance, learning gradually retired to the +colleges and basilicas of the capital, and to the Greek +monasteries of stony Athos, and Patmos, and the +'green Erebinthus.' Among the Romans of the East<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +we cannot discern many learned men, but we know +that there was a multitude ready to assist in the preservation +of learning. The figures of three or four +true book-lovers stand out amid the crowd of <i>dilettanti</i>. +St. Pamphilus was a student at the legal +University of Beyrout before he was received into the +Church: he devoted himself afterwards to the school +of sacred learning which he established at Cæsarea +in Palestine. Here he gathered together about 30,000 +volumes, almost all consisting of the works of the +Fathers. His personal labour was given to the works +of Origen, in whose mystical doctrine he had become +a proficient at Alexandria. The martyrdom of Pamphilus +prevented the completion of his own elaborate +commentaries. He left the library to the Church of +Cæsarea, under the superintendence of his friend +Eusebius. St. Jerome paid a visit to the collection +while he was still enrolled on the list of bibliophiles. +He had bought the best books to be found at Trêves +and Aquileia; he had seen the wealth of Rome, and +was on his way to the oriental splendour of Constantinople: +it is from him that we first hear of the gold +and silver inks and the Tyrian purple of the vellum. +He declared that he had never seen anything to compare +with the library of Pamphilus; and when he was +given twenty-five volumes of Origen in the martyr's +delicate writing, he vowed that he felt richer than if +he had found the wealth of Crœsus.</p> + +<p>The Emperor Julian was a pupil of Eusebius, and +became reader for a time in the Church at Cæsarea.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +He was passionately fond of books, and possessed +libraries at Antioch and Constantinople, as well as in +his beloved 'Lutetia' on the island in the Seine. A +sentence from one of his letters was carved over the +door of his library at Antioch: 'Some love horses, or +hawks and hounds, but I from my boyhood have +pined with a desire for books.'</p> + +<p>It is said that another of his libraries was burned +by his successor Jovian in a parody of Alexander's +Feast. It is true, at any rate, that the book-butcher +set fire to the books at Antioch as part of his revenge +against the Apostate. One is tempted to dwell on +the story of these massacres. In many a war, as an +ancient bibliophile complained, have books been +dispersed abroad, 'dismembered, stabbed, and mutilated': +'they were buried in the earth or drowned in +the sea, and slain by all kinds of slaughter.' 'How +much of their blood the warlike Scipio shed: how +many on the banishment of Boethius were scattered +like sheep without a shepherd!' Perhaps the subject +should be isolated in a separate volume, where the +rude Omar, and Jovian, and the despoilers of the +monasteries, might be pilloried. Seneca would be +indicted for his insult to Cleopatra's books: Sir +Thomas Browne might be in danger for his saying, +that 'he could with patience behold the urn and +ashes of the Vatican, could he with a few others +recover the perished leaves of Solomon.' He might +escape by virtue of his saving clause, and some +excuse would naturally be found for Seneca; but the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +rest might be treated like those Genoese criminals +who were commemorated on marble tablets as 'the +worst of mankind.'</p> + +<p>For several generations after the establishment of +the Eastern Empire, Constantinople was the literary +capital of the world and the main repository of the +arts and sciences. Mr. Middleton has lately shown +us in his work upon Illuminated Manuscripts that +Persia and Egypt, as well as the Western Countries, +'contributed elements both of design and technical +skill which combined to create the new school of +Byzantine art.' Constantinople, he tells us, became +for several centuries the main centre for the production +of manuscripts. Outside the domain of art we find +little among the Romans of the East that can in any +sense be called original. They were excellent at an +epitome or a lexicon, and were very successful as +librarians. The treasures of antiquity, as Gibbon has +said, were imparted in such extracts and abridgments +'as might amuse the curiosity without oppressing the +indolence of the public.' The Patriarch Photius +stands out as a literary hero among the commentators +and critics of the ninth century. That famous book-collector, +in analysing the contents of his library for +an absent brother, became the preserver of many of +the most valuable classics. As Commander of the +Guard he led the life of a peaceful student: as +Patriarch of Byzantium his turbulence rent the fabric +of Christendom, and he was 'alternately excommunicated +and absolved by the synods of the East<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +and West.' We owe the publication of the work +called <i>The Myriad of Books</i> to the circumstance +that he was appointed to an embassy at Bagdad. +His brother wrote to remind him of their pleasant +evenings in the library when they explored the +writings of the ancients and made an analysis of their +contents. Photius was about to embark on a dangerous +journey, and he was implored to leave a record of +what had been done since his brother had last taken +part in the readings. The answer of Photius was the +book already mentioned: he reviews nearly three +hundred volumes of the historians and orators, the +philosophers and theologians, the travellers and the +writers of romance, and with an even facility 'abridges +their narrative or doctrine and appreciates their style +and character.'</p> + +<p>The great Imperial library which stood by St. +Sophia had been destroyed in the reign of Leo the +Iconoclast in the preceding age, and in an earlier +conflagration more than half a million books are said +to have been lost from the basilica. The losses by +fire were continual, but were constantly repaired. +Leo the Philosopher, who was educated under the care +of Photius, and his son and successor Constantine, +were renowned as the restorers of learning, and the +great writers of antiquity were collected again by +their zeal in the square hall near the Public Treasury.</p> + +<p>The boundaries of the realm of learning extended +far beyond the limits of the Empire, and the Arabian +science was equally famous among the Moors of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +Spain and in the further parts of Asia. We are told +of a doctor refusing the invitation of the Sultan of +Bokhara, 'because the carriage of his books would +have required four hundred camels.' We know that +the Ommiad dynasty formed the gigantic library at +Cordova, and that there were at least seventy others +in the colleges that were scattered through the kingdom +of Granada. The prospect was very dark in +other parts of Western Europe throughout the whole +period of barbarian settlement. We shall not endeavour +to trace the slight influences that preserved +some knowledge of religious books at the Court of +the Merovingian kings, or among the Visigoths and +Ostrogoths and Burgundians. We prefer to pause +at a moment preceding the final onslaught. The +letters of Sidonius afford us a few glimpses of the +literary condition of Southern Gaul soon after the +invasion of Attila. The Bishop of Clermont gives us +a delightful picture of his house: a verandah leads +from the <i>atrium</i> to the garden by the lake: we pass +through a winter-parlour, a morning-room, and a +north-parlour protected from the heat. Every detail +seems to be complete; and yet we hear nothing of a +library. The explanation seems to be that the Bishop +was a close imitator of Pliny. The villa in Auvergne +is a copy of the winter-refuge at Laurentum, where +Pliny only kept 'a few cases contrived in the wall for +the books that cannot be read too often.' But when +the Bishop writes about his friends' houses we find +many allusions to their libraries. Consentius sits in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +a large book-room when he is composing his verses +or 'culling the flowers of his music.' When he visited +the Prefect of Gaul, Sidonius declared that he was +whirled along in a stream of delights. There were +all kinds of out-door amusements and a library filled +with books. 'You would fancy yourself among a +Professor's book-cases, or in a book-shop, or amid the +benches of a lecture-room.' The Bishop considered +that this library of the Villa Prusiana was as good as +anything that could be found in Rome or Alexandria. +The books were arranged according to subjects. The +room had a 'ladies' side'; and here were arranged +the devotional works. The illuminated volumes, as +far as can now be judged, were rather gaudy than +brilliant, as was natural in an age of decadence; but +St. Germanus was a friend of the Bishop, and as we +suppose of the Prefect, and his copy of the Gospels was +in gold and silver letters on purple vellum, as may +still be seen. By the gentlemen's seats were ranged +the usual classical volumes, all the works of Varro, +which now exist only in fragments, and the poets +sacred and profane; behind certain cross-benches was +the literary food of a lighter kind, more suited to the +weaker vessels without regard to sex. Here every one +found what would suit his own liking and capacity, +and here on the day after their arrival the company +worked hard after breakfast 'for four hours by the +water clock.' Suddenly the door was thrown open, +and in his uniform the head cook appeared and +solemnly warned them all that their meal was served,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +and that it was as necessary to nourish the body as to +stuff the mind with learning.</p> + +<p>When the barbarians were established through +Gaul and Italy the libraries in the old country-houses +must have been completely destroyed. Some faint +light of learning remained while Boethius 'trimmed +the lamp with his skilful hand'; some knowledge of +the classics survived during the lives of Cassiodorus +and Isidore of Seville. Some of the original splendour +may have lingered at Rome, and perhaps in Ravenna. +When Boethius was awaiting his doom in the tower +at Pavia, his mind reverted to the lettered ease of his +life before he had offended the fierce Theodoric. His +philosophy found comfort in thinking that all the +valuable part of his books was firmly imprinted on +his soul; but he never ceased regretting the walls +inlaid with ivory and the shining painted windows +in his old library at Rome.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>IRELAND—NORTHUMBRIA.</h3> + + +<p>The knowledge of books might almost have disappeared +in the seventh century, when the cloud of +ignorance was darkest, but for a new and remarkable +development of learning in the Irish monasteries.</p> + +<p>This development is of special interest to ourselves +from the fact that the church of Northumbria was +long dependent on the Irish settlement at Iona. The +Anglians taught by Paulinus very soon relapsed into +paganism, and the second conversion of the North +was due to the missionaries of the school of St. +Columba. The power of Rome was established at +the Council of Whitby; but in the days when Aidan +preached at Lindisfarne the Northumbrians were +still in obedience to an Irish rule, and were instructed +and edified by the acts and lives of St. Patrick, of St. +Brigit, and the mighty Columba.</p> + +<p>We shall quote some of the incidents recorded +about the Irish books, a few legends of Patrick and +dim traditions from the days of Columba, before +noticing the rise of the English school.</p> + +<p>The first mention of the Irish books seems to be +contained in a passage of Æthicus. The cosmography +ascribed to that name has been traced to very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +early times. It was long believed to have been +written by St. Jerome; but in its present form, at +least, the work contains entries of a much later date. +The passage in which Ireland is mentioned may be +even as late as the age of Columbanus, when Irish +monks set up their churches at Würzburg and on the +shores of the Lake of Constance, or illuminated their +manuscripts at Bobbio under the protection of +Theodolind and her successors in Lombardy. A +wandering philosopher is represented as visiting the +northern regions: he remained for a while in the Isle +of Saints and turned over the painted volumes; but +he despised the native churchmen and called them +'Doctors of Ignorance.' 'Here am I in Ireland, at +the world's end, with much toil and little ease; with +such unskilled labourers in the field the place is too +doleful, and is absolutely of no good to me.'</p> + +<p>Palladius came with twelve men to preach to the +Gael, and we are told that he 'left his books' at Cellfine. +The legendary St. Patrick is made to pass into +Ulster, and he finds a King who burns himself and +his home 'that he may not believe in Patrick.' The +Saint proceeds to Tara with eight men and a little +page carrying the book-wallet; 'it was like eight +deer with one fawn following, and a white bird on its +shoulder.'</p> + +<p>The King and his chief Druid proposed a trial by +ordeal. The King said, 'Put your books into the water.' +'I am ready for that,' said Patrick. But the Druid +said, 'A god of water this man adores, and I will not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +take part in the ordeal.' The King said, 'Put your +books into the fire.' 'I am ready for that,' said +Patrick. 'A god of fire once in two years this man +adores, and I will not do that,' said the Druid.</p> + +<p>In the church by the oak-tree at Kildare St. Brigit +had a marvellous book, or so her nuns supposed. +The Kildare Gospels may have been illuminated as +early as Columba's time. Gerard de Barri saw the +book in the year 1185, and said that it was so +brilliant in colouring, so delicate and finely drawn, +and with such enlacements of intertwining lines that +it seemed to be a work beyond the powers of mortal +man, and to be worthy of an angel's skill; and, +indeed, there was a strong belief that miraculous help +had been given to the artist in his dreams.</p> + +<p>The 'Book of Durrow' called <i>The Gospels of St. +Columba</i>, almost rivals the famous 'Book of Kells' +with which Mr. Madan will doubtless deal in his +forthcoming volume on Manuscripts. A native poet +declared that when the Saint died in 597 he had +illuminated 'three hundred bright noble books'; and +he added that 'however long under water any book +of the Saint's writing should be, not one single letter +would be drowned.' Our authorities tell us that the +Book of Durrow might possibly be one of the +three hundred, 'as it bears some signs of being earlier +in date than the Book of Kells.'</p> + +<p>St. Columba, men said, was passionately devoted +to books. Yet he gave his Gospels to the Church at +Swords, and presented the congregation at Derry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +with the volume that he had fetched from Tours, +'where it had lain on St. Martin's breast a hundred +years in the ground.' In one of the biographies there +is a story about 'Langarad of the White Legs,' who +dwelt in the region of Ossory. To him Columba came +as a guest, and found that the sage was hiding all +his books away. Then Columba left his curse upon +them; 'May that,' quoth he, 'about which thou art so +niggardly be never of any profit after thee'; and this +was fulfilled, 'for the books remain to this day, and +no man reads them.' When Langarad died 'all the +book-satchels in Ireland that night fell down'; some +say, 'all the satchels and wallets in the saint's house +fell then: and Columba and all who were in his +house marvelled at the noisy shaking of the books.' +So then speaks Columba: 'Langarad in Ossory,' +quoth he, 'is just now dead.' 'Long may it be ere that +happens,' said Baithen. 'May the burden of that +disbelief fall on him and not on thee,' said Columba.</p> + +<p>Another tradition relates to St. Finnen's book that +caused a famous battle; and that was because of a +false judgment which King Diarmid gave against +Columba, when he copied St. Finnen's Psalter without +leave. St. Finnen claimed the copy as being the +produce of his original, and on the appeal to the +court at Tara his claim was confirmed. King +Diarmid decided that to every mother-book belongs +the child-book, as to the cow belongs her calf; 'and +so,' said the King, 'the book that you wrote, Columba, +belongs to Finnen by right.' 'That is an unjust<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +judgment,' said Columba, 'and I will avenge it upon +you.'</p> + +<p>Not long afterwards the Saint was insulted by the +seizure and execution of an offender who had taken +sanctuary and was clasped in his arms. Columba +went over the wild mountains and raised the tribes +of Tyrconnell and Tyrone, and defeated King +Diarmid in battle. When the Saint went to Iona he +left the copy of Finnen's Psalter to the head of the +chief tribe in Tyrconnell. It was called the <i>Book +of the Battle</i>, and if they carried it three times round +the enemy, in the sun's course, they were sure to +return victorious. The book was the property of +the O'Donnells till the dispersion of their clan. The +gilt and jewelled case in which it rests was made in +the eleventh century: a frame round the inner shrine +was added by Daniel O'Donnell, who fought in the +Battle of the Boyne. A large fragment of the book +remained in a Belgian monastery in trust for the +true representative of the clan; and soon after +Waterloo it was given up to Sir Neal O'Donnell, to +whose family it still belongs. It is now shown at the +Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. 'The fragment +of the original <i>Book of the Battle</i>', says O'Curry, +'is of small quarto form, consisting of fifty-eight +leaves of fine vellum, written in a small, uniform, but +rather hurried hand, with some slight attempts at +illumination.'</p> + +<p>We have now to describe the great increase of +books in Northumbria. In the year 635 Aidan set<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +up his quarters with a few Irish monks on the Isle +of Lindisfarne, and his Abbey soon became one of +the main repositories of learning.</p> + +<p>The book called <i>The Gospels of St. Cuthbert</i> was +written in 688, and was regarded for nearly two +centuries as the chief ornament of Lindisfarne. The +monastery was burned by the Danes, and the servants +of St. Cuthbert, who had concealed the 'Gospels' in +his grave, wandered forth, with the Saint's body in +an ark and the book in its chest, in search of a new +place of refuge. They attempted a voyage to Ireland, +but their ship was driven back by a storm. The book-chest +had been washed overboard, but in passing up +the Solway Firth they saw the book shining in its +golden cover upon the sand. For more than a +century afterwards the book shared the fortunes of a +wandering company of monks: in the year 995 it +was laid on St. Cuthbert's coffin in the new church at +Durham; early in the twelfth century it returned to +Lindisfarne. Here it remained until the dissolution +of the monasteries, when its golden covers were torn +off, and the book came bare and unadorned into the +hands of Sir Robert Cotton, and passed with the +rest of his treasures into the library of the British +Museum.</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/04.jpg"><img src="./images/04_th.jpg" alt="INITIAL LETTER FROM THE GOSPELS OF ST. CUTHBERT." title="INITIAL LETTER FROM THE GOSPELS OF ST. CUTHBERT." /></a></p><p class="figcenter">INITIAL LETTER FROM THE GOSPELS OF ST. CUTHBERT.</p> + +<p>Theodore of Tarsus had been consecrated Archbishop +of Canterbury in the year 669. He brought +with him a large quantity of books for use in his new +Greek school. These books were left by his will to +the cathedral library, where they remained for ages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +without disturbance. William Lambarde, the Kentish +antiquary, has left an account of their appearance. +He was speaking of Archbishop Parker, +'whose care for the conservation of ancient monuments +can never be sufficiently commended.' 'The +reverend Father,' he added, 'showed me the <i>Psalter +of David</i>, and sundry homilies in Greek, and Hebrew +also, and some other Greek authors, beautifully +written on thick paper with the name of this +Theodore prefixed,' to whose library the Archbishop +thought that they had belonged, 'being thereto led +by a show of great antiquity.'</p> + +<p>The monks of Canterbury claimed to possess the +books on pink vellum, with rubricated capitals, which +Pope Gregory had sent to Augustine. One of these +afterwards belonged to Parker, who gave it to Corpus +Christi at Cambridge: the experts now believe that +it was written in the eighth century 'in spite of the +ancient appearance of the figure-painting.' Another +is the <i>Psalter of St. Augustine</i>, now preserved among +the Cottonian <span class="smcap">mss</span>. This is also considered to be a +writing of the eighth century.</p> + +<p>In the Bodleian library there is a third example, +written in quarto with large uncial letters in double +columns, in much the same style as the book given +by Parker to Corpus Christi. The Bodleian specimen +is especially interesting as containing on the fly-leaf +a list in Anglo-Saxon of the contents of the library +of Solomon the Priest, with notes as to other small +collections.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> + +<p>We have reached the period in which Northumbria +became for a time the centre of Western culture. +The supremacy of Rome, set up at the Council of +Whitby, was fostered and sustained by the introduction +of the Italian arts. Vast quantities of books +were imported. Stately Abbeys were rising along +the coast, and students were flocking to seek the +fruits of the new learning in well-filled libraries and +bustling schools. We may judge how bright the +prospect seemed by the tone of Alcuin's letters to +Charles the Great. He tells the Emperor of certain +'exquisite books' which he had studied under Egbert +at York. The schools of the North are compared to +'a garden enclosed' and to the beds of spices: he +asks that some of the young men may be sent over +to procure books, so that in Tours as well as at York +they may gather the flowers of the garden and share +in the 'outgoings of Paradise.' A few years afterwards +came the news of the harrying of Northumbria +by the Vikings. The libraries were burned, and +Northumbria was overwhelmed in darkness and +slavery; and Alcuin wrote again, 'He who can hear +of this calamity and not cry to God on behalf of his +country, must have a heart not of flesh but of +stone.'</p> + +<p>Benedict Biscop was our first English book-collector. +The son of a rich Thane might have looked +to a political career; he preferred to devote himself +to learning, and would have spent his life in a Roman +monastery if the Pope had not ordered him to return<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +to England in company with Theodore of Tarsus. +His first expedition was made with his friend St. +Wilfrid. They crossed in a ship provided by the +King of Kent. Travelling together as far as Lyons, +Wilfrid remained there for a time, and Benedict +pushed on to Mont Cenis, and so to Rome, after +a long and perilous journey. On a second visit he +received the tonsure, and went back to work at +Lindisfarne; but about two years afterwards he +obtained a passage to Italy in a trading-vessel, and +it was on this occasion that he received the Pope's +commands. Four years elapsed before he was in +Rome again: throughout the year 671 he was amassing +books by purchase and by the gifts of his friends; +and returning by Vienne he found another large store +awaiting him which he had ordered on his outward +journey. Benedict was able to set up a good library +in his new Abbey at Wearmouth; but his zeal appears +to have been insatiable. We find him for the fifth +time at the mart of learning, and bringing home, as +Bede has told us, 'a multitude of books of all kinds.' +He divided his new wealth between the Church at +Wearmouth and the Abbey at Jarrow, across the +river. Ceolfrid of Jarrow himself made a journey to +Rome with the object of augmenting Benedict's +'most noble and copious store'; but he gave to the +King of Northumbria, in exchange for a large landed +estate, the magnificent 'Cosmography' which his predecessor +had brought to Wearmouth.</p> + +<p>St. Wilfrid presented to his church at Ripon a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +<i>Book of the Gospels</i> on purple vellum, and a Bible +with covers of pure gold inlaid with precious stones. +John the Precentor, who introduced the Roman +liturgy into this country, bequeathed a number of +valuable books to Wearmouth. Bede had no great +library of his own; it was his task 'to disseminate +the treasures of Benedict.' But he must have possessed +a large number of manuscripts while he was +writing the Ecclesiastical History, since he has informed +us that Bishop Daniel of Winchester and +other learned churchmen in the South were accustomed +to supply him constantly with records and +chronicles.</p> + +<p>St. Boniface may be counted among the collectors, +though he could carry but a modest supply of books +through the German forests and the marshes of Friesland. +As a missionary he found it useful to display +a finely-painted volume. Writing to the Abbess +Eadburga for a Missal, he asked that the parchment +might be gay with colours,—'even as a glittering lamp +and an illumination for the hearts of the Gentiles.' +'I entreat you,' he writes again, 'to send me <i>St. +Peters Epistle</i> in letters of gold.' He begged all his +friends to send him books as a refreshment in the +wilderness. Bishop Daniel is asked for the <i>Prophecies</i> +'written very large.' Bishop Lulla is to send a cosmography +and a volume of poems. He applies to +one Archbishop for the works of Bede, 'who is the +lamp of the Church,' and to the other for the Pope's +<i>Answers to Augustine</i>, which cannot be found in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +Roman bookshops. Boniface was Primate of Germany; +but he resigned his high office to work among +the rude tribes of Friesland. We learn that he carried +some of his choicest books with him on his last ill-fated +expedition, when the meadow and the river-banks +were strewn with the glittering service-books +after the murder of the Saint and his companions.</p> + +<p>Egbert of York set up a large library in the Minster. +Alcuin took charge of it after his friend's +death, and composed a versified catalogue, of such +merit as the nature of the task allowed. 'Here you +may trace the footsteps of the Fathers; here you meet +the clear-souled Aristotle and Tully of the mighty +tongue; here Basil and Fulgentius shine, and Cassiodorus +and John of the Golden Mouth.' As Alcuin +was returning from book-buying at Rome he met +Charles the Great at Parma. The Emperor persuaded +the traveller to enter his service, and they +succeeded by their joint efforts in producing a wonderful +revival of literature. The Emperor had a fine +private collection of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> adorned in the Anglo-Frankish +style; and he established a public library, +containing the works of the Fathers, 'so that the +poorest student might find a place at the banquet of +learning.' Alcuin presented to the Emperor's own +collection a revised copy of the Vulgate illuminated +under his personal supervision.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of Alcuin's career he retired to +the Abbey of St. Martin at Tours, and there founded +his 'Museum,' which was in fact a large establishment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +for the editing and transcription of books. Here he +wrote those delightful letters from which we have +already made an extract. To his friend Arno at +Salzburg he writes about a little treatise on orthography, +which he would have liked to have recited in +person. 'Oh that I could turn the sentences into +speech, and embrace my brother with a warmth that +cannot be sent in a book; but since I cannot come +myself I send my rough letters, that they may speak +for me instead of the words of my mouth.' To the +Emperor he sent a description of his life at Tours: +'In the house of St. Martin I deal out the honey of +the Scriptures, and some I excite with the ancient +wine of wisdom, and others I fill full with the fruits +of grammatical learning.'</p> + +<p>Very few book-lovers could be found in England +while the country was being ravaged by the Danes. +The Northern Abbeys were burned, and their +libraries destroyed. The books at York perished, +though the Minster was saved; the same fate befell +the valuable collections at Croyland and Peterborough. +The royal library at Stockholm contains the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'interesing'">interesting</ins> +'Golden Gospels,' decorated in the same style as +the <i>Book of Lindisfarne</i>, and perhaps written at the +same place. An inscription of the ninth century +shows that it was bought from a crew of pirates by +Duke Alfred, a nobleman of Wessex, and was presented +by him and his wife Werburga to the Church +at Canterbury.</p> + +<p>It seems possible that literature was kept alive in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +our country by King Alfred's affection for the old +English songs. We know that he used to recite them +himself and would make his children get them by +heart. He was not much of a scholar himself, but he +had all the learning of Mercia to help him. Archbishop +Plegmund and his chaplains were the King's +secretaries, 'and night and day, whenever he had +time, he commanded these men to read to him.' +From France came Provost Grimbald, a scholar and +a sweet singer, and Brother John of Corbei, a paragon +in all kinds of science. Asser came to the Court +from his home in Wales: 'I remained there,' he says, +'for about eight months, and all that time I used to +read to him whatever books were at hand; for it was +his regular habit by day and night, amidst all his other +occupations, either to read to himself or to listen +while others read to him.' St. Dunstan was an ardent +admirer of the old battle-chaunts and funeral-lays. +He was, it need hardly be said, the friend of all kinds +of learning. The Saint was an expert scribe and a +painter of miniatures; and specimens of his exquisite +handiwork may still be seen at Canterbury and in the +Bodleian at Oxford. He was the real founder of the +Glastonbury library, where before his time only a few +books had been presented by missionaries from Ireland. +His great work was the establishment of the +Benedictines in the place of the regular clergy: and +the reform at any rate insured the rise of a number +of new monasteries, each with its busy 'scriptorium,' +out of which the library would grow. We must say<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +a word in remembrance of Archbishop Ælfric, the +author of a great part of our English Chronicle. He +was trained at Winchester, where the illuminators, it +is said, were 'for a while the foremost in the world.' +He enacted that every priest should have at least a +psalter and hymn-book and half a dozen of the most +important service-books, before he could hope for +ordination. His own library, containing many works +of great value, was bequeathed to the Abbey of St. +Alban's. We end the story of the Anglo-Saxon +books with a mention of Leofric, the first Bishop of +Exeter, who gave a magnificent donation out of his +own library to the Cathedral Church. The catalogue +is still extant, and some of the volumes are preserved +at Oxford. There were many devotional works of +the ordinary kind; there were 'reading-books for +winter and summer,' and song-books, and especially +'night-songs'; but the greatest treasure of all was the +'great book of English poetry,' known as the Exeter +Book, in which Cynewulf sang of the ruin of the +'purple arch,' and set forth the Exile's Lament and +the Traveller's Song.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>ENGLAND.</h3> + + +<p>A more austere kind of learning came in with the +Norman Conquest. Lanfranc and Anselm introduced +at Canterbury a devotion to science, to the doctrines +of theology and jurisprudence, and to the new discoveries +which Norman travellers were bringing back +from the schools at Salerno. Lanfranc imported a +large quantity of books from the Continent. He +would labour day and night at correcting the work of +his scribes; and Anselm, when he succeeded to the +See, used often to deprive himself of rest to finish the +transcription of a manuscript. Lanfranc, we are told, +was especially generous in lending his books: among +a set which he sent to St. Alban's we find the names of +twenty-eight famous treatises, besides a large number +of missals and other service-books, and two 'Books of +the Gospels,' bound in silver and gold, and ornamented +with valuable jewels.</p> + +<p>A historian of our own time has said that England +in the twelfth century was the paradise of scholars. Dr. +Stubbs imagined a foreign student making a tour +through the country and endeavouring to ascertain its +proper place in the literary world. He would have +seen a huge multitude of books, and 'such a supply<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +of readers and writers' as could not have been found +elsewhere, except perhaps in the University of Paris. +Canterbury was a great literary centre. At Winchester +there was a whole school of historians; at +Lincoln he might listen to Walter Map or learn at +the feet of St. Hugh. 'Nothing is more curious than +the literary activity going on in the monasteries; +manuscripts are copied; luxurious editions are recopied +and illuminated; there is no lack of generosity +in lending or of boldness in borrowing; there is brisk +competition and open rivalry.'</p> + +<p>The Benedictines were ever the pioneers of learning: +the regular clergy were still the friends of their books, +and 'delighted in their communion with them,' as the +Philobiblon phrased it. We gather from the same +source the lamentation of the books in the evil times +that followed. The books complain that they are +cast from their shelves into dark corners, ragged and +shivering, and bereft of the cushions which propped +up their sides. 'Our vesture is torn off by violent +hands, so that our souls cleave to the ground, and our +glory is laid in the dust.' The old-fashioned clergy +had been accustomed to treat religious books with +reverence, and would copy them out most carefully in +the intervals of the canonical hours. The monks used +to give even their time of rest to the decoration of +the volumes which added a splendour to their monasteries. +But now, it is complained, the Regulars even +reject their own rule that books are to be asked for +every day. They carry bows and arrows, or sword<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +and buckler, and play at dice and draughts, and give +no alms except to their dogs. 'Our places are taken +by hawks and hounds, or by that strange creature, +woman, from whom we taught our pupils to flee as +from an asp or basilisk. This creature, ever jealous +and implacable, spies us out in a corner hiding behind +some ancient cabinet, and she wrinkles her forehead +and laughs us to scorn, and points to us as the only +rubbish in the house; and she complains that we are +totally useless, and recommends our being bartered +away at once for fine caps and cambrics or silks, for +double-dyed purple stuffs, for woollen and linen and +fur.' 'Nay,' they add, 'we are sold like slaves or +left as unredeemed pledges in taverns: we are given +to cruel butchers to be slaughtered like sheep or +cattle. Every tailor, or base mechanic may keep us +shut up in his prison.' Worst of all was the abominable +ingratitude that sold the illuminated vellums to +ignorant painters, or to goldsmiths who only wanted +these 'sacred vessels' as receptacles for their sheets of +gold-leaf. 'Flocks and fleeces, crops and herds, +gardens and orchards, the wine and the wine-cup, are +the only books and studies of the monks.' They are +reprehended for their banquets and fine clothes and +monasteries towering on high like a castle in its bulwarks: +'For such things as these,' the supplication +continues, 'we, their books, are cast out of their hearts +and regarded as useless lumber, except some few +worthless tracts, from which they still pick out a +mixture of rant and nonsense, more to tickle the ears<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +of their audience than to assuage any hunger of the +soul.'</p> + +<p>A great religious revival began with the coming of +the Mendicant Friars, who, according to the celebrated +Grostête, 'illumined our whole country with the light +of their preaching and learning.' The Franciscans +and Dominicans reached England in 1224, and were +established at Oxford within two years afterwards, +where the Grey Friars of St. Francis soon obtained +as great a predominance as the Dominicans or Black +Friars had gained in the University of Paris. St. Francis +himself had set his face against literature. Professor +Brewer pointed out in the <i>Monumenta Franciscana</i> +that his followers were expected to be poor in heart +and understanding: 'total absolute poverty secured +this, but it was incompatible with the possession of +books or the necessary materials for study.' Even +Roger Bacon, when he joined the Friars, was forbidden +to retain his books and instruments, and was not +allowed to touch ink or parchment without a special +licence from the Pope. We may quote one or two of +the anecdotes about the Saint. A brother was arguing +with him on the text 'Take nothing with you on the +way,' and asked if it meant 'absolutely nothing'; +'Nothing,' said the Saint, 'except the frock allowed +by our rule, and, if indispensable, a pair of shoes.' +'What am I to do?' said the brother: 'I have books +of my own,' naming a value of many pounds of silver. +'I will not, I ought not, I cannot allow it,' was the +reply. A novice applied to St. Francis for leave to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +possess a psalter: but the Saint said, 'When you +have got a psalter, then you'll want a breviary, and +when you have got a breviary you will sit in a chair +as great as a lord, and will say to some brother, +Friar! go and fetch me my breviary!' And he +laid ashes on his head, and repeated, 'I am your +breviary! I am your breviary!' till the novice was +dumbfounded and amazed; and then again the Saint +said that he also had once been tempted to possess +books, and he almost yielded to the request, but +decided in the end that such yielding would be sinful. +He hoped that the day would come when men would +throw their books out of the window as rubbish.</p> + +<p>A curious change took place when the Mendicants +got control of the schools. It was absolutely necessary +that they should be the devourers of books if they +were to become the monopolists of learning. In the +century following their arrival, Fitz-Ralph, the Archbishop +of Armagh, complained that his chaplains +could not buy any books at Oxford, because they +were all snapped up by the men of the cord and cowl: +'Every brother who keeps a school has a huge collection, +and in each Convent of Freres is a great and +noble library.' The Grey Friars certainly had two +houses full of books in School Street, and their +brothers in London had a good library, which was in +later times increased and richly endowed by Sir +Richard Whittington, the book-loving Lord Mayor +of London.</p> + +<p>There were some complaints that the Friars cared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +too much for the contents and too little for the condition +of their volumes. The Carmelites, who arrived +in England after the two greater Orders, had the +reputation of being careful librarians, 'anxiously protecting +their books against dust and worms,' and +ranging the manuscripts in their large room at Oxford +at first in chests and afterwards in book-cases. The +Franciscans were too ready to give and sell, to lend +and spend, the volumes that they were so keen to +acquire. A Dominican was always drawn with a book +in his hand; but he would care nothing for it, if it +contained no secrets of science. Richard de Bury had +much to say about the Friars in that treatise on the +love of books, 'which he fondly named Philobiblon,' +being a commendation of Wisdom and of the books +wherein she dwells. The Friars, he said, had preserved +the ancient stores of learning, and were always +ready to procure the last sermon from Rome or the +newest pamphlet from Oxford. When he visited +their houses in the country-towns, and turned out +their chests and book-shelves, he found such wealth +as might have lain in kings' treasuries; 'in those +cupboards and baskets are not merely the crumbs +that fall from the table, but the shew-bread which is +angel's food, and corn from Egypt and the choicest +gilts of Sheba.' He gives the highest praise to the +Preachers or Friars of the Dominican Order, as being +most open and ungrudging, 'and overflowing with a +with a kind of divine liberality.' But both Preachers +and Minorites, or Grey Friars, had been his pupils,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +his friends and guests in his family, and they had +always applied themselves with unwearied zeal to the +task of editing, indexing, and cataloguing the volumes +in the library. 'These men,' he cries, 'are the successors +of Bezaleel and the embroiderers of the ephod +and breast-plate: these are the husbandmen that sow, +and the oxen that tread out the corn: they are the +blowers of the trumpets: they are the shining Pleiades +and the stars in their courses.'</p> + +<p>Brother Agnellus of Pisa was the first Franciscan +missionary at Oxford, and the first Minister of the +Order in this county. He set up a school for poor +students, at which Bishop Grostête was the first reader +or master; but we are told that he afterwards felt +great regret when he found his Friars bestowing their +time upon frivolous learning. 'One day, when he +wished to see what proficiency they were making, he +entered the school while a disputation was going on, +and they were wrangling and debating about the +existence of the Deity. "Woe is me! Woe is me!" +he burst forth: "the simple brethren are entering +heaven, and the learned ones are debating if there be +one"; and he sent at once a sum of £10 sterling to +the Court to buy a copy of the Decretals, that the +Friars might study them and give over their frivolities.' +The great difficulty was to prevent the brethren from +studying the doctrine of Aristotle, as it was to be +found in vile Latin translations, instead of attending +to Grostête, who was said to know 'a hundred thousand +times more than Aristotle' on all his subjects.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +Grostête himself spent very large sums in importing +Greek books. In this he was helped by John +Basingstoke, who had himself studied at Athens, and +who taught the Greek language to several of the +monks at St. Alban's. Grostête upheld the eastern +doctrines against the teaching of the Papal Court, +and indeed was nicknamed 'the hammerer of the +Romans.' He based many of his statements upon +books which he valued as his choicest possessions; +but some of them, such as the <i>Testament of the +Patriarchs</i> and the <i>Decretals of Dionysius</i> are now +admitted to be forgeries. On Grostête's death in +1253 he bequeathed his library, rich in marginal +commentaries and annotations, to the Friars for +whom he had worked before he became Bishop and +Chancellor. Some generations afterwards their successors +sold many of the books to Dr. Gascoigne, +who used to work on them at the Minorites' Library: +and some of those which he bought found their way +to the libraries of Balliol, Oriel, and Lincoln; the +main body of Grostête's books was gradually dispersed +by gifts and sales, and dwindled down to little +or nothing; so that, when Leland paid his official +visit after the suppression of the monasteries, he +found very few books of any kind, but plenty of dust +and cobwebs, 'and moths and beetles swarming over +the empty shelves.'</p> + +<p>It has been said that Richard de Bury had not +much depth of learning; and it has been a favourite +theory for many years that his book might have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +been written for him by his secretary, the Dominican +Robert Holkot. The matter is not very important, +since it is certain, in spite of ancient and modern +detractors, that Richard de Bury or 'Aungerville' +was a most ardent bibliophile and a very devoted +attendant in the 'Library of Wisdom.' He was the +son of Sir Richard Aungerville, a knight of Suffolk; +but in accordance with a fashion of the day he was +usually called after his birthplace. He was born at +Bury St. Edmunds in the year 1287: he was educated +at Oxford, and afterwards took a prominent part in +the civil troubles, taking the side of Queen Isabel and +Edward of Windsor against the unfortunate Edward <span class="smcap">ii.</span> +He was appointed tutor to the Prince, and soon afterwards +became the receiver of his revenues in Wales. +When the Queen fled to her own country, Richard +followed with a large sum of money, collected by +virtue of his office; and he had a narrow escape for +his life, being chased by a troop of English lancers +as far as Paris itself, where he lay concealed for a +week in the belfry of the Minorites' Church. When +his pupil came to the throne many lucrative offices +were showered on his faithful friend. Richard became +Cofferer and Treasurer of the Wardrobe, and for five +years was Clerk of the Privy Seal; and during that +period he was twice sent as ambassador to the Pope +at Avignon, where he had the honour of becoming +the friend of Petrarch.</p> + +<p>The poet has himself described his meeting with +the Englishman travelling in such splendid fashion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +to lay before his Holiness his master's claims upon +France. 'It was at the time,' says Petrarch, 'when +the seeds of war were growing that produced such a +blood-stained harvest, in which the sickles are not +laid aside nor as yet are the garners closed.' He +found in his visitor 'a man of ardent mind and by +no means unacquainted with literature.' He discovered +indeed that Richard was on some points full +of curious learning, and it occurred to him that one +born and bred in Britain might know the situation +of the long-lost island of Thule. 