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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Archeological Investigations, by Gerard Fowke
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Archeological Investigations
+       Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 76
+
+Author: Gerard Fowke
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2006 [EBook #18931]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Connal, Jeannie Howse, Alicia Williams,
+Bruce Albrecht and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by the Bibliothèque
+nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                          |
+    |                                                              |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation matches the original document.      |
+    |                                                              |
+    | This e-text contains characters with less common diacritics, |
+    | non-ascii diacritical marks represented as follows:          |
+    | [vc] = c with a caron above                                  |
+    | [VC] = C with a caron above                                  |
+    | [VS] = S with a caron above                                  |
+    | [)e] = e with an accent breve above                          |
+    | [=o] = o with a macron above                                 |
+    |                                                              |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected in this     |
+    | text. For a complete list, please see the bottom of this     |
+    | document.                                                    |
+    |                                                              |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
+BULLETIN 76
+
+ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
+
+
+    I. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION
+       OF CENTRAL MISSOURI
+   II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES
+  III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER
+       BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA
+   IV. ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS
+    V. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII
+
+
+BY
+GERARD FOWKE
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+1922
+
+
+
+
+LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
+
+
+              SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
+              BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY,
+              _Washington, D.C., February 17, 1920._
+
+   SIR: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript,
+   entitled "Archeological Investigations," by Gerard Fowke, and to
+   recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a
+   bulletin of this bureau.
+
+    Very respectfully,
+            J. WALTER FEWKES,
+              _Chief._
+
+  DR. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
+    _Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+I. Cave Explorations in the Ozark Region of Central Missouri
+
+                                                              Page
+Introduction                                                   13
+The Upper Current River                                        18
+Shannon County                                                 18
+    Bat Cave                                                   18
+    Blue Spring, or Fishing Cave                               18
+    Welch's Cave                                               18
+    Big Creek Cave                                             18
+Texas County                                                   19
+    Smith Caves                                                19
+    Saltpeter Cave                                             19
+Dent County                                                    20
+    Mammoth Cave                                               20
+    Guthoerl Cave                                              20
+    Short Bend Cave                                            20
+    Money Cave                                                 21
+    Saltpeter Cave                                             21
+    Watson, Twin, or Onyx Caves                                22
+    House mounds                                               22
+Phelps County                                                  22
+    Bates Cave                                                 22
+    Another "Bates Cave"                                       23
+    Renaud Cave                                                23
+    Marsh Caves                                                23
+    Wild-hog Cave                                              23
+    Shelters                                                   24
+    Phelps Cave                                                24
+    "Key Rocks"                                                24
+    Jones Cave                                                 24
+    Yancy Mills Cave                                           24
+    Lane Mound                                                 24
+    Cairns on Lost Hill, at mouth of Gourd Creek               24
+    Exploration of the Gourd Creek Cave                        28
+    Onyx Cave                                                  34
+    Goat Bluff Cave                                            35
+    Cairns at Sugar Tree Camp                                  40
+    Tick Creek Cave                                            41
+    Cave in Pool Hollow                                        41
+    House mounds near Rolla                                    41
+    House mounds near Dillon                                   42
+    House mounds near St. James                                42
+Pulaski County                                                 42
+    McWilliams Cave                                            42
+    Davis Caves                                                42
+    Berry Cave                                                 43
+    Maxey Cave                                                 43
+    Yoark Cave                                                 43
+    Graves at Laughlin's                                       44
+    Kerr Cave                                                  44
+    Sell Cave                                                  45
+    Phillips Cave                                              51
+    Bell's Cave                                                51
+    Camp-ground Cave                                           51
+    Bucher Cave                                                51
+    Graves near McKennan's                                     52
+    Roubidoux Cave                                             52
+    Richland Cave                                              52
+    Rollins Caves                                              52
+    Mix Cave                                                   53
+    Double Cave                                                54
+    Railroad Cave                                              55
+    Bat, or Page, Cave                                         55
+    Tunnel Cave                                                56
+    Brooks Cave                                                56
+    Riddle Cave                                                56
+    Lane's Cave                                                56
+    Dry Creek Cave                                             56
+    House mounds                                               56
+    Riden's Cave                                               57
+    Saltpeter Cave                                             57
+    Miller's Cave                                              57
+    Ramsey's Cave                                              81
+    Graham Cave                                                83
+    Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave                           83
+    Woodland Hollow Cave                                       84
+    Walled graves at Devil's Elbow                             84
+    Cairns on Helm's farm                                      87
+    Ash Cave                                                   89
+    Clemmens Creek Cave                                        89
+Camden County                                                  89
+    Along the Niangua River                                    89
+    A fossil cave                                              91
+Miller County                                                  91
+    Wright Cave                                                92
+    Wilson Cave                                                94
+    Bagnell Cave                                               94
+    Bode Cave                                                  94
+    Luckenhoff Cave                                            94
+    Jurggenmeyer Cave                                          94
+    Daerhoff Cave                                              95
+    Cave near mouth of Tavern Creek                            95
+    Bat Cave                                                   95
+    Grave at mouth of Saline Creek                             95
+    Stark's Cave                                               96
+    House mounds                                               96
+    Cairns                                                     96
+Maries County                                                  96
+    Indian Ford Cave                                           96
+    Lackaye's Bluff Cave                                       97
+    Hurricane Bluff Cave                                       97
+    Stratman Cave                                              98
+Osage County                                                   98
+    River Cave                                                 98
+    Rock-shelter                                               98
+    Steuffer Cave                                              99
+    Cairns                                                     99
+    House mounds                                               99
+    "Indian Fort"                                              99
+Cole County                                                   100
+    Natural Bridge Cave                                       100
+Morgan County                                                 100
+    Speers Cave                                               100
+    House mounds                                              100
+
+II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES
+
+Introduction                                                  101
+Indiana                                                       102
+    Lawrence County                                           102
+    Martin County                                             102
+    Orange County                                             106
+    Crawford County                                           107
+    Harrison County                                           111
+Illinois                                                      111
+    Monroe County                                             111
+Kentucky                                                      112
+    Hardin County                                             112
+    Hart County                                               112
+    Edmonson County                                           115
+    Warren County                                             118
+    Barren County                                             119
+    Monroe County                                             120
+    Logan County                                              122
+    Todd County                                               122
+Tennessee                                                     123
+    Montgomery County                                         123
+    Sullivan County                                           124
+    Bledsoe County                                            128
+    Sequatchie County                                         130
+    Grundy County                                             131
+    Franklin County                                           131
+    Marion County                                             132
+    Hamilton County                                           133
+Alabama                                                       133
+    Lauderdale County                                         133
+    Colbert County                                            134
+    Jackson County                                            135
+    Dekalb County                                             137
+    Marshall County                                           139
+
+III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS
+     AND NEBRASKA
+
+Vicinity of White Cloud, Kansas                               151
+    Iowa Point                                                152
+    Near the mouth of the Nemaha River                        152
+Vicinity of Troy, Kansas                                      153
+    Mouth of Mosquito Creek                                   153
+Rulo, Nebraska                                                154
+Near Howe, Nebraska                                           155
+Peru, Nebraska                                                156
+Papillion, Nebraska                                           156
+Vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska                                   156
+    Long's Hill                                               157
+
+IV. ABORIGINAL HORSE MOUNDS
+
+New Madrid County                                             166
+St. François County                                           166
+
+V. ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII
+
+Introduction                                                  178
+Molokai Island                                                179
+    The Rain Heiau                                            180
+    The sacrifice stones                                      181
+Hawaii Island                                                 182
+    Kilauea                                                   183
+    Waimea                                                    183
+    Quarry on Mauna Kea                                       183
+    Kawaihae                                                  183
+    East Point district                                       184
+    Napoopoo                                                  184
+    Honaunau                                                  184
+    Keauhou                                                   185
+    Mookini                                                   185
+    Laupahoehoe                                               187
+Maui Island                                                   188
+    Kaupo, or Mokulau                                         188
+    Wailuku                                                   188
+    Waihee                                                    189
+    Burial places                                             190
+    In the Iao Valley                                         191
+Kauai Island                                                  191
+    Lihue                                                     192
+    Wailua                                                    192
+    Dune burials                                              193
+    Waimea                                                    194
+Conclusions                                                   194
+Index                                                         197
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+PLATES
+
+ 1. a, Cave on Big Piney River, Pulaski County, Mo.
+    b, Cave on Big Piney River, Texas County, Mo.              12
+
+ 2. a, Bluff at Mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski County,
+    Mo. b, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave, Pulaski
+    County, Mo.                                                12
+
+ 3. Map of area examined                                       18
+
+ 4. Bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave,
+    Phelps County, Mo.                                         34
+
+ 5. Shell and flint objects from Gourd Creek Cave              34
+
+ 6. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave, Phelps County, Mo.             38
+
+ 7. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave                                 38
+
+ 8. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave                                 38
+
+ 9. Skull of child from Goat Bluff Cave                        38
+
+10. Flints from Goat Bluff Cave                                38
+
+11. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave            38
+
+12. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave            38
+
+13. a, Cairn 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. b, Walled
+    grave 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo.                      38
+
+14. Cairns on Roubidoux Creek, 6 miles from Waynesville,
+    Mo.                                                        46
+
+15. Flints from Sell Cave, near Waynesville, Mo.               46
+
+16. Objects from Sell Cave. a, Pestles or grinding
+    stones; b, celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and
+    skiver                                                     46
+
+17. Three skulls from Pulaski County, Mo. a, b, Skull
+    from Sell Cave; c, d, skull from Bell's Cave, near
+    Waynesville; e, f, skull from Miller's Cave                46
+
+18. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner
+    and amount of wear                                         48
+
+19. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner
+    and amount of wear                                         48
+
+20. a, b, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County,
+    Mo.; c, part of skull of child from Miller's Cave          68
+
+21. Skull of young woman from Miller's Cave                    68
+
+22. Skull of child from Miller's Cave                          72
+
+23. Diseased tibia of adult and diseased bones of child
+    from Miller's Cave                                         72
+
+24. Skull of child from Miller's Cave                          72
+
+25. Cache of flints from ash bed in Miller's Cave              72
+
+26. Flints from Miller's Cave                                  76
+
+27. Flints from Miller's Cave                                  76
+
+28. Flints from Miller's Cave                                  76
+
+29. Axes and pestles from Miller's Cave                        76
+
+30. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+31. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+32. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+33. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+34. Bone and antler implements from Miller's Cave              78
+
+35. Antler implements from Miller's Cave                       78
+
+36. Skivers, showing stages of manufacture, from Miller's
+    Cave                                                       78
+
+37. Shell spoons, pottery disks, and broken spoon made of
+    a deer's skull, from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+38. a, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west;
+    b, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north; c,
+    Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south          180
+
+39. a, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south; b,
+    platform in Heiau A, looking southeast; c, paved way
+    in Heiau A, looking southwest                             180
+
+40. a, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north; b,
+    fireplace in Heiau A                                      180
+
+41. a, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest;
+    b, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking
+    northeast                                                 180
+
+42. a, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west;
+    b, The "Rain Heiau," looking south                        180
+
+43. a, The "Rain Heiau," looking north; b, The "Rain
+    Heiau," looking southwest                                 180
+
+44. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," on Molokai Island,
+    looking southwest; b, The "Sacrifice Stones,"
+    looking west                                              180
+
+45. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest; b,
+    the "Sacrifice Stones," looking south                     180
+
+
+TEXT FIGURES
+
+1. Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo.      26
+
+2. Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo.      26
+
+3. Pipe from Cairn (2)                                         27
+
+4. Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill                             28
+
+5. Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff Cave               37
+
+6. Pot from Goat Bluff Cave                                    39
+
+7. Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave                             40
+
+8. Perforated object of antler from Sell Cave                  48
+
+9. Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell Cave                   48
+
+10. Flints from Sell Cave                                      49
+
+11. Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's Cave             61
+
+12. Incised figures in sandstone near Miller's Cave            61
+
+13. Plan of Miller's Cave                                      62
+
+14. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave                               69
+
+15. Perforated bone object from Miller's Cave                  79
+
+16. Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's Cave                   79
+
+17. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave                               80
+
+18. Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's Elbow               87
+
+19. Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's Elbow               87
+
+20. Plan of Fossil Cave                                        92
+
+21. Section of Fossil Cave                                     92
+
+22. Perforator and knife from Wright Cave                      93
+
+23. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18 feet             144
+
+24. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20 feet             144
+
+25. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22 feet             144
+
+26. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26 feet             145
+
+27. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28 feet             145
+
+28. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30 feet             145
+
+29. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 35½ feet            146
+
+30. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 47½ feet            146
+
+31. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60 feet             146
+
+32. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70 feet             147
+
+33. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90 feet             147
+
+34. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93 feet             148
+
+35. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175 feet            149
+
+36. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180 feet            149
+
+37. Plan of House Mound in St. François County, Mo.           168
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 1 a, Cave on Big Piney River, three miles
+  east of Big Piney, Pulaski County. Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J.
+  Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 1 b, Cave on Big Piney River, in Texas
+  County, Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 2 a, Bluff at mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski
+  County, Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 2 b, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave,
+  Pulaski County, Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+
+
+
+ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
+
+I. EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI
+
+BY GERARD FOWKE
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The geological structure of that portion of southern Missouri which
+lies to the westward of the Archean rocks near the Mississippi River
+is peculiarly suitable for the development of caverns. The Ozark
+uplift produced far-reaching undulations, and there seem to have been
+no violent disturbances which would result in extensive faults,
+considerable displacements, or a pronounced inclination of the strata.
+Jointing and pressure cleavage, however, gave rise to innumerable
+crevices in the limestone, through which percolating surface water
+found its way into all parts of the formations. By its solvent power
+this water gradually enlarged the crevices into passages which,
+multiplying and uniting, drained constantly increasing areas until
+they formed subterranean streams with a perpetual flow. Thus began
+caverns; and these grew in depth, width, and height as the rock was
+eroded and dissolved. Tributary crevices were subject to the same
+action; and there was finally created by each of these water systems a
+network of cavities whose ramifications sometimes extend throughout
+several townships. In time, sections of the roof, here and there,
+became so thin from the combined erosion taking place both above and
+below as to be unable to sustain their own weight; the overlying
+strata fell into the cave, and the volume of water flowing through it
+was augmented by drainage which had previously been disposed of on the
+surface. All this had to seek an outlet somewhere, except in those
+rare instances where it maintains its downward course until, below the
+level of any open stream it can reach, it encounters an impervious
+stratum and must lose itself in the deep rocks. Usually, however, it
+emerges in the face of a bluff or on the side of a hill; and the
+opening becomes "the mouth of a cave." Occasionally, in such
+situations, the water continues to flow out; but usually it finds a
+way to reach a lower level, and so the cave in time becomes dry
+except for such water as seeps through from the earth immediately
+above. Sometimes, too, the point of discharge is at or perhaps
+somewhat below the level of a stream into which it passes; in the
+Ozarks are numerous very large springs or fountains which by inverted
+siphon or artesian action are forced up from subterranean streams
+lying at a greater depth.
+
+Few large caverns have the floor entirely dry, even when they are well
+above the bottom of the valley. Deposits in the front portion may be
+dry, perhaps dusty on the surface; but toward the interior moisture
+usually accumulates until they are muddy or until the water stands in
+pools or puddles. When this is the case there is sometimes a little
+stream making its way to the front through a channel which it has cut;
+or seepage may dampen, possibly saturate, the lowermost portions of
+the otherwise dry earth. These details are controlled principally by
+the direction and degree of slopes and by side openings which allow
+more or less of the water to escape at some part of its journey.
+
+When a cavern is fairly lighted and has a dry floor, whether of rock
+or earth, it forms an excellent abode for a small community unable or
+not disposed to construct shelters more comfortable or convenient; and
+there is abundant evidence that many caves in the Ozarks were utilized
+as habitations by the aborigines. It must be remembered, however, that
+in the centuries which have elapsed since hunters or permanent
+occupants first entered this region, many superficial changes have
+taken place, not only about the entrances but within the caverns as
+well. Very probably these alterations have converted caves once
+occupied into places which at present are quite unfit for such
+purposes. Talus has accumulated in front of the openings or partially
+filled the front chambers; it may well be the case that this conceals
+much refuse. Caves which, from similar deposits, are now difficult to
+enter and dark to the doorway, may have been open and convenient.
+Furthermore, caves with wet or muddy bottoms may owe such condition to
+causes which have recently come into operation; or if they always
+contained more or less water, the primitive dwellers could in many
+cases have overcome such disadvantages by digging drains which have
+since become choked and obliterated. Very small cavities, such as deep
+rock-shelters; or caverns with a great thickness of earth on the
+floors, now showing no trace of remains; or those with entrances so
+small that it is necessary to crawl through--any of these, if cleared
+out to the bottoms, might disclose material dating back to very early
+times.
+
+It might seem that the air in a cave constantly occupied would grow
+stale and close; while smoke from the fires would in time become
+annoying. But Indians used for fuel only dry wood and bark, the smoke
+from which would be a negligible factor. The varying pressure of the
+atmosphere outside creates a current of air in or out which is usually
+imperceptible but which penetrates to the deepest recesses and insures
+ventilation.
+
+In view of the very primitive conditions under which cave dwellers
+lived, as denoted by the artificial objects which they left, and the
+low mentality indicated by the skulls, Mr. W.H. Holmes suggests that a
+careful and extended study of these abodes may disclose a culture
+lower than that prevailing among out-door dwellers in the same
+localities. As no effort would be required to secure warmth and
+shelter, and as food was abundant and easily procured, the people may
+never have advanced from savagery, or may have retrograded.
+
+None of these possibilities are taken into account when reporting upon
+the caves described in the following pages; the information offered is
+based entirely upon the present appearance of the places mentioned. To
+attempt more would be merely offering guesses.
+
+If "Cave Man"--using this term to designate the predecessor of any
+race or tribe known to history--ever existed in the Mississippi Valley
+he would not find in any part of it natural features better adapted
+for his requirements than in the Ozark hills. But, so far, not the
+slightest trace of his presence has been revealed. Products of human
+industry have been reported as occurring at great depths under other
+conditions, even at the bottom of the loess; though in all such cases
+there is some uncertainty as to the correctness of the observations.
+No similar reports have been made in regard to any cave yet explored.
+On the contrary, whatever may be the depth of the deposit containing
+them, the artificial objects exhumed are uniform in character from top
+to bottom; the specimens found on the clay or solid rock floor are of
+the same class as those barely covered by the surface earth. Moreover,
+when they cease to appear they cease absolutely; the rock was swept
+bare, or the clay was deposited, by the stream to which the cave owes
+its existence, and each is a part of the original formation. In these
+circumstances habitation would be out of the question.
+
+By careful search in the caves and rock-shelters of which the Indian
+known to history availed himself, extensive and interesting museum
+collections can be made. To find an earlier man it will be necessary
+to investigate caverns which he found suitable for occupancy and in
+which the accumulation of detritus, from whatever source, has been
+sufficient to cover his remains so deeply that they can not be
+confused with those of a later period; and it may be necessary, also,
+to discover with them bones of extinct animals. Should such a place
+exist, it is extremely probable that there will be no outward
+indication of the fact.
+
+No examination of a cavern is complete or is to be deemed satisfactory
+unless a depth is reached where the geological deposits are
+undeniably of such age as to antedate the possible appearance of man
+upon the scene. This is not assured until the excavation has reached
+the original floor, which may be either the bed-rock or the clay left
+by the eroding stream when its volume had become so diminished from
+any cause that it was no longer able to keep its channel cleared out.
+Unless a cave is almost perfectly dry--and few of them are--the bottom
+can not be reached until all standing or soil water has been drained
+off.
+
+Notwithstanding the most explicit directions, a stranger without a
+guide is frequently unable to find a cave unless its position is
+plainly visible from some well-defined spot. The winding valleys and
+the multitude of ravines sometimes bewilder even those living among
+them.
+
+A few definitions of terms, or explanations of statements in the
+report, may prevent misunderstanding.
+
+"Refuse," "signs," "indications," "evidence," referring to habitation
+or occupancy, mean mussel shells; animal bones; burned or worked
+stones; broken pottery; wrought objects of bone or shell; flint
+implements, chips, or spalls; ashes; charcoal; in short, the material
+ordinarily found on the site of an Indian village, some or all of
+which are to be seen where the caverns have been used for shelter.
+
+"Daylight" or "in daylight" is the greatest distance within the
+entrance to a cavern at which common print may be easily read or the
+nature of small objects lying on the floor determined with certainty.
+
+"Drip rock," "cave rock," or "cave formation" are general terms
+including stalactite or stalagmite; also deposits of similar origin
+coating the walls. Not all of these may be present in the same cavern.
+
+"Roof dust" is a substance, literally "lime sand," produced by the
+superficial disintegration of the roof or walls. This process is
+greatly accelerated where lichen or rock moss has gained a root hold
+on the stone. Roof dust in a dry cavern is the equivalent of
+stalagmite in a wet one.
+
+"Cave earth" is the loose, loamy material usually found in the front
+chambers of large caverns. It is made up of roof dust, sand, and silt
+washed from the interior, outside dust and vegetable matter blown in
+by the wind, with minute amounts of clay or soil carried in by
+animals.
+
+"Gravel" in a cavern is seldom noticeably water-worn, but is the
+angular débris resulting from the continued fragmentation of chert
+nodules released by erosion of the limestone.
+
+A "rock shelter," or "shelter cave," is a room or recess formed by
+atmospheric erosion in the face, usually at the base, of a cliff. The
+depth from front to back, under the projecting or overhanging
+unremoved bedrock above, is generally much less than the length as
+measured along the face of the bluff. They are nearly always dry, more
+or less protected from storms, and when of suitable size and in a
+favorable location were much used as camping places. They are rather
+rare in limestone formations but frequent in massive sandstone.
+
+"House mounds" are small, low piles of earth, similar in all respects
+to those so numerous in southeastern Missouri and southward. Although
+they are usually described as "standing in regular rows," they are in
+fact irregularly placed, though seldom as much as 100 feet apart in
+the same group.
+
+Measurements of caverns explored were made with a tape line; others
+were estimated by stepping, or in the case of elevations, by sighting,
+consequently are only approximate, but the figures given will in no
+case exceed the actual distance.
+
+Specimens reported from caves not excavated were found on the floor,
+sometimes in situations where no addition of cave earth had taken
+place since the objects were left there; at other times where they
+were brought from below by burrowing animals; and, again, where they
+are exposed in the bed or banks of a drainage channel.
+
+In no cave so far examined has any evidence been found to show that
+the aborigines occupied any part of it beyond such point as was
+adequately illuminated from the entrance. No doubt they may, at times,
+have retreated beyond the reach of daylight and been compelled to
+dispel the darkness by means of fires; but such instances were rare
+and of short duration. Statements are sometimes made that specimens,
+usually flint implements, have been found far, possibly several
+hundred yards, within the cavern. Such objects do not predicate
+habitation at that distance; primitive explorers may have lost them.
+It has been pointed out, too, by Mr. De Lancey Gill, that a wounded
+animal, taking refuge in a cave and instinctively seeking its dark
+recesses, may carry in an arrow or spear whose point remains when the
+shaft has decayed. In the case of a large mammal, such as a bear or a
+panther, a number of arrow or spear heads might be carried in and be
+found close together long after the death of the victim.
+
+Cairns or stone-covered graves are of common occurrence; but with a
+single exception the rocks in all those visited or reported are more
+or less displaced. This is due to hunters digging out small wild
+animals making a den in them; to treasure seekers who believe that
+"money" is concealed in them; and most of all to persons who are
+curious to know "what there is in there."
+
+The record of the investigations will be given by counties, beginning
+at the south and proceeding northward. Descriptions and notes of the
+sites mentioned will follow as closely as possible the same
+arrangement. A number following the name of a cave refers to its
+position as denoted by a corresponding number on the map (pl. 3).
+
+
+THE UPPER CURRENT RIVER
+
+A number of well-known caverns, some of them quite extensive, exist
+along the head streams forming the Current River. As originally
+planned, the work included a thorough survey of this region, but owing
+to various causes it was only partially examined. Several large caves
+were reported as being along the river and its tributaries farther
+down than these researches were carried. Notable is one opposite the
+mouth of Sinkin Creek, which was described as dry and very large
+within; but it was also stated that it can only be entered through a
+sink hole with the aid of a ladder or pole 30 feet long. Such a cave
+is not likely to have been used for shelter. Others, as they were
+described, seemed equally unfitted for this purpose. The only
+exception to this general rule is one in Spring Valley south of the
+Current and east of Sinkin.
+
+Such as were visited will be described in their geographical order.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+SHANNON COUNTY
+
+BAT CAVE (1)
+
+This cavern is 6 miles above the mouth of Sinkin. It is near the top
+of a cliff, fully 300 feet above the river. The entrance is 30 feet
+wide and 10 feet high; within is a level earth-covered floor. Being
+very difficult of access, it was probably never inhabited.
+
+
+BLUE SPRING, OR FISHING CAVE (1)
+
+This is situated on the Terrell land, 4 miles below Akers post office.
+The entrance, 10 feet high and 20 feet wide, is almost at low-water
+level; the river at flood height rises fully 20 feet above its top.
+Fifty feet within is a spring or well, 20 feet across, whose bottom is
+beyond the reach of a line 60 feet long. It is said that eyeless fish
+of 3 pounds weight have been caught in this "Blue Spring."
+
+
+WELCH'S CAVE
+
+This is 4 miles below Cedar Grove. It can be entered only in a boat,
+and the entire floor is deeply covered with soft mud.
+
+
+BIG CREEK CAVE
+
+There is a cave at the mouth of Big Creek which is often used as a
+temporary camping place by hunters and fishermen. The water enters
+it whenever there is a freshet in either the creek or the river; so it
+could never have served as a place of permanent abode.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 3: MAP OF AREA EXAMINED
+  (Numbers refer to corresponding numbers in text)]
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+TEXAS COUNTY
+
+SMITH CAVES (2)
+
+On James I. Smith's land, on Big Creek, a mile above Niles, are three
+caves. One is merely a round opening 5 feet in width and height, soon
+narrowing to a crevice; it would not be mentioned except that in it
+was a sandstone slab such as mortars are made of. This bore no marks
+of use; but it had been carried in for some purpose--possibly by white
+men.
+
+The second cave, 50 feet from the first, has an entrance 20 feet wide
+and 4 to 5 feet high. Dry earth extends back for 40 feet; then come
+clay and fallen rocks, sloping downward toward the rear. The roof
+maintains its level as far as followed. No trace of occupation could
+be found.
+
+The third cave, 150 yards from the second, has an entrance 35 feet
+wide and 20 feet high. Dry cave earth appears for 20 feet, at which
+distance it merges with mud containing large rocks. The cavern extends
+for 50 feet in daylight; water from the interior spreads over the
+whole floor to the inner margin of dry earth, where it collects in a
+little stream which passes out along the foot of one wall. The earth
+deposit seems to be thin. The only objects that could be found in the
+cave or about the entrance were a small sandstone slab, unmarked; a
+small piece of deer bone; and one fragment of shell-tempered pottery.
+Not a flake of flint was seen.
+
+These caves are not worth working.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A fourth of a mile from the cave last mentioned is a rock grave on a
+ledge which projects at about 40 feet (vertically) below the top of
+the hill. As near as can be judged, in its present torn-up condition,
+the cairn was originally about 10 by 20 feet in dimensions; so there
+were probably two graves covered by the ordinary conical heaps of
+stone, the depression between them being filled up to form a single
+cairn.
+
+
+SALTPETER CAVE (3)
+
+Five miles west of Montauk, on Ashley Creek, is a cave noted for
+having two entrances which are separated by a triangular mass of rock,
+part of the original formation. This partition measures 30 feet across
+at the face of the bluff and terminates within 20 feet. The principal
+opening is 90 feet wide and 15 feet high. Dry cave earth extends back
+90 feet, at which distance water constantly falls from the roof and
+flows along the foot of one wall through the minor entrance. The
+latter is 30 feet wide, 10 feet high, and its bottom is 10 feet lower
+than that of the main opening. The volume of water passing out varies
+with the seasons, but is sufficient at times to cover the entire floor
+of the side chamber and keep it swept free of earth and small gravel.
+
+In the front portion of the main cavern the dry earth is 5 feet deep
+in its thickest part; but as it has all been leached for obtaining the
+saltpeter or niter diffused through it, none of it is in the original
+position. Some earth has also been brought from farther back, leached,
+and added to the pile in front; and much of this has been hauled out
+for fertilizer.
+
+Near the main entrance is a large mass of breccia made up of small
+angular limestone fragments cemented throughout with stalagmite
+material; it projects several feet above the present level of the
+earth floor, so the character of the cavern must have changed greatly
+since this deposit was formed.
+
+The only artificial object found was a fragment, about an inch across,
+of dark, sand-tempered pottery.
+
+Owing to the extensive changes resulting from collecting the
+saltpeter, the cavern would not repay investigation.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+DENT COUNTY
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE
+
+The statement has been made that a large dry cavern, known as the
+"Mammoth Cave," is in a bluff facing Current River, opposite the mouth
+of Ashley Creek. It could not be located; and residents in the
+vicinity assert that not only is there no cave near this site, but
+there is none known as "Mammoth" anywhere in the region. Some of them,
+however, had a vague idea that a cavern bearing the same name exists
+"away down toward Eminence; it may be on Jack's Fork."
+
+
+GUTHOERL CAVE
+
+There is a cave on the farm of Peter Guthoerl, 6 miles east of Salem.
+It is small, with very little level space in front of it, and water
+from the interior runs or seeps out of it, keeping the floor muddy
+throughout the year.
+
+
+SHORT BEND CAVE (4)
+
+Short Bend post office is 12 miles northeast of Salem. Half a mile
+east of it, in a bluff on the opposite side of the Meramec River, is a
+cave with an entrance 25 feet wide and about the same in height; the
+roof forming a fairly symmetrical Gothic arch. Were it not for the
+pile of talus in front, water from the river would pour into the
+cavern in extreme floods; these subside very rapidly, however, and
+have never percolated through the barrier.
+
+It is said that persons digging in a desultory way have unearthed
+bones which were assumed to be those of Indians because they were
+"red." No description of them could be obtained, and they may not have
+been human bones at all.
+
+The floor is level and dry for about 80 feet back from the entrance,
+but no refuse of any kind appeared, except in the pile of talus
+outside, which showed a small quantity of flint chips such as would be
+left by hunting parties in repairing their weapons.
+
+
+MONEY CAVE
+
+This is a fourth of a mile down the river from Short Bend Cave. It
+takes its name from the customary tradition that Indians concealed a
+large treasure here; the legend being authenticated by an "Indian
+chief" who told a white man that his people had buried much gold in a
+cave in this bluff, built a fire over the money, then filled the mouth
+of the cave with earth and rock. Some of the persons who opened many
+small holes in searching for the hidden wealth claim to have found
+ashes in this cave, behind the barrier, which is only ordinary talus.
+The floor is of tough clay, fallen rocks, and stalagmite, all of
+which, as well as the walls and ledges, were industriously dug and
+hammered for months by the treasure seekers.
+
+A cave with an entrance 15 feet wide, the same in height, and having a
+depth of 45 feet in daylight, lies between Money Cave and Short Bend
+Cave. In very wet seasons water runs through it from the interior; and
+high water backs into it from the Meramec River.
+
+
+SALTPETER CAVE
+
+This is three-fourths of a mile north of Short Bend post office, on
+the opposite side of the river. The arched entrance is 25 feet wide
+and 20 feet high. Fifteen feet from the front the cave divides into
+two branches about equal in size; they have never been explored to the
+end. One branch continues straight back for about 100 feet, then turns
+abruptly to the right for 50 or 60 feet, at which distance it resumes
+its original direction. The other branch turns directly to the right
+and is in daylight for 50 feet. Much of the cave earth has been hauled
+away for fertilizer, or leached for obtaining saltpeter, so that only
+a small quantity remains in front. Farther back, in both chambers, the
+dry earth where not disturbed is 8 to 10 feet thick.
+
+The cavern is easily accessible, close to the river, and otherwise
+well adapted for habitation; but careful search failed to reveal any
+indication that it had ever been thus used.
+
+
+WATSON, TWIN, OR ONYX CAVES
+
+The two caverns thus variously designated are on the Meramec River, 14
+miles north of Salem. They are parallel to a depth of about 100 feet,
+being separated by only 10 or 12 feet of solid wall. The floors of
+both slope downward from front to rear, but not so rapidly as the
+roof, so that at this distance the caves apparently come to an end.
+But that they continue back into the hill is manifest from the
+appearance of the roofs. In some manner the rear portion of each has
+become entirely filled with earth. Probably they unite somewhere
+beyond this point.
+
+Either of these caves is of ample size to make an excellent shelter
+for a large number of people; but they are difficult of access, and no
+evidence whatever could be discovered indicating occupancy.
+
+In fact, this part of the Meramec Valley does not seem to have ever
+been permanently inhabited. Residents say that relics, even flint
+implements, are seldom found in the bottom lands; and this fact was
+commented on by persons who have learned how common such things are in
+other localities. Small, rough hematite axes, however, occur in
+considerable quantities throughout the region. The ore outcrops at
+various places and solid nodules or fragments are plentiful. Chert
+knives or spearheads are found scattered promiscuously; and, rarely,
+an object made of other stone may be picked up. Very few specimens of
+any description are symmetrical or carefully finished.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (5)
+
+On the Dent County infirmary farm, in Spring Creek Valley, a mile and
+a half south of Salem, is a group of house mounds, about 50 in number.
+They have not been much disturbed by cultivation; the creek and a
+drainage ditch have cut through several of them, but, as usual, there
+is nothing in the construction to show their purpose.
+
+Two similar groups are on the Short Bend road, not far from Salem;
+another group on Peter Guthoerl's farm 6 miles east of Salem; and a
+fourth group, partly within the corporate limits of Salem, on the road
+to Rolla.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PHELPS COUNTY
+
+BATES CAVE
+
+On the farm of J.W. Riden, 6 miles southeast of Big Piney post office,
+is Bates Cave, of which every visitor to the region is speedily
+informed. It is entered with difficulty by sliding feet first down the
+inner slope of a pile of débris which fills the entrance almost to
+the roof. Once beyond this, there is ample space. On the hillside,
+above the mouth, is a vertical shaft, like a well, due to the widening
+of a crevice; access to the interior of the cave may also be had
+through this by means of a long rope. Under present conditions, it
+would not be used except as a temporary shelter or hiding place; for
+which purposes bushwhackers availed themselves of its advantages
+during the Civil War.
+
+This cavern is renowned far beyond its merits on account of its famous
+"ballroom," where dances and picnics are held; artificial lights being
+placed on the walls. Possibly the manner in which it must be entered
+has something to do with its popularity.
+
+
+ANOTHER "BATES CAVE"
+
+Within a few rods of the cave above described is another, with an
+entrance 60 feet wide and 10 feet high. Cave earth, which is 5 feet
+thick above the bottom of a small stream coming from the interior,
+extends back to large rocks covering the floor; beyond these are
+rocks, wet clay, and gravel. The cave earth seems to run for some
+distance under the receding walls. A milk house has been constructed
+in it, so that excavations are not permitted.
+
+
+RENAUD CAVE
+
+Four miles east of Edgar Springs, facing Little Piney, is Renaud
+(R[)e]n´n[=o]) Cave, on the farm of Charles E. Widener. The entrance
+is 50 feet wide and 10 feet high. Dry cave earth extends back for 65
+feet, then comes fallen rock for 100 feet or more. A little stream
+runs close to the north wall. Cave earth is 5 feet deep on the bedrock
+at the entrance and rises toward the interior. There is much refuse
+within and also on the slope in front of the entrance.
+
+
+MARSH CAVES
+
+A shelter cave on Henry Marsh's farm, facing Little Piney, 2 miles
+south of Yancy Mills, has a front 35 feet wide, 15 feet high, and runs
+back 60 feet. There is a wet-weather stream bed through the center.
+Bedrock shows at the entrance, rising toward the rear for a few feet,
+then becoming covered with cave earth, which probably has a maximum
+thickness of 2 feet. There is considerable refuse scattered about, but
+it is doubtful whether the shallow deposit would repay investigation.
+
+
+WILD-HOG CAVE
+
+A fourth of a mile from the above cave is one known as "Wild-hog
+Cave," because in pioneer days these animals gathered here for shelter
+and protection. It is a small, tunnel-like affair, with a solid rock
+floor, and extends farther into the hill than anyone has ever dared to
+venture.
+
+
+SHELTERS
+
+Two small rock shelters near the Wild-hog Cave may have been resorted
+to as temporary camping places.
+
+
+PHELPS CAVE
+
+A cave on the farm of James Phelps, 2 miles south of Yancy Mills, is
+described as small, with a narrow entrance.
+
+
+"KEY ROCKS"
+
+Near Yancy Mills there is something known as "the Key Rocks." It can
+not be found by a stranger and no guide was available at the time the
+place was sought. It is described as a small, deep, circular hole in
+solid rock, in which were many stone covers or lids, one above
+another, gradually diminishing in size and "cut to fit down on each
+other." It is probably due to stream erosion.
+
+
+JONES CAVE
+
+On Little Piney, half a mile south from Yancy Mills, is a large cave
+on the Jones farm. It is said to have a large entrance and much earth
+on the floor. As the owner uses it for a warehouse in which to store
+fruits and vegetables and utilizes the stream flowing through it for
+preserving milk and butter, no examination could be made.
+
+
+YANCY MILLS CAVE
+
+There is a small, shallow cave near the top of the bluff, half a mile
+north of Yancy Mills. It contains no evidence of occupation, except
+that walls and ceiling are blackened with smoke, due, probably, to
+modern refugees or hunters.
+
+
+LANE MOUND (7)
+
+It was reported, too late to visit the site, that on George Lane's
+farm, on Little Piney, a mile north of Yancy Mills, is a mound "8 feet
+high, built of earth," and surrounded with the usual evidences of a
+village site, scattered over the level bottom on which it stands.
+
+
+CAIRNS ON LOST HILL, AT MOUTH OF GOURD CREEK (8)
+
+Gourd Creek flows into the east side of Little Piney River 12 miles
+southwest of Rolla. It is less than 4 miles long, and but for three or
+four large springs near its source, which keep its volume fairly
+uniform, would be dry most of the year.
+
+Parallel with it, a short distance to the southward, is a ravine
+several miles in length, known as Coal Pit Hollow. This originally
+discharged its drainage into Little Piney about half a mile above the
+mouth of Gourd Creek. A ravine tributary to the latter, near its
+mouth, has worked back until it has captured the flow of Coal Pit. The
+lower end of the stream bed thus abandoned now forms a gap or
+depression with a slight incline from the center in both directions.
+The crest of the deserted portion is about 50 to 60 feet above the
+present level of Little Piney. The hill inclosed by this quadrilateral
+drainage is about a fourth of a mile in length along its top, has a
+direction almost north and south, with a nearly uniform slope along
+the summit, the southern point being somewhat higher than that at the
+north, and terminates abruptly at each end. The sides descend at once
+from the center line of the ridge, like a roof with a slightly rounded
+comb.
+
+On account of its isolated position the eminence is locally known as
+"Lost Hill." It is not to be confused, however, with several similar
+formations in this region, to which the same term is applied and which
+may owe their existence to a like cause, or may be due to cut-offs by
+streams.
+
+On the top of this particular Lost Hill are six cairns, five of them
+near the northern end, the sixth just where the ridge breaks off to
+the south. The margins are uncertain owing to the upper stones being
+scattered by hunters as well as by credulous individuals who are
+firmly fixed in the belief that all such "rock piles" contain gold
+hidden by Indians.
+
+So far as can now be determined the five at the northern end were 16
+to 18 feet across as left by the builders, the southernmost one being
+somewhat smaller. All are in uncleared land, and crevices between the
+stones are filled with a tangled mass of roots from the trees and
+bushes growing on and around them.
+
+The relative positions are about thus, measurements being made on the
+earth between the scattered stones: (1) 10 feet, (2) 10 feet, (3) 50
+feet, (4) 10 feet, (5) 1,000 feet, (6). The distance from (5) to (6)
+is estimated by stepping and may vary considerably either way from the
+measure given.
+
+Cairns (1), (2), and (3) were thoroughly excavated.
+
+
+CAIRN (1)
+
+This, the farthest north, was about 16 by 17 feet within the original
+limits. When the outer loose rocks were removed there was disclosed a
+wall of flat stones on the natural surface, so laid as to form an
+inclosure apparently intended to be practically square. It measured,
+across the center, from outside to outside, about 14 feet from north
+to south by 12 feet from east to west. The north and south walls were
+straight, the others outwardly curved. The approximate outline is
+shown in figure 1. In most parts the wall was only one stone high; in
+a few places there was another rock laid up. Over and within this wall
+had been piled loose stones, ranging in size from small pebbles to
+fragments of 150 pounds in weight, to form a heap whose original
+height was about 2 feet.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 1.--Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps
+  County, Mo.]
+
+When all these were cleared away the space within the wall was found
+to measure 9 feet in each direction. Three feet from the middle of the
+west wall was a fragment of a child's skull lying on the undisturbed
+angular gravel which forms the natural surface on this ridge except
+where a small amount of recently decayed humus may be held by rocks
+and roots. Halfway between the center and the north wall was the top
+of an adult skull, with three fragments of long bones. These, which
+were much gnawed by rodents, were in black earth, evidently the former
+home of some burrowing animal.
+
+A foot north of the infant's skull were small remnants of an adult's
+skull, probably belonging with the piece first found. There were also
+some scraps of animal bones, much gnawed.
+
+
+CAIRN (2)
+
+This measured from 16 to 18 feet across to the outer edge of the loose
+stones, and about 30 inches high. Under the top rocks was a rough wall
+similar to that in Cairn (1), but all the sides were nearly straight.
+The outline is given in figure 2. The outside measurements, across the
+center, were 15 feet each way. There were more stones in this wall
+than in the first; mostly there were two, and in some places three,
+superposed.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 2.--Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps
+  County, Mo.]
+
+Extending from north to south across the middle of the vault was a row
+of large slabs standing on edge with their tops leaning toward the
+east. Their inclination varied from nearly horizontal to nearly
+vertical; so it would appear that they were not placed thus
+intentionally but had settled irregularly. Probably they had formed
+the covering of a pen or vault, of poles or timbers, in which a body
+had been placed.
+
+Close to these inclined slabs, near the north wall of the vault, was
+the effigy pipe shown in figure 3. It is made of a fine-grained
+sandstone and seems intended to represent a buzzard with an
+exaggerated tail, though the beak is more like that of a crow. This
+specimen lay between two flat rocks which were separated by a little
+earth and gravel, but there were no traces of bone with it or near it.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 3.--Pipe from Cairn (2).]
+
+At a slightly lower level than the pipe were several flat stones
+standing at various angles. When these were removed there were found
+fragmentary remains of at least three adults, lying in confusion, as
+if only the folded dismembered skeletons had been placed here. They
+lay on a floor of slabs which, in turn, rested upon undisturbed
+gravel.
+
+The facts observed are difficult to interpret, as the original order
+was so broken up; but it would seem that as a preliminary to the
+burial of bodies or skeletons, the superficial earth had been scraped
+away and a rough stone floor laid, on which the bundled or folded
+remains were placed and at least partially covered with earth and
+gravel. Other flat rocks were then laid over them, either directly on
+the earth or more probably supported by poles placed across, whose
+decay had allowed them to fall into the confusion in which they were
+found.
+
+A small flint knife was among the remains.
+
+The pipe, being at a little distance from these bones, would suggest
+another interment; but as no trace of such remained it may have been
+placed as an afterthought or a separate deposit.
+
+From these skeletons row after row of the slanting rocks continued to
+the inner side of the eastern wall. Two feet east of the pipe was a
+skull on its right side, the back against a small flat rock. It was
+crushed flat, and only a small part of it remained. Possibly it had
+turned after burial, as fragments of other bones were found here and
+there toward the south from it, indicating an extended burial. The
+teeth were hard, solid, and much worn. The bones found were more or
+less gnawed, and among them were scraps, probably of food animals,
+burned into charcoal. No bones found could be saved, as they were very
+soft.
+
+
+CAIRN (3)
+
+This was similar in construction to (1) and (2), as is shown in figure
+4. The wall, along the outside, measured 14 feet on the south, 13 feet
+on the north, 15 feet on the west, and 14 feet on the east. The
+inclosed space was 10 feet across each way. Some one had dug out much
+of the south end; the northern end was undisturbed.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 4.--Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill.]
+
+The prior excavation had barely missed, near the west wall, a few
+fragments of an adult skull and three teeth. About even with the
+middle point of the west wall, 2 feet from it, was evidence of the
+burial of an adult--pieces of bone and skull, and some teeth. North of
+these, near the northwest corner, were fragments of two adult skulls,
+with one of which were some beads made of shells of water snails; 18
+of these were recovered, all more or less decayed. Between these two
+skulls were parts of a child's skull, the teeth not yet through the
+bone.
+
+Inclined flat stones in the eastern half of the grave, the tops
+leaning eastward, denoted other burials; but nothing was found under
+them, although small flat stones laid on the original surface
+indicated the bottom of a grave.
+
+Evidently several burials, of which all traces have disappeared, were
+made in this vault.
+
+Owing to the practical identity of these three graves, the poor
+returns, and the difficulty of working in a tangled mass of tough
+roots without displacing the stones so greatly that their proper
+position became a perplexing question, the remaining three were not
+excavated.
+
+
+EXPLORATION OF THE GOURD CREEK CAVE (8)
+
+Near the mouth of Gourd Creek, on the north side, is a cave which has
+acquired much local reputation from its size and also from the
+evidence it affords of a long-continued occupation by the aborigines.
+It is easily reached from the road which passes in front; wagons can
+be driven into it and there is ample space for them to turn and pass
+out. Formerly it was much resorted to as a pleasant place for social
+gatherings; but in recent years it has been used as a barn and
+storehouse. The owner, Mr. Valentine Allen, gave cheerful permission
+for all the excavation that was desired, subject only to the proviso
+that the floor be put back in condition suitable for the purposes for
+which he needed it. And it is only fair to state that he was not at
+all difficult to satisfy in this respect.
+
+A stream coming from the interior had a flow at the close of the long
+drought in 1918 sufficient to fill a 2-inch pipe with a rapid fall; in
+wet seasons the water spreads from wall to wall until it comes to
+within 100 feet of the mouth.
+
+Back in the cave, where the slope is greater, it has sufficient volume
+and force to carry away all pebbles smaller than coarse gravel and the
+material that finds lodgment among the stones.
+
+The cave is easily traversed for almost 600 feet; beyond this are
+narrow crevices and tortuous passages, where explorers must frequently
+crawl or clamber. One adventurous party proceeded until they reached
+an opening on the other side of the hill; but this was so choked by
+fallen rock and débris from the hillside as to be impassable. In
+storms a strong breeze passes through the main entrance, in or out in
+accordance with the direction of the wind.
+
+Owing to the irregular outline of the cliffs, the width of the
+entrance can not be accurately given. From side to side, well under
+the front of the ceiling the distance is 110 feet. Two hundred feet
+toward the interior it contracts to 50 feet. At the entrance the walls
+are vertical to a height of 25 feet; a short curve at the top on
+either side, due to the breaking away of the ledges, connects them
+with the roof, which is somewhat higher. Being a single massive
+stratum, the top is practically horizontal, but the floor constantly
+rises from the front with a slight and fairly uniform grade. The front
+chamber is straight and well lighted for 300 feet, where it turns
+abruptly westward; from this point the floor is solid rock which the
+water keeps comparatively free from any loose matter except heavy
+blocks from the walls or top.
+
+Beginning at the entrance is a deposit whose farthest extension
+reaches 100 feet into the cavern. It is composed to a small extent of
+sand and clay carried by the stream, and of earth blown or washed in
+from the outside; but, as investigation proved, it is mainly ashes
+from prehistoric fires. The surface of this deposit, especially toward
+the inner end, is very uneven, being higher near the walls than
+through the central portion. This is due to two causes: In very wet
+seasons water has carried away much of it, and a large amount has been
+hauled out by the owner to scatter over his fields as a fertilizer. He
+reports that in the course of this work he found quantities of pottery
+fragments, broken bones, flints, and "two or three" human skeletons,
+with fragments of others. This is the basis for the assertion,
+frequently heard, that "many" or "very many" burials had been made
+here. The only human remains which he saved are the complete skull of
+an adult, remarkably preserved and apparently that of a white woman; a
+rather large lower jaw, of a man; a few long bones; and parts of
+skulls and jaws of three or four children.
+
+From comments made and questions asked by visitors while the
+investigation was in progress, it seems that bones and teeth of deer
+and other animals are mistaken for those of people. No human bones
+were uncovered in this work, except as noted below.
+
+There is a firm belief in the community that somewhere in this cave is
+concealed $100,000 in gold, seven "pony loads" in all, which was put
+here by an old squaw, sole survivor of a massacre by which her tribe
+was exterminated. Much of the irregularity of surface noted in the
+deposits is due to the efforts of persons trying to find this money.
+
+Before starting the work it was necessary to deepen the little stream,
+which had cut its way through the accumulation much nearer to the
+western than to the eastern wall of the cavern, in order to allow the
+water to run out of the lower end of the deposit. Thorough drainage of
+the whole mass was impossible, as water continually seeped in from the
+gravel bed farther up, a condition which could not be remedied.
+
+Bedrock was reached at a depth of 3 feet below the channel. The lower
+2 feet of this distance was through a black, mucky substance which was
+so tough and sticky that removing it was like digging through a bog.
+
+Following the bedrock as a floor, the western side of the deposit was
+first examined. It had a width of 35 feet at the mouth of the cave,
+gradually narrowing inward for a distance of 75 feet, where it
+terminated at the level of the water. Its greatest elevation, at the
+side of the entrance, was about 10 feet; but this does not mean that
+its thickness was so much at any point, as the rock sloped upward
+quite as rapidly as the surface. So many stones were scattered through
+it, fallen from the sides and roof, or rolled in from the outside
+where they had broken loose from the cliff, that not more than
+one-fourth of the area could be excavated. These rocks varied in size
+from cobblestones to blocks weighing 3 or 4 tons. They were at all
+levels, some lying on the rock floor, others only slightly imbedded in
+the earth. Yet the superficial accumulation extended under all of them
+except such as were in direct contact with the bedrock, proving that
+the cave was occupied throughout the period in which such downfalls
+occurred. An additional evidence of age is the fact that the usual
+débris, such as bones, flints, pottery, ashes, etc., lay in immediate
+contact with the bedrock where this has weathered to a chalky
+consistency from 2 to 4 inches in depth since these objects were left
+there.
+
+Owing to the uneven surface of both the bedrock and the deposits on
+it, the thickness of the latter varied from 1 to 3 feet--not including
+the muck, which last, however, disappeared at the level where the rock
+rose above the water line. But, whatever the depth, more than half the
+overlying material was pure ashes; either resting undisturbed on the
+fire beds, or piled in irregular masses, where they had been thrown to
+get them out of the way. The largest ash bed was near the wall; it
+measured from 4 to 7 feet across, with a very uneven outline, as if
+many fires had been made there at different times.
+
+The objects discovered included flint knives, spearheads, arrowheads
+(mostly broken), with many spalls and chips; potsherds (only very
+small pieces were found); animal bones; mussel shells; bone
+perforators; chert nodules, more or less flaked; two stone beads or
+buttons; a small fragment of a pipe; but no mortars, hammers, pestles,
+cooking-stones, or hatchets, such as are usually found on the sites of
+Indian villages. None of the pottery was decorated, but most of it was
+cord-marked, though some of it was so smoothed and polished as almost
+to appear glazed. It varied through a wide range of color, thickness,
+and general appearance, and was noticeably deficient in quantity. In
+fact, the west side of the cave had less the appearance of a
+permanently occupied site than of a camping place which was used as a
+temporary resort by traveling or hunting parties; but at the same time
+the depth and amount of ashes showed that it had afforded shelter
+through a long period.
+
+The excavation on this side included all the space bounded by the
+ditch, the wall, the mass of rocks piled at the entrance, and the
+water-soaked earth toward the interior. The muck, and the large blocks
+scattered around, prevented a complete clearing out; but the part
+thoroughly examined had an area of about 600 square feet, perhaps a
+little more. No human bones were found, in spite of reports of their
+discovery and reburial by treasure hunters in the past; and there was
+wide disagreement on the part of visitors, who were also present when
+the bones were found, as to the number of such interments. All finally
+conceded that there was only one adult skull, though there was much
+argument as to the number of children's remains discovered, the person
+who was blessed with the largest memory insisting there were 13 "all
+in a pile." There was also some discussion as to whether the remains
+were actually found near the west wall or had been carried over there
+and reinterred after being exhumed on the east side.
+
+These particulars are given merely to show how little reliance is to
+be placed upon the statements of perfectly truthful persons who do
+not observe closely, whose memory plays them tricks, who are not
+especially interested in the matter under discussion, or whose
+recollections naturally become jumbled after several years have
+elapsed.
+
+Work was next begun on the east side, at the edge of the drainage
+trench. Bedrock was reached as before, under 2 feet of muck, and was
+weathered until quite soft and of a yellowish hue, for 3 or 4 inches
+below its surface. An effort was made to keep on the rock as a floor,
+removing all the muck; but this was so water soaked, so tenacious, and
+so filled with chert and limestone gravel that it could not be managed
+with either pick or shovel. A little of the gravel had no doubt fallen
+from the roof; but nearly all of this mingled material had washed down
+from the interior, as it was entirely similar, except for its dark
+color, to that forming the floor farther in. Consequently it was
+necessary to limit the explorations to that part of the deposit which
+lay above the wet black mass. Numerous attempts were made to ascertain
+the thickness of the latter; but water, gravel, and slush oozed or
+slid into the hole as fast as they could be removed, and it was
+impossible to reach the bottom. The eastward dip of the rock floor, as
+noted on the western side of the cave, no doubt continues entirely
+across. If such be the case, then the original drainage line was
+against the foot of the eastern wall. Later, because the channel was
+obstructed by talus, the stream was forced more and more to the west,
+saturating, up to the level of its final outlet, the earth and ashes
+which had accumulated. It may be, however, that either this line of
+drainage, or the mass of talus in front of the cave, is of
+comparatively recent origin. Such accumulations as those described
+would be impossible under present conditions. At any rate, this
+deposit of muck, then dry, started from the floor of the cave with the
+earliest occupation; for artificial objects of the same character that
+occurred in the dry deposit above were found in it to a depth of 3 or
+4 inches. They may continue to the bedrock, but on account of the
+standing water no satisfactory observations could be made below the
+level indicated.
+
+Lying above the muck and, as intimated, practically continuous with
+it, was an accumulation of ashes with which here and there some earth
+was mingled, though the latter made only a small proportion of the
+entire mass, and was sometimes entirely lacking from top to bottom.
+They were principally in strata or irregular layers, lying undisturbed
+where fires had been made; but there were also many scattered piles,
+usually small, where they had been thrown to get them out of the way.
+
+The excavation on the eastern side began with a trench 25 feet wide.
+When this had been carried about the same distance toward the wall,
+rocks and earth rolled and washed in from the outside were encountered
+on the right, the side toward the mouth of the cavern. These reached
+from the bottom to the surface, and were continuous with the bank of
+talus. As results had been meager along here, the sides of the trench
+were turned to the northward and northwestward. The entire trench was
+43 feet long and varied in width from 30 feet in the central parts to
+18 feet at the extreme northern end. The left face reached, in its
+entire length, nearly to the drain; on the right side the eastern wall
+of the cavern was uncovered for 15 feet. It embraced nearly all the
+area not previously dug by others, except a triangular space at the
+east side of the entrance, filled with large stones, as just stated.
+
+Near the middle of the excavated area was a heap of large fallen
+rocks, fully a carload in all; some of them imbedded in the muck,
+others barely penetrating the surface of the latest deposits. Ashes
+lay under and between all of them, proving this side also had been
+inhabited before the first of them had become loose, and that
+occupancy was practically continuous until the last one had fallen.
+The inmates, recognizing the danger, may have knocked these down.
+
+The greatest depth of ashes found in any part of the excavation was 7
+feet; but it may have been greater previous to any disturbance; nor
+does this include such as may be present in the muck. There were
+unbroken layers as much as 8 inches thick covering spaces 5 to 10 feet
+across; many smaller, intact patches; and numerous masses, from a peck
+to a bushel in volume, removed from fire beds elsewhere. Charcoal
+among them showed that bark and dead wood, principally oak, was the
+main reliance for fuel.
+
+The wrought objects found were flints, mostly broken or of rough
+finish; very many small fragments of pottery; mortars made of
+sandstone slabs; hammerstones or pestles; bone perforators; mussel
+shells, some pierced for suspension or for attachment of a handle,
+some with outer surfaces and edges dressed for use as spoons; hematite
+ore, in the rough or rubbed to procure paint. There was a great
+abundance of bones from animals used for food, mostly deer, though
+elk, bear, many smaller mammals, turtles, tortoises, turkeys, and
+other birds were well represented. Singularly enough, when the
+plentiful supply of fish in all the streams of this region is
+considered, none of their bones or scales were found, although the
+ashes would have preserved them perfectly. Nor were there many burned
+rocks, in view of the amount of pottery and the number of bones which
+showed that they had been boiled. Perhaps such stones had crumbled or
+were thrown outside when near disintegration.
+
+There is a consensus of belief, or at least of statement, in the
+neighborhood that many human skeletons have been dug out close to the
+east wall. In the only part reached during this work--which took in
+about all that had not been searched by others--rocks lay along the
+wall, so large and so numerous that no graves could have been dug
+behind or between them. By careful and persistent questioning it was
+established that skeletons had been found in two places and a detached
+jaw in another.
+
+A human skull, which was very soft and fell to pieces when uncovered,
+was found on, and slightly pressed into, the muck at a point 15 feet
+from the wall; there were no other bones about it, though a rough
+stone hammer, whose presence was probably accidental, lay close by. A
+single human molar was lying among some ashes.
+
+These were the only human remains found during the work, except two
+adult femurs of different individuals, and fragments of a skull and
+some other bones from a child and from an infant, all of which lay
+close to the wall where they had been thrown and slightly covered by
+parties previously working here.
+
+As the depth of the wet material on the rock floor of the eastern side
+of this cavern is unknown, interesting results might be obtained by a
+careful examination of it; but this can not be made until a ditch is
+dug through it of sufficient depth to drain it thoroughly.
+
+Slight investigation outside the entrance showed a large amount of
+broken bones, pottery, and flint; and this dump may contain even more
+material than was found in an equal volume in the cavern. But in
+addition to the rocks of all sizes broken off from the cliff, there
+were also many which had rolled down from the hillside above; and all
+these were so interlaced with roots as to make digging very difficult
+and unsatisfactory. Consequently further exploration at this site was
+deemed undesirable.
+
+Pointed bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave are shown in
+plate 4. A shell knife, a bead from a fragment of sea shell, and types
+of flint arrowheads appear in plate 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a village site on Gourd Creek bottom, at the foot of Lost
+Hill, and a little below the cave. Three small earth mounds are plowed
+nearly level.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A small village site is located on the east bank of Little Piney, half
+a mile below Gourd Creek.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the bluff facing Little Piney, a mile below Gourd Creek, on the
+opposite side, is a small, shallow cave with a low roof. Water cracks
+on the floor show that it is sometimes flooded. No signs of use are
+apparent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the hill over the cave just mentioned is a cairn, now destroyed.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 4 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOURD CREEK
+  CAVE, PHELPS COUNTY, MO.]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 5 SHELL AND FLINT OBJECTS FROM GOURD CREEK
+  CAVE]
+
+
+ONYX CAVE (9)
+
+Five miles southwest of Arlington, near the Boiling Spring in the
+Gasconade, is Onyx Cave, so named because much workable stalagmite
+occurs in it. It has a number of branches, some of which have been
+explored for several hundred yards without coming to the end. The
+entrance is 90 feet in width. A pile of talus at the front, lying
+partly inside the cavern, reaches nearly to the roof; it has a height
+of 26 to 28 feet above the level of the wet, muddy floor. Drainage is
+through a small aperture in the north wall, whose outlet is not known.
+Apparently the bedrock lies at a considerable depth; it is not visible
+at any point in the steep ravine leading from the mouth of the cave to
+the river. Formerly a large quantity of ashes covered much of the
+inner slope of the talus, where it is protected from the weather; but
+most of them have been hauled away to scatter over the fields. They
+extend to a greater depth than any digging was ever carried. The
+cavern has long been a refuge for stock, and this, with the trampling
+of many visitors, has mingled all the superficial deposits, so that,
+while ashes may be seen mixed with the débris, no ash beds are now to
+be found.
+
+There must be a very pronounced cavernous condition in this vicinity.
+At a number of places, even extending to a distance of 2 miles from
+Onyx Cave, the passage of a wagon produces a rumbling sound,
+indicative of a cavity at no great depth. There are also many sink
+holes, some closed, forming ponds, others with free openings. They are
+so numerous that no one of them drains any considerable area. The
+largest of these sinks measures from top to top of its slopes about
+three-fourths of a mile long and half a mile wide. Around much of its
+margin are vertical cliffs; there are few places where descent is
+practicable. It is 300 feet deep, perhaps more; for when the
+Gasconade, more than a mile away, is at flood stage the water from it,
+backing through an underground passage, breaks in at two different
+points not at the same elevation, and covers the nearly level floor of
+the depression, about 15 acres in area, to a depth or 15 to 20 feet.
+
+Another sink, near this, is conical in form, a fourth of a mile across
+and more than 200 feet deep.
+
+
+GOAT BLUFF CAVE (10)
+
+Goat Bluff Cave, 4 miles west of Arlington, on the left bank of the
+Gasconade, is at the foot of a vertical cliff 50 feet high, the slope
+above rising about as much higher to the crest of the ridge. A few
+yards to the west is a slight ravine through which, with a little
+effort, the top of the hill may be reached. In front, the declivity,
+while steep as earth will lie, furnishes fairly easy passage to and
+from the river which lies 200 feet below.
+
+The entrance to the cave is an arch 30 feet high and 75 feet wide,
+facing a little east of south. The width holds nearly the same for 90
+feet, whence it rapidly contracts to 20 feet; the roof meanwhile
+descending to 10 feet above the floor. The extreme rear of this
+chamber is nearly filled with large blocks of stone. At the front part
+the floor is several feet higher along the west wall than at the east;
+this condition being due to the combined action of accumulation from
+the ravine above mentioned and erosion by a little rivulet which
+emerges from a crevice 30 feet within the entrance and flows at the
+foot of the east wall. Beyond this the floor is practically level
+across the inclosed space, with a slight and uniform ascent toward the
+rear. No evidence of rock bottom appears at any point.
+
+A preliminary cut at the outer margin of the cave showed two distinct,
+sharply separated strata. The lower is a red or yellow clay containing
+much angular gravel such as usually results from disintegration of
+limestone in which chert is abundant. Above this is a deposit of very
+loose fine material. Toward the rear the upper deposit had been
+disturbed by "curiosity seekers," who reported finding much evidence
+of prehistoric occupation, such as ashes, charcoal, fragments of
+pottery, and worked flint, as well as several skeletons, the latter
+"in a sitting position." The last part of this statement is a mistake.
+The bodies were closely flexed and placed on the side; the bones
+settled to the bottom of the grave, while the skull, if intact, is
+reached first by excavators and the conclusion drawn at once that it
+is "on top of the other bones." This error of observation is quite
+common among relic hunters, and is not unknown among student
+investigators.
+
+In order to dispose of material removed in excavating, it was
+necessary to start a trench from the slope outside the mouth of the
+cave. As it progressed the substratum of clay became wetter and more
+difficult to dig. At 40 feet from the beginning, where the trench was
+11 feet deep, the seeping water accumulated until it covered the
+bottom of the trench, so that no greater depth could be reached. A
+crowbar forced downward for 18 inches, as far as it could be driven,
+did not reach solid bottom. Not the slightest trace of human agency
+was found anywhere below the top of the clay, and from this point
+excavations were confined to the upper stratum, to which alone the
+following description is applicable.
+
+This deposit was composed partly of fine loose earth, probably carried
+in by the wind and on the feet of persons and animals; partly of roof
+dust; and partly of ashes. A considerable portion of it was roughly
+stratified in layers of varying extent and thickness, though much of
+it was irregular, and it was mingled throughout with campsite débris.
+Occasional layers of roof dust several feet across in any direction
+and of varying thickness, from a faint streak to 6 inches, so closely
+resembled ashes that many persons could not be convinced of its true
+character. Its occurrence in this manner indicates that during
+considerable periods the cave was unoccupied, or at most used only as
+a temporary refuge. The intermittent character of occupancy is also
+shown by the distinct segregation of numerous successive layers of
+kitchen refuse.
+
+About 10 feet within the point where a vertical line from the front
+edge of the roof would meet the floor the skeleton of a very young
+infant was found above and in contact with two thick angular blocks of
+limestone weighing 300 to 400 pounds. These rested on the red clay and
+had fallen from the roof. The thickness of earth above the bones was
+about 3 feet.
+
+Ten feet farther in, on the clay floor, under almost exactly 5 feet of
+undisturbed material, were five flat stones. Three were of sandstone,
+the largest about 25 pounds in weight, such as can be found in place
+only on top of the hill. They were carefully arranged for use as a
+fire bed; on and around them were potsherds, flint chips, animal and
+bird bones, and a bone awl. This was the greatest depth at which
+artificial objects were found; and their position shows them to be as
+ancient as anything discovered.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 5.--Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff
+  Cave.]
+
+At 25 feet in an interesting find was made. Eighteen inches below the
+surface of the floor, in a mass of mingled charcoal, ashes, mussel
+shells, flint chips, and other aboriginal refuse, was a small piece of
+glass, apparently part of a bottle, shown in figure 5. Above it and
+extending for several feet on every side was an unbroken stratum of
+root dust from 2 to 4 inches thick. Above this, in turn were several
+thin, undisturbed layers of camp refuse, about 6 inches in all, and
+then 6 inches of the loose, incoherent surface earth. This discovery
+is susceptible of two interpretations. One is that between the date
+when Indians could procure articles from the whites and the date at
+which they abandoned this fireplace there was time for the
+accumulation of the given thickness of disintegrated material from the
+roof, the cave, or at least this part of it, not being used meanwhile
+for a habitation; then for the accumulation of several distinct layers
+of camp refuse; and finally for the depositing of the cave earth over
+it all. This hypothesis is unreasonable. While the rate of formation
+of either roof dust or stalagmite is extremely variable, so that it is
+not safe to predicate a definite antiquity for objects found beneath
+even a considerable thickness of either, at the same time the small
+area involved precludes the idea that a number of occupants sufficient
+to account for the volume of débris could have lived here unless we
+allow a much longer period than would necessarily elapse within the
+dates indicated. The other, quite plausible, interpretation is that
+the glass was dragged to the spot by a ground hog or other animal
+whose runway had become obliterated by settling of the loose material
+through which it was made.
+
+The only purpose of elaborating this subject is to guard investigators
+against attaching too much importance to an article found under such
+or similar conditions, whether it be a "palaeolithic type," or an
+"object undoubtedly of European origin."
+
+Thirty-five feet in, under three flat slabs whose upper surface was a
+little more than 3 feet below the floor, was an adult skeleton, on the
+back, knees flexed to the chest. The body had been laid in a cavity
+dug in the clay to a depth of 6 inches. The bones were well preserved
+and fresh looking, but light and fragile.
+
+Forty feet in, 3½ feet down, was a flat stone under which were two
+skulls. One, shown in plate 6, was perfect, with a full set of sound
+teeth; from the other, seen in plate 7, the lower jaw was missing. No
+other bones were found except two cervical vertebræ, belonging to the
+smaller skull. Undisturbed stratified ashes and roof dust were 30
+inches thick above the stone.
+
+To this point the trench was not dug to a greater width than 15 feet;
+it was now gradually extended to a width of 40 feet to include most of
+the central portion.
+
+Sixty feet in, in the upper part of the clay, like all the human bones
+discovered, was a skull with the scapulæ, a few ribs, and one arm
+bone. The lower jaw was missing, and two phalanges were inside the
+skull. With the scapulæ was one of a much smaller person. Eighteen
+inches from these bones, and 6 inches higher, was part of a lower jaw.
+
+At 50 to 60 feet in, on the clay stratum, lay a slab 10 to 12 feet
+across and of varying thickness up to 18 inches or more. It fell from
+the roof so long ago that the latter is worn and smoothed above it in
+much the same way as at other parts. At the east edge of this slab was
+a skull so soft and crushed that it could be taken out only in small
+fragments; the teeth were very slightly worn, though of large size. A
+few traces of other bones were found; not enough to identify. At the
+north edge of the slab were two skulls, one of which is shown in plate
+8; the other, which belonged to a young person, is given in plate 9.
+The limb bones, scapulæ, and hip bones, with a few others, were in a
+small pile at one side; but neither lower jaw, no ribs, and only a few
+vertebræ were found.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 6 SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE, PHELPS COUNTY,
+  MO. a, Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 7 SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE a, Front; b,
+  profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 8 SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE a, Front; b,
+  profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 9 SKULL OF CHILD FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE a,
+  Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 10 FLINTS FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 11 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOAT BLUFF
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 12 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOAT BLUFF
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 13
+  a, Cairn six miles north of Arlington, Mo.
+  b, Walled grave six miles north of Arlington, Mo.]
+
+About 65 feet in, near the west side, an inverted pot which shows no
+marks of use was found in a mass of ashes filling a cavity the size of
+a half bushel, which had been dug in the upper deposit. Scattered here
+and there among the ashes were also some mussel shells and
+broken deer bones; but the presence of these was probably not
+intentional, as the whole arrangement seemed to have the nature of a
+votive offering. This was the only perfect vessel found in the entire
+course of the explorations. It is of the ordinary "cocoanut form," and
+is represented in figure 6.
+
+Seventy feet in was a skeleton, on the left side; the bones were soft
+and came out in small fragments. This was fully 6 feet below the
+present surface, but some of this earth was piled up from earlier
+excavations.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 6.--Pot from Goat Bluff Cave.]
+
+Beyond this point the ground had been dug over to such an extent that
+further examination seemed useless, and the work was concluded.
+
+Throughout the deposit of black earth, ashes, and roof dust were
+scattered irregularly arrowheads and knives of flint, some types of
+which are seen in plate 10; mussel shells; fragments of bones from
+food animals; bone perforators, some of which are shown in plates 11
+and 12; potsherds; hammers; pestles; two or three mortars; a grooved
+stone ax of granitic rock, presented in figure 7; and an abundance of
+flint chips.
+
+There is a small cave near the top of the bluff facing the Gasconade,
+a short distance above the mouth of Little Piney. Within a few yards
+of the entrance earth and rock carried in from a sink on top of the
+hill fill the cavity to the roof. Water runs through after every hard
+rain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Three small cairns, built of small stones, stood on the point of the
+bluff at the junction of Little Piney and the Gasconade. All are
+destroyed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the edge of a high cliff over the Gasconade, 2 miles north of
+Arlington, are three cairns, destroyed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Bryant's Bluff, facing the Gasconade 3 miles below Jerome, are two
+rock shelters, neither of them more than 20 feet across in any
+direction. In both are shells, bones, and pottery; a rough stone
+hammer was found in one. Exposure of bedrock on the outside shows that
+the earth deposit in either is not over 2 or 3 feet deep.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On top of Bryant's Bluff are four cairns, all of them torn up. The
+extreme limit of the scattered stone is about 20 feet; so the cairns
+were probably 12 to 15 feet in diameter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the mouth of Turkey-pen Slough, 4 miles north of Arlington, is a
+terrace with steep banks on two sides, next to the river and to the
+slough. On this stood a village. Three house sites are plainly marked
+by the refuse around, and there may be others; vegetation is very
+dense. Mussel shells and burned stones are abundant, and many flint
+implements have been picked up.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 7.--Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave.]
+
+
+CAIRNS AT SUGAR TREE CAMP (11)
+
+Six miles north of Arlington is a clubhouse known as Sugar Tree Camp.
+A short distance from the building is a high vertical cliff rising
+almost directly from the Gasconade. The top of this cliff, near the
+front, is of solid rock, almost bare of timber or brush, and in a row
+along it close to the edge are seven cairns, all now so defaced that
+any attempt at investigation is useless. The smallest, at one end of
+the row, is of the common circular form, about 12 feet in diameter.
+Three others seem to be of the same type; but their appearance may be
+due to their destruction. One is shown in plate 13, a. The other
+three are walled vaults. The largest, at the other end of the row, was
+built up like a foundation wall of sandstone slabs. It is rectangular
+in form, measuring on the outside 16 by 28 feet. All the walls are
+more or less destroyed; the small portion of one remaining is shown in
+plate 13, b. Two "walled-up graves" reported on the first ridge north
+of Sugar Tree Camp, and one reported on the first ridge south, never
+existed. There is a small cairn on a high peak half a mile east of the
+camp.
+
+
+TICK CREEK CAVE
+
+In a ravine which joins Tick Creek about 2 miles from where the latter
+flows into the Gasconade, and about 12 miles north of Arlington, is a
+large cave known as the Saltpeter Cave.
+
+The opening is wide and high, but the mouth and floor are much
+obstructed by large fallen rocks and the bottom is constantly wet from
+wall to wall with running and seeping water.
+
+There is another entrance to this cavern around a corner of the bluff
+and much higher up on its face. This opening is small and the sloping
+passage from it to the cavern is almost closed in places by drip
+formation.
+
+It was never inhabited.
+
+
+CAVE IN POOL HOLLOW (12)
+
+A mile east of Newburg a ravine now known as Pool Hollow, but formerly
+called "Strawhorn's" [Strawhan's] Hollow, opens into the right (north)
+side of Little Piney. Two miles from the river is a cave at the head
+of a little cove. The entrance, facing directly south and visible from
+half a mile down the ravine, is 12 feet high and 75 feet across. The
+rear wall, where the cave makes a turn at 150 feet from the mouth, is
+plainly visible from the outside.
+
+At 60 feet within water reaches from wall to wall, and a constant
+stream flows along the left side. The talus at the mouth is of tough
+clay with many rocks scattered through it, and much of it has settled
+back into the cave. Water drips from many places in the roof, so that
+no part of the floor is ever entirely dry.
+
+Some broken flints and chips were picked up about the mouth and in
+front of the cave, but nothing else could be found.
+
+In dry weather there might be spots which would afford a resting place
+for campers, but no continuous occupancy was possible.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR ROLLA (13)
+
+Nearly 2 miles northeast of Rolla is the beginning of a little valley
+which for a short distance is parallel with the Frisco Railway and
+close to the right of way; it then turns to the southward. Along this
+"draw" are numerous mounds, starting well toward its upper end and
+following its course for nearly a mile. They lie along either side,
+and reach into the tributary widenings. Most of them are on the flats;
+but they are also scattered along the hillsides, those farthest from
+the water having an elevation of about 50 feet above it. They vary
+from 30 to 60 feet in diameter and from 1 to 3 feet high. In all, they
+are scattered over an area of at least 100 acres.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR DILLON
+
+Half a mile west of Dillon a ravine heads at the Frisco track, goes
+south a short distance, then turns southeastward. Near the track
+begins a group of mounds which reach for fully a mile along both sides
+of the little stream.
+
+There are more than 100, most of them small, though at least one is 60
+feet across and 3 feet high.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR ST. JAMES (14)
+
+At the northern border of St. James is a small shallow valley with a
+northern and eastern trend, practically parallel with the Frisco
+Railway, and for 3 miles or more not over a fourth of a mile from it
+at any point.
+
+Starting near the Soldiers' Home is a group of mounds which extend for
+fully 2½ miles down both sides of the valley.
+
+Some are partly cut away by the stream, others are on the narrow flat
+bottoms subject to overflow with every hard rain, still others are
+built on the slopes to an elevation of 40 feet. They are somewhat
+larger than the average, a diameter of about 60 feet and a height of 3
+feet being not uncommon.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PULASKI COUNTY
+
+MCWILLIAMS CAVE (15)
+
+A cave on the McWilliams farm, near Jack Hinshaw's, at the upper end
+of the Big Eddy, near the south line of Pulaski County, has an
+entrance 8 feet high and 15 feet wide. There is a good light for 150
+feet, at which distance the cavern turns. It is an excellent location
+for an Indian home, having a floor of dry earth, and a small amount of
+refuse was found; but the earth has been thoroughly dug over in the
+search for missing residents, some human bones rooted out by hogs
+having given rise to a belief that these may have been murdered and
+concealed here.
+
+
+DAVIS CAVES (15)
+
+Facing Roubidoux Creek, on the farm of J.W. Davis, 3 miles north of
+Cookville, are three caves. The largest is 40 or 50 feet above the
+foot of the bluff. It has an entrance 30 feet wide, the roof being 8
+feet high. It is well lighted to a depth of 120 feet, where it curves.
+No refuse was observed, but the situation is favorable for habitation.
+
+Another cave, near this, has an entrance 30 feet wide and 10 feet
+high; it is well lighted for 40 feet back.
+
+The third cave of this series is a rock shelter a short distance south
+of the second, and higher up in the bluff.
+
+All these appear to deserve an examination.
+
+
+BERRY CAVE
+
+A cave on George Berry's land, in a ravine opening into the east side
+of Roubidoux Creek, 3 miles from Hanna post office, has a small
+entrance which is nearly closed by "drip rock," the roof, walls, and
+floor being thickly incrusted. These deposits, which it is said are
+even more abundant farther in, seem to be rather rapidly increasing in
+volume.
+
+
+MAXEY CAVE (16)
+
+What is known as Maxey's Cave is 7 miles south of Waynesville, on the
+west side of Roubidoux Creek. It is by far the largest open cave in
+this region, the entrance being 40 feet high and 100 feet wide. It
+extends across the head of a ravine, and if the loose earth at the
+sides were cleared away it would be found still wider. The entire
+floor is covered with a mass of rocks of every size up to several
+tons, except at one side of the entrance where there is a small amount
+of loose earth. The front chamber is 300 feet long to where the cavern
+forks; in one of these forks daylight extends for 100 feet farther, or
+400 feet from the mouth. Marks on the walls show that the entire floor
+is sometimes covered 2 or 3 feet deep with running water.
+
+A survey made some years ago disclosed a mass of earth and rock "a
+long ways back in the hill;" definite figures could not be obtained.
+Beyond this point it was impossible to proceed. By running
+corresponding angles and lines on the surface outside the surveyors
+came to a very large sink hole, into which flowed the drainage of
+several farms. This explains the flood marks. Clearly the roof of the
+cave had fallen in at this point.
+
+
+YOARK CAVE
+
+Yoark Cave, a fourth of a mile east from Maxey's in a bluff facing
+south on the left bank of Roubidoux Creek, has an entrance 40 feet
+wide, 30 feet high, and is in daylight for 150 feet. Cave earth
+extends for 100 feet from the entrance, and apparently continues from
+this point under the gravel and clay which have washed from the
+interior.
+
+It is on the land of A.L. Foote, having been in his family
+continuously since it was secured by Government patent. The name is
+derived from "Grandma Martha Yoark," who was among the earliest white
+settlers in the region. Her home was on the opposite side of the
+creek, in a pioneer log cabin, the last vestige of which, except the
+stones of the chimney, disappeared before the Civil War.
+
+In the front portion many large rocks are lying on the surface of the
+clay floor and others are imbedded in it; probably still others are
+entirely covered. Farther back the clay is mixed with gravel washed
+from the interior. This deposit is never entirely dry and in rainy
+seasons is quite muddy. The difficulty of removing or digging under
+the rocks, added to the certainty that water would be encountered
+before the bottom is reached, render useless any effort at complete
+excavation. The amount of refuse on the surface, however, is a good
+indication that such researches as would be possible in the upper
+layers, among the rocks, would disclose a large quantity of aboriginal
+remains of comparatively modern date.
+
+
+GRAVES AT LAUGHLIN'S (17)
+
+On the Laughlin goat ranch, 6 miles southeast of Waynesville, a high
+narrow ridge level along the top and sloping abruptly on each side
+extends northward from the hills on the right side of Roubidoux Creek
+and terminates in a vertical cliff. Bedrock projects on the top and on
+both sides, and vegetation is so scanty that the crest is almost a
+"bald."
+
+On the summit of this ridge are seven cairns, the first one only a few
+feet from the edge of the cliff, the last one about 300 feet back,
+near where the ground begins to ascend toward the plateau. They are
+small, none more than 3 feet high, and all have a depression in the
+top where the stones have been thrown out from the center toward the
+outside by relic seekers and rabbit hunters.
+
+In three of them flat stones remaining in place at parts of the margin
+indicate that an irregular square inclosure was constructed around the
+bodies, as in those examined at Gourd Creek. Possibly this feature
+existed in all of them at the time of their construction, but there
+was no evidence that any of them had been walled up like those at
+Sugar Tree Camp or the Devil's Elbow. Views of their present
+conditions are shown in plate 14.
+
+
+KERR CAVE (17)
+
+Near the site of Kerr's Mill, on Roubidoux Creek, 5 miles south-east
+of Waynesville, is a cave at the foot of a bluff, the entrance 60 feet
+above the bottom of the hill. Viewed from the outside it has the
+appearance of a rock shelter 40 feet wide and 45 feet deep. Above
+most of it the stratum forming the roof is 15 feet high; near the
+front the successive overlying strata project in a hollow curve until
+at the face of the bluff the drop from the ledge to the talus
+immediately beneath it is fully 50 feet.
+
+At one side, near the rear, is a passage 5 or 6 feet wide, not visible
+from the front, extending back into the hill. Although the cave is
+usually dry, clean gravel in this passage shows that sufficient water
+flows through at times to prevent earth from accumulating; further
+evidence of which fact is found in the mud cracks of the floor and the
+ferns growing amid the rocks, large and small, which cover it.
+
+The place could never have been occupied except for temporary shelter,
+and there is no evidence that even this use was made of it.
+
+
+SELL CAVE (18)
+
+Half a mile directly south of Waynesville, on the farm of Dr. W.J.
+Sell, is a cave located in the northern end of a ridge entirely
+detached from the surrounding hills. The entrance, facing northeast,
+is halfway up the point of the ridge, overlooking a fertile bottom
+along Roubidoux Creek. From the top of the ledge over the entrance the
+hill has an easy upgrade for a fourth of a mile to the summit, which
+is at an elevation of 250 feet above the creek. On top of the hill is
+the site of an Indian village where some mortars, grinding stones, and
+numerous flints have been found.
+
+The roof of the cave has partially fallen in at the entrance, forming
+a re-entrant curve 30 feet across and extending 11 feet inward; the
+large blocks from this, and from the stratum described later, were
+lying on and in the talus at the present front but did not extend to
+the red clay beneath. Some of the blocks could be reduced with a heavy
+sledge hammer to an extent that made it possible to roll them out of
+the way; but 24 of them had to be broken up with dynamite.
+
+The talus at its thickest part has a depth of 6 feet; it extends down
+the hill on the outside and has washed back into the cave, gradually
+decreasing in quantity, to a distance of 50 feet. The roof, at the
+front, is 5 feet above the talus; the thickness of the ledge forming
+it is only 8 feet, the slope of the hill starting from this line.
+Owing to the restricted width of the ridge, on top, the entire area
+draining over the ledge measures only 70 feet in width above the
+entrance, and narrows irregularly to a breadth of 30 feet at an
+outcrop 120 feet up the hill, or with an approximate space of 6,000
+square feet. On this small tract more than half the rock is bare, with
+scanty patches of soil and humus in the crevices and on flat places.
+At the present time the water which flows over the ledge during hard
+rains is scarcely turbid; consequently a period of several centuries
+was required for the débris to accumulate.
+
+Fourteen feet back from the farthest-receding part of the curve of the
+roof at the front is the edge of a stratum 3 feet thick; the bottom of
+this was 3 feet above the talus immediately beneath it. This stratum
+is continuous, with a perceptible dip to the interior, as far as it
+can be seen.
+
+The width of the cave at the mouth is 44 feet; 30 feet within it
+widens to 51 feet. A small amount of water making its way from the
+interior over the level floor collects in a little basin scooped out
+to receive it, and sinks into the floor near the inner foot of the
+talus 55 feet from the entrance. At this point the width of the cave
+is 36 feet; the height to the roof is 4½ feet. As the floor beyond
+here is soft mud, the cavern was not followed farther.
+
+Owing to the limited space between the floor and the roof it was
+necessary to remove the excavated earth to the outside. The water
+which flows from the hill and falls upon the talus during rains also
+had to be provided against. A trench 4 feet wide at the bottom, with
+sufficient slant to the sides to prevent them from falling in, was
+started 25 feet out from the entrance, on a level which gave it a
+depth of 6½ feet at the highest point of the talus, thus carrying it a
+few inches into the clay which was the original floor of the cave.
+This depth also brought it well below the level of the little pool
+inside. When its greatest depth was reached the excavation was at once
+widened to 25 feet, thus reaching well toward the cliff on either
+side. Growing trees and large rocks made a greater width here
+impracticable.
+
+In the talus were flint implements, none small enough for arrowheads,
+some well finished, others roughly made, a few being shown in plate
+15; three sandstone mortars and fragments of four others; probably 100
+cobblestones used as hammers and pestles, some of them pitted on the
+sides, a few showing marks of much use (pl. 16, A); a small, very
+solid piece of hematite worn round by use as a hammer; a small,
+imperfect tomahawk made of quartzite (pl. 16, B, a); many mussel
+shells, some used as knives and scrapers; animal bones, some of them
+worked into implements, including a perfect skiver (pl. 16, B, b);
+several pieces of hematite and limonite used as paint stones (pl. 16,
+B, c); many fragments of pottery, some of them worked into disks and
+perforated (pl. 16, B, d); occasionally small deposits of charcoal,
+ashes, and burned earth. The meager amount of artificial material, and
+its random distribution, as if one piece was lost here, another thrown
+there, throughout the talus from the present surface to the underlying
+clay would appear good evidence that the cave was never used as a
+place of permanent abode, but merely provided temporary refuge at
+intervals extending over a prolonged period.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 14
+  CAIRNS ON ROUBIDOUX CREEK, SIX MILES FROM WAYNESVILLE, MO.]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 15
+  FLINTS FROM SELL CAVE, NEAR WAYNESVILLE, MO.]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 16
+  A, Pestles or grinding stones
+  B, Celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and skiver
+  OBJECTS FROM SELL CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 17
+  Skull from Sell cave. a, Front; b, profile
+  Skull from Bell's cave, near Waynesville. c, Front; d, profile
+  Skull from Miller's cave. e, Front; f, profile
+  THREE SKULLS FROM PULASKI COUNTY, MO.]
+
+None of the pottery was decorated in any way, though most of it was
+cord-marked; no piece was found which had a handle or a foot.
+Nearly half a bushel of pieces was found, fragments of many different
+vessels, with a range in thickness from one-eighth to three-fourths of
+an inch.
+
+If all this talus were examined, much material might be found, but the
+result would not justify the labor.
+
+Fifteen feet west from the east corner of the cave, 8 feet within the
+edge of the roof, 3½ feet under the surface of the débris, which was a
+foot lower here than at the highest point, was a bundled or bunched
+skeleton; only small fragments of arm and leg bones, most of the lower
+jaw, a little of the upper jaw, and traces of skull were remaining.
+The bones were small but solid. They were packed tightly in the dark,
+wax-like clay, but there were no indications of a grave; the earth in
+contact with them could not be distinguished from that lying around
+them. The body had been crowded into the smallest possible space, with
+the head against a large stone. All the teeth were well preserved,
+some of them not at all worn. Small fragments of deer bones were found
+among the remains; these, also, were very soft and decayed.
+
+In fact, all bones found, whether human or other, in this wet, tough,
+heavy earth were nearly destroyed, and such portions as remained had
+but little more consistency than the mud in which they were imbedded.
+Much care was necessary in order to get them out.
+
+Sixteen feet from the entrance, 13 feet from the east wall, 4½ feet
+down, 18 inches above bottom, were part of a large femur and a few
+fragments of other bones too small and crushed to identify.
+
+Seven feet southwest of this femur, 14 inches lower, was a closely
+folded skeleton, the skull nearly north, the other bones toward the
+east wall. Some mussel shells, fragments of deer bones, and two flint
+knives were near the head. The body had been placed in a shallow hole
+dug in the talus as it existed at that time, some earth thrown over
+it, and small rocks piled on. The covering rocks were under 3 feet of
+detritus, washed in since they were placed there. Near the knees was a
+piece of antler, neatly perforated, with rounded ends, giving it the
+shape of a reniform bannerstone (fig. 8). This may have been an
+ornament, an arrow-shaft straightener, or the holder for a drill or a
+fire-stick. Near it was a polishing stone deeply worn on both sides
+(fig. 9).
+
+Twenty-two feet within the reentrant curve at the front, 20 feet from
+the west wall, at the bottom of the talus, was a skeleton, the skull
+in small fragments, which, however, were held in place by the tough
+clay. The teeth were worn below the enamel in places; two well-worked
+flint knives and one rough one (fig. 10) were near it. The bones
+looked as if they had been thrown in, occupying only a small space;
+but probably a folded body had been laid in on the left side.
+
+At 24 feet from the entrance, 17 feet from the west wall, in a hole
+dug to 20 inches below the present surface of the talus, were broken
+and spongy bones of an adult. Pelvis, feet, and leg bones were in
+confusion; the tibiæ were reversed in position, but it may be that the
+body was laid on the back with the knees flexed and that the bones had
+fallen as they were found. This is probable, as each patella was where
+it belonged, and the body lay extended toward the southeast, as shown
+by the position of the skull. The humerus was about 12 inches long;
+all the bones were in small pieces. There were many mussel shells
+among and above the remains, over which earth and small rocks had been
+piled.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 8.--Perforated object of antler from Sell
+  Cave.]
+
+Two feet south of this skeleton and a few inches lower were the
+crushed and decayed bones of an old person with the head lying toward
+the east. The one tooth found (a molar) was worn entirely below the
+enamel except for a small space at the front; the dentine was polished
+until it resembled a piece of agate. Mr. De Lancey Gill first remarked
+the fact that wear of this character denotes that the individual did
+not gnaw bones, crack nuts, or indeed bite hard on any substance. If
+he had done so this thin shred of enamel would have broken off. Two
+large rocks which lay on the head and body seem to have been thus
+placed before the grave was filled with earth.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 9.--Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell
+  Cave.]
+
+Near these bones were fragments indicating three other interments; the
+humerus of the last was perforated.
+
+Other arm bones found showed the same olecranal perforation.
+
+Twenty-one feet from the entrance, 19 feet from the east wall, was a
+skeleton, closely folded, on left side, head toward rear of cave. The
+teeth were worn flat. The bones were crushed by rocks laid on or above
+the body at the time of burial, as was the case with all the skeletons
+found in this part of the cave; probably timbers had been interposed.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 18
+  TEETH FROM SELL CAVE AND OTHER CAVES, SHOWING MANNER AND AMOUNT OF
+  WEAR]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 19
+  TEETH FROM SELL CAVE AND OTHER CAVES, SHOWING MANNER AND AMOUNT OF
+  WEAR]
+
+Near the surface, 18 feet from the entrance, 14 feet from the east
+wall, were the right half of a skull and of a lower jaw; a few small,
+scattered pieces of skull were found near them. The teeth were much
+worn, some of them were decayed, and two had the roots swollen and
+distorted by ulceration. South of the skull were fragments of feet and
+leg bones, probably belonging with it. This interment was of much
+later date than the others.
+
+Thirty-two feet from the front, 16 feet from the east wall, 2½ feet
+below the surface, and a foot above the bottom of the talus, was a
+folded skeleton, on left side, head toward the interior of the cave,
+face directly upward. So much of the skull as could be recovered is
+shown in plate 17, a, b. The teeth were much worn, the bones broken,
+soft and spongy, falling away with the clay as it was removed from
+about them. The femur was about 17½ inches long.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 10.--Flints from Sell Cave.]
+
+Wear of teeth among aboriginal people does not of necessity denote a
+great age for the individual. Grit from ashes and fine sand from
+mortars and pestles will cut away the enamel to a much greater extent
+than would result from the use of ordinary food.
+
+The condition of the teeth mentioned, as well as of some from other
+localities, is shown in plates 18 and 19.
+
+From the inner end of the ditch, or runway, at the entrance the
+excavation was carried back for 40 feet in a direct line; or making
+allowance for passing around a massive rock which was in a position
+where it could not be blasted, for 43 feet; the depth of the talus
+here was 3 feet.
+
+On the east side the talus was removed to the wall, a distance of 28
+feet from the edge of the trench, and the wall rock exposed for 22
+feet, to the rear bank of the excavation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All work, so far, had been carried on at a level a few inches below
+the bottom of the talus, which rested directly upon the floor of clay
+washed out from the interior of the cave.
+
+Beginning next at the outer end of the trench, the entire space
+included in the first excavation was deepened by a little more than 6
+feet, giving a new floor about 13 feet lower than the highest part of
+the talus. All the material thus removed showed that it was laid down
+by flowing water, sometimes so quiet as to deposit clay of impalpable
+fineness, sometimes with a velocity sufficient to carry stones
+weighing 3 or 4 pounds. The material varied--red clay, now jointed,
+was the topmost layer; below it, in patches and layers, were dark
+earth, resembling soil; clay of different shades of yellow, brown,
+red, and gray, sometimes almost blue; some of it uniform, some of it
+mingled, one or any or all of the different sorts in small compass;
+deposits of one sort filling sharply defined channels or potholes cut
+in some other sort; occasionally there was a slight admixture of sand.
+All included limestone pebbles, which were plentiful in some deposits
+but entirely absent from others, were weathered to a chalky
+consistency, the larger ones to a depth of perhaps half an inch, the
+smaller ones throughout. Scarcely any chert was included, although it
+is abundant on the hill; the few pieces seen were very small.
+
+It took five weeks of steady work, with two men, to clear out the
+second level. In all this clay there was not the slightest trace of
+bone or other indication that living beings of any kind had existed
+either in the cave or in any place from which the clay had come.
+
+At 24 feet from the eastern side of the trench, projections on the
+face of the east wall denoted that bed rock was not far away. A hole 8
+feet across, at the rear of the excavation, reached sand with a slight
+admixture of clay a few inches under the level at which the work was
+being conducted; and 4 feet down, or 17 feet from the top of the
+talus, the rock was found. It was rough and furrowed, like a solid
+stratum that has been long exposed to atmospheric weathering.
+
+Further exploration was useless. The sand results from disintegration
+of the Roubidoux sandstone belonging next above the limestone in which
+the cave was formed. None of this remains on the hill; it has all been
+carried away by erosion. There is not now any sink hole or crevice
+above the level of the cavern through which the sand could have made
+its way. Such an opening must have existed at one time, on the slope
+at one side or the other, or farther back where the hill is now cut
+off. In either case, erosion has carried away its walls and filled up
+the channel leading from it, and thus obliterated its site. To
+accomplish this would require a long time; enough to produce a
+considerable alteration in the topography, and so to predicate for the
+bottom deposits in the cave an antiquity far beyond the possible
+appearance of man in the region.
+
+
+PHILLIPS CAVE
+
+The Phillips Cave faces Roubidoux Creek near the Big Spring, a mile
+south of Waynesville. Access to the interior is possible only by
+crawling some distance on wet clay. Other caves in the same line of
+bluffs are either very small or almost inaccessible. No refuse appears
+about any of them.
+
+
+BELL'S CAVE (18)
+
+In the upper part of the bluff bordering Roubidoux Creek just west of
+Waynesville, on the farm of Robert A. Bell, are numerous caves, most
+of them quite small. One, much larger than any of the others, has an
+entrance 27 feet wide and 12 feet high. The floor is of earth mingled
+with small rocks, and rises gradually toward the rear until at 70 feet
+it almost reaches the roof, although the open space enlarges farther
+in. The width of the cave varies from 19 to 32 feet. Several large
+rocks have fallen from the roof and walls at a comparatively recent
+date, as they lie directly upon the earth or are only slightly
+imbedded in it.
+
+Shells and flint flakes occur in small amount, but the cave is so
+difficult of access that it was probably but little used.
+
+Some human bones, rooted out by hogs, were scattered over the floor;
+only a few remained, the hogs having chewed up most of them. Part of a
+femur belonged to a person about 18 or 20 years of age. A skull and
+part of a lower jaw, lying several feet apart but belonging to the
+same individual, were secured; they are shown in plate 17, c, d. Few
+of the teeth remained, though all had been in place at the time of
+interment.
+
+
+CAMP-GROUND CAVE
+
+This is three-fourths of a mile west from Waynesville. It is small,
+with a muddy bottom, and could never have been occupied.
+
+
+BUCHER CAVE
+
+Bucher Cave is 2 miles northeast of Waynesville. It has a small, low
+entrance, nearly closed by a pile of chert gravel mixed with some
+clay, which has been carried by surface water from the slope above.
+
+
+GRAVES NEAR MCKENNAN'S
+
+On a low spur, projecting about halfway up a high hill opposite
+McKennan's house, 2½ miles northeast of Waynesville, are two of the
+ordinary stone graves or cairns, both small. One has been torn apart;
+the other is intact.
+
+They are mentioned only because in the one which has not been
+disturbed the stones are sunken at the center, affording good evidence
+that timbers were placed over the corpse before the stones were piled
+up.
+
+
+ROUBIDOUX CAVE (19)
+
+In a vertical bluff overlooking the junction of Roubidoux Creek and
+the Gasconade River is a cavern with a high, wide entrance giving
+access to a large chamber which has several smaller but well-lighted
+rooms opening into it. There was formerly a considerable depth of
+earth on the rock bottom, but most of it has been taken out for
+fertilizer. What is left is dry near the entrance, but wet farther in.
+Although it would make an ideal Indian home, being easy of access and
+within a few rods of the two streams, there could be found no
+indications of such habitation; and owing to the small amount of earth
+remaining, the presence of many large rocks, and the close proximity
+of a large club house on the public highway immediately in front, no
+excavation is possible.
+
+A cairn on the point of the cliff over this cave has been completely
+demolished.
+
+
+RICHLAND CAVE (20)
+
+There is a large cave at the head of a ravine a fourth of a mile below
+the bridge over the Gasconade River, on the Richland and Hanna road,
+7½ miles from Richland. The entrance is 70 feet wide and 40 feet high;
+daylight extends to a point 200 feet within, where the cave divides
+into two parts, both of which turn abruptly. Cave earth near the
+entrance on one side is scanty in quantity, damp and moldy; but beyond
+this it is dry, unevenly surfaced, and appears to have been somewhat
+disturbed. There is considerable refuse on and in the dry earth as far
+back as the inner end of the front chamber, and were it not for the
+many rocks, too large to be removed, which cover nearly the entire
+floor and would make excavation very difficult and incomplete, the
+deposits would probably repay investigation.
+
+
+ROLLINS CAVES (19)
+
+On the farm of Sam T. Rollins, 2½ miles northwest of Waynesville, are
+two large caves.
+
+The first, in a bluff facing the Gasconade, half a mile above the
+mouth of Roubidoux Creek, is 50 feet above the bottom of the hill. The
+entrance, toward the northeast, is 45 feet wide and 36 feet high. The
+sides are parallel for 45 feet; at that point the east wall abruptly
+recedes for 12 feet and then continues in a curving line for 120 feet
+farther, to an outlet in the side of a shallow ravine trending toward
+the west. This opening, 13 feet wide, is filled nearly to the top with
+débris which slopes steeply for 40 feet into the cave.
+
+The west wall, at 45 feet, makes an outward curve to a branch which
+leads northwest for 25 feet and has an opening on the side of the hill
+25 feet wide and 20 feet high; the talus at the front is 12 feet high
+and slopes steeply into the cave. Beyond this branch the west wall
+extends in a straight line to the small outlet at the ravine.
+
+The floor of the cave has a gentle incline from the bottom of the
+débris in the rear to the main entrance.
+
+No refuse could be found in the cave or around any of the three
+entrances; and the place would not be suitable for a shelter in winter
+as the wind, no matter from what direction, blows directly through it.
+
+The second cave is near the foot of the hill, half a mile up the river
+from the first. A gentle slope in front leads to the bottom land along
+the stream. The entrance, toward the northwest, is 60 feet wide and 10
+feet high. At 65 feet within is standing water; marks in a channel
+along the west wall show that at times there is an outflow with a
+depth of a foot or more. At the front is a great amount of talus
+partly fallen from the ledge forming the roof, partly washed down from
+the hillside; the outer slope is 20 feet high, the inner slope has a
+slight incline to the standing water. The entire deposit within the
+cave and in front of it is of tough, sticky clay. Many large rocks lie
+on the surface or slightly imbedded, and large trees grow on the
+talus. No indications of occupancy could be discovered.
+
+
+MIX CAVE (21)
+
+On the Mix farm, half a mile below the Gasconade bridge on the
+Waynesville and Crocker road, on the left (west) side, at the head of
+a ravine, is a cave with an entrance 75 feet wide and 20 feet high.
+Cave earth, apparently not more than 3 feet thick at any point,
+although it gradually rises to a level 6 feet higher than the floor at
+the mouth, extends back 80 feet; beyond this is water-soaked clay and
+gravel reaching 60 feet farther to a turn in the cave, making a
+distance of about 140 feet in daylight. There is a shallow channel 12
+feet wide along the east wall from the gravel to the entrance;
+evidence that at times a volume of water of that width flows out of
+the cave. The cave earth is damp for several feet from the line of
+its contact with the clay, a certain indication that its lower portion
+is saturated.
+
+Much refuse, including several mortars, is distributed over the floor,
+and it is especially apparent in the bed of the little stream; but
+fully half the surface is covered with rocks too large to be removed,
+and these, together with the water, will effectually prevent
+satisfactory excavation.
+
+One of the mortars has a grinding cavity on one face 12 by 20 inches
+and 3 inches deep at the middle; on the other face, which has been
+pecked, apparently with a flint tool, to make it level and even, is
+also a cavity, but it is small and shallow, showing that this side of
+the stone was but little used.
+
+
+DOUBLE CAVE (21)
+
+On Walter Miller's farm, 1½ miles below the Crocker and Waynesville
+bridge, on the left side of the river, is the "Double Cave," so called
+for the reason that it has two entrances. The one farthest down the
+river is more nearly in line with the general trend of the cavern. Its
+opening is 35 feet wide and 20 feet high. At 40 feet in from the
+mouth, on the left or up-river side, the two parts of the cavern
+unite, a triangular partition of the original limestone strata
+separating them up to the point of junction. Across the apex of the
+triangle the main cave is 50 feet wide; there is no vertical wall on
+the right (east) side along this portion, the roof sloping down
+gradually until it meets the earth floor; it may extend farther,
+making the cave that much wider at the bedrock bottom. The cave earth
+at its highest point is fully 10 feet higher than at the entrance; but
+this may not mean that it is 10 feet deeper, for there are indications
+that the rock floor also rises from the entrance toward the interior.
+Digging in the front part of the main cave--that is, in the portion
+behind the lower entrance--would be impracticable owing to the huge
+rocks, some of them lying on the floor, others deeply imbedded in the
+earth; consequently part of them, at least, fell while the cave was
+inhabited.
+
+From the junction of the two branches the cave earth extends back 60
+feet to clay and gravel washed down from the interior; there is ample
+light at this point, and for some distance beyond. In part, this
+gravel seems to overlie the loose earth; it is still depositing, and
+the manner in which the various materials intermingle and overlap at
+their meeting place indicates that the cave earth to some extent
+underlies the gravel and clay. This feature is worth investigating, as
+it might have a bearing upon the relative age of the cave deposits.
+
+The entrance to the branch cave is 20 feet higher in the face of the
+bluff than that of the main cave, and consequently much above any
+water flowing from the interior; it is 20 feet wide by 15 feet high.
+Measured along the east wall, it is 40 feet from this entrance to the
+apex of the triangle separating the two parts of the cavern. The
+greatest width of the united caves, 70 feet, is just beyond this
+point. The earth floor in the branch, a fine-grained yellow earth
+apparently deposited by quiet or gently flowing water, is 3 feet
+higher than it is at the highest point farther back in the cave, and
+is 4 feet or more higher than the bedrock at the front. No direct
+communication is possible, in front, from one entrance to the other.
+The only means of transference is by passing through the caverns
+around the triangular partition, or by going down to the talus from
+one opening and then up to the other; though only a few feet of
+descent is necessary. There is an easy passage to and from the
+Gasconade, which flows at the foot of the bluff; and a good path in
+either direction to the top of the hill.
+
+Very little refuse occurs, and the site is not worth examining.
+
+
+RAILROAD CAVE
+
+On railway property, north of the Gasconade River on the east of the
+Waynesville and Crocker road, is a noted cave which "runs clear
+through the hill," and can be entered from either end. From the
+descriptions given it certainly could never have been utilized as a
+dwelling place.
+
+
+BAT, OR PAGE, CAVE
+
+Bat Cave, so named because it formerly harbored immense numbers of
+bats, is on Robert Page's land, 4½ miles from Crocker, near the
+Waynesville road. The entrance is 40 feet wide and 30 feet high. Cave
+earth extends for more than 200 feet in plain daylight; at this depth
+the cave separates into two branches, one directly over the other. The
+lower division continues into the hill on a level; the upper rises at
+a slight angle; neither is high enough to permit a man to stand erect.
+
+The greatest width, a few rods from the front, is 55 feet. A drainage
+channel near one wall shows a considerable outflow in wet weather. In
+the low, vertical bank of this drain, gravel and small rocks are
+mingled with the earth in such quantity as to comprise more than half
+the mass. But this is probably due to the fact that a large quantity
+of earth, mostly, of course, from the upper part of the deposits, has
+been taken away for fertilizer. Neither in the bank of the little
+channel nor about the pits left by this digging is any refuse to be
+seen, and there is none about the entrance. So, in spite of its
+suitability for residential purposes and its favorable situation, it
+does not seem ever to have been utilized.
+
+
+TUNNEL CAVE (22)
+
+A fourth of a mile from the Bat Cave is a natural tunnel or
+underground passage which has its beginning in a deep sink hole half a
+mile away on the farther side of the hill. Into this depression pours
+all the water that comes through a ravine more than 4 miles long,
+receiving several tributaries on the way; thus draining several
+hundred acres of steep hillsides from which storm water runs off
+almost as quickly as from a roof. From the sink hole it passes into
+the upper end of the tunnel, an opening 10 feet high and 20 feet wide.
+Trash and drift around this inlet show that the water rises above its
+top.
+
+The lower opening of the tunnel is a beautiful, regular arch, 100 feet
+wide and 50 feet high. For some distance in, the interior is so choked
+with huge rocks, which reach almost to the roof near one side at the
+front, that it resembles a great quarry. Gravel, sand, and driftwood,
+including a large log 15 feet long, are piled on these rocks to a
+height of 20 feet.
+
+
+BROOKS CAVE
+
+Brooks Cave, 11 miles southeast of Waynesville, has an entrance
+through a sink hole in a level field. It is small and dark for some
+distance back, and was never occupied.
+
+Openings of this character are never the original mouths of caverns;
+they are due to the roof falling in at a point where it has become
+thin by wearing away from below.
+
+
+RIDDLE CAVE
+
+Riddle Cave is on John W. Schord's farm, near Wildwood. The entrance
+is through a sink, similar to that at Brooks Cave, and is due to the
+same causes. It could never have been occupied.
+
+
+LANE'S CAVE
+
+Somewhat more than a mile north of Big Piney post office is a cave
+known as Lane's Cave. Near it is a smaller cave; also a rock shelter.
+They are all small, high up in the cliff, hard to reach, and
+unsuitable for living in.
+
+
+DRY CREEK CAVE
+
+A cave on Dry Creek, north of Lane's Cave, is small and almost
+inaccessible. Never used.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (23)
+
+There is a group of house mounds, about 100 in number, close to the
+site of the "Ranch House," which formerly stood near "The Falls" 4
+miles southwest from Big Piney. Two other groups, north of this one,
+carry the mounds for about 4 miles along a little valley, which
+extends north and south about midway between Big Piney and Bloodland.
+Most of the mounds, in all the groups, are on the slight slopes
+bordering either side of the little stream--which sometimes ceases to
+flow--but a few of them are on the narrow strip of level land along
+the banks.
+
+There is another group south of Bloodland. They were not learned of in
+time to visit them.
+
+
+RIDEN'S CAVE
+
+A mile southeast of the steel bridge across Big Piney, on the
+Edenville road, is Riden's Cave, in a small ravine opening into
+another ravine. The entrance is 25 feet wide and 8 feet high, and the
+front chamber extends 30 feet to an abrupt turn. There are large rocks
+on the floor near the mouth and some cave earth and a small amount of
+refuse at the front. Apparently it was never occupied except as a
+temporary camp.
+
+
+SALTPETER CAVE
+
+Near Miller's Spring, 2½ miles northeast of Big Piney, in a high
+bluff, is a large cave whose name is derived from the quantity of
+saltpeter collected from it in the early settlement of the country.
+Earth for leaching was removed to such an extent that bedrock is now
+exposed near the entrance and at several places within. In addition
+many large rocks cumber the floor, consequently excavations would not
+yield satisfactory results, although refuse still to be seen in the
+cave and in front of it shows that it was a place of aboriginal
+habitation.
+
+
+MILLER'S CAVE (24)
+
+Three miles northeast of Big Piney is a cavern which from its
+position, formation, and surroundings is particularly adapted to the
+requirements of primitive people in search of a permanent shelter. It
+is situated in a bluff rising from the left bank of Big Piney River,
+200 feet above the level of that stream and half that distance below
+the summit of the hill of which the bluff forms the front. It lies in
+three different tracts of land, but the greater portion is on the farm
+of Daniel S. Miller, who lives a little more than half a mile away.
+For three generations it has been widely known as "Miller's Cave." It
+opens toward the southeast, the river at this point flowing north of
+east, and thus secures protection from the cold winds of winter,
+receives the greatest amount of light through the day, and has the
+advantage of sunshine at the season when this is most needed. Big
+Piney, like all streams in the Ozark region, is extremely crooked and
+its bed is a continuous succession of riffles and pools, or eddies as
+they are locally known. In front of the cave is one of these pools
+nearly a mile long and at lowest stages fully 15 feet deep in places;
+even now it yields an abundance of fish, turtles, frogs, and mussels,
+all of which are important items in the aboriginal dietary.
+
+A fourth of a mile above the cave Big Piney makes an abrupt turn,
+coming to this point from the southeast. Here it receives the outflow
+from a large spring located at the foot of the hill, a fourth of a
+mile to the southward, which boils up in a pool 40 feet across and at
+its lowest stage discharges several thousand gallons every hour. Its
+volume responds quickly to a heavy rainfall and to the succeeding
+period of fair weather, although its level never passes above or below
+certain fixed points. A singular feature of this spring, one which has
+given it a wide reputation, is its rhythmic ebb and flow. With
+absolute regularity, regardless of atmospheric conditions, it swells
+for six hours, then subsides for an equal period, stages of high and
+low water occurring at the same hours every day. The extreme range of
+level is about a foot. Intermittent springs are not uncommon; but the
+regularity of this one is remarkable, particularly so as its action is
+not affected by changes in the volume. A dam was built below this
+spring by the father of Mr. Miller to furnish power for a mill; when
+the mill was not running the noise of the falling water, reenforced by
+the echoes from the hills around, could be heard a long distance and
+gave it the title of Roaring Spring. The Indians had a name for it
+which was interpreted by the whites as "Blowing Spring;" but as there
+are no unusual currents of air in the vicinity it is probable the
+proper translation would be "Breathing Spring," on account of its
+recurrent motion. The branch from this spring, following a course
+along the foot of the hill, is wide and shallow, though swift, and is
+nearly filled with a dense growth of long, moss-like vegetation which
+was greedily devoured by deer, herds of them being frequently seen in
+the water by early settlers.
+
+From the mouth of the cave several hundred acres of fertile alluvial
+land can be seen along both banks of the river. In the bottom land
+lying nearest to the spring branch--which is itself entitled to be
+called a creek--and extending southward to Miller's residence, partly
+on an upper terrace, but mostly on the low land, was a village site on
+which were formerly many small mounds which from the description were
+undoubtedly house mounds. Mortars occur in numbers, while fragments of
+pottery and flint, as well as many unbroken implements, were formerly
+abundant to a depth of several inches. On the opposite side from the
+cavern, in the angle formed by the abrupt turn of the river, is
+another village site. A ditch, with an interior embankment about 6
+feet high, formerly extended in a curved line across the point. This
+fortification was about 600 feet long, coming to the river bank at
+either end. In the part thus protected were many low, small mounds
+placed close together but quite irregularly. These were probably house
+mounds. No trace of any of this artificial work is now apparent except
+that a difference in color may be seen here and there when the soil is
+freshly turned, all the earthworks having been plowed and dragged
+level as interfering with cultivation. A great amount of broken
+pottery, flint implements, and fragments of animal bones has been
+uncovered here. In fact, the field is known locally as "the place
+where the Indians made their pottery." This site seems to have been
+occupied within historic times; after an unusual freshet some years
+ago, many "round musket-balls, such as belonged to the old-fashioned
+muzzle loaders"--"hundreds," or "two gallons," of them is the usual
+version--were picked up where the loose soil had washed off. There is
+a local tradition, long antedating the discovery of the bullets, that
+a "battle" was fought here between the French and the Indians.
+
+On the hill over the cave are three cairns, but they have been so
+searched through that scarcely a stone remains in its proper place.
+There is also the site of a flint-working industry, a space 40 or 50
+feet across being strewn with spalls, flakes, and chips.
+
+When, in addition to the sustenance provided by deer and other large
+game, there is taken into consideration the great numbers of wild
+fowls which frequented the rugged hills and numerous streams; the
+multitude of small mammals which found security in the myriad cavities
+and crevices in the cliffs; the abundant food supply in the river; and
+the further fact that so many mortars and pestles meant the
+utilization of nuts and the cultivation of corn and no doubt of other
+foodstuffs as well; it is apparent that the problem of mere
+subsistence was one with which the natives had but little need to
+concern themselves. That full recognition was accorded to these
+advantages is amply attested by the great quantity of flints found
+everywhere in the vicinity, the numerous workshops on the hills and in
+the bottoms where the ground is thickly strewn with débris in every
+stage from the intact nodule or block to the finished implement, and
+the amount of refuse not only in this cavern, but in the Saltpeter
+Cave in the same bluff and in the Freeman or Ramsey Cave 3 miles down
+the river on the opposite side. Miller's Cave, however, possesses an
+additional advantage, one probably not to be found elsewhere. This is
+the absolute security of its inmates from the attack of an enemy. The
+mouth of the cave is in the face of a perpendicular bluff, the wall
+on either side so smooth that not even a squirrel can obtain a
+foothold. The upper stratum of the precipice projects to such an
+extent that a rope or a ladder let down from above would fall several
+feet beyond the outer edge of the floor. Below, there is a vertical
+drop of 30 feet to the top of the rough talus which is as steep as
+rocks and earth will lie. If an assailant, by approaching from either
+side, should reach the foot of this bluff he would offer a fair target
+for stones rolled or hurled down by defenders who are safely out of
+reach of missiles from any direction.
+
+The only means of entrance is a small opening in the west wall,
+communicating with another cave. This is so restricted in size as to
+permit the passage of only one person at a time, and he must assume a
+crawling or crouching posture. This opening, which for distinction
+will be called the doorway, has its top, sides, and bottom coated with
+stalagmite formation; so it may once have been somewhat larger than at
+present. The limited amount of the deposit over the natural rock at
+either end of the orifice is evidence, however, that it could never
+have been high enough for a man to walk through without stooping, or
+wide enough for two persons to pass each other; consequently one man
+armed with a club or other weapon could easily guard it against any
+number who might attempt to enter.
+
+The cavern from which this opening leads, and which will be called the
+outer cave, is close to and nearly parallel with the face of the
+bluff, and its course is therefore approximately east and west,
+forming nearly a right angle with the main cavern. It has a slight
+curve, so that the doorway is not visible to one who is approaching
+from the outside until he is within a few yards of it.
+
+The outer cave has its beginning at a point where the bluff bends
+toward the north; that is, where there is a shallow reentrant curve,
+formed by the face of the cliff breaking away at this part and rolling
+down the hill; a considerable portion of this cave itself has been
+thus destroyed, as shown by another entrance into the bluff beyond.
+Much talus has accumulated in this cave, over which there is at
+present a fairly easy though winding and zigzag path to the entrance
+from the top of the hill, and a rough and difficult way from the
+bottom. It is a natural presumption that dwellers in the cavern had
+well-constructed though necessarily devious pathways of easy grade to
+both the top and the bottom of the hill; but owing to the loose nature
+of the débris on the outside slopes all trace of these, when abandoned
+or no longer kept in repair, would soon be obliterated by surface
+wash, landslides, and the roots of trees.
+
+By the side of the upper trail, at the bottom of the sandstone ledge
+capping the hill, are many large blocks which have split off from this
+stratum. On the flat surface of two of these are about 25 figures,
+pecked into the stone apparently with a pointed flint implement. One
+of them measuring 6½ by 30 inches, shown in figure 11, bears some
+resemblance to a flying bird. All the others are of uniform design, an
+oval or elliptical figure with a straight line or bar passing through
+an opening in one end. These vary from 4 to 18 inches in length; two
+of them are shown in figure 12. Owing to the rough weathering of the
+stones accurate tracings were not possible, but the illustrations give
+a fairly correct idea of the inscriptions as they originally appeared.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 11.--Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's
+  Cave.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 12.--Incised figures in sandstone near
+  Miller's Cave.]
+
+The front part of the outer cave is partially filled with large rocks,
+gravel, and clay, which have fallen or been washed in. A window-like
+opening on the right, or south, side admits additional light. Near the
+inner end the cave divides, one branch going to the southeast and
+opening in the face of the bluff, the other turning north and
+terminating abruptly near the doorway, which is worn through its rear
+wall. A rough diagram (fig. 13) with some measurements is appended to
+show this cavern's peculiar structure.
+
+                                                           Feet.
+  Width at mouth (A)                                         17
+  From mouth to "window" (B)                                 21
+  Width of window (B), which has a very irregular outline     3
+  From window to where cave divides (C)                      39
+  From corner of divide (c) to opposite corner (H)           13
+  From corner (H) to rear wall                               11
+  Greatest width, from (B) to (F)                            22
+  Width from (C) to (G)                                      10
+  From north wall near (G) to face of bluff (D)              28
+  Height at mouth from talus to roof                          8
+  Height from floor to roof between (C) and (G)              13
+  Lowest point in the cave (near C), below entrance (A)       7
+  Mouth, at (D), lower than floor at (C)                      4
+
+A small amount of refuse on the floor suggested use of the outer cave
+for residence or shelter; but excavations at several points uncovered
+bedrock, with very irregular surface, at depths of 6 inches to 2 feet,
+the earth containing very little refuse and no ashes. On the talus at
+the entrance, and also at the bottom of the bluff in which the caves
+open, is much refuse which the inmates threw out as rubbish.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 13.--Plan of Miller's Cave.]
+
+The front chamber of the main cavern is quite regular in form, going
+straight back like a vault for 80 feet, then turning abruptly westward
+with a width of 47 feet, the west wall making almost a right angle at
+the corner. The east wall abuts squarely against the rear; a narrow
+crevice leads eastward from their junction, but as this was filled
+with water and mud no exploration in it was attempted.
+
+The floor of the front chamber, from wall to wall, and from near the
+front to within 27 feet of the rear, was entirely of ashes, no earth
+being visible until the extremity of these at either end was reached.
+The floor of the western extension is covered with fine earth, washed
+in, which gradually increases in volume until it fills the cave to
+within a foot of the roof. It was not examined beyond this point.
+
+Measurements show these dimensions:
+
+ Width of cave at mouth                                 feet     64
+ Least width of cave, 24 feet from mouth                 do      45
+ Greatest width of cave, from doorway to branch in
+  cave in eastern wall                                  feet     74
+ Shortest distance from line of least width to line
+  of greatest width, as given above                     feet     18
+ From mouth of cave to doorway                           do      51
+ Height of doorway                                     inches    42
+ Width of doorway                                        do      33
+ Length of floor of doorway                              do      56 §
+ From mouth of cave to top of slope of ashes at rear    feet     84
+ From top to bottom of slope of ashes at rear            do      16
+ From foot of ash slope to rear wall                     do      27
+ Extent of ashes in turn of cave along foot of wall
+  beyond corner of west wall                            feet     22
+ Width of these ashes, from foot of wall to the
+  pool of water                                          do      22
+ Width of cave from corner of west wall to east wall     do      56
+ From corner of west wall to rear of cave                do      47
+ Height of extreme front from floor at edge of bluff
+  to most projecting ledge above                        feet     35
+ Height from shelf or ledge near front of east wall
+  to general level of roof                              feet     14
+ Height from ashes to roof at middle of cave             do      10
+
+  § This measure also represents the thinnest portion of the wall
+    separating the main cave from the outer cave.
+
+The walls were, as is usual in caverns, somewhat irregular, there
+being a narrow bench or shelf along each side near the front, while
+projections and indentations alternated from front to rear. There were
+numerous small holes and crevices, enlargements of seams and joints by
+percolating water at an early stage in the cave's history. These
+furnish homes for various wild animals, and nearly all of them contain
+bones, sticks, and trash taken in by ground hogs and wood rats which
+seem to find much pleasure in carrying such things from place to
+place.
+
+The work of excavation began at the extreme front of the cave, where
+the original bottom, a mixture of sand, clay, and chert gravel, had
+been exposed through removal of the ashes by winds and driving rain.
+Almost immediately rocks, large and small, fallen from walls and roof,
+were encountered and interfered greatly with the digging. In the upper
+foot of the clay were streaks of sand and ashes, among which a mussel
+shell and a flint chip were found; and the top of the clay was quite
+uneven, appearing as if carried and thrown here, as perhaps some of it
+was early in the occupancy of the cave, with the object of making a
+more even or level floor farther back. But this admixture was only
+superficial; below it, the material had all the appearance of a
+running water deposit.
+
+A ledge extended along the east wall for 40 feet, with a width of 12
+to 14 feet; at the inner end it was about 4 feet below the general
+level of the floor. At 8 feet below its top a second ledge projected
+from it, sloping toward the center, slightly for 8 feet then more
+rapidly for 10 feet farther, where it merged into the bedrock. Then
+came level, nearly smooth rock for 18 feet, to the foot of the slope
+of the west wall, 14 feet out from that side of the cave. This was
+probably the original drainage channel.
+
+By the gradual erosion of new channels through the limestone and the
+consequent abandonment of old ones, subterranean drainage is
+continually altering its direction and force. In this way caverns may
+be left entirely dry, with bare floors; or may, especially if they
+receive the drainage of sink holes, be partially or even entirely
+filled with débris thus carried in. Like others, Miller's Cave has
+undergone such changes. It was begun by clear water; enlarged by
+erosion and by breaking down of walls and roof; presently clay, sand,
+and gravel were carried in; finally the water no longer flowed through
+the front, but found its way out in some other direction. In time the
+deposits became sufficiently dry to afford a good site for camps and
+for permanent occupation. There is no way of ascertaining the rate at
+which these changes took place; it may have required many centuries to
+make an appreciable difference in appearance; or, on the other hand,
+the transition from one stage to the next may have been rapid.
+
+Along the foot of the ledge from the east wall the clay was only a few
+inches deep; farther out on the ledge, and on the projection extending
+from it, were layers of red sand. Occasionally a small patch of it
+appeared along the western side. Probably it was washed in among the
+last of the natural deposits.
+
+There was considerable chert gravel mixed with the clay, making
+excavation as difficult and laborious as digging up an old,
+much-traveled macadamized highway.
+
+The surface of the ashes sloped upward rather rapidly for a distance
+of 29 feet from the front. Kitchen refuse, found in them from the
+start, contained many mussel shells; bones, including those of bear,
+deer, panther, turkey, and other large fowls, tortoise, turtle, fish,
+and various small mammals and birds; potsherds; broken flints, with
+the débris of chipping work; mortars, pestles, hammers, and mullers.
+Near the west wall, 14 feet from the mouth, imbedded in the ashes and
+a foot below their surface, was a well-preserved cranium, shown in
+plate 17, e, f. There were no other bones, not even the lower jaw; it
+seems to have been thrown here and covered with the dumped ashes.
+
+At 18 feet from the mouth the rocks became larger and so numerous as
+to be almost in contact, projecting above the ashes and imbedded in
+the clay down to bedrock; they extended for 22 feet farther in and to
+within 14 feet of the west wall. The clay attained its highest level
+at the beginning of this pile of rocks, having an elevation of 9 feet
+above bedrock; it became lower toward the interior, with its surface
+everywhere rough and irregular.
+
+The rocks were too large to be either moved or broken up, and owing to
+the condition of the roof an attempt to reduce them by blasting would
+have been attended with great danger, so they were perforce left in
+place and as much as possible of the clay between and under them dug
+away. Beyond those near the front, others, not reaching the top, were
+found one after another buried in the clay; owing to their constantly
+increasing number, and to the inward slope of the east wall, the
+limits of the excavation gradually narrowed, hampering the movements
+of the workmen, and it was necessary to handle the earth two or even
+three times to get it out of the way. There was growing risk, too, of
+the projecting rocks splitting off or breaking out of the clay matrix.
+As some of them weighed several tons, the danger became too imminent,
+and efforts to continue along the bedrock had to cease.
+
+Two other attempts were made to get to the bottom; one at 40 feet from
+the mouth just beyond the large rocks on the surface, and one at 15
+feet farther in. The last one started on an area 8 by 15 feet, which
+would have been ample if the sides could have been carried down even
+approximately straight. Neither of these efforts met with success, for
+the same reason that led to the abandonment of the first one.
+
+From here to the end, examinations were confined to the deposit of
+ashes. The surface, except as it had been disturbed by relic hunters,
+was practically level from wall to wall, but the depth varied with the
+undulating top of the clay beneath. Where it was deepest, in the
+central portion about 50 to 75 feet from the mouth, the deposit had a
+thickness of 6 feet. From this it diminished to about 3 feet on the
+sides, with an occasional thinner patch on a narrow shelf formed by a
+ledge or a crevice. The average thickness was close to 4½ feet, so the
+amount was not far from 800 cubic yards. This was composed entirely of
+ashes from small fires for cooking, heating, and lighting purposes,
+increased to a very limited extent by kitchen waste, and by discarded
+or mislaid wrought objects. It represented the combustion of many
+hundreds, perhaps of thousands, of cords of wood, all of which had to
+be carried in from the hilltop or slopes and passed through the
+constricted doorway. This labor would be a sufficient guarantee of
+economical use; we may be sure that no fuel was wasted. If proof were
+needed of such a self-evident proposition, it would be found in the
+almost complete absence of charcoal; here and there, but seldom, a
+small mass of it showed that a burning chunk, covered up, had
+smoldered until the inflammable portion was consumed. Bunches or
+handfuls of coarse grass or small weeds had undergone the same
+process. Perhaps these had been used as kindling.
+
+In all the deeper parts the ashes had been dumped promiscuously, from
+fires made at other points; no camping fires seem to have been made
+along the middle of the cave until the depressions in the clay had
+been at least partially filled. The ashes in the upper 4 feet of the
+ash beds where these were deepest, and in nearly all the shallower
+portions, were stratified and usually level, though at the front and
+rear the strata followed the natural incline of the slopes. The first
+impression was that the ashes had been carefully spread out, or
+dragged, to make their surface even; but it was discovered, when
+shoveling some of them for the second time, that ashes may assume this
+appearance no matter how carelessly thrown. The ashes at the top, to a
+depth of 3 or 4 inches, were as fine as flour, and when shoveled back
+hung in clouds for hours at a time, to the great discomfort of the
+excavators, whose eyes, throats, and nasal passages were in a state of
+constant irritation. The stratified or laminated, hard-packed
+condition below the loose surface means, perhaps, that they were
+occasionally sprinkled and trampled by the occupants to prevent this
+trouble. Possibly they were covered with mats, skins, weeds, or
+leaves, in the parts where the inmates congregated. The loose,
+incoherent condition of the lower portions, which "shoveled like
+snow," may denote that only a few persons dwelt here at first, who
+found ample room on the higher ground near the doorway. However, all
+such attempts at explanations are not much better than mere guesswork,
+and we must be content with accepting the facts as we find them.
+
+Where the ashes were white and packed hard, whether on the site of a
+fire or in thin layers where thrown, they contained very little
+extraneous material; whereas in the darker, more mixed material broken
+bones, potsherds, shells, and other refuse were abundant, while there
+was scarcely a cubic foot anywhere in which was not found a piece of
+flint or bone, sometimes several such objects, which had been
+intentionally altered from their natural condition.
+
+Near the center of the cave was a curving pile, 6 by 2 feet, and
+several inches thick, of mussel shells of every size from less than an
+inch to above 5 inches in length; more than half of them were over 3
+inches. None of them showed any marks of fire; some had both valves in
+position, as if they had never been opened, and a few of the larger of
+these had been filled with small shells and closed again. A few were
+broken, but most of them were entire. About 1,400 valves were in this
+pile, meaning that at least one-half of that number of mollusks were
+consumed.
+
+The first interment was found at 46 feet from the front, 14 feet from
+the east wall. The folded skeleton of a very old person lay on the
+right side, head east, in loose ashes, on a large flat rock whose top
+was 30 inches below the surface. This rock had not been placed here,
+but had fallen from the ceiling; probably its existence was not known
+until it was uncovered in digging the grave. The skull still retained
+its shape, in part, being held in place by the ashes, but fell in
+pieces when this support was removed. A portion of it was gone; two
+fragments were found, several feet away, not near each other, one of
+which fits in the skull, and the other probably belongs with it also.
+The frontal bone is nearly half an inch thick; the sutures partially
+obliterated; the teeth worn down to the necks, some of them nearly to
+the bone; the forehead is low and receding. A restoration is seen in
+plate 20, a, b. In addition to the missing portions of the skull, most
+of the ribs, half of the lower jaw, and nearly all the dorsal vertebræ
+were absent, probably having been dragged away by ground hogs. The
+bones are all light and fragile. Lying above the skull, in contact
+with it but supported by the ashes on both sides, was half of a large
+mortar hollowed on both sides. Above the skeleton, and extending for
+several feet on every side, was an undisturbed stratum of closely
+packed ashes, 17 inches thick at the middle, which broke off under the
+pick in large clods; these, of course, had accumulated after the body
+was interred.
+
+The spongy condition of these bones, in spite of the preservative
+action of the ashes, is evidence of the fact frequently noted, that
+with advancing age some change takes place which renders them less
+resistant to destructive influences. Bones of children only a few
+weeks old near this skeleton held their structure perfectly and were
+easily secured.
+
+Ten feet east from the pile of mussel shells, at a slightly lower
+level, was nearly half a gallon of snail shells which had been boiled,
+probably in soup. With them were a few pieces of bones.
+
+Scattered irregularly through the ashes were many cavities which
+somewhat resembled the "postholes" so common beneath the mounds in
+Ohio. Some were barely an inch in diameter and a foot deep; from this
+size they varied indefinitely to the largest, which was a little more
+than 3 feet deep, reaching from about a foot below the undisturbed
+layers just under the loose surface ashes to within about a foot of
+the bottom. "About" is used advisedly, because at this point neither
+the top nor the bottom of undisturbed material could be determined
+with certainty. The lower 2 feet of this cavity was uniformly 7 inches
+across; above this it slightly expanded, funnel-like, to a diameter of
+8 inches at the top. The sides of this, as of all of them, large or
+small, were as smooth and hard as if made with a posthole digger or a
+boring tool. Strata of ashes, not changing their level or appearance
+in the least, were continuous around the margin. But the holes were
+not always straight; some of them changed direction as if due to a
+crooked post or stick. Nearly all of them were rounded, even
+hemispherical at top or bottom, or both, like the bottom of a pot.
+They were not molds, for nothing could have been taken out of them
+without changing or destroying its form. If they had contained any
+solid substance like a post it must have stood unchanged until the
+layers of ashes surrounded and covered it, and then must have so
+completely disappeared as to leave no trace of its existence. They
+were not formed by driving any object down, because in that case the
+bottom would not have been so regularly rounded and the ashes around
+the sides would have been more or less displaced. They were not due to
+burrowing animals. In fact, if there be imagined a nearly cylindrical
+mass of ice, straight or slightly crooked, with rounded ends, placed
+upright and retaining its position unmelted until completely buried,
+the appearance of these cavities will best be understood. Some of them
+were filled to the top with fine loose ashes which occasionally
+contained fragments of bone, shell, and pottery; sometimes they were
+nearly empty, with traces of decayed wood at the bottom, mingled with
+a little ashes and charcoal. In one was found a long, perfect bone
+perforator, shown at a in plate 30; in another near the corner of the
+west wall was found the pipe shown in figure 14. About 45 feet from
+the front near the east wall were four of them of different diameters
+and depths but all in a straight line within a space 2 feet long;
+these were in front of a crevice under an overhanging ledge where a
+man could not stand upright. Wigwams may have been erected in the
+cave, or at least skins stretched to prevent drafts or to confine the
+heat of fires in winter and perhaps to insure some degree of privacy
+if this were desired; but there are no present indications of such
+shelters unless these holes were to secure them; otherwise their
+purpose or object is still unsolved. They would probably not contain
+posts for hanging things on when the walls afforded so many small
+crevices and holes into which poles better adapted for such purposes
+could be thrust.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 20
+  a, b, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County, Mo. (a, front; b,
+  profile). c, Part of skull of child from Miller's cave (front
+  view)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 21
+  SKULL OF YOUNG WOMAN FROM MILLER'S CAVE a, Front; b, profile; c,
+  back]
+
+Other holes or depressions, shallow, saucer-shaped, or dish-shaped,
+some dug in the underlying clay, others at any level almost to the top
+of the ashes, were fire pits or cooking places, containing charcoal
+and ashes. Two such depressions were lined with a coating of gumbo
+half an inch thick, which, however, was not mixed with sand or shell.
+Pots may have been shaped in these. Occasionally a small mass of
+gumbo, never so much as a peck, sometimes as small as a pint measure,
+would be found loose in the ashes, seemingly thrown there at random.
+Two pieces were squeezed into a rough ball; one was patted or rolled
+into a flattened sphere with a rounded depression on one side. These
+were no doubt intended as material for making vessels, as was a
+roughly cylindrical mass of red clay and pounded shell as large as a
+quart cup--the "biscuit" of modern potters.
+
+About the middle of the cave a saucer-shaped depression, 4 feet across
+and 10 inches deep at the center, had been dug in the red clay; ashes
+had been deposited to a depth of 2 feet over this space before the
+excavation of the hole was begun, and streaks of red clay lay at about
+this level all around the pit. Many rocks, large and small, apparently
+thrown in, were in this basin and above it. No fire had been made in
+it; nothing buried; and the upper layers of ashes extended across it
+unbroken. It forms another of the unsolved problems.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 14.--Clay pipe from Miller's Cave.]
+
+In the den of a burrowing animal smaller than a ground hog was the
+frontal bone and upper portion of the face of a child of 8 or 10
+years; 12 teeth are cut and others can be seen. It is shown in plate
+20, c. Part of a cervical vertebra lay at the top of the skull, and
+there were fragments of a few other bones.
+
+The ulna of a child, broken off at the wrist, was near the doorway in
+a mass of refuse in a ground-hog burrow. For several feet in every
+direction around here the ashes were traversed by the tunnels and dens
+of these animals, some of them extending down into the clay.
+
+Twenty-five feet east of the doorway, a foot below the highest layer
+of unbroken ashes, was the top and back of a thin skull.
+
+Sixty feet from the front, 15 feet from the east wall, at a depth of
+14 inches, was a partial skeleton, lying on the back. The right arm,
+folded, lay by the side; the left forearm across the pelvis. All bones
+from the atlas to the sacrum, except some bones of the hands and
+wrists and the left ulna, lay in such position as to show they had
+been interred with the flesh on, or at least while the cartilages
+held them together; but no trace of the skull--which had lain toward
+the west--or of any part of the legs or feet was present. Fragments of
+coarse cloth were adhering to the pelvis. The bones, which were almost
+like punk, were those of a young person, the caps of the long bones
+being separate from the shafts; but they were of good size, the
+humerus being 13 inches long. The left ulna (at least a left ulna) lay
+above where the face should have been, but some inches away, with one
+end near the surface. It is quite probable that ground hogs are
+responsible for the condition of this skeleton, and that some of the
+bones found scattered in the ashes belonged to it. About a foot under
+the bones, but not connected with the burial in any way, were three
+large pieces of a large pot.
+
+Four feet east of this, a foot lower, was the skeleton of a baby, the
+humerus only 3½ inches long. The bones rolled out with some loose
+ashes, and not all of them could be recovered.
+
+Thirteen feet from the east wall, 16 feet from top of rear slope of
+the ashes, 4 feet below the surface was part of a skeleton. The bones
+lay on a damp, close-packed bed of ashes 6 inches thick. They were
+closely folded, the femurs and lower leg bones being in contact; the
+skull, scapulæ, right humerus, sacrum, and some of the vertebræ were
+missing. Such bones as remained were in their proper positions, except
+that the sternum lay in the pelvis and the elbows at the knees. All of
+them were in a space only 18 by 22 inches, measuring to the outermost
+points. The situation of such bones as remained indicated that part of
+a skeleton had been buried after the flesh had decayed, or had been
+removed, but while the joints were still united, and covered with
+loose ashes, whose settling had caused some sagging of the stratified
+ashes, a foot in thickness, which lay above them, there being no
+evidence that they had been disturbed since they were placed here. All
+were as light as cork and, except the left tibia, which was 15½ inches
+long, fell to pieces when taken up.
+
+Eight feet east from the last skeleton was one of a very young infant,
+on left side, head toward the front of the cave. It was 2½ feet below
+the surface, partly under a jutting portion of a large rock whose top
+was above the ashes. It lay on small angular rocks, with similar rocks
+over it.
+
+Two feet west of this was the ulna of a child 10 years old.
+
+Sixteen feet from the east wall, 10 feet from top of rear slope, 2
+feet under surface was another infant's skeleton, lying on the back,
+head toward the mouth of the cave. The femur was only 4½ inches long.
+
+Fifteen feet from east wall, 8 feet from top of rear slope of ashes, a
+little more than a foot below the surface, was the closely folded
+skeleton of a woman between 20 and 25 years of age. It lay on the
+right side, with the head east. The bones were in perfect condition,
+even the coccyx being intact. All the teeth were present, solid, and
+symmetrically set. Unbroken strata of ashes a foot thick above this
+skeleton sagged somewhat owing to settling of loose ashes thrown
+around and over the body at time of burial. The skull is shown, front,
+profile, and back, in plate 21.
+
+A few inches below these bones, with ashes intervening, were piled
+some bones of a child of about 8 years. The caps of the joints were
+not adherent, and some of the teeth had not come through the bone. The
+skull, which was intact, lay on left side, vertex north, ribs, arm
+bones, and feet bones lay on the top, at the back, and at the vertex,
+in contact with the skull and with one another. As there was no
+evidence that they had ever been disturbed by animals, it would appear
+that only the bones mentioned had been deposited; even the lower jaw
+was absent. They lay in a mass of kitchen refuse, shells, burned
+bones, charcoal, and ashes, the upper layers of which were curved as
+if the bones had been laid on a level area of this mixed material and
+the rest of it piled over them. Their position, and the small number
+of them, indicates that the flesh had been used as food. The skull is
+shown in plate 22.
+
+Between this partial skeleton and the complete one above it,
+apparently thrown in with the refuse which covered and surrounded
+both, were fragments of two large pelvic bones which did not belong to
+either of them.
+
+Directly below these burials, 3 feet under the surface, was part of an
+infant's skeleton, with five shell disk beads among the bones; the
+only instance in which ornaments were found with human bones. The
+skull and some other bones were present, but most of the remains had
+disappeared into the runway of a burrower.
+
+At several places in the central parts of the cavern, at almost any
+level between the top and the bottom of the ashes, were human bones,
+singly or a few together, some of them apparently remains of
+interments, others carried to the points where found. Most of these
+scattered bones were of children or infants; but now and then larger
+ones were found, notably two large adult tibiæ which were a foot
+apart. While a few of them may have been thrown in with the ashes,
+most of this confusion resulted from the activity of rodents, though
+some of it was due to desultory former investigations.
+
+At one point was the perfect lower jaw of a child 8 or 10 years old;
+with it were a scapula and some vertebræ which may have belonged to
+it, also some ribs, vertebræ, and arm bones of an infant. Two or three
+of them bore marks of fire, especially an ulna of a child which was
+completely charred.
+
+Four feet from east wall, 4 feet below surface, at the beginning of
+the slope to the rear, was the skeleton of a child less than 2 years
+old. It lay on left side, head east, legs bent, one arm folded with
+hand by head, the other along the body; just such a position as would
+be assumed by a sleeping infant. Some of the teeth were cut. All the
+bones were in place, though soft and brittle; above them was an
+unbroken stratum of ashes.
+
+Four feet west of this, 2 feet higher, was the skeleton of a still
+younger child.
+
+Sixteen feet from east wall, at the beginning of slope to rear, near
+the bottom of the ashes, was an adult's skeleton, extended on back,
+head west. Three rocks, weighing from 75 to 300 pounds, were placed
+over the body. Most of the bones had disappeared from decay; the
+middle third of one tibia was much enlarged by disease, as shown in
+plate 23.
+
+Eleven feet east of this, 4 feet below surface, was an adult skeleton,
+folded, on right side, head toward rear of the cave. The bones were
+spongy and soft. Portions of the feet and legs, most of the pelvis,
+the left arm, and some of the vertebræ were present, but there was no
+trace of right arm, skull, or shoulders. A slab weighing 100 pounds or
+more was set on edge just where the head should have been. One tibia,
+the only bone with both ends remaining, measured 14½ inches.
+
+Near the wall, just beyond the break of the slope, was the entire
+skeleton of a dog so old that its teeth were rounded and smooth. It
+had been killed by a spear thrust entirely through its body, from the
+right side, both scapulæ being penetrated; the holes are three-fourths
+of an inch in diameter. The skull of a fox was found near this, higher
+in the ashes.
+
+Fifteen feet from east wall, halfway down the slope, 18 inches under
+surface, was the skeleton of an infant only a few days old. No trace
+of pelvis or right leg remained, though all the other bones were well
+preserved.
+
+Twenty-four feet from east wall, at beginning of rear slope, was the
+complete skeleton of a young child, extended, on back, head toward
+rear of cave. The bones showed evidence of disease, as may be seen in
+plate 23. The skull is shown in plate 24.
+
+Nineteen feet from east wall, 13 feet from foot of slope, was a hole
+4½ inches to 5 inches in diameter, 21 inches deep, extending into the
+loose dark earth underlying the ashes. The bottom of the hole was
+muddy, being at about the level of the standing water, and contained
+charred and decayed remains of oak wood. Ashes, in layers having the
+same slope as the surface, extended over it, proving the post (?) to
+have been burned some time before the cave was abandoned.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 22
+  SKULL OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S CAVE
+  a, Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 23
+  DISEASED TIBIA OF ADULT AND DISEASED BONES OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 24
+  SKULL OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S CAVE
+  a, Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 25
+  CACHE OF FLINTS FROM ASH BED IN MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+West of the doorway a ledge, projecting from 4 to 6 feet, extended to
+the west corner. It was covered 2 feet deep, or less, with ashes
+containing the usual refuse. Large rocks lay on this, or had
+fallen over it to the clay lying against its lower part, or into
+the ashes on the clay.
+
+Near the west wall were four holes in an almost straight
+north-and-south line. The first (1), was 29 feet north of the doorway,
+18 inches deep and 7 inches in diameter. In it was the clay pipe shown
+in figure 14. Number (2), 5 feet from (1), was 24 by 9 inches; No. (3)
+2 feet from (2), was 26 by 7 inches; No. (4), 4½ feet from (3), was 30
+by 5 inches. Fourteen inches northwest of No. (1) was another hole, 15
+by 3 inches. The description on a previous page as to character,
+appearance, and contents applies to all these holes; the ashes
+extended above all of them in continuous layers.
+
+A little to the west of No. (1) was a small pile of crumbling
+fragments of sandstone and limestone used in boiling food.
+
+Near No. (4), a foot under the surface, on the slope, 15 feet from the
+water, was a small pile of charcoal on which lay a human scapula, some
+vertebræ, fragments of ribs, most of a humerus, and most of a femur of
+a person not fully matured; they were of good size but the cap fell
+away from the humerus when it was moved. Some of them were without
+marks of fire, others were charred, while a few pieces were burned to
+cinder. As the mass was surrounded by clean ashes, it could not be
+determined whether the charcoal had been burned where found, or had
+been carried here. Whichever it was, the bones had been thrown on the
+pile.
+
+Thirteen feet just north from the corner of the west wall was a hole
+19 by 7 inches which differed from the others in that the bottom
+instead of being rounded was irregular, and deeper at one side; the
+top, however, showed the usual hemispherical contour.
+
+Two feet from corner of west wall, almost under a point projecting
+from it, 4 feet below surface, was a cranium from which the upper jaw,
+one orbit, and part of the right parietal were missing; with it were a
+lower jaw, a clavicle, a sternum, the bones of the left arm, and some
+phalanges, all in good condition, except the ulna, which was broken.
+No other bones were present. The skull lay on right side, face toward
+the wall; the arm bones were on it, and the other bones by it. With
+and around them were some deer bones. The entire lot had the
+appearance of being thrown together here at one time, and it would
+seem that the flesh of all of them had been eaten.
+
+Fourteen feet north from the corner, halfway down to the water, in the
+wet earth at the bottom, were human bones evidently placed here
+entire, but so decayed and broken that nothing could be ascertained
+except that it seemed a closely folded body or skeleton had been
+deposited. The teeth were worn down to the gums.
+
+The refuse behind the corner of the west wall was cleared away as far
+as the conditions would permit. The amount of water at the rear of
+the cave varies with the rainfall; sometimes it almost disappears,
+again it may be fully 2 feet deep; but at all times the earth and
+ashes near it are saturated above its lowest level. Consequently, on
+account of the mud, excavations could not be carried fully to the end
+in either direction. As scarcely anything was found in the last few
+feet, this omission was not important.
+
+The entire distance worked over, from the front margin to the line
+where no further advance could be made, at 14 feet from the water, was
+91 feet. No spot that could be reached throughout this length was left
+undug.
+
+The small openings in the west wall presented no features worthy of
+special mention; but those in the east wall yielded interesting
+results.
+
+First of these was a small cave 39 feet from the main entrance. At the
+front its width was 11 feet; 6 feet within it narrowed to 4 feet. A
+hole on the north side ended at a crevice that led to a chamber higher
+up, from which, in turn, another crevice extended. All this space,
+even beyond the point to which a man could worm his way, was filled
+with fine earth and ashes containing much refuse. Worked objects were
+found at the greatest distance which could be reached.
+
+A few feet within the entrance this minor cave divided into three
+parts. A crevice trending northward is too small to follow. The two
+others extend in a general easterly direction. The central branch, the
+left of the two, also closes within a few feet. Neither of these
+contained anything but natural earth. In the one to the right, 7 feet
+from the entrance, was a pocket on the south side, 18 inches wide, 30
+inches high, and 4 feet deep; it was filled with ashes containing bone
+and shell, but no worked object except a flake scraper. At intervals,
+within the next few feet, were two mortars, a much used pestle, some
+bone awls, and flints, all of them in places where it was scarcely
+possible for a man to sit erect, as the tunnel-like cavity,
+circumscribed by solid rock, was nowhere as much as 4 feet in
+diameter. At its narrowest part it measured only 3 feet high and 18
+inches wide.
+
+At 20 feet the cave opens into a well-like enlargement, 5 by 6 feet,
+and 5 feet high. Bone and shell in small amounts were found here, and
+among them the skiver shown at d in plate 36.
+
+From this well-like cavity three branches start; one continuing in a
+direct line east, one to the north, and one to the south. The east
+(middle) branch is only 24 inches high and 17 inches wide, with solid
+rock all around. It contained ashes, with a little refuse, as far as a
+man could reach.
+
+The branch to the north is entered through an opening 3 feet high and
+31 inches wide in a thin wall of the original rock, just within which
+it widens to nearly 7 feet, holding the same height of 3 feet. Within
+this doorway, on the red earth bottom, were a small mortar and a
+grinding stone worn by much use; both were stained with red paint. A
+foot farther in was part of a skiver; and 2 feet beyond this was a
+large knife of white chert almost as clear and compact as chalcedony,
+shown at a in plate 27. Ashes continued in the north tunnel for 26
+feet from the entrance, beyond which no further progress was possible.
+Before this point was reached, the refuse which had been continually
+decreasing in amount no longer appeared.
+
+The tunnel leading from the well toward the south is 19 inches high, 3
+feet 9 inches wide. At 3 feet it branches; one fork, 2 feet high and
+17 inches wide, turns eastward and curves to join the east branch from
+the well. The other branch continues south, but soon closes; in it
+were found a small piece of an adult's skull and the hip bone of a
+young child.