'But whether he +was ashamed of his ignorance,' says Petrarch, 'or +whether, as I will not suspect, he grudged information +upon the subject, and whether he spoke his real mind +or not, he only answered that he would tell me, but +not till he had returned home to his books, of which +no man had a more abundant supply.' The poet +complains that the answer never came, in spite of +many letters of reminder; 'and so my friendship with +a Briton never taught me anything more about the +Isle of Thule.'</p> + +<p>Richard was consecrated Bishop of Durham in +1333, after an amicable struggle between the Pope +and the King as to the hand that should bestow the +preferment. A few months afterwards he became +High Treasurer, and in the same year was appointed +Lord Chancellor. Within the next three years he +was sent on several embassies to France to urge the +English claims, and he afterwards went on the same +business to Flanders and Brabant. He writes with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +a kind of rapture of his first expeditions to Paris; in +later years he complained that the study of antiquities +was superseding science, in which the doctors of the +Sorbonne had excelled. 'I was sent first to the +Papal Chair, and afterwards to the Court of France, +and thence to other countries, on tedious embassies +and in perilous times, bearing with me all the time +that love of books which many waters could not +extinguish.' 'Oh Lord of Lords in Zion!' he ejaculates, +'what a flood of pleasure rejoiced my heart +when I reached Paris, the earthly Paradise. How I +longed to remain there, and to my ardent soul how +few and short seemed the days! There are the +libraries in their chambers of spice, the lawns wherein +every growth of learning blooms. There the meads +of Academe shake to the footfall of the philosophers +as they pace along: there are the peaks of Parnassus, +and there is the Stoic Porch. Here you will find +Aristotle, the overseer of learning, to whom belongs +in his own right all the excellent knowledge that +remains in this transitory world. Here Ptolemy +weaves his cycles and epicycles, and here Gensachar +tracks the planets' courses with his figures and charts. +Here it was in very truth that with open treasure-chest +and purse untied I scattered my money with a +light heart, and ransomed the priceless volumes with +my dust and dross.'</p> + +<p>He shows, as he himself confessed, an ecstatical +love for his books. 'These are the masters that teach +without rods and stripes, without angry words, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>out +demanding a fee in money or in kind: if you +draw near, they sleep not: if you ask, they answer +in full: if you are mistaken, they neither rail nor +laugh at your ignorance.' 'You only, my books!' +he cries, 'are free and unfettered: you only can give +to all who ask and enfranchise all that serve you.' +In his glowing periods they become transfigured into +the wells of living water, the fatness of the olive, the +sweetness of the vines of Engaddi; they seem to him +like golden urns in which the manna was stored, like +the fruitful tree of life and the four-fold river of Eden.</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/05.jpg"><img src="./images/05_th.jpg" alt="SEAL OF RICHARD DE BURY." title="SEAL OF RICHARD DE BURY." /></a></p><p class="figcenter">SEAL OF RICHARD DE BURY.</p> + +<p>Richard de Bury had more books than all the +other bishops in England. He set up several permanent +libraries in his manor-houses and at his palace +in Auckland; the floor of his hall was always so +strewed with manuscripts that it was hard to approach +his presence, and his bedroom so full of books that +one could not go in or out, or even stand still without +treading on them. He has told us many particulars +about his methods of collection. He had lived with +scholars from his youth upwards; but it was not +until he became the King's friend, and almost a +member of his family, that he was able 'to hunt in +the delightful coverts' of the clerical and monastic +libraries. As Chancellor he had great facilities for +'dragging the books from their hiding-places'; 'a +flying rumour had spread on all sides that we longed +for books, and especially for old ones, and that it +was easier to gain our favour by a manuscript than +by gifts of coin.' As he had the power of promoting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +and deposing whom he pleased, the 'crazy quartos +and tottering folios' came creeping in as gifts instead +of the ordinary fees and New Year's presents. The +book-cases of the monasteries were opened, and their +caskets unclasped, and the volumes that had lain for +ages in the sepulchres were roused by the light of +day. 'I might have had,' he said, 'abundance of +wealth in those days; but it was books, and not bags +of gold, that I wanted; I preferred folios to florins, +and loved a little thin pamphlet more than an overfed +palfrey.' We know that he bought many books +on his embassies to France and Flanders, besides +his constant purchases at home. He tells us that +the Friars were his best agents; they would compass +sea and land to meet his desire. 'With such eager +huntsmen, what leveret could lie hid? With such +fishermen, what single little fish could escape the net, +the hook, and the trawl?' He found another source +of supply in the country schools, where the masters +were always ready to sell their books; and in these +little gardens and paddocks, as chances occurred, +he culled a few flowers or gathered a few neglected +herbs. His money secured the services of the +librarians and bookstall-men on the Continent, who +were afraid of no journey by land, and were deterred +by no fury of the sea. 'Moreover,' he added, 'we +always had about us a multitude of experts and +copyists, with binders, and correctors, and illuminators, +and all who were in any way qualified for the +service of books.' He ends his chapter on book-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>collecting +with a reference to an eastern tale, comparing +himself to the mountain of loadstone that +attracted the ships of knowledge by a secret force, +while the books in their cargoes, like the iron bars in +the story, were streaming towards the magnetic cliff +'in a multifarious flight.'</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>ITALY—THE AGE OF PETRARCH.</h3> + + +<p>The enlightenment of an age of ignorance cannot +be attributed to any single person; yet it has been +said with some justice, that as the mediæval darkness +lifted, one figure was seen standing in advance, and +that Petrarch was rightly hailed as 'the harbinger of +day.' His fame rests not so much on his poems as +upon his incessant labours in the task of educating +his countrymen. Petrarch was devoted to books +from his boyhood. His youth was passed near +Avignon, 'on the banks of the windy Rhone.' After +receiving the ordinary instruction in grammar and +rhetoric, he passed four years at Montpellier, and +proceeded to study law at Bologna. 'I kept my +terms in Civil Law,' he said, 'and made some progress; +but I gave up the subject on becoming my +own master, not because I disliked the Law, which +no doubt is full of the Roman learning, but because +it is so often perverted by evil-minded men.' He +seems to have worked for a time under his friend +Cino of Pistoia, and to have attended the lectures of +the jurist Andrea, whose daughter Novella is said to +have sometimes taken the class 'with a little curtain +in front of her beautiful face.' While studying at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +Bologna, Petrarch made his first collection of books +instead of devoting himself to the Law. His old +father once paid him a visit and began burning the +parchments on a funeral pile: the boy's supplications +and promises saved the poor remainder. He tried +hard to follow his father's practical advice, but +always in vain; 'Nature called him in another direction, +and it is idle to struggle against her.'</p> + +<p>On Petrarch's return to Avignon he obtained the +friendship of Cardinal Colonna: and here the whole +course of his life was fixed when he first saw Laura +'in a green dress embroidered with violets.' Her face +was stamped upon his mind, and haunted him through +all efforts at repose: and perhaps it is to her influence +that he owed his rank among the lyrical poets and +the crown bestowed at Rome. His whole life was +thenceforth devoted to the service of the book. He +declared that he had the writing-disease, and was the +victim of a general epidemic. 'All the world is +taking up the writer's part, which ought to be confined +to a few: the number of the sick increases and +the disease becomes daily more virulent.' A victim +of the mania himself, he laughs at his own misfortune: +yet it might have been better, he thought, to +have been a labourer or a weaver at the loom. +'There are several kinds of melancholia: and some +madmen will write books, just as others toss pebbles +in their hands.' As for literary fame, it is but a +harvest of thin air, 'and it is only fit for sailors to +watch a breeze and to whistle for a wind.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> + +<p>Petrarch collected books in many parts of Europe. +In 1329, when he was twenty-five years of age, he +made a tour through Switzerland to the cities of +Flanders. The Flemish schools had lost something +of their ancient fame since the development of the +University of Paris. Several fine collections of books +were still preserved in the monasteries. The Abbey +of Laubes was especially rich in biblical commentaries +and other works of criticism, which were all +destroyed afterwards in a fire, except a Vulgate of +the eighth century that happened to be required for +use at the Council of Trent. Petrarch described his +visit to Liège in a letter to a friend; 'When we +arrived I heard that there was a good supply of +books, so I kept all my party there until I had one +oration of Cicero transcribed by a colleague, and +another in my own writing, which I afterwards +published in Italy; but in that fair city of the +barbarians it was very difficult to get any ink, +and what I did procure was as yellow as saffron.'</p> + +<p>A few years afterwards he went from Avignon to +Paris, and was astonished at the net-work of filthy +lanes in the students' quarter. It was a paradise of +books, all kept at fair prices by the University's +decree; but the traveller declared that, except in +'the world's sink' at Avignon, he had never seen so +dirty a place. At Rome he was dismayed to find +that all the books were the prey of the foreigner. +The English and French merchants were carrying +away what had been spared by the Goths and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +Vandals. 'Are you not ashamed,' he cried to his +Roman friends, 'are you not ashamed that your +avarice should allow these strangers every day to +acquire some remnant of your ancient majesty?'</p> + +<p>He used to pore over his manuscripts on the most +incongruous occasions, like Pliny reading his critical +notes at the boar-hunt. 'Whether I am being shaved +or having my hair cut,' he wrote, 'and whether I am +riding or dining, I either read or get some one to read +to me.' Some of his favourite volumes are described +in terms of delightful affection. He tells us how +Homer and Plato sat side by side on the shelf,—the +prince of poets by the prince of philosophers. He +only knew the rudiments of Greek, and was forced to +read the Iliad in the Latin version. 'But I glory,' +he said, 'in the sight of my illustrious guests, and +have at least the pleasure of seeing the Greeks +in their national costume.' 'Homer,' he adds, 'is +dumb, or I am deaf; I am delighted with his looks; +and as often as I embrace the silent volume I cry, +"Oh illustrious bard, how gladly would I listen to +thy song, if only I had not lost my hearing, through +the death of one friend and the lamented absence of +another!"'</p> + +<p>In his treatise on Fortune, Petrarch has left us +a study on book-collecting in the form of a dialogue +between his natural genius and his critical reason. +He argues, as it were, in his own person against the +imaginary opponent. A paraphrase will show the +nature and the result of the contest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + +<p>'<i>Petrarch.</i> I have indeed a great quantity of books.</p> + +<p><i>Critic.</i> That gives me an excellent instance. Some +men amass books for self-instruction and others from +vanity. Some decorate their rooms with the furniture +that was intended to be an ornament of the soul, as +if it were like the bronzes and statues of which we +were speaking. Some are working for their own vile +ends behind their rows of books, and these are the +worst of all, because they esteem literature merely as +merchandise, and not at its real value; and this new +fashionable infliction becomes another engine for the +arts of avarice.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have a very considerable quantity of books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Well! it is a charming, embarrassing kind of +luggage, affording an agreeable diversion for the mind.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have a great abundance of books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Yes, and a great abundance of hard work +and a great lack of repose. You have to keep your +mind marching in all directions, and to overload your +memory. Books have led some to learning, and +others to madness, when they swallow more than +they can digest. In the mind, as in the body, +indigestion does more harm than hunger; food and +books alike must be used according to the constitution, +and what is little enough for one is too much +for another.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> But I have an immense quantity of books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Immense is that which has no measure, and +without measure there is nothing convenient or +decent in the affairs of men.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have an incalculable number of books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Have you more than Ptolemy, King of Egypt, +accumulated in the library at Alexandria, which were +all burned at one time? Perhaps there was an excuse +for him in his royal wealth and his desire to benefit +posterity. But what are we to say of the private +citizens who have surpassed the luxury of kings? +Have we not read of Serenus Sammonicus, the +master of many languages, who bequeathed 62,000 +volumes to the younger Gordian? Truly that was +a fine inheritance, enough to sustain many souls or +to oppress one to death, as all will agree. If Serenus +had done nothing else in his life, and had not read +a word in all those volumes, would he not have had +enough to do in learning their titles and sizes and +numbers and their authors' names? Here you have +a science that turns a philosopher into a librarian. +This is not feeding the soul with wisdom: it is the +crushing it under a weight of riches or torturing it +in the waters of Tantalus.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have innumerable books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Yes, and innumerable errors of ignorant +authors and of the copyists who corrupt all that +they touch.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have a good provision of books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> What does that matter, if your intellect cannot +take them in? Do you remember the Roman +Sabinus who plumed himself on the learning of his +slaves? Some people think that they must know +what is in their own books, and say, when a new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +subject is started: 'I have a book about that in my +library!' They think that this is quite sufficient, +just as if the book were in their heads, and then they +raise their eyebrows, and there is an end of the +subject.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I am overflowing with books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Why don't you overflow with talent and +eloquence? Ah! but these things are not for sale, +like books, and if they were I don't suppose there +would be many buyers, for books do make a covering +for the walls, but those other wares are only clothing +for the soul, and are invisible and therefore neglected.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have books which help me in my studies.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Take care that they do not prove a hindrance. +Many a general has been beaten by having too many +troops. If books came in like recruits one would not +turn them away, but would stow them in proper +quarters, and use the best of them, taking care not +to bring up a force too soon which would be more +useful on another occasion.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have a great variety of books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> A variety of paths will often deceive the +traveller.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I have collected a number of fine books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> To gain glory by means of books you must +not only possess them but know them; their lodging +must be in your brain and not on the book-shelf.</p> + +<p><i>Pet.</i> I keep a few beautiful books.</p> + +<p><i>Crit.</i> Yes, you keep in irons a few prisoners, who, +if they could escape and talk, would have you indicted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +for wrongful imprisonment. But now they lie groaning +in their cells, and of this they ever complain, +that an idle and a greedy man is overflowing with +the wealth that might have sustained a multitude +of starving scholars.'</p> + +<p>Petrarch was in truth a careless custodian of his +prisoners. He was too ready to lend a book to a +friend, and his generosity on one occasion caused a +serious loss to literature. The only known copy of +a treatise by Cicero was awaiting transcription in +his library; but he allowed it to be carried off by an +old scholar in need of assistance: it was pledged in +some unknown quarter, and nothing was ever heard +again of the precious deposit.</p> + +<p>He returned to Avignon in 1337, and made himself +a quiet home at Vaucluse. His letters are full of +allusions to his little farm, to the poplars in the +horse-shoe valley, and the river brimming out from +the 'monarch of springs.' In these new lawns of +Helicon he made a new home for his books, and +tried to forget in their company the tumults that +had driven him from Italy. In 1340 he received +offers of a laureate's crown from Rome, the capital +of the world, and from Paris, 'the birth-place of +learning.' 'I start to-day,' he wrote to Colonna, 'to +receive my reward over the graves of those who were +the pride of ancient Rome, and in the very theatre of +their exploits.' The Capitol resounded to such cheers +that its walls and 'antique dome' seemed to share in +the public joy: the senator placed a chaplet on his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +brow, and old Stephen Colonna added a few words +of praise amid the applause of the Roman people.</p> + +<p>At Parma, soon afterwards, Petrarch formed another +library which he called his 'second Parnassus.' At +Padua he busied himself in the education of an +adopted son, the young John of Ravenna, who lived +to be a celebrated professor, and was nicknamed 'the +Trojan Horse,' because he turned out so many excellent +Grecians. In a cottage near Milan the poet +received a visit from Boccaccio, who was at that time +inclined to renounce the world. He offered to give his +whole library to Petrarch: he did afterwards send to +his host a <i>Dante</i> of his own copying, which is now preserved +in the Vatican. The approach of a pestilence +led Petrarch to remove his home to Venice: and here +he was again visited by Boccaccio, this time in company +with Leontio Pilato, a Calabrian Greek trading +in books between Italy and Constantinople.</p> + +<p>Leontio was the translator of Homer, and expounded +his poems from the Chair of Rhetoric at +Florence. He was a man of forbidding appearance, +and 'more obdurate,' said Petrarch, 'than the rocks +that he will encounter in his voyage': 'fearing that +I might catch his bad temper, I let him go, and gave +him a Terence to amuse him on the way, though I +do not know what this melancholy Greek could have +in common with that lively African.' Leontio was +killed by lightning on his return voyage; and there +was much anxiety until it could be ascertained that +his literary stock-in-trade had been rescued from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +hands of the sailors. It was not till the end of the +century that Chrysoloras renewed the knowledge of +the classics: but we may regard the austere Leontio +as the chief precursor of the crowd of later immigrants, +each with a gem, or bronze, or 'a brown +Greek manuscript' for sale, and all eager to play +their parts in the restoration of learning.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of his life Petrarch became tired +of carrying his books about. When he broke up the +libraries at Parma and Vaucluse he had formed the +habit of travelling with bales of manuscripts in a long +cavalcade; but he determined afterwards to offer the +collection to Venice, on condition that it should be +properly housed, and should never be sold or divided. +The offer was accepted by the Republic, and the +Palazzo Molina was assigned as a home for the poet +and his books. Petrarch, however, had other plans +for himself. He wished to be near Padua, where he +held a canonry; and he accordingly built himself a +cottage at Arquà, among the Euganean Hills, about +ten miles from the city. A few olive-trees and a +little vine-yard sufficed for the wants of his modest +household; and there, as he wrote to his brother, +broken in body but easy in his mind, he passed his +time in reading, and prepared for his end. His only +regret was that there was no monastery near in which +he might see his beloved Gerard fulfilling his religious +duties. He seems to have given up his love for fine +books with other worldly vanities. He offers excuses +for the plain appearance of a volume of 'St. Augustine'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +which he was sending as a present. 'One must not,' +said he, 'expect perfect manuscripts from scholars +who are engaged on better things. A general does +not sharpen the soldiers' swords. Apelles did not cut +out his own boards, or Polycletus his sheets of ivory; +some humble person always prepares the material +on which a higher mind is to be engaged. So is +it with books: some polish the parchment, and +others copy or correct the text; others again do the +illumination, to use the common phrase; but a loftier +spirit will disdain these menial occupations.' The +scholar's books are often of a rough and neglected +appearance, for abundance of anything makes the +owner 'careless and secure'; it is the invalid who is +particular about every breath of air, but the strong +man loves the rough breeze. 'As to this book of +the <i>Confessions</i>, its first aspect will teach you all about +it. Quite new, quite unadorned, untouched by the +corrector's fangs, it comes out of my young servant's +hands. You will notice some defects in spelling, but +no gross mistakes. In a word, you will perhaps find +things in it which will exercise but not disturb your +understanding. Read it then, and ponder upon it. +This book, which would enflame a heart of ice, must +set your ardent soul on fire.'</p> + +<p>On a summer night of the year 1374, Petrarch died +peacefully at Arquà, alone in his library. His few +remaining books were sold, and some of them may +still be seen in Rome and Paris. Those which he +had given to Venice suffered a strange reverse of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +fortune. How long the gift remained in the Palazzo +Molina we cannot tell. We conjecture that it was +discarded in the next century, before Bessarion presented +his Greek books to the senate, and became +the actual founder of the library of St. Mark. The +antiquary Tomasini found Petrarch's books cast aside +in a dark room behind the Horses of Lysippus. +Some had crumbled into powder, and others had +been glued into shapeless masses by the damp. The +survivors were placed in the Libraria Vecchia, and +are now in the Ducal Palace; but it was long before +they were permitted to enter the building that +sheltered the gift of Bessarion.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>OXFORD—DUKE HUMPHREY'S BOOKS—THE LIBRARY OF THE VALOIS.</h3> + + +<p>The University Library at Oxford was a development +of Richard de Bury's foundation. The monks of +Durham had founded a hall, now represented by Trinity +College, in which Richard had always taken a fatherly +interest. He provided the ordinary texts and commentaries +for the students, and was extremely anxious +that they should be instructed in Greek and in the +languages of the East. A knowledge of Arabic, he +thought, was as necessary for the study of astronomy +as a familiarity with Hebrew was requisite for the +understanding of the Scriptures. The Friars had +bought a good supply of Hebrew books when the +Jews were expelled from England; Richard not only +increased the available store, but supplied the means +of using it. 'We have provided,' he said, 'a grammar +in Greek and Hebrew for the scholars, with all the +proper aids to instruct them in reading and writing +those languages.' He formed the ambitious design +of providing assistance to the whole University out +of the books presented to the hall. The rules which +he drew up were not unlike those already in use at +the Sorbonne. Five students were chosen as wardens,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +of whom any three might be a quorum for lending +the manuscripts. Any book, of which they possessed +a duplicate, might be lent out on proper security: +but copying was not allowed, and no volume was on +any account to be carried beyond the suburbs. A +yearly account was to be taken of the books in store, +and of the current securities; and if any profit should +come to the wardens' hands it was to be applied to +the maintenance of the library.</p> + +<p>When the Bishop died some of his books went back +to Durham; but the monks were generous towards the +hall, and on several occasions sent fresh supplies to +Oxford. It may also be observed that some of his +best <span class="smcap">mss.</span> were returned to the Abbey of St. Alban's. +He had bought about thirty volumes from a former +abbot for fifty pounds weight of silver; but the monks +had continually protested against a transaction which +they believed to be illegal, and on Richard's death +some of the books were given back, and others were +purchased by Abbot Wentmore from his executors.</p> + +<p>De Bury's generous care for learning was imitated +in several quarters. A few years after his death the +Lady Elizabeth de Burgh made a bequest of a small +but very costly library to her College of Clare Hall +at Cambridge. Guy Earl of Warwick about the same +time gave a collection of illuminated romances to the +monks of Bordesley. John de Newton in the next +generation divided his collection of classics, histories, +and service-books, between St. Peter's College at Cambridge +and the Minster at York, where he had acted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +for some years as treasurer. The lending-library at +Durham Hall was the only provision for the public, +with the exception of a few volumes kept in the +'chest with four keys' at St. Mary's. Thomas +Cobham, Bishop of Worcester, had long been anxious +to show his filial love for the University: as early as +the year 1320 he had begun to prepare a room for a +library 'over the old congregation-house in the north +churchyard of St. Mary's'; and, though the work +was left incomplete, he gave all his books by will to +be placed at the disposal of the whole body of scholars. +Owing to disputes that arose between the University +and the College to which Cobham had belonged, the +gift did not take effect until 1367. The University +Library was established in the upper room, which +was used as a Convocation House in later times; it +is said not to have been completely furnished until +the year 1409, more than eighty years after the date +of the Bishop's benefaction. According to the first +statute for the regulation of Cobham's Library, the +best of the books were to be sold so as to raise a sum +of £40, which according to the current rate of interest +would produce a yearly income of £3 for the librarian; +the other books, together with those from the +University Chest, were to be chained to the desks for +the general use of the students. It was soon found +necessary to exclude the 'noisy rabble': and permission +to work in the library was restricted to +graduates of eight years' standing. Richard de Bury +had warned the world in his chapter upon the handling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +of books, how hardly could a raw youth be made to +take care of a manuscript; the student, according to +the great bibliophile, would treat a book as roughly +as if it were a pair of shoes, would stick in straws to +keep his place, or stuff it with violets and rose-leaves, +and would very likely eat fruit or cheese over one +page and set a cup of ale on the other. An impudent +boy would scribble across the text, the copyist would +try his pen on a blank space, a scullion would turn +the pages with unwashed hands, or a thief might cut +out the fly-leaves and margins to use in writing his +letters; 'and all these various negligences,' he adds, +'are wonderfully injurious to books.'</p> + +<p>A generous benefactor gave a copy of De Lyra's +'Commentaries,' which was set upon a desk in St. +Mary's Chancel for reference. A large gift of books +came from Richard Courteney, the Chancellor of the +University; and as a mark of gratitude he was allowed +free access to the library during the rest of his life. +Among the other benefactors whose good deeds are +still commemorated we find King Henry <span class="smcap">iv.</span>, who +helped to complete the library, his successor Henry <span class="smcap">v.</span>, +who contributed to its endowment as Prince of +Wales, and his brothers John Duke of Bedford and +Humphrey Duke of Gloucester; and the roll of a +later date includes the names of Edmund Earl of +March, Philip Repington Bishop of Lincoln, and the +munificent Archbishop Arundel.</p> + +<p>The good Duke Humphrey has been called 'the +first founder of the University Library.' We know<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +from the records of that time that his gifts were +acknowledged to be 'an almost unspeakable blessing.' +He sent in all about three hundred volumes during +his life, which were placed in the chests of Cobham's +Library as they arrived, to be transferred to the new +Divinity Schools as soon as room could be made for +the whole collection. He had intended to bequeath +as many more by way of an additional endowment, +but died intestate: and there was a considerable +delay before the University could procure the fulfilment +of his charitable design. When the books at +last arrived 'the general joy knew no bounds'; and +the title of 'Duke Humphrey's Library' was gratefully +given to the whole assemblage of books which +from several different quarters had come into the +University's possession.</p> + +<p>The catalogue shows that the Duke's store had +consisted mainly of the writings of the Fathers and +Arabian works on science: there were a few classics, +including a Quintilian, and Aristotle and Plato in +Latin: the works of Capgrave and Higden were the +only English chronicles; but the Duke was a devotee +of the Italian learning, and his gifts to Oxford included +more than one copy of the <i>Divina Commedia</i>, +three separate copies of <i>Boccaccio</i>, and no less than +seven of <i>Petrarch</i>.</p> + +<p>The fate of the libraries founded by De Bury and +Duke Humphrey of Gloucester was to perish at the +hands of the mob. Bishop Bale has told the sad +story of the destruction of the monastic libraries.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +The books were used for tailors' measures, for scouring +candlesticks and cleaning boots; 'some they sold to +the grocers and soap-sellers'; some they sent across +the seas to the book-binders, 'whole ships-full, to the +wondering of foreign nations': he knew a merchant +who bought 'two noble libraries' for 40<i>s.</i>, and got thereby +a store of grey paper for his parcels which lasted +him for twenty years. The same thing happened at +Oxford. The quadrangle of one College was entirely +covered 'with a thick bed of torn books and manuscripts.' +The rioters in the Protector Somerset's time +broke into the 'Aungerville Library,' as De Bury's +collection was called, and burnt all the books. Some +of De Bury's books had been removed into Duke +Humphrey's Library, and met the same fate at the +Schools, with almost every other volume that the +University possessed. So complete was the destruction +that in 1555 an order was made to sell the desks +and book-shelves, as if it were finally admitted that +Oxford would never have a library again.</p> + +<p>Some few of the Duke's books escaped the general +destruction. Of the half-dozen specimens in the +British Museum three are known by the ancient +catalogues to have been comprised in his gifts to the +University. Two more remain at Oxford in the +libraries of Oriel and Corpus Christi. We learn from +Mr. Macray that only three out of the whole number +of his <span class="smcap">mss.</span> are now to be found in the Bodleian. One +of them contains the Duke's signature: another is +of high interest as being a translation out of <i>Aristotle</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +by Leonardo Aretino, with an original dedication to +the Duke. The third is a magnificent volume of +<i>Valerius Maximus</i> prepared, as we know from the +monastic annals, under the personal supervision of +Abbot Whethamstede, the 'passionate bibliomaniac' +of St. Alban's. It contains inscriptions, says Mr. +Macray, recording its gift for the use of the scholars, +with anathemas upon all who should injure it. 'If +any one steals this book,' says the Abbot, 'may he +come to the gallows or the rope of Judas.'</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/06.jpg"><img src="./images/06_th.jpg" alt="THE DUKE OF BEDFORD PRAYING BEFORE ST. GEORGE." title="THE DUKE OF BEDFORD PRAYING BEFORE ST. GEORGE." /></a></p> +<p class="figcenter">THE DUKE OF BEDFORD PRAYING BEFORE ST. GEORGE.</p> +<p class="figcenter">(<i>From the "Bedford Missal."</i>)</p> + +<p>Many of the Duke of Gloucester's books had come +to him from the library of the French Kings at the +Louvre, which had been purchased and dispersed by +John, Duke of Bedford. The Duke himself was in +the habit of ordering magnificently illuminated books +of devotion, which he gave as presents to his friends. +The famous 'Bedford Missal' (really a Book of +Hours) was offered by the Duchess in his name +to Henry <span class="smcap">vi.</span>; and Mr. Quaritch possesses another +Book of Hours, which the Duke presented to +Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, as a wedding gift. The +House of Valois was always friendly to literature. +King John, who fought at Creçy, began a small +collection: he had the story of the Crusades, a tract +on the game of chess, and a book containing a French +version of <i>Livy</i>, which seems to have belonged afterwards +to Duke Humphrey, and to have found its +way later into the Abbey of St. Geneviève. His +son Charles le Sage was the owner of about 900 +volumes, which he kept in his castle at the Louvre.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +The first librarian was Gilles Malet, who prepared a +catalogue in 1373, which is still in existence. Another +was compiled a few years afterwards by +Antoine des Essars, and a third was made for +Bedford when he purchased about 850 volumes out +of the collection in the year 1423. These lists were +so carefully executed that we can form a very clear +idea of the library itself and the books in their gay +bindings on the shelves. We are told that the +King was so devoted to his '<i>Belle Assemblée</i>,' as +Christina of Pisa calls it, that not only authors and +booksellers, but the princes and nobles at the court, +all vied in making offerings of finely illuminated +manuscripts.</p> + +<p>They were arranged in the three rooms of the +Library Tower. The wainscots were of Irish yew, +and the ceilings of cypress. The windows were filled +with painted glass, and the rooms were lit at night +with thirty chandeliers and a great silver lamp. On +entering the lowest room the visitor saw a row of +book-cases low enough to be used as desks or tables. +A few musical instruments lay about; one of the old +lists tells us of a lute, and guitars inlaid with ivory +and enamel, and 'an old rebec' much out of repair. +There were 269 volumes in the book-cases. We will +only mention a few of the most remarkable. There +was Queen Blanche's Bible in red morocco, and +another in white boards, Thomas Waley's rhymes +from Ovid with splendid miniatures, and Richard de +Furnival's <i>Bestiaire d'Amour</i>. One life of St. Louis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +stood in a '<i>chemise blanche</i>,' and another in cloth of +gold. St. Gregory and Sir John Mandeville were +clothed in indigo velvet. John of Salisbury had a +silk coat and long girdle, and most of the Arabians +were in tawny silk ornamented with white roses and +wreaths of foliage. Some bindings are noticed as +being in fine condition, and others as being shabby +or faded. The clasps are minutely described. They +would catch a visitor's eye as the books lay flat on +the shelves: and we suppose that the librarian intended +to show the best way of knowing the books +apart rather than to dwell on their external attractions. +The Oxford fashion was to catalogue according to +the last word on the first leaf, or the first word over +the page; but it was also a common custom to +distinguish important volumes by such names as <i>The +Red Book of the Exchequer</i>, or <i>The Black Book of +Carnarvon</i>.</p> + +<p>We need not proceed to describe the other rooms. +On the first floor there were 260 books, consisting +for the most part of romances with miniature illuminations. +One of these was the <i>Destruction de +Thèbes</i>, which at one time belonged to the Duc de +la Vallière, and is now in the National Library at +Paris. The upper floor contained nearly six hundred +volumes mostly concerned with astronomy and natural +science.</p> + +<p>It appears from the memoranda in the lists that +there had been a habit of lending books to public +institutions and to members of the royal family from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +the time when the library was first established; and +it is estimated that about two hundred of the books +must have been saved in this way to form the beginning +of a new library in the Louvre, which, after the +expulsion of the English, began to attain some importance +in the reign of Louis <span class="smcap">xi</span>.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>ITALY—THE RENAISSANCE.</h3> + + +<p>The study of the classics had languished for a time +after the deaths of Petrarch and Boccaccio. It revived +again upon the coming of Chrysoloras, who is said to +have lighted in Italy 'a new and perpetual flame.' +Poggio Bracciolini was one of his first pupils; and +he became so distinguished in literature that the +earlier part of the fifteenth century is known as the age +of Poggio. Leonardo Aretino describes the enthusiasm +with which the Italians made acquaintance with the +ancient learning. 'I gave myself up to Chrysoloras,' +he writes, 'and my passion for knowledge was so +strong that the daily tasks became the material of +my nightly dreams.' He told Cosmo de' Médici, +when translating Plato's Dialogues, that they alone +seemed to be infused with real life, while all other +books passed by like fleeting and shadowy things.</p> + +<p>We are chiefly concerned with Poggio as the discoverer +of long-lost treasures. He saved Quintilian +and many other classics from complete extinction. +'Some of them,' said his friend Barbaro, 'were already +dead to the world, and some after a long exile you +have restored to their rights as citizens.' As a +famous stock of pears had been named after an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +Appius or Claudius, so it was said that these new +fruits of literature ought certainly to be named after +Poggio.</p> + +<p>The sole remaining copy of an ancient work upon +aqueducts was discovered by him in the old library +at Monte Cassino, which had survived the assaults of +Lombards and Saracens, but in that later age seemed +likely to perish by neglect. We have the record of +an earlier visit by Boccaccio, in which the carelessness +of its guardians was revealed. The visitor, we are +told, asked very deferentially if he might see the +library. 'It is open, and you can go up,' said a +monk, pointing to the ladder that led to an open +loft. The traveller describes the filthy and doorless +chamber, the grass growing on the window-sills, and +the books and benches white with dust. He took +down book after book, and they all seemed to be +ancient and valuable; but from some of them whole +sheets had been taken out, and in others the margins +of the vellum had been cut off. All in tears at this +miserable sight, Boccaccio went down the ladder, and +asked a monk in the cloister how those precious +volumes had come to such a pass; and the monk +told him that the brothers who wanted a few pence +would take out a quire of leaves to make a little +psalter for sale, and used to cut off the margins to +make 'briefs,' which they sold to the women.</p> + +<p>Poggio himself has described his discovery at the +Abbey of St. Gall. 'By good fortune,' he says, 'we +were at Constance without anything to do, and it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +occurred to us to go to the monastery about twenty +miles off to see the place where the Quintilian was +shut up.' The Abbey had been founded by the Irish +missionaries who destroyed the idols of Suabia, when +according to the ancient legend the mountain-demon +vainly called on the spirit of the lake to join in resisting +the foe. Its library had been celebrated in the +ninth century, when the Hungarian terror fell upon +Europe, and the barbarian armies in one and the same +day 'laid in ashes the monastery of St. Gall and the +city of Bremen on the shores of the Northern ocean'; +but the books had been fortunately removed to the +Abbey of Reichenau on an island in the Rhine. 'We +went to the place,' said Poggio, 'to amuse ourselves +and to look at the books. Among them we found +the Quintilian safe and sound, but all coated with +dust. The books were by no means housed as they +deserved, but were all in a dark and noisome place +at the foot of a tower, into which one would not cast +a criminal condemned to death.' He describes the +finding of several other rare <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, and says: 'I have +copied them all out in great haste, and have sent +them to Florence.'</p> + +<p>In 1418 he visited England in the train of Cardinal +Beaufort. He said that he was unable to procure +any transcripts, though he visited some of the +principal libraries, and must have seen that the collection +at the Grey Friars at least was 'well stocked +with books.' He was more successful on the Continent, +where he brought the <i>History</i> of Ammianus out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +of a German prison into the free air of the republic +of letters. He gave the original to Cardinal Colonna, +and wrote to Aretino about transcripts: 'Niccolo has +copied it on paper for Cosmo de' Médici: you must +write to Carlo Aretino for another copy, or he might +lend you the original, because if the scribe should be +an ignoramus you might get a fable instead of a +history.'</p> + +<p>Among the pupils of Chrysoloras, Guarini of +Verona was esteemed the keenest philologist, and +John Aurispa as having the most extended knowledge +of the classics. Aurispa, says Hallam, came +rather late from Sicily, but his labours were not less +profitable than those of his predecessors; in the year +1423 he brought back from Greece considerably +more than two hundred <span class="smcap">mss.</span> of authors hardly +known in Italy; and the list includes books of Plato, +of Pindar, and of Strabo, of which all knowledge had +been lost in the West. Aurispa lectured for many +years at Bologna and Florence, and ended his days +at the literary Court of Ferrara. Philelpho was one +of the most famous of the scholars who returned +'laden with manuscripts' from Greece. To recover +a lost poem or oration was to go far on the road to +fortune, and a very moderate acquaintance with the +text was expected from the hero of the fortunate +adventure. When he lectured on his new discoveries +at Florence, where he had established himself in spite +of the Médici, Philelpho according to his own account +was treated with such deference on all sides that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +was overwhelmed with bashfulness; 'All the citizens +are turning towards me, and all the ladies and the +nobles exalt my name to the skies.' He was the +bitter enemy of Poggio, and of all who supported the +reigning family of Florence. Poggio had the art of +making enemies, though he was a courtier by profession +and had been secretary to eight Popes. He +raged against Philelpho in a flood of scurrilous +pamphlets; Valla, the great Latin scholar, was +violently attacked for a mere word of criticism, and +Niccolo Perotti, the grammarian, paid severely for +supporting his friend. Poggio was always in extremes. +His eulogies in praise of Lorenzo de' Médici, +and Niccolo Niccoli of Florence are perfect in grace +and dignity; his invectives were as scurrilous as anything +recorded in the annals of literature.