+
+The floors in all the branches of the small cave were covered from 3
+to 12 inches deep with a reddish mixture of sand and clay, on which
+were ashes filling the space above almost to the roof. In a few places
+refuse was found in this silt, of the same general character as that
+in the ashes, but in very small amount. This is not significant; such
+remains were dragged down by animals, which range everywhere. The two
+deposits are quite separated and distinct.
+
+The clay and sand on the rock bottom came from disintegrated rock on
+top of the ground outside, or at any rate from some level higher than
+that where they are found now; but how ashes, shells, broken bone, and
+especially how worked objects came to be in places too contracted for
+a man to creep, and where they could be neither carried nor pushed, is
+not to be explained except on the hypothesis of a chamber above,
+whence they may have worked or may have been thrown down; but at no
+place, either in the cave or in the outside surface, could there be
+found any evidence of such communication.
+
+Fifty-five feet from the mouth of the cave, in the east wall, is a
+crevice into whose lower portion extended the red clay of the cavern
+floor. It branched into various tortuous divisions, all of which were
+filled with ashes containing a large proportion of refuse. It appeared
+at first that all this had settled in, or been thrown in, from the
+main cavern; but one branch, having a very irregular outline, was in
+such situation and trended upward at such an angle that it could not
+have been filled from below. As in similar cases previously noted,
+however, no other opening to it was to be found. The smallest workman
+cleared it out to as great a distance as he could crawl and use a
+trowel, but did not succeed in reaching the end of the deposits.
+
+At the bottom of the crevice were ground-hog burrows extending between
+loose rocks, under ledges, and into the red clay. All these were
+followed as far as they could be, and found to contain quantities of
+refuse. There was also a considerable amount of fine dark earth in the
+burrows, showing they have another outlet somewhere. Occasionally a
+mass thrown out by a shovel or a trowel contained more refuse than
+ashes. There was nearly everything which was found elsewhere in the
+cave, and almost every shovelful contained something worth preserving.
+
+Near the rear of the cave erosion of the lower part of the eastern
+wall formed a rudely triangular recess or cavity 30 feet long by 7
+feet deep at the widest part. The upper margin of this was below the
+surface of the ashes, so that its existence was not suspected until
+these had been removed from in front of it. The roof was 5 feet above
+the rock bottom, the entire space being filled with loose material.
+The upper 2 feet of this was clean ashes in which were great
+quantities of refuse, so much that it had all the appearance of a
+general dumping ground. Below this depth, patches of fine dark earth
+were mingled with the ashes and refuse. The latter continually
+decreased in quantity, until at a foot above the bottom they ceased
+altogether, the lower portion of the deposit consisting of nothing but
+earth. The pure ashes were slightly damp; and the moisture increased
+with the depth until at a foot above the bottom the earth was
+saturated and could no longer be removed with tools.
+
+The refuse in the ashes consisted of animal bones, entire or in
+fragments; broken flints and pottery; mussel and snail shells; and
+numerous wrought objects. These continued, though in smaller amount,
+where the ashes were mingled with earth, though bones and shells were
+soft owing to the moisture, and could be removed only in fragments.
+Among them were the flint shown at a in plate 28, and the hematite ax,
+at a, plate 29. The latter was at the lowest level to which the ashes
+extended; perhaps its weight caused it to settle below the place at
+which it originally lay.
+
+Near the middle of this chamber, 2 feet from the rear wall, lying at
+the bottom of the mixed ashes and earth, were 12 entire and 3 broken
+leaf-shaped blades; they were not closely piled, or arranged in any
+order, but seem to have been hastily or carelessly laid or thrown on a
+small space. Another was found a foot away. They are shown in plate
+25.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 26 FLINTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 27 FLINTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 28 FLINTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 29 AXES AND PESTLES FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+Here and there among the refuse were found the upper jaw, with left
+orbit, of a young person; a fragment of an occiput, perhaps belonging
+with the above though not lying near it; fragments of the skull of a
+young child; half of an ulna of a child probably 12 years old; a small
+fragment of the lower jaw of an adult with one molar remaining in it,
+which has been burned until black. These fragments were all in such
+position and condition as to show they were not carried in by animals;
+were not disinterred from graves and placed here; were not in any
+way accidentally present; but had been gathered up with the refuse and
+thrown in as a part of it. The broken or burned condition of these, as
+well as of other human bones found at random among the ashes of the
+main cave, are presumptive evidence that dwellers here sometimes
+devoured the flesh of human beings; and the fact that a majority of
+such bones are those of children indicates that it was not eaten
+through a belief that the valor and skill of an enemy could be thus
+absorbed by the victor, but that it was used as food, like the flesh
+of any other animal. Such conclusion may not be justified; but the
+facts are not readily accounted for otherwise, except on the equally
+repulsive hypothesis that the inmates of the cave were brutally
+indifferent to the bodies or skeletal remains of their fellows.
+
+Omitting this question from consideration, however, there is still
+ample evidence that the inhabitants of Miller's Cave were in a low
+state of savagery, or, if the phrase be preferred, in a very primitive
+stage of culture. There was a remarkable paucity of articles used as
+ornaments or for personal decoration, and the few that were found were
+simple and crude, being only rubbed stones or rough pieces of bones
+which were possibly intended for beads or pendants. The pottery, while
+strong and serviceable, was plain in form and devoid of any
+ornamentation or design except that a few pieces showed impressions
+such as would be made by scratching or pressing with the end of a
+small stick or bone. Nearly all of it was cord-marked, though some was
+smooth, one red piece appearing almost glazed. It varied much in
+thickness, hardness, and color. Most of it was dark gray, some red,
+occasionally a piece yellowish or nearly white; due to the different
+clays of which it was made. So far as observed it was tempered with
+shell. The shards were small, as if when a pot was broken the
+fragments were still further demolished. The curvature showed there
+was a wide range in size, from about a pint to 2 gallons or more.
+
+Their mortars were natural blocks or slabs of sandstone, such as may
+be picked up by thousands in the immediate neighborhood, and showed no
+alteration of form beyond ordinary wear except that the rough faces of
+a few were pecked, apparently with a pointed flint tool, to make them
+less irregular. Some were flat and smooth from use with a muller or
+grinding stone; most of them were worked or hollowed on only one face;
+a few showed depressions on both sides; one had a few hemispherical
+indentations near the margin, like those observed in cup-stones.
+
+Only one pestle was dressed into any of the forms which we are
+accustomed to associate with the name, and this was a truncated cone
+with rounded top, shown at b in plate 29. All the others were
+cobblestones from ravines or the river shore. A few had undergone no
+change in form; most of them were battered on the perimeter; a few had
+pitted sides; some had been used as pestles, mullers, or grinding
+stones until the surface was more or less smooth. All such stones are
+classed as "pestles," for convenience; they could have also been used
+as hammers, bone crushers, and in various other ways.
+
+In all, 73 mortars were found; counting only those stones which bore
+marks of use as such. The largest one was at the bottom of the ashes,
+near the doorway. There were more than 100 pestles which bore evidence
+of much use; and probably as many more on which there was little or no
+sign of wear. As the cavern was not of sufficient size to provide
+living quarters for many families at any one time--10 or 12 at the
+most--the large number of these utensils may imply that the inmates
+would not use an object which had previously belonged to some one
+else.
+
+Among the flint implements there was a wide range in the character of
+stone, the shape, and the degree of finish, although the variation in
+size was quite limited. Very few of them may be classed as either
+large or small. The longest, shown at a in plate 28, measured 5½
+inches; few were more than 4 or less than 2 inches. Tapering stems
+predominated. The principal forms are shown in plates 26-28. Only
+three arrowheads were found; but this was to be expected, as arrows
+would be used only out of doors. One of these of clear, fine-grained
+pink and white chert, shown at b in plate 28, so far surpasses in
+delicate finish any other specimen secured that it is probably exotic.
+The large number of cores, blocks, spalls, and flakes shows that many
+implements were made and repaired here. But, while a few specimens
+showed that their fabricators were masters of the chipping art, most
+of them were roughly finished. Some which are so little altered from
+the original form of the rough flake or spall that they would be
+classed as "rejects" if found about a flint workshop have a smoothness
+or "hand polish" which denotes much service. There is the possibility,
+of course, that hunting or traveling parties from some other part of
+the country may have availed themselves of the shelter, either when it
+was temporarily unoccupied, or as guests of those living in it; and
+that these, also, may have left some small articles when they
+departed. However this may have been, all the objects from the top to
+the bottom of the deposits, in dry ashes or in sticky mud, in crevices
+or branch caverns, on the red clay, the barren muck, or the
+bedrock--all, if we may except the few flints of superior
+workmanship--are identical in general character: That is to say, any
+object from any part of the deposited material had its practical
+duplicate at various other points on different levels.
+
+Only three grooved axes and three pestles were found. They are shown
+in plate 29, along with a cobblestone used as a pestle.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 30 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 31 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 32 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 33 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 34 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 35 ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 36 SKIVERS, SHOWING STAGES OF MANUFACTURE,
+  FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 37 SHELL SPOONS, POTTERY DISKS, AND BROKEN
+  SPOON MADE OF A DEER'S SKULL, FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+The cave was especially rich in objects wrought from bone and antler.
+A few of these are shown in plates 30-36 and figure 15.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 15.--Perforated bone object from Miller's
+  Cave.]
+
+Plate 36 illustrates four stages in the manufacture of skivers. It
+shows that instead of being always rubbed down from its natural form
+the bone was sometimes split by blows of a stone hammer until
+complete, subsequent smoothing probably resulting from use, as shown
+by the implement at c. When skivers were broken, the ends were dressed
+down for other uses; as observed in the upper row of plate 32.
+
+Shell spoons, knives, and scrapers were abundant. Some are shown in
+plate 37, along with perforated pottery disks and the bowl of a spoon
+made from the frontal bone of a deer.
+
+Figure 16 represents the only adz or gouge form implement found. It is
+made of gray chert, the edge highly polished. In figure 17 is shown a
+broken clay pipe, identical in form and material with that in figure
+14.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 16.--Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's
+  Cave.]
+
+The red clay which had formed the floor of the excavated area from the
+mouth of the cavern to well past the central portion suddenly dipped
+to the north and to the east shortly before reaching the corner of the
+west wall. Attempts to follow it downward were frustrated by black
+earth, which when dug with pick or shovel assumed the consistency of
+"hog-wallow mud."
+
+For a space of 4 or 5 feet inside the doorway, whose floor was about 3
+feet higher than the average surface level in the cave, the ashes were
+not more than a foot thick, the clay rising to this extent. It spread
+out fan shape, with a continuous slope for several yards in every
+direction, thus making an easy grade for entrance and exit.
+
+There are three ways in which this condition could have been brought
+about.
+
+First, the aborigines may have constructed a graded way; though it is
+not at all likely they would have piled the clay so far to each side.
+
+Secondly, it may have washed through the doorway from the outer cave
+when the main outlet of the latter in the face of the bluff toward D
+(fig. 13) was obstructed in some way. This is improbable.
+
+Thirdly, it may be due to material deposited in the eddy or swirl
+created by the corner of the west wall whenever a large volume of
+drainage water flowed from the westward in the main cave and was
+sharply deflected toward the south when it struck the east wall. This
+is no doubt the correct explanation.
+
+Whether or not these floods had any part in piling up the clay at the
+doorway, beyond doubt it was to them that the clay, gravel, and sand
+resting upon the floor of the main cave owe their origin. To them is
+likewise due the dark earth overlying the clay at the rear and
+covering the floor of the recess in the east wall. Clearly, there was
+at one time in the cave's history a current at intervals, which
+carried mud and small rocks from the interior of the cave, or from the
+outside surface through sink holes, and left at least a part of it
+where the velocity of the stream was checked. Later, much of this
+water found other drainage channels, and the coarser matter could no
+longer be carried into the cave; but at times of unusually heavy
+precipitation enough of the torrent followed the old course to bring
+in the dark earth. The last is due to top soil containing a large
+amount of humus from decaying vegetation. Finally, no more water came
+this way except as seepage, which is the condition at present.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--Clay pipe from Miller's Cave.]
+
+The pool at the rear may be entirely empty in dry seasons; and after
+heavy rains may contain a depth of 2 feet. This water now has a greasy
+looking scum and a sour, unpleasant odor.
+
+The cave was inhabited before the water had entirely ceased to flow
+through it; this is proven by the alternation of refuse and silt in
+the recess under the east wall. Kitchen waste would be thrown here,
+and when the water rose sediment would cover it. There was then dry
+ground near the doorway; and the water in the pool, having an outlet
+toward the east, through the crevice, was fit for use, except,
+perhaps, when turbid.
+
+On the rear slope, 18 feet from the water, the excavation was carried
+to the level of the bottom of the pool. The lower 2 feet was mud, and
+at the bottom water oozed in. Scattered through this muddy earth was
+much charcoal in small fragments; and for a short distance it also
+occurred for a few inches below the surface of the red clay. This
+charcoal was carried in by the water at the same time as the earth
+with which it was associated, and must be due to fires on the hill
+outside. At any rate, it did not come from any fires made within the
+cavern. No refuse or worked objects of any kind were found in this
+black earth, except in the recess in the east wall, as described, and
+in the upper portion immediately under the ashes. Such as existed
+outside the recess may have become mixed in the same way; that is, by
+being thrown on the top as it existed at the moment and being later
+covered by the water; or it may have worked in from the ashes above.
+Nor was there much refuse in the ashes on the rear slope, although
+these were quite regularly stratified.
+
+To entirely remove the rocks and clay and expose in a satisfactory
+manner the bedrock floor would require months of labor, the use of
+mechanical appliances, and complete drainage to the rear wall through
+the mouth of the cave.
+
+Without attempting to make a detailed list, there may be given a
+summary of the objects shipped to the National Museum:
+
+  12 skulls, most of them more or less broken.
+  10 partial skeletons, including those of children.
+  8 fragments of skulls from different individuals not included in the
+    above.
+  74 objects of shell.
+  711 worked flint objects; knives, scrapers, cores, etc.
+  10 grooved axes, tomahawks, and flint hammers.
+  10 mortars.
+  40 pestles, stone hammers, rubbing stones, etc.
+  413 wrought objects of bone and stag horn.
+  2 clay pipes.
+  1 box of pottery fragments.
+  A number of small objects, not classified.
+
+There were left in the cavern several hundred broken flints; more than
+60 mortars; probably 200 stones used as pestles, hammers, etc., and
+several large wagonloads of shell, bone, and broken pottery.
+
+There is no way in which the age of the deposits in either the Miller
+or the Sells Cave can be determined. The accumulation of ashes in the
+one and of talus at the front of the other would certainly imply the
+lapse of several centuries, perhaps a thousand years of continuous
+occupation. Intermittent habitation would lengthen this period.
+
+
+RAMSEY'S CAVE
+
+Ramsey's Cave, better known as Freeman's Cave, is in a bluff on the
+right bank of Big Piney River, 3 miles below Miller's Cave. It is
+about 150 feet above the level of the stream and the same below the
+summit of the hill behind it. Within a hundred yards to east and west
+are shallow ravines by which access is fairly easy to a ledge nearly
+on the same level as the cave; this is wide enough for one person to
+traverse, but in most places too narrow for two abreast. The talus in
+front is rough and steep but a crooked path with no difficult grades
+can be made to the water.
+
+Chambers on each side near the entrance, which are accessible only by
+means of a ladder, provide excellent living quarters and command
+approach from any direction, even along the foot of the cliff on
+either side.
+
+The entrance, which faces southwest, is a symmetrical arch 75 feet
+wide and 20 feet high.
+
+Bedrock shows just in front, covered with loose material washed over
+the cliff. The floor ascends and the roof descends toward the rear,
+until at 70 feet they approach within 6 feet of each other; beyond
+this the cave is choked with fallen rocks and with earth and gravel
+probably from a sink hole some distance back on top of the hill.
+
+Refuse shows about the entrance and for 40 feet toward the rear, where
+earth from the interior has worked down over it. The surface is strewn
+with rocks, large and small, so that excavations are possible only in
+small areas. Several holes were dug at intervals between the front and
+the rear; a considerable amount of ashes was found over the middle
+portion, thrown from still farther back. Very little was found in
+them. The rock bottom slopes upward slightly and was covered in some
+places with clay and gravel, on which lay the ashes and other refuse;
+these were nowhere more than 3 feet deep, and usually much thinner.
+
+The place was so difficult to work in and the returns were so scanty
+that systematic investigation did not seem warranted, and the work was
+not extended. The only objects secured were a bone perforator, part of
+another one, a snail shell, apparently a bead, a very small piece of
+sandstone used as a grinder or polisher for bones, a fragment of
+worked mussel shell, and nine rough flints. There were also a few
+small fragments of pottery.
+
+A man living near the cave reported that a few years ago he was
+digging in a narrow space between the east wall and a large fallen
+rock. He came upon the feet of two skeletons and took out the lower
+leg bones. Being assured by a friend that these were not bones of
+Indians because they were not "red," and so must be remains of white
+people, he replaced them and threw the earth back on them. He was
+certain the spot had never since been disturbed; but in this he was
+mistaken, for investigation revealed a pile of human bones lying in
+confusion, in which the frames of two individuals, as he had said,
+were mingled; but no trace of the skull or jaw of either. Evidently
+some one had come afterwards in search of the skulls. The femur of the
+larger individual was just 19 inches long; the other frame was much
+smaller; but all other bones were in such fragmentary condition they
+could not be measured.
+
+There is a rock shelter a short distance down the river from the
+Ramsey Cave and in the same ledge. It is 45 feet long, 15 feet deep,
+and 8 feet high in front, the roof coming down to the floor at the
+rear. There is nothing to show that it was ever used, even as a
+camping place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A fourth of a mile above this cave is another from which flows a
+never-failing spring. There is a pile of ashes near the front,
+containing some refuse, but these mark only the site of an occasional
+camp, as the place could not be occupied in wet weather.
+
+
+GRAHAM CAVE
+
+On Graham's land, high up in a bluff facing Big Piney, opposite the
+mouth of Spring Creek, is a small cave difficult to reach and not
+suitable for occupancy.
+
+
+PILLMAN'S OR SPRING CREEK, CAVE (25)
+
+At the mouth of Spring Creek, on land of John Pillman, near the top of
+the bluff, is a cave with an entrance 30 feet wide and 30 feet high. A
+steep rock ledge at the front offers an impassable obstacle to any
+stock except goats. The front chamber is well lighted for a distance
+of 80 feet, where it makes a turn. Bedrock is exposed near the
+entrance and rises toward the rear, showing here and there through the
+covering of earth, which is not more than 2 feet deep anywhere. Water
+cracks appear even in the highest spots, proving the floor to be
+saturated at times. There is considerable refuse inside the cave, but
+none in front, and it is reported that human skeletons have been found
+in it. If so they must have been on a ledge or in a crevice. Plate 2,
+a, shows the hill, from the west; plate 2, b, the entrance to the
+cave.
+
+Two large cairns stood on top of the bluff above the cave. So far as
+can be determined in their dilapidated condition, there seems to have
+been a row of stones inclosing a definite area, but it is impossible
+to ascertain with certainty whether this was the case.
+
+On a lower ridge, to the north, are three similar but smaller cairns.
+These are constructed entirely of sandstone slabs, and there was
+plainly some sort of system used in placing them; but, as in the case
+of the first, it can not now be determined whether there was a
+continuous wall, and, if so, whether it was more than one stone high.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A village site is reported in the river bottom on David Thomas's farm
+on the Big Piney, near Moab.
+
+There were cairns, now totally destroyed, at two places on the ridge
+over which passes the road from Devil's Elbow to Spring Creek.
+
+
+WOODLAND HOLLOW CAVE
+
+A minor ravine, known as Woodland Hollow, opens into a small unnamed
+creek a mile above its junction with Big Piney River at the Devil's
+Elbow. In the west slope of this ravine is a large cave, named from
+its location. Through the middle part the floor is muddy; along the
+wall on the left, dry cave earth, with a width of 20 to 30 feet,
+extends for 70 feet from the entrance, its surface 4 feet above the
+level of the wet floor. A smaller amount of dry earth lies along the
+opposite wall. The sides of the cavern recede at the bottom, the dry
+earth passing under them. No estimate can be made as to the total
+depth of the deposits. At the mouth of a ground-hog burrow were two
+bone perforators, potsherds, fragments of bones, and pieces of worked
+flint, including two knives, which had been thrown out by the animal.
+Two mortar stones were found on the margin of the dry earth.
+
+The cave belongs to Philip Becker, of St. Louis, who peremptorily
+refused to allow any examination whatever to be made; the only case in
+the whole region where cheerful permission was not given for any
+amount of excavation desired.
+
+Three cairns, all demolished, stood on the Stuart property, half a
+mile from Woodland Cave.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a cairn on top of Lost Hill, half a mile south of Blue, or
+Shanghai, Spring on Big Piney.
+
+
+WALLED GRAVES AT DEVIL'S ELBOW (26)
+
+Three miles above the point at which it passes out of the hills into
+the bottom lands on its way to the Gasconade, the Big Piney River
+doubles on itself with an abrupt curve, which raftsmen have named "The
+Devil's Elbow." For more than a mile above and below this bend the
+stream flows in opposite directions in nearly parallel east and west
+channels around the foot of a spur from the high land to the west.
+
+Into the Elbow, on its outer curve, three ravines from the east and
+southeast open within a fourth of a mile. They form the boundaries of
+two very narrow ridges or "hog-backs," which terminate in precipitous
+slopes near the river. For some distance back from the points the
+limestone bedrock crops out, a slight accumulation of earth in the
+crevices supporting a scanty covering of weeds but being insufficient
+to permit the growth of trees or bushes; hence the term "balds" by
+which they are locally known. The ridges have a gradual and nearly
+uniform slope toward the summit of the hill, which lies half a mile
+to the eastward. The sandstone capping the hill appears within a few
+hundred feet and is covered with an abundant growth. On the upland are
+many large trees.
+
+The ridge farthest south, on the farm of Joseph Ross, has five stone
+graves along the crest, numbered here in their order from the bluff.
+Number (1) is a few rods below the sandstone outcrop, and is
+constructed partly of weathered limestone blocks such as are now lying
+around it and partly of sandstone slabs carried from farther up the
+hill. All the other cairns, although (2) and (3) stand on the
+limestone bedrock, are built entirely of sandstone fragments ranging
+from the size of a brick or smaller to pieces weighing over 200
+pounds.
+
+At first sight the cairns appeared to be only piles of stones thrown
+together; but more careful inspection showed that each burial place
+was outlined by a wall, laid up with as much regularity as was
+practicable with the material at hand, and inclosing a space
+approximately square. Measuring from face to face of their walls, the
+spaces between these cairns were as follows: (1) to (2), 21 feet; (2)
+to (3), 19 feet; (3) to (4), 36 feet; (4) to (5), 34 feet.
+
+Not one of these walls was intact at the time of examination; hunters
+had torn away portions of all of them in pursuit of small animals
+which had sought refuge among the stones; and such parts as were not
+thus injured were more or less displaced by roots of trees penetrating
+in every direction the soil which had accumulated in the open spaces.
+
+So far as could be judged in their chaotic condition, the first step
+in their construction was to lay a row of slabs around the area
+required; then another row upon this; and the work was continued in
+this manner until the desired height was reached. As a rule, the
+stones were so laid as to break joints and to interlock at the
+corners, for greater stability; but in a few places this was not done.
+If a stone, once laid up, did not fit as it should, the builders
+apparently did not take the trouble to replace it with another better
+suited to the requirements. Seemingly, care was taken to build in such
+a manner that each outer face should be vertical, and in a straight
+line from corner to corner; but the inner side was left rough and
+irregular according to the shape and size of the blocks, no attempt
+being made to even it up. If timbers of any kind had been laid across
+the top, resting on the walls, there remained no indication of the
+fact. However, the bodies may have been protected at the time of
+interment by small vaults or pens constructed of poles, whose decay
+would allow the stones to settle, and of which no traces would now be
+left.
+
+The space inclosed by the walls was filled with loose stones lying in
+such disorder as to suggest that they had been carelessly or hastily
+thrown in to fill the interior and round up the top; but some of this
+confusion may have resulted from the same causes by which the walls
+were defaced.
+
+It does not appear that any stones had been piled against the outside
+of the walls to assist in retaining them in place; such as were found
+in this position were either thrown there by the present inhabitants
+or had fallen from the top.
+
+Two of the cairns, the second and the third in order, were so torn up
+and overgrown that no investigation of them was attempted; the three
+others were fully examined.
+
+
+CAIRN (1)
+
+In the first, that nearest the terminus of the ridge, all stones lying
+against the outside of the structure were thrown aside, bringing the
+outer face into plain view. The inclosure thus revealed resembled the
+rude foundation of a small building. Measuring from corner to corner
+the north wall was 14 feet long, the south wall 16 feet, the east wall
+14 feet, the west wall 13 feet. The walls were as straight and the
+corners as square as they could well be made with surface rocks not
+trimmed or dressed from their natural rough condition.
+
+The space within was next freed of stones; the topmost were 3 feet
+above the outside level, though no doubt higher when first piled. The
+inside measurements were: North wall 10 feet, south wall 10 feet, east
+wall 9 feet, west wall 9 feet; all measurements being approximate, as
+no definite boundaries could be determined.
+
+The south wall was practically destroyed; the others were not much
+injured, but no longer plumb, as they undoubtedly were when
+constructed. The east wall was in best condition; the outer face was
+nearly vertical; the top of the highest stone remaining in it was 28
+inches above the bottom of the lowest. The general appearance of the
+wall indicates that it was somewhat higher.
+
+After the stones were thrown out there remained a deposit of loose
+material, composed to some extent of very scanty soil and of humus
+from decayed weeds and leaves, but principally of disintegrated
+sandstone which had settled or washed in. Its thickness above bedrock
+was about 16 inches. All this was carefully examined.
+
+Near the center, a few inches above the natural bedrock, were some
+fragments of human bones which seemed to belong to two adults. Another
+adult body, or skeleton, bundled or closely folded, had been placed
+against the south wall, which had partially fallen in on it. Pieces of
+long bones, including heads of two femurs, the ends of the bones at an
+elbow, phalanges, and a fragment of rib were found in a space less
+than a foot across. Nothing more of them remained and nothing else was
+found.
+
+
+CAIRN (4)
+
+The fourth grave in order was worked out in the same manner as the
+first. On the outer face the north wall measured 14 feet, the south
+wall 15½ feet, the east wall 16 feet, the west wall 14 feet. The
+interior lengths were: North wall 12 feet, south wall 11½ feet, east
+wall 12 feet, west wall 11 feet.
+
+Near the center were a few fragments of bone, with a columella bead 4
+inches long, perforated lengthwise. It is shown in figure 18. To the
+east of these, also to the south, were other fragments, indicating, in
+all, at least three interments.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 18.--Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's
+  Elbow.]
+
+
+CAIRN (5)
+
+In grave No. 5 the walls on the north and the south were entirely torn
+out except some stones in the bottom row of each; the upper portions
+of the east and the west walls were also gone. For this reason the
+rocks lying outside the structure were not removed.
+
+The north wall, outside, was 15 feet long; the south wall, 14 feet;
+the east wall, 16 feet; the west wall, 14½ feet. The corresponding
+inner measurements were, north wall, 10 feet; south wall, 10 feet;
+east wall, 12 feet; west wall, 12 feet. But as the position of the
+corners was uncertain these figures are no doubt somewhat in error in
+either direction.
+
+The central portion had never been disturbed, the stones lying as they
+were put originally, except for a possible settling due to their
+weight; the top of the rounded heap was about 4 feet high. This
+justified the hope that something might be discovered beneath them.
+But although the entire space within, up to the fairly defined inner
+faces of the walls, was thoroughly cleaned out down into the untouched
+gravelly subsoil, no trace of a bone or other indication of a burial
+was found. The only artificial object was a section 3¼ inches long of
+a columella perforated lengthwise, apparently lost by the wearer, as
+it lay on the natural surface. This is shown in figure 19.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 19.--Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's
+  Elbow.]
+
+
+CAIRNS ON HELM'S FARM
+
+To the north of the Ross farm, on the ridge which is owned by Daniel
+Helm, are three stone graves made of shapeless limestone blocks such
+as cover the surface around them. One of these is about 300 yards
+from the bluff, on a knoll capped with the sandstone; the others are
+at the break of the ridge. All have been opened, two of them
+practically demolished. Those on the end of the ridge are only 14 feet
+apart, measuring from their adjacent margins, and were about 16 and 20
+feet in diameter as built, both being somewhat widened now owing to
+the stones having been thrown outward from the central parts by
+hunters. Each was probably 3 feet high.
+
+The smaller, being least defaced and nearly free from timber, was
+entirely removed, except a small portion along one margin, and the
+earth beneath it examined down to the bedrock. There was no sign of a
+wall; but one that would stand could not be made with stones rounded
+by weathering.
+
+Remains of at least three bodies were found. One was laid in a
+crevice; only a few fragments of the long bones were left. With scraps
+of bone from another body were four teeth worn almost to the roots.
+They were not close together, but this was due to small burrowing
+animals which had scattered them. Of the third body, a few pieces of
+arm and leg bones remained. By itself, loose in the earth, was a
+single molar, not in the least worn, and with a very small root.
+
+So far as appearances go, it seems the bodies were laid on outcropping
+rock, or in crevices, and stones piled on them without any attempt at
+order or arrangement.
+
+The graves on the Helm farm are merely piles of stone, such as are
+found in various States. Those on the Ross place are of the same type
+as the cairns on Lost Hill at the mouth of Gourd Creek in Phelps
+County, but of a more advanced form. In both places flat stones were
+laid to inclose the burials. At Lost Hill, however, there was seldom
+more than a single layer, while at the Devil's Elbow a regular wall
+was built, seven superposed slabs being observed at one point with a
+certainty that others had been placed above these. They are not of the
+same class as the walled graves found in earth mounds along the
+Missouri River. In the latter, the inner face of the wall was as
+smooth and regular as it could be made, the outside being rough and
+upheld by stones and earth piled against them; while in those on Big
+Piney care was taken with the outer face which, it seems, was intended
+to be left exposed to view, while the inside was rough and hidden by
+stones thrown in. But no inference must be drawn from the different
+methods of filling or covering the vaults after they were completed.
+Along the Missouri, earth was abundant right at hand, but stones had,
+as a rule, to be carried some distance; while on the bluffs of the
+Gasconade and its tributaries the reverse was the case.
+
+Petroglyphs, 75 feet above the level of the river bottom, are reported
+to be cut in a bluff facing the Gasconade River on the east side, 2
+miles below the mouth of Big Piney.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A rock shelter not more than 15 feet wide and 10 feet deep is near the
+top of the bluff overlooking the Gasconade, almost opposite the mouth
+of Big Piney. It contains a quantity of ashes, but as it was
+frequently resorted to by bushwhackers during the Civil War, and is
+still much used by trappers and hunters who camp in it, these are
+probably not due to Indians.
+
+
+ASH CAVE
+
+So near to the county line that there is some uncertainty as to
+whether it lies in Pulaski or Phelps County is Ash Cave in a bluff
+over Baker's Lake, an artificial pond, 4 miles west of Arlington. The
+cave is small, and notwithstanding its name it contains no ashes or
+other remains of occupancy. The great number of large rocks on the
+floor makes examination impossible.
+
+
+CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE (27)
+
+At the head of a ravine opening into Clemmens Creek, about 4 miles
+south of Dixon, near the Piquet orchards, is a cavern with an entrance
+55 feet wide and 40 feet high. The depth is 110 feet to loose rocks
+and clay, partly from the sides and roof, partly washed in through
+side caves and crevices. There is a small amount of cave earth along
+one wall, but it is damp, moldy, and covered with a growth of minute
+green fungus. Most of the floor, however, is of clay strewn with loose
+rocks and swept over by water at times.
+
+There is no refuse, and the cave was never fit for habitation.
+
+
+CAMDEN COUNTY
+
+ALONG THE NIANGUA RIVER (28)
+
+It is widely known that many caverns exist along the Niangua River and
+its tributaries, in Camden County, especially in the vicinity of
+Hahatonka, or, as it is locally termed, "Tonky." This is one of the
+show places of Missouri. The name includes a post office; a store; a
+school; an immense spring coming out at the foot of a cliff; the creek
+formed by this spring; a lake of several hundred acres, made by
+damming the creek; a picturesque ruined mill with the usual
+accessories of such a building; numerous caves; and a magnificent, but
+unfinished, residence crowning one of the hills. This has already
+called for an expenditure of half a million dollars; and at least
+double that sum, additional, will be required to complete it in
+accordance with the original plans. Whether it be due to the national
+appreciation of architectural beauty or the national appreciation of
+ability to do things in a large way, the palace seems to impress most
+visitors more than the remarkable combination of natural features.
+
+The principal caves in the vicinity have distinctive names, as "Onyx"
+(there being two thus called), "Robbers'," "River" (this because there
+is a stream in it which can be crossed only in a boat), "Bridal," etc.
+Others are named for the owners of the land, or from some peculiarity,
+as "Dry," "Bunch," "Morgan," "Arnholdt." Many are not deemed of
+sufficient importance to have specific titles.
+
+All those named were visited, as well as a number of the others.
+
+A detailed description is not necessary. Not one of these caverns has
+ever been occupied unless as a temporary shelter. Some are flooded at
+intervals, either from the outside or by interior drainage; some have
+very restricted entrances and are dark at the front; some have rock
+floors or muddy bottoms; some can be entered only by clambering over
+talus to an opening at the bottom, or near the bottom, of a sink hole.
+Some shallow cavities, which under different conditions would be
+available as rock shelters, are in places difficult of access, remote
+from water, or otherwise unsuitable.
+
+Some of these caverns have wonderful deposits on ceilings, walls, and
+floors, rivaling in beauty and ornate patterns those of the most
+famous caves of the country; and if they were easily accessible or
+could be conveniently explored, would attract hosts of visitors. One
+in particular, the "Bridal Cave," so called from a mass of stalactite
+material fully 10 feet from side to side at the top, which hangs in
+delicate translucent loops and folds and convolutions, equals Luray or
+Wyandotte for beauty, though not for extent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was reported that two walled graves stand on a "bald" on the farm
+of Will Robert Eidson, on the divide between the Niangua and the
+Little Niangua Rivers, about 4 miles north of Roach post office. They
+were described as "rocks laid up in a regular wall about 4 feet high,
+and about 30 steps square, and filled up inside with rocks." A visit
+to the site disclosed two ordinary cairns, made by throwing weathered
+limestone boulders into a rounded heap. Both piles have been
+scattered, and as they now exist one is about 25 feet, the other about
+30 feet across. Such exaggerated, misleading descriptions are common,
+and result in much fruitless investigation.
+
+Several caves are reported in the vicinity of Toronto, in Camden and
+Miller Counties; especially the Cokely Cave, 4 miles from Brumley on
+the Linn Creek road. From the descriptions given by informants, none
+of them appear to be suitable for habitation.
+
+Many cairns exist on the ridges in this region, especially on high
+points overlooking valleys. All of them were built up with chert or
+limestone blocks, and all are more or less torn up. So far as could be
+learned there is no sign of a wall in any of them.
+
+In the present state of knowledge, Camden County offers no inducement
+for archeological research.
+
+
+A FOSSIL CAVE (29)
+
+The geological deposits in this region comprise three principal
+formations which are named in the State report as the Jefferson City
+limestone, the Roubidoux sandstone, and the Gasconade limestone. It is
+in the last (which is the lowest) that caverns are found.
+
+In various places erosion, either internal or superficial, or both,
+has formed crevices or sink holes through which the disintegrated
+sandstone finds its way into caverns below, where it accumulates and
+hardens until more resistant than when in its original condition.
+
+Further erosion has in several places carried away the limestone from
+around these intrusive masses, allowing them to project above the
+present surface. Sometimes, where the sand piled up, they resemble
+haystacks; but usually they are of indefinite form, having spread out
+on the floor of the cavern, as such material will do in a shallow
+stream.
+
+An interesting example of this action is the "Standing Rock," 4 miles
+west of Linn Creek, the county seat. Here was formerly a large cave
+with an eastward trend until near the mouth, when it turned sharply
+southward, the opening being in the direction of a little stream. The
+lower end of this cave became solidly filled with sand, and the water
+found an outlet farther back. All the limestone which formed the roof
+and walls of the middle portion of the cave is gone, a narrow ravine
+marking its course. The sandstone obstruction held its place, and now
+extends directly across the ridge between the two ravines. Its surface
+is an exact cast of the interior of the cave which it filled, and
+nodules of chert, remaining when the limestone dissolved, are still
+imbedded in its surface. The line of demarkation between the limestone
+matrix, where this still exists in part, and the siliceous filling is
+as distinct as that between the stone and brick in a building. The
+loose cave earth shows plainly under the sandstone near the former
+mouth of the cavern. Plan and section are shown in figures 20 and 21.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MILLER COUNTY
+
+WRIGHT CAVE (30)
+
+A mile and a half west of Brumley, near Glaize Creek, is Wright, or
+Brumley, Cave. The entrance is 15 feet high and 40 feet wide. At 20
+feet from the mouth the width contracts to 20 feet. The depth is 120
+feet in daylight to a stalagmite floor. Dry cave earth extends for 35
+feet from the entrance, at which distance it reaches tough, sticky
+clay; this continues to the stalagmite. Above the clay are growing
+stalactites.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 20.--Plan of Fossil Cave.]
+
+In front of the entrance were a few flint chips, but no indications of
+pottery or shell. A small implement, shown in figure 22, was found
+which is of interest because it was worked to a sharp point at one end
+of a narrow drill, while the other end widened into a squared form
+with a straight base which was dulled and polished from use as a
+cutting tool; the entire surface was polished from long service. An
+object of this kind would be highly suitable for mending moccasins and
+leggins. Finding this and nothing else strengthens the probability
+that this cave was used as a temporary camping place, but was never
+permanently occupied.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 21.--Section of Fossil Cave.]
+
+
+WILSON CAVE (31)
+
+Facing Barren Fork of Tavern Creek, on the farm of John R. Bond, 8
+miles northwest of Iberia and 12 miles southeast of Tuscumbia, is a
+cave celebrated by reason of a provision in the will of a former
+eccentric owner.
+
+There is a small cave which has an opening in the bluff, a few feet to
+one side of the larger cave. This can be reached only by means of
+ladders 60 feet long.
+
+Jack Wilson came from Ireland and settled on Tavern (or Cavern) Creek
+in 1822. For a number of years he lived in this cave, with his
+family. He died in 1855, leaving instructions that his body was to be
+packed in salt and placed in the small cave, "with a ten-gallon cask
+of good whisky," the entrance then to be sealed up. In order to carry
+out his last wishes, and at the same time to give him a "Christian
+burial," his wife had all his internal organs removed and interred in
+a cemetery; his body was filled with salt, and placed in a coffin,
+which, according to his wishes, was deposited in the cave, with the
+whisky. On the seventh anniversary of his death the whole community
+was to assemble to "eat, drink, and be merry." For many years
+residents in the vicinity had used the cave as a place for festive
+gatherings; but this occasion was to be on a scale beyond anything
+previously attempted. If necessary, Scriptural methods were to be
+employed; that is, messengers were to be sent out in all directions,
+urging every one to come. The floor was to be enlarged, and a platform
+erected on it. When all were assembled, the whisky and the coffin were
+to be brought from their resting place and set on the platform. Then
+certain famous fiddlers were to ascend the platform and play, while
+the guests danced. When the whisky was exhausted, and the fiddlers in
+the same condition, the picnic was over and the assembly would
+disperse. The coffin was then to be replaced in the little cave, which
+was to be again sealed up, not to be reopened until the Day of
+Judgment.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 22.--Perforator and knife from Wright Cave.]
+
+The preliminaries were carried out according to program, but when the
+time for the celebration came round the people were more concerned
+with the Civil War, and especially in the activities of the
+bushwhackers who infested that part of the country, than they were in
+picnics; and Wilson's resurrection was brought about by persons whose
+identity was never discovered. They got into his tomb in some manner,
+drank all the whisky, broke open the coffin, and threw Wilson's bones
+to the outside, where they were scattered down the slope. Horrified
+relatives gathered them up, replaced them in the cave, sealed it
+again, and Wilson is still there awaiting his final summons.
+
+The entrance is 20 feet high and 45 feet wide. Dry cave earth extends
+for 135 feet; from this point it continues, partially filled with
+fallen rock and stalagmite, 40 feet farther, or 175 feet in all, in
+plain daylight, at which distance the cave makes a turn; and the cave
+earth was followed in this to complete darkness without coming to its
+termination.
+
+Beginning 100 feet from the entrance and extending for 35 feet, a
+narrow row of loose rocks fallen from the outcrop of stratum along the
+center of the roof lies on the surface. The cavern here measures 35
+feet in width.
+
+There is a wet weather stream along one wall, but the amount of water
+passing out is never large.
+
+Solid bedrock, with patches of cave earth on it, is exposed, in
+slightly rising strata, for 10 feet from the little bluff at the
+mouth; within this it is hidden by the earth which gradually rises to
+a height of 6 feet; but some of this rise may be due to increased
+elevation of the rock floor. The entire cave can be easily cleared out
+to the stalagmite; and it would be advisable to remove at least
+portions of this in order to ascertain what may lie beneath it.
+
+Refuse appears in considerable quantity in the bottom of the little
+stream bed and under the receding walls; and likewise a small amount
+outside the entrance. But the bedrock crops out frequently in narrow
+ledges between the mouth of the cavern and the foot of the hill, so
+very little débris of any kind lies on the slope outside.
+
+Some alteration of the surface of the earth floor has taken place in
+consequence of the construction of platforms; but aside from this it
+has remained practically undisturbed.
+
+
+BAGNELL CAVE (32)
+
+A large cavern is near the top of the "Bagnell Hill" on the Bagnell
+and Linn Creek road, on the right (south) side of the Osage River, and
+about 3 miles from the town of Bagnell. On account of the "millions"
+of bats which shelter in it, the name of Bat Cave is applied to this
+as it is to many other caves in the region.
+
+The entrance is so small that the cavern can be entered only by
+crawling in; and as no traces of Indian remains have ever been
+observed in it, or around the front, no examination was deemed
+necessary.
+
+
+BODE CAVE (33)
+
+Half a mile south of St. Elizabeth is the Ben Bode Cave. The roof has
+fallen in near the front, leaving the original exterior standing as a
+natural bridge a few feet wide. The present entrance to the cavern is
+40 feet behind the bridge. It has a wet, rocky floor, and much water
+flows through it after a rain.
+
+
+LUCKENHOFF CAVE
+
+On John Luckenhoff's farm, three-fourths of a mile south of St.
+Elizabeth, facing Tavern Creek, is a small cave with a rocky floor.
+The entrance is nearly blocked with a mass of stalagmite, behind which
+the cave is dark.
+
+
+JURGGENMEYER CAVE
+
+It was reported that in a "cave" on the farm of Conrad Jurggenmeyer,
+2½ miles east of St. Elizabeth, a human skull was discovered. The
+statement may be true; but instead of a cave there is only a tunnel a
+few rods in length. Beyond the upper arch is an open ravine.
+
+
+DAERHOFF CAVE
+
+On Ben Daerhoff's farm, 4 miles north of St. Elizabeth, is a cavern
+facing a narrow valley through which a small stream flows to Tavern
+Creek a mile and a half away. The entrance is 8 feet high and 55 feet
+wide. It is well lighted to a depth of 120 feet, where it makes a
+turn. Dry earth extends back for 55 feet; from there on it is muddy. A
+small stream flows along one wall, from the wet portion of the floor
+to the entrance; with a little ditching this could be made to drain
+off all the water, forming a dry bottom to the rear wall. No refuse of
+any kind could be found, and the owner says he has never observed any
+either in the cave or in front of it.
+
+
+CAVE NEAR MOUTH OF TAVERN CREEK
+
+In the bluff facing Tavern Creek, half a mile above its junction with
+the Osage, is a cave with an entrance 10 feet high and the same in
+width. It has a depth of 45 feet in daylight. The floor is of clay and
+angular gravel, and so wet that puddles are found near the entrance.
+
+
+BAT CAVE (34)
+
+This is in a bluff facing the Osage, a mile south of the Rock Island
+Railway bridge. It is not accessible except by means of a ladder or
+stairway fully 60 feet long. The roof overhangs the entrance, and the
+floor projects over a shallow rock shelter which reaches for a few
+rods along the foot of the bluff. A small amount of water seeps from
+the entrance. Persons who explored the cavern years ago--there is no
+way to reach it at present--say it divides into three large chambers,
+mostly dry, and with floors of solid rock or of earth containing much
+rock.
+
+
+GRAVE AT MOUTH OF SALINE CREEK (35)
+
+Four miles below Tuscumbia, on the left bank of the Osage, is the
+mouth of Saline Creek which comes in from the north. On the lower
+(east) side of their junction, on the farm of Charles Tillman, is a
+low spur projecting toward the creek. On this is a pile of stones, all
+that remains of a vault or box grave which formerly existed there. Mr.
+Tillman says it was originally 35 or 40 feet across, a mound or
+rounded heap of stones, those about the top being larger than those
+nearer the base. Needing rock for various purposes, he procured them
+from this pile, beginning at the top to remove them and proceeding
+outward. In the course of this work he found that a wall had been
+built up to a height of about 4 feet, forming a practically square
+inclosure. The space within was filled and the structure entirely
+covered with rocks of various sizes. He removed the stones as he
+reached them, and consequently did not notice whether the outer face
+of the wall was straighter or smoother than the inner face, or whether
+there was any particular difference. In all, he took away not less
+than 40 wagon loads of stones.
+
+On the level top of the hill from which the spur extends is a village
+site, where mortars, pestles, quantities of flints, and much broken
+pottery have been found; but no shell.
+
+
+STARK'S CAVE (36)
+
+Six miles south of Eldon, on a farm now owned by George Irvin, is a
+cave which is continuous with a small ravine leading up to it. The
+entrance is 45 feet wide and 16 feet high; a small stream flows from
+it, along the foot of the left (northern) wall. This skirts a thin
+deposit of damp earth, which lies along the southern wall, gradually
+narrowing as it extends inward, until at 50 feet it runs out at the
+edge of a shallow pool reaching nearly across the cave. The bottom,
+except for the earth mentioned, is rocky.
+
+The cave was never fit for occupancy.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS
+
+In an old "History of Miller County" mention is made of a large group
+of small mounds on a certain man's farm, without giving the locality.
+It is believed by old residents that this man "lived at one time 2 or
+3 miles west of Ullman." If they existed, they were no doubt house
+mounds.
+
+
+CAIRNS
+
+Several graves, in a group, were formerly on John Tillman's land, 6
+miles south of Eugene. The stones have been entirely removed. When the
+ground was plowed bullets were found under the sites of the cairns.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MARIES COUNTY
+
+INDIAN FORD CAVE (37)
+
+This is a fourth of a mile up the river from the bridge crossing the
+Gasconade, 2½ miles east of Vienna. It is near the top of the hill at
+the head of a shallow ravine. The entrance, 35 feet wide, can be
+reached conveniently only near one wall, as a pile of talus
+immediately in front completely closes the opening; behind it the roof
+is 7 feet above the floor. If this accumulated material, which has
+increased somewhat in height within the memory of men now living, were
+removed to the level of the floor, the main chamber would be amply
+lighted to its end, a distance of 150 feet. There is a gradual
+downward incline from front to rear, the floor sloping more rapidly
+than the roof. After hard rains some water runs into the cavern from
+the inner slope of the talus; otherwise the floor is perfectly dry for
+65 feet, then becomes wet, and near the rear wall there is standing
+water. It is apparent that a former drainage outlet in this direction
+is now choked with sediment, brought down perhaps through a branch
+opening. At 25 feet within the entrance the cavern is 25 feet wide; at
+65 feet the distance across is 35 feet, with both walls sloping away
+like a low-pitched roof and loose earth filling the space under them.
+At the rear wall the width between the two branches into which the
+cave divides is 40 to 50 feet. The floor here is clay, with numerous
+little puddles.
+
+Some pottery, bone, and much shell, but no flint chips, are scattered
+on the floor and for 50 or 60 feet down the slope outside.
+
+The cavern would make an excellent habitation and is well worth
+excavating.
+
+
+LACKAYE'S BLUFF CAVE (38)
+
+This is on the farm of Harrison Hutchinson, who lives 10 miles
+southeast of Freeburg, on the road to Paydown. It is near the top of a
+bluff facing the Gasconade. Talus has accumulated in the front part of
+the cavern until it rises within 2 feet of the roof; farther back the
+cavity is of sufficient height for a man to stand erect, although
+nowhere more than 10 feet wide. Owing to the talus the interior is in
+almost total darkness. Were this accumulation removed the roof at the
+entrance would be 8 or 9 feet above the floor. The cavern may have
+been occupied, but there are no indications of such fact, although the
+recent natural deposits may conceal some remains.
+
+
+HURRICANE BLUFF CAVE
+
+Half a mile below Lackaye Bluff, opposite the lower end of an island
+in the Gasconade, is a rock shelter 85 feet in length, 15 feet high in
+front, 6 feet high at the rear, and 15 feet deep along the middle
+portion, wedging out at either end. A large pile of talus in front
+forms a natural windbreak, and the depression is a favorite camping
+place with present-day hunters and fishermen. A small quantity of
+flint chips and many shells can be seen around the wall and for some
+distance down the slope in front. The site may repay investigation,
+though there is no great depth of earth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is reported that paintings of a deer or elk and other objects are
+to be seen on the face of a bluff near Paydown.
+
+
+STRATMAN CAVE (39)
+
+On the farm of Henry L. Stratman, 2½ miles above the Rock Island
+Railway bridge across the Gasconade River, is a cave near the top of a
+bluff facing the Gasconade. The entrance is 33 feet wide and 35 feet
+high. Forty feet back the walls approach each other, forming a doorway
+or short passage 5 feet wide. Beyond this is a room 18 feet deep and 9
+feet across, with a rock ledge or shelf on each side several feet wide
+and elevated from a foot to 2 feet above the earth floor. This room is
+well lighted. The earth at the rear is 10 feet higher than at the main
+entrance. Behind this, in turn, nearly shut off by a large column of
+stalagmite, is a third room, 8 feet wide, whose earth floor rises
+rapidly. Were the stalagmite removed, there would be ample light for
+20 or 30 feet farther, or about 90 feet in all.
+
+Refuse, mostly shell, shows for 100 feet down the hill. There is some
+shell in the cave, along the walls; but most of the floor is a
+comparatively recent accumulation of roof dust and small fragments of
+rock, and is quite dry as far as light penetrates.
+
+The entrance is much more easily reached from the top of the hill than
+from the foot of the bluff.
+
+The trend and appearance of the reentrant side walls connecting the
+present entrance with the straight face of the cliff indicates that
+the earth in the cavern has a depth of 30 feet or more. Should this
+prove to be the case, here would be a most excellent place to search
+for evidence of occupation which, whether continuous or not, might
+bridge the time from the modern Indian to the earliest inhabitant.
+
+Certainly no other cave in Missouri offers such facilities or
+inducements for careful and thorough investigation with a view to
+determining the existence of an early "cave man" in this country.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+OSAGE COUNTY
+
+RIVER CAVE (40)
+
+This is at the foot of a bluff facing the Gasconade, 2½ miles below
+Gascondy. It has a solid rock bottom, rising steeply for a few feet
+within the entrance, and a constantly flowing stream covers half the
+space between the walls.
+
+
+ROCK SHELTER
+
+There is an excellent rock shelter, 50 feet long, over which the cliff
+projects for 15 feet, in front and to one side of the entrance of
+River Cave. On this is a slight depth of earth in which were found
+some broken bones and shells. The site is an excellent one for camping
+parties, but has no evidence of other than temporary use.
+
+
+STEUFFER CAVE
+
+Four miles east of Freeburg, in a ravine, is a cavern popularly known
+as Beer Cave, being formerly used as a storage room for beer made in a
+brewery built just in front of it. The entrance is 8 feet wide and 12
+feet high. The front chamber, having practically the same dimensions,
+extends directly back for 50 feet, then makes a turn. The floor is a
+mixture of clay and angular gravel, with a continuous downward slope
+from front to rear. Water cracks show that it is sometimes flooded.
+
+The place was never fit for living in.
+
+
+CAIRNS
+
+At the Gasconade River bridge, on the Rich Fountain road, two creeks
+on the west side, Brush and Swan, separated only by a narrow ridge
+which terminates abruptly at either end, come in a fourth of a mile
+apart. Both rise in the same lake, 6 miles from the river, and flow
+through parallel valleys, thus draining an abandoned ox-bow curve of
+the stream.
+
+On the extreme eastern point of this ridge are two cairns. A fourth of
+a mile from these are two others; and farther back still more of them.
+All are now destroyed. They were the usual conical heaps of stone, 18
+to 20 feet across.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (41)
+
+A group of house mounds extends for half a mile eastward from Rich
+Fountain, along the valley of Brush Creek. They are fully 100 in
+number, and it is said there were formerly many more which are now
+leveled by cultivation. The ground is low, in some places swampy, so
+that water or mud surrounds many of them after a heavy rain.
+
+
+"INDIAN FORT" (42)
+
+This structure, also called the "Indian Lookout," is located on a
+bluff facing the Osage, half a mile below the "Painted Rock," and near
+the buildings of the Painted Rock Country Club, of Jefferson City.
+
+Except for a slight projection or offset at one side, which contains
+an opening or doorway, it was practically identical in appearance with
+the vault graves along the Missouri River bluffs, described in Bureau
+of American Ethnology Bulletin 37; or else with those on Big Piney
+River in Pulaski County. It is formed of sandstone slabs, once laid up
+in a wall but now scattered in confusion as if fallen or thrown down.
+Apparently it measured about 32 to 35 feet outside and 12 or 13 feet
+inside.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+COLE COUNTY
+
+NATURAL BRIDGE CAVE
+
+This is at the top of a bluff facing the Osage, one-half mile below
+the Rock Island bridge. It is only 10 feet wide and the same in
+height, and extends back 20 feet to a narrow passage which is almost
+closed by stalagmite. The site is difficult to reach, but disclosed a
+few fragments of pottery and some shell. The earth of the floor
+ascends rather steeply to the rear and contains many large rocks. It
+was only a camping place.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MORGAN COUNTY
+
+SPEERS CAVE
+
+On the Brown property, 7 miles southeast of Stover, is a reported
+cave, which proved to be a natural tunnel 400 feet long. The drainage
+from several farms passes through it from ravines above. The lower
+entrance is 40 feet wide and 50 feet high, the upper entrance 20 feet
+wide and 10 feet high.
+
+Natural bridges and tunnels of varying lengths and widths are rather
+common in this part of the Osage Valley.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (43)
+
+Southeast of Stover, beginning at the edge of the town, is a group of
+house mounds extending over an area having a very irregular outline,
+but fully half a mile across in any direction. They vary from 20 to 35
+feet in diameter and are scattered promiscuously at intervals of 25 to
+150 feet. The surface on which they are built reaches over a
+succession of small knolls and ridges with slopes of 4 or 5 degrees.
+Most of them are along the sides of a wide, shallow valley draining
+northward, and of two or three small tributary depressions coming into
+it from either side, though a number are also to be found beyond the
+slight watershed which separates this drainage area from that to the
+southward. They exist in woods, meadows, and cultivated ground, so
+that some of them retain their original form, others are flattened and
+widened, while still others are barely traceable. Probably some have
+been entirely effaced by plow and harrow.
+
+
+
+
+II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Certain conditions are to be taken into account in deciding whether a
+cave afforded a desirable permanent shelter to primitive man. It
+should be accessible; the floor should be dry, at least fairly level,
+and sufficiently free from large rocks to allow the inmates to move
+about freely; the entrance should be large enough to permit free
+passage and to light the interior to a distance that would insure
+protection from the elements. Temporary shelters or camping places
+might be deficient in some of these particulars and still be resorted
+to frequently; but if there were opportunity for choice, a man with
+intelligence to select a cave in which to live continually would, it
+is fair to assume, look for one possessing such features.
+
+If such conditions, once established, were free from the mutations of
+time, the explorer would have but little difficulty in deciding upon a
+suitable site for his labors. But limestone, more than any other solid
+rock, is subject to constant erosion, crumbling, and falling; while
+the soil and loose fragments resulting from such action move downward
+year by year over the slopes and into any cavities where they can find
+their way. In the course of centuries the entire aspect of a cave may
+be so altered as to bear no resemblance whatever to its original
+appearance. Consequently a careful study must be made of the immediate
+surroundings, in order to determine what topographical changes may
+have occurred since the earliest time within which it is probable that
+man may have existed in that locality. Should the floor, at present,
+be of solid rock; or covered with only a slight layer of earth; or
+have a stream flowing over it; or show by marks upon the walls that it
+is subject to inundation either from adjacent streams or by surface
+water which finds its way in through sink holes; or be in such
+situation as to make it apparent that the original bottom was thus
+flooded in comparatively modern times, even though such may not now be
+the case--in any such event excavation would be labor wasted. On the
+other hand, all the necessary requirements for a convenient residence
+may now be present, and yet result from causes which have begun to
+operate within the historic period. In other words, there are very few
+cases in which the present appearance of a cave is to be deemed a
+certain or even an approximate indication of its actual state a few
+thousand years ago. There is only one way to determine whether
+extended excavations may possibly result in satisfactory returns, and
+that is to sink shafts or run trenches in the superficial deposits.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+INDIANA
+
+The cave region of this State extends from Owen and Morgan Counties to
+the Ohio River. The caverns and sink holes gradually increase in
+number and size toward the south, until they culminate in Wyandotte
+Cave, second only to Mammoth Cave of Kentucky in extent, and in the
+so-called "valleys" of Harrison County which are in reality nothing
+but sink holes several square miles in extent. Some of the caverns are
+described in detail by W.S. Blatchley, the State geologist, in the
+Twenty-first Annual Report of the Survey (1896). Very few of those
+mentioned by him are at all suitable for permanent occupancy, though
+several would afford excellent shelter except in the rainy season, at
+which time most of them have the floors muddy or perhaps covered with
+water for weeks in succession. Such as were visited in these
+explorations will now be taken up in their order.
+
+
+LAWRENCE COUNTY
+
+ROCK LEDGE QUARRY.--Early in 1903 periodicals mentioned an interesting
+discovery made at this place. According to the report, workmen in
+excavating a cut for a railway found an old cave entirely filled with
+stalagmite matter. In this, 10 feet below the former top of the
+cave--the cut did not extend to the bottom of the stalagmite--were
+discovered some bones which were pronounced by "several physicians" to
+be those of a human being. Among them was a "jaw tooth" (molar) and
+part of a skull. Correspondence failing to elicit any satisfactory
+information, a visit was made to the site. The cave could not be
+traced in either direction from the railway cut; but it had plainly
+served as an outlet for several large sink holes on the hill above it.
+Nothing could be learned here regarding the matter except that the
+objects had been found and were then in the museum of the State
+University at Bloomington. This place was next visited and the
+specimens inspected. There were many fragments still imbedded in the
+matrix, which was travertine rather than stalagmite. No exact
+determination of them had been made, but only casual inspection was
+needed to see that none of them could be human. The "jaw tooth" was
+from a peccary, the "human skull" was the carapace of a tortoise.
+
+SHILOAH CAVE.--It was reported that, although the entrance to this
+cavern, 7 miles northwest of Bedford, was in a sink hole, the floor
+was level and accessible. The opening is almost at the bottom of the
+sink, whose slope is quite steep. After every rain the water runs in;
+and while the floor is level, as stated, it has a constant stream of
+water flowing over it and is in absolute darkness.
+
+DONNEHUE'S CAVE.--Although water flows continuously from the entrance,
+the amount of discharge was said to be small and the cave floor level
+and covered with earth, while the cave itself was large and well
+lighted. The approach, however, is quite difficult; the earth is
+nowhere more than 2 or 3 feet thick, and after a heavy rain the stream
+extends from wall to wall.
+
+Between Bedford and Donnehue's cave is one, unnamed, at the head of a
+ravine which was once an extension of the cavern. The opening is of
+fair size but the floor is of rock and the outflow of water is steady.
+
+Just outside the corporate limits of Bedford, to the south, is an
+opening in the cliff at the head of a deep ravine, more in the nature
+of a rock house than of a cave. It would make an excellent shelter for
+a few persons, being accessible, protected from winds, and close to
+water. While it may have been so used formerly, the deposit of earth
+and stone on the floor is very scanty and anything beneath could well
+be quite modern.
+
+Two caves were reported 2 miles south of Bedford. One is a small
+opening from which a stream issues, flows across a meadow, and enters
+the other cave, which is much larger. They are parts of one passage,
+the roof between these openings having broken down, and the stream is
+the same which finds its outlet at Donnehue's cave.
+
+Several other caves in the vicinity of Bedford were visited. They are
+all small and of no importance from an archeological standpoint.
+
+DONNELSON'S CAVE.--"The mouth of the cave is found at the head of a
+deep gorge worn through the limestone by a good-sized stream which
+flows from the cave and down the gorge to the broader valley beyond.
+Many centuries ago the cave extended the full length of the gorge, and
+the waters of the stream flowed directly from its mouth into the
+valley. The roof of the underground channel finally became so thin
+that it collapsed, the gorge was then started, and as the centuries
+went by grew in length, the cave becoming ever shorter by the
+continued falling of the roof.
+
+"Three passages open directly into the mouth of the cave. The right
+hand passage has the level of its floor about 5 feet above that of the
+entrance, while the opening on the left is 12 feet above the level of
+the stream and very difficult to enter without a ladder. The middle
+passage extends straight back from the common vestibule or main entry.
+The latter is 25 feet long, 21 feet high, and 18 feet wide, but at its
+farther end is reduced to the narrow middle passage between great
+masses of limestone. The water in this passage is waist deep and
+explorations must be made by wading or in a light canoe. One hundred
+feet within is a magnificent cascade, where the stream rushes and
+leaps down a narrow passage with such violence that the noise is
+plainly heard at the entrance.
+
+"The right-hand passage for the first 100 feet is about 10 feet high
+by 15 wide, with a clay bottom and a roof on a level with that of the
+vestibule. It then expands into a large room, 230 feet long and 40
+feet wide, which lies east and west at right angles to the entering
+passage. This narrows at the west end to 20 feet, and at one point the
+outer air flows in through a small opening in the roof. From near the
+small end of the room a narrow passage starts off to the southward and
+can be traveled for 200 feet, when it becomes too small for further
+advance. Along this passage a small stream flows, disappearing through
+a hole in the floor near the entrance to the larger room. Other than
+this, both right and left passages leaving the main entry are dry.
+
+"The passage at the left of the main entrance to the cave is about 150
+feet long by 20 broad, and contains no points of especial interest."
+[W.S. Blatchley.]
+
+It may be added to the above description that a heavy rain causes a
+rapid rise of several feet in the stream through the middle passage.
+
+The cavern is situated 3½ miles east of Mitchell. It has been fitted
+up by the State University as an experiment station for the study of
+underground fauna and flora.
+
+The branch to the right is never entirely dry. Throughout the year
+water trickles or seeps over the stones and keeps the mud soft and
+sloppy, while after extremely heavy rains the water may be 2 or 3
+inches deep for a short time--enough to keep all the earth washed from
+the floor for 50 or 60 feet from the entrance.
+
+The northern or left branch presented a smooth, solid floor of rock at
+the beginning. The roof is about 13 feet above the floor, being a flat
+stratum broken by a joint-seam along which there is a slight fault. A
+ledge of friable sandstone 3½ feet thick lies next below the roof. The
+disintegration of this gave a dry covering to the clayey earth which
+covered the floor almost to the extreme edge of the rock overhanging
+the stream and gradually rose toward the rear, where it entirely
+filled the space from floor to roof. The distance between the side
+walls is 8 feet at the mouth. They diverge slightly, and at 65 feet
+are about 12 feet apart. Here they separate more sharply, forming a
+chamber 30 feet in diameter, measuring on every side to the contact of
+the earth and the roof. At the extreme rear a slight wash or
+depression in the earth revealed the top of a vertical solid wall,
+thus marking the limit of the cave in that direction. It seems,
+however, to extend farther to the east and the west than it can now be
+followed; in fact, the indications are that at one time a considerable
+cross-cavern extended along this line.
+
+The work of clearing out this branch began at the entrance. The
+superincumbent earth was removed by a trench whose boundary was the
+solid rock on each side until the cave widened to more than 8 feet
+between the walls; then a width of 7 to 9 feet was excavated midway
+between the sides, the entire trench having a length of 92 feet, or
+reaching nearly to the vertical wall at the rear. For about 60 feet
+the earth was removed to the rock floor. At this distance the floor
+dipped. The bottom of the trench continued to follow the same level it
+had held to this point, in the belief that the dip in the floor was
+due to a crevice or slight erosion channel and would soon disappear,
+bringing the rock to its normal position. This was not the case;
+several holes were dug, the deepest one 3 feet, into the mingled clay
+and rock, without finding any evidence of a solid bottom. The
+conclusion seemed certain that the passage leading from the entrance
+of the cave to the large room at its farther end was only a tributary
+or branch of a cross-cave extending in an east and west direction, as
+intimated above. Prof. Eigenmann, of the State university, reached the
+same conclusion through surveys not connected with this work. Under
+the circumstances further digging seemed useless; for if this should
+be a cross-cave the bottom would probably, almost certainly, be on a
+level with the stream now flowing through the central passage, while
+if it should prove to be only a cellar-like deepening, it would not be
+utilized for a habitation.
+
+At 30 feet from the entrance the accumulated earth had a thickness of
+6 feet; from there it rose gradually to the roof at the end.
+
+At 37 feet, in a pocket of coarse sand on the rock floor, such as
+settles in a gentle current, were four fragments of bone. There is not
+enough of them to identify with certainty, but they seem to belong to
+a deer, a turkey, and some bird about the size of a quail.
+
+At 66 feet in, a foot lower than the surface of the bedrock (being 5
+or 6 feet beyond the above-mentioned dip), were small fragments or
+particles of charcoal, or what had every appearance of such. They were
+in earth that showed the lamination or stratification due to
+successive water deposits, and had been introduced in the same manner.
+The entire earth deposit below the sand capping showed this
+lamination, sometimes horizontal, sometimes curved, proving a long
+period of deposition. Further evidence of age is found in the
+travertine, 7 inches thick, that occurs on top of the earth at the
+back of the cave.
+
+In the absence of all other evidence the specks of charcoal can not be
+accepted as proof of human life in the vicinity at the time these
+deposits were forming.
+
+While the work was in progress three students from the university came
+through the central cave in a small boat, having entered through a
+sink hole 3 miles away in an air line. At some point of their course
+they lost their lanterns and made the remainder of the journey in
+absolute darkness, feeling their way along the walls, dragging or
+carrying the craft over shallows, and at one place lying flat in the
+bottom and propelling the boat by applying hands and feet to the roof,
+which was less than a foot above the water.
+
+
+MARTIN COUNTY
+
+Various caves are reported in the vicinity of Shoals. Those whose
+location was clearly given are merely "rock houses" or recesses in the
+Carboniferous conglomerate bluffs bordering the east fork of White
+River. Some of them would make fairly good shelters, but all which can
+now be examined are at so low a level that the river gets into them or
+very close to them in flood periods. Consequently there is no
+probability that ancient remains are to be found in them. Some of the
+shelters higher up on the cliffs may have been utilized, but the
+bottom of these is now covered with huge blocks, some weighing a
+hundred tons. It is true that such rock houses, in all parts of the
+country, were regular resorts for modern Indians, and they probably
+furnished shelter to the earliest inhabitants of this region, no
+matter how remote the period of occupation. But owing to their open
+front and the exposed situation of most of them, it is quite possible
+that the wind may remove the fine material falling from roof and sides
+almost as fast as it is deposited. At any rate the débris on the
+floors is seldom more than 3 or 4 feet deep, and articles very plainly
+of no great age are frequently found at all levels in it.
+
+In a few places along the river bluffs limestone crops out beneath the
+sandstone, and springs occasionally appear along the line of junction,
+eroding small cavities, but these are subject to overflow, and none of
+them has an opening large enough to enter without crawling.
+
+
+ORANGE COUNTY
+
+VICINITY OF PAOLI.--From this town six caves were visited, all that
+could be located by diligent inquiry. None of them has any particular
+designation except "Mill Cave," which is so named because the stream
+issuing from it furnishes power for a flour mill. The water covers the
+floor at all seasons.
+
+One, though quite small, could have been occupied at a former period,
+but the roof and front fell in some years ago, entirely closing it.
+
+A third has a small entrance on a hillside. A steep and rough descent
+was followed beyond reach of daylight without coming to a level
+bottom.
+
+The other three are very small with rock bottoms.
+
+FRENCH LICK SPRINGS.--Two or three miles from this place is "Star
+Cavern," which is advertised as being of great size and beauty. The
+immediate surroundings are quite romantic and deserve the praise
+accorded the spot by visitors. The cave itself, however, more
+resembles an artificial tunnel than a natural result of erosion. The
+floor is clean rock with a little brook flowing over it.
+
+Two other caves not far from Star Cave are dry, but with solid rock
+floors, so they were not visited.
+
+ORANGEVILLE.--Near this place are the so-called Gulfs of Lost River.
+The stream sinks a few miles east of Orleans, emerges at the "Gulfs"
+from one side of a very large sink hole with precipitous margin, and
+immediately goes out of sight again in a deep pool or chasm. It
+reappears a mile or so away at the foot of a cliff where, after heavy
+rains, it boils up like a gigantic fountain. Numerous small caves or
+sink holes exist in the neighborhood, three of which were reported as
+being dry, lighted, having good entrances, and well suited for
+habitancy. One of them is at the bottom of a sink hole on a hill. The
+descent is steep and rocky for 20 feet (it was not followed farther)
+and no doubt so continues to the level of the river which flows almost
+directly under it.
+
+The two others are in the principal "Gulf." They are open and of good
+size, but mud high on the walls shows they are filled with water in
+wet seasons.
+
+
+CRAWFORD COUNTY
+
+MARENGO CAVE.--This is growing famous as it becomes better known.
+Blatchley says that in it "are probably crowded more beautiful
+formations of crystalline limestone than in any other known cave of
+similar size in the United States." Visitors who have been in both say
+it surpasses Luray Cavern in the magnificence of its sheets and
+columns of deposited material.
+
+As it was not opened until 1883, and the bottom can be reached only by
+a stairway 60 feet high, it was of course unknown to the aborigines.
+
+A small cave near Marengo has an opening on a hillside, and can be
+directly entered from the outside; but it is at times a passageway for
+a strong current of water 3 feet deep and extending the full width of
+the cavity.
+
+MILLTOWN.--A mile north of the town is a large cave which would
+furnish an abode for scores of people. The entrance is in a slight
+depression on the level upland west of Blue River. The descent is down
+an easy slope of fallen rock and earth about 30 feet deep to a rock
+floor. Beyond the foot of the slope there is a slight thickness of
+earth, so that explorations could reveal nothing that had a certainty
+of antiquity.
+
+There is presented here a fine example of the manner in which caves of
+this character become exposed to the upper world. At first, there was
+an underground channel draining the adjacent country over a territory
+of varying extent, sometimes many square miles. At some point the roof
+fell in more rapidly than in other parts, until at last it became so
+thin as to give way entirely. If the débris was not sufficient in
+amount to extend above that part of the roof which remained intact on
+either side, so that it would be gradually carried away, the cave
+would remain open in both directions, as is the case at the "Gulfs"
+just described and at other caves statements of which appear in
+subsequent pages. Usually the débris quite chokes up one side and all
+the superficial drainage is turned into the other, which is thus kept
+open. In time, the slope around the depression becomes tolerably
+uniform except close to the entrance, and there is no outward
+indication that the cave ever extended farther than the spot where the
+new entrance is located. So the cave, as it is now open to
+examination, is only a portion of the original passage, and as the
+explorer pursues his way, he may be going toward either the former
+mouth or the source. In the former case, he comes out of a large
+opening, or what was formerly such, on some slope in the neighborhood,
+or descends until his way is obstructed by water. In the latter, he
+may find his way shut off by diminishing passages, or he may descend
+to lower levels through newer drainage channels cut by the streams
+which have been reversed and forced to carve other outlets for
+themselves.
+
+This change occurred in the Milltown Cave a very long time ago.
+Standing on the débris, several feet within the entrance and beneath a
+part of the roof now perfectly dry and showing no marks of percolating
+water, is a stalagmite 31 inches in diameter, which has weathered to a
+depth of 3 to 4 inches from atmospheric influences alone.
+
+WYANDOTTE CAVE.--So much has been printed concerning this celebrated
+cavern that no mention need be made of its interior features. The
+place seems excellently adapted as a habitation for primitive people.
+It is situated on a hill at whose foot is the bank of Blue River. Five
+miles away, as the road runs, is the Ohio. The backwater sometimes
+reaches up the tributary for more than 10 miles. The flint-bearing
+stratum of the Harrison County aboriginal quarries outcrops a short
+distance away and appears at several points within the cave. The
+country is extremely rugged, and good springs occur frequently. Game
+was formerly abundant in the hills, and Blue River still rewards the
+angler with various species of fish, many of them of large size.
+
+A former race, presumably the modern Indian, did much work within the
+cave. Tons of travertine or stalagmite, the so-called alabaster, have
+been quarried from some of the deposits, while a large number of flint
+nodules has been dug out of the cave-earth where they fell from the
+disintegrating limestone. Some of this labor was carried on more than
+a mile from daylight.
+
+The mouth of the cave was formerly almost closed by a mass of talus.
+About 10 feet has been removed from the top of this, so that one may
+now walk in without difficulty. On the inner side of the portion
+remaining there is a slope for 96 feet, to a vertical depth of a
+little more than 27 feet. The next 100 feet gives a descent of about 3
+feet; then another steep slope begins. The first point at which
+bedrock floor is found within the cave is 120 feet lower than the
+point of entry. It is supposed that the drainage to which the cave
+owes its origin was outward; if this was the case the floor must be
+more than 120 feet below the roof at the doorway. While this may be
+true, it is not indicated by the condition of the visible strata. For
+about 50 feet outward the side walls are nearly parallel and nowhere
+more than 30 feet apart. Then they terminate at an angle in the
+outcrop of the ledge along the hillside. The appearance and condition
+of the upper strata, together with this narrow separation of the side
+walls outside the cave, produce the impression that at a period not
+very remote the roof of the cavern reached to the outcropping ledge in
+which the walls end. Even though the rock floor should be at the great
+depth supposed there is a possibility that an earth floor could be
+found below the detritus which has accumulated since the roof fell in
+or has worn away.
+
+To test the matter a shaft was begun at a point 16 feet in front of
+the doorway. This was as near as such work could be done without
+interfering with the advent of visitors, and allowed a margin of 30
+feet toward the outer slope. The shaft, 6 feet in diameter, soon
+passed into a compact mass of red clay filled with rocks of various
+sizes. At 14 feet down this was broken by an irregular stratum
+averaging a foot in thickness, of coarse sand or fine gravel with a
+slight admixture of clay, such as would form in a running stream. Its
+slope was inward or toward the cave. As there are sandstone ledges on
+the hillside above, this sand may have come from them, but, if so, it
+is singular that none appeared elsewhere. At 18 feet down was a mass
+of travertine measuring nearly 3 feet across and from 6 to 12 inches
+thick. It had formed around the lower part of a stalagmite 18 inches
+long, and the bottom of the whole formation rested horizontally on
+clay. This gave the excavators hope that an earth floor had been
+reached, as the stalagmite was vertical and resembled in all respects
+stalagmites in the cave. But it was soon found to be a foreign
+inclusion, and the same confused mixture of clay and stone continued
+below as above. Various fragments of stalactites and stalagmites were
+found as part of the detritus. These, especially the vertical one,
+seem to confirm the supposition that the roof reached out this far at
+a period which is quite recent as compared with the age of the cave.
+
+To a depth of 25 or 26 feet the task of excavating was as tedious and
+difficult as digging up a much-traveled, rocky road, the earth being
+dry enough to scour the shovels. Then the earth grew moist and within
+2 feet was muddy. Cavities appeared, into some of which a switch could
+be thrust 3 or 4 feet. Where such a cavity extended under a large
+stone, stalactites were in process of formation. Soon the earth began
+to work into a soft mud under the feet of the workmen, and at 32 feet
+particles and small clods were noticed falling from the sides of the
+shaft. A foot lower this breaking away became more decided. It may
+have been due merely to the loose condition of the wet earth allowing
+unsupported portions to fall from the freshly exposed surface, but
+there was also the risk that the softer earth was sliding under the
+weight of that above. The workmen, two of whom were experienced well
+and cistern diggers, declared the risk too great and demanded to be
+brought to the surface.
+
+The depth reached by this shaft was at least 5 feet lower than at any
+point inside, within 200 feet of the mouth of the cave. The material,
+with the exception of the sand layer, was almost identical from top to
+bottom, there being no apparent difference other than increase of
+moisture in the lower part. The only explanation suggesting itself at
+present is that the chasm is filled with large loose rocks up to a
+point near the bottom of the shaft; that débris from the hillside
+above has covered these more rapidly than it could settle in the
+crevices and cavities among them; and that water which makes its way
+downward finds some obstruction to its free passage out at the bottom
+of the chasm.
+
+The only safe plan of excavation seems to require the removal of all
+the earth between the side walls to a depth below the mud. If the rock
+bottom, or any solid bottom, is at a depth of 120 feet, there is small
+chance that man lived in this region at a time when it was easily
+accessible.
+
+SALTPETER CAVE.--This is about 600 yards northwest of Wyandotte Cave.
+"The entrance, in a side of a ravine, is 5 feet high and 19 feet wide.
+Once within, a gigantic room expands, 220 feet long, 75 feet wide, and
+10 to 30 feet in height, with smooth flat ceiling and earthen floor,
+the latter descending and with its edges much encumbered with fallen
+rock." [W.S. Blatchley.]
+
+From the description given, this would seem an ideal site for
+research. Unfortunately, the bottom of the ravine is not more than 5
+feet lower than the top of the talus at the entrance. This slight
+elevation is the only barrier which keeps the surface water from
+flowing in, and while the ravine seldom has any water in it, there
+would be enough after a moderate rain to drown out the diggers who
+were working below its level if the bank were removed.
+
+LITTLE WYANDOTTE.--This, like three caves on Blue River above
+Wyandotte, four in the vicinity of Leavenworth, and one on the
+opposite side of the river in Meade County, Ky., has a small entrance
+in solid rock, with a steep and narrow passage to the foot of a slope
+which does not expand into a room of any size until at some distance
+beyond daylight.
+
+
+HARRISON COUNTY
+
+The only cave of any note in Harrison County is at the King quarries,
+5 miles east of Corydon. It has two outlets, one at the foot of a
+little cliff, through which a fine spring has an exit; the other in
+the face of the cliff, about 10 feet higher and a little to one side.
+The latter discharges more or less water after every rain. The
+drainage of several large sink holes is through the two openings. The
+owner says mud has accumulated to a depth of 3 feet on the floor
+within his remembrance, due to cultivation around the sink holes,
+which causes the soil to waste.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+MONROE COUNTY
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE.--The so-called "Mammoth Cave of Illinois" is near
+Burksville, in Monroe County. An opportunity was afforded to visit it
+while engaged in the cave work. It is very extensive, according to the
+owner's description, being "7 or 8 miles long." The mouth is at the
+bottom of a sink hole, and the cave is now reached by a narrow
+stairway 40 feet high. Formerly it was necessary to clamber down the
+walls, stepping from ledge to ledge with a foot and a hand on either
+side. Then a ladder was made, said to have been 50 feet long; and,
+with more frequent visitors, the stairway followed. The crevice is
+very short, a mere crack, apparently made by water working its way
+down from the bottom of the sink. All the drainage within the rim goes
+into the cave, and it accumulates in the rainy season until the floor
+is covered. A farmer living near says he has seen the water from the
+cave rise until it covered the bottom of the sink hole. As similar
+depressions are numerous in the vicinity, probably the combined inflow
+is greater than the cave can carry away. The floor has been leveled
+and a close pavement of large slabs laid over the muddy portions. No
+one has ever heard of human remains being found anywhere in the cave.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+Crossing the Ohio River from the southern Indiana cave region, the
+counties of Kentucky lying in the belt of lower Carboniferous
+limestone were next visited. No cave that seemed worth examining could
+be heard of above the extreme southern portion of Hardin County. The
+sections examined will be taken in their geographical order from north
+to south.
+
+
+HARDIN COUNTY
+
+HUTCHINS OR BRADLEY CAVE.--This is in the bluff bordering on the left
+bank of Nolin River, 2 miles west of Upton. It was reported that human
+remains had been found in it. The present owners, who have known the
+cave for a long time, never heard of any such finds. The entrance is
+low and narrow, so that access to the cave is to be had only by
+creeping several yards. The cavern then expands into a very large
+chamber, separated into three by curtains or partitions of stalactites
+and stalagmites. Very little of floor, roof, or walls is to be seen,
+being almost entirely covered by secondary deposits. Some of these are
+remarkable for size and beauty. There is no probability that the cave
+was ever inhabited.
+
+SALTPETER CAVE.--This is 3 miles southwest of Upton. It has a large
+entrance and an earth floor, but the dirt has all been worked over for
+making saltpeter, so there is nothing to search for.
+
+
+HART COUNTY
+
+LAIRD'S CAVE.--About 2 miles north of Northtown is a large, roomy
+cave, with a good entrance, but water drips from all parts of the
+ceiling, and the floor is muddy and rocky. The drainage from 3 or 4
+acres of hillside flows over the arch of the entrance and logs 6
+inches in diameter are carried into it by the surface floods.
+
+LOCK'S CAVE.--This is a mile east of Rowlett's Station, near the top
+of a ridge, and lying nearly parallel with its crest. It affords
+another instance of a cave which has come to light only after a
+portion of its roof has fallen in. The detritus entirely conceals the
+opening at one end. The other end is entered by going down the fallen
+rocks over a slope of 15 or 20 feet, which leads to a bottom strewn
+with rocks. In such cases there can be nothing under the loose
+material, because the cave had no entrance until this had fallen in.
+
+GARVIN CAVE.--This cavern, which is 3 miles southeast of Munfordville,
+has an opening at the bottom of a sink hole, requiring a rope or
+ladder for descent.
+
+HARLOW CAVE.--This is 3½ miles southeast of Munfordville. It is a very
+large cave, apparently, as the slope down the débris is more than 40
+feet high, to a rocky shelf, beyond which the descent was followed
+some yards without finding any indications that a level bottom was
+near. It is another illustration of the fallen roof.
+
+WYNNE'S CAVE.--Three miles south of Rowlett's Station is a large sink
+hole. Stones thrown into the vertical shaft at the bottom can be heard
+striking the sides for three or four seconds before coming to rest.
+
+WASH. ROWLETT CAVE.--On "the old Lewis Martin place," 1½ miles west of
+Rowlett's Station, a section of roof, 20 or 25 feet across, has
+dropped into a deep cavity. The sides are still insecure. The descent
+to a spring under what appears to be the original roof is somewhat
+more than 40 feet. The ceiling is not more than 6 feet high.
+
+STEFFY'S CAVE.--Four miles southwest of Munfordville between 200 and
+300 feet in length of the roof of a high and wide cave has fallen in.
+Ice remains in this cave until May or later every year.
+
+JOEL BUCKNER'S CAVE.--About 10 miles northeast of Munfordville is a
+large cave with the entrance on a hillside. The roof has evidently
+extended several rods farther out than at present. The front part of
+the cavern is wide and high, but is now nearly filled with débris. The
+roof slopes at about the same angle as loose material within, there
+being not more than 3 feet of space between the two at any place
+nearer than 30 feet from the present mouth. Rocks thrown back showed
+the same uniformity of slope to continue at least several yards and
+the depth there to be about 20 feet below the top of the detritus at
+the mouth. This cave was suitable as a habitation before the material
+now choking the mouth had accumulated, provided water was obtainable.
+The nearest spring now is more than a mile away. An exploration would
+require, as a preliminary, the removal of several hundred cubic yards
+of compacted rocks and clay.
+
+HARRY BUCKNER CAVE.--Half a mile north of the cavern last named is
+another with a very narrow entrance. The floor, which slopes downward,
+is solid rock in part, and the place is not adapted for occupancy.
+
+CUB RUN CAVE.--Cub Run is a little settlement 12 miles west of
+Munfordville, near the Edmonson County line and about equidistant from
+Green River and Nolin River. Two miles in a direct line south of the
+village is a cave or rock shelter which has much local notoriety from
+the fact that three skeletons were found in it. They were imbedded in
+mixed ashes and earth and accompanied with several pestles, bone
+perforators, three flint knives, a small celt, and part of a clay pipe
+stem. One of the skeletons was that of a child not more than 8 or 10
+years old. It has been pronounced the frame of a white child on
+account of the shape of the skull, but is more probably Indian, as the
+three were found together. Two of the bodies had been laid side by
+side; the other was near their feet at a right angle to them. In the
+back of the child's head is an incision somewhat over an inch long.
+The skull is slightly fractured downward from one end of this cut, and
+the corner or angle thus formed in the bone is pressed outward.
+
+A flint implement found almost in contact with the skull fits closely
+into the aperture and may have produced it, as the form of the wound
+could have been thus caused.
+
+The cavity or chamber of this cavern is about 100 feet across in each
+direction. There is a small opening near the back which has been
+examined to a distance of 75 or 80 feet, being there obstructed by
+large blocks of sandstone similar to those which fill the space from
+floor to ceiling along the back end of the shelter.
+
+There is another very large block just at the entrance, in which are
+one shallow and two deep circular depressions which were probably
+mortars. Bones of deer, bear, and other animals have been found within
+a foot or two of the surface both outside and inside of the cave.
+Contrary to what is usual in sandstone cavities of this sort, the
+outside earth slopes upward from the entrance and after heavy rains
+considerable water flows into the cave. This makes the earth on the
+floor quite sticky at times, although it is mainly sand, containing
+very little clay.
+
+The skeletons were found at a depth of about 16 inches, close to the
+side wall. A small trench dug where they were unearthed showed, in
+succession, a layer of ashes 4 or 5 inches thick and not more than 3
+feet across, a foot below the surface of the floor; a few inches of
+earth; a layer of ashes an inch thick, at two feet; below this,
+yellowish undisturbed sand, apparently fallen from the sandstone roof,
+and continuing to the rock floor, which was about 32 inches below the
+top.
+
+Another trench was dug about midway across the cave and the same
+distance from the front as the skeletons were found. This was on or
+close to the line of heaviest drainage into the cave and the earth was
+so wet as to be very sticky. A few little patches of what appeared to
+be ashes but which had not resulted from fires made on the spot, three
+or four broken mussel shells, and a chip of flint were found in the
+first 18 or 20 inches. More than this amount of earth could easily
+have washed in since they were left here by modern Indians. Below this
+level the earth contained not the slightest object of human origin, to
+the rock floor which was found at a depth of 6 feet. On the rock was
+nearly pure sand, probably the result of disintegration; some clay lay
+on this; then the mixed loam, sand, and clay composing the outside
+soil.
+
+It would appear that this cave was utilized as a place of shelter at
+irregular intervals by Indians in tolerably recent times; that at
+least one of those found, perhaps all three, had died or been killed
+during a somewhat protracted sojourn; and that only a slight covering
+of earth, if any at all, had been placed over them.
+
+Two similar caves are within 8 or 10 miles, but were not visited.
+
+
+EDMONSON COUNTY
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE.--For miles from the entrance saltpeter workers have dug
+down to a level where the amount of loose rock rendered further
+excavation too expensive. In many places walls of stone are piled
+against the sides of the cavern. They were among the earth that was
+removed and have been so piled to get them out of the way.
+
+As far back as "Chief City," 3 miles from the mouth of the cave, the
+floor is littered with fragments of canes (reeds) and saplings, which,
+from the appearance of the ends, were broken, twisted, or bruised off
+with blunt tools like stone hatchets. Most of those remaining are
+lying on massive loose rocks now forming the floor, though the ends of
+some are seen projecting from beneath stones much larger than two men
+can lift. It is possible the latter have recently slid or slipped from
+higher up the slopes, but the indications are that they have dropped
+from the roof since the time of these early explorers. If this be the
+case, it points to a considerable antiquity for the remains, because
+no such downfalls are known to have occurred since the cave was first
+explored by white men.
+
+So much work has been done about the entrance of late years for
+improving the approaches that excavation would be useless, even if
+allowed, unless carried to a depth of more than 20 feet. Such work
+would greatly interfere with the plans of the management.
+
+WHITE'S CAVE.--This is about three-fourths of a mile from Mammoth
+Cave. The entrance, quite small, is near the crest of a ridge, and the
+floor descends abruptly. Only a narrow chamber exists within reach of
+daylight, and the cave is wet all the time a short distance back.
+
+COLOSSAL CAVE.--It is said to be 4 miles from Mammoth Cave, but is
+really only a little more than 2 miles. The present entrance is
+entirely artificial, the descent to the floor being about 120 feet.
+The original entrance was in a crevice which explorers descended by
+means of ropes. It is said that another entrance is known to one man
+who, however, has to crawl a long distance.
+
+SALT CAVE.--This is 4 miles from Mammoth Cave, though belonging to the
+same company. The entrance is at the bottom of a conical sink hole
+draining about an acre. Not much water runs into the cave from this
+cause, as the surface slopes outward from the margin except on one
+side, where a ridge leads to the hills. A spring which comes out near
+the top of the sink falls over a ledge at the bottom into the
+entrance to the cave. It is said that this water soaks into the ground
+within a few rods and that just beyond are large, dry rooms, well
+adapted for habitation, which formerly contained many evidences of
+aboriginal occupation. Exploration is impossible now, as the entrance
+was effectually closed some years ago by throwing in logs, brush,
+rocks, and earth, in order to protect the formations from relic
+hunters. The water from the spring falls directly on and flows into
+this, and can not now be turned aside. Even if it could, all excavated
+material would have to be carried up a steep slope and deposited in
+the field surrounding the sink hole.
+
+DIXON'S CAVE.--It is supposed, with good reason, that this was at one
+time connected with Mammoth Cave. It can be easily entered, through a
+large crevice, where the surface rock has fallen in. Approach to the
+bottom is down a steep and rugged slope of about 60 feet vertically.
+Within, no earth is visible, it having been entirely removed by
+saltpeter miners, who left the rocks piled in great rows from side to
+side across the cavern.
+
+MAMMAL CAVE.--This is so named because a tusk was formerly exhibited
+at the hotel which was reported to have come from here. It was
+afterwards learned that the specimen was imported from another State.
+The cave is small and damp, not suitable for living or even for
+stopping in.
+
+PROCTOR'S CAVE.--This is 6 miles from Mammoth Cave. The present
+entrance is artificial and so far as could be learned the cave is a
+recent discovery.
+
+HAUNTED CAVE.--The name is given to commemorate the fact that human
+bones were found in it. Physicians, it is said, pronounced them bones
+of a white person. The cave, which is on Green River, some miles below
+Mammoth Cave, was not visited, as the entrance is described as a
+crevice through which a man has difficulty in squeezing his way, while
+the interior is nowhere more than 8 feet wide. The cave soon connects
+with another narrow vertical crevice which reaches the surface at the
+top of a ridge.
+
+BRIGGS'S CAVE.--About 6 miles west of Cave City, and 4 miles west of
+north from Glasgow Junction, is a cave on land of Ike Briggs, which
+was described as fit for habitation. Its entrance is in a small sink
+hole, on a hillside. The approach is easy, and entry not difficult;
+but the cave receives the drainage of several acres and the floor is
+always muddy.
+
+POYNER'S CAVE.--This is a mile east of Briggs's. While a large cave,
+the entrance is at the foot of a sink hole an acre in area. It is
+necessary to stoop for some distance on entering, and the bottom here
+is rough and wet. Farther in it is dry and roomy--so much so, that
+people in the neighborhood use one chamber as a "ballroom." This part
+is some distance beyond daylight. As in all caves which are entered
+from a sink, it would be very difficult to dispose of any excavated
+earth, as it would have to be carried up the steep slope to the
+outside.
+
+SHORT CAVE.--Chaumont is a station on the road to Mammoth Cave, 3
+miles from the Glasgow Junction. The cavern, which is so named from
+its limited extent as compared with Mammoth, is a mile from the
+station. The entrance, reached by a winding way along the ridges, is
+on one side of an irregular depression comprising 3 or 4 acres. At
+present there is a heavy bank of earth, several feet high, across the
+entrance, nearly closing it to the top, except at the middle where a
+wagon road has been cut through to allow fertilizers for mushroom beds
+to be hauled in. This earth, so it is stated, was not there when the
+cave was discovered, but has been carried from the interior partly by
+saltpeter workers, and partly by the present owner in order to cover
+up some rocks and to make the floor smooth and level. In front of the
+cave and of the earth piled at the entrance is a level space of 25 or
+30 feet to a deep sink hole. Some water and mud, in time of wet
+weather, runs into the front part of the cave but its effect is not
+noticeable for more than 30 or 40 feet. Beyond this is a reach of more
+than 200 feet of perfectly dry level floor. It was not so smooth
+before some grading was done for the mushroom beds, but was at no time
+rugged or difficult to travel over. At 300 feet from the entrance is a
+slope about 20 feet high, at the foot of which begins another floor so
+dry as to be dusty in places. Whether this apparent thickness of 20
+feet is of earth, or earth and stone mixed, or is indicative of a dip
+in the rock floor, is not known, as no excavation has ever been made
+except for the plant beds. There is a slight descent, not more than 3
+or 4 feet, from the entrance to the point where the flood water seems
+to reach. This is seemingly due altogether to the wash. The width of
+the cave is about 50 feet, and notwithstanding the partial closure of
+the entrance there is sufficient light as far back as 200 feet to
+enable one to read ordinary print. So there is ample room within reach
+of daylight for several hundred people to gather without
+inconvenience.
+
+The owner, Capt. J.B. Briggs, who lives in Russellville, has granted
+permission to make any excavations desired, provided the floor be left
+in good shape when done. It is evident that any satisfactory
+examination will demand a large expenditure. If only a preliminary
+trench were made, the necessary slope would require a considerable
+width at top, while if anything should be disclosed that called for
+extensive research, the earth must be wheeled or otherwise removed to
+the sink hole in front, and the whole floor brought to a nearly
+uniform level.
+
+So far as appearances go, this cavern is better adapted for occupancy
+than any other which has been examined. The depth of earth shows it to
+have been open for a long period. If nothing can be found here,
+denoting extreme antiquity of man, it would seem useless to make
+further search in central or western Kentucky.
+
+BEAR CREEK.--A very large rock house is on the right bank of Bear
+Creek, 3 miles above its mouth. It would afford good shelter to a
+large number of people, except in rainy seasons when they were most in
+need of it. After heavy storms the creek covers the entire floor.
+
+Other rock-shelters exist along Green River above and below Bear
+Creek. They are not worth investigating. Some are flooded; others
+difficult of access; still others become muddy after rains; while in
+none of them is there any great depth of earth.
+
+
+WARREN COUNTY
+
+CRUMP'S CAVE.--A mile north of Smith's Grove is a large sink hole,
+from one side of which extends a cave nearly a mile long. There is
+abundant room and a good light near the front, and it is reported that
+quantities of ashes were formerly to be seen on the earth a short
+distance in. A considerable outside area drains into the cave, and the
+floor at the present time is everywhere so wet as to be quite muddy.
+Much water also falls from the roof. A hydraulic ram, not far from the
+entrance, formerly forced water from one of these falls to the farm
+residence. A descent of 6 feet, over large rocks and wet earth, brings
+one to the nearly level floor, 40 feet from the mouth. The amount of
+flood water running into the cave is indicated by a gully 4 feet deep
+and the same in width, while trash and driftwood litter the floor from
+wall to wall for more than a hundred yards.
+
+THOMAS CAVE.--This is a mile north of Bowling Green. The roof of a
+cavern has fallen in and forms a high mound of rocky débris, down
+which a path winds on each side, giving access toward either end of
+the cavern. There is scarcely a possibility that it was ever occupied.
+
+MILL CAVE.--Three miles south of Bowling Green a stream emerges from
+the foot of a slope, flows a hundred yards through a canyon-like open
+channel, and disappears under a cliff. This is another instance of an
+open cave due to a falling roof. The open end is large and forms an
+excellent shelter for cattle. On either side of the stream, under the
+cliff, is a shelf or projecting ledge, covered with loose stones.
+Neither is 2 feet higher than the water level in a wet season.
+
+
+BARREN COUNTY
+
+PAYNE CAVE.--This, also known as Saltpeter Cave, is near Temple Hill,
+9 miles southeast of Glasgow. The bluff in which it is situated is a
+conglomerate limestone, rising from the waters of Skagg's Creek. The
+cave has three different entrances, 100 feet or more apart, and each
+entrance is broken into three or four by columns or masses of stone
+that have resisted erosion. None of the entrances is large, or opens
+into spacious chambers within daylight. Flood marks are visible in
+all, and it is said that after prolonged or heavy spring rains the
+water covers the floors.
+
+BEN SMITH'S CAVE.--This was discovered while digging out a fox den. It
+is a tunnel-like cavity, not more than 6 feet high or wide, and not
+suitable for habitation. It lies a mile and a half south of Temple
+Hill.
+
+FORD'S CAVE.--This is between Freedom and Mount Hermon, about 14 miles
+southeast of Glasgow. Originally the entrance was about 8 feet high
+and 20 feet wide, and opened into a well-lighted chamber probably 40
+feet wide and 60 feet long. The floor was of earth and level, with
+ample space between it and the roof, as shown by marks on the walls,
+for people to move about readily in any part of the room. The entrance
+is now artificially closed by earth and stone, except for a space 4
+feet square in which a door is hung. Old men in the neighborhood claim
+they can remember when the floor was 20 feet lower than at present; a
+manifest impossibility, for that measure would bring it several feet
+lower than the bed of Mill Creek just in front of the cave. They also
+claim that blocks of conglomerate and travertine 5 to 10 feet in each
+dimension have formed from "drip" within their recollection; which, if
+true, would prove these persons to be almost contemporaneous with the
+cave men. The more probable statement is also made by them that in
+early days saltpeter workers dug up and leached all the earth in the
+cave, filling the entrance and the narrow space before it with the
+leached earth from the front part of the cave and throwing that from
+farther back into the cavities and pits left by the prior workings.
+Inside the cave, near the entrance, is a never-failing spring whose
+waters flow through a short, narrow crevice at one side. While easily
+accessible, the water does not reach any of the earth floor.
+
+This would have been an excellent site for aboriginal residence, but
+there is now no undisturbed earth within daylight nor for some
+distance beyond, and no one can remember that anything of an
+artificial nature was ever exhumed.
+
+THE ESMITH CAVES.--Two caves situated on Peters Creek near Dry Fork
+post office, 14 miles southeast of Glasgow, were reported to be
+admirably suited for shelter purposes. The smaller is not more than a
+foot high, from floor to roof, and is filled with flood water after
+every heavy rain. The larger is above flood line, but the entrance is
+not over 2 feet high, and the "cave" is scarcely sufficient for a
+sheep shelter. If the floor were cleared off to a depth of 4 feet from
+its present level, it would be covered whenever the creek reached
+high-water mark.
+
+BONE CAVE.--Five miles east of Glasgow human bones were found in a
+cavern. Particulars could not be obtained. The cave is on a hillside
+and is entered through a narrow crevice by straddling the walls or
+going down a ladder. Rocks and trash form a mound in this, the top
+being 15 feet below the outside surface. On either side of this mound
+one can make his way continuously downward to darkness, and a rock
+thrown ahead can be heard going on down some distance over loose
+stones. If human bones were ever found in here, either they were
+thrown in or some person fell in and was unable to escape.
+
+SLICK ROCK CAVE.--This is near the post office of Slick Rock, 7 miles
+east of Glasgow. The entrance is in a narrow crevice at the brow of a
+low hill. The descent is steep and rugged to beyond daylight.
+
+LOVE'S CAVE.--This is located on Dr. Love's farm, 3 miles north of
+Slick Rock. It is now used for storing apples and potatoes. The
+entrance is through a large sink hole, formed by the falling in of the
+roof of a cave which was at least 50 feet wide at this point. As is
+usual, the débris has blocked the cave in one direction. Descent is
+regular, though steep, along the slope into the other end of the cave.
+The floor is wet and muddy the entire year on account of the drip from
+roof and overhanging rock at the mouth. The vertical distance from top
+of the débris to the level floor is about 30 feet, and from the top to
+the outer surface about 20 feet more. Any attempt at excavation would
+be difficult and costly, and conditions are such as to make it
+probably fruitless.
+
+
+MONROE COUNTY
+
+Four caves in this county were represented as being worth
+investigation. All are north of Tompkinsville, the county seat.
+
+(1) A rock house in the conglomerate sandstone on the land of Dr. E.E.
+Palmer, 7 miles north of Tompkinsville, shows smoke stains on the
+ceiling, and some flint chips among the gravel and earth in front
+where they have been exposed by water dripping over the face of the
+cliff. There is, however, only 2 to 4 feet of space between the earth
+floor and the roof, across the cave from side to side, a distance of
+20 feet, and from the front to a point 10 feet back. From this rear
+portion the earth slopes downward, parallel with the roof of the cave,
+to the wall behind. The amount of descent could not be accurately
+ascertained owing to the cramped space, but seems to be 5 or 6 feet.
+At about that level on the outside a ledge was found on both sides of
+the entrance and appears to continue across. If so, the earth covers
+the part immediately in front of the cave. Neither tools nor men could
+be found to do any trenching, but it is not probable the shelter was
+ever high enough for a man to stand erect in, because most, or all, of
+the floor earth must have come from the ceiling.
+
+(2) A mile north of Dr. Palmer's is the McCreary Cave. The entrance is
+from 60 to 70 feet across and the cavern reaches back fully a hundred
+feet without any diminution of breadth. Two branches then start under
+the hill. Each has been explored more than a mile. From each branch
+flows a considerable brook. They unite near the entrance, sink into
+the floor, and reappear as a strong spring 30 feet lower in the ravine
+leading from the cave. The earth is not more than 3 feet deep near the
+front. It becomes greater in amount farther back, but is wet
+everywhere below the level of the running water, consequently no
+excavation was practicable. Flood marks show that the whole floor,
+except in places a strip along the side walls, is completely submerged
+at times. On one side a rock ledge or shelf above reach of the water
+is covered with dry loose earth from 1 to 3 feet deep. This has been
+dug up in nearly every part by treasure seekers, but nothing of human
+workmanship has ever been found.
+
+(3) The Belcher Cave is 7 miles northwest of Tompkinsville. It is also
+called Mill Cave, because a gristmill near the foot of the hill below
+it is run by the outflowing stream. The entrance is wide and high; the
+front chamber or vault is fully a hundred feet across each way. But
+the bedrock is exposed in places and the earth is not more than 2 feet
+thick anywhere. Water from the brook percolating through this keeps
+the lower portion saturated.
+
+(4) On John Black Tuley's land, on Meshach Creek, 6 miles northeast of
+Tompkinsville, two human skeletons were found in a small opening,
+which has since been known as the Bone Cave. It is a room not over 10
+feet across at any part, in a limestone conglomerate, and may be of
+quite recent origin. Being inconvenient of access, it is not in a
+position for residence purposes. The skeletons, which were less than 2
+feet below the surface, were probably those of Indian hunters. The
+material in which the little cave is formed will crumble easily in
+cold weather, being rather wet from the soil water soaking through the
+hill above it.
+
+There are other caves in this county, but from the descriptions they
+do not seem at all suited even for temporary camping needs.
+
+
+LOGAN COUNTY
+
+Very little limestone appears in Logan County, the surface rock being
+mostly conglomerate. A reconnoissance was made here, however, from
+Russellville to Diamond Springs, to investigate "a broad valley" which
+was reported to extend in a general north and south direction from the
+Ohio, near Brandenburg, toward the Cumberland. It was also claimed
+that beds of drift gravel exist at a considerable elevation above the
+little creek now flowing through the valley and that rock shelters are
+numerous at various levels.
+
+As there is an abandoned drainage system, different from the present,
+somewhere in this part of Kentucky, which has never been traced, the
+place seemed worth a visit. The result was disappointing.
+
+The valley is due entirely to causes now at work. The gravel beds
+result from weathering of lower Coal Measure conglomerates. The rock
+shelters are shallow, or with a thin covering of earth on the floor,
+or subject to overflow. None was found that offered any incentive for
+examination.
+
+
+TODD COUNTY
+
+On the farm of Mr. Robert Glover, 3½ miles southwest of Trenton, is a
+cave known generally as "Bell's Cave," from a former owner. This forms
+the outlet of a large sink hole, all the rainfall of 6 or 8 acres
+draining out through it. The entrance is wide and deep, with an easy
+descent to the level floor. It was for a long time a shelter for
+Indians, for there is a layer of ashes more than 6 feet in depth, 50
+or 60 feet long, and about 15 or 20 feet wide. These represent the
+probable original dimensions, but the top has been leveled for a
+dancing floor, and the drainage water has cut away a large part of it,
+depositing the material farther back in the cave. Six feet of vertical
+face is exposed at one place by the water, but the ashes extend still
+deeper. It is said that bone needles, animal bones, antlers, mussel
+shells ("different from any in the creek now"), burnt rock, and much
+broken pottery were found in leveling the top. A very fine polished
+flint celt 12 inches or more in length is also reported. One human
+skeleton has been found, either at the edge of the ash bed or a few
+feet away from the edge. The floor is covered, where the earth is
+washed off, with flint nodules and fragments, and the slopes outside
+have considerable on the surface. The gullies washed along the slope
+are paved with nodules like a macadamized road, and in a few places
+the streams have cut into them so as to show a foot or more at the
+lower part of the bank so filled and packed with nodules that a knife
+blade could not be thrust in more than 2 or 3 inches. But there is no
+evidence of aboriginal quarrying. Probably the Indians dug nodules
+out of the gullies, for chips are found above and on each side of the
+mouth of the cave.
+
+To the west, on top of the hill in which the sink hole occurs, and
+beginning at its edge, is an aboriginal cemetery. There are two small
+mounds and numerous graves. Scores of the latter have been opened.
+They are all alike; flat stones form bottom, ends, sides, and top.
+Many have only one skeleton; others more. The greatest number yet
+found in one was six. Few are more than a foot deep or much over 5
+feet long. About one in ten contains relics of some sort--in two or
+three entire pots, beads, arrowheads, and gorgets occurred.
+
+I opened three; two contained one body each. The face of one was down,
+but all the other bones of this and all the bones in the second grave
+were so decayed that no statement of their position can be made. In
+the third grave, which was 2½ feet deep--the deepest yet found--were
+three bodies. Two lay with faces north; the other, behind these, with
+face south. The grave was 24 inches wide and less than 6 feet long.
+Most skeletons (it is reported) were doubled up; often the graves were
+not over 3 feet long and 10 to 16 inches wide. In some the bones
+denoted skeleton burial. One skull had been perforated by a ball; at
+least there was a round hole on each side exactly such as would have
+been produced by a bullet.
+
+Another large cemetery is on the farm of Mr. G.S. Wood, next north of
+Glover's. Mr. Wood has opened 50 or more graves and found some relics.
+
+Flint arrows, spears, knives, drills, hoes, spades, and celts, not to
+mention unfinished pieces, have been found by the thousand on the
+surface within a mile radius of these cemeteries.
+
+It would seem useless to make any further examination of the level
+limestone region of central or southern Kentucky. Nearly all the minor
+drainage is underground, and most of the caves have inlets through
+sink holes or in small crevices. The water supply is scanty except
+along streams, and in such situations the caves are usually, for
+various reasons, of such character as to preclude a continuous
+occupation, or one extending to a very ancient date. Search is more
+likely to be rewarded in the mountains where an ample water supply is
+always at hand.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+
+MONTGOMERY COUNTY
+
+DUNBAR'S CAVE.--Three miles east of Clarksville a large cave has been
+fitted up as a summer resort. The earth has been leveled around the
+entrance, both inside and outside, floors laid for picnics and other
+gatherings, booths, refreshment stands, and places of amusement
+erected and the surrounding grounds somewhat improved. On account of
+all this, the place has become quite noted. At present there is from
+15 to 20 feet of loose stones and earth on the solid rock floor, and a
+strong stream makes its way beneath them. It could never have been
+occupied in prehistoric times until the débris had practically reached
+the stage at which it was found by the whites.
+
+INDIAN MOUND CAVE.--A report was received to the effect that the mouth
+of a cave on the Stewart County line, about 18 miles west of
+Clarksville, had been closed by a rock wall, and earth piled against
+the outside of the wall; also, that tool marks are quite distinct in a
+chamber which is plainly of artificial origin.
+
+The rock wall is the stratified rock, in place; the earth in front has
+washed down from the hillside; the tool marks are water channelings;
+and other remarkable things mentioned in the report are equally
+natural. The entrance is a narrow crevice.
+
+
+SULLIVAN COUNTY
+
+LINVILLE CAVE.--This is 4 miles almost directly west of Bluff City.
+Apparently it is of great extent, for large sink holes connected with
+it are scattered over an area of several hundred acres. There are
+three principal openings. The largest is near the top of a knoll or
+low hill, and is due to the falling in of the roof. The sunken part
+has an area of about 30 by 60 feet. Usually, in such cases, the débris
+entirely fills one end of the cavity thus made, obscuring that part of
+the cavern, the other end being kept open by surface drainage. In this
+case, owing to the dip of the strata--some 8 or 10 degrees--and to a
+change in direction of the cavern at this point, both ends may be
+entered from the fallen rocks and earth. At one side the descent is
+precipitous and winding, over and among large fallen rocks. No level
+place is reached in daylight. At the other side the descent follows
+the natural dip of the strata and no level space can be found from
+which the entrance is visible. This part, also, is filled with rocks,
+large and small, from the roof and sides, and was never habitable.
+
+Fifty yards from the main entrance is another much smaller cave, on
+the slope of the knoll. It is at the bottom of a crevice 10 feet deep.
+The floor is level, but only a few square yards in extent, the sloping
+roof reaching it within 10 feet. As there is considerable drainage
+into the cavity from the hillside, it is probable that this floor, at
+least the upper portion, is of recent origin, and that the earth
+extends downward indefinitely toward the subterranean stream.
+
+West of the knoll on which these openings are found is a valley 2 or 3
+miles long. Timber shuts off the view toward its head. This is
+drained by a constant stream which after winding from side to side of
+the little vale flows under the knoll. The hole where it disappears is
+small, but as no rock floor is visible it may lead into a large
+cavern, and there is no doubt that all the sink holes in the vicinity
+as well as the two openings above described eventually have the same
+outlet. Excavations would be difficult and useless.
+
+THOMAS CAVE.--In the face of a steep hillside, near the south (left)
+bank of the Holston, 3 miles east of Bluff City, is a room with a
+nearly level floor 10 by 18 feet in the longest measurements. A narrow
+passage, high enough for a man to walk in, branches off to the right
+but soon begins to diminish in size and at 100 feet becomes too small
+to crawl through. The débris in front of the cave is piled to a height
+of 16 feet above the present floor, and the highest floods of the
+river reach to about the same level on the outside. The rapid
+disappearance of the surface water which finds its way in indicates an
+underground passage to the river, so that a solid floor would not
+probably be reached above the ordinary water level.
+
+ARKLOW CAVE.--This is a mile and a half southeast of Bluff City. It
+was reported to have a level earth floor, not more than 4 feet below
+the accumulation outside. While this was formerly the case,
+cultivation of the hills around now causes a great amount of surface
+water to flow over the little bluff into which the cave opens, and
+this has carried nearly all of the loose earth away through some
+underground channel. The descent for upward of 30 feet is steep and
+rugged; it was not traced farther.
+
+MORRELL CAVE.--On the south side of the Holston River, 2½ miles east
+of Bluff City, lies the farm of E.S. Worley. Except for a narrow strip
+of river bottom land, the surface is broken and rocky, the highest
+point being some 400 feet above the stream. Beginning near the brow of
+the river hill the central portion of the farm is in a depression
+whose very irregular rim or watershed surrounds an area of more than
+100 acres. All the water that falls within this space drains into a
+sink hole the bottom of which is but little above flood stage of the
+Holston. On the south side of this sink is a vertical bluff 120 feet
+high, from whose foot emerges a stream that after a winding course of
+50 or 60 yards disappears in a small opening on the east side of the
+sink hole, and finally comes to the surface at the foot of the hill,
+near the river. Its volume is sufficient, even in time of severest
+drought, to turn the undershot wheel of a large mill. The course of
+the stream above the point where it is first visible is through a cave
+which has been traced to the foot of the Holston Mountains, 3 miles
+away, and there are many unexplored branches. Chambers are known with
+a cross measure of 100 feet or more, and some of them have a height
+nearly as great. Stalactites and stalagmites, some of them possessing
+unusual size and beauty, are abundant.
+
+The sink hole is due to the falling in of the roof of the cave, which
+could no doubt be followed to the river if it were free from
+obstructions in this direction.
+
+North of west from the mouth of the cave is another opening, partly in
+the same strata but 40 feet higher, the dip of the rock being 10 or 12
+degrees to the southeast. This was so blocked with talus which had
+fallen from the cliff and washed down the side of the sink hole that
+it was necessary to creep nearly 40 feet from the entrance, down a
+moderate slope, before coming to a point where it was possible to
+stand upright. From here progress to the junction of the two caves,
+about half a mile from the entrance, is easy except where fallen rocks
+interfere somewhat.
+
+Early in the Civil War a large amount of saltpeter was manufactured
+here. A dam was constructed just within the mouth of the main cave,
+and in the pool thus formed boats were used to transport the material
+from the interior. The workmen not required for handling the craft
+usually preferred to walk through the upper cave to the place where
+the earth was procured.
+
+The combination of natural features at this place is unusually
+favorable to aboriginal habitation. The main cave is excluded from
+consideration by reason of the stream filling it from wall to wall
+after very heavy rains. The upper cave, however, showed, beyond the
+débris choking the entrance, a level floor, cumbered, it is true, by
+fallen rocks, but apparently quite suitable for a dwelling place were
+these removed. Although opening toward the north, its position so far
+below the summits of the surrounding hills protects it from winter
+winds. The creek assures an ample supply of clear cold water.
+Mountains, refuge for game, are in sight in various directions, while
+the Holston River is less than a quarter of a mile away.
+
+In order to remove the débris a point 3 feet below the lowest spot on
+the floor was selected on the slope outside. From here a trench was
+carried in on a level, the additional depth being taken to facilitate
+clearing away all material that had accumulated inside the cavern in
+comparatively recent time, and thus lighten the task of deeper
+excavations should these be required. The trench needed to be only
+wide enough at the bottom to allow room for running a wheelbarrow, but
+owing to the great amount of broken rock, loosely held together by a
+small quantity of earth, the sides continually gave way, so that by
+the time it was safe to pass through the trench was 25 feet wide at
+the top and 24 feet deep at the mouth of the cave. The rocks were of
+every size from small pebbles to blocks weighing more than a ton each.
+
+Nothing whatever of artificial character, not even a flint chip or
+fragment of charcoal, was unearthed until at a point 4 feet inside the
+farthest projecting stratum of the roof. Here was found a prehistoric
+stone wall whose outer side and top had been entirely concealed by
+débris. On the inner side the upper portion was visible, owing to the
+fact that the owner had gathered a quantity of loose stones to
+construct a wall farther down the slope. Previous to this the ancient
+wall was entirely covered by the detritus, and even after this partial
+exposure its true nature was not suspected. It was about 6 feet high,
+built up of rocks of various sizes and shapes loosely fitted together,
+earth from the outside surface being used to level up in places where
+the stones would not bind properly. The largest rock in the top layer
+weighed about 800 pounds.
+
+The horizontal distance between the top of the wall as it was when
+cleared off and the corresponding portion of the cave roof was 4 feet;
+to the roof directly above it, about 2 feet. Apparently it had at one
+time entirely closed the entrance; at the western end where it abutted
+against the solid rock the upper portion was firmly consolidated by
+travertine. Directly above it, nearly 2 feet higher, a slab and some
+small irregular fragments were securely attached to the side and roof
+by the same agency. A crevice in the bedrock just at the end of the
+artificial wall contained several wagonloads of small rocks which had
+been thrown into it. These also were united into a solid mass by the
+travertine, all of which had been deposited by water flowing through
+the crevice. It does not follow that the wall was ever higher toward
+the opposite end than at this time. In the centuries that have elapsed
+since it was put up, the roof at the front of the cave, being rather
+thin-bedded, may have disintegrated. It was not possible to uncover
+the wall in shape for illustrating; portions of it continually
+crumbled as the looser material piled against it was removed.
+
+From the wall inward the foreign material piled against the west side
+of the cave was composed almost entirely of small rocks, with scarcely
+any earth, and so compactly bound with travertine and stalagmite as to
+resist all attempts to remove it by ordinary means. On the east
+side--the left as the cave is entered--there was a great variation in
+the size of the stones; they were intermixed with much loose dry
+earth, and there was scarcely any "drip-formation" in the mass. The
+removal of all this disclosed a projection of solid rock forming a
+shelf from 8 to 12 feet wide, whose top was about 2 feet higher than
+the bottom of our trench. About 20 feet from the ancient wall the
+trench reached the original bottom of the cave as the latter was left
+by the stream to which its origin was due. This was the tough red or
+yellow clay, filled with water-worn stones such as appear in all
+gullies or ravines in this region. It contained a small quantity of
+stalagmitic material here and there and gradually rose until at 20
+feet farther, or 40 feet from the old wall, it terminated against
+solid bedrock, reaching across the cave, the entire width of which at
+this point was 26 feet. The shelf on the left belonged to the same
+stratum.
+
+This brought the work to the terminus that had been the aim from the
+first, namely, the lowest level of the floor, which was thus shown to
+be only a foot above the solid rock instead of at least 10 or 12 feet
+as the general appearance of the entrance and its surroundings had
+indicated. It was completely cleaned off as far as this was possible,
+but within 3 feet of the end of the trench began a mass several feet
+in thickness of fragmentary rocks of every size up to 20 tons or more
+which had fallen from the roof and were bound together by stalagmite.
+
+Altogether, more than 300 cubic yards of material were removed. The
+workmen had been carefully instructed as to what the search was for,
+and kept a close lookout, as evidenced by the very small objects they
+were continually offering for inspection. It is safe to say that not a
+spadeful of earth missed scrutiny; but, aside from the artificial
+wall, the only traces of human presence were three valves of mussels,
+a turkey bone rudely pointed for use as a perforator, and three or
+four bones which seem to have been subjected to fire. Not a chip of
+flint or other stone showing work, no ashes or charcoal, not a piece
+of pottery, were discovered. If aboriginal burials were made in the
+cave--and the wall is almost definite proof of such fact--they are
+either on the floor under stalagmite or in crevices now concealed by
+fallen rocks.
+
+Numerous small fragments of animal bones were found scattered singly
+at all depths in the material removed. Nearly every one showed marks
+of the teeth of rodents. According to Prof. F.A. Lucas, of the
+National Museum, they all belong to modern species except one tooth,
+which is that of the cave tapir, and (possibly) the jaw of an otter.
+
+
+BLEDSOE COUNTY
+
+COLLEGE CAVE.--About three-fourths of a mile west from the old
+Sequatchie College is a cave which was described as the largest in the
+county, and as the only one in which people might ever have lived. The
+opening is about 5 feet wide and 4 feet high; and from it comes a
+stream sufficient to run a mill.
+
+No other caves could be located in this county or in the Sequatchie
+Valley north of it.
+
+
+SEQUATCHIE COUNTY
+
+LAKEY'S CAVE.--In the foothills of the Cumberland Plateau, about 5
+miles southeast of Dunlap, the county seat, is the largest cave in the
+county. A great quantity of earth and rock has accumulated in front of
+the entrance, washed from the mountain side over an area of several
+acres. Formerly most of the surface drainage carrying this down flowed
+into the cave, thus keeping a passageway open through which a man
+could crawl. Ditches have recently been cut to turn away the water,
+the entrance walled up, a solid door hung, and the cave is now used
+for a storeroom. It was never habitable.
+
+A mile north of the above-mentioned cave, toward Dunlap, is a cave
+with a very large entrance: a sort of rock-house or half dome. The
+floor is covered with huge rocks and a constant stream flows out. It
+is said that a party once entered Lakey's Cave and emerged at this
+one. There is no dry place in it.
+
+PICKETT'S CAVE.--Seven miles southwest of Dunlap is a cave, described
+as having an ample entrance, with much room inside, perfectly dry, and
+opening in a cliff 20 or 30 feet above a large, never-failing spring.
+The description is correct as to location, but not as to size. The
+opening is about 4 feet across each way, with a slight covering of
+earth on the floor. The cave winds like a flattened corkscrew. At no
+place near enough to the mouth for a glimmer of light to penetrate is
+the roof more than 5 feet above the floor or the side walls more than
+5 feet apart.
+
+There are two recesses in the cliff on the opposite side of the little
+creek formed by the spring. They are 40 to 50 feet above the water,
+each with an irregular floor of 20 by 30 feet under shelter of the
+rock. No solid rock is visible in front of them, but a projecting
+ledge, which seems continuous, appears on either side about 6 feet
+below the present average level of the floor; and this is probably the
+depth of accumulation at the front. It may be less toward the rear.
+The cavities are in a stratum which is somewhat shelly and crumbles
+easily.
+
+HIXSON'S CAVE.--Six miles northeast of Dunlap is a cave said to be
+large, accessible, dry, and well suited for occupancy. It is on the
+side of Walden's ridge, 400 feet or more above the base, a mile from
+water, and with an opening in the solid rock that can not be entered
+except on hands and knees. By the time one can straighten up he is in
+absolute darkness.
+
+LAND COMPANY'S CAVE.--This is 7 miles northeast of Dunlap. To enter,
+one must crawl between the rock front and the detritus, descending 10
+or 12 feet. The floor is fairly level, where it can be found, but is
+nearly hidden from sight by rocks of all sizes, over and between which
+it is necessary to scramble almost from the starting point.
+
+HENSON'S CAVE.--This cave, 9 or 10 miles northeast from Dunlap, and
+perhaps in Bledsoe County, is somewhere on Raccoon Mountains, near the
+head of a valley up which a mountain road winds along in the bed of a
+stream. It is said to have a dry dirt floor, with an entrance through
+which one must crawl. After driving until the horses were tired out
+and being assured at several scattered cabins that it was "jest a
+leetle mite furder up thar," search for it was abandoned.
+
+
+GRUNDY COUNTY
+
+HUBLIN'S OR BAT CAVE.--Numerous caves and rock-shelters are reported
+in the region about Beersheba Springs. The shelters seem to be shallow
+with comparatively little earth on the floor. Of the caves, the
+description given of all but the one named was such as to show them
+not worth visiting. It is about 10 miles northwest of the springs. Its
+course is approximately parallel with the mountain ridge, passing
+under two low foothills or spurs separated by a ravine. When the
+stream flowing through the latter had cut its channel down to the top
+of the cave it poured into the hole it had worn. Frost and the natural
+erosion have made an opening more than 60 feet long. Both parts of the
+cave remain open, being too large at this point to become choked by
+the small amount of material which the brook had left as a roof. In
+some places, so far as it was examined, the ceiling is 50 feet or more
+above the rocks covering the floor; and one end, that into which the
+ravine drains, has a continuous and rather steep descent, along the
+natural dip, as far as it could be followed. Where the exploration
+ended logs, drift, brush, etc., piled 10 or 12 feet high against huge
+rocks that had tumbled down, proved a current strong enough to wash
+away any deposits that may ever have existed; consequently the only
+earth in this end was that brought by floods.
+
+The other end of the cave is large, with an entrance of such size that
+small print could easily be read 100 feet from the front if the broad
+fence across it were removed. This fence was made to close the cave
+against changes of temperature and also against marauders, it having
+been used until lately as a storage room for fruit, potatoes, etc.
+
+During the Civil War it was worked for saltpeter. All the earth, down
+to the rock floor, was removed, even in crevices only wide enough for
+a man to squeeze through. An incline was built so that horses could be
+brought into the cave, and no earth now remains within reach of
+daylight. The rock floor is almost as clean as if swept.
+
+Their exhaustive digging extended for about 200 yards from the
+entrance. The "face" of the earth is here about 15 feet high; for some
+reason, which could not be learned, the miners continued their work
+from here by means of a tunnel 4 or 5 feet high and wide, leaving a
+floor of earth, and a covering of the same nearly 6 feet thick. This
+tunnel was not followed.
+
+Near the entrance a crevice barely wide enough for a man to walk in
+and in some places only 4 feet high turns off toward the left and
+holds practically the same size for about 100 yards. Here it becomes
+larger and higher. Earth has been carried out of this and its narrow
+branches wherever there is room to use a shovel. In a large chamber
+200 yards from the front, at the end of the crevice, much digging was
+done; the "face" left is 13 or 14 feet high.
+
+As far as the diggers went, there is nothing left to explore. Beyond
+that it is not probable any remains can be found, as it is totally
+dark long before any remaining earth is reached.
+
+
+FRANKLIN COUNTY
+
+Several caves were reported in the vicinity of Sewanee and Monteagle.
+They are objects of curiosity to students and summer residents who
+frequently visit and make tours through them. They have thus acquired
+a fame much beyond what is justified by their real interest. They seem
+to be wet, or with contracted entrances and front chambers, or
+difficult of access, and, so far as could be judged by the
+descriptions given, none of them is worth examining.
+
+
+MARION COUNTY
+
+ACCOUNT'S CAVES.--There are two of these, both with high and large
+openings, on the right bank of the Tennessee, 2 miles above Shellmound
+or Nickajack. One is in the face of the bluff, the entrance 50 feet
+above the river bottom land. Huge rocks lie in front and over nearly
+all the floor. Surface water flows in at the entrance and after
+winding its crooked way among the rocks sinks at a point 25 or 30 feet
+below the top of the débris in front of the entrance. This indicates
+an open way to the river, so the bottom of the cave is probably down
+nearly or quite to the water level.
+
+The second cave is 100 yards above the first. A little stream, whose
+head is in a valley, nearly a mile away, flows around the foot of the
+bluff and into the mouth of the cave. When the Tennessee rises to
+flood height the backwater comes into the bed of this stream through
+the cave before submerging the low ridge between it and the river.
+
+CALDWELL'S CAVE.--This is on the right bank of the Sequatchie River, a
+mile above its junction with the Tennessee. It is said that formerly a
+man could walk into it easily for 20 or 30 feet and then crawl 50 or
+60 feet farther. This is probably an error of memory. By stooping one
+can now go in about 10 feet from the edge of the roof, and with a pole
+feel where the floor and roof come together, nowhere more than 10 or
+12 feet beyond. It is said, also, that this accumulation results from
+throwing in earth to prevent foxes from having a den in the cave. A
+small hole might thus be closed, but it is too much to believe that
+the people now living around here would carry in many hundred cubic
+yards of earth for any such purpose.
+
+Human bones are reported unearthed near the surface; at least bones of
+some sort were found which the discoverers supposed were human.
+
+The entrance to the cave is more than 25 feet in width, and about 25
+feet above the flood plain of the Sequatchie, or only 15 feet above
+extreme high water. It is in the only exposure of rock for nearly half
+a mile along the bluff. On either side of the opening the walls are
+solid, down to the alluvial earth, but in front of the cavity only
+detritus can be seen from top to bottom. For this reason it is
+improbable that any solid bottom could be found above the level of the
+river. Much of the stone weathers out in small fragments, and the
+process of disintegration is going on continually, as shown by the
+fresh appearance of the sheltered fragments. How rapid or how regular
+it may have been in former time is impossible to guess, so that
+excavation, to be of any value, would have to begin at the bottom of
+the slope, with the knowledge that the original floor of the cave may
+be still lower.
+
+NICKAJACK CAVE.--This is the largest and most widely known cave in
+Tennessee. It is half a mile from and within plain sight of the
+railway station of Shellmound, 20 miles west of Chattanooga. The
+entrance is fully 100 feet wide and 40 feet high; a short distance
+within the cave enlarges, a little farther it contracts somewhat.
+Daylight penetrates, in spite of curves and immense piles of débris,
+for more than 500 feet. It has been a resort from time out of mind;
+first, for Indians and pioneers, then for refugees, now for various
+social gatherings.
+
+All the earth in sight has been worked for saltpeter, leached, and
+thrown aside. A vastly greater quantity than now remains has been
+washed out of the cave by Nickajack Creek, which always has some
+flowing water and in wet weather rises 5 or 6 feet. Long bridges are
+required where the highway and railroad cross it.
+
+It takes its name from the Nickajack Indians, who once dwelt here. The
+field in front is strewn with flint chips and other indications of
+aboriginal settlement.
+
+There is nothing in the cave to dig for. The saltpeter miners moved
+all the earth they could reach, while the immense rocks and the creek
+make any further excavations impossible.
+
+
+HAMILTON COUNTY
+
+There are many caves in the vicinity of Chattanooga, but all that were
+visited possess some feature which makes examination appear useless.
+Most of them have small, inconvenient entrances; others are subject to
+overflow or have running water in them. None could be heard of in
+which conditions were better.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+LAUDERDALE COUNTY
+
+SMITHSONIA.--There is a noted cave at Smithsonia, near Cheatham's
+Ferry, 15 miles west of Florence. It was reported as suitable for a
+dwelling, but at the entrance the roof is not more than 4 feet high,
+and a stream a foot deep reaches to the wall on either side.
+
+KEY'S CAVE.--On the Buck Key farm, 6 miles west of Florence, is a cave
+which may have afforded shelter to the earliest man in the region.
+There are two entrances or antechambers, separated by a solid rock
+partition a few yards thick. One is partially filled with huge solid
+blocks, some of them several hundred cubic feet in size; the other has
+in it and in front of it a mass of earth and loose rock whose crest is
+fully 20 feet above the highest part of the inside floor a few feet
+back from the front margin of the roof. From here an additional
+descent of 10 feet leads to the floor behind the first-mentioned
+entrance, and there is about the same descent to a nearly level floor
+in the cave a short distance beyond. The way is partially blocked by
+large rocks which, it is said, have fallen within a few years. For
+this reason persons in the neighborhood are afraid to venture in.
+There is a rumor that the corpse of a woman, coated with stalagmite,
+can be seen in this cave; also several bodies (sex apparently
+indeterminate) lying like spokes in a wheel, with heads at the center.
+No one could be persuaded to go in and point out the place where they
+lie.
+
+From its position, high in a bluff but easy to reach, not more than
+one-fourth of a mile from the Tennessee River and the same distance
+from a clear creek, with a strip of bottom land between it and the
+streams, this cave seems worthy of exploration. At least a month of
+work by several laborers would be required to clean away the fallen
+material so that excavations would be practicable.
+
+COLYER'S CAVE.--This is about 5 miles west of Florence. It faces a
+ravine that leads into the creek discharging near Key's Cave. Human
+bones were found in it many years ago. The entrance is a round hole,
+through which one must creep a few yards, then by means of a pole or
+ladder descend 6 feet. From here the cave is nearly level, with
+several branches. In some places the floor is solid rock; in other
+parts it is covered with a thin layer of earth. The "human bones"
+consisted of one skeleton, lying on a rock floor, fully a fourth of a
+mile from the mouth of the cave.
+
+COFFEE CAVE.--This cave, 4 miles west of Florence, is said to be "like
+the Colyer cave, but smaller in every way." It was not visited.
+
+SHOAL CREEK.--A cave is reported on Shoal Creek "3 or 4 miles above
+its mouth." No one could be found who knew its location more
+definitely or was able to give a clear description of it.
+
+BLUEWATER CAVE.--Bluewater Creek comes in several miles above Lock No.
+6 of the Mussel Shoals Canal. A cave is reported to be near its mouth,
+but the only caves anywhere in that vicinity, so far as anyone living
+or working there knows, are a small hole a mile below on the canal,
+into which a man can crawl, and one some 3 miles up the creek, reached
+by climbing down a sink hole in a field. The opening to the latter
+results from fallen rock.
+
+
+COLBERT COUNTY
+
+NEWSOM SPRINGS.--Numerous caves, most of them small, are reported in
+the county. The best known is at Newsom Springs, 8 miles south of
+Barton, on the Southern Railway. It is locally known as the
+"three-story cave." The lower "story" is a cave from which water
+always flows. The second "story" is directly above the first. The two
+have no connection, unless far back in the hill. The floor of the
+upper cave is mostly rock. It is now fitted up by some people in the
+neighborhood as a camping place, where they spend a part of each
+summer. The third "story" is an excavation for a cellar under a house
+recently erected.
+
+MURRELL'S CAVE.--Tradition has it that this cave was one of the hiding
+places of a famous desperado and horse thief whose gang operated over
+all this country in early days. The only entry is by means of a ladder
+in a narrow crevice 20 feet deep. The place may have been a refuge,
+but never a residence. It is one-fourth of a mile from Bear Creek, not
+far above the mouth.
+
+Two other holes or crevices within a few hundred yards, difficult to
+crawl through, reach small caves. Possibly all these are connected.
+
+BAT CAVE.--One-fourth of a mile from Murrell's Cave is a small cavern,
+the roof not more than 4 feet above the floor. It has been inhabited
+from time immemorial by myriads of bats. Several tons of guano have
+been taken out for fertilizing purposes, but no evidence has been
+discovered that it was ever a habitation for humans.
+
+PRIDE'S CAVE.--In the river bluff a mile from Pride Station is a cave
+in which a fisherman has made his home for several years. There is a
+rather thin deposit of earth on the floor which may have recently
+accumulated.
+
+CHEATHAM'S FERRY.--Near the landing some boys, while hunting a few
+years ago, discovered a stone wall across the mouth of a small cave.
+Tearing it away, they found within some human bones, flints, pipes,
+including one "with a lot of stem holes," and fragments of pottery.
+All these were on top of the earth or only a few inches below it.
+Various excavators or relic hunters have failed to find anything more.
+The cavity is quite small and difficult to reach, and is undoubtedly a
+burial place for modern Indians.
+
+On both sides of the river here are immense shell heaps. The shell is
+mingled with earth near the top, but below 2 or 3 feet the mass is of
+clean shell to a depth, as exposed by the river, of at least 10 feet.
+The bottom of the deposit is not visible, being concealed by mud piled
+against it in high water. The old ferryman says it is 20 feet deep.
+Although the shell piles are built up higher than the bottom lands to
+the rear or on either side, they are submerged several feet in great
+freshets. It is impossible to explain this fact otherwise than by the
+assumption that the bed of the river has been elevated in recent
+times, although there are no other indications apparent that such is
+the case.
+
+SHEFFIELDS.--In the river bluff 2 miles above the Sheffield end of the
+railway bridge is a crevice or joint which has been widened to 10 feet
+at the outlet by water percolating from the top of the bluff. When
+discovered, a rock wall was piled across it near the entrance. Behind
+this human bones were found with "pieces of pottery and other things."
+They were close to the surface. Subsequent explorations have revealed
+nothing below them. It is plainly a burial cave for Indians. The river
+now reaches at flood tide to within 10 feet of the floor. The earth
+covering the bones may have washed over them, as there is some
+evidence farther back in the crevice that surface material is still
+carried in from the rear, in very small amounts, during rainy seasons.
+
+ROCK SHELTERS.--Several very large rock houses exist on the southern
+slope of the hill or "mountain" lying a mile to 2 miles south of
+Pride, 7 miles west of Tuscumbia. Water drips from the roofs, keeping
+the floors wet all the year and collecting in pools to which stock
+resorts when the little creeks or brooks in the ravines become dry.
+
+It is useless to search in this part of Alabama for caves presenting
+indications that they may have been habitable, or the reverse, in ages
+past. The native rock is a cherty or flinty limestone, crumbling
+easily, and readily susceptible to changes from atmospheric
+influences, and especially so to the action of water. New subterranean
+channels are continually developing, with consequent changes in the
+interior of any cavern near them.
+
+
+JACKSON COUNTY
+
+ISBOLL CAVES.--It was reported that habitable caves with spacious
+rooms occur on the Isboll farms, near Limrock. They have entrances
+and front chambers of ample size to move about in, though not more
+than 15 feet wide. There are broader expansions back some distance
+beyond daylight. In both caves rocks up to 15 or 20 tons in weight
+strew the floor, until only narrow passageways exist between them. In
+addition, water flows from them in rainy seasons, being frequently 2
+feet or more in depth.
+
+BLOWING CAVE.--This takes its name from an outward current of cold air
+which is so strong as to distinctly modify the temperature of the
+atmosphere at least 100 yards from the entrance. The opening and the
+front chamber are nearly 40 feet across, but the distance from the
+roof to the muddy floor strewn with large rocks is not more than 5
+feet at any point. A creek flows across the cave 200 or 300 yards from
+the mouth, and there is evidence in the way of drift and mud to prove
+the statement by the owner that after very heavy rains the overflow
+comes out the front of the cave in such amount as to fill it to the
+ceiling, and with a velocity that will roll stones larger than a man
+can lift.
+
+CULVER'S CAVE.--This is somewhere on the side of a mountain about 4
+miles from the station of Limrock. Owing to destruction of forests and
+subsequent growth of brush, the guide was unable to locate it. He
+described it as a room in which a man could walk about and reached by
+going in through an opening like a sink hole, which, however, is only
+about 5 feet deep. The locality, a rugged, barren hillside, near the
+head of a cove, is not one in which it is probable a cave would be
+used for any purpose.
+
+HARRISON'S CAVE.--This is 2½ miles west of Limrock. It has a large,
+high opening, an easy approach, and is quite accessible, being at the
+foot of a mountain with level bottom land in front. A stream flows
+directly across it some 30 feet from the entrance, emerging at the
+foot of one wall and disappearing under the other. The earth bank on
+each side of the stream is about 5 feet high, indicating at least that
+depth of deposit on the rock floor; as the latter is not visible the
+amount may be much greater. This earth is soft and wet. In rainy
+weather water from the interior flows along the floor into the little
+stream. Sometimes this can not dispose of the surplus, and the
+overflow rises until it makes its exit through the mouth of the cave.
+When this happens all the earth within is covered from 2 to 5 feet
+deep.
+
+SALTPETER CAVE.--This lies 4 miles south of the railway, between
+Limrock and Larkinsville. It is described as being dry, with a large,
+high entrance, and "plenty of room inside right at the front." But it
+was thoroughly worked during the war by saltpeter miners who took out
+all the dirt they could easily reach, going back "200 or 300 yards."
+For this reason it was not visited.
+
+
+DEKALB COUNTY
+
+FORT PAYNE CAVE.--A mile south of Fort Payne is a cave in Lookout
+Mountain, which, a "boom" company some years ago converted into a
+summer resort. The detritus in front of the entrance was leveled off,
+steps constructed to the top, and a heavy stone wall built across the
+mouth, leaving an entrance a little less than 7 feet in width which
+was closed by gates. Inside the barrier the floor, now made tolerably
+level, extends about 30 feet toward the rear, to the natural rock
+wall, and is 50 feet from side to side, with a roof from 6 to 15 feet
+high. In the wall at the rear are two small openings through which
+explorers can pass to large chambers farther within. To the right of
+the front chamber is a branch cave which is high and wide at the
+beginning but soon becomes impassable from the accumulated rocks and
+earth rising to the roof. The left side of the front chamber is
+continued in another branch going directly back into the mountain. The
+roof and floor have an equal slope downward to a point some rods from
+the beginning, the clear space between them being not more than 4
+feet. Beyond here the roof is high and there are some large
+expansions. A creek flows from the rear of the cave to a point
+estimated as 200 yards from the doorway, where it sinks into the
+earth. The noise of its fall is distinct throughout the front part of
+the cavern. There is considerable drip, and though dry stalactites and
+stalagmites occur in some places, over most of the front chamber their
+formation is still in progress. Outside of the doorway the solid rock
+walls show on each side, nowhere less than 25 feet apart. At a depth
+of 30 feet water flows from the rock and earth between these side
+walls, but there is no sign of solid bottom, so the depth of the cave
+is probably more than 30 feet below the present floor.
+
+Under existing conditions the cave would form an excellent shelter,
+being accessible, roomy, and with an abundant supply of fresh water.
+The drip from the ceiling could be avoided. But it does not follow
+that such was the case in the remote past. It is apparent that at one
+time the creek had its outlet through the mouth and down the gorge in
+front, the right branch of the cave being then open. From some cause,
+probably the formation of a sink hole above, water from the surface or
+near the surface found a way through this branch, carrying mud and
+rocks sufficient to fill the front chamber to its present floor,
+diverting the flow of the stream, and finally filling the cave through
+which it came. While the creek was flowing, occupation would be
+impossible, or at least inconvenient. When the mud began to settle in,
+the front portion would be shut off. This condition would hold until
+the stream found its new outlet and the branch cave had become
+entirely filled; and when these processes were completed the floor of
+the cave would be practically at its present level. Under the
+circumstances exploration would probably, almost certainly, be
+fruitless. The company which owns the cave would also wish it restored
+to something like its present state.
+
+ELLIS CAVE.--On the estate of Dr. Ellis, 19 miles north of Fort Payne
+and 3 miles from Sulphur Springs, are two caves known locally as
+Big-mouth and Little-mouth. The smaller is closed by a locked gate.
+The larger has a rather imposing appearance from the outside. From a
+ledge of rock, in place, in front of it, one looks down a steep slope
+in which rocks up to 40 or 50 tons weight are imbedded. At a vertical
+depth of 30 feet is a level space not more than 8 or 10 square yards
+in area. From this a narrow crevice goes to the right. Within a few
+yards it reaches a hole which can be descended only by means of a rope
+or ladder. Persons have, however, gone several hundred yards in it.
+
+On the left of the level space and bounded on each side by solid rock
+walls is a pit 10 feet deep, caused by inflowing storm waters which
+have created this depression in seeking a small outlet, also toward
+the left. The height from the bottom of this sink to the roof of the
+cave is nearly 50 feet.
+
+Crossing this pit on a foot log, which rests on loose rock and earth
+at its farther end, a crevice varying from 6 to 10 feet wide goes
+inward for 50 feet. Earth covers the loose rock at the level of the
+foot log almost at once, and this earth has a steep ascent toward the
+rear. The crevice widens beyond the distance mentioned, though
+irregularly, being in some places 25 feet from side to side. So far as
+progress is concerned, the cave terminates 150 feet from the doorway
+in a blank wall. It may be that if the earth were out of the way
+further progress would be possible.
+
+Considerable digging has been done for saltpeter, but except near the
+front it has been only superficial.
+
+The top of the earth at the extreme rear of the cave is almost or
+quite as high as the roof at the front, which means that, if the
+bottom should be level, the thickness of this accumulated deposit is
+not less than 35 feet. As the dip is toward the rear and quite sharp,
+about 10 or 12 degrees, the earth here may well be much thicker than
+indicated.
+
+Excavation would be tedious and costly, as it would be impossible to
+dispose of the dirt except by blasting a deep trench through the rock
+in front to make room for wheeling it out.
+
+KILLIAN CAVES.--There are two of these, both on the west slope of
+Lookout Mountain. One is near Brandon, 6 miles south of Fort Payne.
+The entrance is a large sink hole on the side of the mountain, descent
+into which is difficult owing to the steepness and large rocks. At the
+bottom the water which flows in over the muddy floor from the slope
+above--several acres in extent--rushes into a hole choked with loose
+stones and disappears.
+
+The second cave is about 3 miles northeast of Collinsville. Débris
+from the mountain has formed a wall across the entrance, which is
+naturally wide and high and opening out on a little flat in front.
+Some digging has been done for saltpeter at the front part of the
+cave, reaching about 30 feet back from the inner foot of the
+accumulation. In the pit thus formed water stands after every rain
+until it soaks away. Where it ends the "face" is about 5 feet high. On
+top, farther in, there is much travertine or stalagmite; in some
+places it extends entirely across the floor. In other places the floor
+is bare. There is constant drip, and in one room there is a little
+gully, where surface water in wet weather, entering from a small
+branch cave on one side, has cut an exit through the earth at the foot
+of the wall on the other side. The hole in which it disappears extends
+beyond the rays of a lamp, and a stone thrown in goes down a slope
+several feet in length. Very little working is needed to reduce any of
+the earth to soft, slippery mud, hence no excavation was possible.
+
+
+MARSHALL COUNTY
+
+FEARIN CAVE.--This is in a bluff on the right bank of the Tennessee
+River, 10 miles below Guntersville. It has three divisions. Shortly
+after passing the spacious entrance a branch turns to the right. In a
+few feet a wall is reached which can be scaled only with a ladder.
+Climbing this, a large chamber is reached, totally dark, and the home
+of innumerable bats whose "guano" covers the floor and fills the air
+with a stifling odor. This branch comes to light again more than a
+mile away on the side of the mountain.
+
+Returning to the lower chamber and going back about 100 feet from the
+main entrance, a wall similar to the first is reached, above which is
+another large cave. Bats never inhabit this, and the floor is of loose
+dry earth. But no ray of daylight penetrates it, and as a great amount
+of saltpeter was made here during the War of 1812 scarcely any of the
+earth retains its original position. During the Civil War the floor of
+the lower or main cave was also dug up for making saltpeter and much
+of the leached earth piled in front of the cave. This acts as a dam
+against encroachment of the river except in the highest floods. There
+seems, however, to be a passage between the cavern and a spring under
+the river bank, for water appears on the floor as soon as it reaches
+the same height outside and the two surfaces maintain a constant level
+until the freshet subsides. On account of these facts no excavations
+were made.
+
+HARDIN'S CAVE.--Nine miles below Guntersville, on the right bank of
+the Tennessee, is a ferry known as Honey Landing. It is at the lower
+end of a steep bluff which forms the river front of a high hill or
+mountain, as such elevations are called here. A few feet above
+high-water mark a narrow ledge or shelf projects, which can be reached
+only from a point on the side of the hill just above the ferry. About
+100 yards from here the ledge reaches a cave, which has a high and
+wide entrance, with ample space for several families to live on a
+fairly level, well lighted floor. If the cave were dry, it would be an
+ideal primitive home. But water continually seeps down the hill above
+and falls over the roof at the entrance, while a gully through the
+cave and several minor washes, as well as the mud spread over the
+floor, show that a large amount of water flows through the cave in wet
+seasons and covers all the floor except an area some 15 feet in
+diameter. This is dry on top, but would be muddy at a depth of 3 or 4
+feet, the level of the bottom of the gully, so no exploration was
+attempted.
+
+WELBURN'S CAVE.--Six miles northeast of Guntersville is a cave in
+which many human bones have been found. It is only a burial place and
+could never have been used as a dwelling. The entrance, barely large
+enough to crawl into, is at one side of the bottom of a large sink
+hole due to the falling in of a cave roof. It receives all the
+rainfall of more than an acre and is nearly choked with mud and
+driftwood. It may have been somewhat larger at one time, as there is a
+tradition that a deer was chased through the cave, coming out at
+Bailey's Cave, a mile away. Within a few rods the water sinks into the
+earth, and the floor of the cave, rising beyond this point, is dry. It
+was on this dry earth, not in it, that the skeletons were found. The
+floor is uneven, at some places permitting a man to stand, and at
+others rising to within 3 feet of the roof. Explorations can not be
+made, as there is no method of disposing of the removed earth.
+
+BAILEY'S CAVE.--This cave is 7 miles northeast of Guntersville. The
+entrance is high and wide and there is a large, well-lighted area
+within; but the cave is flooded every time Town Creek gets out of its
+banks. Bailey's Cave is the other end of Welburn's Cave, as persons
+have gone through the hill from one to the other.
+
+BARNARD CAVE.--This cave, which is also called Alford's and is still
+more commonly known as Saltpeter Cave, is on the left bank of the
+Tennessee 10 miles below Guntersville and opposite the Fearin
+property. The entrance is at the foot of a bluff overlooking a strip
+of bottom land a fourth of a mile wide, but the opening is above any
+flood that has occurred since the country was settled. At the foot of
+the slope is a bayou filled with Tupelo gums. Between this and the
+river the ground can be cultivated.
+
+The cave is so straight and the walls so smooth as to look like an
+artificial tunnel. The entrance is in plain view from a point 380
+feet back, and the change of direction, even at that distance, is very
+slight. The saltpeter miners started at the entrance and removed all
+the earth lying from 3 to 6 feet higher than the present floor, which
+is nearly level. They carried their work along the surface of a
+stratum of gravel, sand, and clay, which is so compact as to be
+difficult to remove with a pick, and seems to belong to the stream
+which carved out the cavern. The "face" where they quit work is 5 feet
+high, and the earth is quite dry, breaking down in angular fragments
+and separating from the walls so freely as to leave no residue on
+them. Its original depth at any point, however, may be very easily
+ascertained by noting the different tints or shading of the wall rock,
+the lower part, which was protected by earth, being distinctly lighter
+in color than that above, which was exposed to atmospheric weathering
+and, for a time, to the smoky torches and candles of the workmen.