</p> + +<p>Two generous benefactors preceded 'the father of +his country' in providing libraries for Florence. +Niccolo Niccoli by common consent was the great +Mæcenas of his age; his passion for books was +boundless, and he had gathered the best collection +that had been seen in Italy for many generations. +The public was free to inspect his treasures, and any +citizen might either read or transcribe as he pleased; +'In one word,' wrote Poggio, 'I say that he was the +wisest and the most benevolent of mankind.' By his +will he appointed sixteen trustees, among whom was +Cosmo de' Médici, to take charge of his books for +the State. Some legal difficulty arose after his death, +but Cosmo undertook to pay all liabilities if the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +management of the library were left to his sole discretion; +and the gift of the 'Florentine Socrates' +was eventually added to the books which Cosmo had +purchased in Italy or had acquired in his Levantine +commerce.</p> + +<p>Another citizen of Florence had rivalled the +generosity of Niccoli. The Chancellor Coluccio +Salutati was revered by his countrymen for the +majestic flow of his prose and verse. It is true that +Tiraboschi considered him to be 'as much like Virgil +or Cicero as a monkey resembles a man.' Salutati +showed his gratitude to Florence by endowing the +city with his splendid library. But in this case also +there were difficulties, and again the way was made +smooth by the prompt munificence of the Médici. +Cosmo himself bought up Greek books in the Levant, +and was fortunate in securing some of the best +specimens of Byzantine art. His brother Lorenzo, +his son Pietro, and Lorenzo the Magnificent in the +next generation, all laboured in their turn to adorn +the Medicean collection. Politian the poet, and +Mirandula, the Phœnix of his age, were the +messengers whom the great Lorenzo sent out to +gather the spoil; and he only prayed, he said, that +they might find such a store of good books that he +would be obliged to pawn his furniture to pay for +them.</p> + +<p>On the flight of the reigning family the 'Médici +books' were bought by the Dominicans at St. Mark's; +and they rested for some years in Savonarola's home,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +stored in the gallery which holds the great choir-books +illuminated by Frà Angelico and his companions. +In the year 1508 the monks were in +pecuniary distress, and were forced to sell the +books to Leo <span class="smcap">x.</span>, then Cardinal de' Médici. He +took them to Rome to ensure their safety, but was +always careful to keep them apart from the official +assemblage in the Vatican; it is certain that he +would have restored them to Florence, if he had lived +a short <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'time time'">time</ins> longer. The patriotic design was +carried out by Clement <span class="smcap">vii.</span>, another member +of that book-loving family, and their hereditary +treasures at last found a permanent home in the +gallery designed by Michelangelo.</p> + +<p>The 'Médici books' were catalogued by a humble +bell-ringer, who lived to be a chief figure in the +literary world. Thomas of Sarzana performed the +task so well that his system became a model for +librarians. While travelling in attendance on a +Legate, the future Pope could never refrain from +expensive purchases; to own books, we are told, was +his ambition, 'his pride, his pleasure, passion, and +avarice'; and he was only saved from ruin by the +constant help of his friends. When he succeeded to +the tiara as Pope Nicholas <span class="smcap">v.</span>, his influence was +felt through Christendom as a new literary force. +He encouraged research at home, and gathered the +records of antiquity from the ruined cities of the East, +and 'the darkest monasteries of Germany and +Britain.' His labours resulted in the restoration of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +the Vatican Library with an endowment of five thousand +volumes; and he found time to complete the +galleries for their reception, though he could never +hope to finish the rest of the palace. A great part of +his work was destroyed in 1527 by the rabble that +'followed the Bourbon' to the sack of Rome; but his +institution survived the temporary disaster, and its +losses were repaired by the energy of Sixtus <span class="smcap">v</span>.</p> + +<p>Pope Nicholas had no sympathy with the +niggardly spirit that would have kept the 'barbarians' +in darkness. He opened his Greek treasure-house +to the inspection of the whole western world. +Looking back to the crowd round his chair at the +Lateran or in his house near S<sup>ta.</sup> Maria Maggiore, +we recognise a number of familiar figures. Perotti +is translating Polybius, and Aurispa explaining the +Golden Verses; Guarini enlarges the world's boundaries +by publishing the geography of Strabo. An +old tract upon the Pope's munificence shows how the +Eastern Fathers were restored to a place of honour. +Basil and Cyril were translated, and the Pope +obtained the <i>Commentary upon St. Matthew</i>, of which +Erasmus made excellent use in his Paraphrase: it +was the book of which Aquinas wrote that he would +rather have a copy than be master of the city of +Paris. The Pope desired very strongly to read +Homer in Latin verse, and had procured a translation +of the first book of the Iliad. Hearing that Philelpho +had arrived in Rome, he hoped that the work might +be finished by a master-hand, and to get a version of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +the whole Iliad and Odyssey he gave a large retaining +fee, a palazzo, and a farm in the Campagna, and +made a deposit of ten thousand pieces of gold to be +paid on the completion of the contract.</p> + +<p>Joseph Scaliger, the supreme judge in his day of +all that related to books, said that of all these men of +the Italian renaissance he only envied three. One of +course was Pico of Mirandula, a man of marvellous +powers, who rose as a mere youth to the highest +place as a philosopher and linguist. The next was +Politian, equally renowned for hard scholarship and +for the sweetness and charm of his voluminous poems. +The third was the Greek refugee, Theodore of Gaza, +so warmly praised by Erasmus for his versatile +talent; no man, it was said, was so skilled in the +double task of turning Greek books into Latin, and +rendering Latin into Greek.</p> + +<p>We should feel inclined to bracket another name +with those of the famous trio. George of Trebisond +was a faithful expounder of the classics, the discoverer +of many a lost treasure, and the author of +a whole library of criticism. His life and labours +were denounced in the once celebrated <i>Book of +the Georges</i>. He was more than a lover of Aristotle, +said his enemies: he was the enemy of the +divine Plato, an apostate among the Greeks, who +had even dared to oppose their patron Bessarion. +The Cardinal Bessarion was complimented as 'the +most Latin of the Greeks'; he might have ruled +as Pope in Rome, some said, if it had not been for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +Perotti refusing to disturb him in the library. But +George of Trebisond was vilified after Poggio's fashion, +and called 'brute' and 'heretic,' and 'more Turkish +than the filthiest Turk,' with a hailstorm of still +harder epithets. Yet he was certainly a very accurate +scholar; and he showed a proper manly spirit +when he boxed Poggio's ears in the Theatre of +Pompey for reminding him of the cleverness expected +from 'a starving Greek.' His life, one is glad +to think, had a very peaceful end. The old man had +a house at Rome in the Piazza Minerva: his tombstone, +much defaced, is before the curtain as one +enters the Church of S<sup>ta.</sup> Maria. His son Andrea +used to help him in his work, and launched a pamphlet +now and again at Theodore of Gaza. The +brilliant scholar fell into a second childhood, and +might be seen muttering to himself as he rambled +with cloak and long staff through the streets of +Rome. The grand-daughter who took charge of +him married Madalena, a fashionable poet; and +Pope Leo <span class="smcap">x.</span> delighted in hearing their anecdotes +about old times, when George and Theodore fought +their paper-wars, and wielded their pens in the battle +of the books.</p> + +<p>Before leaving the subject of the libraries in the +two great capitals, we ought to bestow a word or two +upon those splendidly endowed institutions by which +a few Florentine book-collectors have kept up the +literary fame of their city, without pretending to +emulate the splendour of the Médici, or the wealth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +of the Vatican, or the curious antiquities of St. Mark. +We desire especially to say something in remembrance +of the 'Riccardiana' which, from its foundation +in the sixteenth century, has been famous for the value +of its historical manuscripts. Among these are the +journals of Frà Oderigo, an early traveller in the +East, a treatise in Galileo's own writing, and a defence +of Savonarola's policy in the handwriting of +Pico of Mirandula. We may see a copy of Marshal +Strozzi's will, discussing his plans of suicide, a history +of the city composed and written out by Machiavelli, +and a large and interesting series of Poggio's literary +correspondence. The most celebrated of the librarians +was Giovanni Lami, who in the last century kept up +with such spirit a somewhat dangerous controversy +with the Jesuits; but his monument at Santa Croce +may have been owed less to his triumphs in argument +than to his passionate devotion to books. His +life was spent among them, and he died with a manuscript +in his arms; and his memory is still preserved +in Florence by the Greek collection with which he +endowed the University.</p> + +<p>The Abbé Marucelli left his name to another +Florentine library. He was a philanthropist as well +as a bibliophile; and he gave the huge assemblage +of books which he had gathered at Rome to the use +of the students in the home of his boyhood. He +wrote much, but was almost too modest to publish or +preserve his works. Perhaps the most interesting +portion of his gift consisted of a series of about a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +hundred large folios in which, like the Patriarch +Photius, he had written in the form of notes the +results of the reading of a life-time.</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/07.jpg"><img src="./images/07_th.jpg" alt="ANTONIO MAGLIABECCHI." title="ANTONIO MAGLIABECCHI." /></a></p> +<p class="figcenter">ANTONIO MAGLIABECCHI.</p> + +<p>The Magliabecchian Library maintains the remembrance +of a portent in literature. Antonio Magliabecchi, +the jeweller's shop-boy, became renowned +throughout the world for his abnormal knowledge +of books. He never at any time left Florence; but +he read every catalogue that was issued, and was in +correspondence with all the collectors and librarians +of Europe. He was blessed with a prodigious +memory, and knew all the contents of a book by +'hunting it with his finger,' or once turning over the +pages. He was believed, moreover, to know the +habitat of all the rare books in the world; and according +to the well-known anecdote he replied to the +Grand Duke, who asked for a particular volume: +'The only copy of this work is at Constantinople, in +the Sultan's library, the seventh volume in the second +book-case, on the right as you go in.' He has been +despised as 'a man who lived on titles and indexes, +and whose very pillow was a folio.' Dibdin declared +that Magliabecchi's existence was confined to 'the +parade and pacing of a library'; but, as a matter of +fact, the old bibliomaniac lived in a kind of cave +made of piles and masses of books, with hardly any +room for his cooking or for the wooden cradle lined +with pamphlets which he slung between his shelves +for a bed. He died in 1714, in his eighty-second +year, dirty, ragged, and as happy as a king; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +certainly not less than eight thick volumes of sonnets +and epigrams appeared at once in his praise. He +left about 30,000 volumes of his own collecting, which +he gave to the city upon condition that they should +be always free to the public. The library that bears +his name contains more than ten times that number. +It includes about 60,000 printed books and 2000 <span class="smcap">mss.</span> +that once belonged to the Grand Dukes, and were kept +in their Palatine Galleries. There have been many +later additions; but the whole mass is now dedicated +to the worthiest of its former possessors, and remains +as a perpetual monument of the most learned and +most eccentric of bookmen.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>ITALIAN CITIES—OLYMPIA MORATA—URBINO—THE BOOKS OF CORVINUS.</h3> + + +<p>The memory of many great book-collectors has +been preserved in the libraries established from +ancient times in several of the Italian cities. There +are two at Padua, of which the University Library +may claim to have had the longer existence: but the +'Capitolina' can claim Petrarch as one of its founders, +and may boast of the books on antiquities gathered +by Pignoria, the learned commentator upon the remains +of Rome and the historian of his native city +of Padua. It may be worth noticing that there +were several smaller collections in the churches, due +to the industry of bookmen whose names have been +forgotten. We hear of the books of St. Anthony and +of Santa Giustina: and as to the library in the Church +of St. John the tradition long prevailed that Sixtus +of Sienna, a noted hunter after rare books, saw on its +shelves a copy of the <i>Epistle to the Laodiceans</i>, and +read it, and made copious extracts.</p> + +<p>Mantua received many of the spoils of Rome from +Ludovico Gonzaga, which were lost in the later wars: +the most famous acquisition was Bembo's tablet of +hieroglyphics, which was interpreted by the patient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +skill of Lorenzo Pignoria. At Turin the King's Library +contains some of the papers and drawings of Ligorio, +who helped in the building of St. Peter's: but most of +his books were taken to Ferrara, where he held an +official appointment as antiquary. The University +Library contains the collections of the Dukes of +Savoy, including a quantity of Oriental <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, and +some of the precious volumes illuminated by the +monks of Bobbio. The Père Jacob in his treatise +upon famous libraries had some personal anecdote +to record about the bookmen of each place that he +visited. At Naples he saw the collection of the works +of Pontanus, presented to the Dominicans by his +daughter Eugenia; at Bologna he found a long roll +of the Pentateuch, 'written by Esdras'; and at Ferrara +he described the tomb of Cœlius, who was buried +among his books, at his own desire, like a miser in +the midst of his riches.</p> + +<p>Ferrara derived a special fame from the munificence +of the House of Este and the memory of +Olympia Morata. A long line of illustrious princes +had built up 'an Athens in the midst of Bœotia.' +Ariosto sang the praises of the literary Court, and +Tasso's misfortunes were due to his eagerness in +accepting its pleasures. The library of Lilio Giraldi +was a meeting-place for the scholars of Italy, and it +continued to be the pride of Ferrara when it passed +to Cinthio Giraldi the poet. Renée of France, after +the death of her husband, Duke Hercules, made +Ferrara a city of refuge for Calvin and Marot and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +the fugitive Reformers from Germany. Olympia +Morata, the daughter of a Protestant citizen, was +chosen as the companion and instructress of the +Princess Anna. They passed a quiet life among +their books until a time of persecution arrived, when +Olympia found a hope of safety in marrying Andrew +Grundler of Schweinfurt. Her love for books appears +in the letters written towards the close of her life. In +1554 she tells Curio of the storming of Schweinfurt, +where she lost her library: 'when I entered Heidelberg +barefoot, with my hair down, and in a ragged +borrowed gown, I looked like the Queen of the +Beggars.' 'I hope,' she said, 'that with the other +books you will send me the Commentary on Jeremiah.' +Her friend answers that Homer and Sophocles are +on their way: 'and you shall have Jeremiah too, +that you may lament with him the misfortunes of +your husband's country.' Olympia replied from her +death-bed, returning her warmest thanks for the +books. 'Farewell, excellent Curio, and do not +distress yourself when your hear of my death. I +send you such of my poems as I have been able +to write out since the storming of Schweinfurt; all +my other writings have perished; I hope that you +will be my Aristarchus and will polish the poems; +and now again, Farewell.'</p> + +<p>The Ducal Library of Ferrara was transferred to +Modena when the Duchy was added to the States of +the Church. The collection at Modena is still famous +for its illuminated <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, and for the care bestowed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +Muratori and Tiraboschi in their selection of printed +books. The Court of Naples also might boast of +some illustrious bibliophiles. Queen Joanna possessed +one of those small <i>Livres d'Heures</i> of 'microscopic +refinement' which Mr. Middleton has classed among +the 'greatest marvels of human skill.' René of +Anjou, her unfortunate successor, found a solace for +exile in his books, and showed in a Burgundian +prison that he could paint a vellum as cleverly as a +monkish scribe. Alfonso, the next King of Naples, +was a collector in the strictest sense of the term. He +would go off to Florence for bargains, and would +even undertake a commission for a book-loving +subject. Antonio Becatelli corresponded on these +matters with his royal master. 'I have the message +from Florence that you know of a fine Livy at the +price of 125 crowns: I pray your Majesty to buy it +for me and to send it here, and I will get the money +together in the meantime. But I should like your +Majesty's opinion on the point, whether Poggio or +myself has chosen the better part. He has sold +Livy, the king of books, written out by his own +hand, to buy an estate near Florence; but I, to get +my Livy, have put up all my property for sale by +auction.' The books collected by Alfonso were at +the end of the century carried off by Charles <span class="smcap">viii.</span>, +and were divided between the Royal Library at +Fontainebleau and the separate collection of Anne +of Brittany.</p> + +<p>A romantic interest has always attached to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +library at Urbino. The best scholars in Europe +used to assemble at the palace, where Duke Federigo +made such a gathering of books 'as had not been +seen for a thousand years,' in the hall where Emilia +and the pale Duke Guidubaldo led the pleasant +debates described in the 'Cortegiano.' Federigo, the +most successful general in the Italian wars, had built +a palace of delight in his rude Urbino, in which he +hoped to set a copy of every book in the world. His +book-room was adorned with ideal portraits by Piero +della Francesca and Melozzo: it was very large and +lofty, 'with windows set high against the Northern +sky.' The catalogue of the books is still preserved +in the Vatican. It shows the names of all the +classics, the Fathers, and the mediæval schoolmen, +many works upon Art, and almost all the Greek and +Hebrew works that were known to exist. Among +the more modern writers we find those whose works +we have discussed, Petrarch and his friends, Guarini +and Perotti, and Valla with his enemy Poggio; +among the others we notice Alexander ab Alexandro, +a most learned antiquarian from Naples, of whom +Erasmus once said: 'He seems to have known everybody, +but nobody knows who he is.' The chief +treasure of the place was a Bible, illuminated in 1478 +by a Florentine artist, which the Duke caused to +be bound 'in gold brocade most richly adorned +with silver.' 'Shortly before he went to the siege of +Ferrara,' says his librarian, 'I compared his catalogue +with those that he had procured from other places,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +such as the lists from the Vatican, Florence, Venice, +and Pavia, down to the University of Oxford in +England, and I found that all except his own were +deficient or contained duplicate volumes.' His son, +Duke Guidubaldo, was a celebrated Greek scholar; +and the eulogies of Bembo and Castiglione on his +Duchess, Elizabeth Gonzaga, attest the literary distinction +of her Court. Francesco, the third Duke, +lost his dominions to Leo <span class="smcap">x.</span>; but he showed his +good taste in stipulating that the books were to be +reserved as his personal effects. Some of the early-printed +books are still in the palace at Urbino; +others are at Castel Durante, or in the College of the +Sapienza at Rome; and the splendid <span class="smcap">mss.</span> form one +of the principal attractions of the Vatican.</p> + +<p>Among private collectors the name of Cardinal +Domenico Capranica should be commemorated. +Though continually engaged in war and diplomacy, +he found time to surround himself with books. On +his death in 1458 he gave his palace and library +towards the endowment of a new College at Rome, +and his plans were carried out with some alterations +by his brother Angelo Capranica. Two Greeks of +the imperial House of Lascaris took important places +in the history of the Italian renaissance. Constantine +had found a refuge at Milan after the conquest of his +country, and here he became tutor to the Lady +Hippolyta Sforza, and published a grammar which +was the first book printed in Greek. He afterwards +lectured at Messina, where he formed a large collec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>tion +of <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, which he bequeathed to the citizens. +In a later age it was taken to Spain by Philip <span class="smcap">ii.</span> +and placed on the shelves of the Escorial. John +Lascaris belonged to a younger generation. He +was protected by Leo <span class="smcap">x.</span>, and may be regarded as +the true founder of the Greek College at Rome. In +matters of literature he was the ambassador of +Lorenzo de' Médici, and was twice sent to the +Turkish Court in search of books. After the expulsion +of the Médici, John Lascaris went to reside in +Paris, where he gave lectures on poetry, and employed +himself in securing Greek lecturers for a new College; +and he was also engaged to help Budæus, who had +been his pupil, in arranging the books at Fontainebleau.</p> + +<p>Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, had the +largest library in Europe. It was credited with +containing the impossible number of 50,000 volumes; +its destruction during the Turkish wars is allowed to +have been one of the chief misfortunes of literature. +Matthias began his long reign of forty-two years in +1458, and during all that time he was adding to his +collections at Buda. Some have derided Corvinus as +a mere gormandiser with an appetite for all kinds of +books. Some have blamed him for risking such +inestimable treasures upon a dangerous frontier. It +is admitted that he worked hard to dispel the thick +darkness that surrounded the Hungarian people. +He kept thirty scribes continually employed at Buda, +besides four permitted to work at Florence by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +courtesy of Lorenzo de' Médici. The whole library +may be regarded as in some sense a Florentine +colony. Fontius, the king's chief agent in the +Levant, had been a well-known author in Florence: +his Commentary upon Persius, once presented to +Corvinus himself, is now in the library at Wolfenbüttel. +Attavante, the pupil of Frà Angelico, was +employed to illuminate the <span class="smcap">mss</span>. A good specimen +of his work is the Breviary of St. Jerome at Paris, +which came out of the palace at Buda and was +acquired by the nation from the Duc de la Vallière. +A traveller named Brassicanus visited Hungary in +the reign of King Louis. He was enraptured with +the grand palace by the river, the tall library buildings +and their stately porticoes. He passes the +galleries under review, and tells us of the huge gold +and silver globes, the instruments of science on the +walls, and an innumerable crowd of well-favoured +and well-clad books. He felt, he assures us, as if he +were in 'Jupiter's bosom,' looking down upon that +'heavenly scene.' He wished that he had brought +away some picture or minute record; but we have +his account of the books which he handled, the Greek +orations that are now lost for ever, the history of +Salvian saved by the King's good nature in presenting +the book to his admiring visitor. The palace and +library were destroyed when Buda was taken by the +Turks. The Pasha in command refused an enormous +sum subscribed for the rescue of the books. The +janissaries tore off the metal coverings from the rarer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">mss.</span>, and tossed the others aside; the only known +copy of Heliodorus, from which all our editions of +the tale of Chariclea are derived, was found in an +open gutter. Some books were burned and others +hacked and maimed, or trodden under foot; many +were carried away into the neighbouring villages. +About four hundred were piled up in a deserted +tower, and were protected against all intrusion by the +seal of the Grand Vizier. There were adventures +still in store for the captives. Through the scattered +villages Dr. Sambucus went up and down, recovering +the strayed Corvinian books for the Emperor +Rodolph, a strange Quixotic figure always riding +alone, with swinging saddle-bags, and a great mastiff +running on either side. Many a disappointed wayfarer +was turned away from the lonely tower. At +last Busbec the great traveller, because he was an +ambassador from the Emperor, was allowed to enter +a kind of charnel-house, and to see what had been the +lovely gaily-painted vellums lying squalidly piled in +heaps. To see them was a high favour; the visitor +was not permitted to touch the remains; and it was +not until 1686 that about forty of the maltreated +volumes were rescued by force of arms and set in a +a place of safety among the Emperor's books at +Vienna.</p> + +<p>It has always been a favourite exercise to track +the Corvinian <span class="smcap">mss.</span> into their scattered hiding-places. +Some are in the Vatican, others at Ferrara, and some +in their birth-place at Florence. It is said that some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +of them have never left their home in Hungary. +Venice possesses a 'History of the House of Corvinus,' +and Jena has a work by Guarini with the King's +insignia 'most delicately painted on the title.' The +portraits of the King and Queen are on one of the +examples secured by Augustus of Brunswick for his +library at Wolfenbüttel. Mary of Austria, the widow +of King Louis, presented two of the Corvinian books +to the <i>Librairie de Bourgogne</i> at Brussels; one was +the Missal, full of Attavante's work, on which the +Sovereigns of Brabant were sworn; the other was +the 'Golden Gospels,' long the pride of the Escorial, +but now restored to Belgium.</p> + +<p>Other scattered volumes from the library of Corvinus +have been traced to various cities in France and +Germany. There has been much controversy on the +question whether any of them are to be found in +England. Some think that examples might be +traced among the Arundel <span class="smcap">mss.</span> in the British +Museum. Thomas, Earl of Arundel, it is known, +went on a book-hunting expedition to Heidelberg, +where he bought some of the remnants of the Palatine +collection. Passing on to Nuremberg he obtained +about a hundred <span class="smcap">mss.</span> that had belonged to Pirckheimer, +the first great German bibliophile; and these, according +to some authorities, came out of the treasure-house +at Buda. The Duke of Norfolk was persuaded +by John Evelyn to place them in the Gresham +Library, under the care of the Royal Society, and +they afterwards became the property of the nation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +Oldys the antiquary distinctly stated that these 'were +the remnants of the King of Hungary'; 'they afterwards +fell into the hands of Bilibald Pirckheimer.' +The Senator of Nuremberg made the books his own +in a very emphatic way: 'there is to be seen his head +graved by Albert Dürer, one of the first examples of +sticking or pasting of heads, arms, or cyphers into +volumes.' Pirckheimer died in 1530, three years +after the sack of Buda, and had the opportunity of +getting some of the books. We cannot tell to what +extent he succeeded, or whether William Oldys was +right on the facts before him; but we know from +Pirckheimer's own letters that he was the actual owner +of at least some <span class="smcap">mss.</span> that 'came to him out of the +spoils of Hungary.'</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>GERMANY—FLANDERS—BURGUNDY—ENGLAND.</h3> + + +<p>Almost immediately after the invention of printing +in Germany there arose a vast public demand for all +useful kinds of knowledge. The study of Greek was +essential to those who would compete with the Italians +in any of the higher departments of science, and great +schools were established for the purpose by Dringeberg +in a town of Alsace, and by Rudolf Lange at Münster. +The Alsatian Academy had the credit of educating +Rhenanus and Bilibald Pirckheimer. Lange filled +his shelves with a quantity of excellent classics that +he had purchased during a tour in Italy. Hermann +Busch, the great critic, was taught in this school, and +he used to say in after life that he often dreamed of +Lange's house, and saw an altar of the Muses surrounded +by the shadowy figures of ancient poets and +orators. Busch was sent afterwards to Deventer, +where he was the class-mate of Erasmus. Here one +day, while the boys were at their themes, came Rudolf +Agricola, the sturdy doctor from Friesland, who +wanted to see a Germany 'more Latin than Latium,' +and had vowed to abate the 'Italian insolence.' The +visitor told Erasmus that he was sure to be a great +man, and patted the young Hermann on the head,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +saying that he had the look of a poet; and he is, +indeed, still faintly remembered for the lines in which +he celebrated the triumph of Reuchlin.</p> + +<p>Reuchlin had learned Greek at Paris and Poitiers; +at Florence he studied the secrets of the Cabala with +Mirandula; and he perfected his Hebrew at Rome, +where he acted as an envoy from the Elector Palatine. +Reuchlin for many years led a peaceful life at +Tübingen, an oasis of freedom, in which he could +print or read what he pleased. But in 1509 he was +forced into a quarrel, which involved the whole question +of the liberty of the press, and incidentally associated +the cause of the Reformation with the maintenance +of classical learning.</p> + +<p>In the year 1509 one Pfefferkorn, a monk who had +been a convert from Judaism, obtained an imperial +decree that all Hebrew books, except the Scriptures, +should be destroyed. Reuchlin sprang forth to defend +his beloved Cabala, and maintained that only those +volumes ought to be burned which were proved to +have a taint of magic or blasphemy. He was cited +to answer for his heresy before the Grand Inquisitor +at Cologne; and the world, at first indifferent, soon +saw that the cause of the New Learning was at stake. +In the summer of 1514 there was a notable gathering +of Reformers at Frankfort Fair. We have nothing +in our own days that quite resembles these mediæval +marts; the annual concourse of merchants might perhaps +be compared to one of our industrial exhibitions, +or to some conjunction of all the trade of Leipsic and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +Nijni Novgorod. The Italians affected to believe +that the Fair by the Main was chiefly taken up with +the sale of mechanical contrivances; the Germans +knew that their 'Attic mart' held streets of book-shops +and publishers' offices. Henri Estienne saw +Professors here from Oxford and Cambridge, from +Louvain, and from Padua: there was a crowd of poets, +historians, and men of science; and he declared that +another Alexandrian Library might be bought in +those seething stalls, if one laid out money like a +king, or like a maniac, as others might say. In this +German Athens a meeting was arranged between +Reuchlin and Erasmus; they were joined at Frankfort +by Hermann Busch, who brought with him the +manuscript of his 'Triumph'; and perhaps it was not +difficult to predict that the cause of the old books +would be safe in the hands of Pope Leo <span class="smcap">x</span>. They +found themselves in company with that ferocious +satirist, Ulric von Hutten, memorable for his threat +to the citizens of Mainz, when they proposed to +destroy his library, and he answered, 'If you burn my +books, I will burn your town.' The Grand Inquisitor +was utterly overwhelmed by his volume of Pasquinades, +a work so witty that it was constantly attributed +to Erasmus, and so carefully destroyed that +Heinsius gave a hundred gold pieces for the copy +which Count Hohendorf afterwards placed among +the imperial rarities at Vienna. The satirist's volume +of <i>Letters from Obscure Men</i> completed the rout of +the Inquisition; and we are told by the way that it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +saved the life of Erasmus by throwing him into a +violent fit of laughter.</p> + +<p>We do not suppose that many Germans of that day +loved books for their delicate appearance, or the +damask and satin of their 'pleasant coverture.' +Reuchlin may be counted among the bibliophiles, +since he refused a large sum from the Emperor in +lieu of a Hebrew Bible. Melanchthon's books were +rough volumes in stamped pigskin, made valuable by +his marginal notes. The library of Erasmus may be +shown to have been somewhat insignificant by these +words in his will: 'Some time ago I sold my library to +John à Lasco of Poland, and according to the contract +between us it is to be delivered to him on his paying +two hundred florins to my heir; if he refuses to +accede to this condition, or die before me, my heir is +to dispose of the books as he shall think proper.' +The principal bibliophiles in Germany were the wealthy +Fuggers of Augsburg, of whom Charles <span class="smcap">v.</span> used to +say when he saw any display of magnificence, 'I +have a burgess at Augsburg who can do better than +that.' These merchants were commonly believed to +have discovered the philosopher's stone: they were +in fact enriched by their trade with the East, and had +found another fortune in the quicksilver of Almaden, +by which the gold was extracted from the ores of Peru. +Raimond Fugger amassed a noble library before the +end of the fifteenth century. Ulric his successor was +the friend of Henri Estienne, who proudly announced +himself as printer to the Fuggers on many a title-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>page. +Ulric spent so much money on books that his +family at one time obtained a decree to restrain his +extravagance. His library was said to contain as +many books as there were stars in heaven. The +original stock received a vast accession under his +brother's will, and he purchased another huge collection +formed by Dr. Achilles Gasparus. On his death +he left the whole accumulated mass to the Elector +Palatine, and the books thenceforth shared the +fortunes of the Heidelberg Library. When Tilly +took the city in 1622 the best part of the collection +was offered to the Vatican, and Leo Allatius the +librarian was sent to make the selection, and to +superintend their transport to Rome. The Emperor +Napoleon thought fit to remove some of the <span class="smcap">mss</span>. to +Paris; but, on their being seized by the Allies in +1815, it was thought that prescription should not be +pleaded by Rome: 'especially,' says Hallam, 'when +she was recovering what she had lost by the same +right of spoliation'; and the whole collection of which +the Elector had been deprived was restored to the +library at Heidelberg.</p> + +<p>Flanders had been the home of book-learning in +very early times. The Counts of Hainault and the +Dukes of Brabant were patrons of literature when +most of the princes of Europe were absorbed in the +occupations of the chase. The Flemish monasteries +preserved the literary tradition. At Alne, near Liège, +the monks had a Bible which Archdeacon Philip, the +friend of St. Bernard, had transcribed before the year<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +1140. We hear of another at Louvain, about a century +later in date, with initials in blue and gold throughout, +which had taken three years in copying. Deventer +was known as 'the home of Minerva' before the days +of St. Thomas à Kempis. The Forest of Soigny +provided a retreat for learning in its houses of Val-Rouge +and Val-Vert and the Sept-Fontaines. The +Brothers of the Common Life had long been engaged +in the production of books before they gave themselves +to the labours of the printing-press at Brussels. +Thomas à Kempis himself has described their way of +living at Deventer. 'Much was I delighted,' he said, +'with the devout conversation, the irreproachable +demeanour and humility of the brethren: I had never +seen such piety and charity: they took no concern +about what passed outside, but remained at home, +employed in prayer and study, or in copying useful +books.' This work at good books, he repeated, is the +opening of the fountains of life: 'Blessed are the +hands of the copyists: for which of the world's +writings would be remembered, if there had been no +pious hand to transcribe them?' He himself during +his stay at Deventer copied out a Bible, a Missal, and +four of St. Bernard's works, and when he went to +Zwolle he composed and wrote out a chronicle of the +brotherhood.</p> + +<p>The Abbey of St. Bavon at Ghent was endowed +with a great number of books by Rafael de Mercatellis, +the reputed son of Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy. +As Abbot he devoted his life to increasing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +splendour of his monastery. The illuminated <span class="smcap">mss</span>. +survived the perils of war and the excesses of the +Revolution, and are still to be seen in the University +with the Abbot's signature on their glittering title-pages.</p> + +<p>A more important collection belonged to Louis de +Bruges, Seigneur de La Gruthuyse. As titular Earl +of Winchester he was in some degree connected with +this country. When Edward <span class="smcap">iv.</span> fled from England, +and was chased by German pirates, this nobleman +was Governor of Holland. He rescued the +fugitives, and paid their expenses; and when Edward +recovered his throne he rewarded his friend with a +title and a charge on the Customs. The dignity +carried no active privileges, and in 1499 it was +surrendered to the King at Calais. The books of La +Gruthuyse have been described as 'the bibliographical +marvel of the age.' They were celebrated for +their choice vellum, their delicate penmanship, and +their exquisite illustrations. Louis de Bruges was +the friend and patron of Colard Mansion, who printed +in partnership with Caxton. Three copies are known +of his work called the 'Penitence of Adam.' One +belonged to the Royal Library of France: another +was borrowed from a monastery by the Duc d'Isenghien, +an enthusiastic but somewhat unscrupulous +collector, and this copy was sold at the Gaignat sale +in 1769; the third was the property of M. Lambinet +of Brussels, and is remarkable for the miniature in +which Mansion is represented as offering the book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +to his patron in the garden of La Gruthuyse. After +the death of Louis his books passed to his son Jean de +Bruges; but most of them were soon afterwards +acquired by Louis <span class="smcap">xii.</span>, who added them to the +library at Blois, the insignia of La Gruthuyse being +replaced by the arms of France. Others were +bequeathed to Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span> by the bibliophile Hippolyte +de Béthune, who refused a magnificent offer +from Queen Christina of Sweden in order that his +books might remain in France. A fine copy of the +<i>Forteresse du Foy</i> belonged to Claude d'Urfé, whose +library of 4000 books, 'all in green velvet,' was +kept in his castle at La Bastie; when all the others +were dispersed the Gruthuyse volume remained as an +heirloom, and descended to Honoré d'Urfé, the +dreariest of all writers of romance. In 1776 it belonged +to the Duc de la Vallière, and was purchased +for the French Government at one of his numerous +sales. Some of the Flemish books remained in their +original home. A volume of Wallon songs was +discovered at Ghent in the last generation; and two +other Gruthuyse books in the same language, from +the great collection of M. Van Hulthem, are now +deposited in the Burgundian Library at Brussels.</p> + +<p>The Dukes of Burgundy were of the book-loving +race of the Valois. The brothers, Charles le Sage, +Jean Duc de Berry, and Philippe le Hardi of Burgundy, +were all founders of celebrated libraries. Philippe +increased his store of books by his marriage with the +heiress of Flanders; he kept a large staff of scribes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +at work, and made incessant purchases from the +Lombard booksellers in Paris. Duke John, his +successor, is remembered for his acquisition of a +wonderful <i>Valerius Maximus</i> from the librarian of +the Sorbonne. But the collections of which the +remnants are now preserved in Belgium were almost +entirely the work of Duke Philippe le Bon. He kept +his books in many different places. He had a library +at Dijon, and another in Paris, a few volumes in the +treasury at Ghent, a thousand volumes at Bruges, +and nearly as many at Antwerp. It has been calculated +that he possessed more than 3200 <span class="smcap">mss.</span> in all; +and, if that figure is correct, the House of Bourgogne-Valois +was in this respect almost the richest of the +reigning families of Europe.</p> + +<p>Under Charles the Bold the libraries appear to have +been left alone, except as regards a few characteristic +additions. The Duchess Margaret was the patroness +of her countryman Caxton, whose <i>Recuyell</i>, probably +published at Bruges in 1474 during his partnership +with Colard Mansion, was the first printed English +book. The taste of the Duchess may answer for the +appearance in the library of the <i>Moral Discourses</i>, +and the elegant <i>Debates upon Happiness</i>. The <i>Cyropædia</i> +and the romance of <i>Quintus Curtius</i> must +be attributed to the warlike Duke. At Berne they +have a relic of the fight where his men were shot +down 'like ducks in the reeds.' It is a manuscript, +with a note added to the following effect: 'These +military ordinances of the excellent and invincible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +Duke Charles of Burgundy were taken at Morat on +the 14th of June 1476, being found in the pavilion of +that excellent and potent prince.' When Charles was +killed at Nancy in the following year his favourite +<i>Cyropædia</i> was found by the Swiss in his baggage. +This volume was bought in 1833 by the Queen of the +Belgians at a book-sale in Paris, and has now been +restored to its original home at Brussels.</p> + +<p>After the death of Charles the Bold his library at +Dijon was given by the French King to George de la +Tremouille, the governor of the province. It passed +to the family of Guy de Rocheford, and in the course +of time many of the best works have found their way +into the national collection. Mary of Burgundy +retained the other libraries at Brussels. After her +marriage with Maximilian her family treasures were +for the most part dispersed in France, Germany, +and Sweden, the needy prince being unable to resist +the temptation of pilfering and pawning the books; +but the generosity of Margaret of Austria, a great +collector herself of fine copies and first editions, in +some measure repaired the loss; and Mary of Austria, +who became Regent in 1530, continued the work of +restoration.</p> + +<p>The magnificence of the Burgundian Court and the +commercial prosperity of the Low Countries led to a +continuous demand for fine books among the other +productions of luxury. We learn also by the Venetian +Archives that throughout the fifteenth century books +were being imported into England by the galleys<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +that brought the produce of the East to our merchants +in London and Southampton. There were as yet +but slight signs of literary activity; but it has been +well said that 'the seed was germinating in the +ground'; and many foreign works were brought home +from time to time by those who had studied or +travelled in Italy. It was the fashion of the day to +learn under Guarini at Ferrara; the list of his +scholars includes the names of Robert Fleming, and +Bishop William Gray, and the book-loving John +Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, whose virtue and learning +became the object of William Caxton's celebrated +eulogy. We may commemorate here the earlier +labours of Lord Cobham, who caused Wicliffe's works +to be copied at a great expense and to be conveyed +for safety to Bohemia, and of Sir Walter Sherington, +who early in the same century built a library at +Glastonbury, and furnished it with 'fair books upon +vellum.' Towards the end of the century learning +began to flourish under the patronage of Lord Saye, +and the accomplished Anthony Lord Rivers: and +its future in this country was secure, when the English +scholars began to flock towards Florence to hear the +lectures of Chalcondylas and his successor Politian. +Grocyn, our first Greek Professor, had drawn his +learning from that source, and Linacre had sat there +in a class with the children of Lorenzo de' Médici. +Cardinal Pole and the Ciceronian De Longueil shared +as students in those tasks and sports at Padua which +were so vividly described by the English churchman<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +in his record of their life-long friendship. Thomas +Lilly, the master at St. Paul's, not only worked at +Florence but went to perfect his Greek in the Isle of +Rhodes. Sir Thomas More was the pupil of Grocyn, +whom he seems to have excelled in scholarship. His +affection for books is known by his son-in-law's careful +biography. An anecdote cited by Dibdin preserves +a record of the fate of his library. When the +Chancellor was arrested, the officers were expected to +listen to his talk with certain spies, on the chance +that the prisoner might be led into a treasonable conversation; +but, as Mr. Palmer said in his deposition, +'he was so busy trussing up Sir Thomas More's books +in a sack that he took no heed to their talk'; and +Sir Richard Southwell on the same occasion deposed, +that 'being appointed only to look to the conveyance +of the books, he gave no ear unto them.' Erasmus +praised More as 'the most gentle soul ever framed by +Nature.' He was astonished at his learning, and indeed +at the high standard that had already been +attained in England. 'It is incredible,' he said, 'what +a thick crop of old books spreads out on every side: +there is so much erudition, not of any ordinary kind, +but recondite and accurate and antique, both in Greek +and Latin, that you need not go to Italy except for the +pleasure of travelling.' Hallam remarked that Erasmus +was always ready with a compliment; but he admitted +that before the year 1520 there were probably +more scholars in England than in France, 'though all +together they might not weigh as heavy as Budæus.'</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>FRANCE: EARLY BOOKMEN—ROYAL COLLECTORS.</h3> + + +<p>We shall take Budæus as our first example of the +French bookmen in the period that followed the +invention of printing. Of Guillaume Budé, to give +him his original name, it was said that he knew Greek +as minutely as the orators of the age of Demosthenes. +If there was any real foundation for the compliment +it must have consisted in the fact that the Frenchman +had more acquaintance with the language than his +instructor George of Sparta. Budæus is said to have +paid a very large sum for a course of lectures on +Homer, and to have been not a pennyworth the wiser +at the end. Erasmus, who also learned of the +Spartan, confessed that his tutor only 'stammered in +Greek,' and that he seemed to have neither the desire +nor the capacity for teaching. It is interesting to see +how these students made the best of their bad +materials. 'I have given my whole soul to Greek,' +wrote Erasmus, 'and as soon as I get any money I +shall buy books first, and then some clothes.' Budæus +was known as 'the prodigy of France,' and even +Scaliger allowed that his country would never see +such a scholar again; and it is rather surprising that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +Erasmus should have compared his style unfavourably +with that of Badius, the printer from Brabant.</p> + +<p>Budæus was the first to apply the historical method +to the explanation of the Civil Law: with the assistance +of Jean Grolier he brought out a very learned +treatise on ancient weights and measures; and in +publishing his commentaries on the Greek language +he was said to have raised himself to 'a pinnacle of +philological glory.' One of the stories about his +devotion to books may have been told of others, but +is certainly characteristic of the man. A servant +rushes in to say that the house is on fire; but the +scholar answers, 'Tell my wife: you know that I +never interfere with the household.' He was married +twice over, he used to say, to the Muse of philology +as well as to a mortal wife; but he confessed that he +would never have got far with the first, if the second +had not commanded in the library, always ready to +look out passages and to hand down the necessary +books.</p> + +<p>When Charles <span class="smcap">viii.</span> seized the royal library at +Naples, a few of the best <span class="smcap">mss.</span> escaped his scrutiny, +and these were sold by the dispossessed King to the +Cardinal D'Amboise. A new school of illuminators +at Rouen provided the Cardinal with a number of +other splendid volumes. He lived till the year 1510, +and was able to collect a second library of printed +books. He divided the whole into two portions at +his death, the French books passing to a relation and +afterwards to the family of La Rochefoucauld, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +the rest forming the foundation of a fine library long +possessed by the Archbishops of Rouen.</p> + +<p>The Archbishop Juvenal des Ursins died in the +middle of the fifteenth century. He is celebrated as a +lover of good books, though only a single example of +his choice survived into the present generation. It +was a magnificent missal on vellum, filled with the +choicest miniatures, and known as the best specimen +of its class in the possession of Prince Soltikoff. It is +only a few years ago that it entered the collection of +M. Firmin-Didot, who paid 36,000 francs for it at the +Prince's sale: in the year 1861 he gave it up to the +City of Paris; but like so many of the great books of +France it perished in the fires of the Commune.</p> + +<p>Jacques de Pars, the physician to Charles <span class="smcap">vii.</span>, +bequeathed his scientific <span class="smcap">mss.</span> to the College of +Medicine at Paris: and the value of his gift was +manifested when the powerful Louis <span class="smcap">xi.</span> was forbidden +to take out a medical treatise for transcription +unless he would pledge his silver plate and find +collateral security for its safe return. Étienne +Chevalier was one of the few servants of King Charles +who were tolerated by King Louis. He became +Chief Treasurer to Louis <span class="smcap">xi.</span>, and built a great +mansion in the Rue de la Verrerie in Paris. The +walls and ceilings were decorated with allegorical +designs in honour of his friend Agnès Sorel, whose +courage had led to the expulsion of the English invaders. +The library was filled with choice <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, +illuminated for the most part by Jehan Foucquet, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +famous miniaturist from Tours. Nicholas Chevalier, +his descendant in the sixteenth century, was also +illustrious as a bibliophile, and amidst his own printed +folios and pedigrees rolled in blue velvet could still +show the marvellous <i>Livre d'Heures</i>, of which all that +now remains is a set of paintings hacked out from the +text. M. Le Roux de Lincy has compiled a long and +interesting list of the French bibliophiles who preceded +the age of Grolier. We can only mention a +few out of the number. Of the poets we have Charles, +Duke of Orléans, the owner of eighty magnificent +volumes preserved in the Castle of Blois, and Pierre +Ronsard; and we may add the Abbé Philippe Desportes, +renowned not less for a rivalry with Ronsard +than for his sumptuous mode of living and the fortune +expended on his library. To the statesmen may be +added Florimond Robertet, the first of a long line of +bibliophiles. Among the learned ladies of the sixteenth +century we may choose Louise Labé, surnamed +'La Belle Cordière,' who made a collection of a new +kind, composed entirely of works in French, Spanish, +and Italian, and Charlotte Guillard, a printer as well +as a book-collector, who published at her own expense +a volume of the Commentaries of St. Jerome.</p> + +<p>The most important of the private collectors in this +period was Arthur Gouffier, Seigneur de Boissy, +another of the faithful followers of Charles <span class="smcap">vii.</span> who +were so fortunate as to gain the confidence of his +jealous successor.</p> + +<p>He was a lover of fine bindings in the style ren<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>dered +famous by Grolier. One of his books belonged +to the late Baron Jérôme Pichon, the head of the +French <i>Société des Bibliophiles</i>, and it is admitted that +nothing even in Grolier's library could excel it in +delicacy of execution. His son, Claude Gouffier, +created Duc de Rouannais, was a collector of an +essentially modern type. He bought autographs +and historical portraits, as well as rare <span class="smcap">mss.</span> and good +specimens of printing, and was careful to have his +books well clothed in the fashionable painted binding. +Claude Gouffier was tutor to the young Duc +d'Angoulême, who came to the throne as Francis <span class="smcap">i.</span>; +and to him may be due his royal pupil's affection +for the books bedecked with the salamander in flames +and the silver <i>fleurs-de-lys</i>.</p> + +<p>Francis <span class="smcap">i.</span> cared little for printed books in comparison +with manuscript rarities; he added very few +to the collection at Fontainebleau beyond what he +received as presents from his mother, Queen Louise, +and his sister Marguerite d'Angoulême. The royal +library owed many of its finest manuscripts to the +delicate taste of the princess who was compared to +the 'blossom of poetry' and praised as the 'Marguerite +des Marguerites.' Its wealth was much increased by +the confiscation of the property of the Constable de +Bourbon; and it should be remembered that among +the additions from this source were most of the +magnificently illuminated manuscripts that had belonged +to Jean Duc de Berri.</p> + +<p>The King was much attracted by the hope of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +making literary discoveries in the East; he obtained +much information on the subject from John Lascaris, +and despatched Pierre Gilles to make purchases in +the Levantine monasteries. A similar commission +was entrusted to Guillaume Postel, one of the greatest +linguists that ever lived, but so crazy that he believed +himself to be Adam born to live again, and so unfortunate +that he could seldom keep out of a prison.</p> + +<p>The reign of Henri Deux is of great importance +in the annals of bibliography. An ordinance was +made in 1558, through the influence, as it is supposed, +of Diane de Poitiers, by which every publisher was +compelled to present copies of his books, printed on +vellum and suitably bound, to the libraries at Blois +and Fontainebleau, and such others as the King +should appoint. About eight hundred volumes in +the national collection represent the immediate results +of this copy-tax; they are all marked with the ambiguous +cypher, which might either represent the +initials of the King and Queen or might indicate the +names of Henri and Diane. Queen Catherine de +Médici was an enthusiastic collector. When she +arrived in France as a girl she brought with her +from Urbino a number of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> that had belonged to +the Eastern Emperors, and had been purchased by +Cosmo de' Médici. She afterwards seized the whole +library of Marshal Strozzi on the ground that they +must be regarded as 'Médici books,' having been +inherited at one time by a nephew of Leo <span class="smcap">x.</span> +On her death in 1589 she was found to have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +possessed of about eight hundred Greek manuscripts, +all of the highest rarity and value. There was some +danger that they would be seized by her creditors; +but the King was advised that such an assemblage +could not be got together again in any country or +at any cost. The library was made an heir-loom of +the Crown: and at De Thou's suggestion the books +were stripped of their rich coverings and disguised +in an official costume.</p> + +<p>Diane de Poitiers, a true <i>chasseresse des bouquins</i>, +was herself the daughter of a bibliophile. The Comte +de St. Vallier loved books in Italian bindings, and +there is a <i>Roman de Perceforest</i> in the collection of the +Duc d'Aumale, that bears the Saint Vallier arms and +marks of ownership, though it was confidently believed +to have been bound for Grolier when it belonged +to King Louis-Philippe. Henri Deux and +the Duchesse Diane kept a treasure of books between +them in the magnificent castle of Anet: and after +they were dead the books remained unknown and +unnoticed in their hall until the death of the Princesse +de Condé in the year 1723. The sale which then +took place was a revelation of beauty. The books +were in good condition, and were all clad in sumptuous +bindings. There was a remarkable diversity in +their contents, the Fathers and the poets standing side +by side with treatises upon medicine and the management +of a household, as if they had been acquired in +great part by virtue of the tax upon the publishers. +Most of them, we are told, were bought by the 'in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>trepid +book-hunter' M. Guyon de Sardières, whose +whole library in its turn was engulphed in the miscellaneous +collections of the Duc de la Vallière. An +article in the <i>Bibliophile Français</i> contains a curious +argument in favour of Diane de Poitiers, as being one +of a band of devoted Frenchwomen who saved their +country from foreign ideas. We are reminded of +the patriotism of Agnès Sorel, and of the excellent +influence of Gabrielle d'Estrées. The Duchesse +d'Estampes, we are told, preserved Francis <span class="smcap">i.</span> from +the influence of the Italian renaissance, and prevented +the subjugation of France 'by a Benvenuto or Da +Vinci'; and in the same way, when Catherine de +Médici was preparing to introduce other strange +fashions, Diane came forward in her 'magical beauty' +and saved the originality of her nation.</p> + +<p>The three sons of Catherine were all fond of +books in their way. Francis <i>ii.</i> died before he had +time to make any collection; if he had lived, Mary +of Scotland, who shared his throne for a few weeks, +might have led him into the higher paths of literature. +Some of their favourite volumes have been preserved; +the young King's books bear the dolphin or the arms of +France; the Queen bound everything in black morocco +emblasoned with the lion of Scotland. Charles <span class="smcap">ix.</span> +had a turn for literature, as beseemed the pupil +of Bishop Amyot; he studied archæology in some +detail, and purchased Grolier's cabinet of coins. +He brought the library of Fontainebleau to Paris, +where his father had made the beginning of a new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +collection out of the confiscated property of the Président +Ranconnet, and gave the management of the +whole to the venerable Amyot. His brother, the +effeminate Henri Trois, cared much for bindings and +little for books: it is said that he was somewhat of +a book-binder himself, as his brother Charles had +worked at the armourer's smithy, and as some of his +successors were to take up the technicalities of the +barber, the cook, and the locksmith. Being an extravagant +idler himself, he passed laws against extravagance +in his subjects; but though furs and heavy +chains might be forbidden, he allowed gilt edges and +arabesques on books, and only drew the line at massive +gold stamps. His own taste combined the +gloomy and the grotesque, his clothes and his +bindings alike being covered with skulls and cross-bones, +and spangles to represent tears, with other +conventional emblems of sorrow.</p> + +<p>Louise of Lorraine, after the King's death, retired to +the castle of Chenonceau: and the widowed queen +employed her time, in that 'palace of fairy-land,' at +forming a small cabinet of books. The catalogue +describes about eighty volumes, mostly bound by +Nicolas Eve; and the gay morocco covers in red, +blue, and green, were decorated with brilliant arabesques, +or sprinkled with golden lilies. Hardly any +perfect specimens remain, even in the National +Library. They were all bequeathed by the Queen +to her niece the Duchesse de Vendôme; but in the +hands of a later possessor they were put up for sale<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +and dispersed, and have now for the most part disappeared.</p> + +<p>Henri Quatre is said to have fled to his books for +consolation when abandoned by Gabrielle d'Estrées. +Though no bibliophile himself, he was anxious that +everything should be done that could promote the +interests of literature. He intended to establish a +magnificent library in the Collège de Cambray, but +died before the plans were completed. The books at +Blois, however, were brought to Paris and thrown +open to deserving students; the library already +transported from Fontainebleau and the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> of +Catherine de Médici were removed to the Collège +de Clermont, and placed under the guardianship of +De Thou.</p> + +<p>Marguerite de Valois agreed with the King, if in +nothing else, at least in a desire for the extension of +knowledge. She was a most learned lady as well as +a collector of exquisite books. No branch of science, +sacred or profane, came amiss to the 'Reine Margot.' +She may be regarded as the Queen of the 'Femmes +Bibliophiles' who occupied so important a position in +the history of the Court of France. In the domain +of good taste she excels all competitors; as regards +intellect we can hardly estimate the distance between +Marguerite and the elegant collectors whom we +distinguish according to the names of their book-binders. +Anne of Austria is remembered for the +lace-like patterns of Le Gascon; and Queen Marie +Leczinska is famous for the splendour of her volumes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +bound by Padeloup. Even the libraries of the +daughters of Louis Quinze, three diligent and well-instructed +princesses, are only known apart by the +colours of the moroccos employed by Derôme. The +dull contents of the Pompadour's shelves would hardly +be noticeable without her 'three castles,' or the 'ducal +mantle,' by Biziaux; and no one but Louis Quinze +himself would have praised the intelligent choice of +Du Barry, or cast a look upon her collection of odd +volumes and 'remainders,' if they had not been decorated +like the rest of her furniture. In all the lists of +these 'ladies of old-time' by M. Guigard, by M. +Quentin-Bauchart, or by M. Uzanne, it is difficult to +find one who preferred the inside to the outside of the +book. M. Uzanne, indeed, has contended that no +female bibliophile ever felt the passion that inspired a +Grolier or a De Thou: that Marie Antoinette herself +may have caged thousands of books at the Trianon +like birds in an aviary, without any real regard to +their nature or the right way of using them; that +these devotees of the book-chase were like an invalid +master of hounds, keeping the pack in a gilded +kennel without any exercise or any chance of +practical work. We think that something perhaps +might be said on the other side. The Duchesse de +Berry in our own time possessed a serious collection, +made under her own direction, in which might be +found the <i>Livre d'Heures</i> of Henri Deux, the prayer-book +of Joanna of Naples, the best books of Marguerite +de Valois and Marie Leczinska. The Princess<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +Pauline Buonaparte was the owner of a well-selected +library. But our best example is Madame Elisabeth, +the ill-fated daughter of France, who was dragged +from her books at Montreuil in the tumults of 1789. +Only a short time before she had been absorbed in +her simple collection. In the spring of 1786 she gave +up her mornings to its arrangement. 'My library,' +she wrote, 'is nearly finished: the desks are being +put up, and you cannot imagine the fine effect of the +books.' On September the 15th she writes to her +friend again: 'Montreuil and its mistress get on as +well as two sweethearts. I am writing in the small +room at the end; the books are settled in their +shelves, and my library is really a little gem.' On +the 5th of October she was standing on the terrace +by the library-window, when she saw a crowd coming +along the Sèvres road, and heard the noise of pipes +and drums; and on the same day she was forced to +leave Montreuil, and never saw her books again.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>THE OLD ROYAL LIBRARY—FAIRFAX—COTTON—HARLEY—THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.</h3> + + +<p>Henry <span class="smcap">vii.</span> was the founder of a royal collection +which in time became a constituent portion of +the library at the British Museum. Careful as he +was of his money, the King endeavoured to buy every +book published in French, and he acquired the whole +of Vérard's series of classics, printed on vellum with +initials in gold and gorgeous illuminations, in some +of which the printer is shown presenting his books +to the royal collector. Henry <span class="smcap">viii.</span> established the +separate library which was long maintained at St. +James's; he intended it mainly for the education +of princes of the blood royal, and supplied it with a +quantity of early-printed books and a miscellaneous +gathering of wreckage from the monasteries. During +several succeeding reigns there were 'studies' and +galleries of books at Whitehall and Windsor Castle, +at Greenwich and Oatlands, or wherever the Court +might be held. It is said that in the time of +Henry <span class="smcap">viii.</span> the best English collection belonged to +Bishop Fisher. 'He had the notablest library,' said +Fuller, 'two long galleries full, the books sorted in +stalls, and a register of the name of each book at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +end of its stall.' This great storehouse of knowledge +the Bishop had intended to transfer to St. John's +College at Cambridge; but on his disgrace it was +seized by Thomas Cromwell and dispersed among +his greedy retainers.</p> + +<p>Under the Protector Somerset the Protestant feeling +ran high. Martin Bucer's manuscripts were +bought for the young King; and the Reformer's +printed books were divided between Archbishop +Cranmer and the Duchess of Somerset. About the +same time an order was issued in the name of +Edward <span class="smcap">vi.</span> for purging the King's library at Westminster +of missals, legends, and other 'superstitious +volumes'; and their 'garniture,' according to the +fashion of the time, was bestowed as a perquisite +upon a grasping courtier.</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/08.jpg"><img src="./images/08_th.jpg" alt="BINDING EXECUTED FOR QUEEN ELIZABETH." title="BINDING EXECUTED FOR QUEEN ELIZABETH." /></a></p> +<p class="figcenter">BINDING EXECUTED FOR QUEEN ELIZABETH.</p> + +<p>Queen Elizabeth was naturally fond of fine books. +She had a small collection before she reached the throne, +and became in due course the recipient of a number +of splendid presentation volumes. There is a copy of +a French poem in her praise in the public library at +Oxford: its pages are full of exquisite portraits and +designs, and on the sides there are 'brilliant bosses +composed of humming-birds' feathers.' As a child +she had bound her books in needle-work, or in +'blue corded silk, with gold and silver thread,' in the +style afterwards adopted by the sisters at Little +Gidding in the time of Charles <span class="smcap">i.</span> Her Testament, +most carefully covered by her own handiwork, +contains a note quoted by Mr. Macray in his 'Annals<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +of the Bodleian Library'; it refers to her walks in +the field of Scripture, where she plucked up the +'goodlie greene herbes,' which she afterwards ate by +her reading, 'and chawed by musing.' Her gallery +at Whitehall made a gallant show of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> and +classics in red velvet, with gilt clasps and jewelled +sides, and all the French and Italian books standing +by in morocco and gold. Archbishop Parker tried +to induce her to establish a national library; but the +Queen seems to have cared little about the plan. +She allowed the Archbishop on his own behalf to +seek out the books remaining from the suppressed +monasteries: at another time he obtained leave to +recover as many as he could find of Cranmer's books. +He tracked some of them to the house of one Dr. +Nevinson, who was forced to disgorge his treasures. +Parker kept a staff of scribes and painters in miniature, +and had his own press and fount of type. He +published many scarce tracts to save them from +oblivion. Others he ordered to be copied in manuscript, +and these and all his ancient books he caused +to be 'trimly covered'; so that we may say with +Dibdin, 'a more determined book-fancier existed not +in Great Britain.' He gave some of his books to +'his nurse Corpus Christi' at Cambridge, and some +to the public library; and his gift to the College was +compared to 'the sun of our English antiquity,' +eclipsed only by the shadow of Cotton's palace of +learning.</p> + +<p>One would like to fancy a symposium of the great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +men talking over their books, in the room where Ben +Jonson was king, and where</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">'Mellifluous Shakespeare, whose enchanting quill<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Commanded mirth and passion, was but Will.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Jonson's books, as was said of himself, were like +the great Spanish galleons, bulky folios with '<i>Sum +Ben Jonson</i>' boldly inscribed. We know little about +Shakespeare's books, except that they probably went +to the New Place and passed among the chattels to +Susanna Hall and her husband. His Florio's version +of Montaigne is in the British Museum, if the authenticity +of his signature can be trusted. His neat Aldine +Ovid is at the Bodleian, inscribed with his initials, and +a note: 'this little booke of Ovid was given to me by +W. Hall, who sayd it was once Will Shakspere's.'</p> + +<p>We would call to our meeting Gabriel Harvey +with his new Italian books and pamphlets; and +Spenser, if possible, should be there; Dr. Dee +would tell the piteous story of his four thousand +volumes, printed and unprinted, Greek, in French, +and High-Dutch <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, etc., and of forty years +spent in gathering the books that were all on their +way to the pawnshop. He might have told the +fortunes of all the books with the help of his magical +mirrors and crystals. Francis Bacon's store was to +increase and multiply, to adorn the library at Cambridge +and fill the shelves at Gray's Inn; Lord +Leicester's books, with their livery of the 'bear and +ragged staff,' were to freeze for ages in the galleries +at Lambeth. We should have Ascham inveighing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +against the ancients and their idle and blind way of +living: 'in our father's time,' he says, 'nothing was +read but books of feigned chivalry'; but Captain +Cox would come forth to meet him, attired as in the +tournament at Kenilworth, or in the picture which +Dibdin has extracted from Laneham. 'Captain Cox +came marching on, clean trussed and gartered above +the knee, all fresh in a velvet cap: an odd man, I +promise you: by profession a mason, and that right +skilful and very cunning in fence.... As for King +Arthur and Huon of Bourdeaux, ... the Fryar and +the Boy, Elynor Rumming, and the Nut-brown Maid, +with many more than I can rehearse, I believe he has +them all at his fingers' ends.'</p> + +<p>James <span class="smcap">i.</span>, as became a 'Solomon,' was the +master of many books; but not being a 'fancier' he +gave them shabby coverings and scribbled idle notes +on their margins. He is forgiven for being a pedant, +since Buchanan said it was the best that could be +made of him; it is difficult to be patient about his +hint to the Dutch that it would be well to burn the +old scholar Vorstius instead of making him a professor +at Leyden. He seems to have done more harm +than good to the libraries in his own possession. +We know how he broke into a 'noble speech' +when he visited Bodley at Oxford, with the librarian +trembling lest the King should see a book by +Buchanan, who had often whipped his royal pupil in +days gone by: 'If I were not a King I would be an +University-man, and if it was so that I must be a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +prisoner I would desire no other durance than to be +chained in that library with so many noble authors.'</p> + +<p>The King gave Sir Thomas Bodley a warrant +under the Privy Seal to take what books he pleased +from any of the royal palaces and libraries; 'howbeit,' +said Bodley, 'for that the place at Whitehall is over +the Queen's chamber, I must needs attend her +departure from thence, whereof at present there is +no certainty known: how I shall proceed for other +places I have not yet resolved.'</p> + +<p>Prince Henry had a more refined taste. The +dilettanti of the Prince's set took no part in the +drunken antics of the Court, where Goring was master +of the games, but Sir John Millicent 'made the best +<i>extempore</i> fool.' The Prince bought almost the whole +of the monastic library originally formed by Henry +Lord Arundel: about forty volumes had already +been given by Lord Lumley to Oxford.</p> + +<p>There was some danger that the books at Whitehall +would be destroyed in the fury of the Civil War; +but almost all of them were saved by the personal +exertions of Hugh Peters, when Selden had told him +that there was not the like of these rare monuments +in Christendom, outside the Vatican. Whitelocke +was appointed their keeper, and to his deputy, John +Dury, we owe the first English treatise on library +management. Thomas, Lord Fairfax, did a similar +good service at Oxford. When the city was surrended +in 1646 the first thing that the General did +was to place a guard of soldiers at the Bodleian.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +There was more hurt done by the Cavaliers, said +Aubrey, in the way of embezzlement and cutting the +chains off the books, than was ever done afterwards. +Fairfax, he adds, was himself a lover of learning, and +had he not taken this special care the library would +have been destroyed; 'for there were ignorant +senators enough who would have been content +to have it so.' As a rule, we must admit that the +Puritans were friendly to literature, with a very +natural exception as to merely ecclesiastical records. +Oliver Cromwell gave some of the Barocci <span class="smcap">mss.</span> to +the University of Oxford; and the preservation of +Usher's library at Trinity College, Dublin, was due +to the public spirit of the Cromwellian soldiers, +officers and men having subscribed alike for its +purchase 'out of emulation to a former noble action +of Queen Elizabeth's army in Ireland.'</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/09.jpg"><img src="./images/09_th.jpg" alt="SIR ROBERT COTTON." title="SIR ROBERT COTTON." /></a></p> +<p class="figcenter">SIR ROBERT COTTON.</p> + +<p>Sir Robert Cotton began about 1588 to gather +materials for a history of England. With the help of +Camden and Sir Henry Spelman he obtained nearly +a thousand volumes of records and documents; and +these he arranged under a system, by which they are +still cited, in fourteen wainscot presses marked with +the names of the twelve Cæsars, Cleopatra, and +Faustina. He was so rich in State Papers that, as +Fuller said, 'the fountains were fain to fetch water +from the stream,' and the secretaries and clerks of +the Council were glad in many cases to borrow +back valuable originals. Sir Robert was at one time +accused of selling secrets to the Spanish ambassador,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +and various excuses were found for closing the library, +until at last it was declared to be unfit for public +use on account of its political contents. He often +told his friends that this tyranny had broken his +heart, and shortly before his death in 1631 he informed +the Lords of the Council that their conduct was the +cause of his mortal malady. The library was restored +to his son Sir Thomas: and in Sir John Cotton's time +the public made a considerable use of its contents; +but it seems to have been still a matter of favour, for +Burnet complains that he was refused admittance +unless he could procure a recommendation from the +Archbishop and the Secretary of State. Anthony +Wood gives a pleasant account of his visit: 'Posting +off forthwith he found Sir John Cotton in his house, +joining almost to Westminster Hall: he was then +practising on his lute, and when he had done he came +out and received Wood kindly, and invited him to +dinner, and directed him to Mr. Pearson who kept +the key. Here was another trouble; for the said Mr. +Pearson being a lodger in the shop of a bookseller +living in Little Britain, Wood was forced to walk +thither, and much ado there was to find him.' The +library was afterwards moved to Essex Street, and +then to Ashburnham House in Little Dean's Yard, +where the great fire took place in 1731, which some +attributed to 'Dr. Bentley's villainy.' Dean Stanley +has told us how the Headmaster of Westminster, +coming to the rescue, saw a figure issue from the +burning house, 'in his dressing-gown, with a flowing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +wig on his head, and a huge volume under his arm.' +This was Dr. Bentley the librarian, doing his best to +save the Alexandrian <span class="smcap">ms.</span> of the New Testament. +Mr. Speaker Onslow and some of the other trustees +worked hard in the crowd at pumping, breaking open +the presses, and throwing the volumes out at a +window. The destruction was lamentable; but +wonders have been done in extending the shrivelled +documents and rendering their ashes legible. The +public use of the collection had been already regulated +by Parliament when a comprehensive Act was passed +in 1753, and the nation acquired under one title the +Cottonian Library, Sir Hans Sloane's Museum, the +Earl of Oxford's pamphlets and manuscripts, and all +that remained of the ancient royal collections.</p> + +<p>Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, made a great +purchase in 1705, and spent the next twenty years in +building on that foundation. His son, Earl Edward, +threw himself with zeal into the undertaking, and left +at his death about 50,000 books, besides a huge body +of manuscripts and an incredible number of pamphlets. +We shall quote from the sketch by Oldys, who shared +with Dr. Johnson the task of compiling the catalogue. +'The Earl had the rarest books of all countries, +languages, and sciences': thousands of fragments, +some a thousand years old: vellum books, of which +some had been scraped and used again as 'palimpsests': +'a great collection of Bibles, and editions of +all the first printed books, classics, and others of our +own country, ecclesiastical as well as civil, by Caxton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +Wynkyn de Worde, Pynson, Berthelet, Rastall, +Grafton, and the greatest number of pamphlets and +English heads of any other person: abundance of +ledgers, chartularies, etc., and original letters of +eminent persons as many as would fill two hundred +volumes; all the collections of his librarian Humphrey +Wanley, of Stow, Sir Symonds D'Ewes, Prynne, +Bishop Stillingfleet, John Bagford, Le Neve, and the +flower of a hundred other libraries.'</p> + +<p>A few of these collections ought to be separately +mentioned. Stow had died in great poverty, and +indeed had been for many years a licensed beggar or +bedesman; but in his youth he had been enabled by +Parker's protection to make a good collection out of +the spoils of the Abbeys; during the Elizabethan +persecution he was nearly convicted of treason for +being in possession of remnants of Popery, and found +it very hard to convince the stern inquisitor that he +was only a harmless antiquary. Sir Symonds D'Ewes +had endeavoured by his will, which he modelled upon +that of De Thou, to preserve undispersed through the +ages to come the 'precious library' bequeathed in a +touching phrase 'to Adrian D'Ewes, my young son, +yet lying in the cradle.' Notwithstanding all his +bonds and penalties the event which he dreaded came +to pass. Harley had advised Queen Anne to buy a +collection that included so many precious documents +and records: the Queen, wishing perhaps to rebuff +her minister, said that it was indeed no merit in her +to prefer arts to arms, 'but while the blood and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +honour of the nation was at stake in her wars she +could not, till she had secured her living subjects an +honourable peace, bestow their money upon dead +letters'; and so, we are told, 'the Earl stretched his +own purse, and gave £6000 for the library.' Peter +Le Neve spent his life in gathering important papers +about coat-armour and pedigrees. He had intended +them for the use of his fellow Kings-at-Arms; but it +was said that he had some pique against the Heralds' +College, and so 'cut them off with a volume.' The +rest went to the auction-room: 'The Earl of Oxford,' +said Oldys, 'will have a sweep at it'; and we know +that the cast was successful. As for John Bagford, +the scourge of the book-world, we have little to say +in his defence. In his audacious design of compiling +a history of printing he mangled and mutilated about +25,000 volumes, tearing out the title pages and colophons +and shaving the margins even of such priceless +jewels of bibliography as the Bible of Gutenberg and +<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'those'">those</ins> of 'Polyglott' Cardinal Ximènes. He cannot +avoid conviction as a literary monster; yet his contemporaries +regarded him as a miracle of erudition, +and Mr. Pollard has lately put in a kindly plea in +mitigation. We are reminded that Bagford made no +money by his crimes, that he took walking-tours +through Holland and Germany in search of bargains, +and that he made 'a priceless collection of ballads.' +It might be said also for a further plea that what one +age regards as sport another condemns as butchery. +The Ferrar family at Little Gidding were the inven<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>tors +of 'pasting-printing,' as they called their barbarous +mode of embellishment; and Charles <span class="smcap">i.</span> himself, +in Laud's presence, called their largest scrap-book +'the Emperor of all books,' and 'the incomparablest +book this will be, as ever eye beheld.' The huge +volume made up for Prince Charles out of pictures +and scraps of text was joyfully pronounced to be 'the +gallantest greatest book in the world.' The practice +of 'grangerising,' or stuffing out an author with prints +and pages from other works, was even praised by +Dibdin as 'useful and entertaining,' though in our +own time it is rightly condemned as a malpractice.</p> + +<p>Next to Harley's library in importance was that of +John Moore, Bishop of Ely, of which Burnet said that +it was a treasure beyond what one would think the +life and labour of a man could compass. Oldys has +described it in his notes upon London libraries, +which it is fair to remember were based on Bagford's +labours, as regards the earlier entries. 'The Bishop,' +he says, 'had a prodigious collection of books, written +as well as printed on vellum, some very ancient, +others finely illuminated. He had a Capgrave's +Chronicle, books of the first printing at Maintz and +other places abroad, as also at Oxford, St. Alban's, +Westminster, etc.' There was some talk of uniting +it with Harley's collection; but in 1715 it was bought +by George <span class="smcap">i.</span> for 6000 guineas, and was presented to +the Public Library at Cambridge.</p> + +<p>The University had possessed a library from very +early times. It owed much to the liberality of several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +successive Bishops of Durham. Theodore Beza and +Lord Bacon were afterwards among its most distinguished +benefactors. Bishop Hacket made a donation +of nearly fifteen hundred volumes: and in 1647 a +large collection of Eastern <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, brought home from +Italy by George Thomason, was added by an ordinance +of the Commonwealth. But, until the royal gift +of the Bishop of Ely's books, the University received +no such extraordinary favour of fortune as came to +the sister institution through the splendid beneficence +of Bodley.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>BODLEY—DIGBY—LAUD—SELDEN—ASHMOLE.</h3> + + +<p>The University of Oxford still offers public thanks +for Bodley's generosity upon his calendar-day. The +ancient library of Duke Humphrey and his pious +predecessors had, as we have seen, been plundered +and devastated. But Sir Thomas Bodley, when +retiring from office in 1597, conceived the idea of +restoring it to prosperity again; 'and in a few years +so richly endowed it with books, revenues, and +buildings, that it became one of the most famous in +the world.' Bodley has left us his own account of +the matter:—'I concluded at the last to set up my +staff at the library-door in Oxon. I found myself +furnished with such four kinds of aids as, unless I had +them all, I had no hope of success. For without +some kind of knowledge, without some purse-ability +to go through with the charge, without good store of +friends to further the design, and without special +good leisure to follow such a work, it could not but +have proved a vain attempt.' When Méric Casaubon +visited Oxford a few years afterwards he found the +hall filled with books. 'Do not imagine,' he wrote, +'that there are as many <span class="smcap">mss.</span> here as in the royal +library at Paris. There are a good many in England,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +though nothing to what our King possesses; but the +number of printed books is wonderful, and increasing +every year. During my visit to Oxford I passed +whole days in this place. The books cannot be taken +away, but it is open to scholars for seven or eight +hours a day, and one may always see a number of +them revelling at their banquet, which gave me no +small pleasure.' Bodley was not one of those who +like libraries to be open to all comers. 'A grant of +such scope,' said his statute, 'would but minister an +occasion of pestering all the room with their gazing; +and the babbling and trampling up and down may +disturb out of measure the endeavours of those that +are studious. Admission, from the first, was granted +only to graduates, and every one on his entrance had +to take the oath against 'razing, defacing, cutting, +noting, slurring, and mangling the books.'</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas was ably seconded by 'good Mr. +James,' his first librarian, and by the bookseller John +Bill, who collected for him at Frankfort and Lyons +and other likely places on the Continent. The most +minute rules were laid down for the protection of the +books against embezzlement. The volumes were +chained to the desks, and readers were entreated to +fasten the clasps and strings, to untangle the chains, +and to leave the books as they found them. Bodley +was always enquiring about the store of chains and +wires. 'I pray you write to John Smith,' he said to +James, 'that I may be furnished against Easter with +a thousand chains'; he hopes to bring enough for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +that number, 'if God send my books safe out of Italy.' +About the time of the King's visit he writes that he +has sent a case of wires and clips by the carrier, +'which I make no doubt but you may in good time +get fastened to your books.' His carefulness is shown +by his directions for cleaning the room: 'I do desire +that, after the library is well swept and the books +cleansed from dust, you would cause the floor to be +well washed and dried, and after rubbed with a little +rosemary, for a stronger scent I should not like.' He +often writes about his Continental purchases. John +Bill, he says, had been at Venice, Florence, and Rome, +and half a score other Italian cities, 'and hath bought +us many books as he knew I had not, amounting to +the sum of at least £400.' With regard to certain +duplicates he says: 'the fault is mine and John Bill's, +who dealing with multitudes must perforce make +many scapes.' 'Jo. Bill hath gotten everywhere what +the place would afford, for his commission was large, +his leisure very good, and his payment sure at home.' +The agent bought largely at Seville; 'but the people's +usage towards all of our nation is so cruel and +malicious that he was utterly discouraged.'</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/10.jpg"><img src="./images/10_th.jpg" alt="SIR THOMAS BODLEY." title="SIR THOMAS BODLEY." /></a></p> +<p class="figcenter">SIR THOMAS BODLEY.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas Bodley would accept a very small +contribution or the gift of a single volume of any +respectable sort. But he would have no 'riff-raff,' as +he told Dr. James, and would certainly have scorned +the almanacs and play-books acquired after his death +under a bequest from the melancholy Burton, and +the ships' logs and 'pickings of chandlers' and grocers'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +papers' which were received long afterwards as part +of Dr. Rawlinson's great donation. He was always +grateful for a well-meant present. He writes to his +librarian: 'Mr. Schoolmaster of Winton's gift of +Melanchthon and Huss I do greatly esteem, and will +thank him, if you will, by letter.' Some of the earliest +gifts were of a splendid kind. Lord Essex sent three +hundred folios, including a fine Budæus from the +library of Jerome Osorio, captured at Faro in Portugal +when the fleet was returning from Cadiz. Bodley +himself gave a magnificent <i>Romance of Alexander</i> +that had belonged in 1466 to Richard Woodville, +Lord Rivers. The librarian contributed about a +hundred volumes, including early <span class="smcap">mss.</span> procured from +Balliol and Merton by his persuasion. Merton +College, for its own part, sent nearly two-score +volumes of 'singular good books in folio.' Sir Henry +Savile gave the 'Gospels' in Russian and the Greek +'Commentaries on St. Augustine,' and William +Camden out of his poverty brought a few manuscripts +and ancient books. Lawrence Bodley, the founder's +brother, came with thirty-seven 'very fair and new-bought +works in folio, and Lord Lumley with forty +volumes reserved out of the library sold to the Prince. +Lord Montacute contributed the works of the Fathers, +'in sixty-six costly great volumes, all bought of set +purpose and fairly bound with his arms,' Mr. Gent a +number of medical treatises, Sir John Fortescue five +good Greek <span class="smcap">mss.</span> and forty other books. We only +mention a few of the choicer specimens or note the re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>appearance +of old friends described in earlier chapters. +In 1602 there arrived from Exeter Bishop Leofric's +vellum service-book, with several others that had +lodged in its company since the days of Edward the +Confessor. Next year came one of the exquisite +'Gospels' which Pope Gregory, as men said, had given +to the missionary Augustine; the other had been included +in Parker's gift to Corpus Christi. Sir Henry +Wotton contributed a valuable Koran, to which in +later years he added Tycho Brahés 'Astronomy' +with the author's <span class="smcap">ms.