+
+The distinct lamination of the saltpeter earth, as shown in the
+"face," proves it to have been laid down slowly and intermittently in
+still water. It could not be determined whether this was due to the
+river in flood periods, or to a gentle stream from the interior whose
+volume varied in accordance with weather conditions. There is also a
+small channel along the top of the earth, filled with gravel and sand,
+as if the overflow of a stream far back in the mountain had been
+diverted in this direction after the laminated deposits had become dry
+and settled.
+
+The walls are 10 feet apart near the entrance, but are not more than 8
+feet elsewhere and in some places the width narrows to less than 3
+feet. They also have an inward slope at the bottom, so the cave is
+either shallow or else so narrow at no great depth as to be
+uninhabitable. This fact, and the character of the material deposited
+by the ancient drainage stream, make it hopeless to expect result from
+exploration.
+
+MCDERMENT'S CAVES.--There are two caves 100 yards apart, in Brown's
+Valley, 11 miles southwest from Guntersville. The larger has a descent
+of 21 feet from the front to the general level of the first floor. All
+this part is well lighted. The drainage from several acres of the
+mountain side above pours over the roof at the entrance and runs down
+the inner slope. It has worn a gully, and the first level it reaches
+is quite muddy. Leaves and trash 3 or 4 inches deep are piled on and
+against the loose stones toward the side where the water seeks an
+outlet. It has worn a crooked channel along this side of the chamber,
+and falls into a hole which at a depth of 10 or 11 feet below the
+floor makes a turn and passes from sight. So it is certain that soft
+wet clay extends more than 30 feet below the level of the entrance.
+The drier deposits of this room have been extensively worked for
+saltpeter, and a much greater quantity of earth would have been
+removed but for the fact that masses of stalagmite, too thick to break
+off with a sledge hammer, and scores of columns, some of them 6 or 8
+feet in diameter and many tons in weight, cover a considerable part of
+it. The first room is succeeded by several others, all of which are
+dry and of large size, but in total darkness, and the floors in all
+have been more or less disturbed in the search for niter. The general
+direction of the bottom is downward. The last floor is probably 50 or
+60 feet lower than the entrance, and is reached by a slope on which it
+is difficult to retain a footing. In nearly every part the earth is
+covered by stalagmite, much of it so heavy that the miners could not
+remove it, but were compelled to dig under it as far as they could
+reach; and in no place is a rock floor to be seen.
+
+The thickness of stalagmite on the floor, and the great size of the
+columns, is proof of their antiquity, while the depth of earth beneath
+must have been thousands of years in accumulating before the deposits
+began to cover them.
+
+Excavations here, while quite desirable, would be very expensive. Much
+stalagmite would have to be blasted; upward of a thousand yards of
+earth moved, and all of it taken out of the cave, because there is no
+room for it inside. As a man can not push a wheelbarrow up such an
+incline, a trench must be cut through to the exterior slope; and as
+solid rock lies not more than 5 feet below the surface at any point,
+blasting would be necessary the rest of the way. The task is equal to
+opening a stone quarry.
+
+The second cave on McDerment's place has a good opening. A trench 4
+feet wide and 6 feet deep where the rock is thickest has been blasted
+out to make a level approach to the entrance. Masses of stalagmite on
+each side, sloping like solid rock from the walls, leave barely room
+for a man to walk for the first 30 feet. Here the walls recede
+somewhat, and a pit nearly 15 feet deep yawns before the explorer.
+After continuing for some distance with this depth, there is another
+drop of 10 feet which holds until the end of the cave is reached. This
+entire depression is due to the removal of earth for making saltpeter.
+It is evident that a vast amount of material has been carried out.
+
+As in the first cave, excavation would be very difficult and
+expensive. All rock and earth would have to be carried up a steep
+grade, or a deep cut made to wheel it out. As the light is very dim at
+the first widening of the walls, it is not probable the space farther
+back would be occupied unless as a refuge.
+
+Both caves were eroded by water running _into_ the hill, and the end
+of each is abrupt, the roof being higher and the walls farther apart
+than at any point nearer the entrance. The original outlets are now
+filled with earth, and apparently have been so for ages.
+
+FORT DEPOSIT CAVE.--Six miles below Guntersville the highway to
+Huntsville crosses the Tennessee River at Fort Deposit Ferry and
+passes out through a narrow valley between two bluffs. Less than 100
+yards above the landing, on the north, or right, bank, is a large cave
+from which the spot takes its name; there being a tradition that it
+was used by General Jackson as a storage room for supplies during the
+Creek Indian war. On either side the bluff is vertical to the water's
+edge, making the cave now inaccessible except by boat. In front of the
+entrance the rock is worn in ledges which can be easily ascended.
+
+The opening or mouth of the cave is oval in form, about 18 feet high
+and 15 feet wide. The sides are uneven, there being a projecting shelf
+on each side near the floor. At 40 feet from the opening these
+disappear, owing to the narrowing of the cavern. There is a gradual
+ascent of the floor toward the rear, the rise being about 2 feet in
+the first 60 and more rapid from that point onward. A thin deposit of
+dried mud on each side, where it escapes the feet of visitors, shows
+that the river enters the cave at times, but not to a depth that
+carries it back more than 25 feet. The present ferryman says the flood
+of 1867 is the only one which has reached so far within that period.
+
+After clearing away the earth, roots, and rocks at the front, a
+straight vertical face at a distance of 18 feet from the entrance
+measured 9½ feet at top and 5 feet at the bottom between the solid
+rock wall on each side, and was 4 feet 4 inches high. The floor was
+not of solid rock entirely across, there being a crevice less than 4
+feet wide which was not cleaned out, because no one could have lived
+in it. About the middle of this bank (vertically) streaks of red
+earth, burned elsewhere, extended 3½ feet out from the right wall;
+there was very little ashes and no charcoal mixed with it. Above this
+red the earth was dark like garden soil and contained a few shells and
+fragments of pottery, with a little charcoal and ashes; it had all
+been disturbed and apparently resulted from scraping the débris away
+from camp fires. Below this, the line of demarcation being very
+distinct, the earth was yellow and sandy, like river bottom land, and
+contained no foreign matter except roots of trees growing outside.
+Figure 23 shows a section on this line; the crevice is omitted from
+this and the subsequent illustrations.
+
+At 20 feet in, a foot below the top of the dark earth, was some
+charred corn. The yellow earth became irregular, thinner, and higher
+against the side walls than at the center. (See fig. 24.)
+
+At 22 feet the yellow earth had nearly run out, there being only a
+small amount against either wall, while the darker earth reached down
+into the crevice that opened in the narrow strip of rock floor. In
+the lower portion were mingled a few shells, pebbles, and specks of
+charcoal, as if it had been thrown there. Across the upper portion of
+the deposit extended fire beds, burned earth, ashes, shells, broken
+pottery, and occasionally a fragment of bone. (See fig. 25.)
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 23.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18
+  feet.]
+
+At 24 feet it was found that what had been taken for a solid floor in
+the last section represented was only a large flat rock which had
+fallen into the crevice and wedged tightly. When this was passed the
+yellow earth reappeared, at a slightly lower level.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 24.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20
+  feet.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 25.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22
+  feet.]
+
+At 26 feet the yellow earth became mixed with red. It was excavated to
+a depth of 5 feet in the endeavor to discover the reason for this. As
+there was not the slightest trace of ashes or charcoal, the red
+admixture must be a natural result of staining by iron in some form
+and not due to heat. Above the yellow was the usual stratum of dark
+earth, containing culinary débris. In the central portion of this was
+a mass, sufficient to fill a wheelbarrow, of angular, unburnt
+fragments of limestone from 3 to 15 pounds in weight. On the surface
+of the dark earth were some ten or twelve fire beds, reaching from
+wall to wall, the edges overlapping and interlacing in so confusing a
+manner that the exact number could not be made out. (See fig. 26.) At
+this stage it appeared that the crevice, or at least its upper part,
+had been filled by river floods and a slight ridge of sand thrown
+across the mouth of the cave. The Indians, it seems, occupied both
+this ridge and the lower area behind it, throwing débris to the rear
+to fill up the depression instead of carrying it all to the outside.
+It is equally possible, however, that this waste was brought from
+points farther back and thrown here to fill and level the floor. These
+heavy fire beds came to an end at about 28 feet on the right and 29
+feet on the left. A section at 28 feet is given in figure 27. At their
+inner margin, among the ordinary refuse characteristic of such
+deposits, were many fragments of human bones, including ulnas of two
+individuals, one much larger than the other. They plainly indicated
+cannibalism, as they were broken when thrown here. Besides the ulnas,
+there are pieces of ribs, scapula, tibia, and feet.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 26.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26
+  feet.]
+
+At 29 feet the underlying yellow earth became comparatively level
+across its upper surface, again closely resembling a river deposit.
+The darker earth above it contained a greater amount than heretofore
+of ashes, bones in small pieces, potsherds, mussel, snail, and
+periwinkle shells, and the like. More charred corn was found along
+here.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 27.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28
+  feet.]
+
+At 30 feet the yellow earth began to rise, and at 32 feet it was very
+little more than 3 feet lower than the top of the highest ashes. A
+section at this point is shown in figure 28. At 35 feet the strata
+became quite regular and uniform from wall to wall. The dark earth,
+next above the yellow, measured 3 feet in thickness at the center, and
+while showing by its admixture of ashes, etc., that it had been thrown
+here, had evidently formed the floor for a considerable time. The
+upper foot was burned red or dark from long-continued fires, the ashes
+above it being from 6 to 8 inches thick, and forming the present floor
+of the cave at this place. The dark earth contained much less of
+refuse than nearer the entrance; such shells and ashes as appeared
+were promiscuously distributed and not in little piles or masses as
+before. A section at 35½ feet appears in figure 29. It may be remarked
+here that this is the only sketch in which the upper line coincides
+with the surface of the deposits. In the others a thin covering, less
+than 6 inches at any point, of disintegrated material from walls and
+roof covers the ashes left by aboriginal fires. This is omitted from
+the drawings.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 28.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30
+  feet.]
+
+At 38 feet the yellow earth had risen until it was within 3 feet of
+the top of the entire overlying deposit. The latter contained little
+of the dark earth, being mostly composed of ashes and burned earth,
+some of which resulted from fires made on the spot, but the greater
+part being thrown from other points. The rise of the yellow earth,
+consequently, is more rapid than the rise of the material covering it.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 29.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 35½
+  feet.]
+
+At 40 feet there was a dip in the yellow earth, extending for 4 or 5
+feet and descending 2 feet at the deepest point. This may be due to
+drainage at a lower level.
+
+At 47½ feet a pocket of the dark earth extended a few inches into the
+underlying yellow earth. A hole seems to have been dug into the
+latter. There was no more of foreign material in this hole than
+elsewhere in the dark earth above and around it. It is shown in figure
+30.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 30.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 47½
+  feet.]
+
+The amount of shells, pottery, etc., had been decreasing for several
+feet before this point was reached; indeed, from 40 feet onward there
+was very little of it--enough, however, to show that all the dark
+earth had been disturbed and thoroughly mixed. The fire beds, too,
+while holding their depth of about a foot, contained more earth
+between the successive layers of ashes, showing as great age,
+probably, as those nearer the entrance, but less continuous
+occupation. This condition prevailed to about 60 feet from the
+entrance, at which point the yellow earth, now mixed with sand and
+gravel, was only 3 feet below the surface of the floor. The appearance
+of this line is sketched in figure 31.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 31.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60
+  feet.]
+
+At 62 feet there was a dip in the yellow earth, extending to 67 feet
+and 2 feet deep at its lowest point; it then rose to the usual level.
+
+At 70 feet ashes appeared in greater quantities; at 73 feet the dark
+earth was only a foot thick, the ashes and burned earth being 2 feet
+thick and apparently all dumped, as there was no definite arrangement
+of the various parts. (See fig. 32.) A small perforated disk and a
+double-pointed bone needle were found here.
+
+The fire beds now began to thin out rapidly, the dark earth also
+diminishing in quantity, until at 80 feet, from which point the
+entrance was no longer visible owing to curvature of the walls, there
+was only 5 or 6 inches of them in all, resting directly on the yellow
+earth, which contained much more clay than farther toward the front.
+The walls began to diverge here, forming a room whose greatest width
+was 11 feet 6 inches at 95 feet. At 100 feet a reverse curve brought
+the cavern on a course parallel to that which it had held up to 60
+feet.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 32.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70
+  feet.]
+
+At 90 feet there was evidence of fire at one side, the ashes and
+burned earth being 5 inches thick at the wall, and thinning out to a
+feather edge within 4 feet. This was the last fireplace discovered
+which may not with certainty be attributed to white men. The yellow
+earth, presenting no evidence of having been disturbed since
+originally deposited, reached from the superficial layer of loose dry
+earth to the bottom of the trench, a depth of 4 feet 8 inches. Below
+this point the walls were less than 4 feet apart, and the space filled
+with gravel, as shown in figure 33. This gravel had exactly the
+appearance of that in gullies on the hills outside, and plainly dates
+back to the period at which the cave was formed. The stream which
+aided in the erosion, or which flowed through from some sink hole or
+other outside opening, carried this gravel into the crevice.
+Consequently, even if the space between the walls had been ample for
+dwelling purposes, an attempt to live here when the gravel was being
+carried in would result in the intending settler having his effects
+washed out into the river.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 33.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90
+  feet.]
+
+At 93 feet the side walls confining the yellow clay narrowed to a
+little less than 5 feet apart. The upper portion of the one to the
+left has been eroded into a recess or cavity, forming the chamber
+above mentioned. The earth on the rock floor in this recess is
+nowhere more than a foot deep. A section is presented in figure 34.
+
+At 100 feet the room came to an end. The space between the walls was
+7½ feet at the floor level and 4 feet at a depth of 4 feet. At 105
+feet the nearly vertical walls were only 5 feet apart on the floor; at
+112 feet the space increased to 7 feet. A section showed about a foot
+of loose earth mixed with ashes; 3 feet of yellow clayey earth, rather
+compact; then gravel and sand. The latter was dug into for a foot, at
+which level the walls were converging and it was useless to go any
+deeper. Enough was done, however, to verify the supposition that this
+stratum was due to the action of running water seeking its outlet at
+the mouth of the cave.
+
+At 103 feet, at the bottom of the yellow clay and on top of the
+gravel, was a chalcedony pebble about 2½ inches in diameter. The
+material is foreign to this locality. It had plainly been used as a
+hammer stone, and is the only object of human origin found anywhere
+below the dark earth. There was not the slightest evidence of any
+disturbance of the clay in which it rested.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 34.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93
+  feet.]
+
+At 120 feet the side walls were only 5 feet apart. At 125 feet they
+again diverged slightly, and a recess on the left forms a chamber 12
+feet across. At 150 feet they had drawn in to 8 feet at the widest
+interval. A section showed loose dry earth, some of it cemented by
+drip from the roof until about as hard as lump chalk; then compact
+clayey earth, also with travertine in small lumps; below this the
+gravel and sand. The latter, at this point, seems to have been
+deposited in the last stages of the formation of the cave.
+Occasionally, along here, a small patch appeared that seemed to be
+ashes; but none of it was more than 6 inches below the top of the
+ground, and the substance may not have been ashes at all, but the fine
+white limestone dust that wears off from the stone. There was nothing
+in the trench, at any depth, after the chalcedony pebble, that could
+possibly be due to human intervention, except these small patches of
+ashes, if ashes they are.
+
+At 165 feet from the entrance the cave made its fourth turn and
+expanded into a chamber about 15 feet wide. Along the sides of this
+and in the various crevices opening from it were great quantities of
+clean ashes, plainly enough thrown there from fires made in the
+central part. The gravel came to within 3 to 5 feet of the top, being
+quite irregular. On the gravel was dry clay, seamed and fissured in
+all directions so that it fell out under the pick in clods like
+angular pebbles from an inch to 3 or 4 inches across. This was clearly
+the result of muddy water settling in a hole and thoroughly
+evaporating. There was also some travertine in small lumps here and
+there through the clay, and above it was a mass fully 2 feet thick at
+one side of the trench but running out before it reached the other
+side. It was porous, almost spongy, and seemed to be the lime dust
+from the roof and sides cemented by dripping water. Above all this, so
+far as the trench extended toward the sides of the cave, was an inch
+to 4 inches of loose, dry, dark earth, which on the left dipped down
+to the clay, thus replacing the travertine.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 35.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175
+  feet.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 36.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180
+  feet.]
+
+At 175 feet the gravel had leveled down and was more or less mixed
+with clay and sand. Above this was another "mudhole deposit" of clay
+which had thoroughly dried out and become checked and cracked in all
+directions. On the right this was covered with travertine slightly
+mixed with earth and clay; on the left, above it and also at one place
+within it, was a coarse gritty earth fallen from the roof but not
+converted into a compact travertine. The section appears in figure 35.
+At 180 feet the trench was carried to a depth of 6 feet. This exposed
+a fine clay and sand, or silt, like that deposited in the eddies of
+streams. Above this was another deposit of "mudhole" material which
+had thoroughly dried out, checked and cracked in all directions so
+that it formed angular masses of various sizes, and had then become
+wet again so that it was now soft and sticky. To the left of this, on
+the silt also, was a small amount of the gravel. It had the appearance
+common to a bank of such material on the side of a little stream which
+has undermined and carried away part of it. Clearly, these three
+formations were of an age that witnessed the erosion of the cave. Next
+above them was a stratum of loose dark earth similar to that noticed
+in the front part of the cavern; but here were found no traces
+whatever of man's presence. Into the right side of this stratum
+projected the wedge-like edge of a mass of travertine, which was not
+traced to a termination. Over all lay a deposit 3 or 4 inches thick of
+dark, nearly black earth, mixed with ashes. This is quite modern. The
+section appears in figure 36.
+
+During the Civil War the cave was continuously resorted to by
+deserters, refugees, moonshiners, fugitives, and "food for powder,
+dodging the conscript." All these sought shelter in this chamber and
+behind it, in order that their fires might not be visible from the
+river. The piles of ashes in the crevices and corners were thrown
+there by these hiders-out, to get them out of the way. Similar but
+smaller piles of ashes are to be seen all along as far as the spring,
+200 yards from the entrance.
+
+The presence of pottery of a type common to this region in fields and
+shell heaps, and of maize, denotes that all the fire beds, etc., are
+the results of habitation by the modern Indian. Where these ceased
+nothing else was found. In or below the yellow earth, clay, or gravel,
+nothing can be found; for until these were laid down and the stream of
+the cave had sought another outlet, there was no dry place in which to
+live.
+
+It may be worth recording that a dead mulberry tree stood about 20
+feet in front of the entrance to the cave. Under it was a narrow
+crevice filled with earth, but all around it was bare rock. A root,
+larger than the tree, grew into the cave and followed along one side
+wall as if fastened there for a distance of some 60 feet. Here the
+earth floor of the cave came high enough to cover it. This root was
+exposed for 160 feet in the trench, or 180 feet from the tree; at this
+point it was 3 inches in diameter and turned aside into a crevice. As
+the root could not have grown in the open air, it furnished proof that
+much deposited material has been carried out of the front portion of
+the cavern and away from the ledge since this tree was a sprout.
+
+
+
+
+III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND
+NEBRASKA
+
+
+VICINITY OF WHITE CLOUD, KANSAS
+
+
+About 4 miles southeast of White Cloud, Kansas, is the "Taylor Mound,"
+from which Mark E. Zimmerman and William Park took 56 skeletons, or
+portions of skeletons, in a space not more than 6 by 20 feet. This was
+clearly an intrusive communal burial of skeletons carried from some
+other point and interred in the mound which owed its origin to persons
+who had piled it up at some previous time. The bones, which were not
+arranged in any order, were 30 inches beneath the present surface of
+the mound, but this does not mean they were no deeper originally, as
+the mound has been plowed for many years and is in a situation where
+it will easily wear down when cultivated.
+
+A few feet away, at a depth of 7 feet, other bones, or fragments of
+bones, were found in a mass of burned clay. A cremation had taken
+place at some point away from the mound, and the resultant burned
+earth, with so much of the bone matter as was not destroyed by the
+fire, was carried here and buried. The depth in this instance is not
+significant; the earth is loose and very easily dug; besides, the
+grave pit was near the margin of the mound and earth had washed down
+over it from above.
+
+Some stones, carried from neighboring ravines, have been exposed by
+the wear due to erosion from natural causes and from cultivation. The
+main portion of the structure is still intact, and it is probable that
+no deposits belonging to it at the time of its construction have been
+unearthed. A systematic exploration, showing the original construction
+as well as the alterations resulting from later burials, is much to be
+desired.
+
+While this is the largest mound in the vicinity, and is claimed to be
+the largest mound in Kansas, it is not different except in size from
+many others within a few miles. All of them are made of the same earth
+as that which lies around them--a light, sandy loess which is easily
+removed with a shovel, requiring no picking or other loosening. In
+fact, it is almost as easy to dig as loose sand would be. Sometimes
+there are flat limestones in or around the graves; similar slabs are
+found not far away in the ravines.
+
+Not far from this mound is a large lodge site, one of the so-called
+"buffalo wallows" as they are commonly known. These are the ruins of
+aboriginal houses. The general construction is the same, the only
+practical difference being that some are square in outline, others
+round. This difference is not always apparent prior to the excavation.
+In the making, a pit was dug, square or round as desired, and the
+earth thrown out on every side. Posts were then set around the margin
+of the excavation, and the house built in the same manner as those
+with which we are familiar from accounts of early travelers. Many of
+them have been examined by Zimmerman and Park, who found masses of
+hard-burned earth in which are cavities and depressions due to the
+burning of straw, grass, twigs, and poles, used in the construction of
+the houses. This results from the destruction of the houses by fire.
+Sometimes the floor has a layer of this burned material which is
+evidently due to the falling in of the roof. Most of these are on the
+hilltops, but some of them are on narrow ridges leading from the high
+land to the creek or river bottoms. In the latter event there is
+always a village site on the low ground bordering the stream. The
+relics gathered up on these village sites are in no wise different
+from those found when the lodge sites are excavated; and also are of
+the same character as those picked up on what are no doubt modern
+village sites in the vicinity. This fact militates against the idea
+that the lodge sites are extremely ancient.
+
+
+IOWA POINT
+
+On a low hill, cut off on every side by steep ravines, is a small
+mound containing a cist grave. The bottom of this, which was dug
+slightly below the natural surface, was covered with a pavement of
+limestone slabs. The grave was roughly oval or triangular in outline,
+measuring about 7 by 9 feet. Around it was a wall of similar stones,
+set in contact and sloping outward at an angle of about 40 degrees
+from the vertical. There was nothing whatever in this grave.
+
+At the edge of the mound was a box grave 5½ by 2½ by 2½ feet, the
+longer axis on a radial line. It was made of small flat stones built
+up like a wall, the only grave of which I could learn that had any
+resemblance to the vault graves farther down the Missouri. In the
+grave were two skulls and some other bones, all bunched in the
+northern end.
+
+
+NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE NEMAHA RIVER
+
+Lewis and Clark, in their journal, mention that when camped near the
+mouth of the Nemaha, one or both of them went to an Indian village
+about 2 miles up the stream. He, or they, climbed a low ridge near the
+river and stood on a mound which commanded a fine view of the
+surrounding country. There is a dispute as to the site of this mound;
+but the journal plainly says it was on the lower (east) side of a
+little creek which comes in here. Two miles farther up is a larger
+mound on higher ground which is generally supposed to be the one meant
+by the explorer; but this is on the other side of the creek and at
+some distance from the Pawnee village which was located near the mouth
+of the creek, on the lower side. The ground where this village stood
+is covered over a space of several acres with the ordinary débris of
+an Indian settlement; and it is significant that all the relics found
+are so similar to those which are called "ancient" when found in the
+lodge sites, that no one could determine from inspection which kind
+came from which place. Unless it may exist in the markings in the
+pottery, no distinction can be made between these specimens and
+similar ones from other localities.
+
+The Pawnees lived here until 1837, when the Iowas and Otoes made a
+sortie upon the unsuspecting inhabitants and killed all of them they
+could overcome. Two women of the Iowa tribe who were living on the
+reservation in 1914 remember seeing dead bodies lying around wherever
+the invaders could find and kill a resident.
+
+A short distance below the explorers carved their names on a rock
+which projected into the stream. Accounts as to this spot differ; it
+is generally stated that in making a road around here, the rock
+containing the names was blasted away; but a man in the neighborhood
+who claims to know the exact spot says the blasting did not extend
+quite so far and that the names are covered by a mass of earth and
+rock which slid from the bluff many years ago. If this be true, a
+thrill awaits the man who finds the names some centuries from now,
+when the river has washed away all this accumulated material.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+VICINITY OF TROY, KANSAS
+
+Near the mouth of Wolf River is a village site on which Dr. R.S.
+Dinsmore, of Troy, has counted 125 tipi sites. Relics are very
+abundant here, especially the small chert "thumb-scrapers," which
+outnumber all other specimens.
+
+
+MOUTH OF MOSQUITO CREEK
+
+Four miles east of Troy, on a ridge so steep that its top is
+inaccessible from either side, and so narrow that a wagon would make a
+track on each slope, is a little mound worn down until its true nature
+would not be suspected. Dr. Dinsmore was on this ridge one day and
+noticed a flat limestone rock. Knowing that it had no place in the
+loess, he began digging to ascertain the reason for it being there. At
+a depth of a few inches he found bones, and soon unearthed a number of
+skulls, with only his hands or a stick. Coming back later with tools,
+he found, in all, 56 skulls. Afterwards he found others, and persons
+in the neighborhood have exhumed many more. The deposit represents a
+communal burial, from a village which probably stood on the level
+creek bottom not far away. A few skeletons showed an attempt at
+orderly arrangement. These were probably of individuals who had not
+been dead long at the time of the general burial. Most of the bones,
+however, skulls and others, were piled in the smallest possible area,
+as if gathered up in sacks or baskets from previous burials and
+carried here for reinterment. The soil is so loose as to be easily dug
+with the hands, like sand; but at the same time so fine and close
+packed as to shed water almost like a roof. Owing to the steep slope
+at every point, except toward the summit of the ridge, there must be
+some erosion, and consequently the age of the burials can not be
+great. Yet, the same conditions prevail in other places where a great
+antiquity is claimed for the remains. Frost necessarily disintegrates
+the soil to some extent; the wind or rain carries away the loosened
+portions; and this process is continuous. The shape of the mound shows
+that when the burials were made the ridge was essentially identical in
+form with its present aspect. The bones also are comparatively fresh
+in appearance, and it may be considered certain that they can not date
+back many generations.
+
+On the top of a hill rising from the opposite side of Mosquito Creek
+Dr. Dinsmore found a low mound, which, like that just described, would
+not have been suspected as such but for a stone projecting from the
+surface. Under this stone, with 8 inches of earth intervening, was a
+skull so completely mineralized that it appears to be carved from a
+block of limestone. No other portions of the body to which it belonged
+remained, though traces in the surrounding earth showed that at least
+the larger bones and perhaps the entire skeleton had been deposited.
+Bones in other parts of the mound were in their natural condition;
+that is, they were not altered from their ordinary appearance,
+although only in fragments. It is remarkable that this entire cranium
+should thus change while all the other bones, even the jaw, had
+disappeared. The description of this find is from Dr. Dinsmore, who
+has the skull in his office. Possibly he may be in error in stating
+that traces were found of other bones belonging with it. These may
+have belonged to another individual. The soil is ordinary sandy loess,
+containing lime but not in such quantity as to account for this
+alteration. Perhaps the skull may be from an older burial somewhere,
+the petrifaction having taken place before it was buried here.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+RULO, NEBRASKA
+
+Particular attention was paid to conditions a mile north of Rulo,
+where it is reported that human skeletons were found in the Kansan
+drift. It was not the intention of the discoverer to have it
+understood that these remains were in undisturbed drift, but such is
+the impression that has gained credence.
+
+At the settlement of the country by whites the road constructed across
+a ravine here, on the section line nearest the river about
+three-eighths of a mile away, followed the natural contour and the
+crossing was made without difficulty. Since then a deep washout has
+worked its way to some distance above this point, making a long bridge
+necessary. From the head of the washout to the Missouri River the
+banks are vertical, or nearly so, on each side of the little stream.
+It was in the bank on the south side that the bones were found. It is
+stated they were 7 feet under the surface; if so there must have been
+a mound above them, for the lowest excavation does not reach over 5
+feet below the present level of the ground, and at that extends
+slightly below the bottom of the grave.
+
+Within 40 years the Missouri River, which is now more than a mile away
+toward the Missouri shore, flowed at the foot of a slight bluff
+terminating the slope from the high land toward the west; there was
+formerly a steamboat landing on the upper side of the ravine. On the
+lower side is a triangular area of about an acre, bounded by the
+bluff, the river bank, and the ravine. This was an excellent location
+for an Indian village or camp. A narrow level strip extends from the
+mouth of the ravine to a point near the bridge, some distance above
+where the remains were found. It is quite clear that the skeletons
+were the remains of individuals who had died at the camp on the
+river's bank and had been carried here for burial. This may have
+occurred within the last hundred years or in fact at any time while
+the Indians were still living in this vicinity.
+
+The flood level of the Missouri is not more than 15 feet lower than
+the level space along the sides of the ravine. The little intermittent
+stream has cut down this depth through a deposit which is composed of
+river sediment, wash from the hills on each side, and material carried
+from higher levels by the brook itself in rainy seasons. At only one
+point is there a real glacial deposit, and this does not extend for
+more than 50 feet horizontally, and does not reach to the top of the
+bank. It is at some distance from the graves, and may be due to a lobe
+of the ice or to an iceberg. However formed or deposited here it has
+no relation whatever to the skeletons. In a sense, the material in
+which they were buried is "Kansan drift"; but it is drift which has
+been redistributed and has come into its present position within a few
+centuries at the most.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+NEAR HOWE, NEBRASKA
+
+Mr. Sam P. Hughes, who lives near Howe, has done considerable
+excavating in that vicinity. He is an intelligent man and an ardent
+student, but his ideas in regard to the age of his discoveries need
+much revision downward. His chief work has been done north of Howe at
+a place 9 miles from the nearest point on the Missouri River. Here is
+a small level area at the end of a ridge sloping away in every
+direction except at the narrow isthmus connecting it with the fields
+beyond, which are at a level only slightly higher. Thus there is no
+chance for any accumulation from the adjacent surface. On this ridge
+are a few lodge sites which Hughes has excavated. In every respect
+they are similar to lodge sites reported from other localities in this
+region. The walls, the depression, the floor, the fireplace, are all
+the same. The depressions are filled with earth to a depth of 18 to 22
+inches above the level of the old floor; and Hughes reports that
+wherever he has dug on this ridge he has found flint chips, charcoal,
+fragments of pottery, and scraps of bone to about the same depth. Next
+below the soil is the Kansan glacial drift; but the assertion that
+objects found at this depth are of the same age as the drift is not
+necessarily or even presumably correct.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PERU, NEBRASKA
+
+On various hills in the vicinity of Peru are lodge sites, some of them
+circular, some rectangular, some with straight sides and rounded
+corners. Most of them have been dug in at random; in every case after
+a certain depth of accumulated earth and trash is passed through,
+there is a layer of clay which formed the roof, and beneath this the
+hard earth floor with fireplace usually in the center but sometimes a
+little toward one side.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PAPILLION, NEBRASKA
+
+At the time of my visit, Dr. Frederick H. Sterns, of the Peabody
+Museum, was working near here. He described himself as "the man who is
+extremely anxious to find a glacial or other very ancient man, but so
+far has not succeeded in getting track of him." Dr. Sterns did not
+claim a period antedating the Indian for anything he had then
+unearthed--meaning the known Indian tribes.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+VICINITY OF OMAHA, NEBRASKA
+
+To the southward of Omaha are many lodge sites of varying depths and
+diameters. The deepest one reported had a depth of 9 feet below the
+surrounding surface, and at the bottom of this was a pit (or "cache,"
+as they are locally known) with an additional depth of 4 feet, or 13
+feet of excavation in all. This was near the so-called "cannibal
+house," where 14 human frontal bones were found under conditions which
+indicate they had belonged to individuals who were eaten by other
+inmates of the lodge.
+
+A short distance from these sites, across a ravine, is a bare, narrow
+ridge, very steep on each side, so that erosion would readily act. On
+the sloping summit of this are three small mounds which cover communal
+burials. From one of these, the one farthest from the summit of the
+hill, more than 80 skulls were taken and boys in the neighborhood have
+since taken many more. They are all of the ordinary Indian type, and
+can not have been buried more than a few generations ago; but this
+fact has not prevented an age of "twenty thousand years" being
+assigned to them. There is absolutely no reason for fixing this or any
+other date. There is nothing whatever to indicate the age, but 200
+years would probably not be far from the mark, because erosion has
+been slight since the mounds were piled up.
+
+
+LONG'S HILL
+
+This ridge has attained some notoriety as the site of Gilder's
+discovery of the "Nebraska Man." The claim is made that human bones
+were found at a depth of 14 feet in absolutely undisturbed loess. The
+hill is a narrow ridge, facing the river on one side and a deep ravine
+on the other. It is somewhat winding in its course and is connected
+with the more level land in the rear at about half a mile from its
+end. A wagon road up the point, from the river bottom to the hilltop,
+shows undisturbed loess the entire distance. There is no possibility
+of accumulation by wash or in any other manner except decaying
+vegetation on any part of this ridge.
+
+Along the crest are several small mounds. Some of these, as shown by
+excavation, cover graves, and the presumption is that all of them mark
+burial places.
+
+It is needless to make any résumé of Gilder's report, as it is so well
+known, further than to say that he found burials and fragmentary human
+bones at various levels from 2½ to 14 feet. At 4½ feet were burned
+bones lying upon burned earth and mingled with it. This layer, burned
+hard as a brick, served to prevent water from penetrating the earth
+immediately below; and it is in this earth that the deepest remains
+were found.
+
+There are three ways, and only three, in which they could get there:
+
+1. They were washed in when the loess was deposited, as claimed by the
+discoverers and by some of the Nebraska geologists.
+
+In support of this view is the assertion that the bones were
+water-worn. On this point I can not venture any opinion, as I have not
+seen them. But I have found bones in mounds and in other situations
+where such wear was impossible and yet having the smoothed and rounded
+appearance characteristic of such action by water or the elements.
+
+In support of this theory, too, is the positive statement of Nebraska
+geologists who have had ample opportunity to become familiar with
+loess in all its phases; and they claim the deposit is the original
+and has not been disturbed.
+
+It is necessary for these advocates, however, to tell where such
+fragments of bones could have come from and how they could have been
+washed to the place where found, when all these bluffs were covered
+with water, as they had to be at that time.
+
+2. The bones could have been carried by rodents into their burrows or
+runways, as Hrdlicka suggests. In this case the material in contact
+with the bones would have to be somewhat different in appearance and
+consistency from that which lay a few inches, or perhaps only an inch,
+away. The Nebraska men say this was not the case.
+
+3. There may have been an excavation or pit similar to that in which
+the Hurons buried their dead. But as no such burial pits have been
+discovered in this part of the country, this supposition must be
+excluded.
+
+A corollary to the last is that a deep but small pit similar to the
+so-called "caches" in the lodge sites may have been dug here and the
+bones thrown in. There is no indication whatever of a lodge site or
+any other form of habitation at this point, but I have found such pits
+in the vicinity of Indian houses, though not just on their site. The
+deepest one I have ever found was 10½ feet and less than 6 feet in
+diameter. There would be no difficulty in digging into this loose
+material as far as an excavator cared to go, until he had reached a
+depth at which he could no longer get the loosened earth to the
+surface of the ground. As mentioned above, a pit south of Omaha had a
+depth of 13 feet, or only 1 foot less than is claimed for this--or
+rather for the greatest depth at which it is claimed fragments of bone
+were found.
+
+The objection made to this theory is that the earth thrown out of the
+hole was unmixed, presenting throughout the appearance and consistency
+of loess as it occurs where exposed in ravines or on slopes in the
+vicinity. It is contended that if any previous excavation had been
+made here and filled up afterwards the mixed earth would be easily
+distinguished from that which was not removed, and that the line of
+demarcation would be easily discernible.
+
+As a rule, this is true; but when dry loose earth of homogeneous
+consistency is thrown out of a pit and then thrown in again without
+becoming mixed with any other it is sometimes impossible to
+distinguish it at a later excavation. This is especially true of earth
+free from vegetable matter, as ordinary sand; or composed largely of
+vegetable mold, as the soil in overflow lands which have built up
+mainly from floods carrying uniform soil sediment. The line of
+demarcation between the dug and the undug earth in such conditions may
+become indistinguishable except when a vertical face is made which
+shall show a clear section of both in contact.
+
+It is now too late to learn anything about the matter from the site
+itself. So many persons have been digging that it would be impossible to
+know when the limit is reached between the original excavation--assuming
+it to have been made--when the bodies were interred, and that resulting
+from the modern researches. The question of age hinges upon the
+appearance of the earth in which the bones were found; and the only way
+in which we can now learn anything about it is to trench across the hill
+at some of the other burial places, in the hope of finding bones at a
+similar level, and determining from the conditions in which these are
+found how they came there.
+
+It is beyond question that any soil, humus, or other discolored matter
+thrown into an excavation with ordinary soil or subsoil will be
+apparent for an indefinite time afterwards. But on some of these high
+points and ridges there is even now not a trace of soil. Frost and
+wind have worn bare spots where nothing grows or has grown for a long
+time. As this region was a prairie devoid of even brush when the
+whites settled here, it is evident that such slight protection as
+grass or weeds afford would not be sufficient to hold the earth in
+place in winter, and when the ground is once swept bare such humble
+forms of growth may not get a foothold in future. Anyone who has
+studied surface geology knows these facts.
+
+So at present the whole question of the age of these bones resolves
+itself into a statement of one party that they were found in
+undisturbed loess, as reported; and of the inability of another party
+to show that there may have been an error of observation or a mistaken
+interpretation.
+
+There need be no such doubt in regard to the age of the mounds or the
+lodge sites. It would not take many centuries for mounds upon these
+sharp, exposed ridges to be entirely washed away, in spite of the fact
+that the fine loess is almost impermeable. Rain may not reduce them to
+an appreciable extent, but frost and wind will gradually wear them
+down. As to the lodge sites, their similarity to modern Indian houses
+is so pronounced that we are fully justified in attributing them to
+the same degree of culture as that of the Indians of a century ago.
+The only point of difference is that the latter dwellings have not
+such deep excavations, but the incursion of war-like tribes, or the
+restlessness that impels a primitive community to be frequently on the
+move, seems a simpler explanation of the difference than to suppose
+that identical types are separated by a great period of time.
+
+Three points must be taken into consideration in fixing a definite age
+for these remains:
+
+1. The relics found in and around the lodge sites, except for the
+markings on some of the pottery, are in no wise different from those
+picked up on the sites of villages which were occupied when Lewis and
+Clark came through here.
+
+2. Fairly solid bones of animals, and occasionally of humans, are
+found in the bottoms of the lodge sites, even where these are damp
+most of the year. In the pits, where such remains are preserved by
+ashes, this would not mean much; but where they are found in clayey
+earth it is evident that "thousands of years" is a meaningless term to
+apply to them.
+
+3. Persons who claim these "thousands of years" for pretty much
+everything they find in the ground must explain why it is that while
+the bones and implements of these assumed "ancients" are found in such
+quantities and in such good preservation, those of later Indians
+should have entirely disappeared.
+
+The only tenable theory of age is the amount of accumulation in the
+depressions of the lodge sites. Above the clay which formed the roof,
+and is next to the floor now, is a depth of material sometimes (it is
+said) as much as 20 or even 22 inches of mingled silt, decayed
+vegetation, and soil from the surrounding wall. It is used as an
+argument of age that as these sites are on hilltops where there can be
+no inwash, this depth must indicate a very remote period for their
+construction. But a large amount of the earth thrown out into the
+surrounding ring or wall will find its way back into the depression.
+The water will stand in them a good part of the year, and the soil
+remain damp even in prolonged drought; vegetation is thus more
+luxuriant than on the outside, and its decay will fill up rather
+rapidly. In addition, much sand blows from the prairies as well as
+from the bottom lands, and whatever finds its way into the pit will
+stay there; it will not blow away again as it would in open ground.
+The weeds, also, will catch and retain much of this dust which would
+pass over a dry surface. Consequently the allowance of an inch in a
+century, which is the most that advocates of great age will allow for
+accumulation, is much too small.
+
+The topography of the region was essentially the same when these
+remains were constructed as it is now. The hills and valleys were as
+they now exist; the erosion has been very slight as compared with what
+has taken place since the loess was brought above the water, to which
+it owes its origin. This statement is fully proven by the position of
+the mounds and lodge sites. Any estimate of age must be only a guess
+at the best, but it is a safe guess that no earthwork, mound, lodge
+site, or human bone along this part of the Missouri River has been
+here as long as 10 centuries.
+
+
+
+
+IV. ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS
+
+
+The small, low, flattened mounds of the lower Mississippi Valley are a
+problem to archeologists. They have been studied principally near the
+Mississippi River, in Arkansas and Missouri, and for many years it was
+thought that in the latter State they are confined entirely to the
+southeastern portion. Recently they have been found much farther to
+the north and the west than they were supposed to exist.
+
+A group, rather limited as to number and to the area covered, is at
+the head of a narrow valley trending northward from Granite Mountain
+in Iron County.
+
+"Near Iron Mountain, in St. François County, more than 500 of these
+small mounds, arranged in parallel rows following the direction of the
+watercourses, were counted within a radius of 3 miles."[1]
+
+The next group known north of this is on the right bank of Plattin
+Creek in Jefferson County, about 12 miles from the Mississippi.
+
+"A group of some 50 similar mounds is situated on the right bank of
+the Meramec, about 6 miles above its mouth, in Jefferson County."[2]
+
+The most northern group so far observed is near Ferguson in St. Louis
+County, Missouri, where 46 are located on a narrow ridge which has the
+same general elevation as the table-land. The ridge extends around the
+head of a ravine, and the mounds are placed along its crest or on the
+gentle slopes near the top. There are 10 or 12 at the southern edge of
+Ferguson, on an overflow bottom bordering a small creek.
+
+Toward the west from the swamp region a small group is in a broad
+valley near Alton in Oregon County, which borders on Arkansas. They
+are scattered along a gentle slope which has a little stream at the
+foot.
+
+In Dent County four groups are known. One is on the infirmary farm
+south of the town of Salem. Most of these are but slightly changed
+from their natural condition. Another group is 6 miles east of Salem.
+These also are largely intact. A third is on the road from Salem to
+Short Bend. The fourth is at the edge of Salem, on the Rolla road.
+
+"On the high plateau of Dallas County, north of the Niangua ... within
+an area smaller than 10 square miles, 860 were counted."[3]
+
+Three groups are well marked in Phelps County. A mile east of Rolla
+they begin at the line of the Frisco Railway and extend southward in a
+shallow valley or "draw." Some are on the overflow flat bordering the
+little stream, but most of them are on the slopes to either side.
+
+South of Dillon they extend for a mile in a slight depression.
+
+Beginning at the Soldier's Home in St. James, the largest number yet
+found out of the swamp region lie for 2½ miles on both sides of a
+small creek running eastward north of the Frisco Railway. These reach
+from low land subject to overflow to an elevation of fully 50 feet up
+the hillsides.
+
+Several groups occur in Pulaski County. Four miles southwest of Big
+Piney post office, near the site of what is known as "The Ranch
+House," is a little wet-weather stream along both banks of which are
+probably a hundred of these structures. Farther up this stream are two
+other groups, the three including a distance of about 4 miles in
+length between their outer limits. West of these and south of
+Bloodland is a fourth group belonging with these.
+
+In the level bottom between Big Piney River and the branch flowing
+from the Miller Spring 2 miles from Big Piney post office a number of
+these mounds formerly existed; and on the opposite side of the Big
+Piney, in an extensive bottom, were many of them. All these have now
+disappeared under cultivation.
+
+On the outer bend of the Devil's Elbow, on Big Piney 3 miles above its
+mouth, some of these mounds stood. They are described as being from 2
+to 3 feet high; the number was not stated, but there is not room for
+many in the narrow strip where they were located.
+
+In the extreme western part of Morgan County, at Stover, is a group
+scattered over an area at least half a mile across in any direction.
+The distance between the mounds varies from 25 to 150 feet. They are
+mostly on gentle slopes, though some are on the crest of the ridges.
+Many of these are well preserved, some of them having never been under
+cultivation.
+
+In Osage County there are more than a hundred at the eastern edge of
+Rich Fountain. They are in low flat ground which is muddy or even
+boggy in wet weather.
+
+It will be noticed that all those from Alton westward and
+north-westward are in line with the route from southeastern Missouri
+to the plains of Kansas and Nebraska.
+
+Practically, however, the northern limit of this type, in great
+numbers, is in St. François County, near Farmington. From here they
+extend almost continuously into Louisiana and Texas.
+
+In nearly every part of southern Missouri east of the Iron Mountain
+Railway they occur in closely connected groups, reaching sometimes for
+miles except where the continuity is broken by a slough or other
+unfavorable condition. They are found everywhere--on high,
+well-drained levels; on sloping ground, sometimes so steep that it may
+well be called a hillside; in low "crawfish land"; in swamps where, in
+the driest weather, even after a prolonged drought, they can be
+reached only by wading through water or muck. The last, however, may
+have been more easily accessible when built, their present condition
+being due to the general subsidence of this region during the
+earthquake period of 1811. The existing sloughs and sluggish bayous
+are the widenings and extensions of streams which at the time these
+mounds were constructed were no doubt bordered by banks above ordinary
+overflow and readily reached by canoes. Manifestly the country was
+well populated, and therefore presumably practically timberless;
+consequently the flood water would rapidly pass away and the streams
+not be choked by drift and other débris as is the case at present.
+
+Various theories, most of them advanced by persons who are but
+slightly, if at all, familiar with the country, have been propounded
+to account for mounds of this character. Their vast number has led
+some writers to believe that they can not be artificial but must be
+due to natural phenomena; as, for instance, that these, as indeed all
+mounds, were piled up by floods, Noachic, glacial, or local; or that
+they result from the industry and energy of burrowing animals, such as
+foxes, badgers, ground hogs, rabbits, prairie dogs, gophers,
+chipmunks, or even ants; the character of the assumed flood or the
+species of the supposed burrower depending to some extent upon
+locality, but principally upon the theorizer's insufficient knowledge
+of animal industry or of the action of torrential waters. Others are
+convinced they are formed by the piling up of earth around a bush,
+clump of grass, stone, or other object acting as a nucleus about which
+wind-borne material may accumulate--overlooking the fact that clay,
+gravel, or gumbo soil can not be carried by wind, and that lighter
+soil or sand will form elongated instead of circular masses. Another
+supposition is that they are due to stream erosion; flood waters
+washing away the soil between them and thus leaving the earth
+composing the mound in its original position. The same objection
+applies to this as to the wind-blown theory, namely, that we can not
+imagine water acting with such mathematical regularity and intelligent
+discrimination, especially upon slopes which lie at all sorts of
+angles with the trend of the current.
+
+Persons who recognize their human origin have suggested that they were
+erected as stands for hunters, from which they could detect game at a
+greater distance, or could take better aim as the animal passed; or
+perhaps as camping places while waiting; but in many places more than
+half the area of the ground over several acres is occupied by such
+piles of earth, promiscuously distributed. This implies more hunters
+than animals.
+
+For a long time it was supposed that they were burial mounds, like so
+many such structures found over the country; but this idea has been
+dispelled by the failure to discover in them any evidences of such
+purpose; no human bones nor any of the artificial objects commonly
+placed with the dead have ever been found in them unless under such
+conditions as to show their presence was accidental.
+
+Two very plausible theories have found general acceptance: That they
+were the sites of dwellings, placed on them to be out of the mud in
+wet weather; and that they were in the nature of garden beds, thus
+elevated for growing any food products which needed a comparatively
+dry soil, or might be injured by temporary accumulation of water from
+excessive rainfall.
+
+But they were not "residence mounds" or "house sites" in the sense
+that they furnished a base or foundation for structures which were
+used as dwellings; for there has never been found on their surface or
+in the earth immediately around them any of the débris invariably
+accompanying Indian huts or houses, such as fireplaces, ash beds,
+burned rocks, broken implements, or fragments of bones and pottery.
+These considerations also interfere with a full acceptance of the
+hypothesis that they are remains of houses built of wood and covered
+with earth. It is true that such evidence is very frequently found in
+other localities; but to establish the fact that they were residence
+sites, refuse of this kind should be found wherever the mounds occur.
+
+J.B. Thoburn arrived at this conclusion from the resemblance of some
+of them in their outlines to the grass-covered houses of the Pawnees;
+and it is believed that this tribe in its migration from the south
+followed approximately the route along which these small elevations
+are found. When the Pawnees--assuming they were the builders--passed
+on westward they could not procure timbers of sufficient strength to
+hold up the earth, so they used light frames and covered them with
+grass.
+
+Bushnell arrived earlier at the same conclusion. He says, concerning a
+few mounds of this character in Forest Park, St. Louis: "In the case
+of the seven mounds on the elevated grounds, the finding of potsherds,
+pieces of chipped chert, and the indication of fire, all on what
+appeared to have been the original surface, would point strongly to
+their having been the remains or ruins of earth-covered lodges." He
+gives citations from early explorers in support of this theory, and
+adds, "But in other mounds these indications did not occur."[4]
+
+Such an explanation finds support in the vast number of these
+structures. In building, the aborigines naturally chose the sort of
+timber which was soft and light, consequently easy to cut and to
+handle, such as willow or cottonwood. This soon decays. But no matter
+what variety of wood was utilized, not many years would be required,
+under the conditions supposed, to weaken its fiber until it could no
+longer uphold the weight of earth on the roof, and a new house must be
+erected. Several such renewals would be needed in the course of a
+century; so that the ruins of an ordinary village might create the
+impression that a large settlement had existed on its site.
+
+The explanation of "agricultural use" is probably correct in some
+instances, for frequently the mounds are made of earth gathered up
+around their base, and so not only would be of value in a wet season,
+but would afford a much greater depth of fertile soil for sustenance
+of plants. In some localities modern farmers find that on such mounds
+crops are much better than on the low spaces between them. On the
+other hand, a majority of the small mounds in the lower counties of
+southeastern Missouri are composed either of the hard, reddish, sandy
+clay which forms the subsoil of the land above overflow; or of the
+tough, waxy, black "gumbo" of the swampy or flat lowlands. In either
+case they are almost invariably sterile, so that in a cultivated field
+the position of a mound is easily determined even from a considerable
+distance by the feebler growth on its surface. Moreover, in many
+places, hundreds of them occurring within an area of a few square
+miles are built on clay lowlands where crawfish abound, within a few
+rods of sandy, well-drained ridges whose soil is never muddy more than
+a few hours after the hardest rain, and produces as fine corn and
+wheat as can be raised in any part of the State.
+
+In short, no matter what suggestion has been offered as to their
+purpose or uses, objections to it can be brought and sustained. It is
+not improbable that, in the end, it will be found the difficulty lies
+in trying to place in a hard and fast category a variety of structures
+which are similar in appearance but which were intended for various
+uses. With more comprehensive study, it may be that a classification
+is possible which will interpret what is now obscure. Instead of
+uniformity, there was probably great diversity of motives, ideas, and
+beliefs which led to the building of these as well as of other mounds;
+and when the key is once obtained the explanation which will account
+for one may be very different from that which as clearly accounts for
+another.
+
+A few of these mounds have been explored by the writer, but no
+discoveries were made upon which can be based a definite statement as
+to their probable purpose.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+NEW MADRID COUNTY
+
+On the farm of A.B. Hunter, 7 miles north of New Madrid, more than 60
+of these mounds, irregularly placed, extend for half a mile along the
+west bank of St. John's Bayou, the extreme width of the group being
+about 200 yards. The largest mound, standing on the edge of the
+terrace, was 6 feet high and 75 feet across. On the original surface,
+over a small area at the central part, were decayed fragments of human
+bones; so this was probably erected as a tumulus. The others were much
+smaller; from a foot to 3 feet high, and 30 to 50 feet in diameter.
+Six of these, varying in size from the largest to the smallest, were
+thoroughly excavated within the original margin and down to the
+undisturbed earth beneath them. No artificial object was found in any
+of them except here and there a fragment of pottery or a small amount
+of ashes or a piece of charcoal, not intentionally deposited but
+gathered up and carried in with the earth in the course of
+construction. There were no distinct fire-beds or ash piles at the
+bottom, or in any part of the mound; nor were there any holes in which
+posts may have stood.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+ST. FRANÇOIS COUNTY
+
+Nearly 2 miles south of Farmington, on Quesnel's land, are about 30
+very small, low mounds, none more than 18 inches high or 25 feet
+across. They are on the general level, some of them on a gentle slope,
+of the first upland above the St. François River and a mile from that
+stream at its nearest point.
+
+Half a mile to the south of these is a group of similar mounds on the
+farm of Isaac Hopkins, on a gently sloping hillside, and from 30 to 40
+feet above the level of the overflow bottom land. One of these has
+been gradually worn away by the encroachment of a gully until more
+than half of it has disappeared. While the curvature of its surface is
+very apparent, and the remnant of its margin sufficiently distinct to
+show its regularity of outline, careful inspection of the face formed
+by the erosion fails to reveal any trace of stratification, or line of
+demarcation between the bottom of the mound and the original surface.
+There is precisely the same uniformity of change from the grass roots
+to the underlying gravelly soil that exists in the exposed bank at any
+point to either side of the mound. Mr. Hopkins, desirous of knowing
+what might be in the mound, or why it was built, has noted the
+appearance of the earth from the time the gully reached its margin. At
+no time has its appearance differed in the least from what it presents
+now.
+
+On the river bottom portion of Mr. Hopkins's farm, and on the
+adjoining Goings and Townshend farms to the southward, are many mounds
+lying along both sides of the Belmont division of the Iron Mountain
+Railway. Fully 100 were observed within a distance of a mile; and they
+are said to continue both up and down the river. They are all above
+flood stage, except in time of extreme high water. They range from a
+foot to 3 feet high, and from 20 to 40 feet across; but some of them
+have been lowered and broadened by cultivation. They are of the same
+earth as the ground around them. Mr. Hopkins says crops are much
+better on the mounds than on the area between them. This is no doubt
+due to the greater amount of productive soil in the one case, and to
+the excess of moisture in the other; the railway embankment impeding
+drainage in the lower part. Oak trees 4 feet in diameter grew on the
+mounds before they were cleared off.
+
+Two of these mounds were completely removed, down into the subsoil.
+The first was 18 inches high and 35 by 40 feet across; the variation
+in breadth resulting from continual cultivation in one direction. It
+contained nothing whatever of artificial character, not even a scrap
+of pottery. There were no post holes, no indications of a fire bed, no
+trace of a distinction between the mound and the soil below it. In
+fact, except for the greater thickness of the superficial dark earth
+there was no difference between the appearance of the face of the
+excavation and that of a hole dug at random in the field.
+
+The second mound was somewhat larger than the first, being 2 feet high
+and 40 feet across, and at a little higher level toward the edge of
+the field. It was the largest which could be excavated of this group.
+As in the first mound opened, there was no worked object, if a small
+flint flake be excepted; no ashes; no fire bed; no trace of
+demarcation between the mound and the original surface of the ground,
+though in each mound the excavation over the entire area was carried
+down into the gravelly, hard-packed subsoil. Its artificial origin is
+clearly proven, however, by four holes dug into the earth beneath it
+before its construction. Nine feet a little north of the center, which
+was assumed to be the highest point of the mound, was a hole (A) 12 by
+14 inches and 14 inches deep, with a flat bottom, the sides as regular
+as could be expected in hard soil dug out in primitive manner. Nine
+feet west of the center was a hole (B) a foot across, 10 inches deep,
+with a solid though somewhat irregular bottom. Near the center was a
+conical hole (C) a foot deep and the same across the top. Four feet
+from it, west of north, was another (D) of about the same size and
+shape. The measures given are of course only approximate, as the sides
+of all the holes were somewhat uneven, but they are practically
+correct. The depth was measured from the top of the gravelly subsoil.
+Fourteen feet east of south from the center was an irregular hole (E)
+about 2 feet deep to the bottom of the loose dirt in it. This had not
+been dug, but was due to the decay of a tree which grew here before
+the mound was made. At the top of the dirt filling this hole was a
+piece of decayed bark, apparently oak, which had grown in the air; and
+farther down fragments of root bark. Eight feet east of the center was
+a hole (F), similar to the last, 10 inches deep and averaging 2 feet
+across. This, also, resulted from the decay of a stump.
+
+A plan of the holes is given in figure 37. The dotted lines are merely
+to show direction and distance.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 37.--Plan of House Mound in St. François
+  County, Mo.]
+
+This mound offers confirmation of the belief that such structures, or
+some of them at least, mark the sites of dwellings. With the two
+trees, E and F, the posts, A and B, would form the corners of an
+irregular quadrangle; the two posts, C and D, would support the inner
+ends of roof timbers. While no trace of posts or roof timbers
+remained, it is difficult to imagine for what other purpose these
+holes would be dug; and in this heavy, wet earth all traces of wood
+must in time disappear. Conversely, the total absence of a fireplace,
+potsherds or other remains, and of any sign of a floor, would serve to
+dispel the assumption that this spot was ever inhabited even for a
+short time. The evidence is as strong one way as it is the other.
+
+In short, the limited observations above recorded leave the question
+of origin and purpose just where it was.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some years ago one of the mounds at Ferguson, St. Louis County, was
+opened. No remains of any sort were discovered, according to the
+report of the excavators; but on the original surface, at the center
+of the mound, was a fire bed in and about which were ashes, charcoal,
+and fragments of rude pottery.
+
+No excavations have ever been made in the mounds near Granite
+Mountain; but a tortuous little stream has undercut several of them,
+thus making vertical sections as in the case of the mound at Hunter's,
+near Farmington. In some mounds only a small portion near the margin
+has been removed; in others the erosion has progressed to such an
+extent that observations were possible at varying distances, to and
+beyond the center. In every instance a monotonous uniformity of
+appearance prevails from the top of the mound into the underlying
+gravel. At no level is there a sign of a floor, fire bed, or other
+evidence of human work; and no difference can be detected between the
+earth upon which the mound rests and that on either side. Yet the
+mounds are indubitably artificial.
+
+Exactly the same remarks apply to several mounds on the County Farm,
+near Salem. A little creek and a drainage ditch have cut away varying
+portions of them, and they merge insensibly into the soil and gravel
+on either side.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In further support of the theory that these mounds are the remains of
+earth-covered houses, a few extracts relating to the area under
+discussion will be given from Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the Twelfth Annual
+Report of the Bureau of Ethnology:
+
+Near "Beckwith's Fort," in Mississippi County, Missouri, are (p.
+189)--
+
+   Low, flattish, circular mounds * * * [which] appear to belong to
+   two classes, those used for dwelling sites and those used for
+   burial purposes, the former being the higher and the color of the
+   surface layer darker than that of the other class. This darker
+   color of the surface layer is probably due to the fact that
+   immediately below it are found fire-beds with burnt earth,
+   charcoal, ashes, and the bones of animals, (mostly split). There
+   are seldom any human skeletons or entire vessels of pottery in
+   the mounds of this class though the earth is filled with
+   fragments of broken vessels.
+
+In describing mound excavations in Crittenden County, Arkansas, the
+explorer states (p. 227):
+
+   As an almost universal rule, after removing a foot or two of top
+   soil, a layer of burnt clay in a broken or fragmentary condition
+   would be found, sometimes with impressions of grass or twigs,
+   which easily crumbled but was often hard and stamped apparently
+   with an implement made of split reeds of comparatively large
+   size. This layer was in places a foot thick and frequently burned
+   to a brick red or even to clinkers.
+
+   Below this, at a depth of 3 to 5 feet from the surface, were more
+   or less ashes, and often 6 inches of charred grass, immediately
+   covering skeletons. The latter were found lying in all
+   directions, some with the face up, others with it down, and
+   others on the side. With these were vessels of clay, in some
+   cases one, sometimes more.
+
+The positions of the skeletons in this mound would indicate that while
+the inmates of the house were asleep the roof fell and killed them. It
+was customary among some southern Indians to bury the dead under the
+floors of the houses; but the text clearly shows that these skeletons
+were lying on the floor. It would be supposed from most reports, not
+only in the volume quoted, but from various other sources as well,
+that only the walls of these houses were plastered with mud, the roof
+being of thatch alone. It seems to be overlooked that the tops of the
+houses would have even more need of such protection than the sides.
+The marks indicating that the clay was "stamped apparently with an
+implement made of split reeds" are only the impressions of the reeds
+or saplings by which the clay was supported; the "brick like" or
+"clinker like" condition of the clay being due, of course, to the
+destruction of the house by fire.
+
+Adair, in his History of the Southern Indians, says they daub their
+houses with tough mortar mixed with dry grass; that they build winter
+or hot houses after the manner of Dutch ovens, covered with clay.
+Again:
+
+   They are lathed with cane and plastered with mud from bottom to
+   top, within and without, with a good covering of straw.
+
+This seems to mean that the entire building was plastered with mud,
+and then covered with grass to shed the rainfall.
+
+In a mound in Arkansas County, Arkansas (Twelfth Ann. Rept. Bur.
+Ethn., p. 231)--
+
+   About 2 feet under the surface was a thick layer of burnt clay,
+   which probably formed the roof. In tracing out the circumference
+   a hard clay floor was found beneath, and between the two several
+   inches of ashes, but no skeletons. There were a great many pieces
+   of broken dishes so situated as to lead one to believe they were
+   on top of the house at the time it was burned.
+
+The fact that no skeletons or utensils were discovered on the floor
+finds its most reasonable explanation in the supposition that the
+inmates, finding their abode to be unsafe, moved out and took their
+possessions with them. This would account, also, for the absence of
+such remains in similar mounds farther north. The abundance of pottery
+fragments found in this case, and in many others, may mean only that
+these were worked in as a part of the clay roofing. They would be of
+some service in holding the clay in place in wet weather.
+
+It is quite probable that the continuous, though fragmentary, layer of
+burned clay on the floor so often noted is due in part at least to the
+material forming the roof. The walls would be more apt to fall outward
+than inward, and would be more liable to crumble than to fall as an
+intact mass. In fact, this is clearly shown by the statement (p. 229)
+that in certain house sites in St. Francis County, Arkansas,
+
+   The edges are all higher and have a thicker layer of this
+   [burned] material than the inner areas.
+
+Further, in describing explorations of certain "hut rings" at
+"Beckwith's Fort" in Mississippi County, Missouri (p. 187), the report
+states that they are
+
+   from 30 to 50 feet in diameter, measuring to the tops of their
+   rims, which are raised slightly above the natural level. The
+   depth of the depression at the center is from 2 to 3 feet. Near
+   the center, somewhat covered with earth, are usually found the
+   baked earth, charcoal, and ashes of ancient fires, and around
+   these and beneath the rims [that is, the surrounding ring or
+   embankment] split bones and fresh-water shells. Often mingled
+   with this refuse material are rude stone implements and fragments
+   of pottery.
+
+Note is made of
+
+   the similarity in the size, form, and general appearance of these
+   depressions and earthen rings to those of the earth lodges of the
+   abandoned Mandan towns along the Missouri River.
+
+It appears, too, that certain sites were occupied for long periods,
+new houses being constructed when necessary. In describing mounds in
+Poinsett County, Arkansas, the same writer says (p. 205) that
+
+   The positions and relations of these beds * * * make it evident
+   that upon the site of one burned dwelling another was usually
+   constructed, not infrequently a third, and sometimes even a
+   fourth, the remains of each being underlaid and usually overlaid
+   in part by very dark, adhesive clay or muck. * * *
+
+   The peculiar black color of these beds is chiefly in consequence
+   of the large proportion of charcoal with which they are mixed,
+   some of it doubtless the fine particles of burned grass and reed
+   matting with which the cabins appear to have been thatched.
+
+These layers of "very dark" material undoubtedly are remains of mud
+from the adjacent swamps, which was mixed with or plastered over the
+grass roofs. It is difficult to understand how they could have become
+mixed after the burning.
+
+As showing the extent to which this prolonged occupancy was carried,
+we are informed (p. 254) that in Coahoma County, Mississippi, a mound
+was--
+
+   oval and rounded on top, 210 feet long, 150 broad at the base,
+   and 16 feet high. This mound and several smaller ones near it are
+   so nearly masses of fire beds, burnt clay, fragments of stone and
+   pottery, together with more or less charcoal and ashes, as to
+   indicate clearly that they are the sites of ancient dwellings
+   thus elevated by accumulation of material during long continued
+   occupancy.
+
+In still other portions of the country besides those already mentioned
+are evidences of similar houses whose sites are now marked by mounds.
+In southern Ohio, especially, records of excavations contain numerous
+references to post holes under mounds both large and small. In the
+case of the former, so far as we may judge from the reports, the
+houses were destroyed before the mounds were built, and it does not
+appear that they were ever covered with earth. In the small, low, flat
+mounds, under which such holes existed, no thought was taken that
+these may mark the position of posts used to support a roof; all
+mounds were explored with the idea that they were for burial purposes,
+consequently no attention was paid to these features.
+
+The Mandan houses, as described by Lewis and Clark, Catlin, and
+others, when fallen into ruins would leave exactly such mounds or hut
+rings as those found in Missouri and Arkansas.
+
+It is now generally conceded that the wall or embankment at Aztalan,
+Wisconsin, concerning which so many wild theories have been
+promulgated, was simply a series of such house sites connected by a
+low ridge. The evidences of mysterious sacrificial altars seem to be
+due only to the destruction of such houses by fire.
+
+In Wisconsin, also, and in Minnesota, are many small mounds apparently
+of this character which are due to an extinct tribe known to the Sioux
+and Chippewas as "The Ground House Indians."
+
+In 1887 I became acquainted, at Munising, Michigan, with Mr. William
+Cameron. He was of the Scotch clan of Camerons, a nephew of a former
+Governor of Canada. Educated for a profession, he made a visit to
+relatives in Canada in early manhood, and the attractions of the
+wilderness proved so great that he never returned to his home. At the
+time I met him he was 84 years of age, in full possession of his
+mental faculties. For more than 60 years he had traversed the Lake
+region, his fur trading and trapping expeditions having carried him
+over all the country from Montreal to the mouth of the Mackenzie
+River. Much of his life had been spent among the Indians, especially
+the Sioux and Chippewas. He learned from them all they could tell him
+of their tribal history and former methods of living. The Chippewas
+told him that when they first came into the country they found the
+Sioux in possession, but finally, obtaining arms from the French, they
+drove the Sioux westward.
+
+The "old men" of the Sioux corroborated this tradition and told
+Cameron that as they went westward they came to a race of people who
+lived in mounds which they piled up. These people were large and
+strong, but cowardly. "If they had been as brave as they were big,"
+said the Sioux, "between them and the Chippewas we would have been
+destroyed; but they were great cowards and we easily drove them away."
+
+Mr. B.G. Armstrong, of Ashland, Wisconsin, told me that he had taken
+great pains to investigate this tradition. From all that he could
+gather by much inquiry among the Indians and from his own
+observations, he was satisfied of its correctness. These people, whom
+the Sioux called Ground House Indians, built houses of logs and posts,
+over and around which they piled earth until it formed a conical mass
+several feet thick above the roof. Their territory extended from Lake
+Eau Claire, about 30 miles south of Lake Superior, to the Wisconsin
+River near Wausau or Stevens Point; down the Wisconsin a short
+distance; thence west into Minnesota, but how far he could not say;
+then around north of Yellow Lake back to the Eau Claire region. The
+Sioux exterminated the tribe, the last survivors being an old man and
+a woman who had married a Sioux. They were taken to the present site
+of Superior, near Duluth, and "died about 200 years ago"--that is, in
+the last quarter of the seventeenth century.
+
+Gordon, an intelligent Indian living at the town of the same name, a
+short distance south of Superior, was familiar with this tradition, as
+were other Indians with whom I talked, and who accepted it as a
+well-known fact. Gordon related that he had heard "the old men" say
+these Indians erected their houses of wood and piled several feet of
+dirt over them; and they buried their dead in little mounds out in
+front of their houses and a few hundred feet away. He told of a mound
+that was opened near Yellow Lake in which the position and condition
+of the skeletons, two or three of children being among them, showed
+"as plainly as anything could" that they had been sitting or lounging
+around the fire, when the roof fell in and crushed them.
+
+There is a "Ground House River" in eastern Minnesota, which probably
+derives its name from this people.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [Footnote 1: Bushnell, D.I., jr., Archeology of the Ozark region
+  of Missouri. Amer. Anthrop., n.s. vol. 6, no. 2, p. 298.]
+
+  [Footnote 2: Bushnell, D.I., jr., Archeology of the Ozark region
+  of Missouri. Amer. Anthrop., n.s. vol. 6, no. 2, p. 298.]
+
+  [Footnote 3: Ibid., p. 297.]
+
+  [Footnote 4: Papers Peabody Museum, vol. III, no. 1, p. 16.]
+
+
+
+
+V. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The ethnologist or archeologist desiring to conduct explorations on
+the Hawaiian Islands will find it necessary to begin his labors at the
+Bishop Museum in Honolulu. This museum contains an extensive
+collection of articles, classified, arranged, and labeled,
+illustrating every phase of native life as it has existed since the
+islands have been known to white men, as well as many of the
+implements and objects pertaining to agriculture, fisheries, and
+domestic occupations of earlier times. Models or casts of houses, and
+of individuals engaged in various lines of industry, give the visitor
+a clear idea as to the routine of ordinary daily life. A careful study
+of all these things enlightens him in regard to what he may expect to
+find and to the meaning of such discoveries as he may make.
+
+The extensive library which belongs to the museum contains every
+publication relating not alone to the islands but to all the
+archipelagoes of the southern Pacific that it is possible to procure;
+and among the most valuable of the volumes are the reports and memoirs
+of the museum itself, in which are set forth the observations and
+deductions of numerous investigators who, either in behalf of the
+museum or under its auspices, have endeavored to find a solution for
+the many problems involved.
+
+Equally valuable to the student are the information, interpretations,
+and instruction freely placed at his disposal by those connected with
+the museum, especially by Dr. Brigham, the former director, whose long
+and busy life has been devoted almost entirely to a study of the
+Polynesian groups; by Professor Gregory, the present director, who
+with tireless energy is the impelling force behind various lines of
+scientific research; by Mr. Stokes, curator of the ethnological
+department, who for more than a score of years has been surveying,
+photographing, and collecting in every part of the islands; by Mr.
+Thomas G. Thrum, of Honolulu, who has completed, in manuscript, a
+volume containing a list and description of more than 500 heiaus on
+the islands; and by various other men who, in private life, have
+devoted much time and close attention to whatever may pertain to
+native life and customs.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MOLOKAI ISLAND
+
+Following the advice of those whose knowledge gave them authority to
+speak decisively, the initial base of research was the island of
+Molokai, which presents the best conditions for study. It lies off the
+usual lines of travel, offers no inducement to tourists who wish to
+have the benefit of good roads and comfortable hotels, and
+consequently is seldom visited except by those who are called on
+business or who go as the guests of the few residents there.
+
+Mr. George Cooke, one of the owners of a large cattle and sheep ranch
+on the island, and greatly interested in its aboriginal history, gave
+most generous aid in a reconnoissance of such parts as he had time to
+visit. He placed his beautiful summer residence at the disposal of
+Prof. Gregory and the writer, and conducted the explorers to nearly
+all the places of interest which could be approached by automobile.
+Mr. James Munro, manager of the ranch, also rendered valuable
+assistance. Owing to his long residence here he has become thoroughly
+familiar with every noteworthy feature, and pointed out many remains
+which, without his guidance, would have been missed altogether. Fully
+acquainted with the life of the Hawaiian people, he made clear the
+origin and purpose of many things that, lacking his intelligent
+explanation, would have been without significance.
+
+Although there are now comparatively few Hawaiians on Molokai, it is
+evident that the island at one time supported a dense population.
+Along the southern, or leeward, coast are numerous fish ponds formed
+by building a stone wall across an inlet or, more frequently, by
+constructing it with the ends on shore and carrying it around a
+section of the open sea. The walls are strong enough to resist the
+waves, well above the level of high tide, and surround spaces of
+various areas up to 70 acres. These ponds were stocked with numerous
+kinds of fish which, thus protected from their natural enemies,
+increased rapidly and formed an unfailing food supply. The antiquity
+of these ponds is denoted by the amount of silt partially filling
+them, brought down from the mountains by erosion of the soil. They are
+still used to some extent by Hawaiians as well as by other residents.
+
+Inland, low walls of stone or earth, or both, surround hundreds of old
+taro patches, one variety of these plants requiring an abundant supply
+of water during its growth. The poi made from taro was the principal
+vegetable food of the inhabitants. Sweet potatoes were also a leading
+article of diet. The fields in which they were grown may still be
+identified here and there by the little ridges heaped up. All these,
+with the addition of migratory birds and fowls which at certain
+seasons swarmed on the different islands, supplemented by various nuts
+and fruits growing spontaneously, provided a varied and ample food
+supply. Mammals, except the pig, dog, and rat (really a large mouse),
+which came in with the early natives, were unknown prior to the advent
+of the whites. There were no land reptiles and few indigenous noxious
+insects; although mosquitoes, not to mention certain domestic pests,
+abound in a few places, and there are some scorpions and centipedes;
+but these, like measles, smallpox, tuberculosis, and worse diseases,
+are adjuncts of an enforced civilization. The mongoose, brought in to
+destroy rats, and the myna bird, to devour insects, are themselves now
+beginning to be detrimental.
+
+Along the coasts, on the headlands and lower hills, and to a less
+extent farther inland, are village sites, foundations of temples and
+houses, garden patches inclosed by stone walls, and long rows of
+stones, some of which are borders of roads or trails, others being for
+purposes which are undetermined. Among these, taro beds and sweet
+potato patches may still be traced.
+
+The most remarkable among the remains are the great temple site on
+Senator Cooke's ranch, toward the east end of the island, and the
+"paved trail" 10 miles down the coast from Kaunakakai, the principal
+village and harbor. The former is rectangular in outline, built on
+irregular ground, of stones large and small, to form a level platform
+on which a thousand persons could assemble without being hampered for
+lack of room. The outer faces of the walls vary from 3 to 20 feet in
+height; and except at the lowest parts there are terraces or steps all
+around, about 5 feet in height and of differing width. Surrounding
+this platform, extending for half a mile up the little valley of which
+it marks the entrance, on the slopes to either side, and on the nearly
+level area reaching down to the sea in front, are all the indications
+of a populous settlement.
+
+It is said that the ruins were formerly much more numerous and
+extensive, the larger part of them being swept out of existence by a
+great rush of water from the mountains "a long time ago."