</span> notes. Thomas Allen gave +a relic of St. Dunstan, containing the Saint's portrait +drawn by himself, and one of Grostête's books that +had been given by the Friars to Dr. Gascoigne. +Mr. Allen gave in all twelve rare <span class="smcap">mss.</span> besides printed +books, 'with a purpose to do more'; and Bodley +commends him as a most careful provoker and +solicitor of benefactions. He was the mathematician, +or rather the cabalistical astrologer, who taught Sir +Kenelm Digby, introducing that romantic giant to +the art of ruling the stars, and how to melt and puff +'until the green dragon becomes the golden goose,' +and all the other <i>arcana</i> of alchemy.</p> + +<p>Digby was a good friend to the Bodleian. When +quite a youth he cut down fifty great oaks to purchase +a building-site near Exeter College. The laying of +the foundation-stone in 1634 was amusingly described +by Wood. The Heads of Houses were all assembled, +and the University musicians 'had sounded a lesson +on their wind-music,' standing on the leads at the west<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +end of the library; but while the Vice-Chancellor was +placing a piece of gold on the first stone, the earth +fell in, and the scaffold broke, 'so that all those who +were thereon, the Proctors, Principals of Halls, etc., +fell down all together one upon another, among whom +the under-butler of Exeter College had his shoulder +broken or put out of joint, and a scholar's arm bruised.' +It was at this time that Digby made a generous gift +of books, all tall copies in good bindings with his +initials on the panels at the back. Among them were +early works on science by Grostête and Roger Bacon, +besides histories and chronicles. Many of these +books had belonged to Thomas Allen, who gave them +to Digby as a token of regard. Sir Kenelm wrote +about them to Sir Robert Cotton, who was to thank +Allen for his kindness: 'in my hands they will not be +with less honourable memory of him than in any +man's else.' He felt sure that Allen would have +wished them to be freely used: 'all good things are +the better the more they are communicated'; but +the University was to be the absolute mistress, 'to +dispose of them as she pleaseth.' Mr. Macray quotes +another passage about two trunks of Arabic <span class="smcap">mss.</span> +Digby had given them to Laud for St. John's College +or the Bodleian, as he might prefer, but nothing had +been heard about their arrival. He promised more +books from his own library, which had been taken +over to France after the Civil War broke out. The +books, however, remained abroad, and were confiscated +on Digby's death as being the chattels of an alien<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +resident; but either by favour or purchase they soon +became the property of the Earl of Bristol, and were +afterwards sold by auction in London. Two volumes +were purchased for the Bodleian in 1825 which must +be regarded with the deepest interest. The 'Bacon' +and 'Proclus' had belonged to the Oxford Friars, to +Gascoigne, to the astrologer secluded in Gloucester +Hall. Digby had written a note in each that it was +the book of the University Library, as witnessed by +his initials; but it had taken them many generations +to make the last stage of their journey from his book-shelf +to their acknowledged home at Oxford.</p> + +<p>It was chiefly through the generosity of Laud that +the Bodleian obtained its wealth of Oriental learning. +But it was not only in the East that the Archbishop +devoted himself to book-collecting. Like Dr. Dee, he +saw the value of Ireland as a hunting-ground, and +employed his emissaries to procure painted service-books, +the records of native princes, and the archives of +the Anglo-Norman nobility. Among his most precious +acquisitions was an Irish <span class="smcap">ms.</span> containing the <i>Psalter of +Cashel</i>, Cormac's still unpublished <i>Glossary</i>, and some +of the poems ascribed to St. Patrick and St. Columba. +On the Continent the armies of Gustavus Adolphus +were ravaging the cities of Germany; and Laud's +agents were always at hand to rescue the fair books +and vellums from the Swedish pikemen. In this way +he obtained the printed Missal of 1481 and a number +of Latin <span class="smcap">mss.</span> from the College of Würzburg, and +other valuable books from monasteries near Mainz<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +and Eberbach in the Duchy of Baden. It appears by +Mr. Macray's Annals that his gifts to the University +between 1635 and 1640 amounted to about thirteen +hundred volumes, in more than twenty languages. +To our minds the most attractive will always be the +very copy of the 'Acts' perused by the Venerable +Bede, and the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' compiled in +the Abbey of Peterborough. The men of Laud's age +would perhaps have attached greater importance to +the Eastern <span class="smcap">mss.</span> acquired by the Archbishop through +Robert Huntingdon, the consul at Aleppo, or the +Greek library of Francesco Barocci, which he persuaded +William Earl of Pembroke to present to the University. +In describing the Persian <span class="smcap">mss.</span> of his last gift, Laud +specially mentioned one as containing a history of the +world from the Creation to the end of the Saracen +Empire, and as being of a very great value. He shows +the greatest anxiety for the safety of the volumes: +'I would to God the place for them were ready, that +they might be set up safe, and chained as the other +books are.' He gave many books to St. John's +College; and he retained a large collection in his +Palace at Lambeth, which was bestowed on Hugh +Peters after his death; it is satisfactory, however, to +remember that 'the study of books' was recovered at +the Restoration, and that Mr. Ashmole was appointed +to examine the accounts of the fanatic.</p> + +<p>Laud was not the first to seek for the treasures of +the East. Before his gifts began Sir Thomas Roe, +who sat for Oxford with Selden, had presented to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +Bodleian a number of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> acquired during his embassy +to Constantinople. Joseph Scaliger, the restorer +of Arabic learning in the West, had been especially +interested in Samaritan literature, and had corresponded +about a copy of the Pentateuch with one +Rabbi Eleazar, 'who dwelt in Sichem'; and, though +the papers fell into the hands of robbers, they were +afterwards delivered to Peiresc. The traveller +Minutius had returned with Coptic service-books, and +Peiresc, captivated with a new branch of learning, +established an agency for Eastern books at Smyrna. +The Capucin Gilles de Loche averred that he had +seen 8000 volumes in a monastery of the Nitrian +Desert,'many of which seemed to be of the age of St. +Anthony': he had pushed into Abyssinia and had heard +the 'uncouth chaunts and clashing cymbals,' as Mr. +Curzon heard them in a later age; and he had even +cast his eyes on the <i>Book of Enoch</i> with pallid figures +and a shining black text; and Peiresc was so inflamed +with a desire to buy it at any price that in the end he +acquired it. The books seen by the Capucin in the +Convent of the Syrians, stored 'in the vault beyond +the oil-cellar,'have become our national property; and +if there are not many of the age of St. Anthony we +have at least the volume, completed by the help of a +monk's note of the eleventh century, and originally +written in the year 411 'at Ur of the Chaldees by the +hand of a man named Jacob.'</p> + +<p>Much less attention seems to have been paid to the +collection of Hebrew books than to those in Coptic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +and Arabic. Selden, it is true, gave to the University +Library 'such of his Talmudical and Rabbinical books +as were not already to be found there,' and purchases +were made at the Crevenna sale in Amsterdam and +at a sale during the present century of the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> of +Matheo Canonici at Venice. The chief source from +which the Bodleian was supplied was the collection +formed before 1735 by David Oppenheimer, the Chief +Rabbi at Prague. In the British Museum are the +Hebrew books presented by Solomon da Costa in +1759. The donor's letter contained a few interesting +details. There were three Biblical <span class="smcap">mss.</span> and a hundred +and eighty printed books, all in very old editions: +'They were bound by order of King Charles <span class="smcap">ii.</span>, and +marked with his cypher, and were purchased by me +in the days of my youth, and the particulars are they +not written in the book that is found therewith?' +They had been collected under the Commonwealth, +and had afterwards been sent to the binder by King +Charles; but as the bill was never paid they lay +in the shop until the reign of George <span class="smcap">i.</span>, when they +were sold to pay expenses, and so came into the +possession of the excellent Solomon da Costa.</p> + +<p>The best antiquarian collections were those given +to Oxford by Dr. Rawlinson in the last century, +by Richard Gough in 1809, and by Mr. Douce in +1834. Mr. Macray has enumerated nearly thirty +libraries which Richard Rawlinson had laid under +contribution, and his list includes such headings as the +Miscellaneous Papers of Samuel Pepys, the Thurloe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +State Papers, the remains of Thomas Hearne, and +documents belonging to Gale and Michael Maittaire, +Sir Joseph Jekyll, and Walter Clavell of the Temple. +He cites a letter written by Rawlinson in 1741, as +showing the curious accidents by which some of these +documents were preserved: 'My agent last week +met with some papers of Archbishop Wake at a +chandler's shop: this is unpardonable in his executors, +as all his <span class="smcap">mss.</span> were left to Christ Church; but <i>quære</i> +whether these did not fall into some servant's hands, +who was ordered to burn them, and Mr. Martin +Folkes ought to have seen that done.'</p> + +<p>Mr. Gough's collection related chiefly to English +topography, Anglo-Saxon and Northern literature, +and printed service-books; it is stated to contain +more than 3700 volumes, all given by a generous +bequest to form 'an Antiquary's Closet.' Mr. Douce's +large library contained a number of Missals and +<i>Livres d'Heures</i>. Some of these are described as +'priceless gems rivalled only by the Bedford +Missal,' especially one prayer-book illuminated for +Leonora, Duchess of Urbino, another that belonged +to Marie de Médici, and 'a Psalter on purple +vellum, probably of the ninth century, which came +from the old Royal Library of France.' Among the +most important of the earlier benefactions was the +gift of <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'the the'">the</ins> Dodsworth Papers by Thomas Lord +Fairfax. The archives of the Northern monasteries +had been kept for a time in eight chests in St. Mary's +Tower at York. Roger Dodsworth, Sir William<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> +Dugdale's colleague in the preparation of the +Monasticon, made copies of many of these documents; +and when the tower was blown up in the +siege of 1644 he was one of the zealous antiquarians +who saved the mouldering fragments on the breach. +His whole store of archæological records became the +property of Fairfax at his death. They are of great +historical importance, but at one time they were +strangely neglected. Wood says that all the papers +were nearly spoiled in a damp season, when he +obtained leave to dry them on the leads near the +schools; but though it cost him a month's labour he +undertook it with pleasure 'out of respect to the +memory of Mr. Dodsworth.'</p> + +<p>The Ashmolean books were some years ago transferred +to the Bodleian, but for several generations +there was a strange assortment of antiquarian libraries +gathered together in the Museum which Ashmole +developed out of Madam Tradescant's 'closet of +curiosities.' Here were the books of the shiftless +John Aubrey, described by Wood as 'sometimes +little better than crazed': and here, according to +Wood's dying wish, lay his own books, 'and papers +and notes about two bushels full,' side by side with +Dugdale's manuscripts. Dibdin quotes several +extracts from Elias Ashmole's diary, to show the +old book-hunter's prowess in the chase. He buys on +one day Mr. Milbourn's books, and on the next all +that Mr. Hawkins left; he sees Mrs. Backhouse of +London about the purchase of her late husband's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +library. In 1667 he writes: 'I bought Mr. John +Booker's study of books, and gave £140.' Being +somewhat of an alchemist, he was glad to become +the owner of Lilly's volumes on magic, and most of +Dr. Dee's collection came into his hands through the +kindness of his friend Mr. Wale. When Ashmole +brought out his book upon the Order of the Garter he +became the associate of the nobility; and we will +leave him feasting at his house in South Lambeth, +clad in a velvet gown, and wearing his great chain +'of philagreen links in great knobs,' with ninety loops +of gold.</p> + +<p>In noticing the lawyers who have been eminent +for their devotion to books we might go back to very +early times. We ought at least to mention Sergeant +William Fletewode, Recorder of London in the +reign of Elizabeth, who bought a library out of +Missenden Abbey, consisting mainly of the romances +of chivalry; it was sold with its later additions in +1774 under the title of <i>Bibliotheca Monastico-Fletewodiana</i>. +The Lord Chancellor Ellesmere in +the same reign formed a collection of old English +poetry, which became the foundation of a celebrated +library belonging to the Dukes of Bridgewater and +afterwards to the Marquis of Stafford. Sir Julius +Cæsar, who was Master of the Rolls under James <span class="smcap">i.</span>, +was 'often reflected upon' for his want of legal +knowledge; but he collected a quantity of good <span class="smcap">mss.</span> +which passed into the library of Mr. Carteret-Webb, +after a narrow escape of being sold for £10 to a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +cheesemonger. They are now in the British Museum +together with a box of exquisite miniature classics, +with which he used to solace himself on a journey. +Arthur, Earl of Anglesea, was another distinguished +lawyer, who was famous for having acquired the +finest specimens of books in 'all faculties, arts, and +languages.'</p> + +<p>The great bulk of Selden's books were given by +his executors to the Bodleian; but several chests of +monastic manuscripts were sent to the Inner Temple, +and perished in a fire. He passed his whole life as a +scholar; and yet, it is said, he deplored the loss of +his time, and wished that he had neglected what the +world calls learning, and had rather 'executed the +office of a justice of the peace.' Sir Matthew Hale +should be remembered for his gift of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> to Lincoln's +Inn. He made it a condition that they should never +be printed; and the language of his will shows a +certain dread of dealing lightly with the secrets of +tenure and prerogative. 'My desire is that they be +kept safe and all together in remembrance of me. +They were fit to be bound in leather, and chained +and kept in archives: they are a treasure not fit for +every man's view, nor is every man capable of making +use of them.'</p> + +<p>We shall close our account of the century with a +few words about Dr. Bernard, a stiff, hard, and +straightforward reader, whose library of medicine +and general literature was sold by auction in 1698. +'Being a person who collected his books not for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +ostentation or ornament he seemed no more solicitous +about their dress than his own'; and therefore, says +the compiler of his catalogue, 'you'll find that a gilt +back or a large margin was very seldom any inducement +to him to buy. It was sufficient to him that he +had the book.' 'The garniture of a book,' he would +observe,'was apt to recommend it to a great part of +our modern collectors'; he himself was not a mere +nomenclator, and versed only in title-pages, 'but had +made that just and laudable use of his books which +would become all those that set up for collectors.' He +was the possessor of thirteen fine Caxtons, which +fetched altogether less than two guineas at his sale; +the biddings seem to have been by the penny; and +Mr. Clarke in his <i>Repertorium Bibliographicum</i> observed +that the penny at that time seems to have +been more than the equivalent of our pound sterling +in the purchase of black-letter rarities.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>GROLIER AND HIS SUCCESSORS.</h3> + + +<p>Jean Grolier, the prince of book-collectors, was +born at Lyons in 1479. His family had come +originally from Verona, but had long been naturalised +in France. Several of his relations held civic offices; +Étienne Grolier, his father, was in charge of the +taxes in the district of Lyons, and was appointed +treasurer of the Milanese territories at that time in +the occupation of the French. Jean Grolier succeeded +his father in both these employments. He +was treasurer of Milan in 1510, when Pope Julius +formed the league against the French, which was +crushed at the Battle of Ravenna; and for nearly +twenty years afterwards Grolier took a principal part +in administering the affairs of the province. Young, +rich, and powerful, a lover of the arts and a bountiful +patron of learning, he became an object of almost +superstitious respect to the authors and booksellers +of Italy. He was eager to do all in his power +towards improving the machinery and diffusing +the products of science. He loved his books not +only for what they taught but also as specimens of +typography and artistic decoration. To own one or +two examples from his library is to take high rank<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +in the army of bookmen. The amateur of bindings +need learn little more when he comprehends the +stages of Grolier's literary passion, its fervent and +florid beginnings, the majesty of its progress, and its +austere simplicities in old age.</p> + +<p>Grolier was the personal friend of Gryphius, the +printer of Lyons, and of all the members of the +House of Aldus at Venice. Erasmus, who was +revered by Grolier as his god-father in matters of +learning, once paid a compliment to the treasurer, +which was not far from the truth. 'You owe nothing +to books,' he wrote, 'but they owe a good deal to +you, because it is by your help that they will go +down to posterity.' The nature of Grolier's relations +with the Venetian publishers appears in his letters to +Francis of Asola about the printing of a work by +Budæus. He writes from Milan in the year 1519: +'I am thinking every day about sending you the +"Budæus" for publication in your most elegant style. +You must add to your former favours by being very +diligent in bringing out my friend's book, of which I +now send you the manuscript revised and corrected +by the author. You must take the greatest care, +dear Francis, to present it to the public in an accurate +shape, and this indeed I must beg and implore. I +want beauty and refinement besides; but this we +shall get from your choice paper, unworn type, and +breadth of margin. In a word, I want to have it in +the same style as your "Politian." If all this extra +luxury should put you to loss, I will make it good.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +I am most anxious that the manuscript should be +followed exactly, without any change or addition; +and so, my dear Francis, fare you well.' The book +appeared with a dedication to Grolier himself, in +which Francis of Asola recounts the many favours +received by the elder Aldus in his lifetime, by himself, +and by his father Andreas. The presentation +copy was magnificently printed on vellum, with +initials in gold and colours. Grolier inscribed it +with his name and device, so that it became easy to +verify its subsequent history. It appeared among +the books of the Prince de Soubise, and belonged +afterwards to the Count Macarthy, and in 1815 was +bought by Mr. Payne and transferred to the Althorp +Library.</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/11.jpg"><img src="./images/11_th.jpg" alt="BINDING EXECUTED FOR GROLIER." title="BINDING EXECUTED FOR GROLIER." /></a></p> +<p class="figcenter">BINDING EXECUTED FOR GROLIER.</p> + +<p>Grolier's books were generally stamped with the +words '<i>et Amicorum</i>' immediately after his name, to +indicate as we suppose that they were the common +property of himself and his friends, although it has +been suggested that he was referring to his possession +of duplicates. Another of his marks was the use of +some pious phrase, such as a wish that his portion +might be in 'the land of the living,' which was either +printed on the cover or written on a fly-leaf, if the +volume were the gift of a friend. In the use of these +distinctions he seems to have been preceded by +Thomas Maioli, a book-collector of a family residing +at Asti, of whom very little is known apart from his +ownership of books in magnificent bindings. Grolier +may have borrowed the phrase about his friends from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +a celebrated Flemish collector called Marcus Laurinus, +or Mark Lauwrin of Watervliet, who was in constant +correspondence with the Treasurer about their cabinets +of medals and coins. Rabelais had a few valuable +books, which he stamped with a similar design in +Greek, and the Latin form occurs in many other +libraries. We are inclined to refer the origin of the +practice to a letter written by Philelpho in 1427, in +which he tells his correspondent of the Greek proverb +that all things are common among friends.</p> + +<p>Grolier's love of learning is shown by his own +letters, and by the statements contained in the books +that were so constantly dedicated to his name. To +Beatus Rhenanus he wrote, with reference to an +approaching visit: 'Oh, what a festal day, to be +marked (as they say) with a pure white stone, when +I am able to pay my humble duty to my own +Rhenanus; and you see how great are my demands +when you are entered as mine in my accounts.' As +controller of the Milanese district he became the +object of much adulation, for which his flatterers +had to atone when the French occupation came to +an end. The dedication of a certain dialogue +affords an instance in point. Stefano Negri sent his +book to Grolier in a splendid shape. The presentation +copy on vellum may be seen at the British +Museum among the treasures of the Grenville Library. +The writer represents himself in the preface as going +about in search of a patron. He sees Mercury +descending from the clouds with a message from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +Minerva. 'There is one man whom the Goddess +holds dear, struggling like Ulysses through the flood +of this stormy life: he is known as Grolier to the +world.' Nay, what need have you, says the author, +to sing the praises of that famous man? 'You must +confess, even if you like it not, that he is most noble +in his country and family, most wealthy in fortune, +and most fair and beautiful in his bodily gifts.'</p> + +<p>As patron of all the arts the treasurer became the +friend of Francino Gafori, the leader of the new school +of music that was flourishing at Milan. Gafori seems +to have been often in Grolier's company. He dedicated +to the treasurer his work on the harmony of +musical instruments, as well as the <i>Apologia</i> in which +he afterwards convicted the Bologna school of its +errors. 'My work,' he says in his later book, 'is +sound enough if soundly understood'; and he tells +his rival that, though he may writhe with rage, the +harmony of Gafori and the fame of Jean Grolier will +live for ever. The introduction to his work upon +harmony contains a few interesting details about +Grolier's way of living at Milan. Gafori addresses +his book in a dialogue, and vows that it shall never +come home again if Grolier refuses to be the patron. +A poetical friend adds a piece in which the Muses +appear without their proper emblems, and even +Apollo is bereft of his lyre. Gafori, they say, has +taken away their harmonies and will not give them +back. They are advised to make their way to the +concert at Grolier's house, where the friend of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +Muses sits among the learned doctors. An illustration +shows Gafori sitting at his organ and the +musicians with their wind-instruments at the end of +the lofty hall. Gafori himself, in another preface, +declares that his musical offspring can hardly be +kept at home; they used to be too shy to go out, +though all the musicians were awaiting them; now +that they have Grolier's patronage they are all as +bold as brass, and ready to rush through any danger +to salute their generous friend. The history of the +copy presented to Grolier is not without interest. +After the great musician's death the treasurer gave +it to Albisse, one of the King's secretaries: Albisse +in 1546 gave it to Rasse de Neux, a surgeon at Paris, +who was devoted to curious books; in 1674 it entered +the library of St. Germain-des-Prés, and was nearly +destroyed more than a century afterwards in a great +fire. During the Revolution it was added to the +collection at the Convent des Célestins, and was afterwards +deposited in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, +where we suppose that it still remains.</p> + +<p>Grolier was fond of giving books to his friends. A +commentary on the Psalms with his name and device, +now in the National Library at Paris, bears an +inscription showing that he had given it to a monk +named Jacques Guyard. He presented a fine copy +of Marcus Aurelius to his friend Eurialo Silvestri; +and there are volumes bearing his name in conjunction +with those of Maioli and Laurinus which indicate +similar gifts. He is known to have presented several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +volumes to the President de Thou as a mark of +gratitude for assistance during his later troubles. It +is somewhat singular that Jacques-Auguste de Thou +never succeeded in getting possession of these books, +though they had always been kept in his father's +library; and they were not, indeed, replaced in the +'Bibliotheca Thuana' until it had become the property +of the Cardinal de Rohan. It is interesting to learn +that a volume of Cicero was given by Grolier to the +artistic printer, Geoffroy Tory of Bourges, who +designed the lettering of his mottoes: they were of +an antique or 'Roman' shape, and were in two sizes, +and proportioned, as we are told, 'in the same ratio +to each other as the body and face of a man.' +Geoffroy Tory mentioned them in a letter of the year +1523. 'It was on the morrow of the Epiphany,' says +the light-hearted artist, 'that after my slumbers were +over, and in consciousness of a joyous repast, I lay +day-dreaming in bed, and twisting the wheels of my +memory round: I thought of a thousand little fancies +both grave and gay, and then there came before my +mind those antique letters that I used to make for +my lord, Master Jean Grolier, the King's councillor, +and a friend of the <i>Belles Lettres</i> and of all men of +learning, by whom he is loved and esteemed on both +sides of the Alps.'</p> + +<p>Another testimony comes from Dr. Sambucus, who +knew Grolier well when he was living in Paris, and +used to be fond of inspecting his cabinet of coins. +In the last year of Grolier's life he received a book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +on the subject with a dedication to himself by the +worthy Doctor. Grolier was reminded in the preface +of their long talks on antiquarian subjects, and of the +kindness which Sambucus had received from the +treasurer and the treasurer's father at Milan. 'During +the last three years,' says Sambucus, 'I have been +enriching my library, and I have added some very +scarce coins to the cabinet that you used to admire.' +He adds a few complaints about dealers and the +tricks of the trade, which we need not repeat. 'And +now farewell!' he ends, 'noble ornament of a noble +race, by whose mouth nothing has ever been uttered +that came not from the heart!'</p> + +<p>Some account of Grolier's career is to be found in +De Thou's great history. He praised the 'incredible +love of learning' that had earned for a mere youth +the intimate friendship of Budæus. He showed with +what administrative ability the Milanese territories +were governed, and with what dignity Grolier filled +the high office of Treasurer at home.</p> + +<p>Grolier, he says, built a magnificent mansion in the +Rue de Bussy, which was known as the Hôtel de +Lyon; in one of its halls he arranged the multitude +of books 'so carefully, and with such a fine effect, that +the library might have been compared to that which +Pollio established in Rome'; and so great was the +supply that, notwithstanding his many gifts to friends +and various misfortunes which befell his collection, +every important library in France was able after his +death to show some of his grand bindings as its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +principal ornament. Grolier's old age was disturbed +by imputations against his official conduct, and it +seemed at one time as if his fortune were in considerable +danger. 'He was so confident in his innocence,' +said the historian,'that he would not seek help from +his friends; but he might have fallen at last, if he +had not been protected by my father the President, +who always used his influence to help the weak +against the strong and the scholar against the ignorance +of the vulgar.' The old Treasurer kept his +serene course of life until he reached his eighty-sixth +year: he died at his Hôtel de Lyon, surrounded by +his books, and was buried near the high altar in the +Church of St. Germain-des-Prés.</p> + +<p>Upon Grolier's death his property was divided +among his daughters' families. Some of the books +were certainly sold; but the greater part of the +library became the property of Méric de Vic, the old +Treasurer's son-in-law. Méric was keeper of the +seals to Louis <span class="smcap">xiii.</span> His son Dominique became +Archbishop of Auch. They were both fond of books, +and took great care of Grolier's three thousand exquisite +volumes, of which they were successively the +owners. They lived in a large house in the Rue St. +Martin, which had been built by Budæus, and here +the books were kept until the great dispersion in the +year 1676. 'They looked,' said Bonaventure d'Argonne, 'as +if the Muses had taken the outsides into +their charge, as well as the contents, they were +adorned with such art and <i>esprit</i>, and looked so gay,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +with a delicate gilding quite unknown to the book-binders +of our time.' The same visitor described the +sale of 1676. All Paris was to be seen at the Hôtel +de Vic. 'Such a glorious collection ought all to +have been kept together; but, as it was, everybody +got some share of the spoil.' He bought some of +the best specimens himself; and as he was only a +poor monk of the Chartreuse the prices can hardly +have run high. M. Le Roux de Lincy has traced +the fate of the volumes dispersed at the sale. We +hear, he says, of examples belonging to De Mesmes +and Bigot, to Colbert and Lamoignon, Captain du +Fay, the Count d'Hoym, and the Prince de Soubise. +Some of the finest were purchased by Baron Hohendorf +and were transferred about the year 1720 to the +Imperial Library at Vienna. Yet they never rose to +any high price until the Soubise sale towards the end +of the last century, when the weight of the English +competition for books began to be felt upon the +Continent.</p> + +<p>M. de Lincy has traced the adventures of more +than three hundred volumes, once in Grolier's ownership, +but now for the most part in public libraries. +The earlier possessors are classified according to the +dates of their purchases. Of those who obtained +specimens soon after the old Treasurer's death we may +notice especially Paul Pétau the antiquarian, De Thou +the historian, and Pithou the statesman and jurist. +Perhaps we should add Jean Ballesdens, a collector +of fine books and <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, whose library at his death in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +1677 contained nine of Grolier's books, and Pierre +Séguier, to whom Ballesdens acted as secretary; and +as Séguier was the personal friend of Grolier, he may +have been the original recipient of some of the +volumes in question.</p> + +<p>Pierre Séguier founded a library which became one +of the sights of Paris. His grandson, Charles Séguier, +the faithful follower of Richelieu, was celebrated for +his devotion to books. He used to laugh at his own +bibliomania. 'If you want to corrupt me' he would +say, 'you can always do it by giving me a book.' +His house in the Rue Bouloi served as headquarters +for the French Academy before it gained a footing +in the Louvre; and on Queen Christina's visit in 1646 +one of her first literary excitements was to visit +Chancellor Séguier's <i>salon</i>. The decorations were +considered worthy of being engraved and published +by Dorigny. The gallery stood between two large +gardens. The ceilings were encrusted with mosaics +on a gold ground with allegorical designs by Vouet. +The upper story contained about 12,000 books, and +as many more were ranged in the adjoining rooms, +one large hall being devoted to diplomatic papers, +Greek books from Mount Athos, and Oriental <span class="smcap">mss.</span> +According to a description published in 1684 a large +collection of porcelain was arranged on the walls +above the book-cases and in cases set cross-wise on +the floor: 'the china covered the whole cornice, with +the prettiest effect in the world.' We are reminded +of the lady's book-room which Addison described as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +something between a grotto and a library. Her books +were arranged in a beautiful order; the quartos were +fenced off by a pile of bottles that rose in a delightful +pyramid; the octavos were bounded by tea-dishes of +all shapes and sizes; 'and at the end of the folios +were great jars of china placed one above the other +in a very noble piece of architecture.'</p> + +<p>Among the purchasers at the later sale we may +notice the witty Esprit Fléchier, who bought several +of the lighter Latin poets, being a fashionable versifier +himself and a dilettante in matters of binding and +typography. In his account of the High Commission +in Auvergne, appointed to examine into charges of +feudal tyranny, the Abbé tells us how his reputation +as a bibliophile was spread by a certain Père Raphael +at all the watering-places, and how two learned ladies +came to inspect his books and carried off his favourite +Ovid. His library was removed to London and +sold in the year 1725; and the occasion was of some +importance as marking the beginning of the English +demand for specimens from Grolier's library.</p> + +<p>Archbishop Le Tellier bought fifteen good examples, +which he bequeathed in 1709, with all his +other books, to the Abbey of St. Geneviève. His +whole collection included about 50,000 volumes, +mostly dealing with history and the writings of the +Fathers. 'I have loved books from my boyhood,' +he said, 'and the taste has grown with age.' He +bought most of his collection during his travels in +Italy, in England, and in Holland; but perhaps the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +best part of his store came from his tutor Antoine +Faure, who left a thousand volumes to the Archbishop, +to be selected at the legatee's discretion.</p> + +<p>The most valuable portion of Grolier's library was +bought by his friend Henri de Mesmes. This included +the long series of presentation copies, printed +on vellum, and magnificently bound. De Mesmes +was a collector with a love of curiosities of all kinds. +He seems to have been equally fond of his early +specimens of printing, his Flemish and Italian +illuminations, and the Arabic and Armenian treatises +procured by his agents in the East. His library +became a valuable museum which was praised by all +the writers of that age, except indeed by François +Pithou, who called De Mesmes a literary grave-digger, +and mourned over the burial of so many good books +in those cold and gloomy sepulchres.</p> + +<p>There seems to have been little occasion for this +outburst, since the library was open to all who could +make a good use of it during the life of Henri de +Mesmes and under his son and grandson. Henri de +Mesmes the younger, its owner in the third generation, +was renowned for his zeal in collecting; he is +said to have even procured <span class="smcap">mss.</span> from the Court of the +Great Mogul, dispatched by a French goldsmith at +Delhi, who packed them in red cotton and stuffed +them into the hollow of a bamboo for safer carriage. +One of the finest things in his whole library was the +Psalter which Louis <span class="smcap">ix.</span> had given to Guillaume +de Mesmes: it had come by some means into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> +the library at Whitehall; but on the execution of +Charles <span class="smcap">i.</span> the French Ambassador had been able +to secure it, and had restored it to the family of the +original donee.</p> + +<p>The Norman family of Bigot rivalled the race of +De Mesmes in their ardour for book-collecting. Jean +Bigot in 1649 had a magnificent library of 6000 +volumes, partly inherited from his ancestors, and +partly collected out of the monastic libraries at Fécamp +and Mont St. Michel and other places in that +neighbourhood. His son Louis-Emeric took the +library as his share of the inheritance: its improvement +became the occupation of his life; he made +many expeditions after books in foreign countries, but +when he was at home his library was the general +<i>rendez-vous</i> of all who were interested in literature. +The books were left to Robert Bigot upon trusts that +were intended to prevent their dispersion. A sale, +however, took place in 1706, at which the monastic +archives and most of the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> were purchased by the +government.</p> + +<p>By some arrangement, of which the history is +unknown, the head of the family of De Mesmes was +persuaded to allow his books to be included in the +Bigot sale. There seems to have been an attempt to +disguise the transaction by tearing off the bindings +and defacing the coats of arms. The strangest thing +about the sale was the fact that no notice was taken +of its containing the finest portion of Grolier's library. +The splendid <i>Aldines</i>, on vellum, fell into the hands<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +of an ignorant notary with a new room to furnish: +and he thought fit to strip off all the bindings, that +had been a marvel of Italian art, and to replace them +with the gaudy coverings that were more suited to +his <i>bourgeois</i> desires.</p> + +<p>M. de Lincy remarks that Grolier's books were +strangely neglected through a great part of the +eighteenth century. At the very end of the period, +Count Macarthy had the good taste to include a few +of them in his collection of books upon vellum. Mr. +Cracherode began, in 1793, to buy all the specimens +that came into the market: and the library which he +bequeathed to the British Museum contains no less +than eighteen fine examples. Eight more were +comprised in the magnificent bequest of Mr. Thomas +Grenville's library in 1846. There has been a demand +for these books in England for more than a century +and a half. But when we look at the catalogues of +Gaignat or La Vallière they seem to have been +altogether disregarded. When Gaignat died in 1768 +his collection was regarded as perfect; it was said +that 'no one in the commonwealth of letters had ever +brought together such a rich and admirable assembly.' +Yet he only had one 'Grolier book,' a magnificent +copy of Paolo Giovio's book on Roman Fishes, which +passed to the Duc de la Vallière, and went for a few +<i>livres</i> at his sale. There were only two other +specimens in the Duke's library; and they seem to +have been treated with equal indifference. M. de +Lincy was of opinion that the memory of Grolier was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +almost entirely forgotten, except in his native city of +Lyons. The appearance of his books might be +admired by an antiquary here and there; but the +classics had gone out of fashion for a time, and the +world gave its attention to old poetry, to mediæval +romance, and even to 'books of <i>facetiæ</i>.'</p> + +<p>Grolier's reputation had mainly depended on his +generous patronage of literature. Even the House of +Aldus had rejoiced to be the clients of a new Mæcenas. +The authors of that time were still too weak to go +alone. In the absence of a demand for books it was +essential to gain the favour of a great man who might +open a way to fame and would at least provide a +pension. We have all smiled at the adulations of an +ancient preface and the arrogance which too often +baulked the poor writer's hopes. D'Israeli reminds +us that one of the Popes repaid the translation of a +Greek treatise with a few pence that might just have +paid for the binding, and of Cardinal Este receiving +Ariosto's work with the question—'Where on earth all +that rubbish had been collected?' This was but a +temporary phase, and literature became free from the +burden as soon as the public had learned to read. +The Houses of Plantin and the Elzevirs required no +help in selling out their cheap editions. A good +dedication was still a feather in the patron's cap. +Queen Christina considered that she was justly +entitled to the patronage of her subjects' works: and +Marshal Rantzau, when writers were scarce in +Denmark, brought out an anonymous work for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +purpose of introducing a preface in which his fame +as a book-collector was glorified. But the patron's +function was gradually restricted; and at last it was +nearly confined to cases where a dedication repaid +assistance given in producing an unsaleable book.</p> + +<p>The later renown of Grolier must rest on the fact +that he invented a new taste. It would have been +nothing to buy a few thousand Aldine books, even if +the collection included all the first editions, the papers +of all sizes, the copies with uncut edges, and specimens +of the true misprints. The family of Aldus had a large +library of this kind, which was dispersed at Rome by +its inheritor in the third generation; but it never +attracted much attention, and was generally believed +to have been merged in a collection at Pisa. Grolier +introduced a fashion depending for its success on a +multiplicity of details. He bought books out of large +editions just issuing from the press; but he chose out +the specimen with the best printing, and the finest +paper, if vellum were not forthcoming. The condition +was perfect. Like the Count Macarthy he would +have no dust or worm-holes: he was as microscopic +in his views as the most accurate Parisian bibliophile. +The binding was in the best Italian style: a general +sobriety was relieved by the brilliancy of certain +effects, by the purity of the design, perhaps above all +by the perfection of the materials. The book was an +object of interest, for its contents, or for historical or +personal reasons; but it had also become an <i>objet +d'art</i>, like a gem or a figure in porcelain. Grolier<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +preserved his dignity as a bibliophile, and his true +followers have not degenerated into collectors of +<i>bric-à-brac</i>. It is sufficient to name such men as +M. Renouard, the owner of many of Grolier's treasures, +or M. Firmin-Didot 'the friend of all good books,' +or the collections of Mr. Beckford and Baron Seillière +which have been in our own time dispersed. No +doubt there is a tendency, especially among French +amateurs, to regard books as mere curiosities; and +M. Uzanne has drawn an amusing picture of the +book-hunter as a chrysalis in his library, destined to +find his wings in a flight after mosaic bindings, +autographs, original water-colours, or plates in early +states.</p> + +<p>It is possible, however, to prevent the 'book-buying +disease' from developing into a general collector's +mania. With the world full of books, we must adopt +some special variety for our admiration. One person +will choose his library companions for their stateliness +and splendid raiment, another for their flavour +of antiquity, or the fine company that they kept in +old times. Montaigne loved his friends on the shelf, +because they always received him kindly and 'blunted +the point of his grief.' He turned the volumes over +in his round tower within any method or design; +'at one while,' he says, 'I meditate, at another time +I make notes, or dictate, as I walk up and down, such +whimsies as meet you here.' He cared little about +the look of their outsides, but thought a great deal +about their readiness to divert him; 'it is the best<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +<i>viaticum</i> I have yet found out for this human pilgrimage, +and I pity any man of understanding who +is not provided with it.' We have omitted the best +reason of all. One who has lived among his books +will love them because they are his own. Marie +Bashkirtseff expressed the matter well enough in a +page of her journal:—'I have a real passion for my +books, I arrange them, I count them, I gaze upon +them: my heart rejoices in nothing but this heap of +old books, and I like to stand off a little and look at +them as if they were a picture.'</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> + +<h3>LATER COLLECTORS: FRANCE—ITALY—SPAIN.</h3> + + +<p>We have still to notice one or two of Grolier's +contemporaries, who may be classed as great book-collectors +of an old-fashioned type. They knew the +whole history of 'the Book,' and were themselves the +owners of exquisite treasures, which are now hoarded +up as the choicest remains of antiquity. But their +function was not so much to collect books as rare +and curious objects as to undertake the duty of saving +the records of past history from destruction. They +did the work in their day which has now devolved +upon the guardians of public and national libraries. +No private person could now take their place; but +the interests of literature could hardly have been protected +in a former age without the personal labour +and enthusiasm of Orsini and Pétau.</p> + +<p>Fulvio Orsini was born in 1529. He began life as +a beggar, though for many years before his death he +was the leader of Italian learning. A poor girl had +been abandoned with her child and was forced to beg +her bread in the streets of Rome. The boy obtained +a place in the Lateran when he was only seven years +old: the Canon Delfini recognised his precocious +talents and undertook to find him a classical educa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>tion. +The student obtained some small preferment, +and succeeded to his patron's appointment. His +marvellous acquaintance with ancient books secured +him a place as librarian to the Cardinal Farnese, and +he received many offers of more lucrative employment: but +he found that if he accepted he would +have to live away from Rome; and he refused everything +that could cause inconvenience to his mother, +whose comfort was his constant care. On his death, +in the year 1600, he bequeathed his vast collections to +the Vatican, and the gift can only be compared to +such important events as the arrival of the spoils of +Urbino, or the great purchase of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> from the Queen +of Sweden.</p> + +<p>Orsini has been ridiculed for having more books +than he could read, and for an excessive devotion to +the antique. 'Here is a library like an arsenal,' said +the satirist, 'stored with all the requisites for any +campaign. The owner buys all the books that come +in his way: it is true that he will not read them; but +he will have them magnificently bound, and ranged +on the shelves with a mighty show, and there he will +salute them several times a day, and will bring +his friends and servants to make their acquaintance.' +Orsini is rebuked for his admiration of a +dusty manuscript. 'When one of these old parchments +falls into his hands, he makes you examine +the decayed leaves on which the eye can hardly trace +any marks of an ancient pen. 'What is this treasure +that we have here?' he cries, 'and oh! what joy, here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +we have the delight of mankind, and the world's +desire, and pleasures not to be matched in Paradise!' +'There,' says our satirist, 'you have the very portrait +of Fulvio Orsini. Why, he once took a manuscript +<i>Terence</i>, full of holes and mistakes, in writing to +Cardinal Toletus, and told him that it was worth all +the gold in the world'; and, to convince his Spanish +Eminence, he said that the book was a thousand +years' old. '<i>Est-il possible?</i>' replies the Cardinal, +'you don't say so. I can only say, my friend, I would +rather have a book hot from the press than all the +old parchments that the Sibyl had for sale.'</p> + +<p>Jacques Bongars, the faithful councillor and ambassador +of Henri Quatre, was the owner of a remarkable +library, consisting to a great extent of State +papers and historical documents, which Bongars had +special facilities for collecting during his official visits +to Germany. He had studied law at Bourges under +the learned Cujacius, of whom it is recorded that +when his name was mentioned in the German lecture-rooms, +every one present took off his hat. Bongars +has described his excitement at purchasing the great +lawyer's library. 'My chief care has been to seek out +the books belonging to Cujas. I expect that you +will have a fine laugh when you think of all that +crowd that goes to Court as if it were a fair, to do +their business together, and to try to get money out +of the King, while a regular courtier like myself rushes +off to this lonely spot to spend his fortune on books +and papers, all in disorder and half eaten by the book-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>worms. +You will be able to judge if I am an avaricious +man. No trouble or expense is anything to me +where books are concerned. Would to God that I were +free, and had time to read them. I should not feel +any envy then of M. de Rosny's wealth or the Persian's +mountain of gold.' While residing at Strasburg he +bought the manuscripts belonging to the Cathedral +from some of the soldiers by whom the city was more +than once pillaged during the wars of religion.</p> + +<p>About the year 1603 Bongars arranged with Paul +Pétau for the joint purchase of a large collection of +manuscripts, which had belonged to the Abbey of St. +Bénoit-sur-Loire, and had been saved by the bailiff +Pierre Daniel when the Abbey was plundered. The +share of Bongars in this collection was transferred to +Strasburg, and passed eventually with the rest of his +books to the public library of the city of Berne.</p> + +<p>Paul Pétau was a man of universal accomplishments. +He was the rival of Scaliger in the science +of chronology; his doctrinal works are praised as 'a +monument of useful labour'; 'he solaced his leisure +hours with Greek and Hebrew, as well as Latin +verse,' and, according to Hallam's judgment, obtained +in the last subject the general approbation of the +critics. He formed a valuable museum of Greek, +Roman, and Gaulish antiquities, with a cabinet of +Frankish coins, to which Peiresc was a generous contributor. +His library contained several books that +had belonged to Grolier; but it was chiefly remarkable +for its <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, of which several were published by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +Sirmond and Du Chesne among other materials for +the history of France. Many of them had been +acquired from the collection of Greek and Hebrew +books formed by Jean de Saint André, or out of +the mass of chronicles, romances, and old French +poems belonging to Claude Fauchet, and a large +portion came, as we have seen, out of an ancient +Benedictine Abbey. Paul Pétau's books of all kinds +were left to his son Alexander. The printed books, +comprising a number of finely illustrated works on +archæology, were sold at the Hague in 1722; the +sale included the old library inherited by Francis +Mansard, and the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> relating to Roman antiquities +that had been the property of Lipsius. A thousand +splendid volumes on parchment, the pride of the +elder Pétau, described by all who saw them in terms +of glowing admiration, were sold in his son's lifetime +to Queen Christina of Sweden. She had always intended +to buy some great collection, and had thought +among others of buying up those of Henri de Mesmes, +of De Béthune, and the Cardinal Mazarin. She was +delighted with her new acquisition, and carried it off +to Rome, where she made a triumphal entry with her +books amidst the popular rejoicings.</p> + +<p>Something may be learned about the Italian collectors +in the age that followed Grolier's death, from +the story of the strange wanderings of the manuscripts +of Leonardo da Vinci. Very little was known +upon this subject until M. Arsène Houssaye found +an account of what had happened among the papers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +of the Barnabite Mazenta, who died in the year 1635. +'It was about fifty years ago,' says the memorandum, +written shortly before the old monk's death, 'that +thirteen volumes of Leonardo's papers, all written +backwards in his own way, fell into my hands. I +was then studying law at Pisa, and one of my companions +in the class-room was Aldus Manutius, renowned +as a book-collector. We received a visit +from one of his relations called Lelio Gavardi; he +had been tutor in the household of Francesco Melzi, +who was the pupil and also the heir of Leonardo.' +Melzi treasured up every line and scrap of the great +man's works at his country-house in Vaprio; but his +sons did not care for art, and left the papers lying +about in a lumber-room, so that Gavardi was able to +help himself as he pleased. He brought thirteen +volumes, well-known in the history of literature, as +far as Florence at first, and then to Aldus at Pisa. +'I cried shame on him,' said Mazenta, 'and as I was +going to Milan I undertook to return them to the +Melzi family. There I saw Doctor Horatio Melzi, +who was quite astonished at my taking so much +trouble, and gave me the books for myself, saying +that he had plenty more of the same sort in his +garrets at home.' When Mazenta became a monk +the thirteen volumes passed to his brothers, who +talked so much about the matter that there was a +rush of amateurs to Vaprio, and the Doctor was +overwhelmed with offers for the great man's books +and drawings. 'One of these rascals,' said Mazenta,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +'was the sculptor Pompeo Leoni, who used to make +the bronzes for the Escorial, and he pretended that +he would obtain an appointment for Melzi at Milan, +if he would get back the thirteen volumes for King +Philip's new library in Spain. Leoni got possession +of most of the books and kept them in his own +cabinet. One of the volumes was presented by +Mazenta's brother to the Ambrosian Library and +may still be seen there, in company with the huge +<i>Codice Atlantico</i>, which Leoni made up out of +hundreds of separate fragments. At Leoni's death +his collection was bought by Galeazzo Arcanati, +the illustrious owner of an artistic and literary +museum. He resisted the proposals of purchase +that poured in from foreign Courts; our James <span class="smcap">i.</span> +is said to have offered three thousand gold doubloons +for the great volume of designs; and on +Arcanati's death the whole collection was transferred +by his widow to the Ambrosiana. Some changes had +been made in the distribution of the papers since +Mazenta so easily acquired his thirteen books. The +French took the same number away in 1796; but +none of them ever returned, except the famous +<i>Codice Atlantico</i>.</p> + +<p>In Spain there were but few persons interested in +books before the foundation of the Escorial towards the +end of the sixteenth century. We learn from Mariana +that soon after the year 1580 a vast gallery in the +palace was filled with books, mostly Greek <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, +which had been assembled from all parts of Europe;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +'its stores,' he said, 'are more precious than gold: +but it would be well if learned men had greater +facilities for reading them; for what profit is there +from learning if she is treated like a captive and +traitor?' Arias Montanus, the first Orientalist of +his age, was appointed librarian by the founder; he +was the owner of an immense quantity of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> in +Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, many of which were used +in his edition of the Antwerp Polyglott Bible, and +these he bequeathed to the Escorial, while his printed +books were left to the University of Seville.</p> + +<p>The first book was printed in Valencia as early as +the year 1474; but the prospects of literature remained +dark until the termination of the Moorish +wars. On the capture of Granada it was thought +necessary to obliterate the memory of the Koran, +and scores of thousands of volumes, or a million as +some say, were destroyed by Cardinal Ximènes in a +celebrated <i>auto-da-fé</i>. About three hundred Arabic +works on medicine were preserved for the new library +which the Cardinal was founding in his University of +Alcalà. The Cardinal spent vast sums in gathering +materials for his Mozarabic Missal and the great +Complutensian Polyglott. It is said that to avoid +future criticism he gave his Hebrew originals to be +used in the making of fireworks, just as Polydore +Vergil was accused in our country of burning the +monastic chronicles out of which he composed his +history, and as many Italian writers were believed +to have destroyed their classical authorities. When<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +Petrarch lost his Cicero, it was thought that Alcionio +might have stolen it for his treatise upon exile; but we +should probably be right in rejecting all these stories +together as mere calumnies and 'forgeries of jealousy.'</p> + +<p>Antonio Lebrixa, who worked under the Cardinal +till his death in 1522, had done much to revive a +knowledge of books, and may be regarded as the +principal agent in the introduction of the new Italian +learning. His pupil Ferdinand Nuñez, or Nonnius +as he is often called, carried on the good work at +Salamanca, and left his great library to the University. +Diego Hurtado de Mendoza was one of the +most distinguished students who ever followed the +lectures there. As a poet he has been called the +Spanish Sallust: as the author of the adventures of +Lazarillo de Tormes he takes a high place among +the lighter authors of romance; and as a patron of +learning he will always be remembered for having +enriched the Escorial with his transcripts from Mount +Athos, and six chests of valuable <span class="smcap">mss.</span> which he +received in return for ransoming from his captivity at +Venice the son of Soliman the Magnificent. Great +credit must also be given to Don Ferdinand Columbus +for his good work at Seville. The son of the great +Admiral and Donna Beatrix Enriquez was one of +the most celebrated bibliophiles in Europe. He +began making his collections very soon after his +father's death. Between 1510 and 1537 he had visited +Italy several times, and had travelled besides in +England and France, in the Low Countries and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +Germany, buying books wherever he went. His +great object was to procure illuminated <span class="smcap">mss.</span> and +early editions of romances and miracle-plays; but he +was also fond of the classics, and his library at Seville +is still possessed of many copies of Latin poets and +orators which are full of his marginal notes. At +Louvain he became acquainted with Nicholas +Clénard, who was lecturing there on Greek and +Hebrew, and was just commencing the Arabic studies +by which his name became famous. Don Ferdinand +had a commission to bring back professors for the +University of Salamanca, where learning was beginning +to revive; and Clénard was easily induced to +visit a country which might contain the relics of +Moorish culture. Ferrari, as we know, was very +successful in the next generation in finding rare +books in Spain for Borromeo's Ambrosian library. At +Bruges, Don Ferdinand met Jean Vasée, a man just +suited for an appointment as librarian, and he too +was persuaded to accompany the traveller on his +return. Don Ferdinand established a large library +in his house at Seville. Clénard helped to arrange +the books, and Vasée became librarian. The volumes +amounted at least to fifteen thousand in number, +though the exact amount remains unknown owing to +discrepancies in the earliest catalogues.</p> + +<p>Don Ferdinand hoped that the library would be +kept up by the family of Columbus. With that +object he left it to his great-nephew Don Luis, with +an annuity to provide for the expenses; if the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +legacy were refused, it was to pass to the Chapter of +the Cathedral at Seville, with alternative provisions +in favour of the Monastery of San Pablo. As events +turned out, the succession was not taken up on behalf +of his young kinsman, and after some litigation the +Fernandina, or 'La Colombina' as it was afterwards +called, was adjudged to the Chapter of Seville and +placed in a room by the Moorish Aisle at the Giralda. +Owing chiefly to the generosity of Queen Isabella +and the Duc de Montpensier the library of 'La +Colombina' has been restored to prosperity, although +according to Mr. Ford it was long abandoned to 'the +canons and book-worms.' It appears that in the +middle of the last century three-quarters of the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> +had been destroyed by rough usage or by the water +dripping in from the gutters; the books were in +charge of the men who swept the Church, and they +allowed the school-children to play with the illustrated +volumes and to tear out the miniatures and woodcuts. +Mr. Harrisse has described with much detail +the grandeur and the decline of this celebrated institution, +and he gives reasons for supposing that it +may have suffered even in recent years from the +negligence of its guardians. It is satisfactory, however, +to find that its most precious contents have +passed safely through every period of danger; the +library still contains some of the books of Christopher +Columbus, and especially the <i>Imago Mundi</i> with +his marginal notes about the Portuguese discoveries, +'in all which things,' he writes 'I had my share.'</p> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/12.jpg"><img src="./images/12_th.jpg" alt="J. A. DE THOU." title="J. A. DE THOU." /></a></p> +<p class="figcenter">J. A. DE THOU.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> + +<h3>DE THOU—PINELLI—PEIRESC.</h3> + + +<p>It was long a saying among the French that a man +had never seen Paris who had not looked upon the +books of Thuanus. The historian Jacques-Auguste +de Thou held a leading place in literature, without +pretending in any way to rival the greatness of +Joseph Scaliger or the erudition of Isaac Casaubon. +He was the master of a great store of personal and +secret history collected in state papers and records; +but he was also famous for the extent of his general +scholarship, and for the patronage which he manifested +towards all who laboured about books. He +was himself a most fastidious collector. He never +heard of the appearance of a valuable work without +ordering three or four copies on the fine paper manufactured +for his private use; and of any such book +already issued he would order several sets of sheets to +be taken to pieces in order to procure one perfect +example. His library was not large. It consisted of +about 8000 printed books and 1000 manuscripts, +chiefly upon historical subjects; but they were all +well selected, well bound, and in perfect condition. +There is a letter upon this subject by Henri Estienne +the printer, in which the high reputation of De Thou's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +library is contrasted with Lucian's just invective +against the illiterate book-hunter: 'The satirist would +have honoured a man like you, so learned and so +generous in your library: you choose your books +with taste, and proportion the cost of binding to the +price of the volume; and Lucian, I am sure, would +have praised your carefulness in these respects.'</p> + +<p>In all matters connected with literature De Thou +was helped by his friend 'Pithœus,' of whom it was +said that no one knew any particular author as well +as Pierre Pithou knew all the classics. By talent and +hard work combined Pithou had 'distilled the quintessence +of wisdom' out of the garnered stores of +antiquity. Upon his death De Thou was inclined to +give up his books and the work that had made life +pleasant. He wrote in that strain to his associate +Isaac Casaubon. 'On the loss of my incomparable +friend, the partner of my cares and my counsellor in +letters and politics, the web that I was weaving +fell from my hand, and I should not have +resumed my history were it not a tribute to the +memory of one who has done so much for me.'</p> + +<p>De Thou's end was hastened by the death of his +wife. Those who know the look of his books, +stamped with a series of his family quarterings, will +remember that he was first married to Marie Barbançon, +and afterwards to Gasparde de la Chastre. 'I had +always hoped and prayed,' he wrote at the commencement +of his will, 'that my dearest Gaspara Chastræa +would have outlived me.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> + +<p>Admonished by her loss to set his affairs in order +he began to take special pains in providing for the +future of his books. He anticipated the public +spirit of Cardinal Richelieu, to whom the merit is +often assigned of having been the first to bequeath the +use of his library to scholars. The Cardinal was not +particular about the methods by which he amassed +his literary wealth: he is said to have increased his +store by all the arts of cajolery, and even by bare +intimidation; and he may have wished to make some +amends by directing that 'persons of erudition' +should have access to his books after his death. De +Thou had an equal love of books, and showed +perhaps a kinder feeling about the use of the treasures +which his own care had accumulated. 'It is important,' +he wrote, 'for my own family and for the +cause of learning that the library should be kept together +which I have been for more than forty years +collecting, and I hereby forbid any division, sale, or +dispersion thereof; I bequeath it to such of my sons +as shall apply themselves to literature, and they shall +hold it in common, but so that it shall be free to all +scholars at home or abroad. I leave its custody to +Pierre du Puy until my sons are grown up, and he +shall have authority to lend out the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> under +proper security for their safe return.'</p> + +<p>Pierre and Jacques du Puy, the 'two Puteani' as they +were often called, were the sons of a distinguished +bibliophile, Charles du Puy, who died in 1594, and +were themselves the leaders in a curious department<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +of book-learning. Their father was the founder +of a library enriched by his care with the best +specimens of early printing and a few rare <span class="smcap">mss.</span> In +the latter class he possessed an ancient bilingual +copy of St. Paul's Epistles, a Livy in uncial +characters, and the precious fragments of the Vatican +Virgil, which he gave to Fulvio Orsini in his lifetime. +'On his death,' says M. Guigard, 'the bibliographical +succession passed to Pierre and Jacques, his younger +sons, the first a Councillor of State, the other Prior +of St. Sauveur-les-Bray, and both employed as +guardians of the books in the Royal Library. No +two men were ever more ardently devoted to the +interests of learning. They worked in concert at +increasing and improving their father's library; but +their chief object was to accumulate and preserve +the obscurer materials of history. The <i>Collection Du +Puy</i>, which has now became national property, comprised +more than 800 volumes of fugitive pieces, +memoirs, instructions, pedigrees, letters, and all the +other miscellaneous documents that were classed by +D'Israeli 'under the vague title of State Papers.' +It has been said that the object of their 'Titanic +labour' was to ease the way for the historian De +Thou; but it is more likely that the brothers obeyed +an instinct for the acquisition of secret history; 'life +would have been too short to have decided on the +intrinsic value of the manuscripts flowing down in a +stream to the collectors.' The surviving brother +bequeathed these State Papers to the Abbé de Thou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +(the fourth possessor of the 'Bibliotheca Thuana') who +sold them to Charron de Ménars; they were +eventually purchased by Louis <span class="smcap">xvi.</span>, and were deposited +in the Royal Library, where the printed +books and certain other <span class="smcap">mss.</span> had been already +received under a legacy from Jacques du Puy.</p> + +<p>When the historian died the brothers jointly undertook +the trust that had fallen to Pierre. 'Among all +the French scholars,' said Gassendi,'these two Puteani +do most excel; and now, abiding with the sons of +Thuanus, they sustain by all the means in their +power the library and the students that have been +committed to their care. François-Auguste de Thou, +the historian's eldest son, became Grand-Master of +the King's books; he added considerably to the +'Bibliotheca Thuana,' and his house became the +meeting-place of the Parisian <i>savants</i>. A brilliant +career was cruelly cut short by the malignity of +Richelieu.</p> + +<p>The young Cinq-Mars was in a plot with the Queen +and Gaston of Orléans to overthrow the Cardinal's +power. His friend De Thou was aware of the design, +but had taken no part in the conspiracy. The +Cardinal arrested them both, and dragged them along +the Rhone in a boat attached to his own barge; and +De Thou was executed as a scapegoat, while most of +the leaders saved their lives. The Cardinal died soon +afterwards, without having confiscated the library; +and it passed to Jacques-Auguste, the historian's +younger son, who by a tardy act of grace had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +restored to the civil rights enjoyed by his brother +before his unjust conviction. He was by all accounts +as great a book-collector as his father; and he had +the good fortune to marry an heiress, Marie Picardet, +who brought with her a large quantity of books from +her father's house in Britanny. In the year 1677 the +'Bibliotheca Thuana' with all its additions passed to +the Abbé Jacques-Auguste de Thou, who was soon +afterwards compelled to part with it to the Président +Charron de Ménars. St. Simon praised its new +owner as a most worthy and honourable nonentity; +but he had the sense to step into the breach and to +save the 'Thuana' from destruction. When he sold +the library to the Cardinal de Rohan, in 1706, he +reserved the <i>Collection Du Puy</i> for his daughters. It +is believed that the Cardinal, through the cleverness +of his secretary Oliva, obtained the historian's choice +examples for less than the price of the binding. We +must follow the career of the collection to its melancholy +end. The Cardinal left it to his nephew the +Prince de Soubise. The world knows him as the +inventor of a sauce and as the general in one lost +battle; but he had a higher fame among the booksellers +for his prowess in the auction-room. He seems +to have been the victim of a frenzy for books. He +impressed them by crowds, and marshalled them in +regiments and myriads. They all fell in 1789 before +the hammer of the auctioneer. Dibdin has described +the catalogue. It was unostentatious and printed on +indifferent material. He hoped, with his curious in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>sistance +on the point, that there were 'some few copies +on large paper.' It is a mark of the changes in book-collecting +that Dibdin praised the index as excellent, +'enabling us to discover any work of which we may be +in want'; but it is now regarded as remarkable for its +poverty, and especially for the extraordinary carelessness +that left eight noble specimens from Grolier's +library without the slightest mark of distinction.</p> + +<p>Gian-Vincenzio Pinelli was a celebrated man of +letters whose library at Padua formed 'a perpetual +Academy' for all the scholars of his day. Born at +Naples in 1538, he spent the greater part of his long +life at Padua, where he was sent to study the law; but +the only sign of his professional labours appears to +have been that he rigidly excluded all works on +jurisprudence from his magnificent library. His +books, says Hallam, were collected by the labours of +many years: 'the catalogues of the Frankfort fairs +and those of the principal booksellers in Italy were +diligently perused, nor did any work of value appear +from the press on either side of the Alps which he +did not instantly add to his shelves.' Remembering +the traditions of the age of Poggio, when the rarest +classics might be found perishing in a garret or a +cellar, Pinelli was always in the habit of visiting the +dealers in old parchment and the brokers who carried +off deeds and papers from sales, just as Dr. Rawlinson +collected and gave to the Bodleian a mass of unsorted +documents, including, as we have seen, even the logs +of recent voyages, and the pickings of "grocers'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +waste-paper." In each case the industry of the collector +was constantly rewarded by the discovery of +valuable literary materials, which would have been +lost under ordinary circumstances. The library of +Pinelli was augmented by that of his friend Paul +Aicardo, the two <i>literati</i> having entered into an +undertaking that the survivor should possess the +whole fruit of their labours. On Pinelli's death, in +1601, his family determined to transfer his books to +Naples. The Venetian government interfered on the +ground that, though Pinelli had been allowed to copy +the archives and registers of the State, it had never +been intended that the information should be communicated +to a foreign power. Their magistrate +seized a hundred bales of books, of which fourteen +were packed with <span class="smcap">mss.</span> On examination it appeared +that there were about three hundred volumes of +political commentaries, dealing with the affairs of all +the Italian States; and it was arranged, by way of +compromise, that these should remain at Padua in a +repository under the charge of an official guardian. +The rest of the library was despatched in three +shiploads from Genoa. One vessel was captured +by pirates, and the cargo was thrown overboard, +only a few volumes being afterwards cast ashore. +The other ships arrived safely at Naples; but it +appears that the new proprietors had little taste for +literature. The whole remaining stock was found +some years afterwards in a mouldy garret, packed in +ninety bales; and it was purchased at last for 3000<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +crowns by Cardinal Frederic Borromeo, who used it as +the basis for the Ambrosian Library which he was at +that time establishing in Milan. Another library was +afterwards founded at Venice by members of the +Pinelli family engaged in the Levantine trade. On +the death of its last possessor, Maffeo Pinelli, in 1787, +the collection was sold to a firm of English booksellers. +It seems by Dibdin's account to have been in a poor +condition, though Dr. Harwood declared that, 'there +being no dust in Venice,' it had reposed for some +centuries in excellent preservation. This immense +body of books was re-sold in London two years afterwards +at prices which barely covered the expenses +incurred, though a large amount was obtained for a +copy of the Polyglott Bible of Ximènes in six folio +volumes printed upon vellum.</p> + +<p>The praises of the great Pinelli were spread abroad +by Scaliger, De Thou, and Casaubon; but his memory, +perhaps, has been best preserved by the ardent friendship +of Peiresc. He was visited at Padua by the +young philosopher in whose mind he found a reflection +of his own; and it was generally agreed that the +lamp of learning had passed into safe hands when it +was yielded by Pinelli to the student from Provence. +Nicolas Fabry de Peiresc belonged to an ancient +family established near Aix. His father had been +selected by <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Louise'">Louis</ins> <span class="smcap">xii.</span> to share the education +of the Princess Renée. A man of learning himself, +he spared no expense in the boy's instruction, who +became celebrated even in his childhood for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +strength of his precocious intellect. The most +eminent professors in Italy combined to exalt 'the +ripe excellence of his unripe years'; and when Pinelli +died it was said that Peiresc had taken the helm of +knowledge and was guiding the ship as he pleased. +He explored at leisure the riches of Florence and +Rome, and afterwards watched the rise of the 'Ambrosiana' +at Milan. A letter from Joseph Scaliger, +who ruled literary Europe like a King, from his chair +at Leyden, sent Peiresc off to Verona, where he +hunted up evidence in support of the wild story that +the Scaligers were the representatives of the Ducal +line of La Scala.</p> + +<p>Julius Cæsar Scaliger, the father of the great philologist, +had amused the world by claiming to be the +son of Benedetto and Berenice della Scala, to have +been a page of the Emperor Maximilian, and to have +fought in the Battle of Ravenna; and he pretended +that he had become a Cordelier, so as to rise to the +Papal throne and expel the Venetians from his +dominions. Peiresc was by no means a believer in +this extraordinary romance; but he did his best to +collect the coins, epitaphs, and pedigrees, which +might please his learned correspondent. Crossing +the Alps, we are told, 'he viewed the Lake of Geneva +and made a tour through a multitude of books'; and +returned to Aix with a library and cabinet of gems, +'thinking to himself that he would never see such +plenty again.' When he visited Paris in 1605, his +first object, he said, was to see the illustrious De<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> +Thou, to thank him for his kind letters, and to +enquire for messages from Scaliger. 'I cannot +express,' he repeats, 'how joyfully he entertained +me.' De Thou took down his books for the visitor, +and showed him the records under lock and key that +contained the secrets of his history, 'opening his very +heart, and brimful of a wonderful sincerity.' Next +day Casaubon came in from the <i>Bibliothèque du Roi</i>, +and showed much pleasure at being introduced to +the traveller. His letters of a later date show his +high esteem for Peiresc. 'I am eagerly waiting to +hear what Scaliger will say about the antiques, but +I foresee that you will have room to glean after his +harvest.' On another occasion he wrote: 'I do not +know if you heard that the Duke of Urbino has sent +me the Polybius, but I am indeed most beholden to +you for the kindness.'</p> + +<p>Ten years afterwards Peiresc came to Paris again, +wishing to explore the Oriental treasures in the +library of De Mesmes, and to visit the huge collections +in the houses of St. Victor and St. Germain. +Here he gained the friendship of Pierre Séguier and +the elegant Nicolas Rigault, and of Jérome Bignon, +the first of a long dynasty of librarians. In England +he saw the Bodleian, and talked with Savile, and +admired Sir Robert Cotton as 'an honestly curious +sort of man.' In Holland his chief business was to +visit Scaliger, and we are told that he was careful +not to ask about the treatise on squaring the circle, +or to hint any doubt as to the truth of the Verona<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +romance. Here at Leyden he read in the great +library, soon to be endowed with Scaliger's books, +and saw the room of which Heinsius so nobly said: +'In the very bosom of Eternity among all these +illustrious souls I take my seat'; and at Louvain he +could only lament the death of Justus Lipsius, whom +he regarded as 'the light and the loadstar of +wisdom.'</p> + +<p>Gassendi has left us an account of the library +collected by Peiresc. Besides his acquisitions in the +East, of which we have spoken elsewhere, the books +came in crowds from his agents in France and +Germany, and his scribes in the Vatican and Escorial. +'When any library was to be sold by public outcry, +he took care to buy the best books, especially if they +were of some neat edition that he did not already +possess.' He bound them in red morocco with his +cypher or initials in gold. One binder always lived +in the house, and sometimes several were employed +at once, 'when the books came rolling in on every +side.' He would even bind up bits of old volumes +and worm-eaten leaves; good books, he said, were +so badly used by the vulgar, that he would try to +have them prized at least for their beauty, and so +perhaps they might escape the hands of the tobacconist +and the grocer. A treatise published by Jerome +Alexander contained a wonderful description of the +establishment. 'Your house and library,' says the +<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'dedication are'">dedication, 'are</ins> a firmament wherein the stars of learning +shine: the desks are lit with star-light and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +books are in constellations: and you sit like the sun +in the midst, embracing and giving light to them all.' +Peiresc was anxious to circulate the book, which +contained a rare treatise by Hesychius; but he took +care to compose another dedication, which was printed +and inserted without comment.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding his profuse purchases he did not +leave a large collection at his death. His friends +complained that he lent 'a world of books' that were +never returned, and that he was especially lavish of +any works that could be replaced by purchase. 'About +ten years after his death,' says his friend Lemontey, +'his relations brought his books to Paris, where I +saw them in 1647; they formed a great company of +volumes, most curiously bound. They ought to have +been sold <i>en bloc</i>, but as the Genius of the library had +fled, the Fates ordained that they should be torn +asunder.' Most of the books were purchased for the +Collège de Navarre. A great number of the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> +were destroyed, though there are still a few volumes +in the public library at Carpentras. These were +purchased from Louis Thomassin, a member of +Peiresc's family, by Don Malachi d'Inguimbert, +librarian to Pope Clement <span class="smcap">xii.</span>, who founded the +collection of Carpentras when he became Bishop +of the diocese. There is a tradition that Peiresc's +correspondence, containing many thousands of documents, +was destroyed by his grand-niece, 'a kind of +female Omar,' who insisted in using the papers for +lighting fires and making trays for her silk-worms.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p> + +<p>Peiresc employed some of the most learned men +of his time to collect for him in Italy. Jacques +Gaffarel, who had been engaged in similar work for +Richelieu, was his principal agent in Rome. At +Padua he was so fortunate as to secure the services +of the archæologist Tomasini. But his correspondence +shows that the prince of librarians, Gabriel +Naudé, was at once his agent, his adviser, and his +friend; and it is from Naudé that we take the words +of grief which remain as the scholar's memorial. 'Oh +cruel Fate and bitter Death, thrust into the midst of +our jollity! Was there ever a man, I pray you, more +skilled in history and philology, more ready to assist +the student, more endowed with wit and wealth and +worth, the equipment of any man who, like Peiresc, +is to hold the world of letters at his beck and call.'</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2> + +<h3>FRENCH COLLECTORS—NAUDÉ TO RENOUARD.</h3> + + +<p>Gabriel Naudé was a Doctor of Medicine, and +held an appointment at one time as physician in +ordinary to Louis <span class="smcap">xiii.</span> But even as a student +he manifested that passion for books which furnished +the real occupation of his life. Before taking his +degree at Padua he was librarian to Henri de +Mesmes, and afterwards to Cardinal Bagni at Rome. +On his patron's death he was placed in charge of the +great library which Cardinal Barberini was establishing +in his palace in the Piazza of the Quattro Fontane. +Some part of his time was spent in collecting books +for Cardinal Richelieu, who offered Naudé the charge +of his library in 1642; but, the Cardinal having died +in that year, Naudé transferred his services to Mazarin. +He inspired his employer with the desire of emulating +the magnificence of Barberini and the patriotic +generosity of Borromeo; and the librarian's keen +scent for books and minute knowledge of their values +were thenceforth utilised in the work of creating the +<i>Bibliothèque Mazarine</i>.</p> + +<p>Richelieu had done things on a grand scale. He +had confiscated to his own use the whole town-library<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +at La Rochelle; and Naudé was anxious that Mazarin's +great undertaking should begin with an acquisition +<i>en bloc</i>. A provincial governor named Simeon Dubois +had made a collection in the Limousin. His books +had passed into the hands of Jean Descordes, a Canon +of Limoges, who died in 1642 possessed of about 6000 +volumes. Naudé prepared the catalogue, and persuaded +the Cardinal to purchase the whole property +by private contract. A few months afterwards the +King gave him the State Papers collected by Antoine +de Loménie. A great number of printed books were +added under Naudé's superintendence, and in a short +time the new library was opened to the public. Its +regulations were framed in a very liberal spirit, as +may be learned from the first of Naudé's rules: 'The +library is to be open to all the world without the +exception of any living soul; readers will be supplied +with chairs and writing-materials, and the attendants +will fetch all books required in any language or +department of learning, and will change them as often +as is necessary.'</p> + +<p>In reviewing the condition of the other great +libraries, Naudé pointed out that there was nothing +like an unrestrained admission except at the Bodleian, +the Ambrosian, and the Angelica Library at Rome. +The public had no rights at the Vatican, or the +Laurentian, or the Library of St. Mark at Venice. +It was just the same at Bologna, or Naples, or in the +Duchy of Urbino. The same thing, he said, might +be seen in other countries. Ximènes built a fine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +library at Alcalà, and there was a collection of the +books of Nuñez at Salamanca; there were the +Rantzaus at Copenhagen and the Fuggers at Augsburg; +they had done everything for the use of +scholars except making the libraries free. The +French themselves had the King's Library, a vast +accumulation at St. Victor's, and a rich bequest from +De Thou; but the use of all this wealth of books was +hampered by the most complicated restrictions. We +can see that he was rejoicing in his own good work +while he praised the stately Ambrosiana. 'Is it not +astonishing,' he asks, 'that any one can go in when he +likes, and stay as long as he cares to look about or to +read or make extracts? All that he has to do is to sit +at a desk and ask for any book that he wishes to +study.'</p> + +<p>For some years after the new library was established +Naudé travelled in quest of books over the +greater part of Europe. He said that he would have +ransacked Spain if Mazarin had not preferred an +invasion by the regular army. He was the 'familiar +spirit' of the auction-room, and it became a by-word +that a visit from the great book-hunter was as bad as a +storm in the book-shops. He boasted in his epigrams +of exploits in Flanders, in Switzerland, and among +the Venetian book-stalls. At Rome he bought books +by the fathom; he skimmed the German shelves, and +passed over into England to relieve the islanders of +their riches. At Lyons he met Marshal Villeroi, who +gave him a great portion of the books which Cardinal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +de Tournon had bequeathed to the Jesuits. We trace +the result of his travels in his description of the +libraries of Europe. Certain subjects, as he said, are +in vogue at particular places, and we ought always to +notice the book-fashions to show our respect for the +feelings of mankind. 'For positive science we go to +Rome or Florence or Naples, and for jurisprudence +to Paris or Milan; France supplies us with history; +and if we wanted scholastic lore we might go to +Spain, or the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge.'</p> + +<p>In 1647 the Mazarine Library contained about +45,000 volumes, and Naudé in his joy proclaimed it +as the eighth wonder of the world. The Parisians +appeared to be delighted with the superb Loménie +<span class="smcap">mss.</span> and the crowd of bright volumes in the Cardinal's +ordinary livery. But in 1651 the Parliament got the +upper hand of the 'Red Tyrant' in one of the unmeaning +struggles of the Wars of the Fronde; the +property of Mazarin was confiscated for a time, and +the library was put up for sale. The list of Commissioners +included the respectable names of Alexandre +Pétau and Pierre Pithou; yet we are assured +that the auction resembled a massacre, and that +hardly any obstacle was placed in the way of the +most impudent thefts. Naudé in vain petitioned +against a decree which had fallen like a thunder-bolt +on the 'wonderful work of his life.' 'Why will you +not save this daughter of mine, this library that is the +fairest and best-endowed in the world? Can you permit +the public to be deprived of such a precious and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +useful treasure? Can you endure that this fair flower, +which spreads its perfume through the world, should +wither as you hold it in your hands?'</p> + +<p>Naudé spent his own small fortune in ransoming +the books on medicine. He had worked hard to persuade +Queen Christina to purchase the whole collection; +but when it came to the point she only bought +a few <span class="smcap">mss.</span> which were afterwards returned. The +'Pallas of the North,' was interested in Naudé's +misfortunes. She invited him to take charge of the +Royal Library at Stockholm, and here he rested for a +while. He made acquaintance in Sweden with several +celebrated men of letters; Descartes was a guest at +the Court, and used to be ready to begin his metaphysical +discourses at day-break. Naudé on one +occasion delighted the young Queen by stepping a +Greek dance with Professor Meibomius, who was +just at that time bringing out his work upon the music +of the ancients. The climate, or the excitement of +that vivacious Court, began to disagree with Naudé's +health; he resigned his appointment and returned to +France, but died at Abbeville on his way to Paris, a +few months before his patron's return to power. +When the public library was established again the +Cardinal purchased Naudé's private collection of +8000 books; and care was taken to preserve them +apart, as a mark of distinction, in a gallery named +after the famous librarian.