+
+The "paved trail" is a causeway of large stones. Some parts of it are
+obliterated by slides and encroaching ravines; other parts preserve
+the original condition and appearance. The width is not quite uniform,
+as the stones are of different sizes, but it departs very little
+either way from 6 feet. So far as can be judged in its present
+overgrown state, it extends in a straight line for about 2 miles, from
+the beach to a point on the hill at an altitude of fully 1,000 feet.
+To what it led, or why it was built, are questions awaiting an answer.
+
+All of these places are now abandoned except a few villages along the
+coast. The people are not here to occupy them, and even if they were
+the conditions have become so changed that residence about them is no
+longer feasible. At the temple site, for example, the extent of the
+old taro beds predicates an abundance of water; at present, the one
+family living near by must carry it in a dry season from the well or
+spring of a neighbor. There is no steady water supply within miles of
+the "paved trail."
+
+Clearly, extensive changes have taken place in recent times in climate
+and perhaps in topography. Fifty years ago forests of large trees grew
+over hundreds of square miles on the southern slopes of Molokai where
+at the present time there is only grass, or where algaroba trees,
+similar to the mesquite of the southwestern United States, are now
+spreading. This deforestation is still going on; dead or dying trees
+fringe the timber still standing. The cause of this progressive
+barrenness has not, so far, been, fully ascertained; there is
+undoubtedly a connection between it and the diminished water supply,
+though which is cause and which is effect, or whether both are due in
+common to some atmospheric phenomenon, is unknown. One result,
+however, is apparent. The roots of the forest trees do not extend deep
+into the earth, but spread out over the surface like those of pine
+trees. Thus much of the rainfall was prevented from escaping rapidly
+and such as was not absorbed by the roots made its way into the ground
+beneath the upper soil, whence it percolated downward to feed the
+springs. Now the greater part of the water runs off and is lost. For
+this reason large areas once well populated are no longer habitable.
+
+Molokai, like other islands of the group, contains no stone except of
+volcanic or coral formation. There is no chert or similar material
+from which chipped implements can be made; nor, as would naturally be
+expected, is there any obsidian suitable for such manufacture. It may
+occasionally be seen on the sites of villages, but always in small
+angular fragments seldom more than half an inch in any dimension,
+always coarse-grained, even porous, and never of a quality which can
+be flaked into definite forms. No doubt its only use was as an
+abrasive, after being pounded fine. Rarely, quartz or chalcedony is
+found; it resembles the deposit around hot springs or in fissures,
+and, like the obsidian, is in fragments too small to be utilized
+except as a grinding or polishing material for smoothing wrought
+objects.
+
+Manufactured stone specimens are confined principally to three general
+classes: Adzes, for working in wood; pestles, for pounding the taro
+root; and discoids, for games. The last are exactly similar to the
+chunkey stones so abundant in the States, except that none of them
+have concave or hollowed faces, and they are used in the same way.
+There were three forms of the game: To hurl or roll a disk farther
+than an opponent; to strike a pole or other mark set up; and to test
+the inherent magical powers of the stones by rolling them in such a
+way that they would collide, the object in this case being to see
+which one might prove victorious by breaking the other or forcing it
+out of its course. A suitable arena for the contest was prepared by
+carefully leveling and smoothing a straight, narrow strip of ground to
+any length desired, a slight wall being thrown up along each margin.
+
+Pottery was unknown, there being no clay suitable for making it.
+Calabashes or gourds and wooden trays served as receptacles, though
+stone dishes or bowls are sometimes found. Along the coast occur
+sinkers, either plummet-shaped or half-ovoid like an egg divided
+lengthwise. This form has a groove around the longer diameter,
+crossing the flat face, and was tied to a white shell as a sinker in
+catching squids or cuttlefish, a hook being attached to the line.
+Coral was much used as files or rasps. There are a few objects whose
+purpose is problematical; and some highly polished black disks which,
+laid flat and covered with a film of water, make excellent mirrors;
+but aside from what is here mentioned, not much worked stone is found.
+Wood, bone, and shell served as the raw material for nearly all other
+needs.
+
+Graves, or what are supposed to be graves, marked by cairns 3 or 4
+feet high, or perhaps by only one or two layers of stones, are found,
+though rare. Many so-called caves--which are merely "tunnels,"
+"bubbles," or "blow-holes" in the lava--were utilized as burial
+vaults. The natives vigorously protested against an attempt to
+excavate any of these, claiming that their ancestors or members of
+their families are buried in them and must not be disturbed. In the
+dunes human skeletons are frequently exposed by the shifting of the
+sands by the high wind. The natives seem to have little regard for
+these. Perhaps they are of the "common people," while cairns cover the
+chiefs or priests. There is a tradition that in "the old times" most
+of the dead were cast into the ocean as an offering to the Shark God.
+
+There are no mounds or other structures of earth; everything was built
+of stone. All structures began at the surface of the ground. No
+evidence has been found of an occupation earlier than that of the
+present Hawaiian people. At no point examined in ravines or cliffs was
+there the slightest hint of human life at a period antedating that
+beginning with the race discovered by Captain Cook. Consequently no
+extended excavations were attempted. The results of some examinations
+made in three different places will be presented.
+
+About 10 miles in an air line from Kaunakakai and the same distance
+from Mr. Cooke's home, on a mountain known as Mauna Loa, is a narrow,
+sharp ridge extending nearly south and terminating abruptly at the
+junction of two deep ravines. On the end of this are two house sites,
+or heiaus, which had never been disturbed. They are as nearly
+rectangular as the irregular stones of which they are built will
+permit. The larger (A) has its south wall at the edge of the low
+cliff, with its sides nearly on the cardinal lines. Omitting inches
+from the measurements, its outer dimensions are: North wall 38 feet,
+south wall 32 feet, east wall 33 feet, west wall 32 feet. The
+corresponding inside measurements are 21 feet, 19 feet, 21 feet, and
+22 feet. Thirteen feet north from the north wall is a stone pile 13
+feet north and south by 10 feet east and west, 18 inches high. Ten
+feet west of this is a single layer of stones covering an area 7 feet
+east and west by 4 feet north and south. At 9 feet out from the middle
+of the west wall is a platform 7 by 7 feet, its west edge on large
+stones in place. At the west end of the north wall are three large
+flat stones, one of them forming the corner, the two others west of
+this, the three being up-edged and in a continuous line.
+
+Within the inclosure, at the southern end, is a closely laid pavement
+formed of a single stratum of loose stones, laid on the earth, and
+covering a space 20 feet east and west by 10 feet north and south.
+Along the inside of the wall, at the northeast corner, is a similar
+pavement 12 feet north and south by 4 feet 6 inches east and west, and
+a foot high. Both of these pavements were probably intended for seats
+and beds. On the larger pavement, 5 feet from the south wall, 9 feet
+from the east corner, was a boulder, its diameters 11, 12, and 15
+inches, whose largest surface lay uppermost and was hollowed out to
+form, a deep saucer-shaped depression like a mortar; but as there was
+nothing to grind, it was probably to crack or pound nuts in. At the
+middle of the southeast quarter of the inclosure was a pile of stones
+3½ feet across and 1 foot high; there was nothing under them. Seven
+feet from the north wall, 10 feet from the east wall, was a fireplace
+formed of two slabs on the east and west sides and a flattened boulder
+on the south side, all upedged, the north side being left open. Its
+bottom was undisturbed earth, a foot lower than the level of the
+platforms. It would seem, though this is uncertain, that the platforms
+or pavements were on the original surface level, the unpaved space
+being cleared out to the level of the bottom of the fireplace, and
+that this space had been filled with earth blown in by the winds after
+the spot was abandoned. From outside to outside the upedged stones
+measured 26 by 28 inches; the space inside 18 by 20 inches. On the
+west edge was a large grinding stone, the amount of wear on its
+surface indicating much use. A pavement 4 feet wide reached from the
+open side of the fireplace to the north wall.
+
+In the cavity was about half a bushel of small stones, most of them
+burned. When meat was to be baked, a fire was made in the pit and as
+many of the stones as required were heated; they were placed in the
+body cavity, in the mouth, and in slits cut in the skin of the animal,
+which was then deposited in the pit, closely covered, and left until
+thoroughly cooked. Similar ovens or barbecue holes, and the same
+method of cooking, are still in use among the natives in their
+villages.
+
+Views of this house site and of the fireplace, taken from various
+directions, are shown in plates 38-40.
+
+Nearly north of the house site (A), at a distance of 91 feet, is the
+similar structure (B). The ground on which this is built is 6 feet
+lower than at (A). Its measurements are 23 by 24 feet outside, 13 by
+18 feet inside, longest north and south. The entire interior is paved.
+For a space of 8 feet from the north end the pavement is a foot higher
+than in the south end. Beginning at the foot of the south wall, on the
+outer side, and extending for 29 feet toward (A), there is a closely
+laid stone pavement 10 feet wide at the wall and gradually diminishing
+to a width of 5 feet; its termination is nearly square, the slight
+curve being apparently not intentional. The west edge of this pavement
+is in a straight line, the east edge being curved.
+
+Partial views are given in plate 41.
+
+Neither (A) nor (B) has any opening for a doorway, nor is there any
+apparent method of easy entrance, though a slight platform on the
+north side of (A) may have supported steps of wood.
+
+These walls, as in all other heavy structures observed, were made by
+carefully laying up two rows of large stones at a little distance
+apart and filling the space between them with stones of any convenient
+size, thrown in at random. Timbers set in them formed the skeleton
+structure of a house which was completed of poles and smaller growth,
+the sides and roof being thatched. The weight of the stones held the
+main timbers against the force of the wind even in severe storms.
+
+The surface over hundreds of acres around these ruins is covered with
+house sites, long straight rows of stones, and garden lots surrounded
+by stone walls. Shop refuse, mostly chips and spalls from adz making,
+sea shells broken to extract the mollusks, coral for abrading, adzes
+in all stages of finish, and many "olimaikis" (chunkey stones) are
+found. A mile away is a chunkey yard or bowling alley about 600 feet
+long on the crest of a ridge which overlooks the ocean on both sides
+of the island.
+
+
+THE RAIN HEIAU
+
+A mile from the Cooke residence is a peculiar structure, said to be
+the only one of its kind in the entire Hawaiian group. Native
+tradition has it that "a long time ago" a rain wizard who was angered
+by the people of this district sent such rains that everything was on
+the point of being washed out to sea. Another wizard told the people
+to make a heiau (temple, or sacred building) with many small
+compartments which were to be left uncovered in order that the
+raindrops, each of which was as large as a man's head, could be caught
+and held in them, and burned. The rain would cease when the first
+wizard learned that he was being circumvented.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 38
+  a, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west
+  b, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north
+  c, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 39
+  a, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south
+  b, Platform in Heiau A, looking southeast
+  c, Paved way in Heiau A, looking southwest]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 40
+  a, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north
+  b, Fireplace in Heiau A]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 41
+  a, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest
+  b, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking northeast]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 42
+  a, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west
+  b, The "Rain Heiau," looking south]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 43
+  a, The "Rain Heiau," looking north
+  b, The "Rain Heiau," looking southwest]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 44
+  a, The "Sacrifice Stones" on Molokai Island; looking southwest
+  b, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking west]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 45
+  a, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest
+  b, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking south]
+
+As it now remains, this heiau consists of flat stones placed on edge
+to make an inclosure 30½ by 20½ feet across the center, the length of
+the walls being 27½ feet on the north, 31½ feet on the south, 19 feet
+on the east, and 23½ feet on the west. At the middle is a minor
+inclosure, similarly formed, 5 feet 8 inches by 3 feet 8 inches,
+longest north and south. This is a kind of "altar" or "praying place."
+From it a narrow passage, 12 to 18 inches wide, extends to the middle
+of each side. In each of the four divisions thus formed other stones
+were placed to form box-like spaces of diverse shapes and dimensions
+from 9 by 15 to 20 by 28 and 15 by 45 inches. All the stones were set
+on the surface, braced against one another; no excavation was made to
+hold them. They have been somewhat displaced so that the exact number
+of the boxes can not now be ascertained, but there are somewhere
+between 110 and 120 of them.
+
+Partial views are shown in plates 42 and 43.
+
+
+THE SACRIFICE STONES
+
+On the south side of a ravine with steep slopes and bowlder-strewn
+bottom, half a mile from the "Rain Heiau," is a pile of stones, most
+of them the natural outcrop, but some of them intentionally placed.
+The entire mass measures about 27 feet across each way. The highest
+stone is a weather-worn slab, with the upper surface somewhat convex,
+6 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet 3 inches wide on the bottom, 1 foot 3
+inches wide on top, 1 foot 4 inches thick. It lies nearly east and
+west, the upper end on the ground, the lower end on a large bowlder,
+beyond which it projects for 28 inches. Beneath this, with a space of
+8 inches between them, is another stone, 5 feet long, 2 feet 4 inches
+wide, and 10 inches thick. Its upper surface is concave, the entire
+margin being higher than the central portion. It lies north and south,
+the southern end being supported by three small superposed slabs.
+
+These two are supposed to be sacrificial stones, on which victims were
+extended at full length, face downward. In this position they were
+easily slain by being decapitated or the neck or head being broken
+with a club or a stone. That they were utilized for some definite
+purpose is evident from the fact that the projecting ends of both have
+been broken off square, the spalls splitting back along the
+under-surface.
+
+Views are given in plates 44 and 45.
+
+On the opposite slope of the ravine from the sacrifice stones are two
+old dancing platforms, made by digging the earth down on the hillside
+to form a level area, the lower margin of which is supported by a high
+wall of heavy stones. Near the platforms, on the steep slope, is a
+space of a fourth of an acre surrounded by a stone wall; and a row of
+stones marks and preserves a trail or path from them to the bottom of
+the ravine, terminating at what seems to be a small reservoir
+surrounded by stones and earth, with a dam above and to one side of it
+to shut out storm water.
+
+One hundred and fifty yards up the ravine from the dance platforms are
+two large artificial depressions in weathered bowlders. They have the
+appearance of mortars or nut-crushing holes, but are supposed to be
+for catching water during rains, as it is known that the natives made
+these miniature reservoirs or catch basins, the water being dipped out
+into vessels as it accumulated.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+HAWAII ISLAND
+
+There are reports of former heiaus, house sites, etc., in and around
+Hilo, and there are numerous so-called "caves," many of which were
+used by the earlier natives as receptacles for their dead. The term
+"cave" is not to be taken in its usual meaning of a cavity due to
+erosion by water, or the small recesses due to wind scouring. In the
+Hawaiian Islands it means a tube or tunnel; a hollow space due to gas
+expansion; or a hole formed by gas or steam expansion or explosion in
+the lava while it is still soft or flowing; and which is now
+accessible where the top has fallen in or where it has reached the
+face of a cliff. These still exist practically as they were at the
+time of their formation.
+
+Of remains upon the surface, the clearing-up processes necessary for
+cultivation, and the improvements in and around the towns and
+villages, have either entirely destroyed them or so defaced them that
+they are now only shapeless ruins. Most or all of the near-by caves
+are in lava flows of comparatively recent origin and no reports of
+interments in them could be definitely verified. Human bones were
+found in three caves near Olaa, 10 miles from Hilo, but no objects of
+any sort were with them. The condition of the bones showed they had
+not been long deposited; in fact, with one skeleton were hobnailed
+leather shoes, with the bones of the feet still in them.
+
+Three skeletons were discovered in a small cave near the dock in
+making an excavation for a railway cut. An old man living in the
+vicinity protested vigorously against any disturbance of them, saying
+they had been his friends and he had helped bury them. In deference to
+his sentiment the line of the track was deflected so as not to disturb
+the spot.
+
+Nearly all of the bones mentioned above were soft and decayed, owing
+to the water which had percolated through the roof and dripped on
+them.
+
+
+KILAUEA
+
+It seemed probable that burials, or places where religious rites had
+been performed, might be found in the vicinity of the volcano. A
+number of caves were visited, but no evidence could be found to
+indicate that bodies were ever deposited in them, and persons living
+in that region had never heard of anything of the sort being found. A
+few of the caves were dry, but most of them were wet or have become
+obstructed by falling in of the sides or roof. Ledges and terraces
+within the ancient crater may contain graves, but lava flows and ash
+deposits have obliterated all traces of such if they ever existed.
+
+
+WAIMEA
+
+From 2 to 4 miles west of Waimea, on both sides of the road to
+Kawaihae, are numerous stone walls, house sites, garden inclosures,
+taro terraces, and other forms, of uncertain use and purpose. The
+remains extend over many hundreds of acres. It is said that up to
+about 1840 this was an important town, containing at one period about
+17,000 inhabitants.
+
+
+QUARRY ON MAUNA KEA
+
+Waimea is the point from which to start for the quarries where the
+ancients obtained the hard black stone for making adzes. A great
+amount of work was done there, and refuse is abundant. It is 48 miles
+from Waimea to the quarries, part of the way by cattle trail through
+rough country, and they are at an elevation of more than 10,000 feet,
+considerably above the winter snow line. An examination was not
+attempted, as a visit to them involved securing a camping outfit and
+hiring guides and helpers at exorbitant wages.
+
+
+KAWAIHAE
+
+The "Great Temple" built by King Kamehameha I is on a bluff 100 feet
+high, separated from the beach by a low level space 100 yards wide.
+This flat contains many stone structures, but their number, design,
+and character can not be ascertained on account of the almost
+impenetrable growth of algaroba. One of them is a rectangle about 50
+by 150 feet, the walls high and thick; probably it is an older temple.
+There is some modern work here, because in one place a wall is
+cemented, perhaps by ranchmen.
+
+The "Great Temple" measures 80 by 200 feet on the outside, 50 by 150
+feet inside, longest north and south. The two ends and the side toward
+the land are nearly intact and from 10 to 20 feet high according to
+the surface of the ground. At the north end, inside, is a platform 80
+feet north and south by 45 feet east and west, the four walls
+carefully and regularly laid up, the space within them filled with
+large stones, and the surface leveled with beach pebbles. It ends 4
+feet within the wall next the sea, the top of this wall being on a
+level with the bottom of the platform. At the south end is another
+platform 40 feet east and west by 20 feet north and south, abutting
+against the east and south walls. A step or terrace 6 feet wide
+extends the full length of its north side. It has a less finished
+appearance than the platform at the north end. The central space,
+between the two, is paved with large stones which apparently pass
+under both platforms and extend from the foot of the east wall nearly
+to the west wall, a slight ditch separating it from the latter. The
+west wall stands below the top of the slope, and its outer face is
+from 10 to 20 feet high, in three platforms each 8 feet wide. On the
+slope below are several structures a few feet square formed by two
+parallel rows of stones with a cross wall at the lower ends, the
+cellar-like space thus inclosed being filled with pebbles to a level
+with the top of the walls.
+
+From the northeast and northwest corners long walls extend northwest
+and southwest toward the beach. Their outer ends are lost in the
+thicket.
+
+
+EAST POINT DISTRICT
+
+From Kapoho southward to Kalapana and beyond many remains are
+reported, but residents say they are of rather modern date, some of
+them having been occupied since white people came into the country to
+live. Lava flows of recent date have covered a few.
+
+
+NAPOOPOO
+
+The large heiau at which Captain Cook made his landing, and where he
+allowed himself to be worshipped as a god, is about in its original
+condition, having been repaired in recent years. When Captain Cook
+attempted to seize the King as a prisoner, the natives naturally
+rallied to the King's defense. A stone or other missile struck Cook on
+the head.
+
+Early in the last century an old Hawaiian who as a small boy witnessed
+the affray told Rev. Mr. Paris (as related by his daughter) that if
+Cook had been the god he pretended to be, the blow would not have hurt
+him; but when he fell with a loud groan the people knew he was only a
+man like themselves and, enraged at the deception practiced on them,
+quickly made an end of him.
+
+
+HONAUNAU
+
+The wall of the City of Refuge is nearly intact, as is that of the
+large heiau. Another heiau was destroyed by a tidal wave. The place is
+now a public park. Stokes, of the Bishop Museum, has done much work
+here and at Napoopoo. The result of his labors will be published.
+
+
+KEAUHOU
+
+The "Slide," made here in the time of King Kamehameha I, consists of
+two stone walls from 50 to 75 feet apart, the space between them being
+filled with stones to provide a level surface from side to side and to
+equalize the slope from top to bottom. It begins a mile from the foot
+of the hill, and its terminus was on a level area near the coast. The
+lower end is now so displaced and overgrown for a fourth of a mile
+that it can no longer be traced; the remainder of it is practically
+intact. The slope is not uniform, being somewhat determined by the
+natural surface, so that it is steeper in some parts than in others.
+Near the upper end some short stretches are quite steep, presenting
+from below the appearance of terraces. In places, flat stones are laid
+pavement fashion from side to side, or rows of stones which seem to be
+the tops of walls extend across. These were probably to prevent
+crawling of the smaller material used as a leveler. The slide,
+according to an old Hawaiian, was covered with one variety of grass,
+on which was laid another variety; but he could not say whether the
+two layers had their stems parallel or crosswise. Kukui-nut oil was
+used plentifully to act as a binder and to give a slick surface. The
+"sliders," as well as he could remember the description of them, were
+like sleds with runners; not flat boards like a toboggan. Small
+depressions here and there, either basin-shaped or well-shaped, have
+led to excavations in the hope of finding something; but they are due
+only to falling-in of tubes, tunnels, or bubbles in the lava.
+
+A somewhat similar but very much smaller slide is said to be on the
+coast 40 miles south of this one. At present it can be reached only
+from the shore, making a canoe voyage necessary.
+
+Two ruined and overgrown heiaus are near the water line a mile from
+the slide. Both are built on bare lava, and at very high tides waves
+dash over them. Possibly the shore has sunk since they were built.
+Near by, on the flat lava, covered by every tide, are rock carvings
+rudely resembling the outlines of human figures. They must be of
+rather recent origin, as the stone is constantly subject to wear by
+the shingle. Stokes has copied them.
+
+
+MOOKINI
+
+At the extreme northwest corner of the island of Hawaii is a heiau in
+excellent preservation, there being but few fallen stones. The ground
+around is entirely free of growth except for grass and a few weeds,
+which may explain its appearance of newness; it has a very modern
+aspect, though it seems to antedate the discovery. It measures 120 by
+275 feet, longest east and west. The east wall is 11 feet high with a
+narrow terrace from end to end about midway the height. The north wall
+is 18 feet high. The south wall, which is in a somewhat irregular
+line, is 5 to 6 feet high. On the outside of the south wall, which
+forms one side of each, are two inclosures. One, near the east corner,
+measures 65 feet east and west and 15 feet wide, with its west wall at
+the edge of an opening which gives access to the interior of the
+heiau. The wall of this inclosure is 4 feet high. The other inclosure
+measures 21 feet east and west by 28 feet north and south, the west
+end flush with the west end of the temple. Its wall is 3 feet high.
+
+The main west wall is 12 feet high. A platform 2 to 4 feet wide,
+probably a seat or bench, extends along the inside of the south wall.
+An interior wall 4 feet high, not straight but approximately parallel
+with the north wall, with a space 10 to 15 feet wide separating them,
+has one end against the east wall, the other end coming near enough to
+the west wall to leave only a narrow passageway.
+
+The entire space inside is paved with large stones; on these, as a
+floor, are several walls whose purpose is not clear; they run in
+various directions. Near the west end are some small inclosures, also
+a raised platform in which are 13 "wells," said to be intended to
+"hold the blood of those offered up as a sacrifice." Possibly the
+bodies or bones of victims were placed in them, though it is more
+probable that they held posts or idols.
+
+On the outside, 20 feet from the west wall, is a "sacrifice stone," 6
+by 8 feet, averaging 15 inches thick. It is somewhat dished, with a
+natural depression 12 inches deep.
+
+The heiau is about 200 yards from the ocean. Walls, like fallen
+fences, extend diagonally from the corners at the west end; the
+northern one terminates 200 yards away on an outcrop of lava; the
+southern one has about the same length and ends 50 feet from a similar
+wall that reaches in a rude semicircle, convex uphill, for 300 yards
+to the top of a cliff over the ocean. On the opposite side of a small
+cove within the farther end of this wall is a stone which is known to
+the natives as the "Shark" or the "Shark God." It is 8½ feet long, 32
+inches across at the widest part, averages 14 inches thick, and has
+somewhat the shape of a coffin with narrowed ends. Lying just on the
+break of the slope, it inclines slightly down the bank. The end toward
+the water is carved in a fairly good representation of a turtle's
+head; on the opposite end are nine artificial cup-like depressions
+from 1½ to 3 inches in diameter with a depth rather less than half the
+width; three are on top, three on the end, three on the lower side.
+Like any long stone supported at the center with the ends free, it
+gives a metallic note when struck with a knife or other small piece
+of metal. It is already defaced by curious experimenters, and will
+probably be broken up some day in search of the "treasure" inside, or
+to "see where the music comes from."
+
+For nearly a mile south of the heiau, covering the space between the
+ocean cliff and a line approximately parallel to it a fourth of a mile
+up the hill, are many inclosures and long walls. Low walls surround
+spaces 10 to 15 feet across, filled level with earth, which are either
+house sites or burial places. Some inclosures, still smaller, with no
+break in the wall, are supposed to be graves; and graves may also be
+marked by the many small piles of stones. Other stone heaps, some
+straight, some crescent-shaped, from 10 to 20 feet long, all the
+curved ones convex to the windward, were wind shelters. Some of them
+are known to be made by modern hunters as blinds in plover shooting.
+
+In at least two places are long parallel rows of large stones placed
+singly, 1 foot to 3 feet apart, the rows separated by a space of from
+4 to 6 feet. One set has a dozen or more rows.
+
+Inside of one of the inclosures, directly up the hill from the old
+landing, is a large stone with an artificial depression of 2 gallons
+capacity. It was intended as a mortar for pounding nuts.
+
+
+LAUPAHOEHOE
+
+An old lava flow has pushed out into the ocean in a shape somewhat
+resembling "a leaf floating on the water," which is the meaning of the
+word. It forms a nearly level area of 12 or 13 acres, only a few feet
+above tide. Toward the outer end are numerous walls and inclosures,
+mostly in ruins and overgrown with trees and bushes. Some of them are
+clearly modern; others are ancient. Near the lighthouse are the
+remnants of a heiau; only a part of its walls can be traced.
+
+A wall 3 feet high, beginning at a large stone at one corner, incloses
+a space 26 by 27 feet, outside measurement; the interior is filled
+with earth and small stones to a level with the top of the walls. At
+the end toward the ocean, is a platform 20 feet wide, terminating 50
+feet from the sea. On this platform is a space 7 by 12 feet, outlined
+by large rocks. Halfway between the platform and the water is a wall
+which may be recent.
+
+Near this inclosure is one hexagonal in outline, the walls 2 feet
+high, and the space inside, 11 by 17 feet, filled with earth to a foot
+above the top of the wall.
+
+On top of the bluff, 350 feet above tide level, is a heiau the west
+wall of which was removed in making a deep cut for the railway. The
+inside dimensions are 70 feet east and west, 115 feet north and south.
+The interior area, originally irregular, was somewhat leveled, and
+covered with a pavement of cobblestones which were carried up from the
+beach, as were many of the large stones in the wall. The pavement has
+been torn up in cultivating the ground. The wall is from 4 to 6 feet
+high inside. This is a little more than the original height, as it was
+repaired and raised for use as a corral. Along the outside of the
+north wall, at the west end, is a heavy wall which, with the main
+wall, forms a "well," nearly filled with rocks. There are no
+supporting platforms outside, but along the north and east walls are
+revetments reaching halfway up the face. The southeast corner is
+rounded and braced or buttressed. These forms of support have been
+noticed in only one other place. There is a house site within, at the
+northeast corner. On the wall, placed there in adding to its height,
+were a broken taro pestle and a very dense siliceous rock, of high
+specific gravity, and filled with olivines. It weighs about 75 pounds.
+The ends have been chipped off to give it an ellipsoidal form,
+otherwise the wave-worn surface is unworked, except that one of its
+larger faces is rubbed smooth, almost polished, by use as a grinding
+stone, for which purpose it is excellently adapted by reason of its
+unusual abrasive quality.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MAUI ISLAND
+
+There are not many aboriginal structures on Maui, but among those
+which can be found are some of extreme interest on account of their
+size and complicated arrangement.
+
+
+KAUPO, OR MOKULAU
+
+A mile and a half from the coast at Kaupo, or Mokulau landing, at the
+eastern end of the island, are two large heiaus. As it would have
+required a week's time and a considerable outlay of money to reach
+them, by reason of the distance and lack of roads, they were not
+visited.
+
+
+WAILUKU
+
+At the mouth of the Iao Valley, a mile north of Wailuku, is a sand
+dune having a nearly level area of about an acre at each end,
+connected by a curved ridge whose sharp crest is lowered about 20 feet
+by erosion. On each extremity is a stone inclosure, with several walls
+on the slopes below them except on the eastern side, toward the ocean.
+Here a stream has encroached upon the bottom of the dune to such an
+extent that only a portion of the inclosure nearer town is still
+remaining, one side and part of each end having fallen into the
+ravine. The wall along the opposite, or western, side is buried in the
+sand, only the highest stones still projecting. From the north wall a
+facing of large stones extending down the surface of the dune for a
+vertical distance of 15 feet has prevented erosion by the winds. No
+protection was necessary below this point as the action of rain water
+on the lime from disintegrated coral rock contained in the deposit has
+caused the sand to "set" or harden.
+
+The other heiau, at the north end of the dune, is apparently
+unfinished. None of it has disappeared, but the plan is difficult to
+make out. At its northern end is a protecting layer of stones reaching
+25 to 30 feet down the slope, in three separate terraces. Similar
+terraces are on the slope below the southern end of the east wall.
+Here and there within the structure are well-like spaces filled with
+stones. The purpose of these is unknown. Stones of varying sizes,
+mostly small, within the walls indicate a pavement or floor, but the
+dense growth of lantana brush and the accumulated sand preclude any
+careful examination or accurate description of these remains.
+
+
+WAIHEE
+
+Southward from the mouth of the Waihee Valley, 5 miles north of
+Wailuku, is a range of sand dunes from 200 to 300 feet high, extending
+for half a mile or more in a wide curve, with the concave side facing
+the ocean. The level space thus bounded is about a fourth of a mile in
+its greatest width and contains 50 or 60 acres. Approximately parallel
+with the windings of the shore line, at an average distance of 200
+feet from it, is a strong stone wall, built at an unknown date but
+prior to the advent of the whites. The plain purpose of this wall was
+to protect from high tides the low land lying behind it and reaching
+nearly to the foot of the dunes. This area is now cultivated in a
+variety of crops, mainly rice. Formerly it was a great taro patch of a
+Hawaiian settlement. A modern flume, which follows closely the line of
+an ancient ditch, brings down the necessary water from Waihee Creek.
+
+In front of the wall a space of 5 or 6 acres is covered with a stone
+pavement on which are the walls of old houses and inclosures. They are
+protected on the seaward side by thousands of cubic yards of
+water-worn stones, piled up like a revetment or riprap, which
+terminate abruptly at the southern end but extend to the mouth of the
+creek at the north. The dunes show many angular rocks of the same
+general material, in their lower portion, so they all probably belong
+to a spur or projection from the mountain, washed clean at the front
+by waves, and covered at the rear by the dunes. Some of the stones
+along the water front were rolled by tides and wave-currents from the
+débris carried down by the creek from the mountains. At high tides
+waves surmount this natural breakwater, but spread out over the level
+pavement and sink between the stones, so that dwellers upon the site
+were not disturbed by their action.
+
+At its northern extremity the high wall connects with a rear corner of
+an extensive heiau, which was either never completed or has been
+partially demolished. The unfinished appearance of this, as of all
+similar remains, is explained by the natives as being due to the
+interrupted efforts at their construction by "the little people"
+(fairies), thousands of whom took part in the work. They must complete
+their task in one night; at the first gleam of dawn they must
+instantly disappear, leaving their work as it was at the moment, and
+could never gather at that spot again.
+
+The highest part of the heiau wall still upright is about 10 feet; but
+some of the stones within, promiscuously heaped, are 2 to 3 feet
+higher. The structure is about 100 by 250 feet, longest on the line
+from water to hill. A cross wall, possibly somewhat modified in recent
+times, divides it into two unequal parts, the seaward portion being
+nearly square and 5 feet higher than the part at the rear. On the
+latter are small inclosures of stone, the space within them paved with
+gravel. If of the same age as the remainder of the structure they may
+have been for priestly seclusion or preparation, though they may be
+houses of later natives who took advantage of the foundation made by
+their ancestors.
+
+Measurements or clear descriptions of these remains are not possible,
+owing to overgrowth. A satisfactory study, to distinguish between
+ancient and modern parts, or between undisturbed stones and those not
+in their original position, would require careful survey with transit
+and level after the brush is cleared away; and this must be followed
+up with considerable excavation as well as removal of loose rock; all
+of which would demand the labor of a dozen men for three months. Even
+at that, there is no certainty that definite knowledge would be
+gained; but it is not to be had in any other way.
+
+
+BURIAL PLACES
+
+Near the top of a remnant of a crater rising from the shore line of
+the ocean, 11 miles from Wailuku on the road to Kahakuloa, is a stone
+wall built on the leeward slope, the only place on which it could be
+constructed, as much the larger part of the crater has been blown out
+into the sea. Between the wall and the summit are at least a dozen
+stone-covered graves; possibly there are others not seen, as much of
+the brush is impenetrable. Some of them are sunken; others appear
+quite recent.
+
+Many such graves are found on the dunes. They are all modern, some of
+them still surrounded by the original wooden fences.
+
+
+IN THE IAO VALLEY
+
+The deepest valley on Maui is that of the Iao River. The sides, nearly
+vertical in places, have an elevation of about 3,000 feet. About 2
+miles above the town of Wailuku, well within the mountain, are walls
+made of stones of varying sizes up to half a ton or more. They extend
+over several acres of land and their structure is quite complicated.
+Mostly, they are borders of taro patches, though some of them mark
+house sites or garden inclosures. One wall, supporting a terrace, is 8
+to 10 feet high and contains very heavy stones.
+
+Near the head of the Iao Valley there are fully 40 acres of taro beds.
+A trail formerly led from this spot to the south shore of the island,
+near Lahaina. It can not now be traced, being obliterated by slides.
+
+Residents of Wailuku say these places were in use only 50 or 60 years
+ago.
+
+Many evidences of former occupation have been destroyed in operating
+the extensive sugar plantations.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+KAUAI ISLAND
+
+There seems to be less evidence of Hawaiian occupancy on Kauai than on
+any other of the five principal islands. Comparatively few heiaus are
+reported. Some of those which were in existence when the whites came
+have been destroyed or defaced to such a degree in establishing sugar
+plantations that their original form is uncertain; while others are so
+covered with vegetation, either natural or due to cultivation, that
+nothing definite can be ascertained as to their size or structure.
+
+The site which might be considered as possessing the greatest interest
+is an aboriginal quarry and workshop where material for stone
+implements was obtained and shaped into desired forms. There can be no
+doubt as to the existence of such a place; but no one now knows its
+location, unless it be some of the older Hawaiians, who, however,
+profess entire ignorance in regard to it. Mr. William H. Rice, of
+Lihue, once induced some natives to conduct him to the spot. He
+believes that if he alone had gone his guides would have fulfilled
+their promise; but unfortunately several other men joined him, and the
+natives, either suspicious of their intentions, or not wishing the
+premises to become publicly known, pursued a devious and wearisome
+journey through the jungle, crossing gulches and clambering up and
+down cliffs until the white men were thoroughly bewildered and
+exhausted; then announced that they "couldn't find it," and led the
+party home.
+
+
+LIHUE
+
+At Niumahu, 2 miles from Lihue, on the road leading south and west
+from the harbor of Nawiliwili, is a fish pond known as Alakoka. It is
+a short distance above the mouth of the river, where the little valley
+widens in a half-moon shape, the stream flowing close to the bluff on
+the right. The bottom land on the other side is so low as to be
+swampy. Along the river bank on this side is a heavy wall of stone and
+earth, reaching the higher land at each end, thus forming a pond of 15
+or 20 acres in which the ancient Hawaiians kept their surplus catch of
+fish. The wall has been raised and strengthened by its present owner,
+a Chinese, who raises ducks instead of fish.
+
+
+WAILUA
+
+Near the mouth of the Wailua River, 6 miles from Lihue, is the former
+abode of the royal family. The place is so overgrown, except in the
+few cultivated spots, that no examination of it can be made. No traces
+of the residences are apparent, although the stone boundary walls of
+the grounds are still standing. The site of the royal cemetery is set
+aside as public property. There is nothing now to indicate that any
+interments were ever made in it. The "Birthstone," on or by which all
+prospective heirs to the throne must be born in order to insure their
+right to the succession, still lies in the brush near the foot of a
+little cliff. In case of a dispute among the claimants to the throne
+this stone had the power, by some means of which the knowledge has now
+been lost, to determine which, if any, of the contestants was entitled
+to possession.
+
+The "Sacrifice Stone," also, is in its original place, being so large
+that it can not be easily removed. Formerly this had a grass roof over
+it, supported by high poles. When the victim's life was extinct his
+body was suspended to a rafter or crossbeam at the top of the
+structure and left there until the flesh had decayed. The bones were
+then interred on top of the bluff in the rear. It is said that the
+corpses of chiefs and others of high rank were wrapped in banana
+leaves and steamed until the flesh fell away. The skeletons were then
+buried.
+
+A mile from the mouth of the Wailua River, on a narrow plateau between
+it and a small tributary, the summit level being about 200 feet above
+the water, is a heiau in fairly good condition. It is one of the large
+structures of its kind, but is so overgrown that measurements or close
+description are not possible. It is supposed to be the one which was
+sacred to the devotions of the highest priesthood. The common people
+were not allowed to venture near it, and even the king could not visit
+it without special permission involving the most complicated
+ceremonies. It has passed into possession of the county and will be
+restored as nearly as can be to its pristine state and thus preserved.
+
+On a mass of loose rocks, resulting from disintegration of an old lava
+flow, projecting into the ocean half a mile east from the mouth of the
+Wailua River, and near the race track, is a heiau of irregular
+construction. The extreme measurements are 80 feet north and south by
+200 feet east and west. The wall on the side toward the sea is higher
+and wider along the central half than it is nearer the ends. Small
+inclosures, bounded by single rows of stones, probably mark the sites
+of houses for priests and attendants. Along the inner side of the wall
+next to the water are four depressions, remains of partially filled
+well-like or cistern-like excavations; similar hollows, obscured by
+brush, are also next to the inner foot of the opposite wall. A large
+rock in the form of a triangular prism, standing upright, with one end
+firmly imbedded in the ground, was no doubt a "god" of some kind; it
+has a slight hollow or "cup" pecked in the flat top. There are several
+irregular rows of stones outside of the inclosure. Dense growth
+prevents the examination necessary for a closer description.
+
+
+DUNE BURIALS
+
+Four miles east of Lihue a spur of the plantation railway was run into
+the dunes to procure sand for making fills. In the course of this work
+human bones were found, the remains of one individual in one spot and
+of at least two others not far away. None of these bones seemed to
+have been long underground. Search in the vicinity, over bare spots
+among the ridges whose upper portions have been carried away by the
+winds, revealed indications of burials in at least six other places.
+Such bones as were found were decayed or in fragments. Among them was
+part of the skull of a very young infant. A quantity of cooking
+stones, some coral rasps or files, and a much weathered fragment of a
+wooden bowl, denoted that camps had been made on the dunes. As the
+beach is smooth, firm, and extensive, providing an excellent place for
+landing canoes or dragging seines, these remains probably pertain to
+parties or families who maintained fishing camps here.
+
+At the mouth of the Wailua River, on the east side, was a "City of
+Refuge." It is now partially destroyed, many of the stones having been
+taken away to make a fill in the road. It was rectangular in form, 360
+feet east and west, 60 feet north and south, made of large stones,
+some of them weighing a ton or even more. The eastern portion of the
+interior is artificially made a foot higher than the western. The
+structure is 300 feet from the water. Midway down the gentle slope in
+front, opposite the western end, is a slightly crooked row, 100 feet
+long, of very large stones. A similar row is near the water on the
+side between the inclosure and the river.
+
+
+WAIMEA
+
+There were formerly several heiaus within a few miles of Waimea. Some
+of them have been destroyed by cultivation, while others are difficult
+to find and impossible to examine in the cane fields or dense brush.
+
+At the east foot of a rocky peak 13 miles by road from Waimea, at an
+elevation of more than 3,600 feet, is a small heiau almost on the
+brink of the canyon. Within the walls it is 30 feet across each way.
+On the south line are three large stones in line, one at each corner,
+the third about midway between them. No doubt their position
+determined the location of the structure. It stands on a slight slope.
+The west wall is 2 feet high inside, the earth having washed down
+level with its top outside. The north wall is a foot higher than the
+floor at the west end, and is completely buried at the east, as are
+the south and west walls along their entire length except for a
+protruding stone here and there. In fact, the whole interior seems to
+have received a heavy deposit of earth, carried in from the outside by
+wind and rain. All these features give an appearance of antiquity to
+the ruin.
+
+Directly below it, well toward the bottom of the canyon, which is said
+to be 3,000 feet deep, is a long, narrow, curved ridge with rounded
+top and almost vertical sides. The upper part, apparently an old lava
+flow, is darker in color than the surrounding precipices, its surface
+checkered and seamed by weathering and erosion, so that it has an
+almost startling resemblance to a huge serpent crawling out of the
+side of the mountain and, with head laid flat on the extreme point of
+the cliff, watching something in the stream bed a thousand feet below.
+If the old Hawaiians had been familiar with ophidians, as were the
+American Indians, this "Snake God" would no doubt have held high rank
+among their divinities.
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+As intimated above, much additional information regarding antiquities
+in the Hawaiian Islands can be found in publications of the Bishop
+Museum in Honolulu. Descriptions, with illustrations, of a number of
+heiaus are given by Mr. Thrum in the "Hawaiian Annual" for 1906 to
+1910, inclusive; and his forthcoming volume will completely cover this
+branch of archeology. The Bishop Museum has undertaken to make a
+complete survey and report of all the ancient remains, while Dr.
+Brigham has almost finished for publication an exhaustive treatise
+which will include all his observations and deductions along the same
+lines. With these tasks ended, there will be nothing for anyone else
+to do, except to take measures for the restoration and care of the
+principal structures.
+
+All the aboriginal remains on the islands are the work of the present
+Hawaiian race. When the earliest of these people came here they found
+the islands without inhabitants. There are no evidences of any
+prehistoric population nor any indications whatever of underground
+remains. Consequently, so far as can be ascertained, excavations would
+not result in the discovery of any prehistoric objects or of anything
+essentially different from what can be seen on the surface or found
+slightly covered by very recent natural accumulation. At the same
+time, all the remains are well worthy of study and preservation. These
+conclusions meet the full approval and indorsement of both Mr. Thrum
+and Dr. Brigham.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+                                                        Page.
+
+ACCOUNT'S CAVES                                          131
+
+ADAIR, quoted on construction of houses                  170
+
+ADZES--
+  chert, from Miller's Cave                               79
+  stone, in Molokai                                      177
+
+AKERS POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of                    18
+
+ALABAMA, explorations in                             133-150
+
+ALABASTER--
+  from Wyandotte Cave                                108-109
+  _See_ Stalagmite; Travertine.
+
+ALFORD'S CAVE                                            140
+
+ALLEN, VALENTINE, acknowledgment to                       29
+
+ALTARS, SUPPOSED SACRIFICIAL, origin of                  172
+  _See_ SACRIFICIAL STONES.
+
+ALTON, house mounds near                                 161
+
+ANIMALS--
+  bones of, found in cave                                 33
+  of Molokai                                             176
+
+ANTLER, OBJECTS OF, from Sell Cave                        48
+
+ARKANSAS COUNTY, ARK., excavation of mound in            170
+
+ARKLOW CAVE                                              125
+
+ARLINGTON--
+  cairns in vicinity of                                   40
+  caves in vicinity of                                34, 35
+
+ARMSTRONG, B.G., tradition investigated by               172
+
+ARNHOLDT CAVE                                             90
+
+ARROWHEADS discovered in caves                        31, 39
+
+ASH CAVE                                                  89
+
+ASHES--
+  beds of, in caves                           31, 32, 33, 38
+  curious cavities in                                  67-68
+  deposit of, in Miller's Cave                         65-66
+
+ASHLEY CREEK, cave on                                     19
+
+AWLS--
+  bone, in Miller's Cave                                  74
+  from Goat Bluff Cave                                    37
+
+AXES--
+  from Miller's Cave                                      78
+  grooved, found in cave                              39, 40
+
+AZTALAN, WIS., theory concerning wall at                 172
+
+
+BAGNELL HILL, cave on                                     94
+
+BAILEY'S CAVE                                            140
+
+BAKER'S LAKE, cave on                                     89
+
+"BALLROOM" of Bates Cave                                  23
+
+BARNARD CAVE                                         140-141
+
+BARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in                      119
+
+BAT CAVE--
+  in Colbert County                                      134
+  in Shannon County                                       18
+  near Crocker                                            55
+  on the Osage River                                      95
+
+BATES CAVE                                             22-23
+
+BATTLE GROUND near Miller's Cave                          59
+
+BEADS--
+  columella, from cairn                                   87
+  shell, found in cairn                                   28
+  stone, in cave                                          31
+
+BEAR CREEK, rock house on                                118
+
+BECKER, PHILIP, examination of cave refuse by             84
+
+"BECKWITH'S FORT," mounds near                           169
+
+BEDFORD, caves in vicinity of                       103, 104
+
+BEER CAVE, popular name for Steuffer Cave                 99
+
+BELCHER CAVE                                             121
+
+BELL, ROBERT A., cave on farm of                          51
+
+BELL'S CAVE                                              122
+
+BEN SMITH'S CAVE                                         119
+
+BERRY, GEORGE, cave on land of                            43
+
+BIG CREEK CAVE                                            18
+
+BIG-MOUTH CAVE                                           138
+
+BIG PINEY--
+  caves in vicinity of                                57, 81
+  house mounds on                                        162
+
+BIG PINEY POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of                56
+
+BIRTHSTONE of Kauai Island                               192
+
+BISHOP MUSEUM, value of, to students                     174
+
+BLATCHLEY, W.S.--
+  caverns described by                                   102
+  quoted                                   103-104, 107, 110
+
+BLEDSOE COUNTY, TENN., cave in                           128
+
+BLOODLAND, house mounds near                              57
+
+BLOWING CAVE                                             136
+
+BLUE RIVER, caves on                                     111
+
+BLUE SPRING CAVE                                          18
+
+BLUEWATER CAVE                                           134
+
+BLUFF CITY, caves in vicinity of                    124, 125
+
+BODE CAVE                                                 94
+
+BOILING SPRING OF THE GASCONADE, cave near                34
+
+BOND, JOHN R., cave on farm of                            92
+
+BONE CAVE                                                120
+
+BONES, ANIMAL, in caves                       33, 37, 72, 73
+
+BONES, HUMAN--
+  in Bell's Cave                                          51
+  in cairn at Devil's Elbow                            86-87
+  in cairns on Helm's farm                                88
+  in Caldwell's Cave                                     132
+  in cave on Meshach Creek                               121
+  in Colyer's Cave                                       133
+  in Cub Run Cave                                        113
+  in dune burials                                        193
+  in Goat Bluff Cave                          36, 37, 38, 39
+  in Gourd Creek Cave                                     34
+  in Haunted Cave                                        116
+  in Hawaiian caves                                      182
+  in Miller's Cave                         67, 69-72, 73, 76
+  in mound                                               151
+  in Ramsey's Cave                                        82
+  in Sell Cave                                         47-49
+  _See_ Skeletons; Skulls.
+
+BOWLING GREEN, caves near                                118
+
+BRADLEY CAVE                                             112
+
+BRANDON, cave near                                       138
+
+BRIDAL CAVE, beauty of                                    90
+
+BRIGGS, CAPT. J.B., cave owned by                        117
+
+BRIGGS, IKE, cave on land of                             116
+
+BRIGGS'S CAVE                                            116
+
+BRIGHAM, DR., work of                               174, 194
+
+BROOKS CAVE                                               56
+
+BRUMLEY, cave in vicinity of                              91
+
+BRYANT'S BLUFF, rock shelters in                          40
+
+BUCHER CAVE                                               51
+
+BUCKNER CAVE. _See_ Harry Buckner Cave; Joel Buckner Cave.
+
+BUFFALO WALLOWS, so-called                               152
+
+BUNCH CAVE                                                90
+
+BURIAL CAVE near Sheffields                              135
+
+BURIAL CUSTOMS in Hawaii                                 192
+
+BURIAL PLACES on Maui Island                             190
+
+BURIALS--
+  communal                                     151, 153, 157
+  dune                                               193-194
+  in Goat Bluff Cave                                      36
+  in Gourd Creek Cave                                     30
+  inclosed in flat stones                                 88
+  on Lost Hill                                            27
+  _See_ Cairns; Graves.
+
+BURKSVILLE, cave near                                    111
+
+BUSHNELL, D.I., JR.--
+  conclusion of, regarding house mounds                  164
+  quoted on house mounds                                 161
+
+
+CAIRNS--
+  at Miller's Cave                                        59
+  at Sugar Tree camp                                      40
+  containing double burial                                19
+  in vicinity of Eugene, Mo.                              96
+  near Pillman's Cave                                     83
+  near Woodland Cave                                      84
+  of common occurrence                                    17
+  on Helm's farm                                       87-89
+  on Lost Hill                                     24-28, 84
+  on the Gasconade                                    40, 99
+  _See_ Burials; Graves.
+
+CALDWELL'S CAVE                                      131-132
+
+CAMDEN COUNTY, MO.--
+  explorations in                                      89-91
+  geological formations in                                91
+
+CAMERON, WILLIAM, tradition obtained by                  172
+
+CAMP-GROUND CAVE                                          51
+
+CANNIBAL HOUSE, so-called, near Omaha                    156
+
+CANNIBALISM, discoveries indicating                       77
+
+CAVE, meaning of term, in Hawaii                         182
+
+CAVE EARTH, composition of                                16
+
+CAVE EXPLORATION, conditions considered in               101
+
+CAVE MAN, no trace of, in Ozark Hills                     15
+
+CAVES. _See_ CAVERNS.
+
+CAVERNS--
+  air of                                               14-15
+  as habitations                                          14
+  development of                                       13-14
+  floors of                                               14
+  method of measuring                                     17
+  proper examination of                                   16
+
+CAVITIES IN ASH-BED                                67-68, 73
+
+CEDAR GROVE, cave in vicinity of                          18
+
+CHATTANOOGA, caves in vicinity of                        132
+
+CHAUMONT STATION, cave near                              117
+
+CHEATHAM'S FERRY, cave near                              134
+
+CHIPPEWAS, Sioux driven westward by                      172
+
+CHUNKEY STONES in Molokai                           177, 180
+
+CITY OF REFUGE--
+  at mouth of Wailua River                               193
+  wall of                                                184
+
+CIVIL WAR, caves as shelters during                       23
+
+CLARKSVILLE, cave in vicinity of                         123
+
+CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE                                       89
+
+COAHOMA COUNTY, MISS., large mound in                    171
+
+COAL PIT HOLLOW, mention of                               24
+
+COFFEE CAVE                                              134
+
+COKELY CAVE                                               90
+
+COLBERT COUNTY, ALA., caves of                      134, 135
+
+COLE COUNTY, MO., explorations in                        100
+
+COLLEGE CAVE                                             128
+
+COLLINSVILLE, cave in vicinity of                        139
+
+COLOSSAL CAVE                                            115
+
+COLYER'S CAVE                                            133
+
+COMMUNAL BURIAL. _See_ Burials, communal.
+
+COOK, CAPTAIN, death of                                  184
+
+COOKE, GEORGE, acknowledgment to                         175
+
+COOKING, method of, in Molokai                           179
+
+COOKVILLE, caves in vicinity of                           42
+
+CRAWFORD COUNTY, IND., explorations in                   107
+
+CRITTENDEN COUNTY, ARK., mound excavations in            169
+
+CRUMP'S CAVE                                             118
+
+CUB RUN CAVE                                         113-115
+
+CULVER'S CAVE                                            136
+
+CURRENT RIVER, caves of                                   18
+
+
+DAERHOFF, BEN, cave on farm of                            95
+
+DALLAS COUNTY, MO., house mounds in                      161
+
+DANCING PLATFORMS in Molokai                         181-182
+
+DAVIS, J.W., caves on farm of                             42
+
+DAYLIGHT IN CAVES, use of term                            16
+
+DEKALB COUNTY, ALA., caves of                        137-139
+
+DENT COUNTY, MO., caves of                             20-22
+
+DEVIL'S ELBOW--
+  burials at                                              88
+  house mounds at                                        162
+  walled graves at                                        84
+
+DILLON, house mounds near                            42, 162
+
+DINSMORE, DR. R.S., excavations made by              153-154
+
+DISCOIDS, STONE, in Molokai                              177
+
+DIXON, cave in vicinity of                                89
+
+DIXON'S CAVE                                             116
+
+DONNEHUE'S CAVE                                          103
+
+DONNELSON'S CAVE                                     103-106
+
+DOUBLE CAVE                                            54-55
+
+DRIP ROCK--
+  deposits of, in Berry Cave                              43
+  meaning of the term                                     16
+  _See_ Stalactite; Stalagmite.
+
+DRY CAVE                                                  90
+
+DRY CREEK, cave on                                        56
+
+DRY FORK POST OFFICE, caves near                         119
+
+DUNBAR'S CAVE                                        123-124
+
+DUNES, BURIALS IN                                        193
+
+DUNLAP, caves in vicinity of                         128-129
+
+
+EDENVILLE ROAD, cave on                                   57
+
+EDGAR SPRINGS, cave in vicinity of                        23
+
+EDMONSON COUNTY, KY., caves of                       115-118
+
+EIDSON, WILL ROBERT, cairns on farm of                    90
+
+EIGENMANN, PROFESSOR, conclusions of                     105
+
+ELDON, cave in vicinity of                                96
+
+ELLIS CAVE                                               138
+
+EMINENCE, supposed cave near                              20
+
+ESMITH CAVES                                         119-120
+
+EUGENE, graves in vicinity of                             96
+
+
+FARMINGTON, mounds near                             162, 166
+
+FEARIN CAVE                                              139
+
+FERGUSON, MO.--
+  excavation of mound near                               168
+  house mounds near                                      161
+
+FISH, eyeless                                             18
+
+FISHING CAVE                                              18
+
+FISHPONDS--
+  at Niumahu                                             192
+  of Molokai                                             175
+
+FLINTWORKING SITE                                         59
+
+FOOD SUPPLY of Molokai                                   175
+
+FOOTE, A.L., cave on land of                              44
+
+FORD'S CAVE                                              119
+
+FORT DEPOSIT CAVE--
+  cross sections of                                  144-149
+  description of                                     143-150
+
+FORT PAYNE CAVE                                      137-138
+
+FORTIFICATION, INDIAN, near Miller's Cave                 59
+
+FOSSIL CAVE--                                             91
+  plan of                                                 92
+  section of                                              92
+
+FRANKLIN COUNTY, TENN., caves of                         131
+
+FREEBURG, caves in vicinity of                        97, 99
+
+FREEMAN'S CAVE                                         81-83
+
+FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, cavern near                         107
+
+
+GAME played in Molokai                                   177
+
+GARVIN CAVE                                              112
+
+GASCONADE RIVER, caves on                     96, 97, 98, 99
+
+GASCONDY, cave in vicinity of                             98
+
+GILDER'S DISCOVERY                                       157
+
+GILL, DE LANCEY--
+  observations of                                         48
+  theory of                                               17
+
+GLAIZE CREEK, cave near                                   91
+
+GLASS FRAGMENT, from Goat Bluff Cave                      37
+
+GLOVER, ROBERT, cave on farm of                          122
+
+GOAT BLUFF CAVE, description of                        35-39
+
+GODS, STONE                                         186, 193
+
+GOLD IN CAVES, beliefs concerning                     21, 30
+
+GORDON, tradition related by                             173
+
+GOUGE, from Miller's Cave                                 79
+
+GOURD CREEK--
+  cairns at mouth of                                   24-25
+  village site on                                         34
+
+GOURD CREEK CAVE--
+  description of                                          29
+  exploration of                                       28-34
+
+GRAHAM CAVE                                               83
+
+GRANITE MOUNTAIN, mounds near                            168
+
+GRAVEL in caves                                           16
+
+GRAVES--
+  cist, at Iowa Point                                    152
+  near Bell's Cave                                       123
+  near McKennan's                                         52
+  of Molokai                                             178
+  on Laughlin's ranch                                     44
+  on Saline Creek                                         95
+  walled, at Devil's Elbow                             84-87
+  _See_ Cairns; Burials.
+
+"GREAT TEMPLE" of Hawaii                             183-184
+
+GREEN RIVER, rock shelters on                            118
+
+GREGORY, PROFESSOR--
+  mention of                                             175
+  work of                                                174
+
+"GROUND HOUSE INDIANS," mounds made by                   172
+
+GROUND HOUSE RIVER, probable origin of name              173
+
+GRUNDY COUNTY, TENN., caves of                           130
+
+GULFS, formation of                                      108
+
+GULFS OF LOST RIVER                                      107
+
+GUMBO for making vessels                                  69
+
+GUNTERSVILLE, caves in vicinity of                  139, 140
+
+GUTHOERL, PETER--
+  cave on farm of                                         20
+  mounds on farm of                                       22
+
+
+HA-HA-TON-KA, caves in vicinity of                        89
+
+HAMILTON COUNTY, TENN., caves of                         132
+
+HAMMERS found in cave                                     39
+
+HARDIN COUNTY, KY., caves of                             112
+
+HARDIN'S CAVE                                        139-140
+
+HARLOW CAVE                                              112
+
+HARRISON COUNTY, IND., explorations in                   111
+
+HARRISON'S CAVE                                          136
+
+HARRY BUCKNER CAVE                                       113
+
+HART COUNTY, KY., explorations in                        112
+
+HAUNTED CAVE                                             116
+
+HAWAII, archeological work in                        174-195
+
+HEIAUS--
+  at Kaupo                                               188
+  at Napoopoo                                            184
+  described by Mr. Thrum                                 194
+  of Hawaii Island                                   185-187
+  of Wailua                                          192-193
+  of Waimea                                              194
+  on Maui Island                                         190
+  on Mauna Loa                                       178-180
+  sacred to priesthood                                   192
+
+HELM, DANIEL, cairns on farm of                           87
+
+HENSON'S CAVE                                            129
+
+HILO, archeological work in vicinity of                  182
+
+HIXSON'S CAVE                                            129
+
+HOLMES, W.H., suggestion made by                          15
+
+HOLSTON RIVER, cave on                                   125
+
+HONAUNAU, work of Stokes at                          184-185
+
+HONEY LANDING, cave at                                   139
+
+HOPKINS, ISAAC, mounds on farm of                    166-167
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS--
+  defined                                                 17
+  in Dent County                                          22
+  in Miller County                                        96
+  in St. François County, Mo., plan of                   168
+  near Dillon                                             42
+  near Ranch House                                     56-57
+  near Rolla                                              41
+  near St. James                                          42
+  near Stover                                            100
+  of the lower Mississippi Valley                        161
+  on Brush Creek                                          99
+  theories concerning origin of                      163-165
+  _See_ Village sites.
+
+HOUSE SITES. _See_ Heiaus.
+
+HOWE, NEBR., excavations near                            155
+
+HRDLI[VC]KA, DR. ALE[VS], reference to                         158
+
+HUBLIN'S CAVE                                            130
+
+HUGHES, SAM P., work of                              155-156
+
+HUNTER, A.B., mounds on farm of                          166
+
+HURRICANE BLUFF CAVE                                      97
+
+HUT RINGS--
+  at Beckwith's Fort                                     170
+  similar to ruins of Mandan houses                      171
+
+HUTCHINS CAVE                                            112
+
+HUTCHINSON, HARRISON, cave on farm of                     97
+
+
+IAO VALLEY, remains in                                   191
+
+ILLINOIS, explorations in                                111
+
+IMPLEMENTS--
+  found in cave                                          113
+  found in Molokai                                       177
+  found near cemeteries                                  123
+  from Sell Cave                                          46
+
+INDIAN FORD CAVE                                       96-97
+
+INDIAN FORT, on the Osage River                           99
+
+INDIAN MOUND CAVE                                        124
+
+INDIANA--
+  cave region of                                         102
+  explorations in                                    102-111
+
+IOWA POINT, grave at                                     152
+
+IRON MOUNTAIN, house mounds near                         161
+
+IRON MOUNTAIN RAILWAY, mounds along                      167
+
+IRVIN, GEORGE, cave on farm of                            96
+
+ISBOLL CAVES                                             135
+
+
+JACKSON, GENERAL, cave used by, as storage room          143
+
+JACKSON COUNTY, ALA., caves of                           135
+
+JEROME, rock shelters in vicinity of                      40
+
+JOEL BUCKNER CAVE                                        113
+
+JONES FARM, cave on                                       24
+
+JURGGENMEYER, CONRAD, cave on farm of                     94
+
+
+KAMEHAMEHA I, KING--
+  "slide" made in time of                                185
+  temple built by                                        183
+
+KANSAN DRIFT, skeletons reported found in                155
+
+KAUAI ISLAND, investigations in                      191-194
+
+KENTUCKY, explorations in                            112-123
+
+KERR'S MILL, cave near                                    44
+
+KEY, BUCK, cave on farm of                               133
+
+KEY ROCKS                                                 24
+
+KEY'S CAVE                                               133
+
+KILAUEA, investigations near                             183
+
+KILLIAN CAVES                                        138-139
+
+KNIVES--
+  discovered in cave                                      31
+  flint, found in cave                                    39
+  found in cairn                                          27
+
+
+LACKAYE'S BLUFF CAVE                                      97
+
+LAIRD'S CAVE                                             112
+
+LAKEY'S CAVE                                         128-129
+
+LAND COMPANY'S CAVE                                      129
+
+LANE, GEORGE, mound on farm of                            24
+
+LANE'S CAVE                                               56
+
+LAUDERDALE COUNTY, ALA., caves of                    133-134
+
+LAUGHLIN RANCH, cairns on                                 44
+
+LAUPAHOEHOE, ruins at                                    187
+
+LAWRENCE COUNTY, IND., explorations in               102-106
+
+LEAVENWORTH, caves in vicinity of                        111
+
+LEWIS AND CLARK--
+  mound mentioned by                                     152
+  names of, carved on rock                               153
+
+LIBRARY OF BISHOP MUSEUM, contents of                    174
+
+LIHUE, fishpond near                                     192
+
+LIMROCK, caves near                                 135, 136
+
+LINN CREEK, cave formerly near                            91
+
+LINNVILLE CAVE                                           124
+
+LITTLE-MOUTH CAVE                                        138
+
+LITTLE PINEY--
+  cave near                                               40
+  cave on                                             23, 34
+  mound on                                                24
+  village site on                                         34
+
+LITTLE WYANDOTTE CAVE                                    111
+
+LOCK'S CAVE                                              112
+
+LODGE SITES on Long's Hill                           159-160
+
+LOGAN COUNTY, KY., reconnoissance in                     122
+
+LONG'S HILL, the site of Gilder's discovery              157
+
+LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, Caves on west slope of                 138
+
+LOST HILL--
+  cairn on                                                84
+  described                                               25
+
+LOVE'S CAVE                                              120
+
+LUCAS, F.A., expert on animal bones                      128
+
+LUCKENHOFF, JOHN, cave on farm of                         94
+
+
+MCCREARY CAVE                                            121
+
+MCDERMENT'S CAVES                                    141-142
+
+MCWILLIAMS FARM, cave on                                  42
+
+MAMMAL CAVE                                              116
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE, KY.                                        115
+  caves near                                         115-117
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE, MO., rumors of, not verified                20
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE OF ILLINOIS                                 111
+
+MARENGO CAVE                                             107
+
+MARIES COUNTY, MO., explorations in                    96-98
+
+MARION COUNTY, TENN., caves of                       131-132
+
+MARSH, HENRY, cave on farm of                             23
+
+MARSHALL COUNTY, ALA., explorations in               139-150
+
+MARTIN COUNTY, IND., caves of                            106
+
+MARTIN, LEWIS, cave on place of                          113
+
+MAUI ISLAND, aboriginal structures on                188-191
+
+MAUNA KEA, quarry on                                     183
+
+MAXEY'S CAVE, described                                   43
+
+MERAMEC RIVER, house mounds on                           161
+
+MERAMEC VALLEY, relics seldom found in                    22
+
+MESHACH CREEK, caves on                                  121
+
+MILL CAVE                                      106, 118, 121
+
+MILLER, DANIEL S., cave on farm of                        57
+
+MILLER, WALTER, cave on farm of                           54
+
+MILLER COUNTY, MO., explorations in                    91-96
+
+MILLER'S CAVE--
+  description of                                       57-81
+  measurements of                                  61-62, 63
+  plan of                                                 62
+  shells in                                            66-67
+
+MILLTOWN, cave near                                      107
+
+MILLTOWN CAVE, change in                                 108
+
+MISSOURI RIVER, explorations along                   151-160
+
+MITCHELL, cave in vicinity of                            104
+
+MIX CAVE                                               53-54
+
+MOAB, village site near                                   83
+
+MOLOKAI--
+  deforestation of                                       177
+  former population of                                   175
+  investigations in                                  175-182
+  kind of stone found in                                 177
+
+MONEY CAVE                                                21
+
+MONROE COUNTY, ILL., explorations in                     111
+
+MONROE COUNTY, KY., explorations in                  120-121
+
+MONTAUK, cave in vicinity of                              19
+
+MONTEAGLE, caves in vicinity of                          131
+
+MONTGOMERY COUNTY, TENN., explorations in            123-124
+
+MORGAN CAVE                                               90
+
+MORGAN COUNTY, explorations in                           100
+
+MORRELL CAVE                                         125-128
+
+MORTARS--
+  found in caves                              39, 74, 77, 78
+  large stone used as                                    187
+
+MOSQUITO CREEK, communal burial on                       153
+
+MOUNDS--
+  mentioned by Lewis and Clark                           152
+  not found in Molokai                                   178
+  _See_ House mounds; Lodge sites; Village sites.
+
+MUNFORDVILLE, KY., caves in vicinity of              112-113
+
+MUNRO, JAMES, acknowledgment To                          175
+
+MURRELL'S CAVE                                           134
+
+
+NAPOOPOO, investigations at                              184
+
+NATIONAL MUSEUM, objects shipped to                       81
+
+NATURAL BRIDGE CAVE                                      100
+
+"NEBRASKA MAN," theories regarding                   157-158
+
+NEMAHA RIVER, mound on, mentioned by Lewis and Clark     152
+
+NEW MADRID COUNTY, MO., mounds of                        166
+
+NEWBURG, cave in vicinity of                              41
+
+NEWSOM SPRINGS, caves near                               134
+
+NIANGUA RIVER, caverns on                                 89
+
+NICKAJACK, caves near                                    131
+
+NICKAJACK CAVE                                           132
+
+NILES, cave near                                          19
+
+NORTHTOWN, cave in vicinity of                           112
+
+
+OLAA, bones in caves near                                182
+
+OMAHA, investigations in vicinity of                     156
+
+ONYX CAVES                                     22, 34-35, 90
+
+ORANGE COUNTY, IND., explorations in                 106-107
+
+ORANGEVILLE, caves in vicinity of                        107
+
+OSAGE COUNTY, MO., explorations in                        98
+
+OZARK REGION, explorations in                         13-100
+
+
+PAGE, ROBERT, cave on land of                             55
+
+PALMER, DR. E.E., rock house on land of                  120
+
+PAOLI, caves in vicinity of                              106
+
+PAPILLION, NEBR., work near                              156
+
+PARIS, REV. MR., story of Captain Cook related to        184
+
+PARK, WILLIAM--
+  buffalo wallows examined by                            152
+  skeletons exhumed by                                   151
+
+"PAVED TRAIL" in Molokai                                 176
+
+PAWNEE VILLAGE SITE                                      153
+
+PAYNE CAVE                                               119
+
+PERFORATOR AND KNIFE from Wright Cave                     93
+
+PERFORATORS, BONE, in cave                                31
+
+PERU, NEBR., lodge sites near                            156
+
+PESTLE AND GRINDING STONE found at Laupahoehoe           188
+
+PESTLES--
+  found in caves                              39, 74, 77, 78
+  in Molokai                                             177
+
+PETERS CREEK, caves on                               119-120
+
+PETROGLYPHS--
+  near Miller's Cave                                   60-61
+  on Gasconade River                                      89
+  _See_ Pictographs.
+
+PHELPS, JAMES, cave on farm of                            24
+
+PHELPS COUNTY, MO.--
+  caves of                                             22-42
+  house mounds in                                        162
+
+PHILLIPS CAVE                                             51
+
+PICKETT'S CAVE                                           129
+
+PICTOGRAPHS--
+  reported near Paydown                                   97
+  _See_ Petroglyphs.
+
+PILLMAN, JOHN, cave on land of                            83
+
+PIPES--
+  fragment of, in cave                                    31
+  from cairn                                              27
+  from Miller's Cave                                  69, 80
+
+PIQUET ORCHARDS, cave near                                89
+
+PLATTIN CREEK, house mounds on                           161
+
+POINSETT COUNTY, ARK., mounds in                         171
+
+POLISHING STONES. _See_ Rubbing stones.
+
+POOL HOLLOW, cave in                                      41
+
+POT from Goat Bluff Cave                               38-39
+
+POTTERY--
+  from Miller's Cave                                      77
+  from Sell Cave                                       46-47
+  of Gourd Creek Cave                                     31
+  place where made                                        59
+  unknown in Molokai                                     178
+
+POYNER'S CAVE                                        116-117
+
+PRIDE'S CAVE                                             134
+
+PROCTOR'S CAVE                                           116
+
+PULASKI COUNTY, MO.--
+  caves of                                             42-89
+  house mounds in                                        162
+
+
+QUARRIES--
+  in Hawaii                                              183
+  on Kauai Island                                        191
+
+
+RAILROAD CAVE                                             55
+
+RAIN HEIAU of Molokai                                180-181
+
+RAMSEY'S CAVE                                          81-83
+
+RANCH HOUSE, house mounds near                            56
+
+REFUSE, meaning of the term                               16
+
+RENAUD CAVE                                               23
+
+RICE, WILLIAM H., investigations of                      191
+
+RICH FOUNTAIN, house mounds in vicinity of           99, 162
+
+RICHLAND CAVE                                             52
+
+RIDDLE CAVE                                               56
+
+RIDEN, J.W., cave on farm of                              22
+
+RIDEN'S CAVE                                              57
+
+RIVER CAVE                                            90, 98
+
+ROARING SPRING, description of                            58
+
+ROBBERS' CAVE                                             90
+
+ROCK LEDGES QUARRY, discovery at                         102
+
+ROCK SHELTERS                                             24
+  defined                                              16-17
+  in Bryant's Bluff                                       40
+  of Colbert County, Ala.                                134
+  on Big Piney                                            89
+
+ROLLA, house mounds near                                  41
+
+ROLLA ROAD, house mounds on                               22
+
+ROLLINS, SAM T., cave on farm of                       52-53
+
+ROOF DUST, use of the term                                16
+
+ROSS, JOSEPH, cairns on farm of                       85, 88
+
+ROUBIDOUX CAVE                                            52
+
+ROUBIDOUX CREEK, caves on             42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52
+
+ROWLETT CAVE                                             113
+
+ROWLETT'S STATION, caves in vicinity of             112, 113
+
+ROYAL FAMILY OF HAWAII, former abode of                  192
+
+RUBBING STONE from Sell Cave                              48
+
+RULO, NEBR., investigations near                         154
+
+
+SACRIFICIAL ALTARS. _See_ Altars; Sacrificial stones.
+
+SACRIFICIAL STONES in Hawaiian Islands         181, 186, 192
+
+ST. ELIZABETH, caves near                              94-95
+
+ST. FRANCIS COUNTY, ARK., house mounds in                170
+
+ST. FRANÇOIS COUNTY, MO., mounds of                      166
+
+ST. JAMES, house mounds near                         42, 162
+
+ST. JOHN'S BAYOU, mounds along                           166
+
+SALEM, MO.--
+  caves in vicinity of                                    20
+  house mounds near                                  22, 161
+
+SALINE CREEK, grave on                                    95
+
+SALT CAVE                                            115-116
+
+SALTPETER--
+  Hublin's Cave worked for                               130
+  made in Fearin Cave                                    139
+  manufactured in Morrell Cave                           126
+  mining for, in Barnard Cave                        140-141
+
+SALTPETER CAVE--
+  in Barren County, Ky.                                  119
+  in Crawford County, Ind.                           110-111
+  in Dent County, Mo.                                     21
+  in Hardin County, Ky.                                  112
+  in Jackson County, Ala.                                136
+  in Marshall County, Ala.                               140
+  in Phelps County, Mo.                                   41
+  in Pulaski County, Mo.                                  57
+  in Texas County, Mo.                                 19-20
+
+SCHORD, JOHN W., cave on farm of                          56
+
+SELL, DR. W.J., cave on farm of                           45
+
+SELL CAVE, described                                   45-51
+
+SEQUATCHIE COLLEGE, cave near                            128
+
+SEQUATCHIE COUNTY, TENN., caves of                       128
+
+SEQUATCHIE RIVER, cave on                                131
+
+SERPENT, ridge in form of                                194
+
+SEWANEE, cave in vicinity of                             131
+
+SHANNON COUNTY, MO., caves of                          18-19
+
+SHARK GOD--
+  stone known as                                         186
+  tradition concerning                                   178
+
+SHEFFIELDS, cave at                                      135
+
+SHELL, objects of, from Miller's Cave                     79
+
+SHELL HEAPS in Colbert County, Ala.                      135
+
+SHELLMOUND, caves in vicinity of                         131
+
+SHELLS, accumulation of, in Miller's Cave                 66
+
+SHELTER CAVE, defined                                  16-17
+
+SHILOAH CAVE                                             102
+
+SHOAL CREEK, cave on                                     134
+
+SHOALS, caves in vicinity of                             106
+
+SHORT BEND CAVE                                        20-21
+
+SHORT BEND POST OFFICE, caves near                    20, 21
+
+SHORT BEND ROAD, house mounds on                          22
+
+SHORT CAVE                                           117-118
+
+SINK HOLES near Onyx Cave                                 35
+
+SINKERS, found in Molokai                                178
+
+SINKIN CREEK, caves near mouth of                         18
+
+SIOUX, driven westward by Chippewas                      172
+
+SKELETONS--
+  communal burial of                                     151
+  found near Rulo                                        154
+  in mound in Crittenden County                          169
+  _See_ Bones, human; Skulls.