</p> + +<p>The hereditary collections of Colbert and La +Moignon were as much indebted to their librarians as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +the Mazarine to the labours of Naudé. The Minister +Jean-Baptiste Colbert was as celebrated for his books +as for his finance: but the magnificence of the library +was mainly due to its guardian Calcavi and his successor +the venerable Baluze. Colbert's manuscripts +are believed to have been the most valuable ever +amassed by a person of private fortune. Among +their eight thousand volumes were the choicest +treasures from St. Martin's Abbey at Metz, including +the <i>Book of Hours</i> used by Charles the Great, and a +Bible said to have been illuminated for Charles the +Bald. There were about 50,000 printed books, almost +all well-bound; and it was thought that the choicest +Levantine moroccos had been secured for the +Minister by an article in a treaty with the Sultan. +Colbert died in 1683, and the library remained in his +family for half a century afterwards. In 1728 the +Marquis de Seignelaye sold the books, and began +to sell a portion of the manuscripts; the world was +alarmed at the idea of a general dispersion; the +remaining manuscripts, however, were offered to +Louis <span class="smcap">xv.</span>; and there was great rejoicing when he +wrote '<i>Bon, 300,000 livres</i>' on the letter received +from the Marquis.</p> + +<p>The other famous library was amassed by 'an extraordinary +family of book-collectors.' It was begun +by Guillaume de la Moignon, who was President of +the Parliament of Paris in 1658. His son Chrétien +de la Moignon was as zealous a book-buyer as his +father, and he secured the renown of their library by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +engaging the services of Adrien Baillet. Dibdin +quoted passages from Baillet's biography that show +the tenderness with which the family treated his +'crazy body and nervous mind': 'Madame La +Moignon and her son always took a pleasure in anticipating +his wishes, soothing his irritabilities, promoting +his views, and speaking loudly and constantly +of the virtues of his head and heart.' Baillet in his +turn gave to his employers the credit of his best +literary work. 'It was done for you,' he wrote, 'and +in your house, and by one who is ever yours to command.' +The library was much enlarged by its owner +in the third generation; and by its union with the +collection of M. Berryer, who died in 1762, it became +'one of the most splendid in Europe.' It was dispersed +during the troubles of the Revolution, and a +great portion was brought to London in 1791; but +the works on jurisprudence were reserved, and were +sold in Paris a few years afterwards.</p> + +<p>David Ancillon is perhaps best known as the +defender of Luther and Calvin. But according to +Bayle he was an indefatigable book-collector, and +notable for having set the fashion of buying books in +the first edition. Most people thought, said D'Israeli, +that the first edition was only an imperfect essay, +'which the author proposes to finish after trying +the sentiments of the literary world.' Bayle was on +the side of Ancillon. There are cases, as he remarked, +in which the second edition has never appeared; and +at any rate the man who waits for the reprint shows<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +'that he loves a pistole better than knowledge.' +Ancillon, however, always indulged himself with 'the +most elegant edition,' whatever the first might have +been; he considered that 'the less the eyes are +fatigued in reading or work the more liberty the mind +feels in judging of it.' It is easier to detect the merits +in print than in manuscript: 'and so we see them more +plainly in good paper and clear type than when the +impression and paper are <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'bad?'">bad?'</ins> Some have thought +it better to have many editions of a good book: +'among other things,' says our critic, 'we feel great +satisfaction in tracing the variations.' Ancillon was +naturally accused of an indiscriminate mania for +collecting; and he confessed that he was to some +extent infected with the 'book-disease.' It was said +that he never left his books day or night, except +when he went to preach to his humble congregation. +He was convinced that some golden thought might +be found in the dullest work. Ancillon remained in +France as long as his religion was tolerated. He +found a home across the Rhine after the revocation +of the Edict of Nantes; but from that time he had to +be content with German editions, all his fine tall +volumes having been destroyed by the 'Catholic' +rioters at Metz.</p> + +<p>If Evelyn can be believed, the art of book-collecting +had come to a very poor pass in France about the +seventeenth century. It had been discovered that +certain classes of books were the necessary furniture of +every gentleman's library. If a man of quality built a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +mansion he would expect to find a book-room and a +quantity of shelves; it was a simple matter further +on to order so many yards of folios or octavos, all in +red morocco, with the coat of arms stamped in gold. +Such collections, said La Bruyère, are like a picture-gallery +with a strong smell of leather: the owner is +most polite in showing off 'the gold leaves, Etruscan +bindings, and fine editions'; 'we thank him for his +kindness, but care as little as himself to visit the tan-yard +which he calls his library.' We must not forget +the financier Bretonvilliers, who about the year 1657 +determined to become a bibliophile, and so far succeeded +that some of his local books on Lorraine were +purchased for the National Library. He first built a +Hôtel, not far from the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, +with a large gallery in which with infinite pains he +built up a magnificent book-case; the contents were +of less importance; but he succeeded after a time in +filling it with books stamped with his new device of +an eagle holding the olive-branch.</p> + +<p>One or two of the more serious collectors may be +noticed before we pass to the great age of Rothelin +and La Vallière. Henri du Bouchet had gathered +about eight thousand books, all very well chosen, +according to the testimony of the Père Jacob; on his +death in 1654 he bequeathed them to the Abbey +of St. Victor on public trusts so that those who +came after him might find a solace in what had been +'his dearest delight.' He requested that they might +be free to students for three days in the week and for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +seven hours in the day; and his wishes were duly +regarded until the great library of St. Victor was dispersed +in 1791. The monks set up a tablet and bust +in memory of the generous donor; and perceiving +that the volumes were not emblazoned in the usual +way they adopted the singular plan of inserting pieces +of leather bearing his arms into holes cut in the +ancient bindings.</p> + +<p>The Abbé Boisot was another of the scholars who +lived entirely for books. While quite a young man +he acquired a considerable library in his travels +through Spain and Italy; and in 1664, during an +official visit to Besançon, he was so fortunate as to +acquire the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> of the Cardinal de Granvelle, who +had been the confidential minister of the Emperor +Charles <span class="smcap">v.</span> Boisot wrote a delightful account of +the adventures through which this collection had +passed. 'At first,' he says, 'the servants used what +they pleased, and then the neighbours' children helped +themselves; when some packing-cases were wanted, +the butler, to show his economy, sold the records +contained in them to a grocer.' At last they were all +tired of these 'useless old papers,' and determined to +throw them away. Jules Chifflet, according to +Guigard, was the means of saving the remainder. +He examined a number of the documents and recognised +their importance, though they were mostly in +cipher; but he died before they could be sorted out. +Boisot bought what he could from the heirs, and +found a good many more <span class="smcap">mss.</span> in the neighbourhood.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +They passed with the rest of Boisot's books to the +Abbey of St. Vincent at Besançon; and during the +Revolution the whole collection became the property +of the citizens and was transferred to the public +library.</p> + +<p>The hereditary treasures of the Bouhier family were +dispersed in the same way through several provincial +libraries. The collection had begun in the reign of +Louis <span class="smcap">xii.</span>, and something had been done in each +generation afterwards by way of adding fine books +and manuscripts. Étienne Bouhier had collected in +all parts of Italy. Jean Bouhier in 1642 bought the +accumulations of Pontus de Thyard, the learned +Bishop of Châlons. His father's own library had been +dispersed among his children; but Jean Bouhier +succeeded in getting it together again, and added a +large number of <span class="smcap">mss.</span> which he had gathered for the +illustration of the history of Burgundy. The library +became still more famous in the time of his grandson +the President Jean Bouhier, who has been admired +as the type of the true bibliophile. The bibliomaniac +heaps up books from avarice or some animal instinct; +he is a collector, it is said, 'without intelligent +curiosity.' Bouhier used to read his books and make +notes upon them; and it is said that he carried the +practice to such excess as to deface with marginal +scribblings the finest work of Henri Estienne and +Antoine Vérard. A visitor to his library described +the sober magnificence of the rosewood shelves with +silken hangings in which the rare editions and long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> +rows of manuscripts were ranged. In the next +generation there was a startling change. The library +had been left to Bouhier's son-in-law, Chartraire de +Bourbonne: the grave offspring of Aldus and Gryphius +found themselves in company with poets of the <i>talon +rouge</i> and muses of the <i>Opéra bouffe</i>. When the gay +De Bourbonne died, the ill-assorted crowd passed to +his son-in-law in his turn, and was transferred in 1784 +to the Abbey of Clairvaux.</p> + +<p>We cannot name or classify the bibliophiles of the +eighteenth century. It would be endless to describe +them with the briefest of personal notes; how M. Barré +loved out-of-the-way books and fugitive pieces, or +Lambert de Thorigny a good history, or how Gabriel +de Sartines, the policeman of the Parc aux Cerfs, had +a marvellous collection about Paris. When Count +Macarthy sold his books at Toulouse his catalogue contained +a list of about ninety others, issued in the same +century, from which his riches were derived. We can +point to a few of the mightiest Nimrods. We see +the serene Gaignat pass, and the bustling La Vallière; +the Duc d'Estrées is recognised as a busy book-hunter, +and there are the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'physicans'">physicians</ins> Hyacinthe Baron and +Falconnet whose keenness no prey could escape. We +can distinguish the forms of the elegant '<i>bibliomanes</i>' +to whom their books were as pictures or as +jewels to be enclosed in a shrine; there is Count +d'Hoym with a house full of treasures, and Boisset +and Girardot de Préfond with their cabinets of +marvels. If the crowds in the old-fashioned libraries<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +are like the multitude at Babel, these tall volumes in +crushed morocco and 'triple gold bands' remind us of +what our antiquaries have said of books glimmering in +their wire cases 'like eastern beauties peering through +their jalousies.' We ought to say something of +M. de Chamillard, best known in his public capacity +as a good match for the King at billiards and as the +minister who proposed the revocation of the Edict of +Nantes. In private life Michael de Chamillard was +a virtuoso with well-filled galleries and portfolios; +and he had assembled a large company of books of +fashionable appearance. But our real interest is not +so much with the Minister of Billiards, as M. Uzanne +described him, but rather with his wife and three +daughters, who were all true female bibliophiles. The +eldest daughter, the Marquise de Dreux, was wife of +the Grand Master of the Ceremonies; but though his +collection was gay and polite the Marquise insisted +on a separate establishment for the books that she +had discovered and bought and bound. The Duchesse +de la Feuillade and the Duchesse de Lorges insisted, +like their elder sister, on having libraries for their +separate use. The minister's wife was celebrated for +the splendour of her books, and marvellous prices +have been paid for specimens of her earlier style. +But 'little Madame de Chamillard' attached herself +in all things to the Maintenon, and followed the uncrowned +queen in abandoning the paths of vanity; +she gave up the world, so far as gilt arabesques and +crushed morocco were concerned, and dressed all her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +later acquisitions <i>à la Janséniste</i>, in plain leather with +perhaps the thinnest line of blind-tooling for an +ornament.</p> + +<p>Charles du Fay was a captain in the Guards, compelled +by his misfortunes to confine himself to the +battles of the book-sale. He lost a leg at the bombardment +of Brussels in 1695; and though he was +promoted to a company in the Guards, it became at +last apparent that he could not serve on horseback. +Du Fay, we are told, was fortunately fond of literature; +and he devoted himself with eagerness to the +task of collecting a magnificent library. History and +Latin poetry had always been his favourite subjects, +and it appears that he was already collecting fine +examples in this department during his campaigns +in Germany and Flanders.</p> + +<p>M. de Lincy commemorates the good taste that +impelled Du Fay to buy several of Grolier's books, +and records the industry with which he sought to +remedy his defects of education. Professor Brochard, +he says, was a learned man, with a good library of +his own, who went to inspect the books gathered +by Du Fay from all parts of Europe. The visitor +expressed surprise that out of nearly four thousand +volumes there should hardly be any in Greek. +'I have hardly retained a word of the language,' +said Du Fay. 'Cato in his old age,' replied the +Professor, 'did not hesitate for a moment to learn +it; and a person quite ignorant of Greek can never +know Latin well.' Du Fay was an easy good-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>natured +man, and at once followed his friend's +advice, beginning from that day to buy Greek books +and to work at the language so as to be able to read +them. His object, however, in forming a library was +not so much to gather useful information as to set +up a museum of literary rarities. The idea is in +accordance with our modern taste, and perhaps with +the common sense of mankind; but some of the old-fashioned +collectors were angry with the poor epicure +of learning. The Président Bouhier writes to Marais +in 1725 on seeing a catalogue of the library: 'This +savours more of bibliomania than scholarship.' Marais +at once replied: 'Your judgment on Du Fay's catalogue +is most excellent: it is not a library, but a +shop full of curious book-specimens, made to sell +and not to keep for one's self.'</p> + +<p>Many of Du Fay's books were bought by Count +d'Hoym, who lived for many years at Paris as ambassador +from Augustus of Poland and Saxony. +The Count has been accused of showing bad manners +at Court, and of bad faith in giving the trade secrets +of Dresden to the factory at Sèvres; in bibliography +at any rate, he was supreme among the amateurs, +and his White Eagle of Poland appears upon no +volume that is not among the best of its kind. He +sat at one time at the feet of the Abbé de Rothelin; +but he soon became his master's equal in matters of +taste, and was accepted until his exile at Nancy as +the arbiter of elegance among the Parisians. M. Guigard +quotes from the dedication of a 'treasury' of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> +French poetry a passage that indicates his high +position: 'To the poets in this assemblage, whoever +they be, it is a glory, Monseigneur, to enter your +Excellency's library, so full, so magnificent, so well +chosen, that it is justly accounted the prodigy of +learning.'</p> + +<p>Charles d'Orléans, Abbé de Rothelin, had died in +1744, when most of his books became the property +of the nation. In some respects he was the most +distinguished of the book-collectors. His learning +and wealth enabled him to make a collection of theology +that has never been surpassed; and he had the +good fortune to acquire the vast series of State Papers +and the priceless mediæval <span class="smcap">mss.</span> collected by Nicolas +Foucault. His special taste was for immaculate +editions in splendid bindings; but nothing escaped +his notice that was in any way remarkable or interesting.</p> + +<p>Paul Girardot de Préfond was a timber-merchant +who fell into an apathetic state on retiring from +active business. His physician, Hyacinthe Baron, +was an eminent book-collector, and he advised the +patient to take up the task of forming a library. So +successful was the prescription that the merchant +became renowned during the next half century for +his superb bindings, his specimens from Grolier's +stores, and the Delphin and Variorum classics which +he procured from the library of Gascq de la Lande. +On two occasions the sale of his surplus treasures +made an excitement for the literary world. Some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +of his rarest books were sold in 1757, and twelve +years afterwards his Delphin series and the greater +part of his general collection were purchased by +Count Macarthy.</p> + +<p>Mérard de St. Just was another collector, whose +exquisite taste is still gratefully remembered, though +his small library has long been dispersed, and was indeed +almost destroyed by a series of accidents before +the outbreak of the great Revolution. 'My library,' he +said, 'is very small, but it is too large for me to fill +it with good books.' He would not have the first +editions of the classics, because they were generally +printed on bad paper which it was disagreeable to +touch, with the exception of works produced by the +Aldine Press. Nor would he buy mere curiosities, +says Guigard, but left them to persons who cared for +empty display, 'like one who proudly exhibits his +patents of nobility without being able to point to +any distinguished action of his ancestors.' He was +the owner of many choice books that had belonged +to Gaignat and Charron de Ménars, or had been +bound for Madame de Pompadour, or to the undiscriminating +Du Barry. In 1782, we are told, he despatched +the best part of his library to America, but +had the grief of learning soon afterwards that they had +been captured at sea by the English. His philosophical +temper was shown in his reply to the bad news: 'I +have but one wish upon the subject; I hope that the +person who gets this part of the booty will be able +to comprehend the value of the treasure that has +come to his hands.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> + +<p>The elder Mirabeau was a collector of another type. +The 'friend of mankind' intended to gather together +the best and largest library in the world. He cared +nothing for the scarcity or the external adornments +of a volume; but he had a huge appetite for knowledge, +and he longed to have the means of referring to all +that could illustrate the progress of the race. He did +not live to attain any marked success in his gigantic +design; but his library had at least the distinction of +containing all the books of the Comte de Buffon, enriched +with marginal notes in the naturalist's handwriting.</p> + +<p>A modest collection was formed a few years afterwards +by Pierre-Louis Guinguené, who wrote a valuable +work on the literary history of Italy. He is remembered +as having published amid the terrors of 1791 +an amusing essay on the authority of Rabelais 'in +the matter of this present Revolution.' He led a +peaceful life through all that troubled time, and succeeded +in forming a very useful library containing +about 3000 volumes; it was purchased for the British +Museum on his death, and became the foundation of +the great series of works on the French Revolution +which has been brought together there.</p> + +<p>The long life of M. Antoine Renouard bridges over +the space between the days of Mirabeau and the time +when the <i>élégants</i> of the Third Empire had invented +a new bibliomania. Renouard had ordered bindings +from the elder Derôme; in 1785 he bought a book at +La Vallière's sale. In his <i>Epictetus</i> there is the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> +following note: 'Bought in May 1785, the first book +printed on vellum that entered my library; rather +luxurious for a young fellow of seventeen, but then +all my little savings were devoted to acquiring books; +parties of pleasure, and elegancies of toilette, everything +was sacrificed to my beloved books; and at that +time a brisk and brilliant business permitted expenses +which were followed by hard years of privation; it +was in my first youth that I found it easiest to spend +money on my books.' Renouard began life as a +manufacturer. His father made gauze stuffs, and +kept a shop in the Rue Apolline. In 1787 the +Abbé le Blond, the librarian of the Collège Mazarin, +heard that Molini had sold a fine Aldine Horace to a +shopkeeper. 'The next day,' says Renouard, 'Le +Blond came into my library. "Oh! I shall not have +the book," he exclaimed, and when I looked round, +he said, "I beg your pardon, I hoped to tempt you +with a few <i>louis</i> for your bargain, but I have given +up the idea at once, and I only ask the double favour +of seeing the book and of being allowed to make your +acquaintance."' Renouard was the historian of the +House of Aldus, and naturally became the possessor +of some of Grolier's finest books. During his career +as a bookseller he parted with most of them; and at +the sale of his library in 1854 the 'Lucretius,' the +'Virgil,' and the 'Erasmus,' were all that remained in +his collection.</p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> + +<h3>LATER ENGLISH COLLECTORS.</h3> + + +<p>In describing the English collections of the +eighteenth century we have the advantage of using +the memoranda of William Oldys for the earlier part +of the period. D'Israeli deplored the carelessness +which led the 'literary antiquary' to entrust his discoveries +and reminiscences to the fly-leaves of notebooks, +to 'parchment budgets,' and paper-bags of +extracts. He expressed especial disappointment at +the loss of the manuscript on London Libraries, with +its anecdotes of book-collectors and remarks on booksellers +and the first publishers of catalogues. The +book has come to light since his time, having been +discovered among the important collections bequeathed +by Dr. William Hunter to the University of Glasgow; +it was published by Mr. W. J. Thoms about the year +1862 in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, and was afterwards printed +by him in a volume containing a diary and other +'choice notes' by Oldys and an interesting memoir of +his life. 'In his own departments of learning,' says Mr. +Thoms, 'Oldys exhausted all the ordinary sources +of information,' and adds that 'his copious and characteristic +accounts of men and books have endeared +his memory to every lover of English literature.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span></p> + +<p>Oldys had some special advantages as a collector of +old English poetry. He knew, as no one else at that +time knew, the value of the plays and pamphlets that +encumbered the stalls; he had no competitor to fear +'clad in the invulnerable mail of the purse.' Oldys +was born in 1696; he became involved, while quite a +young man, in the disaster of the South Sea Bubble; +and in 1724 he was obliged to leave London for a +residence of some years in Yorkshire. Among the +books that he abandoned was the first of his annotated +copies of <i>Langbaine</i>, which he found afterwards in +the hands of a miserly fellow, begrudging him even a +sight of the notes. 'When I returned,' he writes, 'I +understood that my books had been dispersed; and +afterwards, becoming acquainted with Mr. Thomas +Coxeter, I found that he had bought my <i>Langbaine</i> +of a bookseller who was a great collector of plays and +poetical books.' His autobiography shows that he +soon restored his literary losses. His patron, Lord +Oxford, for whom he afterwards worked as librarian, +was anxious to buy everything that was rare. 'The +Earl,' says Oldys, 'invited me to show him my collections +of manuscripts, historical and political, which +had been the Earl of Clarendon's, my collections of +Royal Letters and other papers of State, together +with a very large collection of English heads in +sculpture.' Mr. Thoms quotes a note from the +<i>Langbaine</i> to show that Oldys had bought two +hundred volumes 'at the auction of the Earl of +Stamford's library at St. Paul's Coffee-house, where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +formerly most of the celebrated libraries were sold.' +It was while Oldys was living in Yorkshire, under +the patronage of Lord Malton, that he saw the end +of the library of State Papers collected by Richard +Gascoyne the antiquary. The noble owner of the +<span class="smcap">mss.</span> had been advised to destroy the papers by +a lawyer, Mr. Samuel Buck of Rotherham, 'who +could not read one of those records any more than +his lordship'; but he feared that they might contain +legal secrets or disclose flaws in a title or, as Oldys +said, 'that something or other might be found out one +time or other by somebody or other.' Richard +Gascoyne, he adds, possessed a vast and most valuable +collection of deeds, evidences, and ancient records, +which after his death, about the time of the Restoration, +came to the family of the first Earl of Strafford. +They were kept in the stone tower at Wentworth +Woodhouse until 1728, when Lord Malton 'burnt +them all wilfully in one morning.' 'I saw the lamentable +fire,' says Oldys, 'feed upon six or seven great +chests full of the said deeds, some of them as old as +the Conquest, and even the ignorant servants repining.... I +did prevail to the preservation of some few +old rolls and public grants and charters, a few extracts +of escheats, and original letters of some eminent +persons and pedigrees of others, but not the hundredth +part of much better things that were destroyed.'</p> + +<p>One or two extracts from the 'diary and choice +notes' will show the minute attention given by Oldys<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +to everything concerned with books. Under the date +of June 29th, 1737, we read: 'Saw Mr. Ames' old +<span class="smcap">mss.</span> on vellum, entitled <i>Le Romant de la Rose</i>, which +cost forty crowns at Paris when first written, as appears +by the inscription at the end: it had been +Bishop Burnet's book, his arms being pasted in it, +and Mr. Rawlinson's, being mentioned in one of his +catalogues; in the same catalogue also is mentioned +Sir William Monson's collection, which Mr. West +bought and lent me before the fatal fire happened at +his chambers in the Temple.' Mr. Thorns adds that +Sir William Monson, an Admiral of note in the reign +of James <span class="smcap">i.</span>, formed considerable collections, principally +about naval affairs. Under the date of August +8th, we read of a visit to Strype the historian. 'Invited +by Dr. Harris to his brother's at Homerton, +where old Mr. Strype is still alive, and has the remainder +of his once rich collection of <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, tracts, +etc.' Dr. Knight's letter of a few months' earlier +date was printed by Nichols in his <i>Literary Anecdotes</i>. +'I made a visit to old Father Strype when in town +last: he is turned ninety, yet very brisk, and with +only a decay of sight and memory.... He told me +that he had great materials towards the life of the +old Lord Burleigh and Mr. Foxe the martyrologist, +which he wished he could have finished, but most of +his papers are in "characters"; his grandson is learning +to decipher them.' Under the dates of September +1st and 7th Oldys records that 'the Yelverton +library is in the possession of the Earl of Sussex,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> +wherein are many volumes of Sir Francis Walsingham's +papers'; and a few days later, 'Dr. Pepusch +offered me any intelligence or assistance from his +ancient collections of music, for a history of that +art and its professors in England; and as to +dramatic affairs, he notes that the Queen's set of +Plays had at first been thought too dear; but after +Mrs. Oldfield the actress died, and they were reported +to be his collection, then the Queen would have them +at any rate.' When Oldys died his curious library +was purchased by Thomas Davies, and was put up +to auction in 1762. The list of printed books comprises +many literary treasures which in our days can +hardly be procured, but at that time went for a song. +'The manuscripts were not so many as might be expected +from so indefatigable a writer'; it seems that +Oldys had always been too generous with his gifts +and loans.</p> + +<p>Among his notices of the London libraries we +find an interesting account of the collection at Lambeth, +then housed in the galleries above the cloisters. +'The oldest of the books were Dudley's, the Earl of +Leicester, which from time to time have been augmented +by several Archbishops of that See. It had +a great loss in being deprived of Archbishop +Sheldon's admirable collection of missals, breviaries, +primers, etc., relating to the service of the Church, as +also Archbishop Sancroft's.' The books and <span class="smcap">mss.</span> +belonging to Sancroft had in part been deposited at +Lambeth; but on his deprivation they were removed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +to Emmanuel College at Cambridge. Oldys added +that there was another apartment for <span class="smcap">mss.</span>, 'not only +those belonging to the See, but those of the Lord +Carew, who had been Deputy of Ireland, many of +them relating to the state and history of that kingdom.'</p> + +<p>Archbishop Tenison had furnished another noble +library near St. Martin's Lane 'with the best modern +books in most faculties'; 'there any student might +repair and make what researches he pleased'; and +there too were deposited Sir James Ware's important +Irish <span class="smcap">mss.</span> and many other portions of the Clarendon +Collection, until offence was taken at their having +been catalogued among the papers of the Archbishop.</p> + +<p>In Dulwich College there was another library to +which Mr. Cartwright the actor gave a collection of +plays and many excellent pictures; and 'here comes +in,' says Oldys, 'the Queen's purchase of plays, and +those by Mr. Weever the dancing-master, Sir Charles +Cotterell, Mr. Coxeter, Lady Pomfret, and Lady +Mary Wortley Montague'; and here we might mention +the sad case of Mr. Warburton the herald, whose +forte was to find out valuable English plays. Shortly +before his death in 1759 he discovered that the cook +had used up about fifty of the <span class="smcap">mss.</span> for covering pies, +and that among them were 'twelve unpublished +pieces by Massinger.' Something may be said too as +to the older collections formed in London for the use +of schools. At Westminster, it has been well said,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +Dean Williams 'enlarged the boundaries of learning.' +According to Hackett, he converted a waste room +into a noble library, modelling it 'into a decent +shape,' and furnishing it with a vast number of +learned volumes. The best of them came from the +library of Mr. Baker of Highgate, who throughout +a very long life had been gathering 'the best authors +of all sciences in their best editions.' Dean Colet +had endowed St. Paul's School with philological +works in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin; but these were +destroyed in the great fire, together with the whole +library of the High Master. This was Mr. Samuel +Cromleholme, who had the best set of neatly-bound +classics in London; 'he was a great lover of his +books, and their loss hastened the end of his life.' +The shelves at Merchant Taylors and in the Mercers' +Chapel were almost as well filled as those at St. +Paul's; and Christ's Hospital at that time had a +good plain library in the mathematical school, with +globes and instruments, 'and ships with all their +rigging for the instruction of lads designed for the +sea.'</p> + +<p>In the College of Physicians was a fine collection +'in their own and the other faculties.' Selden +bequeathed to it his 'physical books,' and it was enriched +by a gift of the whole library of Lord +Dorchester, 'the pride and glory of the College.' +We can only mention a few of the libraries described +by Oldys. The Jews, he says, had a collection at +Bevis Marks relating to the Talmud and Mischna and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> +their ceremonial worship: the French Protestants +had another at the Savoy, and the Swedes another +at their Church in Trinity Lane. The Baptists +owned a great library in the Barbican. The Quakers +had been for some years furnishing a library with +all the works written by the Friends. John Whiting +published the catalogue in 1708; 'and in my opinion,' +says our critic, ''tis more accurately and perfectly +drawn up than the Bodleian Library at Oxford is by +Dr. Hyde, for the Quaker does not confound one +man with another as the scholar does.' Francis Bugg, +he adds, 'the scribbler against them,' had a better +collection of their writings than any of the brethren; +'but I think I have read in some of his rhapsodies +that he either gave or sold it to the library at +Oxford.'</p> + +<p>Charles Earl of Sunderland was the greatest collector +of his time. He bought the whole library of +Hadrian Beverland, 'which was very choice of its +kind,' and a great number of Pétau's books as mentioned +before; 'no bookseller,' it was said, 'hath so +many editions of the same book as he, for he hath all, +especially of the classics.' Shortly before his death in +1772 he commissioned Mr. Vaillant to buy largely at +the sale of Mr. Freebairn's library. In Clarke's +<i>Repertorium</i> we are told how a fine Virgil was +secured: 'and it was noted that when Mr. Vaillant +had bought the printed Virgil at £46 he huzza'd out +aloud, and threw up his hat for joy that he had +bought it so cheap.' The great collection was after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>wards +taken to Blenheim, and has been dispersed in +our time; 'the King of Denmark proffered the heirs +£30,000 for it, and "Queen Zara" would have inclined +them to part with it.' When the Earl of +Sunderland died, Humphrey Wanley saw a good +chance for the Harleian. 'I believe some benefit +may accrue to this library, even if his relations +will part with none of the works; I mean by his +raising the price of books no higher now; so that in +probability this commodity may fall in the market, +and any gentleman be permitted to buy an uncommon +old book for less than forty or fifty pounds.' +If we listen to the Rev. Thomas Baker, the ejected +Fellow who gave 4000 books to St. John's at Cambridge, +we shall hear a complaint against Wanley. +Lord Oxford's librarian when he saw a fine book, even +in a public institution, used to say, 'It will be better in +my lord's library.' Baker might have said, 'a plague +on both your houses!' What he wrote was as +follows:—'I begin to complain of the men of quality +who lay out so much for books, and give such prices +that there is nothing to be had for poor scholars, +whereof I have felt the effects; when I bid a fair +price for an old book, I am answered, "The quality +will give twice as much," and so I have done.'</p> + +<p>The Earls of Pembroke were for several generations +the patrons of learning. 'Thomas, the eighth Earl, +was contemporary with those illustrious characters, +Sunderland, Harley, and Mead, during the Augustan +age of Britain'; he added a large number of classics<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +and early printed books to the library at Wilton, and +his successor Earl Henry still further improved it by +adding the best works on architecture, on biographies, +and books of numismatics; 'the Earl of Pembroke is +stored with antiquities relating to medals and lives.'</p> + +<p>Lord Somers had the rare pieces in law and English +history which have been published in a well-known +series of tracts. Lord Carbury loved mystical +divinity; the Earl of Kent was all for pedigrees and +visitations; the Earl of Kinnoul made large collections +in mathematics and civil law; and Lord +Coleraine followed Bishop Kennett in forming 'a +library of lives.'</p> + +<p>Richard Smith was remembered as having started +in the pursuit of Caxtons in the days of Charles <span class="smcap">ii.</span>; +the taste was despised when Oldys wrote, but +it eventually grew into a mania. 'For a person +of an inferior rank we never had a collector more +successful. No day passed over his head in which he +did not visit Moorfields and Little Britain or St. Paul's +Churchyard, and for many years together he suffered +nothing to escape him that was rare and remarkable.'</p> + +<p>Mr. John Bridges of Lincoln's Inn was another +'notorious book-collector.' When his books were +sold in 1726 the prices ran so high that the world +suspected a conspiracy on the part of the executors. +Humphrey Wanley was disappointed in his commissions, +and called it a roguish sale; of the vendors +he remarked 'their very looks, according to what I +am told, dart out harping-irons.' Tom Hearne went to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +Mr. Bridges' chambers to see the sale, and descanted +upon the fine condition of the lots: 'I was told of a +gentleman of All Souls that gave a commission of +eight shillings for an Homer, but it went for six +guineas; people are in love with good binding rather +than good reading.' Some of the entries in the +catalogue are of great interest. The first edition of +Homer, printed at Florence in 1488 on large paper, +went for about a quarter of the price of an Aldine +Livy. Lord Oxford secured a 'Lucian' in uncial +characters, and a splendid Missal illuminated for +Henry <span class="smcap">vii.</span> There was a large-paper 'Politian' in +two volumes, very carelessly described as 'finely +bound by Grolier and his friends'; but the best of +all was the <span class="smcap">ms.</span> Horace, with an exquisite portrait of +the poet, 'from the library of Matthias Corvinus, +King of Hungary.'</p> + +<p>Dr. Mead was a collector of the same kind. All +that was beautiful came naturally to this great man, of +whom it was said that he lived 'in the full sunshine +of human existence.' He was the owner of a very +fine library, which he had 'picked up at Rome.' He +had a great number of early-printed classics, which +fetched high prices at his sale in 1754; his French +books, according to Dibdin, and all his works upon +the fine arts 'were of the first rarity and value,' and +were sumptuously bound. His chief literary distinction +rests on his edition of De Thou's 'History' in +seven folio volumes. He had received a large legacy +from a brother, and spent it in the publication of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +work 'from which nothing of exterior pomp and +beauty should be wanting'; the ink and paper were +procured from Holland; and Carte the historian was +sent to France 'to rummage for <span class="smcap">mss.</span> of Thuanus.'</p> + +<p>Oldys has a few notes upon curious collections +which he thought might be diverting to a 'satirical +genius.' A certain Templar, he says, had a good +library of astrology, witchcraft, and magic. Mr +Britton, the small-coal man, had an excellent set of +chemical books,'and a great parcel of music books, +many of them pricked with his own hand.' The +famous Dryden, and Mr. Congreve after him, had collected +old ballads and penny story-books. The melancholy +Burton, and Dr. Richard Rawlinson, and the +learned Thomas Hearne, had all been as bad in their +way. Mr. Secretary Pepys gave a great library to +Magdalen College at Cambridge: but among the folios +peeped out little black-letter ballads and 'penny +merriments, penny witticisms, penny compliments, +and penny godlinesses.' 'Mr. Robert Samber,' says +Oldys, 'must need turn virtuoso too, and have his +collection: which was of all the printed tobacco-papers +he could anywhere light on.'</p> + +<p>For 'curiosity or dotage' none could beat Mr. +Thomas Rawlinson, whose vast collections were dispersed +in seventeen or eighteen auctions before the +final sale in 1733. Mr. Heber in the present century +is a modern example of the same kind. 'A book is a +book,' he said: and he bought all that came in his way, +by cart-loads and ship-loads, and in whole libraries, on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> +which in some cases he never cast his eyes. The +most zealous lovers of books have smiled at his +duplicates, quadruplicates, and multiplied specimens +of a single edition.</p> + +<p>Thomas Rawlinson, for all his continual sales, +blocked himself out of house and home by his purchases: +his set of chambers at Gray's Inn was so +completely filled with books that his bed had to be +moved into the passage. Some thought that he was +the 'Tom Folio' of Addison's caricature, in which it +was assumed that the study of bibliography was only +fit for a 'learned idiot.' Hearne defended his friend +from the charge of pedantry, and declared that the +mistake could only be made by a 'shallow buffoon.'</p> + +<p>Rawlinson had a miserly craving after good books. +If he had twenty copies of a work he would always +open his purse for 'a different edition, a fairer copy, a +larger paper.' His covetousness increased as the +mass of his library was multiplied: and as he lived, +said Oldys, so he died, among dust and cobwebs, 'in +his bundles, piles, and bulwarks of paper.'</p> + +<p>Upon Dr. Mead's death his place in the book-world +was taken by Dr. Anthony Askew, who travelled far +and wide in search of rare editions and large-paper +copies. In describing the sale of his books in 1775 +Dibdin almost lost himself in ecstasies over the magnificent +folios, and the shining duodecimos 'printed +on vellum and embossed with knobs of gold.' It has +been said that with this sale commenced the new +era in bibliography, during which such fabulous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +prices were given for fine editions of the classics; but +the date should perhaps be carried back to Dr. Mead's +time. Some credit for the new development should +also be ascribed to Joseph Smith, who collected early-printed +books and classics at Venice, while acting as +English consul. His first library was purchased by +George <span class="smcap">iii.</span> in 1762, and now forms the best part of +the 'King's Library' at the British Museum. His +later acquisitions were sold in 1773 by public auction +in London. Among other classical libraries of an +old-fashioned kind we should notice the Osterley Park +collection, only recently dispersed, which was formed +by Bryan Fairfax; it was purchased <i>en bloc</i> in 1756 +by Mr. Francis Child, and passed from him to the +family of the Earl of Jersey.</p> + +<p>Topham Beauclerc housed his thirty thousand +volumes, as Walpole declared, in a building that +reached halfway from London to Highgate; his collection +was in two parts, of which the first was mainly +classical, and the other was very rich in English +antiquities and history. In 1783 was sold almost the +last of the encyclopædic collections which used to +fill the position now occupied by great public libraries. +Mr. Crofts possessed a treasury of Greek and Roman +learning; he was especially rich in philology, in +Italian literature, in travels, in Scandinavian affairs; +'under the shortest heads, some one or more rare +articles occur, but in the copious classes literary +curiosity is gratified, is highly feasted.'</p> + +<p>Dr. Johnson's books were dispersed in a four-days'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> +sale in 1785. A copy of the interesting catalogue +has lately been reprinted by The Club. The most +valuable specimen, as a mere curiosity, would be the +folio with which he beat the bookseller, but we suppose +that very little on the whole was obtained for +the 662 lots of learned volumes that had sprawled +over his dusty floor. The Doctor had but little +sympathy with the fashions that were beginning to +prevail. He laughs in the <i>Rambler</i> at 'Cantilenus' +with his first edition of <i>The Children in the Wood</i>, +and the antiquary who despaired of obtaining one +missing Gazette till it was sent to him 'wrapped round +a parcel of tobacco.' 'Hirsutus,' we are told,'very +carefully amassed all the English books that were +printed in the black character'; the fortunate virtuoso +had 'long since completed his Caxton, and wanted +but two volumes of a perfect Pynson.' In our own +day we can hardly realise the idea of such riches; +but the 'Rambler' scouted the notion of slighting or +valuing a book because it was printed in the Roman +or Gothic type. John Ratcliffe of Bermondsey was +one of these 'black-letter dogs.' He had some advantages +of birth and position; for, being a chandler +and grocer, he could buy these old volumes by weight +in the course of his trade. He died in 1776, the +master of a whole 'galaxy of Caxtons'; his library +is said to have held the essence of poetry, romance +and history; it was more precious in flavour to the +new <i>dilettanti</i> than the copious English stores of +James West, the judicious President of the Royal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +Society; it was far more refined than the 'omnium +gatherum' scattered in 1788 on Major Pearson's +death, or Dr. Farmer's ragged regiments of old plays +and frowsy ballads, and square-faced broadsides +'bought for thrice their weight in gold.'</p> + +<p>M. Paris de Meyzieux was the owner of a splendid +library. Dibdin has described his third sale, held in +London during 1791, when the bibliomaniacs, it was +said, used to cool themselves down with ice before +they could face such excitement. Of himself he +confessed that when he had seen the illuminations +of Nicolas Jany, the snow-white 'Petrarch,' the 'Virgil' +on vellum, life had no more to offer: 'after having +seen only these three books I hope to descend to my +obscure grave in perfect peace and happiness.' The +<i>Livre d'Heures</i> printed for Francis <span class="smcap">i.</span>, which had +belonged to the Duc de la Vallière, was bought by +Sir Mark Sykes, and became one of his principal +treasures at Sledmere.</p> + +<p>Mr. Robert Heathcote had a most elegant library, +in which might be seen the tallest Elzevirs and +several Aldine classics 'in the chaste costume of +Grolier.' It is said that the books passed lightly into +his hands 'in a convivial moment,' much to their former +owner's regret. About the year 1807 they passed +into the miscellaneous crowd of Mr. Dent's books; +and twenty years afterwards the whole collection +was dispersed at a low price, when the book-mania +was giving way for a time to an affection for cheap +and useful literature.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span></p> + +<p>The fever was still high in 1810 when Mr. Heath's +plain classics were snatched up at very extravagant +terms. Colonel Stanley's library was typical of the +taste of the day. His selection comprised rare +Spanish and Italian poetry, novels and romances, +'De Bry's voyages complete, fine classics, and a +singular set of <i>facetiæ</i>.' It was sold in 1813, a few +weeks after the dispersal of Mr. John Hunter's very +similar collection. This was immediately followed +by an auction of Mr. Gosset's books, which lasted for +twenty-three days: they seem to have chiefly consisted +of divinity and curious works on philology. +Mr. John Towneley's library was sold a few months +afterwards. Mr. Towneley was the owner of a fine +'Pontifical' of Innocent <span class="smcap">iv.</span>, and a missal by Giulio +Clovio from the Farnese palace; his celebrated <span class="smcap">ms.</span>, +known as the 'Towneley Iliad,' was bought by Dr. +Charles Burney, and passed with the rest of his +books to the British Museum. In 1816 Mr. Michael +Wodhull died, after half-a-century spent in the steady +collection of good books in the auctions of London +and Paris: the recent sale of his library has made +all the world familiar with his well-selected volumes, +bound in russia by his faithful Roger Payne, and +annotated on their fly-leaves with valuable memoranda +of book-lore. We shall not repeat the story of +Mr. Beckford's triumphant career, of the glories of +Fonthill or the later splendours of the Hamilton +Palace collection. We should note his purchase of +Gibbon's books 'in order to have something to read<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> +on passing through Lausanne.' 'I shut myself up,' +said Mr. Beckford, 'for six weeks from early in the +morning till night, only now and then taking a ride; +the people thought me mad; I read myself nearly +blind.' Beckford never saw the books again 'after +once turning hermit there.' He gave them to his +physician, Dr. Scholl, and they were sold by auction +in 1833; most of them were scattered about the +world, but some are said to be still preserved at +Lausanne in the public library.</p> + +<p>This period was marked by the rivalry between +bibliophiles of high rank and great wealth, whose +Homeric contests have been worthily described by +Dibdin in his history of the Bibliomania. A note +in one of the Althorp Caxtons records a more +amicable arrangement. The book belonged to Mr. +George Mason, at whose sale it was bought by the +Duke of Roxburghe: 'The Duke and I had agreed +not to oppose one another at the sale, but after the +book was bought, to toss up who should win it, when +I lost it; I bought it at the Roxburghe sale on the +17th of June, 1812, for £215 5s.' The Duke was +chiefly interested in old English literature, Italian +poetry, and romances of the Round Table; but we +are told that shortly before his death he was 'in full +pursuit of a collection of our dramatic authors.' It +was at his sale that the Valdarfer Boccaccio was +purchased by Lord Blandford, afterwards Duke of +Marlborough, for £2260, a sum which at that time +had never been reached as the price of a single<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> +volume. It passed into the great collection at White +Knights, which then contained, in addition to some of +the rarest English books, the 'Bedford Missal,' another +missal given by Queen Louise to Marguerite d'Angoulême, +and a volume of prayers from the hand of the +caligrapher Nicolas Jany. On the 17th of June, +1819, the White Knights library was sold on behalf +of the owner's creditors; and the 'Boccaccio' found a +safe home at Althorp, where George, Earl Spencer, +had by fortunate purchases, by zeal in the pursuit of +books, and by the aid of an accomplished librarian, +formed that matchless collection which Renouard +justly described as 'the finest private library in +Europe.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class="full" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2> + +<ul><li>Ælfric, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>Agricola, Rudolf, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> +<li>Aicardo, Paul, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> +<li>Aidan, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>Albisse, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Alexander ab Alexandro, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +<li>Alfred, King, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +<li>Allatius, Leo, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> +<li>Alphonso, Naples, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Amboise, Cardinal de, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> +<li>Ancillon, David, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> +<li>Anne, Queen, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Anne of Austria, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> +<li>Anne of Brittany, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Anselm, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Apellicon, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> +<li>Arcanati, Galeazzo, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Aretino, Carlo, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Aretino, Leonardo, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Argonne, Bonaventure d', <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Aristotle, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> +<li>Arius, Montanus, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> +<li>Arundel, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Arundel, Henry, Lord, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li>Arundel, Thomas, Earl of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> +<li>Ascham, Roger, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Ashmole, Elias, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Askew, Anthony, Dr., <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Asser, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +<li>Attavante, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> +<li>Attalus, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> +<li>Aubrey, John, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Augustus, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +<li>Augustus of Brunswick, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> +<li>Aumale, Duc d', <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> +<li>Aungerville (<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_222">Bury, Richard de</a>).</li> +<li>Aurispa, John, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Aquinas, Thomas, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Bacon, Francis, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Bacon, Roger, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Bagford, John, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> +<li>Bagni, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Baillet, Adrian, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> +<li>Baker (of Highgate), <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Baker, Rev. Thomas, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> +<li>Bale, Bishop, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> +<li>Ballesdens, Jean, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> +<li>Baluze, Étienne, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Barberini, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Barocci, Francesco, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Baron, Hyacinthe, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Barré, M., <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Bashkirtseff, Marie, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> +<li>Basingstoke, John, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Beauclerc, Topham, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Becatelli, Antonio, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Beckford, Wm., <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +<li>Bede, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Bedford, John, Duke of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li>Bentley, Dr., <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Bernard, Dr., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> +<li>Berri, Jean Duc de, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span></li> +<li>Berry, Duchesse de, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Berryer, M., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> +<li>Bessarion, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> +<li>Béthune, Hippolyte de, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +<li>Beza, Theodore, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> +<li>Bignon, Jérome, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Bigot, Jean, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Bigot, Robert, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Bigot, Louis, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Bill, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> +<li>Biscop, Benedict, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Blanche, Queen, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> +<li>Blandford, Lord, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +<li>Boccaccio, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> +<li>Bodley, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Bodley, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Boethius, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Boisot, Abbé, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Bongars, Jacques, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>Boniface, St., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Booker, John, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Borromeo, Frederic, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Bouchet, Henri, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> +<li>Bouhier, Étienne de, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> +<li>Bouhier, Jean de, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Bouhier, President, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> +<li>Bourbon, Charles de, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Brassicanus, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Bretonvilliers, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> +<li>Bridges, John, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>Bridget, St., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Bristol, Earl of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Britton, Thomas, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Brochard, Professor, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> +<li>Browne, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Bruges, Jean de, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Bruges, Louis de, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Bruges, <i>See</i> <a href="#Page_186">La Gruthuyse</a>.</li> +<li>Bucer, Martin, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Buchanan, George, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> +<li>Budæus, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Buffon, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Buonaparte, Pauline, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Burgh, Elizabeth de, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Burnet, Bishop, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> +<li>Burney, Dr. Charles, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> +<li>Burton, Robert, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Bury, Richard de, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Busbec, Angere, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Busch, Hermann, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Cæsar, Julius, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +<li>Cæsar, Sir Julius, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Calcavi, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Camden, William, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Canonici, Matheo, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Capranica, Angelo, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Capranica, Domenico, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Carbury, Lord, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Carew, Lord, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Cartwright (the actor), <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Casaubon, Méric, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> +<li>Casaubon, Isaac, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Charron de Ménars, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Chartraire de Bourbonne, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Chevalier, Étienne, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +<li>Chevalier, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Chifflet, Jules, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> +<li>Child, Francis, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Christina of Pisa, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> +<li>Christina (Queen of Sweden), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Chrysoloras, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Cino da Pistoia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Cassiodorus, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Caxton, William, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Ceolfrid of Jarrow, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Chamillard, Madame de, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> +<li>Charles <span class="smcap">i.</span>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Charles <span class="smcap">ii.</span>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Charles <span class="smcap">v.</span> (of France), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Charles <span class="smcap">v.</span> (Emperor), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> +<li>Charles <span class="smcap">vii.</span> (of France), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></li> +<li>Charles <span class="smcap">viii.</span> (of France), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> +<li>Charles <span class="smcap">ix.</span> (of France), <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Charles the Bold, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Charles the Great, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Charles of Orléans, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Clarendon, Earl of, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Clavell, Walter, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Clement, <span class="smcap">vii.</span>, Pope, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> +<li>Clement, <span class="smcap">xii.</span>, Pope, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> +<li>Clénard, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> +<li>Cleopatra, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> +<li>Cobham, Bishop, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> +<li>Cobham, Lord, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Cœlius, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> +<li>Colbert, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Coleraine, Lord, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Colet, Dean, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Columba, St., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Columbus, Christopher, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Columbus, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Condé, Princesse de, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> +<li>Congreve, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Consentius, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Costa, Solomon da, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Cotton, Sir John, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> +<li>Cotton, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Cotton, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> +<li>Courteney, Richard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Cox, Captain, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> +<li>Coxeter, Thomas, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Cracherode, Clayton, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Cranmer, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +<li>Crofts, Thomas, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Cromleholme, Samuel, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Cujacius, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> +<li>Cuthbert, St., <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Daniel, Bishop, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Dee, Dr., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Dent, John, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Descordes, Jean, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Des Essars, Antoine, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> +<li>Desportes, Philippe, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Diane de Poitiers, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Digby, Sir Kenelm, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Dodsworth, Roger, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Domitian, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +<li>Dorchester, Lord, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Douce, Francis, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Dryden, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Du Barry, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Dubois, Simeon, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Dudley, Robert (Leicester), <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> +<li>Du Fay, Charles, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> +<li>Dugdale, Sir William, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Dunstan, St., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Du Puy, Charles, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> +<li>Du Puy, Jacques, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Du Puy, Pierre, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Dury, John, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Eadburga, Abbess, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Edward <span class="smcap">vi.</span>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Egbert of York, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Elisabeth, Madame, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +<li>Ellesmere, Lord, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Erasmus, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Essex, Lord, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Estienne, Henri, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Estrées, Duc d', <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Estrées, Gabrielle d', <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Eusebius, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> +<li>Evelyn, John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Fairfax, Bryan, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Fairfax, Lord, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Falconnet, Dr., <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Farmer, Dr., <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Farnese, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> +<li>Fauchet, Claude, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span></li> +<li>Faure, Antoine, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Ferrar, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> +<li>Finnen, St., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Firmin-Didot, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> +<li>Fisher, Bishop, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Fitz-Ralph, Archbishop of Armagh, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Fléchier, Esprit, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +<li>Fleming, Robert, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Fletewode, W., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Folkes, Martin, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Fontius, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> +<li>Foucault, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Francis, St., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Francis, <span class="smcap">i.</span>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Francis, <span class="smcap">ii.</span>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Freebairn, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> +<li>Fugger, Raimond, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> +<li>Fugger, Ulric, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Gaffarel, Jacques, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> +<li>Gafori, Franc, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Gaignat, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Gale, Thomas, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Gascoigne, Dr., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Gascoyne, Richard, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Gascq de la Lande, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Gasparus, Achilles, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> +<li>George of Trebisond, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Germanus, St., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Gibbon, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +<li>Gilles, Pierre, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Giraldi, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Cynthio'">Cinthio</ins>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> +<li>Giraldi, Lilio, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> +<li>Girardot de Préfond, Paul, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Gloucester, Humphrey Duke of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> +<li>Gosset, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> +<li>Gouffier, Arthur, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Gouffier, Charles, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Gough, Richard, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Granvelle, Cardinal de, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> +<li>Gray, William, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Grenville, Thomas, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Grolier, Étienne, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Grolier, Jean, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Grostête, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Guillard, Charlotte, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Guinguené, Pierre-Louis, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Guy Earl of Warwick, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Guy de Rocheford, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Guyon de Sardières, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Hackett, Bishop, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Hale, Sir Matthew, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Harley, Edward, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>Harley, Robert, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> +<li>Harley, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Hearne, Thomas, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Heath, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> +<li>Heathcote, Robert, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Heber, Richard, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Heinsius, Daniel, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Henri <span class="smcap">ii.</span>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Henri <span class="smcap">iii.</span>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Henri <span class="smcap">iv.</span>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Henry <span class="smcap">iv.</span> (England), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Henry <span class="smcap">v.</span> (England), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Henry <span class="smcap">vii.</span> (England), <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Henry <span class="smcap">viii.</span> (England), <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Henry, Prince, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li>Hohendorf, Baron, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Holkot, Robert, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Hoym, Count d', <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> +<li>Hunter, John, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> +<li>Hunter, William, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> +<li>Huntingdon, Robert, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Hutten, Ulric von, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Inguimbert, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Don Malachid'">Don Malachi d'</ins>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>James <span class="smcap">i.</span>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>James, Dr. Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Jekyll, Sir Joseph, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Jerome, St., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Jersey, Earl of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Joanna <span class="smcap">ii.</span> (Naples), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>John, Duke of Burgundy, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>John, King (France), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>John, Precentor, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>John of Ravenna, 49</li> +<li>Johnson, Samuel, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> +<li>Jonson, Ben, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Jovian, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Julian, Emperor, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Julius <span class="smcap">ii.</span>, Pope, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +<li>Juvenal des Ursins, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Kennett, Bishop, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Kinnoul, Earl of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Labé, Louise, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Lambert de Thorigny, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>La Gruthuyse, Louis de, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Lami, Giovanni, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Lamoignon, Chrétien de, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> +<li>Lamoignon, G. de, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Lanfranc, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Langarad, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Lange, Rudolf, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> +<li>Lascaris, Constantine, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Lascaris, John, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Laud, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Lauwrin, Mark, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>La Vallière, Duc de, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Le Blond, Abbé, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> +<li>Lebrixa, Antonio, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Leland, John, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Le Neve, Peter, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Leo <span class="smcap">x.</span>, Pope, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Leo, the Philosopher, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +<li>Leofric, Bishop, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Leoni, Pompeo, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Leontio Pilato, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +<li>Le Tellier, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Ligorio, Piero, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> +<li>Lilly, William, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Lipsius, Justus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Loche, Gilles de, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Loménie, Antoine de, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Louis (of Hungary), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> +<li>Louis <span class="smcap">ix.</span>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Louis <span class="smcap">xi.</span>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +<li>Louis <span class="smcap">xii.</span>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Louis <span class="smcap">xiii.</span>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Louis <span class="smcap">xv.</span>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Louis <span class="smcap">xvi.</span>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Louis-Philippe, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> +<li>Louise de Loraine, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Louise de Savoie, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li>Lucian, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Lucullus, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +<li>Lulla, Bishop, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Lumley, Lord, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Macarthy, Count, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Magliabecchi, Antonio, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> +<li>Maintenon, Madame de, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> +<li>Maioli, Thomas, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Malton, Lord, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Mansion, Colard, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>Mansard, Francis, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +<li>Margaret of Austria, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Margaret of Burgundy, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>Marguerite d'Angoulême, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li>Marguerite de Valois, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Marie Antoinette, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Marie Leczinska, Queen, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Mary of Austria, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Mary of Burgundy, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Marucelli, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span></li> +<li>Mason, George, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +<li>Matthias Corvinus, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>Mazarin, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Mazenta, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Mead, Dr., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Médici, Catherine de, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> +<li>Médici, Cosmo de', <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Médici, Lorenzo de', <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Médici, Marie de, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Médici, Pietro de', <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> +<li>Melanchthon, Philip, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> +<li>Melzi, Francesco, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> +<li>Mérard de St. Just, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Mercatellis, Rafael de, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> +<li>Mesmes, Guillaume, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Mesmes, Henri, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Mesmes, Henri, junior, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Mesmes, Jean Antoine, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Mesmes, Louis-Emeric, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Mirabeau, Honoré de, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Mirandula, Pico della, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> +<li>Monson, Sir William, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> +<li>Montacute, Lord, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Montaigne, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> +<li>Moore, John (Bishop), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> +<li>Morata, Olympia, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> +<li>More, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Naudé, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Negri, Stefano, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> +<li>Neleus, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> +<li><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Nevison'">Nevinson</ins>, Dr., <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +<li>Newton, John de, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Niccoli, Niccolo, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> +<li>Nicholas <span class="smcap">v.</span> (Pope), <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Norfolk, Duke of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> +<li>Nuñez, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>O'Donnell, David, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>O'Donnell, Sir Neal, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>Oldys, William, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Oppenheim'">Oppenheimer</ins>, David, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Orsini, Fulvio, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> +<li>Osorio, Jerome, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Palladius, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Pamphilus, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> +<li>Paris de Meyzieux, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Parker, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Pars, Jacques de, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +<li>Patrick, St., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Paullus, Æmilius, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +<li>Pearson, Major, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +<li>Peiresc, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> +<li>Pembroke, Henry, Earl of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Pembroke, Thomas, Earl of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> +<li>Pembroke, William, Earl of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Pepusch, John, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> +<li>Pepys, Samuel, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Pétau, Alexander, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> +<li>Pétau, Paul, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> +<li>Peters, Hugh, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Petrarch, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Philelpho, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> +<li>Philip <span class="smcap">ii.</span> (of Spain), <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Philippe le Bon (Burgundy), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>Philippe le Hardi (Burgundy), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>Photius, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Pichon, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Pignoria Antonio, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> +<li>Pinelli, Gian-Vincenzio, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Pinelli, Maffeo, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li>Pirckheimer, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> +<li>Pithou, François, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Pithou, Pierre, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></li> +<li>Poggio, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> +<li>Politian, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Pollio Asinius, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Polydore Vergil, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> +<li>Pompadour, Madame de, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Postel, Guillaume, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Prynne, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Ptolemy (Philadelphia), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Rabelais, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Rameses, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> +<li>Ranconnet, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Rantzau, Marshal, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +<li>Rasse de Neux, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Ratcliffe, John, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> +<li>Rawlinson, Richard, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Rawlinson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>René of Anjou, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Renée, Princesse, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li>Renouard, Antoine, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li>Repington, Philip, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Reuchlin, Johann, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> +<li>Rhenanus, Beatus, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> +<li>Richelieu, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> +<li>Rigault, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Rivers, Anthony, Lord, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Rivers, Richard, Lord, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Robertet, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Florimonde'">Florimond</ins>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Rodolf'">Rodolph</ins> <span class="smcap">ii.</span>, Emperor, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Roe, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Rohan, Cardinal de, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> +<li>Ronsard, Pierre, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Rothelin (Charles d'Orléans), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Roxburghe, Duke of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Saint André, Jean de, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +<li>Saint Vallier, Comte de, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> +<li>Salutati, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> +<li>Sambucus, Dr., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Sammonicus Serenus, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> +<li>Sancroft, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> +<li>Sartines, Gabriel de, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Savile, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Savonarola, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Saye, Lord, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Scaliger, Joseph, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Séguier, Charles, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> +<li>Séguier, Pierre, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Seillière, Baron, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> +<li>Seignelaye, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Selden, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Seneca, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Sheldon, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> +<li><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Sherrington'">Sherington</ins>, Walter, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Shewsbury'">Shrewsbury</ins>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>Sidonius Apollinaris, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Silvestri, Eurialo, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Sixtus <span class="smcap">v.</span>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Sixtus of Sienna, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Joseph, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Richard, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Soltikoff, Prince, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +<li>Soubise, Prince de, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> +<li>Spelman, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> +<li>Spencer, George, Earl, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li>Spenser, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +<li>Stafford, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Stanley, Colonel, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> +<li>Stillingfleet, Bishop, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Stowe, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Strozzi, Marshal, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Strype, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> +<li>Sulla, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> +<li>Sunderland, Earl of, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> +<li>Sussex, Earl of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> +<li>Sykes, Sir Mark, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Tenison, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></li> +<li>Theodore of Gaza, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Theodore of Tarsus, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Thomason, George, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> +<li>Thou, Abbé de, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Thou, François de, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Thou, Jacques-Auguste de, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Thou, Jacques-Auguste de (junior), <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> +<li>Thyard, Pontus de, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Tiptoft, John, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Toletus, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> +<li>Tomasini, Giacomo, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Tory, Geoffroy, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> +<li>Tournon, Cardinal de, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> +<li>Towneley, John, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> +<li>Trajan, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +<li>Tyrannion, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li></ul> + +<ul><li>Urbino, Elizabeth d', <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Urbino, Federigo d', <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +<li>Urbino, Francesco d', <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Urbino, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Guidobaldo d''">Guidubaldo d'</ins>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Urbino, Leonora d', <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Urfé, Claude d', <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Urfé, Honors d', <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Usher, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li></ul> + +<ul><li>Van Hulthem, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Vasée, Jean, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> +<li>Vendôme, Duchesse de, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Vérard, Antoine, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Vic, Dominique, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Vic, Méric de, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Vinci, Leonardo da, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Vorstius, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li></ul> + +<ul> +<li>Wake, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Walsingham, Sir Francis, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> +<li>Wanley, Humphrey, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Ware, Sir James, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Webb, Philip Carteret, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>West, James, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> +<li>Wentmore, Abbot, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Whethamstede, Abbot, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>Whittington, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Wilfrid, St., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Williams, Dean, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Wodhull, Michael, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> +<li>Wood, Anthony, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Ximènes, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h5>Printed by T. and A. <span class="smcap">Constable</span>, Printers to Her Majesty, +at the Edinburgh University Press.</h5> + +<hr /> + +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + +<p>Obvious punctuations errors have been repaired.</p> + +<p>Accented characters have been made consistent to assist searching via +the index:</p> +<ul><li>Medici -> Médici</li> +<li>Francois -> François</li> +<li>Ximenes -> Ximènes</li> +<li>Etienne -> Étienne</li> +<li>Orleans -> Orléans</li> +<li>Derome -> Derôme</li> +<li>Merard -> Mérard</li> +<li>Meric -> Méric </li></ul> + +<p>Hyphenation has been left as printed - inconsistencies are:</p> +<ul><li>shiploads, ship-loads</li> +<li>birthplace, birth-place</li> +<li>heirloom, heir-loom</li> +<li>lifetime, life-time</li> +<li>bookshops, book-shops</li></ul> + +<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under +the corrections. +Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins +title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Book-Collectors, by +Charles Isaac Elton and Mary Augusta Elton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT BOOK-COLLECTORS *** + +***** This file should be named 18938-h.htm or 18938-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/9/3/18938/ + +Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous 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