+
+SKIVERS, from Miller's Cave                               79
+
+SKULLS--
+  found at Lost Hill                              26, 27, 28
+  petrified                                              154
+  _See_ Bones, human; Skulls.
+
+SLABS, stone, used in vault                            26-27
+
+SLICK ROCK CAVE                                          120
+
+"SLIDES" of Hawaii                                       185
+
+SMITH, JAMES I., caves on land of                         19
+
+SMITH CAVES                                               19
+
+SMITH'S CAVE. _See_ Ben Smith's Cave.
+
+SMITH'S GROVE, cave near                                 118
+
+SMITHSONIA, cave at                                      133
+
+SPEARHEADS discovered in cave                             31
+
+SPECIMENS FROM CAVES, where found                         17
+
+SPEERS CAVE                                              100
+
+SPRING CREEK CAVE                                         83
+
+SPRING CHEEK VALLEY, house mounds in                      22
+
+STALACTITES--
+  abundant in Morrell Cave                               125
+  beauty of, in Bridal Cave                               90
+  _See_ Stalagmite.
+
+STALAGMITE--
+  abundance of, in Morrell Cave                          126
+  in Killian Cave                                        139
+  in Luckenhoff Cave                                      94
+  in Onyx Cave                                            35
+  masses of, in McDerment's Cave                         142
+  _See_ Alabaster; Drip rock; Onyx; Travertine.
+
+STANDING ROCK, near Linn Creek                            91
+
+STAR CAVE                                                107
+
+STARK'S CAVE                                              96
+
+STEFFY'S CAVE                                            113
+
+STERNS, DR. FREDERICK H., work of                        156
+
+STEUFFER CAVE                                             99
+
+STOKES, MR., work of                                     174
+
+STOVER, house mounds near                           100, 162
+
+STRATMAN, HENRY L., cave on farm of                       98
+
+"STRAWHORN'S" HOLLOW, cave in                             41
+
+STUDENTS, journey through cave by                    105-106
+
+SUGAR TREE CAMP, cairns at                                40
+
+SULLIVAN COUNTY, TENN., explorations in              124-128
+
+
+TAVERN CREEK, cave on                                     95
+
+TAYLOR MOUND                                             151
+
+TEETH, deductions from wear of                        48, 49
+
+TEMPLE. _See_ Great Temple.
+
+TEMPLE HILL, cave near                                   119
+
+TEMPLE SITE on Senator Cooke's ranch                     176
+
+TENNESSEE, explorations in                           123-133
+
+TENNESSEE RIVER, caves on                                139
+
+TERRELL LAND, cave on                                     18
+
+TEXAS COUNTY, MO., caves of                            19-20
+
+THOBURN, J.B., conclusion of, regarding house mounds     164
+
+THOMAS, DAVID, village site on farm of                    83
+
+THOMAS CAVE                                         118, 125
+
+THRUM, THOMAS G., work of                           174, 194
+
+THUMB-SCRAPERS, abundant on village site                 153
+
+TICK CREEK CAVE                                           41
+
+TILLMAN, CHARLES, Grave on Land of                        95
+
+TILLMAN, JOHN, graves on land of                          96
+
+TODD COUNTY, KY., explorations in                    122-123
+
+TOMPKINSVILLE, caves in vicinity of                      121
+
+"TONKY," caves in vicinity of                             89
+
+TORONTO, caves in vicinity of                             90
+
+TRADITION--
+  concerning the Shark God                               178
+  of the "Ground House Indians"                          172
+
+TRAVERTINE--
+  from Wyandotte Cave                                    108
+   _See_ Alabaster; Onyx; Stalagmite.
+
+TROY, KANSAS, explorations in vicinity of            153-154
+
+TULEY, JOHN BLACK, cave on land of                       121
+
+TUNNEL CAVE                                               56
+
+TURKEY-PEN SLOUGH, village site at mouth of               40
+
+TUSCUMBIA, MO., village site in vicinity of            95-96
+
+TWIN CAVES                                                22
+
+
+VIENNA, cave in vicinity of                               96
+
+VILLAGE SITES--
+  in vicinity of Arlington, Mo.                           40
+  on Big Piney                                            83
+  on Gourd Creek                                          34
+  on Saline Creek                                         96
+  on Wolf River                                          153
+  Pawnee                                                 153
+  _See_ House mounds; Hut rings; Lodge sites; Mounds.
+
+
+WAIHEE, remains at                                   189-190
+
+WAILUA, investigations at                            192-193
+
+WAILUKU, heiaus at                                   188-189
+
+WAIMEA, remains near                                183, 194
+
+WARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in                      118
+
+WATSON CAVE                                               22
+
+WAYNESVILLE--
+  cairns in vicinity of                                   44
+  caves in vicinity of                        43, 51, 52, 56
+
+WELBURN'S CAVE                                           140
+
+WELCH'S CAVE                                              18
+
+WHITE CLOUD, KANS., explorations in vicinity of      151-153
+
+WHITE'S CAVE                                             115
+
+WIDENER, CHARLES E., cave on farm of                      23
+
+WILD-HOG CAVE                                             23
+
+WILSON, JACK, remarkable will of                       92-93
+
+WILSON CAVE                                            92-94
+
+WOLF RIVER, village site on                              153
+
+WOOD, G.S., Indian cemetery on farm of                   123
+
+WOODLAND HOLLOW, cave in                                  84
+
+WORLEY, E.S., cave on farm of                            125
+
+WRIGHT CAVE                                            91-92
+  perforator from                                         93
+
+WYANDOTTE CAVE                                       108-110
+  size of                                                102
+
+WYNNE'S CAVE                                             113
+
+
+YANCY MILLS, caves in vicinity of                     23, 24
+
+YELLOW LAKE, mound opened near                           172
+
+YOARK, MARTHA, home of                                    44
+
+YOARK CAVE, described                                  43-44
+
+
+ZIMMERMAN, MARK E.--
+  buffalo wallows examined by                            152
+  skeletons exhumed by                                   151
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                      |
+    |                                                              |
+    | Page  55: deposists replaced with deposits                   |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Archeological Investigations, by Gerard Fowke
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Archeological Investigations, by Gerard Fowke
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Archeological Investigations
+       Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 76
+
+Author: Gerard Fowke
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2006 [EBook #18931]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Connal, Jeannie Howse, Alicia Williams,
+Bruce Albrecht and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by the Bibliothèque
+nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">Inconsistent hyphenation matches the original document.</p>
+<p class="noin">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected in this text.<br />
+For a complete list, please see the <a href="#TN">bottom of this document</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+<h4>SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION<br />
+BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY<br />
+BULLETIN 76</h4>
+
+<br />
+
+<h1>ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS</h1>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="frontpage">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="8%" class="tdrp">I.</td>
+  <td width="92%" class="tdl" style="font-size: 80%;">CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION
+       OF CENTRAL MISSOURI</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp">II.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="font-size: 80%;">CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp">III.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="font-size: 80%;">EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER
+       BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp">IV.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="font-size: 80%;">ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp">V.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="font-size: 80%;">ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h3>BY<br />
+GERARD FOWKE</h3>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/frontpage.jpg" alt="front page" />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h5>WASHINGTON<br />
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br />
+1922</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span><br />
+<h3>LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="right"><span class="sc">Smithsonian Institution,</span><br />
+<span class="sc">Bureau of American Ethnology</span>,<br />
+              <i>Washington, D.C., February 17, 1920.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying
+manuscript, entitled "Archeological Investigations," by Gerard
+Fowke, and to recommend its publication, subject to your
+approval, as a bulletin of this bureau.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">Very respectfully,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="sc">J. Walter Fewkes</span>,<br />
+<i>Chief.</i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Dr. Charles D. Walcott</span>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#ChapterI">I. Cave Explorations in the Ozark Region of Central Missouri</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td width="5%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td width="85%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td width="10%" class="tdr">Page</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Introduction</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">The Upper Current River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Shannon County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bat Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Blue Spring, or Fishing Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Welch's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Big Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Texas County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Smith Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Saltpeter Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Dent County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Mammoth Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Guthoerl Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Short Bend Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Money Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Saltpeter Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Watson, Twin, or Onyx Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Phelps County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bates Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Another "Bates Cave"</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Renaud Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Marsh Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Wild-hog Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Shelters</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Phelps Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>"Key Rocks"</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Jones Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Yancy Mills Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lane Mound</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cairns on Lost Hill, at mouth of Gourd Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Exploration of the Gourd Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Onyx Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cairns at Sugar Tree Camp</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Tick Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cave in Pool Hollow</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds near Rolla</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds near Dillon</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds near St. James</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>Pulaski County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>McWilliams Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Davis Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Berry Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Maxey Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Yoark Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Graves at Laughlin's</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Kerr Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Phillips Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bell's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Camp-ground Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bucher Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Graves near McKennan's</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Roubidoux Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Richland Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Rollins Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Mix Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Double Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Railroad Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bat, or Page, Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Tunnel Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Brooks Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Riddle Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lane's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Dry Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Riden's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Saltpeter Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Ramsey's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Graham Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Woodland Hollow Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Walled graves at Devil's Elbow</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cairns on Helm's farm</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Ash Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Clemmens Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Camden County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Along the Niangua River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>A fossil cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Miller County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Wright Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Wilson Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bagnell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bode Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Luckenhoff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Jurggenmeyer Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Daerhoff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cave near mouth of Tavern Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bat Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Grave at mouth of Saline Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Stark's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cairns</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>Maries County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Indian Ford Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lackaye's Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Hurricane Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Stratman Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Osage County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>River Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Rock-shelter</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Steuffer Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cairns</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>"Indian Fort"</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Cole County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Natural Bridge Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Morgan County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Speers Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>House mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#ChapterII">II. Cave Explorations in other States</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Introduction</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Indiana</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lawrence County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Martin County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Orange County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Crawford County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Harrison County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Illinois</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Monroe County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Kentucky</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Hardin County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Hart County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Edmonson County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Warren County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Barren County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Monroe County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Logan County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Todd County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Tennessee</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Montgomery County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Sullivan County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bledsoe County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Sequatchie County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Grundy County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Franklin County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Marion County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Hamilton County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Alabama</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lauderdale County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Colbert County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Jackson County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Dekalb County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Marshall County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="3" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+<a href="#ChapterIII">III. <span class="sc">Explorations along the Missouri River Bluffs in Kansas and Nebraska</span></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Vicinity of White Cloud, Kansas</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Iowa Point</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Near the mouth of the Nemaha River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Vicinity of Troy, Kansas</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Mouth of Mosquito Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Rulo, Nebraska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Near Howe, Nebraska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Peru, Nebraska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Papillion, Nebraska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Long's Hill</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#ChapterIV">IV. Aboriginal Horse Mounds</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">New Madrid County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">St. Fran&ccedil;ois County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#ChapterV">V. Archaeological Work in Hawaii</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Introduction</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Molokai Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>The Rain Heiau</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>The sacrifice stones</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Hawaii Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Kilauea</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Waimea</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Quarry on Mauna Kea</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Kawaihae</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>East Point district</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Napoopoo</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Honaunau</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Keauhou</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Mookini</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Laupahoehoe</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Maui Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Kaupo, or Mokulau</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Wailuku</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Waihee</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Burial places</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>In the Iao Valley</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Kauai Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lihue</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Wailua</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Dune burials</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Waimea</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Conclusions</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2">Index</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#INDEX">197</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toi" id="toi"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>ILLUSTRATIONS</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="3" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; font-size: 90%;">PLATES</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td width="5%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td width="85%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td width="10%" class="tdr">Page</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate01">1.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, Cave on Big Piney River, Pulaski County, Mo.
+    <i>b</i>, Cave on Big Piney River, Texas County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate01">12</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate02">2.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, Bluff at Mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski County,
+    Mo. <i>b</i>, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave, Pulaski
+    County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate02">12</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate03">3.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Map of area examined</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate03">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate04">4.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave,
+    Phelps County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate04">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate05">5.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shell and flint objects from Gourd Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate05">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate06">6.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skull from Goat Bluff Cave, Phelps County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate06">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate07">7.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skull from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate07">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate08">8.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skull from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate08">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate09">9.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skull of child from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate09">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate10">10.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Flints from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate10">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate11">11.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate11">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate12">12.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate12">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate13">13.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, Cairn 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. <i>b</i>, Walled
+    grave 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate13">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate14">14.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cairns on Roubidoux Creek, 6 miles from Waynesville,
+    Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate14">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate15">15.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Flints from Sell Cave, near Waynesville, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate15">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate16">16.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Objects from Sell Cave. <i>a</i>, Pestles or grinding
+    stones; <i>b</i>, celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and
+    skiver</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate16">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate17">17.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Three skulls from Pulaski County, Mo. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, Skull
+    from Sell Cave; <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>, skull from Bell's Cave, near
+    Waynesville; <i>e</i>, <i>f</i>, skull from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate17">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate18">18.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner
+    and amount of wear</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate18">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate19">19.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner
+    and amount of wear</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate19">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate20">20.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County,
+    Mo.; <i>c</i>, part of skull of child from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate20">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate21">21.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skull of young woman from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate21">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate22">22.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skull of child from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate22">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate23">23.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Diseased tibia of adult and diseased bones of child
+    from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate23">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate24">24.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skull of child from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate24">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate25">25.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cache of flints from ash bed in Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate25">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate26">26.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Flints from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate26">76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate27">27.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Flints from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate27">76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate28">28.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Flints from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate28">76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate29">29.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Axes and pestles from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate29">76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate30">30.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone implements from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate30">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate31">31.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone implements from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate31">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span><a href="#Plate32">32.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone implements from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate32">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate33">33.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone implements from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate33">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate34">34.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bone and antler implements from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate34">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate35">35.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Antler implements from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate35">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate36">36.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Skivers, showing stages of manufacture, from Miller's
+    Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate36">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate37">37.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shell spoons, pottery disks, and broken spoon made of
+    a deer's skull, from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate37">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate38">38.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west;
+    <i>b</i>, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north; <i>c</i>,
+    Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate38">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate39">39.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south; <i>b</i>,
+    platform in Heiau A, looking southeast; <i>c</i>, paved way
+    in Heiau A, looking southwest</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate39">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate40">40.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north; <i>b</i>,
+    fireplace in Heiau A</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate40">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate41">41.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest;
+    <i>b</i>, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking
+    northeast</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate41">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate42">42.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west;
+    <i>b</i>, The "Rain Heiau," looking south</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate42">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate43">43.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, The "Rain Heiau," looking north; <i>b</i>, The "Rain
+    Heiau," looking southwest</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate43">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate44">44.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, The "Sacrifice Stones," on Molokai Island,
+    looking southwest; <i>b</i>, The "Sacrifice Stones,"
+    looking west</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate44">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#Plate45">45.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>a</i>, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest; <i>b</i>,
+    the "Sacrifice Stones," looking south</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#Plate45">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="3" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; font-size: 90%;">TEXT FIGURES<a name="toif" id="toif"></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig01">1.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig01">26</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig02">2.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig02">26</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig03">3.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pipe from Cairn (2)</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig03">27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig04">4.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig04">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig05">5.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig05">37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig06">6.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pot from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig06">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig07">7.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig07">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig08">8.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Perforated object of antler from Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig08">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig09">9.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig09">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig10">10.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Flints from Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig10">49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig11">11.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig11">61</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig12">12.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Incised figures in sandstone near Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig12">61</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig13">13.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Plan of Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig13">62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig14">14.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Clay pipe from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig14">69</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig15">15.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Perforated bone object from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig15">79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig16">16.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig16">79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig17">17.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Clay pipe from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig17">80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig18">18.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's Elbow</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig18">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig19">19.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's Elbow</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig19">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig20">20.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Plan of Fossil Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig20">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig21">21.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Section of Fossil Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig21">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig22">22.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Perforator and knife from Wright Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig22">93</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig23">23.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig23">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig24">24.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig24">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig25">25.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig25">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig26">26.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig26">145</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig27">27.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig27">145</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span><a href="#fig28">28.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig28">145</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig29">29.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 35&frac12; feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig29">146</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig30">30.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 47&frac12; feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig30">146</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig31">31.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig31">146</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig32">32.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig32">147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig33">33.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig33">147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig34">34.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig34">148</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig35">35.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig35">149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig36">36.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig36">149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdrp" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="#fig37">37.</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Plan of House Mound in St. Fran&ccedil;ois County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="#fig37">168</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate01" id="Plate01"></a>
+<a href="images/plate01a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate01a_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 1a: Cave on Big Piney River" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 1 <i>a</i>, Cave on Big Piney River, three miles east of Big
+Piney, Pulaski County. Mo. <br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)</span><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate01b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate01b_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 1b: Cave on Big Piney River" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 1 <i>b</i>, Cave on Big Piney River, in Texas County, Mo.<br />
+<span style="font-size: 85%;">(Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)</span><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate02" id="Plate02"></a>
+<a href="images/plate02a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate02a_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 2a: Bluff at mouth of Spring Creek" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 2 <i>a</i>, Bluff at mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski County, Mo. <br />
+<span style="font-size: 85%;">(Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)</span><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate02b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate02b_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 2a: Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 2 <i>b</i>, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave, Pulaski County, Mo. <br />
+<span style="font-size: 85%;">(Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)</span><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="ChapterI" id="ChapterI"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS</h2>
+
+<h3>I. EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4 class="sc">By Gerard Fowke</h4>
+<br />
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<br />
+
+<h4 class="sub1">INTRODUCTION</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>The geological structure of that portion of southern Missouri which
+lies to the westward of the Archean rocks near the Mississippi River
+is peculiarly suitable for the development of caverns. The Ozark
+uplift produced far-reaching undulations, and there seem to have been
+no violent disturbances which would result in extensive faults,
+considerable displacements, or a pronounced inclination of the strata.
+Jointing and pressure cleavage, however, gave rise to innumerable
+crevices in the limestone, through which percolating surface water
+found its way into all parts of the formations. By its solvent power
+this water gradually enlarged the crevices into passages which,
+multiplying and uniting, drained constantly increasing areas until
+they formed subterranean streams with a perpetual flow. Thus began
+caverns; and these grew in depth, width, and height as the rock was
+eroded and dissolved. Tributary crevices were subject to the same
+action; and there was finally created by each of these water systems a
+network of cavities whose ramifications sometimes extend throughout
+several townships. In time, sections of the roof, here and there,
+became so thin from the combined erosion taking place both above and
+below as to be unable to sustain their own weight; the overlying
+strata fell into the cave, and the volume of water flowing through it
+was augmented by drainage which had previously been disposed of on the
+surface. All this had to seek an outlet somewhere, except in those
+rare instances where it maintains its downward course until, below the
+level of any open stream it can reach, it encounters an impervious
+stratum and must lose itself in the deep rocks. Usually, however, it
+emerges in the face of a bluff or on the side of a hill; and the
+opening becomes "the mouth of a cave." Occasionally, in such
+situations, the water continues to flow out; but usually it finds a
+way to reach a lower level, and so the cave in time <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>becomes dry
+except for such water as seeps through from the earth immediately
+above. Sometimes, too, the point of discharge is at or perhaps
+somewhat below the level of a stream into which it passes; in the
+Ozarks are numerous very large springs or fountains which by inverted
+siphon or artesian action are forced up from subterranean streams
+lying at a greater depth.</p>
+
+<p>Few large caverns have the floor entirely dry, even when they are well
+above the bottom of the valley. Deposits in the front portion may be
+dry, perhaps dusty on the surface; but toward the interior moisture
+usually accumulates until they are muddy or until the water stands in
+pools or puddles. When this is the case there is sometimes a little
+stream making its way to the front through a channel which it has cut;
+or seepage may dampen, possibly saturate, the lowermost portions of
+the otherwise dry earth. These details are controlled principally by
+the direction and degree of slopes and by side openings which allow
+more or less of the water to escape at some part of its journey.</p>
+
+<p>When a cavern is fairly lighted and has a dry floor, whether of rock
+or earth, it forms an excellent abode for a small community unable or
+not disposed to construct shelters more comfortable or convenient; and
+there is abundant evidence that many caves in the Ozarks were utilized
+as habitations by the aborigines. It must be remembered, however, that
+in the centuries which have elapsed since hunters or permanent
+occupants first entered this region, many superficial changes have
+taken place, not only about the entrances but within the caverns as
+well. Very probably these alterations have converted caves once
+occupied into places which at present are quite unfit for such
+purposes. Talus has accumulated in front of the openings or partially
+filled the front chambers; it may well be the case that this conceals
+much refuse. Caves which, from similar deposits, are now difficult to
+enter and dark to the doorway, may have been open and convenient.
+Furthermore, caves with wet or muddy bottoms may owe such condition to
+causes which have recently come into operation; or if they always
+contained more or less water, the primitive dwellers could in many
+cases have overcome such disadvantages by digging drains which have
+since become choked and obliterated. Very small cavities, such as deep
+rock-shelters; or caverns with a great thickness of earth on the
+floors, now showing no trace of remains; or those with entrances so
+small that it is necessary to crawl through&mdash;any of these, if cleared
+out to the bottoms, might disclose material dating back to very early
+times.</p>
+
+<p>It might seem that the air in a cave constantly occupied would grow
+stale and close; while smoke from the fires would in time become
+annoying. But Indians used for fuel only dry wood and bark, the smoke
+from which would be a negligible factor. The varying <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>pressure of the
+atmosphere outside creates a current of air in or out which is usually
+imperceptible but which penetrates to the deepest recesses and insures
+ventilation.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the very primitive conditions under which cave dwellers
+lived, as denoted by the artificial objects which they left, and the
+low mentality indicated by the skulls, Mr. W.H. Holmes suggests that a
+careful and extended study of these abodes may disclose a culture
+lower than that prevailing among out-door dwellers in the same
+localities. As no effort would be required to secure warmth and
+shelter, and as food was abundant and easily procured, the people may
+never have advanced from savagery, or may have retrograded.</p>
+
+<p>None of these possibilities are taken into account when reporting upon
+the caves described in the following pages; the information offered is
+based entirely upon the present appearance of the places mentioned. To
+attempt more would be merely offering guesses.</p>
+
+<p>If "Cave Man"&mdash;using this term to designate the predecessor of any
+race or tribe known to history&mdash;ever existed in the Mississippi Valley
+he would not find in any part of it natural features better adapted
+for his requirements than in the Ozark hills. But, so far, not the
+slightest trace of his presence has been revealed. Products of human
+industry have been reported as occurring at great depths under other
+conditions, even at the bottom of the loess; though in all such cases
+there is some uncertainty as to the correctness of the observations.
+No similar reports have been made in regard to any cave yet explored.
+On the contrary, whatever may be the depth of the deposit containing
+them, the artificial objects exhumed are uniform in character from top
+to bottom; the specimens found on the clay or solid rock floor are of
+the same class as those barely covered by the surface earth. Moreover,
+when they cease to appear they cease absolutely; the rock was swept
+bare, or the clay was deposited, by the stream to which the cave owes
+its existence, and each is a part of the original formation. In these
+circumstances habitation would be out of the question.</p>
+
+<p>By careful search in the caves and rock-shelters of which the Indian
+known to history availed himself, extensive and interesting museum
+collections can be made. To find an earlier man it will be necessary
+to investigate caverns which he found suitable for occupancy and in
+which the accumulation of detritus, from whatever source, has been
+sufficient to cover his remains so deeply that they can not be
+confused with those of a later period; and it may be necessary, also,
+to discover with them bones of extinct animals. Should such a place
+exist, it is extremely probable that there will be no outward
+indication of the fact.</p>
+
+<p>No examination of a cavern is complete or is to be deemed satisfactory
+unless a depth is reached where the geological deposits are
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>undeniably of such age as to antedate the possible appearance of man
+upon the scene. This is not assured until the excavation has reached
+the original floor, which may be either the bed-rock or the clay left
+by the eroding stream when its volume had become so diminished from
+any cause that it was no longer able to keep its channel cleared out.
+Unless a cave is almost perfectly dry&mdash;and few of them are&mdash;the bottom
+can not be reached until all standing or soil water has been drained
+off.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the most explicit directions, a stranger without a
+guide is frequently unable to find a cave unless its position is
+plainly visible from some well-defined spot. The winding valleys and
+the multitude of ravines sometimes bewilder even those living among
+them.</p>
+
+<p>A few definitions of terms, or explanations of statements in the
+report, may prevent misunderstanding.</p>
+
+<p>"Refuse," "signs," "indications," "evidence," referring to habitation
+or occupancy, mean mussel shells; animal bones; burned or worked
+stones; broken pottery; wrought objects of bone or shell; flint
+implements, chips, or spalls; ashes; charcoal; in short, the material
+ordinarily found on the site of an Indian village, some or all of
+which are to be seen where the caverns have been used for shelter.</p>
+
+<p>"Daylight" or "in daylight" is the greatest distance within the
+entrance to a cavern at which common print may be easily read or the
+nature of small objects lying on the floor determined with certainty.</p>
+
+<p>"Drip rock," "cave rock," or "cave formation" are general terms
+including stalactite or stalagmite; also deposits of similar origin
+coating the walls. Not all of these may be present in the same cavern.</p>
+
+<p>"Roof dust" is a substance, literally "lime sand," produced by the
+superficial disintegration of the roof or walls. This process is
+greatly accelerated where lichen or rock moss has gained a root hold
+on the stone. Roof dust in a dry cavern is the equivalent of
+stalagmite in a wet one.</p>
+
+<p>"Cave earth" is the loose, loamy material usually found in the front
+chambers of large caverns. It is made up of roof dust, sand, and silt
+washed from the interior, outside dust and vegetable matter blown in
+by the wind, with minute amounts of clay or soil carried in by
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>"Gravel" in a cavern is seldom noticeably water-worn, but is the
+angular d&eacute;bris resulting from the continued fragmentation of chert
+nodules released by erosion of the limestone.</p>
+
+<p>A "rock shelter," or "shelter cave," is a room or recess formed by
+atmospheric erosion in the face, usually at the base, of a cliff. The
+depth from front to back, under the projecting or overhanging
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>unremoved bedrock above, is generally much less than the length as
+measured along the face of the bluff. They are nearly always dry, more
+or less protected from storms, and when of suitable size and in a
+favorable location were much used as camping places. They are rather
+rare in limestone formations but frequent in massive sandstone.</p>
+
+<p>"House mounds" are small, low piles of earth, similar in all respects
+to those so numerous in southeastern Missouri and southward. Although
+they are usually described as "standing in regular rows," they are in
+fact irregularly placed, though seldom as much as 100 feet apart in
+the same group.</p>
+
+<p>Measurements of caverns explored were made with a tape line; others
+were estimated by stepping, or in the case of elevations, by sighting,
+consequently are only approximate, but the figures given will in no
+case exceed the actual distance.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens reported from caves not excavated were found on the floor,
+sometimes in situations where no addition of cave earth had taken
+place since the objects were left there; at other times where they
+were brought from below by burrowing animals; and, again, where they
+are exposed in the bed or banks of a drainage channel.</p>
+
+<p>In no cave so far examined has any evidence been found to show that
+the aborigines occupied any part of it beyond such point as was
+adequately illuminated from the entrance. No doubt they may, at times,
+have retreated beyond the reach of daylight and been compelled to
+dispel the darkness by means of fires; but such instances were rare
+and of short duration. Statements are sometimes made that specimens,
+usually flint implements, have been found far, possibly several
+hundred yards, within the cavern. Such objects do not predicate
+habitation at that distance; primitive explorers may have lost them.
+It has been pointed out, too, by Mr. De Lancey Gill, that a wounded
+animal, taking refuge in a cave and instinctively seeking its dark
+recesses, may carry in an arrow or spear whose point remains when the
+shaft has decayed. In the case of a large mammal, such as a bear or a
+panther, a number of arrow or spear heads might be carried in and be
+found close together long after the death of the victim.</p>
+
+<p>Cairns or stone-covered graves are of common occurrence; but with a
+single exception the rocks in all those visited or reported are more
+or less displaced. This is due to hunters digging out small wild
+animals making a den in them; to treasure seekers who believe that
+"money" is concealed in them; and most of all to persons who are
+curious to know "what there is in there."</p>
+
+<p>The record of the investigations will be given by counties, beginning
+at the south and proceeding northward. Descriptions and notes of the
+sites mentioned will follow as closely as possible the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>same
+arrangement. A number following the name of a cave refers to its
+position as denoted by a corresponding number on the map (pl. 3).</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<h4 class="sub1">THE UPPER CURRENT RIVER</h4>
+
+<p>A number of well-known caverns, some of them quite extensive, exist
+along the head streams forming the Current River. As originally
+planned, the work included a thorough survey of this region, but owing
+to various causes it was only partially examined. Several large caves
+were reported as being along the river and its tributaries farther
+down than these researches were carried. Notable is one opposite the
+mouth of Sinkin Creek, which was described as dry and very large
+within; but it was also stated that it can only be entered through a
+sink hole with the aid of a ladder or pole 30 feet long. Such a cave
+is not likely to have been used for shelter. Others, as they were
+described, seemed equally unfitted for this purpose. The only
+exception to this general rule is one in Spring Valley south of the
+Current and east of Sinkin.</p>
+
+<p>Such as were visited will be described in their geographical order.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<h4 class="sub1">SHANNON COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">BAT CAVE (1)</h5>
+<br />
+
+<p>This cavern is 6 miles above the mouth of Sinkin. It is near the top
+of a cliff, fully 300 feet above the river. The entrance is 30 feet
+wide and 10 feet high; within is a level earth-covered floor. Being
+very difficult of access, it was probably never inhabited.</p>
+
+<h5 class="sub">BLUE SPRING, OR FISHING CAVE (1)</h5>
+
+<p>This is situated on the Terrell land, 4 miles below Akers post office.
+The entrance, 10 feet high and 20 feet wide, is almost at low-water
+level; the river at flood height rises fully 20 feet above its top.
+Fifty feet within is a spring or well, 20 feet across, whose bottom is
+beyond the reach of a line 60 feet long. It is said that eyeless fish
+of 3 pounds weight have been caught in this "Blue Spring."</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WELCH'S CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>This is 4 miles below Cedar Grove. It can be entered only in a boat,
+and the entire floor is deeply covered with soft mud.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BIG CREEK CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>There is a cave at the mouth of Big Creek which is often used as a
+temporary camping place by hunters and fishermen. The water <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>enters
+it whenever there is a freshet in either the creek or the river; so it
+could never have served as a place of permanent abode.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate03" id="Plate03"></a>
+<a href="images/plate03.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate03_th.jpg" width="60%" alt="MAP OF AREA EXAMINED" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 3<br /> MAP OF AREA EXAMINED<br />
+<span style="font-size: 85%;">(Numbers refer to corresponding numbers in text)</span><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">TEXAS COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">SMITH CAVES (2)</h5>
+
+<p>On James I. Smith's land, on Big Creek, a mile above Niles, are three
+caves. One is merely a round opening 5 feet in width and height, soon
+narrowing to a crevice; it would not be mentioned except that in it
+was a sandstone slab such as mortars are made of. This bore no marks
+of use; but it had been carried in for some purpose&mdash;possibly by white
+men.</p>
+
+<p>The second cave, 50 feet from the first, has an entrance 20 feet wide
+and 4 to 5 feet high. Dry earth extends back for 40 feet; then come
+clay and fallen rocks, sloping downward toward the rear. The roof
+maintains its level as far as followed. No trace of occupation could
+be found.</p>
+
+<p>The third cave, 150 yards from the second, has an entrance 35 feet
+wide and 20 feet high. Dry cave earth appears for 20 feet, at which
+distance it merges with mud containing large rocks. The cavern extends
+for 50 feet in daylight; water from the interior spreads over the
+whole floor to the inner margin of dry earth, where it collects in a
+little stream which passes out along the foot of one wall. The earth
+deposit seems to be thin. The only objects that could be found in the
+cave or about the entrance were a small sandstone slab, unmarked; a
+small piece of deer bone; and one fragment of shell-tempered pottery.
+Not a flake of flint was seen.</p>
+
+<p>These caves are not worth working.</p>
+
+<!-- extra spacing between these paragraphs -->
+
+<p class="extra">A fourth of a mile from the cave last mentioned is a rock grave on a
+ledge which projects at about 40 feet (vertically) below the top of
+the hill. As near as can be judged, in its present torn-up condition,
+the cairn was originally about 10 by 20 feet in dimensions; so there
+were probably two graves covered by the ordinary conical heaps of
+stone, the depression between them being filled up to form a single
+cairn.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">SALTPETER CAVE (3)</h5>
+
+<p>Five miles west of Montauk, on Ashley Creek, is a cave noted for
+having two entrances which are separated by a triangular mass of rock,
+part of the original formation. This partition measures 30 feet across
+at the face of the bluff and terminates within 20 feet. The principal
+opening is 90 feet wide and 15 feet high. Dry cave earth extends back
+90 feet, at which distance water constantly falls from the roof and
+flows along the foot of one wall through the minor <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>entrance. The
+latter is 30 feet wide, 10 feet high, and its bottom is 10 feet lower
+than that of the main opening. The volume of water passing out varies
+with the seasons, but is sufficient at times to cover the entire floor
+of the side chamber and keep it swept free of earth and small gravel.</p>
+
+<p>In the front portion of the main cavern the dry earth is 5 feet deep
+in its thickest part; but as it has all been leached for obtaining the
+saltpeter or niter diffused through it, none of it is in the original
+position. Some earth has also been brought from farther back, leached,
+and added to the pile in front; and much of this has been hauled out
+for fertilizer.</p>
+
+<p>Near the main entrance is a large mass of breccia made up of small
+angular limestone fragments cemented throughout with stalagmite
+material; it projects several feet above the present level of the
+earth floor, so the character of the cavern must have changed greatly
+since this deposit was formed.</p>
+
+<p>The only artificial object found was a fragment, about an inch across,
+of dark, sand-tempered pottery.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the extensive changes resulting from collecting the
+saltpeter, the cavern would not repay investigation.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">DENT COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">MAMMOTH CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>The statement has been made that a large dry cavern, known as the
+"Mammoth Cave," is in a bluff facing Current River, opposite the mouth
+of Ashley Creek. It could not be located; and residents in the
+vicinity assert that not only is there no cave near this site, but
+there is none known as "Mammoth" anywhere in the region. Some of them,
+however, had a vague idea that a cavern bearing the same name exists
+"away down toward Eminence; it may be on Jack's Fork."</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">GUTHOERL CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>There is a cave on the farm of Peter Guthoerl, 6 miles east of Salem.
+It is small, with very little level space in front of it, and water
+from the interior runs or seeps out of it, keeping the floor muddy
+throughout the year.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">SHORT BEND CAVE (4)</h5>
+
+<p>Short Bend post office is 12 miles northeast of Salem. Half a mile
+east of it, in a bluff on the opposite side of the Meramec River, is a
+cave with an entrance 25 feet wide and about the same in height; the
+roof forming a fairly symmetrical Gothic arch. Were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>it not for the
+pile of talus in front, water from the river would pour into the
+cavern in extreme floods; these subside very rapidly, however, and
+have never percolated through the barrier.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that persons digging in a desultory way have unearthed
+bones which were assumed to be those of Indians because they were
+"red." No description of them could be obtained, and they may not have
+been human bones at all.</p>
+
+<p>The floor is level and dry for about 80 feet back from the entrance,
+but no refuse of any kind appeared, except in the pile of talus
+outside, which showed a small quantity of flint chips such as would be
+left by hunting parties in repairing their weapons.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MONEY CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>This is a fourth of a mile down the river from Short Bend Cave. It
+takes its name from the customary tradition that Indians concealed a
+large treasure here; the legend being authenticated by an "Indian
+chief" who told a white man that his people had buried much gold in a
+cave in this bluff, built a fire over the money, then filled the mouth
+of the cave with earth and rock. Some of the persons who opened many
+small holes in searching for the hidden wealth claim to have found
+ashes in this cave, behind the barrier, which is only ordinary talus.
+The floor is of tough clay, fallen rocks, and stalagmite, all of
+which, as well as the walls and ledges, were industriously dug and
+hammered for months by the treasure seekers.</p>
+
+<p>A cave with an entrance 15 feet wide, the same in height, and having a
+depth of 45 feet in daylight, lies between Money Cave and Short Bend
+Cave. In very wet seasons water runs through it from the interior; and
+high water backs into it from the Meramec River.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">SALTPETER CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>This is three-fourths of a mile north of Short Bend post office, on
+the opposite side of the river. The arched entrance is 25 feet wide
+and 20 feet high. Fifteen feet from the front the cave divides into
+two branches about equal in size; they have never been explored to the
+end. One branch continues straight back for about 100 feet, then turns
+abruptly to the right for 50 or 60 feet, at which distance it resumes
+its original direction. The other branch turns directly to the right
+and is in daylight for 50 feet. Much of the cave earth has been hauled
+away for fertilizer, or leached for obtaining saltpeter, so that only
+a small quantity remains in front. Farther back, in both chambers, the
+dry earth where not disturbed is 8 to 10 feet thick.</p>
+
+<p>The cavern is easily accessible, close to the river, and otherwise
+well adapted for habitation; but careful search failed to reveal any
+indication that it had ever been thus used.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">WATSON, TWIN, OR ONYX CAVES</h5>
+
+<p>The two caverns thus variously designated are on the Meramec River, 14
+miles north of Salem. They are parallel to a depth of about 100 feet,
+being separated by only 10 or 12 feet of solid wall. The floors of
+both slope downward from front to rear, but not so rapidly as the
+roof, so that at this distance the caves apparently come to an end.
+But that they continue back into the hill is manifest from the
+appearance of the roofs. In some manner the rear portion of each has
+become entirely filled with earth. Probably they unite somewhere
+beyond this point.</p>
+
+<p>Either of these caves is of ample size to make an excellent shelter
+for a large number of people; but they are difficult of access, and no
+evidence whatever could be discovered indicating occupancy.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, this part of the Meramec Valley does not seem to have ever
+been permanently inhabited. Residents say that relics, even flint
+implements, are seldom found in the bottom lands; and this fact was
+commented on by persons who have learned how common such things are in
+other localities. Small, rough hematite axes, however, occur in
+considerable quantities throughout the region. The ore outcrops at
+various places and solid nodules or fragments are plentiful. Chert
+knives or spearheads are found scattered promiscuously; and, rarely,
+an object made of other stone may be picked up. Very few specimens of
+any description are symmetrical or carefully finished.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS (5)</h5>
+
+<p>On the Dent County infirmary farm, in Spring Creek Valley, a mile and
+a half south of Salem, is a group of house mounds, about 50 in number.
+They have not been much disturbed by cultivation; the creek and a
+drainage ditch have cut through several of them, but, as usual, there
+is nothing in the construction to show their purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Two similar groups are on the Short Bend road, not far from Salem;
+another group on Peter Guthoerl's farm 6 miles east of Salem; and a
+fourth group, partly within the corporate limits of Salem, on the road
+to Rolla.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">PHELPS COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">BATES CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>On the farm of J.W. Riden, 6 miles southeast of Big Piney post office,
+is Bates Cave, of which every visitor to the region is speedily
+informed. It is entered with difficulty by sliding feet first down the
+inner slope of a pile of d&eacute;bris which fills the entrance almost to
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>roof. Once beyond this, there is ample space. On the hillside,
+above the mouth, is a vertical shaft, like a well, due to the widening
+of a crevice; access to the interior of the cave may also be had
+through this by means of a long rope. Under present conditions, it
+would not be used except as a temporary shelter or hiding place; for
+which purposes bushwhackers availed themselves of its advantages
+during the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>This cavern is renowned far beyond its merits on account of its famous
+"ballroom," where dances and picnics are held; artificial lights being
+placed on the walls. Possibly the manner in which it must be entered
+has something to do with its popularity.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">ANOTHER "BATES CAVE"</h5>
+
+<p>Within a few rods of the cave above described is another, with an
+entrance 60 feet wide and 10 feet high. Cave earth, which is 5 feet
+thick above the bottom of a small stream coming from the interior,
+extends back to large rocks covering the floor; beyond these are
+rocks, wet clay, and gravel. The cave earth seems to run for some
+distance under the receding walls. A milk house has been constructed
+in it, so that excavations are not permitted.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">RENAUD CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Four miles east of Edgar Springs, facing Little Piney, is Renaud
+(R&#277;n&acute;n&#333;) Cave, on the farm of Charles E. Widener. The entrance
+is 50 feet wide and 10 feet high. Dry cave earth extends back for 65
+feet, then comes fallen rock for 100 feet or more. A little stream
+runs close to the north wall. Cave earth is 5 feet deep on the bedrock
+at the entrance and rises toward the interior. There is much refuse
+within and also on the slope in front of the entrance.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MARSH CAVES</h5>
+
+<p>A shelter cave on Henry Marsh's farm, facing Little Piney, 2 miles
+south of Yancy Mills, has a front 35 feet wide, 15 feet high, and runs
+back 60 feet. There is a wet-weather stream bed through the center.
+Bedrock shows at the entrance, rising toward the rear for a few feet,
+then becoming covered with cave earth, which probably has a maximum
+thickness of 2 feet. There is considerable refuse scattered about, but
+it is doubtful whether the shallow deposit would repay investigation.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WILD-HOG CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>A fourth of a mile from the above cave is one known as "Wild-hog
+Cave," because in pioneer days these animals gathered here for shelter
+and protection. It is a small, tunnel-like affair, with a solid rock
+floor, and extends farther into the hill than anyone has ever dared to
+venture.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">SHELTERS</h5>
+
+<p>Two small rock shelters near the Wild-hog Cave may have been resorted
+to as temporary camping places.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">PHELPS CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>A cave on the farm of James Phelps, 2 miles south of Yancy Mills, is
+described as small, with a narrow entrance.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">"KEY ROCKS"</h5>
+
+<p>Near Yancy Mills there is something known as "the Key Rocks." It can
+not be found by a stranger and no guide was available at the time the
+place was sought. It is described as a small, deep, circular hole in
+solid rock, in which were many stone covers or lids, one above
+another, gradually diminishing in size and "cut to fit down on each
+other." It is probably due to stream erosion.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">JONES CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>On Little Piney, half a mile south from Yancy Mills, is a large cave
+on the Jones farm. It is said to have a large entrance and much earth
+on the floor. As the owner uses it for a warehouse in which to store
+fruits and vegetables and utilizes the stream flowing through it for
+preserving milk and butter, no examination could be made.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">YANCY MILLS CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>There is a small, shallow cave near the top of the bluff, half a mile
+north of Yancy Mills. It contains no evidence of occupation, except
+that walls and ceiling are blackened with smoke, due, probably, to
+modern refugees or hunters.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">LANE MOUND (7)</h5>
+
+<p>It was reported, too late to visit the site, that on George Lane's
+farm, on Little Piney, a mile north of Yancy Mills, is a mound "8 feet
+high, built of earth," and surrounded with the usual evidences of a
+village site, scattered over the level bottom on which it stands.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CAIRNS ON LOST HILL, AT MOUTH OF GOURD CREEK (8)</h5>
+
+<p>Gourd Creek flows into the east side of Little Piney River 12 miles
+southwest of Rolla. It is less than 4 miles long, and but for three or
+four large springs near its source, which keep its volume fairly
+uniform, would be dry most of the year.</p>
+
+<p>Parallel with it, a short distance to the southward, is a ravine
+several miles in length, known as Coal Pit Hollow. This originally
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>discharged its drainage into Little Piney about half a mile above the
+mouth of Gourd Creek. A ravine tributary to the latter, near its
+mouth, has worked back until it has captured the flow of Coal Pit. The
+lower end of the stream bed thus abandoned now forms a gap or
+depression with a slight incline from the center in both directions.
+The crest of the deserted portion is about 50 to 60 feet above the
+present level of Little Piney. The hill inclosed by this quadrilateral
+drainage is about a fourth of a mile in length along its top, has a
+direction almost north and south, with a nearly uniform slope along
+the summit, the southern point being somewhat higher than that at the
+north, and terminates abruptly at each end. The sides descend at once
+from the center line of the ridge, like a roof with a slightly rounded
+comb.</p>
+
+<p>On account of its isolated position the eminence is locally known as
+"Lost Hill." It is not to be confused, however, with several similar
+formations in this region, to which the same term is applied and which
+may owe their existence to a like cause, or may be due to cut-offs by
+streams.</p>
+
+<p>On the top of this particular Lost Hill are six cairns, five of them
+near the northern end, the sixth just where the ridge breaks off to
+the south. The margins are uncertain owing to the upper stones being
+scattered by hunters as well as by credulous individuals who are
+firmly fixed in the belief that all such "rock piles" contain gold
+hidden by Indians.</p>
+
+<p>So far as can now be determined the five at the northern end were 16
+to 18 feet across as left by the builders, the southernmost one being
+somewhat smaller. All are in uncleared land, and crevices between the
+stones are filled with a tangled mass of roots from the trees and
+bushes growing on and around them.</p>
+
+<p>The relative positions are about thus, measurements being made on the
+earth between the scattered stones: (1) 10 feet, (2) 10 feet, (3) 50
+feet, (4) 10 feet, (5) 1,000 feet, (6). The distance from (5) to (6)
+is estimated by stepping and may vary considerably either way from the
+measure given.</p>
+
+<p>Cairns (1), (2), and (3) were thoroughly excavated.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub"><span class="sc">Cairn</span> (1)</h5>
+
+<p>This, the farthest north, was about 16 by 17 feet within the original
+limits. When the outer loose rocks were removed there was disclosed a
+wall of flat stones on the natural surface, so laid as to form an
+inclosure apparently intended to be practically square. It measured,
+across the center, from outside to outside, about 14 feet from north
+to south by 12 feet from east to west. The north and south walls <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>were
+straight, the others outwardly curved. The approximate outline is
+shown in figure 1. In most parts the wall was only one stone high; in
+a few places there was another rock laid up. Over and within this wall
+had been piled loose stones, ranging in size from small pebbles to
+fragments of 150 pounds in weight, to form a heap whose original
+height was about 2 feet.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig01" id="fig01"></a>
+<a href="images/fig01.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig01.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 1" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 1.</span>&mdash;Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill,
+Phelps County, Mo.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When all these were cleared away the space within the wall was found
+to measure 9 feet in each direction. Three feet from the middle of the
+west wall was a fragment of a child's skull lying on the undisturbed
+angular gravel which forms the natural surface on this ridge except
+where a small amount of recently decayed humus may be held by rocks
+and roots. Halfway between the center and the north wall was the top
+of an adult skull, with three fragments of long bones. These, which
+were much gnawed by rodents, were in black earth, evidently the former
+home of some burrowing animal.</p>
+
+<p>A foot north of the infant's skull were small remnants of an adult's
+skull, probably belonging with the piece first found. There were also
+some scraps of animal bones, much gnawed.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub"><span class="sc">Cairn</span> (2)</h5>
+
+<p>This measured from 16 to 18 feet across to the outer edge of the loose
+stones, and about 30 inches high. Under the top rocks was a rough wall
+similar to that in Cairn (1), but all the sides were nearly straight.
+The outline is given in figure 2. The outside measurements, across the
+center, were 15 feet each way. There were more stones in this wall
+than in the first; mostly there were two, and in some places three,
+superposed.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig02" id="fig02"></a>
+<a href="images/fig02.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig02.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 2" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 2.</span>&mdash;Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill,
+Phelps County, Mo.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Extending from north to south across the middle of the vault was a row
+of large slabs standing on edge with their tops leaning toward the
+east. Their inclination varied from nearly horizontal to nearly
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>vertical; so it would appear that they were not placed thus
+intentionally but had settled irregularly. Probably they had formed
+the covering of a pen or vault, of poles or timbers, in which a body
+had been placed.</p>
+
+<p>Close to these inclined slabs, near the north wall of the vault, was
+the effigy pipe shown in figure 3. It is made of a fine-grained
+sandstone and seems intended to represent a buzzard with an
+exaggerated tail, though the beak is more like that of a crow. This
+specimen lay between two flat rocks which were separated by a little
+earth and gravel, but there were no traces of bone with it or near it.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig03" id="fig03"></a>
+<a href="images/fig03.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig03.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 3" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 3.</span>&mdash;Pipe from Cairn
+ (2).<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At a slightly lower level than the pipe were several flat stones
+standing at various angles. When these were removed there were found
+fragmentary remains of at least three adults, lying in confusion, as
+if only the folded dismembered skeletons had been placed here. They
+lay on a floor of slabs which, in turn, rested upon undisturbed
+gravel.</p>
+
+<p>The facts observed are difficult to interpret, as the original order
+was so broken up; but it would seem that as a preliminary to the
+burial of bodies or skeletons, the superficial earth had been scraped
+away and a rough stone floor laid, on which the bundled or folded
+remains were placed and at least partially covered with earth and
+gravel. Other flat rocks were then laid over them, either directly on
+the earth or more probably supported by poles placed across, whose
+decay had allowed them to fall into the confusion in which they were
+found.</p>
+
+<p>A small flint knife was among the remains.</p>
+
+<p>The pipe, being at a little distance from these bones, would suggest
+another interment; but as no trace of such remained it may have been
+placed as an afterthought or a separate deposit.</p>
+
+<p>From these skeletons row after row of the slanting rocks continued to
+the inner side of the eastern wall. Two feet east of the pipe was a
+skull on its right side, the back against a small flat rock. It was
+crushed flat, and only a small part of it remained. Possibly it had
+turned after burial, as fragments of other bones were found here and
+there toward the south from it, indicating an extended burial. The
+teeth were hard, solid, and much worn. The bones found were more or
+less gnawed, and among them were scraps, probably of food <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>animals,
+burned into charcoal. No bones found could be saved, as they were very
+soft.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub" style="clear: both;"><span class="sc">Cairn</span> (3)</h5>
+
+<p>This was similar in construction to (1) and (2), as is shown in figure
+4. The wall, along the outside, measured 14 feet on the south, 13 feet
+on the north, 15 feet on the west, and 14 feet on the east. The
+inclosed space was 10 feet across each way. Some one had dug out much
+of the south end; the northern end was undisturbed.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig04" id="fig04"></a>
+<a href="images/fig04.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig04.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 4" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 4.</span>&mdash;Outline of Cairn (3), Lost
+Hill.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The prior excavation had barely missed, near the west wall, a few
+fragments of an adult skull and three teeth. About even with the
+middle point of the west wall, 2 feet from it, was evidence of the
+burial of an adult&mdash;pieces of bone and skull, and some teeth. North of
+these, near the northwest corner, were fragments of two adult skulls,
+with one of which were some beads made of shells of water snails; 18
+of these were recovered, all more or less decayed. Between these two
+skulls were parts of a child's skull, the teeth not yet through the
+bone.</p>
+
+<p>Inclined flat stones in the eastern half of the grave, the tops
+leaning eastward, denoted other burials; but nothing was found under
+them, although small flat stones laid on the original surface
+indicated the bottom of a grave.</p>
+
+<p>Evidently several burials, of which all traces have disappeared, were
+made in this vault.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the practical identity of these three graves, the poor
+returns, and the difficulty of working in a tangled mass of tough
+roots without displacing the stones so greatly that their proper
+position became a perplexing question, the remaining three were not
+excavated.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">EXPLORATION OF THE GOURD CREEK CAVE (8)</h5>
+
+<p>Near the mouth of Gourd Creek, on the north side, is a cave which has
+acquired much local reputation from its size and also from the
+evidence it affords of a long-continued occupation by the aborigines.
+It is easily reached from the road which passes in front; wagons can
+be driven into it and there is ample space for them to turn and pass
+out. Formerly it was much resorted to as a pleasant place for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>social
+gatherings; but in recent years it has been used as a barn and
+storehouse. The owner, Mr. Valentine Allen, gave cheerful permission
+for all the excavation that was desired, subject only to the proviso
+that the floor be put back in condition suitable for the purposes for
+which he needed it. And it is only fair to state that he was not at
+all difficult to satisfy in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>A stream coming from the interior had a flow at the close of the long
+drought in 1918 sufficient to fill a 2-inch pipe with a rapid fall; in
+wet seasons the water spreads from wall to wall until it comes to
+within 100 feet of the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Back in the cave, where the slope is greater, it has sufficient volume
+and force to carry away all pebbles smaller than coarse gravel and the
+material that finds lodgment among the stones.</p>
+
+<p>The cave is easily traversed for almost 600 feet; beyond this are
+narrow crevices and tortuous passages, where explorers must frequently
+crawl or clamber. One adventurous party proceeded until they reached
+an opening on the other side of the hill; but this was so choked by
+fallen rock and d&eacute;bris from the hillside as to be impassable. In
+storms a strong breeze passes through the main entrance, in or out in
+accordance with the direction of the wind.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the irregular outline of the cliffs, the width of the
+entrance can not be accurately given. From side to side, well under
+the front of the ceiling the distance is 110 feet. Two hundred feet
+toward the interior it contracts to 50 feet. At the entrance the walls
+are vertical to a height of 25 feet; a short curve at the top on
+either side, due to the breaking away of the ledges, connects them
+with the roof, which is somewhat higher. Being a single massive
+stratum, the top is practically horizontal, but the floor constantly
+rises from the front with a slight and fairly uniform grade. The front
+chamber is straight and well lighted for 300 feet, where it turns
+abruptly westward; from this point the floor is solid rock which the
+water keeps comparatively free from any loose matter except heavy
+blocks from the walls or top.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning at the entrance is a deposit whose farthest extension
+reaches 100 feet into the cavern. It is composed to a small extent of
+sand and clay carried by the stream, and of earth blown or washed in
+from the outside; but, as investigation proved, it is mainly ashes
+from prehistoric fires. The surface of this deposit, especially toward
+the inner end, is very uneven, being higher near the walls than
+through the central portion. This is due to two causes: In very wet
+seasons water has carried away much of it, and a large amount has been
+hauled out by the owner to scatter over his fields as a fertilizer. He
+reports that in the course of this work he found quantities of pottery
+fragments, broken bones, flints, and "two or three" human skeletons,
+with fragments of others. This is the basis for the assertion,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>frequently heard, that "many" or "very many" burials had been made
+here. The only human remains which he saved are the complete skull of
+an adult, remarkably preserved and apparently that of a white woman; a
+rather large lower jaw, of a man; a few long bones; and parts of
+skulls and jaws of three or four children.</p>
+
+<p>From comments made and questions asked by visitors while the
+investigation was in progress, it seems that bones and teeth of deer
+and other animals are mistaken for those of people. No human bones
+were uncovered in this work, except as noted below.</p>
+
+<p>There is a firm belief in the community that somewhere in this cave is
+concealed $100,000 in gold, seven "pony loads" in all, which was put
+here by an old squaw, sole survivor of a massacre by which her tribe
+was exterminated. Much of the irregularity of surface noted in the
+deposits is due to the efforts of persons trying to find this money.</p>
+
+<p>Before starting the work it was necessary to deepen the little stream,
+which had cut its way through the accumulation much nearer to the
+western than to the eastern wall of the cavern, in order to allow the
+water to run out of the lower end of the deposit. Thorough drainage of
+the whole mass was impossible, as water continually seeped in from the
+gravel bed farther up, a condition which could not be remedied.</p>
+
+<p>Bedrock was reached at a depth of 3 feet below the channel. The lower
+2 feet of this distance was through a black, mucky substance which was
+so tough and sticky that removing it was like digging through a bog.</p>
+
+<p>Following the bedrock as a floor, the western side of the deposit was
+first examined. It had a width of 35 feet at the mouth of the cave,
+gradually narrowing inward for a distance of 75 feet, where it
+terminated at the level of the water. Its greatest elevation, at the
+side of the entrance, was about 10 feet; but this does not mean that
+its thickness was so much at any point, as the rock sloped upward
+quite as rapidly as the surface. So many stones were scattered through
+it, fallen from the sides and roof, or rolled in from the outside
+where they had broken loose from the cliff, that not more than
+one-fourth of the area could be excavated. These rocks varied in size
+from cobblestones to blocks weighing 3 or 4 tons. They were at all
+levels, some lying on the rock floor, others only slightly imbedded in
+the earth. Yet the superficial accumulation extended under all of them
+except such as were in direct contact with the bedrock, proving that
+the cave was occupied throughout the period in which such downfalls
+occurred. An additional evidence of age is the fact that the usual
+d&eacute;bris, such as bones, flints, pottery, ashes, etc., lay in immediate
+contact with the bedrock where this has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>weathered to a chalky
+consistency from 2 to 4 inches in depth since these objects were left
+there.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the uneven surface of both the bedrock and the deposits on
+it, the thickness of the latter varied from 1 to 3 feet&mdash;not including
+the muck, which last, however, disappeared at the level where the rock
+rose above the water line. But, whatever the depth, more than half the
+overlying material was pure ashes; either resting undisturbed on the
+fire beds, or piled in irregular masses, where they had been thrown to
+get them out of the way. The largest ash bed was near the wall; it
+measured from 4 to 7 feet across, with a very uneven outline, as if
+many fires had been made there at different times.</p>
+
+<p>The objects discovered included flint knives, spearheads, arrowheads
+(mostly broken), with many spalls and chips; potsherds (only very
+small pieces were found); animal bones; mussel shells; bone
+perforators; chert nodules, more or less flaked; two stone beads or
+buttons; a small fragment of a pipe; but no mortars, hammers, pestles,
+cooking-stones, or hatchets, such as are usually found on the sites of
+Indian villages. None of the pottery was decorated, but most of it was
+cord-marked, though some of it was so smoothed and polished as almost
+to appear glazed. It varied through a wide range of color, thickness,
+and general appearance, and was noticeably deficient in quantity. In
+fact, the west side of the cave had less the appearance of a
+permanently occupied site than of a camping place which was used as a
+temporary resort by traveling or hunting parties; but at the same time
+the depth and amount of ashes showed that it had afforded shelter
+through a long period.</p>
+
+<p>The excavation on this side included all the space bounded by the
+ditch, the wall, the mass of rocks piled at the entrance, and the
+water-soaked earth toward the interior. The muck, and the large blocks
+scattered around, prevented a complete clearing out; but the part
+thoroughly examined had an area of about 600 square feet, perhaps a
+little more. No human bones were found, in spite of reports of their
+discovery and reburial by treasure hunters in the past; and there was
+wide disagreement on the part of visitors, who were also present when
+the bones were found, as to the number of such interments. All finally
+conceded that there was only one adult skull, though there was much
+argument as to the number of children's remains discovered, the person
+who was blessed with the largest memory insisting there were 13 "all
+in a pile." There was also some discussion as to whether the remains
+were actually found near the west wall or had been carried over there
+and reinterred after being exhumed on the east side.</p>
+
+<p>These particulars are given merely to show how little reliance is to
+be placed upon the statements of perfectly truthful persons who <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>do
+not observe closely, whose memory plays them tricks, who are not
+especially interested in the matter under discussion, or whose
+recollections naturally become jumbled after several years have
+elapsed.</p>
+
+<p>Work was next begun on the east side, at the edge of the drainage
+trench. Bedrock was reached as before, under 2 feet of muck, and was
+weathered until quite soft and of a yellowish hue, for 3 or 4 inches
+below its surface. An effort was made to keep on the rock as a floor,
+removing all the muck; but this was so water soaked, so tenacious, and
+so filled with chert and limestone gravel that it could not be managed
+with either pick or shovel. A little of the gravel had no doubt fallen
+from the roof; but nearly all of this mingled material had washed down
+from the interior, as it was entirely similar, except for its dark
+color, to that forming the floor farther in. Consequently it was
+necessary to limit the explorations to that part of the deposit which
+lay above the wet black mass. Numerous attempts were made to ascertain
+the thickness of the latter; but water, gravel, and slush oozed or
+slid into the hole as fast as they could be removed, and it was
+impossible to reach the bottom. The eastward dip of the rock floor, as
+noted on the western side of the cave, no doubt continues entirely
+across. If such be the case, then the original drainage line was
+against the foot of the eastern wall. Later, because the channel was
+obstructed by talus, the stream was forced more and more to the west,
+saturating, up to the level of its final outlet, the earth and ashes
+which had accumulated. It may be, however, that either this line of
+drainage, or the mass of talus in front of the cave, is of
+comparatively recent origin. Such accumulations as those described
+would be impossible under present conditions. At any rate, this
+deposit of muck, then dry, started from the floor of the cave with the
+earliest occupation; for artificial objects of the same character that
+occurred in the dry deposit above were found in it to a depth of 3 or
+4 inches. They may continue to the bedrock, but on account of the
+standing water no satisfactory observations could be made below the
+level indicated.</p>
+
+<p>Lying above the muck and, as intimated, practically continuous with
+it, was an accumulation of ashes with which here and there some earth
+was mingled, though the latter made only a small proportion of the
+entire mass, and was sometimes entirely lacking from top to bottom.
+They were principally in strata or irregular layers, lying undisturbed
+where fires had been made; but there were also many scattered piles,
+usually small, where they had been thrown to get them out of the way.</p>
+
+<p>The excavation on the eastern side began with a trench 25 feet wide.
+When this had been carried about the same distance toward the wall,
+rocks and earth rolled and washed in from the outside were encountered
+on the right, the side toward the mouth of the cavern. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>These reached
+from the bottom to the surface, and were continuous with the bank of
+talus. As results had been meager along here, the sides of the trench
+were turned to the northward and northwestward. The entire trench was
+43 feet long and varied in width from 30 feet in the central parts to
+18 feet at the extreme northern end. The left face reached, in its
+entire length, nearly to the drain; on the right side the eastern wall
+of the cavern was uncovered for 15 feet. It embraced nearly all the
+area not previously dug by others, except a triangular space at the
+east side of the entrance, filled with large stones, as just stated.</p>
+
+<p>Near the middle of the excavated area was a heap of large fallen
+rocks, fully a carload in all; some of them imbedded in the muck,
+others barely penetrating the surface of the latest deposits. Ashes
+lay under and between all of them, proving this side also had been
+inhabited before the first of them had become loose, and that
+occupancy was practically continuous until the last one had fallen.
+The inmates, recognizing the danger, may have knocked these down.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest depth of ashes found in any part of the excavation was 7
+feet; but it may have been greater previous to any disturbance; nor
+does this include such as may be present in the muck. There were
+unbroken layers as much as 8 inches thick covering spaces 5 to 10 feet
+across; many smaller, intact patches; and numerous masses, from a peck
+to a bushel in volume, removed from fire beds elsewhere. Charcoal
+among them showed that bark and dead wood, principally oak, was the
+main reliance for fuel.</p>
+
+<p>The wrought objects found were flints, mostly broken or of rough
+finish; very many small fragments of pottery; mortars made of
+sandstone slabs; hammerstones or pestles; bone perforators; mussel
+shells, some pierced for suspension or for attachment of a handle,
+some with outer surfaces and edges dressed for use as spoons; hematite
+ore, in the rough or rubbed to procure paint. There was a great
+abundance of bones from animals used for food, mostly deer, though
+elk, bear, many smaller mammals, turtles, tortoises, turkeys, and
+other birds were well represented. Singularly enough, when the
+plentiful supply of fish in all the streams of this region is
+considered, none of their bones or scales were found, although the
+ashes would have preserved them perfectly. Nor were there many burned
+rocks, in view of the amount of pottery and the number of bones which
+showed that they had been boiled. Perhaps such stones had crumbled or
+were thrown outside when near disintegration.</p>
+
+<p>There is a consensus of belief, or at least of statement, in the
+neighborhood that many human skeletons have been dug out close to the
+east wall. In the only part reached during this work&mdash;which took in
+about all that had not been searched by others&mdash;rocks lay along the
+wall, so large and so numerous that no graves could have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>been dug
+behind or between them. By careful and persistent questioning it was
+established that skeletons had been found in two places and a detached
+jaw in another.</p>
+
+<p>A human skull, which was very soft and fell to pieces when uncovered,
+was found on, and slightly pressed into, the muck at a point 15 feet
+from the wall; there were no other bones about it, though a rough
+stone hammer, whose presence was probably accidental, lay close by. A
+single human molar was lying among some ashes.</p>
+
+<p>These were the only human remains found during the work, except two
+adult femurs of different individuals, and fragments of a skull and
+some other bones from a child and from an infant, all of which lay
+close to the wall where they had been thrown and slightly covered by
+parties previously working here.</p>
+
+<p>As the depth of the wet material on the rock floor of the eastern side
+of this cavern is unknown, interesting results might be obtained by a
+careful examination of it; but this can not be made until a ditch is
+dug through it of sufficient depth to drain it thoroughly.</p>
+
+<p>Slight investigation outside the entrance showed a large amount of
+broken bones, pottery, and flint; and this dump may contain even more
+material than was found in an equal volume in the cavern. But in
+addition to the rocks of all sizes broken off from the cliff, there
+were also many which had rolled down from the hillside above; and all
+these were so interlaced with roots as to make digging very difficult
+and unsatisfactory. Consequently further exploration at this site was
+deemed undesirable.</p>
+
+<p>Pointed bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave are shown in
+plate 4. A shell knife, a bead from a fragment of sea shell, and types
+of flint arrowheads appear in plate 5.</p>
+
+<!-- extra spacing in lieu of thought break -->
+
+<p class="extra">There is a village site on Gourd Creek bottom, at the foot of Lost
+Hill, and a little below the cave. Three small earth mounds are plowed
+nearly level.</p>
+
+<!-- extra spacing in lieu of thought break -->
+
+<p class="extra">A small village site is located on the east bank of Little Piney, half
+a mile below Gourd Creek.</p>
+
+<!-- extra spacing in lieu of thought break -->
+
+<p class="extra">In the bluff facing Little Piney, a mile below Gourd Creek, on the
+opposite side, is a small, shallow cave with a low roof. Water cracks
+on the floor show that it is sometimes flooded. No signs of use are
+apparent.</p>
+
+<!-- extra spacing in lieu of thought break -->
+
+<p class="extra">On the hill over the cave just mentioned is a cairn, now destroyed.</p>
+
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate04" id="Plate04"></a>
+<a href="images/plate04.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate04_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 4: Bone And Antler Implements From Gourd Creek
+Cave" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 4<br />BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOURD CREEK
+CAVE, PHELPS COUNTY, MO.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate05" id="Plate05"></a>
+<a href="images/plate05.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate05_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 5: Bone And Antler Implements From Gourd Creek
+Cave" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 5<br />SHELL AND FLINT OBJECTS FROM GOURD CREEK
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">ONYX CAVE (9)</h5>
+
+<p>Five miles southwest of Arlington, near the Boiling Spring in the
+Gasconade, is Onyx Cave, so named because much workable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>stalagmite
+occurs in it. It has a number of branches, some of which have been
+explored for several hundred yards without coming to the end. The
+entrance is 90 feet in width. A pile of talus at the front, lying
+partly inside the cavern, reaches nearly to the roof; it has a height
+of 26 to 28 feet above the level of the wet, muddy floor. Drainage is
+through a small aperture in the north wall, whose outlet is not known.
+Apparently the bedrock lies at a considerable depth; it is not visible
+at any point in the steep ravine leading from the mouth of the cave to
+the river. Formerly a large quantity of ashes covered much of the
+inner slope of the talus, where it is protected from the weather; but
+most of them have been hauled away to scatter over the fields. They
+extend to a greater depth than any digging was ever carried. The
+cavern has long been a refuge for stock, and this, with the trampling
+of many visitors, has mingled all the superficial deposits, so that,
+while ashes may be seen mixed with the d&eacute;bris, no ash beds are now to
+be found.</p>
+
+<p>There must be a very pronounced cavernous condition in this vicinity.
+At a number of places, even extending to a distance of 2 miles from
+Onyx Cave, the passage of a wagon produces a rumbling sound,
+indicative of a cavity at no great depth. There are also many sink
+holes, some closed, forming ponds, others with free openings. They are
+so numerous that no one of them drains any considerable area. The
+largest of these sinks measures from top to top of its slopes about
+three-fourths of a mile long and half a mile wide. Around much of its
+margin are vertical cliffs; there are few places where descent is
+practicable. It is 300 feet deep, perhaps more; for when the
+Gasconade, more than a mile away, is at flood stage the water from it,
+backing through an underground passage, breaks in at two different
+points not at the same elevation, and covers the nearly level floor of
+the depression, about 15 acres in area, to a depth or 15 to 20 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Another sink, near this, is conical in form, a fourth of a mile across
+and more than 200 feet deep.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">GOAT BLUFF CAVE (10)</h5>
+
+<p>Goat Bluff Cave, 4 miles west of Arlington, on the left bank of the
+Gasconade, is at the foot of a vertical cliff 50 feet high, the slope
+above rising about as much higher to the crest of the ridge. A few
+yards to the west is a slight ravine through which, with a little
+effort, the top of the hill may be reached. In front, the declivity,
+while steep as earth will lie, furnishes fairly easy passage to and
+from the river which lies 200 feet below.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance to the cave is an arch 30 feet high and 75 feet wide,
+facing a little east of south. The width holds nearly the same for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>90
+feet, whence it rapidly contracts to 20 feet; the roof meanwhile
+descending to 10 feet above the floor. The extreme rear of this
+chamber is nearly filled with large blocks of stone. At the front part
+the floor is several feet higher along the west wall than at the east;
+this condition being due to the combined action of accumulation from
+the ravine above mentioned and erosion by a little rivulet which
+emerges from a crevice 30 feet within the entrance and flows at the
+foot of the east wall. Beyond this the floor is practically level
+across the inclosed space, with a slight and uniform ascent toward the
+rear. No evidence of rock bottom appears at any point.</p>
+
+<p>A preliminary cut at the outer margin of the cave showed two distinct,
+sharply separated strata. The lower is a red or yellow clay containing
+much angular gravel such as usually results from disintegration of
+limestone in which chert is abundant. Above this is a deposit of very
+loose fine material. Toward the rear the upper deposit had been
+disturbed by "curiosity seekers," who reported finding much evidence
+of prehistoric occupation, such as ashes, charcoal, fragments of
+pottery, and worked flint, as well as several skeletons, the latter
+"in a sitting position." The last part of this statement is a mistake.
+The bodies were closely flexed and placed on the side; the bones
+settled to the bottom of the grave, while the skull, if intact, is
+reached first by excavators and the conclusion drawn at once that it
+is "on top of the other bones." This error of observation is quite
+common among relic hunters, and is not unknown among student
+investigators.</p>
+
+<p>In order to dispose of material removed in excavating, it was
+necessary to start a trench from the slope outside the mouth of the
+cave. As it progressed the substratum of clay became wetter and more
+difficult to dig. At 40 feet from the beginning, where the trench was
+11 feet deep, the seeping water accumulated until it covered the
+bottom of the trench, so that no greater depth could be reached. A
+crowbar forced downward for 18 inches, as far as it could be driven,
+did not reach solid bottom. Not the slightest trace of human agency
+was found anywhere below the top of the clay, and from this point
+excavations were confined to the upper stratum, to which alone the
+following description is applicable.</p>
+
+<p>This deposit was composed partly of fine loose earth, probably carried
+in by the wind and on the feet of persons and animals; partly of roof
+dust; and partly of ashes. A considerable portion of it was roughly
+stratified in layers of varying extent and thickness, though much of
+it was irregular, and it was mingled throughout with campsite d&eacute;bris.
+Occasional layers of roof dust several feet across in any direction
+and of varying thickness, from a faint streak to 6 inches, so closely
+resembled ashes that many persons could not be convinced of its true
+character. Its occurrence in this manner indicates that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>during
+considerable periods the cave was unoccupied, or at most used only as
+a temporary refuge. The intermittent character of occupancy is also
+shown by the distinct segregation of numerous successive layers of
+kitchen refuse.</p>
+
+<p>About 10 feet within the point where a vertical line from the front
+edge of the roof would meet the floor the skeleton of a very young
+infant was found above and in contact with two thick angular blocks of
+limestone weighing 300 to 400 pounds. These rested on the red clay and
+had fallen from the roof. The thickness of earth above the bones was
+about 3 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Ten feet farther in, on the clay floor, under almost exactly 5 feet of
+undisturbed material, were five flat stones. Three were of sandstone,
+the largest about 25 pounds in weight, such as can be found in place
+only on top of the hill. They were carefully arranged for use as a
+fire bed; on and around them were potsherds, flint chips, animal and
+bird bones, and a bone awl. This was the greatest depth at which
+artificial objects were found; and their position shows them to be as
+ancient as anything discovered.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig05" id="fig05"></a>
+<a href="images/fig05.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig05.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 5" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 5.</span>&mdash;Fragment of glass bottle from Goat
+Bluff Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 25 feet in an interesting find was made. Eighteen inches below the
+surface of the floor, in a mass of mingled charcoal, ashes, mussel
+shells, flint chips, and other aboriginal refuse, was a small piece of
+glass, apparently part of a bottle, shown in figure 5. Above it and
+extending for several feet on every side was an unbroken stratum of
+root dust from 2 to 4 inches thick. Above this, in turn were several
+thin, undisturbed layers of camp refuse, about 6 inches in all, and
+then 6 inches of the loose, incoherent surface earth. This discovery
+is susceptible of two interpretations. One is that between the date
+when Indians could procure articles from the whites and the date at
+which they abandoned this fireplace there was time for the
+accumulation of the given thickness of disintegrated material from the
+roof, the cave, or at least this part of it, not being used meanwhile
+for a habitation; then for the accumulation of several distinct layers
+of camp refuse; and finally for the depositing of the cave earth over
+it all. This hypothesis is unreasonable. While the rate of formation
+of either roof dust or stalagmite is extremely variable, so that it is
+not safe to predicate a definite antiquity for objects found beneath
+even a considerable thickness of either, at the same time the small
+area involved precludes the idea that a number of occupants sufficient
+to account for the volume of d&eacute;bris could have lived here unless we
+allow a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>much longer period than would necessarily elapse within the
+dates indicated. The other, quite plausible, interpretation is that
+the glass was dragged to the spot by a ground hog or other animal
+whose runway had become obliterated by settling of the loose material
+through which it was made.</p>
+
+<p>The only purpose of elaborating this subject is to guard investigators
+against attaching too much importance to an article found under such
+or similar conditions, whether it be a "palaeolithic type," or an
+"object undoubtedly of European origin."</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-five feet in, under three flat slabs whose upper surface was a
+little more than 3 feet below the floor, was an adult skeleton, on the
+back, knees flexed to the chest. The body had been laid in a cavity
+dug in the clay to a depth of 6 inches. The bones were well preserved
+and fresh looking, but light and fragile.</p>
+
+<p>Forty feet in, 3&frac12; feet down, was a flat stone under which were two
+skulls. One, shown in plate 6, was perfect, with a full set of sound
+teeth; from the other, seen in plate 7, the lower jaw was missing. No
+other bones were found except two cervical vertebr&aelig;, belonging to the
+smaller skull. Undisturbed stratified ashes and roof dust were 30
+inches thick above the stone.</p>
+
+<p>To this point the trench was not dug to a greater width than 15 feet;
+it was now gradually extended to a width of 40 feet to include most of
+the central portion.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty feet in, in the upper part of the clay, like all the human bones
+discovered, was a skull with the scapul&aelig;, a few ribs, and one arm
+bone. The lower jaw was missing, and two phalanges were inside the
+skull. With the scapul&aelig; was one of a much smaller person. Eighteen
+inches from these bones, and 6 inches higher, was part of a lower jaw.</p>
+
+<p>At 50 to 60 feet in, on the clay stratum, lay a slab 10 to 12 feet
+across and of varying thickness up to 18 inches or more. It fell from
+the roof so long ago that the latter is worn and smoothed above it in
+much the same way as at other parts. At the east edge of this slab was
+a skull so soft and crushed that it could be taken out only in small
+fragments; the teeth were very slightly worn, though of large size. A
+few traces of other bones were found; not enough to identify. At the
+north edge of the slab were two skulls, one of which is shown in plate
+8; the other, which belonged to a young person, is given in plate 9.
+The limb bones, scapul&aelig;, and hip bones, with a few others, were in a
+small pile at one side; but neither lower jaw, no ribs, and only a few
+vertebr&aelig; were found.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate06" id="Plate06"></a>
+<a href="images/plate06a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate06a_th.jpg" width="25%" alt="Plate 6a: Front" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 6 <i>a</i><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate06b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate06b_th.jpg" width="35%" alt="Plate 6b: Profile" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 6 <i>b</i><br />SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE, PHELPS COUNTY, MO. <br /><i>a</i> Front <i>b</i> Profile.<br />
+<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate07" id="Plate07"></a>
+<a href="images/plate07a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate07a_th.jpg" width="30%" alt="Plate 7a: Front" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 7 <i>a</i><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate07b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate07b_th.jpg" width="35%" alt="Plate 7b: Profile" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 7 <i>b</i><br />SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE<br /><i>a</i> Front <i>b</i> Profile.<br />
+<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate08" id="Plate08"></a>
+<a href="images/plate08a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate08a_th.jpg" width="32%" alt="Plate 8a: Front" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 8 <i>a</i><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate08b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate08b_th.jpg" width="38%" alt="Plate 8b: Profile" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 8 <i>b</i><br />SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE<br /><i>a</i> Front <i>b</i> Profile.<br />
+<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate09" id="Plate09"></a>
+<a href="images/plate09a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate09a_th.jpg" width="32%" alt="Plate 9a: Front" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 9 <i>a</i><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate08b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate08b_th.jpg" width="38%" alt="Plate 9b: Profile" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 9 <i>b</i><br />SKULL OF CHILD FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE<br /><i>a</i> Front <i>b</i> Profile.<br />
+<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate10" id="Plate10"></a>
+<a href="images/plate10.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate10_th.jpg" width="55%" alt="Plate 10: Flints from Goat Bluff Cave" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 10<br />FLINTS FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate11" id="Plate11"></a>
+<a href="images/plate11.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate11_th.jpg" width="50%" alt="Plate 11: Bone and Antler Implements from Goat Bluff Cave" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 11<br />BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate12" id="Plate12"></a>
+<a href="images/plate12.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate12_th.jpg" width="50%" alt="Plate 12: Bone and Antler Implements from Goat Bluff Cave" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 12<br />BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate13" id="Plate13"></a>
+<a href="images/plate13a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate13a_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 13a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 13 <i>a</i>, Cairn six miles north of Arlington, Mo.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate13b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate13b_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 13b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 13 <i>b</i>, Walled grave six miles north of Arlington, Mo.<br /><i>a</i> Front <i>b</i> Profile.<br />
+<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>About 65 feet in, near the west side, an inverted pot which shows no
+marks of use was found in a mass of ashes filling a cavity the size of
+a half bushel, which had been dug in the upper deposit. Scattered here
+and there among the ashes were also some mussel <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>shells and
+broken deer bones; but the presence of these was probably not
+intentional, as the whole arrangement seemed to have the nature of a
+votive offering. This was the only perfect vessel found in the entire
+course of the explorations. It is of the ordinary "cocoanut form," and
+is represented in figure 6.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy feet in was a skeleton, on the left side; the bones were soft
+and came out in small fragments. This was fully 6 feet below the
+present surface, but some of this earth was piled up from earlier
+excavations.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="fig06" id="fig06"></a>
+<a href="images/fig06.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig06.jpg" width="75%" alt="Figure 6" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 6.</span>&mdash;Pot from Goat Bluff
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Beyond this point the ground had been dug over to such an extent that
+further examination seemed useless, and the work was concluded.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the deposit of black earth, ashes, and roof dust were
+scattered irregularly arrowheads and knives of flint, some types of
+which are seen in plate 10; mussel shells; fragments of bones from
+food animals; bone perforators, some of which are shown in plates 11
+and 12; potsherds; hammers; pestles; two or three mortars; a grooved
+stone ax of granitic rock, presented in figure 7; and an abundance of
+flint chips.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>There is a small cave near the top of the bluff facing the Gasconade,
+a short distance above the mouth of Little Piney. Within a few yards
+of the entrance earth and rock carried in from a sink on top of the
+hill fill the cavity to the roof. Water runs through after every hard
+rain.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 31%;"><a name="fig07" id="fig07"></a>
+<a href="images/fig07.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig07.jpg" width="80%" alt="Figure 7" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 7.</span>&mdash;Grooved ax from Goat Bluff
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="extra">Three small cairns, built of small stones, stood on the point of the
+bluff at the junction of Little Piney and the Gasconade. All are
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class="extra">On the edge of a high cliff over the Gasconade, 2 miles north of
+Arlington, are three cairns, destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class="extra">In Bryant's Bluff, facing the Gasconade 3 miles below Jerome, are two
+rock shelters, neither of them more than 20 feet across in any
+direction. In both are shells, bones, and pottery; a rough stone
+hammer was found in one. Exposure of bedrock on the outside shows that
+the earth deposit in either is not over 2 or 3 feet deep.</p>
+
+<p class="extra">On top of Bryant's Bluff are four cairns, all of them torn up. The
+extreme limit of the scattered stone is about 20 feet; so the cairns
+were probably 12 to 15 feet in diameter.</p>
+
+<p class="extra">At the mouth of Turkey-pen Slough, 4 miles north of Arlington, is a
+terrace with steep banks on two sides, next to the river and to the
+slough. On this stood a village. Three house sites are plainly marked
+by the refuse around, and there may be others; vegetation is very
+dense. Mussel shells and burned stones are abundant, and many flint
+implements have been picked up.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub" style="clear: both;">CAIRNS AT SUGAR TREE CAMP (11)</h5>
+
+<p>Six miles north of Arlington is a clubhouse known as Sugar Tree Camp.
+A short distance from the building is a high vertical cliff rising
+almost directly from the Gasconade. The top of this cliff, near the
+front, is of solid rock, almost bare of timber or brush, and in a row
+along it close to the edge are seven cairns, all now so defaced that
+any attempt at investigation is useless. The smallest, at one end of
+the row, is of the common circular form, about 12 feet in diameter.
+Three others seem to be of the same type; but their appearance may be
+due to their destruction. One is shown in plate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>13, <i>a</i>. The other
+three are walled vaults. The largest, at the other end of the row, was
+built up like a foundation wall of sandstone slabs. It is rectangular
+in form, measuring on the outside 16 by 28 feet. All the walls are
+more or less destroyed; the small portion of one remaining is shown in
+plate 13, <i>b</i>. Two "walled-up graves" reported on the first ridge
+north of Sugar Tree Camp, and one reported on the first ridge south,
+never existed. There is a small cairn on a high peak half a mile east
+of the camp.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">TICK CREEK CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>In a ravine which joins Tick Creek about 2 miles from where the latter
+flows into the Gasconade, and about 12 miles north of Arlington, is a
+large cave known as the Saltpeter Cave.</p>
+
+<p>The opening is wide and high, but the mouth and floor are much
+obstructed by large fallen rocks and the bottom is constantly wet from
+wall to wall with running and seeping water.</p>
+
+<p>There is another entrance to this cavern around a corner of the bluff
+and much higher up on its face. This opening is small and the sloping
+passage from it to the cavern is almost closed in places by drip
+formation.</p>
+
+<p>It was never inhabited.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CAVE IN POOL HOLLOW (12)</h5>
+
+<p>A mile east of Newburg a ravine now known as Pool Hollow, but formerly
+called "Strawhorn's" [Strawhan's] Hollow, opens into the right (north)
+side of Little Piney. Two miles from the river is a cave at the head
+of a little cove. The entrance, facing directly south and visible from
+half a mile down the ravine, is 12 feet high and 75 feet across. The
+rear wall, where the cave makes a turn at 150 feet from the mouth, is
+plainly visible from the outside.</p>
+
+<p>At 60 feet within water reaches from wall to wall, and a constant
+stream flows along the left side. The talus at the mouth is of tough
+clay with many rocks scattered through it, and much of it has settled
+back into the cave. Water drips from many places in the roof, so that
+no part of the floor is ever entirely dry.</p>
+
+<p>Some broken flints and chips were picked up about the mouth and in
+front of the cave, but nothing else could be found.</p>
+
+<p>In dry weather there might be spots which would afford a resting place
+for campers, but no continuous occupancy was possible.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR ROLLA (13)</h5>
+
+<p>Nearly 2 miles northeast of Rolla is the beginning of a little valley
+which for a short distance is parallel with the Frisco Railway and
+close to the right of way; it then turns to the southward. Along <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>this
+"draw" are numerous mounds, starting well toward its upper end and
+following its course for nearly a mile. They lie along either side,
+and reach into the tributary widenings. Most of them are on the flats;
+but they are also scattered along the hillsides, those farthest from
+the water having an elevation of about 50 feet above it. They vary
+from 30 to 60 feet in diameter and from 1 to 3 feet high. In all, they
+are scattered over an area of at least 100 acres.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR DILLON</h5>
+
+<p>Half a mile west of Dillon a ravine heads at the Frisco track, goes
+south a short distance, then turns southeastward. Near the track
+begins a group of mounds which reach for fully a mile along both sides
+of the little stream.</p>
+
+<p>There are more than 100, most of them small, though at least one is 60
+feet across and 3 feet high.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR ST. JAMES (14)</h5>
+
+<p>At the northern border of St. James is a small shallow valley with a
+northern and eastern trend, practically parallel with the Frisco
+Railway, and for 3 miles or more not over a fourth of a mile from it
+at any point.</p>
+
+<p>Starting near the Soldiers' Home is a group of mounds which extend for
+fully 2&frac12; miles down both sides of the valley.</p>
+
+<p>Some are partly cut away by the stream, others are on the narrow flat
+bottoms subject to overflow with every hard rain, still others are
+built on the slopes to an elevation of 40 feet. They are somewhat
+larger than the average, a diameter of about 60 feet and a height of 3
+feet being not uncommon.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">PULASKI COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">MCWILLIAMS CAVE (15)</h5>
+
+<p>A cave on the McWilliams farm, near Jack Hinshaw's, at the upper end
+of the Big Eddy, near the south line of Pulaski County, has an
+entrance 8 feet high and 15 feet wide. There is a good light for 150
+feet, at which distance the cavern turns. It is an excellent location
+for an Indian home, having a floor of dry earth, and a small amount of
+refuse was found; but the earth has been thoroughly dug over in the
+search for missing residents, some human bones rooted out by hogs
+having given rise to a belief that these may have been murdered and
+concealed here.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">DAVIS CAVES (15)</h5>
+
+<p>Facing Roubidoux Creek, on the farm of J.W. Davis, 3 miles north of
+Cookville, are three caves. The largest is 40 or 50 feet <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>above the
+foot of the bluff. It has an entrance 30 feet wide, the roof being 8
+feet high. It is well lighted to a depth of 120 feet, where it curves.
+No refuse was observed, but the situation is favorable for habitation.</p>
+
+<p>Another cave, near this, has an entrance 30 feet wide and 10 feet
+high; it is well lighted for 40 feet back.</p>
+
+<p>The third cave of this series is a rock shelter a short distance south
+of the second, and higher up in the bluff.</p>
+
+<p>All these appear to deserve an examination.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BERRY CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>A cave on George Berry's land, in a ravine opening into the east side
+of Roubidoux Creek, 3 miles from Hanna post office, has a small
+entrance which is nearly closed by "drip rock," the roof, walls, and
+floor being thickly incrusted. These deposits, which it is said are
+even more abundant farther in, seem to be rather rapidly increasing in
+volume.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MAXEY CAVE (16)</h5>
+
+<p>What is known as Maxey's Cave is 7 miles south of Waynesville, on the
+west side of Roubidoux Creek. It is by far the largest open cave in
+this region, the entrance being 40 feet high and 100 feet wide. It
+extends across the head of a ravine, and if the loose earth at the
+sides were cleared away it would be found still wider. The entire
+floor is covered with a mass of rocks of every size up to several
+tons, except at one side of the entrance where there is a small amount
+of loose earth. The front chamber is 300 feet long to where the cavern
+forks; in one of these forks daylight extends for 100 feet farther, or
+400 feet from the mouth. Marks on the walls show that the entire floor
+is sometimes covered 2 or 3 feet deep with running water.</p>
+
+<p>A survey made some years ago disclosed a mass of earth and rock "a
+long ways back in the hill;" definite figures could not be obtained.
+Beyond this point it was impossible to proceed. By running
+corresponding angles and lines on the surface outside the surveyors
+came to a very large sink hole, into which flowed the drainage of
+several farms. This explains the flood marks. Clearly the roof of the
+cave had fallen in at this point.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">YOARK CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Yoark Cave, a fourth of a mile east from Maxey's in a bluff facing
+south on the left bank of Roubidoux Creek, has an entrance 40 feet
+wide, 30 feet high, and is in daylight for 150 feet. Cave earth
+extends for 100 feet from the entrance, and apparently continues from
+this point under the gravel and clay which have washed from the
+interior.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>It is on the land of A.L. Foote, having been in his family
+continuously since it was secured by Government patent. The name is
+derived from "Grandma Martha Yoark," who was among the earliest white
+settlers in the region. Her home was on the opposite side of the
+creek, in a pioneer log cabin, the last vestige of which, except the
+stones of the chimney, disappeared before the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>In the front portion many large rocks are lying on the surface of the
+clay floor and others are imbedded in it; probably still others are
+entirely covered. Farther back the clay is mixed with gravel washed
+from the interior. This deposit is never entirely dry and in rainy
+seasons is quite muddy. The difficulty of removing or digging under
+the rocks, added to the certainty that water would be encountered
+before the bottom is reached, render useless any effort at complete
+excavation. The amount of refuse on the surface, however, is a good
+indication that such researches as would be possible in the upper
+layers, among the rocks, would disclose a large quantity of aboriginal
+remains of comparatively modern date.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">GRAVES AT LAUGHLIN'S (17)</h5>
+
+<p>On the Laughlin goat ranch, 6 miles southeast of Waynesville, a high
+narrow ridge level along the top and sloping abruptly on each side
+extends northward from the hills on the right side of Roubidoux Creek
+and terminates in a vertical cliff. Bedrock projects on the top and on
+both sides, and vegetation is so scanty that the crest is almost a
+"bald."</p>
+
+<p>On the summit of this ridge are seven cairns, the first one only a few
+feet from the edge of the cliff, the last one about 300 feet back,
+near where the ground begins to ascend toward the plateau. They are
+small, none more than 3 feet high, and all have a depression in the
+top where the stones have been thrown out from the center toward the
+outside by relic seekers and rabbit hunters.</p>
+
+<p>In three of them flat stones remaining in place at parts of the margin
+indicate that an irregular square inclosure was constructed around the
+bodies, as in those examined at Gourd Creek. Possibly this feature
+existed in all of them at the time of their construction, but there
+was no evidence that any of them had been walled up like those at
+Sugar Tree Camp or the Devil's Elbow. Views of their present
+conditions are shown in plate 14.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">KERR CAVE (17)</h5>
+
+<p>Near the site of Kerr's Mill, on Roubidoux Creek, 5 miles south-east
+of Waynesville, is a cave at the foot of a bluff, the entrance 60 feet
+above the bottom of the hill. Viewed from the outside it has the
+appearance of a rock shelter 40 feet wide and 45 feet deep. Above
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>most of it the stratum forming the roof is 15 feet high; near the
+front the successive overlying strata project in a hollow curve until
+at the face of the bluff the drop from the ledge to the talus
+immediately beneath it is fully 50 feet.</p>
+
+<p>At one side, near the rear, is a passage 5 or 6 feet wide, not visible
+from the front, extending back into the hill. Although the cave is
+usually dry, clean gravel in this passage shows that sufficient water
+flows through at times to prevent earth from accumulating; further
+evidence of which fact is found in the mud cracks of the floor and the
+ferns growing amid the rocks, large and small, which cover it.</p>
+
+<p>The place could never have been occupied except for temporary shelter,
+and there is no evidence that even this use was made of it.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">SELL CAVE (18)</h5>
+
+<p>Half a mile directly south of Waynesville, on the farm of Dr. W.J.
+Sell, is a cave located in the northern end of a ridge entirely
+detached from the surrounding hills. The entrance, facing northeast,
+is halfway up the point of the ridge, overlooking a fertile bottom
+along Roubidoux Creek. From the top of the ledge over the entrance the
+hill has an easy upgrade for a fourth of a mile to the summit, which
+is at an elevation of 250 feet above the creek. On top of the hill is
+the site of an Indian village where some mortars, grinding stones, and
+numerous flints have been found.</p>
+
+<p>The roof of the cave has partially fallen in at the entrance, forming
+a re-entrant curve 30 feet across and extending 11 feet inward; the
+large blocks from this, and from the stratum described later, were
+lying on and in the talus at the present front but did not extend to
+the red clay beneath. Some of the blocks could be reduced with a heavy
+sledge hammer to an extent that made it possible to roll them out of
+the way; but 24 of them had to be broken up with dynamite.</p>
+
+<p>The talus at its thickest part has a depth of 6 feet; it extends down
+the hill on the outside and has washed back into the cave, gradually
+decreasing in quantity, to a distance of 50 feet. The roof, at the
+front, is 5 feet above the talus; the thickness of the ledge forming
+it is only 8 feet, the slope of the hill starting from this line.
+Owing to the restricted width of the ridge, on top, the entire area
+draining over the ledge measures only 70 feet in width above the
+entrance, and narrows irregularly to a breadth of 30 feet at an
+outcrop 120 feet up the hill, or with an approximate space of 6,000
+square feet. On this small tract more than half the rock is bare, with
+scanty patches of soil and humus in the crevices and on flat places.
+At the present time the water which flows over the ledge during hard
+rains is scarcely turbid; consequently a period of several centuries
+was required for the d&eacute;bris to accumulate.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>Fourteen feet back from the farthest-receding part of the curve of the
+roof at the front is the edge of a stratum 3 feet thick; the bottom of
+this was 3 feet above the talus immediately beneath it. This stratum
+is continuous, with a perceptible dip to the interior, as far as it
+can be seen.</p>
+
+<p>The width of the cave at the mouth is 44 feet; 30 feet within it
+widens to 51 feet. A small amount of water making its way from the
+interior over the level floor collects in a little basin scooped out
+to receive it, and sinks into the floor near the inner foot of the
+talus 55 feet from the entrance. At this point the width of the cave
+is 36 feet; the height to the roof is 4&frac12; feet. As the floor beyond
+here is soft mud, the cavern was not followed farther.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the limited space between the floor and the roof it was
+necessary to remove the excavated earth to the outside. The water
+which flows from the hill and falls upon the talus during rains also
+had to be provided against. A trench 4 feet wide at the bottom, with
+sufficient slant to the sides to prevent them from falling in, was
+started 25 feet out from the entrance, on a level which gave it a
+depth of 6&frac12; feet at the highest point of the talus, thus carrying it a
+few inches into the clay which was the original floor of the cave.
+This depth also brought it well below the level of the little pool
+inside. When its greatest depth was reached the excavation was at once
+widened to 25 feet, thus reaching well toward the cliff on either
+side. Growing trees and large rocks made a greater width here
+impracticable.</p>
+
+<p>In the talus were flint implements, none small enough for arrowheads,
+some well finished, others roughly made, a few being shown in plate
+15; three sandstone mortars and fragments of four others; probably 100
+cobblestones used as hammers and pestles, some of them pitted on the
+sides, a few showing marks of much use (pl. 16, <i>A</i>); a small, very
+solid piece of hematite worn round by use as a hammer; a small,
+imperfect tomahawk made of quartzite (pl. 16, <i>B, a</i>); many mussel
+shells, some used as knives and scrapers; animal bones, some of them
+worked into implements, including a perfect skiver (pl. 16, <i>B</i>, <i>b</i>);
+several pieces of hematite and limonite used as paint stones (pl. 16,
+<i>B</i>, <i>c</i>); many fragments of pottery, some of them worked into disks
+and perforated (pl. 16, <i>B</i>, <i>d</i>); occasionally small deposits of
+charcoal, ashes, and burned earth. The meager amount of artificial
+material, and its random distribution, as if one piece was lost here,
+another thrown there, throughout the talus from the present surface to
+the underlying clay would appear good evidence that the cave was never
+used as a place of permanent abode, but merely provided temporary
+refuge at intervals extending over a prolonged period.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate14" id="Plate14"></a>
+<a href="images/plate14a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate14a_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 14a" /></a><br />
+
+<a href="images/plate14b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate14b_th.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 14b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 14 <br />CAIRNS ON ROUBIDOUX CREEK, SIX MILES FROM WAYNESVILLE,
+MO.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate15" id="Plate15"></a>
+<a href="images/plate15.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate15_th.jpg" width="50%" alt="Plate 15" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 15 <br />FLINTS FROM SELL CAVE, NEAR WAYNESVILLE,
+MO.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate16" id="Plate16"></a>
+<a href="images/plate16a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate16a_th.jpg" width="52%" alt="Plate 16a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 16 <i>A</i>, Pestles or grinding stones<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate16b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate16b_th.jpg" width="52%" alt="Plate 16b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 16 <i>B</i>, Celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and
+skiver<br />OBJECTS FROM SELL CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate17" id="Plate17"></a>
+<a href="images/plate17a-b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate17a-b_th.jpg" width="43%" alt="Plate 17a-b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 17: Skull from Sell cave. <i>a</i>, Front; <i>b</i>, profile</p>
+
+<a href="images/plate17c-d.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate17c-d_th.jpg" width="43%" alt="Plate 17c-d" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 17: Skull from Bell's cave, near Waynesville. <i>c</i>, Front; <i>d</i>, profile</p>
+
+
+<a href="images/plate17e-f.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate17e-f_th.jpg" width="43%" alt="Plate 17e-f" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span>PLATE 17: Skull from Miller's cave. <i>e</i>,
+Front; <i>f</i>, profile <br />THREE SKULLS FROM PULASKI COUNTY, MO.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>None of the pottery was decorated in any way, though most of it was
+cord-marked; no piece was found which had a handle or a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>foot.
+Nearly half a bushel of pieces was found, fragments of many different
+vessels, with a range in thickness from one-eighth to three-fourths of
+an inch.</p>
+
+<p>If all this talus were examined, much material might be found, but the
+result would not justify the labor.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen feet west from the east corner of the cave, 8 feet within the
+edge of the roof, 3&frac12; feet under the surface of the d&eacute;bris, which was a
+foot lower here than at the highest point, was a bundled or bunched
+skeleton; only small fragments of arm and leg bones, most of the lower
+jaw, a little of the upper jaw, and traces of skull were remaining.
+The bones were small but solid. They were packed tightly in the dark,
+wax-like clay, but there were no indications of a grave; the earth in
+contact with them could not be distinguished from that lying around
+them. The body had been crowded into the smallest possible space, with
+the head against a large stone. All the teeth were well preserved,
+some of them not at all worn. Small fragments of deer bones were found
+among the remains; these, also, were very soft and decayed.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, all bones found, whether human or other, in this wet, tough,
+heavy earth were nearly destroyed, and such portions as remained had
+but little more consistency than the mud in which they were imbedded.
+Much care was necessary in order to get them out.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteen feet from the entrance, 13 feet from the east wall, 4&frac12; feet
+down, 18 inches above bottom, were part of a large femur and a few
+fragments of other bones too small and crushed to identify.</p>
+
+<p>Seven feet southwest of this femur, 14 inches lower, was a closely
+folded skeleton, the skull nearly north, the other bones toward the
+east wall. Some mussel shells, fragments of deer bones, and two flint
+knives were near the head. The body had been placed in a shallow hole
+dug in the talus as it existed at that time, some earth thrown over
+it, and small rocks piled on. The covering rocks were under 3 feet of
+detritus, washed in since they were placed there. Near the knees was a
+piece of antler, neatly perforated, with rounded ends, giving it the
+shape of a reniform bannerstone (fig. 8). This may have been an
+ornament, an arrow-shaft straightener, or the holder for a drill or a
+fire-stick. Near it was a polishing stone deeply worn on both sides
+(fig.&nbsp;9).</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig08" id="fig08"></a>
+<a href="images/fig08.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig08.jpg" width="80%" alt="Figure 8" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 8.</span>&mdash;Perforated object of antler from Sell
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Twenty-two feet within the reentrant curve at the front, 20 feet from
+the west wall, at the bottom of the talus, was a skeleton, the skull
+in small fragments, which, however, were held in place by the tough
+clay. The teeth were worn below the enamel in places; two well-worked
+flint knives and one rough one (fig. 10) were near it. The bones
+looked as if they had been thrown in, occupying only a small space;
+but probably a folded body had been laid in on the left side.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>At 24 feet from the entrance, 17 feet from the west wall, in a hole
+dug to 20 inches below the present surface of the talus, were broken
+and spongy bones of an adult. Pelvis, feet, and leg bones were in
+confusion; the tibi&aelig; were reversed in position, but it may be that the
+body was laid on the back with the knees flexed and that the bones had
+fallen as they were found. This is probable, as each patella was where
+it belonged, and the body lay extended toward the southeast, as shown
+by the position of the skull. The humerus was about 12 inches long;
+all the bones were in small pieces. There were many mussel shells
+among and above the remains, over which earth and small rocks had been
+piled.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig09" id="fig09"></a>
+<a href="images/fig09.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig09.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 9" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 9.</span>&mdash;Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell
+Cave.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two feet south of this skeleton and a few inches lower were the
+crushed and decayed bones of an old person with the head lying toward
+the east. The one tooth found (a molar) was worn entirely below the
+enamel except for a small space at the front; the dentine was polished
+until it resembled a piece of agate. Mr. De Lancey Gill first remarked
+the fact that wear of this character denotes that the individual did
+not gnaw bones, crack nuts, or indeed bite hard on any substance. If
+he had done so this thin shred of enamel would have broken off. Two
+large rocks which lay on the head and body seem to have been thus
+placed before the grave was filled with earth.</p>
+
+<p>Near these bones were fragments indicating three other interments; the
+humerus of the last was perforated.</p>
+
+<p>Other arm bones found showed the same olecranal perforation.</p>
+
+<p style="clear: both;">Twenty-one feet from the entrance, 19 feet from the east wall, was a
+skeleton, closely folded, on left side, head toward rear of cave. The
+teeth were worn flat. The bones were crushed by rocks laid on or above
+the body at the time of burial, as was the case with all the skeletons
+found in this part of the cave; probably timbers had been interposed.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate18" id="Plate18"></a>
+<a href="images/plate18a-c.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate18a-c_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 18a-c" /></a><br />
+<br />
+
+<a href="images/plate18d.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate18d_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 18d" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 18<br />TEETH FROM SELL CAVE AND OTHER CAVES, SHOWING MANNER
+AND AMOUNT OF WEAR<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate19" id="Plate19"></a>
+<a href="images/plate19.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate19_th.jpg" width="50%" alt="Plate 19" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 18<br />TEETH FROM SELL CAVE AND OTHER CAVES, SHOWING MANNER
+AND AMOUNT OF WEAR<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the surface, 18 feet from the entrance, 14 feet from the east
+wall, were the right half of a skull and of a lower jaw; a few small,
+scattered pieces of skull were found near them. The teeth were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>much
+worn, some of them were decayed, and two had the roots swollen and
+distorted by ulceration. South of the skull were fragments of feet and
+leg bones, probably belonging with it. This interment was of much
+later date than the others.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-two feet from the front, 16 feet from the east wall, 2&frac12; feet
+below the surface, and a foot above the bottom of the talus, was a
+folded skeleton, on left side, head toward the interior of the cave,
+face directly upward. So much of the skull as could be recovered is
+shown in plate 17, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>. The teeth were much worn, the bones
+broken, soft and spongy, falling away with the clay as it was removed
+from about them. The femur was about 17&frac12; inches long.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="fig10" id="fig10"></a>
+<a href="images/fig10.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig10.jpg" width="70%" alt="Figure 10" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 10.</span>&mdash;Flints from Sell Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Wear of teeth among aboriginal people does not of necessity denote a
+great age for the individual. Grit from ashes and fine sand from
+mortars and pestles will cut away the enamel to a much greater extent
+than would result from the use of ordinary food.</p>
+
+<p>The condition of the teeth mentioned, as well as of some from other
+localities, is shown in plates 18 and 19.</p>
+
+<p>From the inner end of the ditch, or runway, at the entrance the
+excavation was carried back for 40 feet in a direct line; or making
+allowance for passing around a massive rock which was in a position
+where it could not be blasted, for 43 feet; the depth of the talus
+here was 3 feet.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>On the east side the talus was removed to the wall, a distance of 28
+feet from the edge of the trench, and the wall rock exposed for 22
+feet, to the rear bank of the excavation.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">All work, so far, had been carried on at a level a few inches below
+the bottom of the talus, which rested directly upon the floor of clay
+washed out from the interior of the cave.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning next at the outer end of the trench, the entire space
+included in the first excavation was deepened by a little more than 6
+feet, giving a new floor about 13 feet lower than the highest part of
+the talus. All the material thus removed showed that it was laid down
+by flowing water, sometimes so quiet as to deposit clay of impalpable
+fineness, sometimes with a velocity sufficient to carry stones
+weighing 3 or 4 pounds. The material varied&mdash;red clay, now jointed,
+was the topmost layer; below it, in patches and layers, were dark
+earth, resembling soil; clay of different shades of yellow, brown,
+red, and gray, sometimes almost blue; some of it uniform, some of it
+mingled, one or any or all of the different sorts in small compass;
+deposits of one sort filling sharply defined channels or potholes cut
+in some other sort; occasionally there was a slight admixture of sand.
+All included limestone pebbles, which were plentiful in some deposits
+but entirely absent from others, were weathered to a chalky
+consistency, the larger ones to a depth of perhaps half an inch, the
+smaller ones throughout. Scarcely any chert was included, although it
+is abundant on the hill; the few pieces seen were very small.</p>
+
+<p>It took five weeks of steady work, with two men, to clear out the
+second level. In all this clay there was not the slightest trace of
+bone or other indication that living beings of any kind had existed
+either in the cave or in any place from which the clay had come.</p>
+
+<p>At 24 feet from the eastern side of the trench, projections on the
+face of the east wall denoted that bed rock was not far away. A hole 8
+feet across, at the rear of the excavation, reached sand with a slight
+admixture of clay a few inches under the level at which the work was
+being conducted; and 4 feet down, or 17 feet from the top of the
+talus, the rock was found. It was rough and furrowed, like a solid
+stratum that has been long exposed to atmospheric weathering.</p>
+
+<p>Further exploration was useless. The sand results from disintegration
+of the Roubidoux sandstone belonging next above the limestone in which
+the cave was formed. None of this remains on the hill; it has all been
+carried away by erosion. There is not now any sink hole or crevice
+above the level of the cavern through which the sand could have made
+its way. Such an opening must have existed at one time, on the slope
+at one side or the other, or farther back where the hill is now cut
+off. In either case, erosion has carried <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>away its walls and filled up
+the channel leading from it, and thus obliterated its site. To
+accomplish this would require a long time; enough to produce a
+considerable alteration in the topography, and so to predicate for the
+bottom deposits in the cave an antiquity far beyond the possible
+appearance of man in the region.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">PHILLIPS CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>The Phillips Cave faces Roubidoux Creek near the Big Spring, a mile
+south of Waynesville. Access to the interior is possible only by
+crawling some distance on wet clay. Other caves in the same line of
+bluffs are either very small or almost inaccessible. No refuse appears
+about any of them.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BELL'S CAVE (18)</h5>
+
+<p>In the upper part of the bluff bordering Roubidoux Creek just west of
+Waynesville, on the farm of Robert A. Bell, are numerous caves, most
+of them quite small. One, much larger than any of the others, has an
+entrance 27 feet wide and 12 feet high. The floor is of earth mingled
+with small rocks, and rises gradually toward the rear until at 70 feet
+it almost reaches the roof, although the open space enlarges farther
+in. The width of the cave varies from 19 to 32 feet. Several large
+rocks have fallen from the roof and walls at a comparatively recent
+date, as they lie directly upon the earth or are only slightly
+imbedded in it.</p>
+
+<p>Shells and flint flakes occur in small amount, but the cave is so
+difficult of access that it was probably but little used.</p>
+
+<p>Some human bones, rooted out by hogs, were scattered over the floor;
+only a few remained, the hogs having chewed up most of them. Part of a
+femur belonged to a person about 18 or 20 years of age. A skull and
+part of a lower jaw, lying several feet apart but belonging to the
+same individual, were secured; they are shown in plate 17, <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>.
+Few of the teeth remained, though all had been in place at the time of
+interment.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CAMP-GROUND CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>This is three-fourths of a mile west from Waynesville. It is small,
+with a muddy bottom, and could never have been occupied.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BUCHER CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Bucher Cave is 2 miles northeast of Waynesville. It has a small, low
+entrance, nearly closed by a pile of chert gravel mixed with some
+clay, which has been carried by surface water from the slope above.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+
+<h5 class="sub">GRAVES NEAR MCKENNAN'S</h5>
+
+<p>On a low spur, projecting about halfway up a high hill opposite
+McKennan's house, 2&frac12; miles northeast of Waynesville, are two of the
+ordinary stone graves or cairns, both small. One has been torn apart;
+the other is intact.</p>
+
+<p>They are mentioned only because in the one which has not been
+disturbed the stones are sunken at the center, affording good evidence
+that timbers were placed over the corpse before the stones were piled
+up.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">ROUBIDOUX CAVE (19)</h5>
+
+<p>In a vertical bluff overlooking the junction of Roubidoux Creek and
+the Gasconade River is a cavern with a high, wide entrance giving
+access to a large chamber which has several smaller but well-lighted
+rooms opening into it. There was formerly a considerable depth of
+earth on the rock bottom, but most of it has been taken out for
+fertilizer. What is left is dry near the entrance, but wet farther in.
+Although it would make an ideal Indian home, being easy of access and
+within a few rods of the two streams, there could be found no
+indications of such habitation; and owing to the small amount of earth
+remaining, the presence of many large rocks, and the close proximity
+of a large club house on the public highway immediately in front, no
+excavation is possible.</p>
+
+<p>A cairn on the point of the cliff over this cave has been completely
+demolished.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">RICHLAND CAVE (20)</h5>
+
+<p>There is a large cave at the head of a ravine a fourth of a mile below
+the bridge over the Gasconade River, on the Richland and Hanna road,
+7&frac12; miles from Richland. The entrance is 70 feet wide and 40 feet high;
+daylight extends to a point 200 feet within, where the cave divides
+into two parts, both of which turn abruptly. Cave earth near the
+entrance on one side is scanty in quantity, damp and moldy; but beyond
+this it is dry, unevenly surfaced, and appears to have been somewhat
+disturbed. There is considerable refuse on and in the dry earth as far
+back as the inner end of the front chamber, and were it not for the
+many rocks, too large to be removed, which cover nearly the entire
+floor and would make excavation very difficult and incomplete, the
+deposits would probably repay investigation.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">ROLLINS CAVES (19)</h5>
+
+<p>On the farm of Sam T. Rollins, 2&frac12; miles northwest of Waynesville, are
+two large caves.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>The first, in a bluff facing the Gasconade, half a mile above the
+mouth of Roubidoux Creek, is 50 feet above the bottom of the hill. The
+entrance, toward the northeast, is 45 feet wide and 36 feet high. The
+sides are parallel for 45 feet; at that point the east wall abruptly
+recedes for 12 feet and then continues in a curving line for 120 feet
+farther, to an outlet in the side of a shallow ravine trending toward
+the west. This opening, 13 feet wide, is filled nearly to the top with
+d&eacute;bris which slopes steeply for 40 feet into the cave.</p>
+
+<p>The west wall, at 45 feet, makes an outward curve to a branch which
+leads northwest for 25 feet and has an opening on the side of the hill
+25 feet wide and 20 feet high; the talus at the front is 12 feet high
+and slopes steeply into the cave. Beyond this branch the west wall
+extends in a straight line to the small outlet at the ravine.</p>
+
+<p>The floor of the cave has a gentle incline from the bottom of the
+d&eacute;bris in the rear to the main entrance.</p>
+
+<p>No refuse could be found in the cave or around any of the three
+entrances; and the place would not be suitable for a shelter in winter
+as the wind, no matter from what direction, blows directly through it.</p>
+
+<p>The second cave is near the foot of the hill, half a mile up the river
+from the first. A gentle slope in front leads to the bottom land along
+the stream. The entrance, toward the northwest, is 60 feet wide and 10
+feet high. At 65 feet within is standing water; marks in a channel
+along the west wall show that at times there is an outflow with a
+depth of a foot or more. At the front is a great amount of talus
+partly fallen from the ledge forming the roof, partly washed down from
+the hillside; the outer slope is 20 feet high, the inner slope has a
+slight incline to the standing water. The entire deposit within the
+cave and in front of it is of tough, sticky clay. Many large rocks lie
+on the surface or slightly imbedded, and large trees grow on the
+talus. No indications of occupancy could be discovered.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MIX CAVE (21)</h5>
+
+<p>On the Mix farm, half a mile below the Gasconade bridge on the
+Waynesville and Crocker road, on the left (west) side, at the head of
+a ravine, is a cave with an entrance 75 feet wide and 20 feet high.
+Cave earth, apparently not more than 3 feet thick at any point,
+although it gradually rises to a level 6 feet higher than the floor at
+the mouth, extends back 80 feet; beyond this is water-soaked clay and
+gravel reaching 60 feet farther to a turn in the cave, making a
+distance of about 140 feet in daylight. There is a shallow channel 12
+feet wide along the east wall from the gravel to the entrance;
+evidence that at times a volume of water of that width flows out of
+the cave. The cave earth is damp for several feet from the line of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>its contact with the clay, a certain indication that its lower portion
+is saturated.</p>
+
+<p>Much refuse, including several mortars, is distributed over the floor,
+and it is especially apparent in the bed of the little stream; but
+fully half the surface is covered with rocks too large to be removed,
+and these, together with the water, will effectually prevent
+satisfactory excavation.</p>
+
+<p>One of the mortars has a grinding cavity on one face 12 by 20 inches
+and 3 inches deep at the middle; on the other face, which has been
+pecked, apparently with a flint tool, to make it level and even, is
+also a cavity, but it is small and shallow, showing that this side of
+the stone was but little used.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">DOUBLE CAVE (21)</h5>
+
+<p>On Walter Miller's farm, 1&frac12; miles below the Crocker and Waynesville
+bridge, on the left side of the river, is the "Double Cave," so called
+for the reason that it has two entrances. The one farthest down the
+river is more nearly in line with the general trend of the cavern. Its
+opening is 35 feet wide and 20 feet high. At 40 feet in from the
+mouth, on the left or up-river side, the two parts of the cavern
+unite, a triangular partition of the original limestone strata
+separating them up to the point of junction. Across the apex of the
+triangle the main cave is 50 feet wide; there is no vertical wall on
+the right (east) side along this portion, the roof sloping down
+gradually until it meets the earth floor; it may extend farther,
+making the cave that much wider at the bedrock bottom. The cave earth
+at its highest point is fully 10 feet higher than at the entrance; but
+this may not mean that it is 10 feet deeper, for there are indications
+that the rock floor also rises from the entrance toward the interior.
+Digging in the front part of the main cave&mdash;that is, in the portion
+behind the lower entrance&mdash;would be impracticable owing to the huge
+rocks, some of them lying on the floor, others deeply imbedded in the
+earth; consequently part of them, at least, fell while the cave was
+inhabited.</p>
+
+<p>From the junction of the two branches the cave earth extends back 60
+feet to clay and gravel washed down from the interior; there is ample
+light at this point, and for some distance beyond. In part, this
+gravel seems to overlie the loose earth; it is still depositing, and
+the manner in which the various materials intermingle and overlap at
+their meeting place indicates that the cave earth to some extent
+underlies the gravel and clay. This feature is worth investigating, as
+it might have a bearing upon the relative age of the cave deposits.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance to the branch cave is 20 feet higher in the face of the
+bluff than that of the main cave, and consequently much above any
+water flowing from the interior; it is 20 feet wide by 15 feet high.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>Measured along the east wall, it is 40 feet from this entrance to the
+apex of the triangle separating the two parts of the cavern. The
+greatest width of the united caves, 70 feet, is just beyond this
+point. The earth floor in the branch, a fine-grained yellow earth
+apparently deposited by quiet or gently flowing water, is 3 feet
+higher than it is at the highest point farther back in the cave, and
+is 4 feet or more higher than the bedrock at the front. No direct
+communication is possible, in front, from one entrance to the other.
+The only means of transference is by passing through the caverns
+around the triangular partition, or by going down to the talus from
+one opening and then up to the other; though only a few feet of
+descent is necessary. There is an easy passage to and from the
+Gasconade, which flows at the foot of the bluff; and a good path in
+either direction to the top of the hill.</p>
+
+<p>Very little refuse occurs, and the site is not worth examining.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">RAILROAD CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>On railway property, north of the Gasconade River on the east of the
+Waynesville and Crocker road, is a noted cave which "runs clear
+through the hill," and can be entered from either end. From the
+descriptions given it certainly could never have been utilized as a
+dwelling place.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BAT, OR PAGE, CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Bat Cave, so named because it formerly harbored immense numbers of
+bats, is on Robert Page's land, 4&frac12; miles from Crocker, near the
+Waynesville road. The entrance is 40 feet wide and 30 feet high. Cave
+earth extends for more than 200 feet in plain daylight; at this depth
+the cave separates into two branches, one directly over the other. The
+lower division continues into the hill on a level; the upper rises at
+a slight angle; neither is high enough to permit a man to stand erect.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest width, a few rods from the front, is 55 feet. A drainage
+channel near one wall shows a considerable outflow in wet weather. In
+the low, vertical bank of this drain, gravel and small rocks are
+mingled with the earth in such quantity as to comprise more than half
+the mass. But this is probably due to the fact that a large quantity
+of earth, mostly, of course, from the upper part of the deposits, has
+been taken away for fertilizer. Neither in the bank of the little
+channel nor about the pits left by this digging is any refuse to be
+seen, and there is none about the entrance. So, in spite of its
+suitability for residential purposes and its favorable situation, it
+does not seem ever to have been utilized.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">TUNNEL CAVE (22)</h5>
+
+<p>A fourth of a mile from the Bat Cave is a natural tunnel or
+underground passage which has its beginning in a deep sink hole half a
+mile away on the farther side of the hill. Into this depression pours
+all the water that comes through a ravine more than 4 miles long,
+receiving several tributaries on the way; thus draining several
+hundred acres of steep hillsides from which storm water runs off
+almost as quickly as from a roof. From the sink hole it passes into
+the upper end of the tunnel, an opening 10 feet high and 20 feet wide.
+Trash and drift around this inlet show that the water rises above its
+top.</p>
+
+<p>The lower opening of the tunnel is a beautiful, regular arch, 100 feet
+wide and 50 feet high. For some distance in, the interior is so choked
+with huge rocks, which reach almost to the roof near one side at the
+front, that it resembles a great quarry. Gravel, sand, and driftwood,
+including a large log 15 feet long, are piled on these rocks to a
+height of 20 feet.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BROOKS CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Brooks Cave, 11 miles southeast of Waynesville, has an entrance
+through a sink hole in a level field. It is small and dark for some
+distance back, and was never occupied.</p>
+
+<p>Openings of this character are never the original mouths of caverns;
+they are due to the roof falling in at a point where it has become
+thin by wearing away from below.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">RIDDLE CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Riddle Cave is on John W. Schord's farm, near Wildwood. The entrance
+is through a sink, similar to that at Brooks Cave, and is due to the
+same causes. It could never have been occupied.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">LANE'S CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Somewhat more than a mile north of Big Piney post office is a cave
+known as Lane's Cave. Near it is a smaller cave; also a rock shelter.
+They are all small, high up in the cliff, hard to reach, and
+unsuitable for living in.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">DRY CREEK CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>A cave on Dry Creek, north of Lane's Cave, is small and almost
+inaccessible. Never used.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS (23)</h5>
+
+<p>There is a group of house mounds, about 100 in number, close to the
+site of the "Ranch House," which formerly stood near "The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>Falls" 4
+miles southwest from Big Piney. Two other groups, north of this one,
+carry the mounds for about 4 miles along a little valley, which
+extends north and south about midway between Big Piney and Bloodland.
+Most of the mounds, in all the groups, are on the slight slopes
+bordering either side of the little stream&mdash;which sometimes ceases to
+flow&mdash;but a few of them are on the narrow strip of level land along
+the banks.</p>
+
+<p>There is another group south of Bloodland. They were not learned of in
+time to visit them.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">RIDEN'S CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>A mile southeast of the steel bridge across Big Piney, on the
+Edenville road, is Riden's Cave, in a small ravine opening into
+another ravine. The entrance is 25 feet wide and 8 feet high, and the
+front chamber extends 30 feet to an abrupt turn. There are large rocks
+on the floor near the mouth and some cave earth and a small amount of
+refuse at the front. Apparently it was never occupied except as a
+temporary camp.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">SALTPETER CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Near Miller's Spring, 2&frac12; miles northeast of Big Piney, in a high
+bluff, is a large cave whose name is derived from the quantity of
+saltpeter collected from it in the early settlement of the country.
+Earth for leaching was removed to such an extent that bedrock is now
+exposed near the entrance and at several places within. In addition
+many large rocks cumber the floor, consequently excavations would not
+yield satisfactory results, although refuse still to be seen in the
+cave and in front of it shows that it was a place of aboriginal
+habitation.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MILLER'S CAVE (24)</h5>
+
+<p>Three miles northeast of Big Piney is a cavern which from its
+position, formation, and surroundings is particularly adapted to the
+requirements of primitive people in search of a permanent shelter. It
+is situated in a bluff rising from the left bank of Big Piney River,
+200 feet above the level of that stream and half that distance below
+the summit of the hill of which the bluff forms the front. It lies in
+three different tracts of land, but the greater portion is on the farm
+of Daniel S. Miller, who lives a little more than half a mile away.
+For three generations it has been widely known as "Miller's Cave." It
+opens toward the southeast, the river at this point flowing north of
+east, and thus secures protection from the cold winds of winter,
+receives the greatest amount of light <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>through the day, and has the
+advantage of sunshine at the season when this is most needed. Big
+Piney, like all streams in the Ozark region, is extremely crooked and
+its bed is a continuous succession of riffles and pools, or eddies as
+they are locally known. In front of the cave is one of these pools
+nearly a mile long and at lowest stages fully 15 feet deep in places;
+even now it yields an abundance of fish, turtles, frogs, and mussels,
+all of which are important items in the aboriginal dietary.</p>
+
+<p>A fourth of a mile above the cave Big Piney makes an abrupt turn,
+coming to this point from the southeast. Here it receives the outflow
+from a large spring located at the foot of the hill, a fourth of a
+mile to the southward, which boils up in a pool 40 feet across and at
+its lowest stage discharges several thousand gallons every hour. Its
+volume responds quickly to a heavy rainfall and to the succeeding
+period of fair weather, although its level never passes above or below
+certain fixed points. A singular feature of this spring, one which has
+given it a wide reputation, is its rhythmic ebb and flow. With
+absolute regularity, regardless of atmospheric conditions, it swells
+for six hours, then subsides for an equal period, stages of high and
+low water occurring at the same hours every day. The extreme range of
+level is about a foot. Intermittent springs are not uncommon; but the
+regularity of this one is remarkable, particularly so as its action is
+not affected by changes in the volume. A dam was built below this
+spring by the father of Mr. Miller to furnish power for a mill; when
+the mill was not running the noise of the falling water, reenforced by
+the echoes from the hills around, could be heard a long distance and
+gave it the title of Roaring Spring. The Indians had a name for it
+which was interpreted by the whites as "Blowing Spring;" but as there
+are no unusual currents of air in the vicinity it is probable the
+proper translation would be "Breathing Spring," on account of its
+recurrent motion. The branch from this spring, following a course
+along the foot of the hill, is wide and shallow, though swift, and is
+nearly filled with a dense growth of long, moss-like vegetation which
+was greedily devoured by deer, herds of them being frequently seen in
+the water by early settlers.</p>
+
+<p>From the mouth of the cave several hundred acres of fertile alluvial
+land can be seen along both banks of the river. In the bottom land
+lying nearest to the spring branch&mdash;which is itself entitled to be
+called a creek&mdash;and extending southward to Miller's residence, partly
+on an upper terrace, but mostly on the low land, was a village site on
+which were formerly many small mounds which from the description were
+undoubtedly house mounds. Mortars occur in numbers, while fragments of
+pottery and flint, as well as many unbroken implements, were formerly
+abundant to a depth of several <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>inches. On the opposite side from the
+cavern, in the angle formed by the abrupt turn of the river, is
+another village site. A ditch, with an interior embankment about 6
+feet high, formerly extended in a curved line across the point. This
+fortification was about 600 feet long, coming to the river bank at
+either end. In the part thus protected were many low, small mounds
+placed close together but quite irregularly. These were probably house
+mounds. No trace of any of this artificial work is now apparent except
+that a difference in color may be seen here and there when the soil is
+freshly turned, all the earthworks having been plowed and dragged
+level as interfering with cultivation. A great amount of broken
+pottery, flint implements, and fragments of animal bones has been
+uncovered here. In fact, the field is known locally as "the place
+where the Indians made their pottery." This site seems to have been
+occupied within historic times; after an unusual freshet some years
+ago, many "round musket-balls, such as belonged to the old-fashioned
+muzzle loaders"&mdash;"hundreds," or "two gallons," of them is the usual
+version&mdash;were picked up where the loose soil had washed off. There is
+a local tradition, long antedating the discovery of the bullets, that
+a "battle" was fought here between the French and the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>On the hill over the cave are three cairns, but they have been so
+searched through that scarcely a stone remains in its proper place.
+There is also the site of a flint-working industry, a space 40 or 50
+feet across being strewn with spalls, flakes, and chips.</p>
+
+<p>When, in addition to the sustenance provided by deer and other large
+game, there is taken into consideration the great numbers of wild
+fowls which frequented the rugged hills and numerous streams; the
+multitude of small mammals which found security in the myriad cavities
+and crevices in the cliffs; the abundant food supply in the river; and
+the further fact that so many mortars and pestles meant the
+utilization of nuts and the cultivation of corn and no doubt of other
+foodstuffs as well; it is apparent that the problem of mere
+subsistence was one with which the natives had but little need to
+concern themselves. That full recognition was accorded to these
+advantages is amply attested by the great quantity of flints found
+everywhere in the vicinity, the numerous workshops on the hills and in
+the bottoms where the ground is thickly strewn with d&eacute;bris in every
+stage from the intact nodule or block to the finished implement, and
+the amount of refuse not only in this cavern, but in the Saltpeter
+Cave in the same bluff and in the Freeman or Ramsey Cave 3 miles down
+the river on the opposite side. Miller's Cave, however, possesses an
+additional advantage, one probably not to be found elsewhere. This is
+the absolute security of its inmates from the attack of an enemy. The
+mouth of the cave is in the face of a perpendicular bluff, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>wall
+on either side so smooth that not even a squirrel can obtain a
+foothold. The upper stratum of the precipice projects to such an
+extent that a rope or a ladder let down from above would fall several
+feet beyond the outer edge of the floor. Below, there is a vertical
+drop of 30 feet to the top of the rough talus which is as steep as
+rocks and earth will lie. If an assailant, by approaching from either
+side, should reach the foot of this bluff he would offer a fair target
+for stones rolled or hurled down by defenders who are safely out of
+reach of missiles from any direction.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig11" id="fig11"></a>
+<a href="images/fig11.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig11.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 11" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 11.</span>&mdash;Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The only means of entrance is a small opening in the west wall,
+communicating with another cave. This is so restricted in size as to
+permit the passage of only one person at a time, and he must assume a
+crawling or crouching posture. This opening, which for distinction
+will be called the doorway, has its top, sides, and bottom coated with
+stalagmite formation; so it may once have been somewhat larger than at
+present. The limited amount of the deposit over the natural rock at
+either end of the orifice is evidence, however, that it could never
+have been high enough for a man to walk through without stooping, or
+wide enough for two persons to pass each other; consequently one man
+armed with a club or other weapon could easily guard it against any
+number who might attempt to enter.</p>
+
+<p>The cavern from which this opening leads, and which will be called the
+outer cave, is close to and nearly parallel with the face of the
+bluff, and its course is therefore approximately east and west,
+forming nearly a right angle with the main cavern. It has a slight
+curve, so that the doorway is not visible to one who is approaching
+from the outside until he is within a few yards of it.</p>
+
+<p>The outer cave has its beginning at a point where the bluff bends
+toward the north; that is, where there is a shallow reentrant curve,
+formed by the face of the cliff breaking away at this part and rolling
+down the hill; a considerable portion of this cave itself has been
+thus destroyed, as shown by another entrance into the bluff beyond.
+Much talus has accumulated in this cave, over which there is at
+present a fairly easy though winding and zigzag path to the entrance
+from the top of the hill, and a rough and difficult way from the
+bottom. It is a natural presumption that dwellers in the cavern had
+well-constructed though necessarily devious pathways of easy grade to
+both the top and the bottom of the hill; but owing to the loose nature
+of the d&eacute;bris on the outside slopes all trace of these, when abandoned
+or no longer kept in repair, would soon be obliterated by surface
+wash, landslides, and the roots of trees.</p>
+
+<p>By the side of the upper trail, at the bottom of the sandstone ledge
+capping the hill, are many large blocks which have split off from this
+stratum. On the flat surface of two of these are about 25 figures,
+pecked into the stone apparently with a pointed flint implement. One
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>of them measuring 6&frac12; by 30 inches, shown in figure 11, bears some
+resemblance to a flying bird. All the others are of uniform design, an
+oval or elliptical figure with a straight line or bar passing through
+an opening in one end. These vary from 4 to 18 inches in length; two
+of them are shown in figure 12. Owing to the rough weathering of the
+stones accurate tracings were not possible, but the illustrations give
+a fairly correct idea of the inscriptions as they originally appeared.</p>
+
+<div class="img" style="clear: both;"><a name="fig12" id="fig12"></a>
+<a href="images/fig12.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig12.jpg" width="80%" alt="Figure 12" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 12.</span>&mdash;Incised figures in sandstone near Miller's
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The front part of the outer cave is partially filled with large rocks,
+gravel, and clay, which have fallen or been washed in. A window-like
+opening on the right, or south, side admits additional light. Near the
+inner end the cave divides, one branch going to the southeast and
+opening in the face of the bluff, the other turning north and
+terminating abruptly near the doorway, which is worn through its rear
+wall. A rough diagram (fig. 13) with some measurements is appended to
+show this cavern's peculiar structure.</p>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="measurements to go with Fig 13">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="80%"></td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%">Feet.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Width at mouth (A)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">17</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From mouth to "window" (B)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">21</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Width of window (B), which has a very irregular outline</td>
+  <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>From window to where cave divides (C)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">39</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From corner of divide (c) to opposite corner (H)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">13</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From corner (H) to rear wall</td>
+  <td class="tdr">11</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Greatest width, from (B) to (F)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">22</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Width from (C) to (G)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">10</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From north wall near (G) to face of bluff (D)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">28</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Height at mouth from talus to roof</td>
+  <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Height from floor to roof between (C) and (G)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">13</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Lowest point in the cave (near C), below entrance (A)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Mouth, at (D), lower than floor at (C)</td>
+  <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>A small amount of refuse on the floor suggested use of the outer cave
+for residence or shelter; but excavations at several points uncovered
+bedrock, with very irregular surface, at depths of 6 inches to 2 feet,
+the earth containing very little refuse and no ashes. On the talus at
+the entrance, and also at the bottom of the bluff in which the caves
+open, is much refuse which the inmates threw out as rubbish.</p>
+
+<div class="img" style="clear: both;"><a name="fig13" id="fig13"></a>
+<a href="images/fig13.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig13.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 13" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 13.</span>&mdash;Plan of Miller's
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The front chamber of the main cavern is quite regular in form, going
+straight back like a vault for 80 feet, then turning abruptly westward
+with a width of 47 feet, the west wall making almost a right angle at
+the corner. The east wall abuts squarely against the rear; a narrow
+crevice leads eastward from their junction, but as this was filled
+with water and mud no exploration in it was attempted.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>The floor of the front chamber, from wall to wall, and from near the
+front to within 27 feet of the rear, was entirely of ashes, no earth
+being visible until the extremity of these at either end was reached.
+The floor of the western extension is covered with fine earth, washed
+in, which gradually increases in volume until it fills the cave to
+within a foot of the roof. It was not examined beyond this point.</p>
+
+<p>Measurements show these dimensions:</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="Measurements">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="78%">Width of cave at mouth</td>
+  <td class="tdc2" width="10%">feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr2" width="10%">64</td>
+  <td class="tdr2" width="2%">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Least width of cave, 24 feet from mouth</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">45</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Greatest width of cave, from doorway to branch in
+  cave in eastern wall</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">74</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Shortest distance from line of least width to line
+  of greatest width, as given above</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">18</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From mouth of cave to doorway</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">51</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Height of doorway</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">inches</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">42</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Width of doorway</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">33</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Length of floor of doorway</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">56</td>
+  <td class="tdr2"><span style="font-weight: bold;">&sect;</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From mouth of cave to top of slope of ashes at rear</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">84</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From top to bottom of slope of ashes at rear</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">16</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From foot of ash slope to rear wall</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">27</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Extent of ashes in turn of cave along foot of wall
+  beyond corner of west wall</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">22</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Width of these ashes, from foot of wall to the
+  pool of water</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">22</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Width of cave from corner of west wall to east wall</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">56</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>From corner of west wall to rear of cave</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">47</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Height of extreme front from floor at edge of bluff
+  to most projecting ledge above</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">35</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>Height from shelf or ledge near front of east wall
+  to general level of roof</td>
+  <td class="tdc2">feet</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">14</td>
+  <td class="tdr2">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: .5em;">Height from ashes to roof at middle of cave</td>
+  <td class="tdc2" style="padding-bottom: .5em;">do</td>
+  <td class="tdr2" style="padding-bottom: .5em;">10</td>
+  <td class="tdr2" style="padding-bottom: .5em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="4" style="padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em; border-top: 1px dotted gray; border-bottom: 1px dotted gray;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">&sect;</span> &nbsp; This measure also represents the thinnest portion of the wall
+    separating the main cave from the outer cave.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>The walls were, as is usual in caverns, somewhat irregular, there
+being a narrow bench or shelf along each side near the front, while
+projections and indentations alternated from front to rear. There were
+numerous small holes and crevices, enlargements of seams and joints by
+percolating water at an early stage in the cave's history. These
+furnish homes for various wild animals, and nearly all of them contain
+bones, sticks, and trash taken in by ground hogs and wood rats which
+seem to find much pleasure in carrying such things from place to
+place.</p>
+
+<p>The work of excavation began at the extreme front of the cave, where
+the original bottom, a mixture of sand, clay, and chert gravel, had
+been exposed through removal of the ashes by winds and driving rain.
+Almost immediately rocks, large and small, fallen from walls and roof,
+were encountered and interfered greatly with the digging. In the upper
+foot of the clay were streaks of sand and ashes, among <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>which a mussel
+shell and a flint chip were found; and the top of the clay was quite
+uneven, appearing as if carried and thrown here, as perhaps some of it
+was early in the occupancy of the cave, with the object of making a
+more even or level floor farther back. But this admixture was only
+superficial; below it, the material had all the appearance of a
+running water deposit.</p>
+
+<p>A ledge extended along the east wall for 40 feet, with a width of 12
+to 14 feet; at the inner end it was about 4 feet below the general
+level of the floor. At 8 feet below its top a second ledge projected
+from it, sloping toward the center, slightly for 8 feet then more
+rapidly for 10 feet farther, where it merged into the bedrock. Then
+came level, nearly smooth rock for 18 feet, to the foot of the slope
+of the west wall, 14 feet out from that side of the cave. This was
+probably the original drainage channel.</p>
+
+<p>By the gradual erosion of new channels through the limestone and the
+consequent abandonment of old ones, subterranean drainage is
+continually altering its direction and force. In this way caverns may
+be left entirely dry, with bare floors; or may, especially if they
+receive the drainage of sink holes, be partially or even entirely
+filled with d&eacute;bris thus carried in. Like others, Miller's Cave has
+undergone such changes. It was begun by clear water; enlarged by
+erosion and by breaking down of walls and roof; presently clay, sand,
+and gravel were carried in; finally the water no longer flowed through
+the front, but found its way out in some other direction. In time the
+deposits became sufficiently dry to afford a good site for camps and
+for permanent occupation. There is no way of ascertaining the rate at
+which these changes took place; it may have required many centuries to
+make an appreciable difference in appearance; or, on the other hand,
+the transition from one stage to the next may have been rapid.</p>
+
+<p>Along the foot of the ledge from the east wall the clay was only a few
+inches deep; farther out on the ledge, and on the projection extending
+from it, were layers of red sand. Occasionally a small patch of it
+appeared along the western side. Probably it was washed in among the
+last of the natural deposits.</p>
+
+<p>There was considerable chert gravel mixed with the clay, making
+excavation as difficult and laborious as digging up an old,
+much-traveled macadamized highway.</p>
+
+<p>The surface of the ashes sloped upward rather rapidly for a distance
+of 29 feet from the front. Kitchen refuse, found in them from the
+start, contained many mussel shells; bones, including those of bear,
+deer, panther, turkey, and other large fowls, tortoise, turtle, fish,
+and various small mammals and birds; potsherds; broken flints, with
+the d&eacute;bris of chipping work; mortars, pestles, hammers, and mullers.
+Near the west wall, 14 feet from the mouth, imbedded in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>the ashes and
+a foot below their surface, was a well-preserved cranium, shown in
+plate 17, <i>e</i>, <i>f</i>. There were no other bones, not even the lower jaw;
+it seems to have been thrown here and covered with the dumped ashes.</p>
+
+<p>At 18 feet from the mouth the rocks became larger and so numerous as
+to be almost in contact, projecting above the ashes and imbedded in
+the clay down to bedrock; they extended for 22 feet farther in and to
+within 14 feet of the west wall. The clay attained its highest level
+at the beginning of this pile of rocks, having an elevation of 9 feet
+above bedrock; it became lower toward the interior, with its surface
+everywhere rough and irregular.</p>
+
+<p>The rocks were too large to be either moved or broken up, and owing to
+the condition of the roof an attempt to reduce them by blasting would
+have been attended with great danger, so they were perforce left in
+place and as much as possible of the clay between and under them dug
+away. Beyond those near the front, others, not reaching the top, were
+found one after another buried in the clay; owing to their constantly
+increasing number, and to the inward slope of the east wall, the
+limits of the excavation gradually narrowed, hampering the movements
+of the workmen, and it was necessary to handle the earth two or even
+three times to get it out of the way. There was growing risk, too, of
+the projecting rocks splitting off or breaking out of the clay matrix.
+As some of them weighed several tons, the danger became too imminent,
+and efforts to continue along the bedrock had to cease.</p>
+
+<p>Two other attempts were made to get to the bottom; one at 40 feet from
+the mouth just beyond the large rocks on the surface, and one at 15
+feet farther in. The last one started on an area 8 by 15 feet, which
+would have been ample if the sides could have been carried down even
+approximately straight. Neither of these efforts met with success, for
+the same reason that led to the abandonment of the first one.</p>
+
+<p>From here to the end, examinations were confined to the deposit of
+ashes. The surface, except as it had been disturbed by relic hunters,
+was practically level from wall to wall, but the depth varied with the
+undulating top of the clay beneath. Where it was deepest, in the
+central portion about 50 to 75 feet from the mouth, the deposit had a
+thickness of 6 feet. From this it diminished to about 3 feet on the
+sides, with an occasional thinner patch on a narrow shelf formed by a
+ledge or a crevice. The average thickness was close to 4&frac12; feet, so the
+amount was not far from 800 cubic yards. This was composed entirely of
+ashes from small fires for cooking, heating, and lighting purposes,
+increased to a very limited extent by kitchen waste, and by discarded
+or mislaid wrought objects. It represented the combustion of many
+hundreds, perhaps of thousands, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>of cords of wood, all of which had to
+be carried in from the hilltop or slopes and passed through the
+constricted doorway. This labor would be a sufficient guarantee of
+economical use; we may be sure that no fuel was wasted. If proof were
+needed of such a self-evident proposition, it would be found in the
+almost complete absence of charcoal; here and there, but seldom, a
+small mass of it showed that a burning chunk, covered up, had
+smoldered until the inflammable portion was consumed. Bunches or
+handfuls of coarse grass or small weeds had undergone the same
+process. Perhaps these had been used as kindling.</p>
+
+<p>In all the deeper parts the ashes had been dumped promiscuously, from
+fires made at other points; no camping fires seem to have been made
+along the middle of the cave until the depressions in the clay had
+been at least partially filled. The ashes in the upper 4 feet of the
+ash beds where these were deepest, and in nearly all the shallower
+portions, were stratified and usually level, though at the front and
+rear the strata followed the natural incline of the slopes. The first
+impression was that the ashes had been carefully spread out, or
+dragged, to make their surface even; but it was discovered, when
+shoveling some of them for the second time, that ashes may assume this
+appearance no matter how carelessly thrown. The ashes at the top, to a
+depth of 3 or 4 inches, were as fine as flour, and when shoveled back
+hung in clouds for hours at a time, to the great discomfort of the
+excavators, whose eyes, throats, and nasal passages were in a state of
+constant irritation. The stratified or laminated, hard-packed
+condition below the loose surface means, perhaps, that they were
+occasionally sprinkled and trampled by the occupants to prevent this
+trouble. Possibly they were covered with mats, skins, weeds, or
+leaves, in the parts where the inmates congregated. The loose,
+incoherent condition of the lower portions, which "shoveled like
+snow," may denote that only a few persons dwelt here at first, who
+found ample room on the higher ground near the doorway. However, all
+such attempts at explanations are not much better than mere guesswork,
+and we must be content with accepting the facts as we find them.</p>
+
+<p>Where the ashes were white and packed hard, whether on the site of a
+fire or in thin layers where thrown, they contained very little
+extraneous material; whereas in the darker, more mixed material broken
+bones, potsherds, shells, and other refuse were abundant, while there
+was scarcely a cubic foot anywhere in which was not found a piece of
+flint or bone, sometimes several such objects, which had been
+intentionally altered from their natural condition.</p>
+
+<p>Near the center of the cave was a curving pile, 6 by 2 feet, and
+several inches thick, of mussel shells of every size from less than an
+inch to above 5 inches in length; more than half of them were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>over 3
+inches. None of them showed any marks of fire; some had both valves in
+position, as if they had never been opened, and a few of the larger of
+these had been filled with small shells and closed again. A few were
+broken, but most of them were entire. About 1,400 valves were in this
+pile, meaning that at least one-half of that number of mollusks were
+consumed.</p>
+
+<p>The first interment was found at 46 feet from the front, 14 feet from
+the east wall. The folded skeleton of a very old person lay on the
+right side, head east, in loose ashes, on a large flat rock whose top
+was 30 inches below the surface. This rock had not been placed here,
+but had fallen from the ceiling; probably its existence was not known
+until it was uncovered in digging the grave. The skull still retained
+its shape, in part, being held in place by the ashes, but fell in
+pieces when this support was removed. A portion of it was gone; two
+fragments were found, several feet away, not near each other, one of
+which fits in the skull, and the other probably belongs with it also.
+The frontal bone is nearly half an inch thick; the sutures partially
+obliterated; the teeth worn down to the necks, some of them nearly to
+the bone; the forehead is low and receding. A restoration is seen in
+plate 20, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>. In addition to the missing portions of the skull,
+most of the ribs, half of the lower jaw, and nearly all the dorsal
+vertebr&aelig; were absent, probably having been dragged away by ground
+hogs. The bones are all light and fragile. Lying above the skull, in
+contact with it but supported by the ashes on both sides, was half of
+a large mortar hollowed on both sides. Above the skeleton, and
+extending for several feet on every side, was an undisturbed stratum
+of closely packed ashes, 17 inches thick at the middle, which broke
+off under the pick in large clods; these, of course, had accumulated
+after the body was interred.</p>
+
+<p>The spongy condition of these bones, in spite of the preservative
+action of the ashes, is evidence of the fact frequently noted, that
+with advancing age some change takes place which renders them less
+resistant to destructive influences. Bones of children only a few
+weeks old near this skeleton held their structure perfectly and were
+easily secured.</p>
+
+<p>Ten feet east from the pile of mussel shells, at a slightly lower
+level, was nearly half a gallon of snail shells which had been boiled,
+probably in soup. With them were a few pieces of bones.</p>
+
+<p>Scattered irregularly through the ashes were many cavities which
+somewhat resembled the "postholes" so common beneath the mounds in
+Ohio. Some were barely an inch in diameter and a foot deep; from this
+size they varied indefinitely to the largest, which was a little more
+than 3 feet deep, reaching from about a foot below the undisturbed
+layers just under the loose surface ashes to within about <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>a foot of
+the bottom. "About" is used advisedly, because at this point neither
+the top nor the bottom of undisturbed material could be determined
+with certainty. The lower 2 feet of this cavity was uniformly 7 inches
+across; above this it slightly expanded, funnel-like, to a diameter of
+8 inches at the top. The sides of this, as of all of them, large or
+small, were as smooth and hard as if made with a posthole digger or a
+boring tool. Strata of ashes, not changing their level or appearance
+in the least, were continuous around the margin. But the holes were
+not always straight; some of them changed direction as if due to a
+crooked post or stick. Nearly all of them were rounded, even
+hemispherical at top or bottom, or both, like the bottom of a pot.
+They were not molds, for nothing could have been taken out of them
+without changing or destroying its form. If they had contained any
+solid substance like a post it must have stood unchanged until the
+layers of ashes surrounded and covered it, and then must have so
+completely disappeared as to leave no trace of its existence. They
+were not formed by driving any object down, because in that case the
+bottom would not have been so regularly rounded and the ashes around
+the sides would have been more or less displaced. They were not due to
+burrowing animals. In fact, if there be imagined a nearly cylindrical
+mass of ice, straight or slightly crooked, with rounded ends, placed
+upright and retaining its position unmelted until completely buried,
+the appearance of these cavities will best be understood. Some of them
+were filled to the top with fine loose ashes which occasionally
+contained fragments of bone, shell, and pottery; sometimes they were
+nearly empty, with traces of decayed wood at the bottom, mingled with
+a little ashes and charcoal. In one was found a long, perfect bone
+perforator, shown at <i>a</i> in plate 30; in another near the corner of
+the west wall was found the pipe shown in figure 14. About 45 feet
+from the front near the east wall were four of them of different
+diameters and depths but all in a straight line within a space 2 feet
+long; these were in front of a crevice under an overhanging ledge
+where a man could not stand upright. Wigwams may have been erected in
+the cave, or at least skins stretched to prevent drafts or to confine
+the heat of fires in winter and perhaps to insure some degree of
+privacy if this were desired; but there are no present indications of
+such shelters unless these holes were to secure them; otherwise their
+purpose or object is still unsolved. They would probably not contain
+posts for hanging things on when the walls afforded so many small
+crevices and holes into which poles better adapted for such purposes
+could be thrust.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate20" id="Plate20"></a>
+<a href="images/plate20.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate20_th.jpg" width="95%" alt="Plate 20" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 20<br />
+<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County, Mo. (<i>a</i>, front;
+<i>b</i>, profile).<br /><i>c</i>, Part of skull of child from Miller's cave (front view)<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate21" id="Plate21"></a>
+<a href="images/plate21.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate21_th.jpg" width="95%" alt="Plate 20" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 21<br />
+SKULL OF YOUNG WOMAN FROM MILLER'S CAVE <br /><i>a</i>, Front; <i>b</i>, profile; <i>c</i>,
+back<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Other holes or depressions, shallow, saucer-shaped, or dish-shaped,
+some dug in the underlying clay, others at any level almost to the top
+of the ashes, were fire pits or cooking places, containing charcoal
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>and ashes. Two such depressions were lined with a coating of gumbo
+half an inch thick, which, however, was not mixed with sand or shell.
+Pots may have been shaped in these. Occasionally a small mass of
+gumbo, never so much as a peck, sometimes as small as a pint measure,
+would be found loose in the ashes, seemingly thrown there at random.
+Two pieces were squeezed into a rough ball; one was patted or rolled
+into a flattened sphere with a rounded depression on one side. These
+were no doubt intended as material for making vessels, as was a
+roughly cylindrical mass of red clay and pounded shell as large as a
+quart cup&mdash;the "biscuit" of modern potters.</p>
+
+<p>About the middle of the cave a saucer-shaped depression, 4 feet across
+and 10 inches deep at the center, had been dug in the red clay; ashes
+had been deposited to a depth of 2 feet over this space before the
+excavation of the hole was begun, and streaks of red clay lay at about
+this level all around the pit. Many rocks, large and small, apparently
+thrown in, were in this basin and above it. No fire had been made in
+it; nothing buried; and the upper layers of ashes extended across it
+unbroken. It forms another of the unsolved problems.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig14" id="fig14"></a>
+<a href="images/fig14.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig14.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 14" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 14.</span>&mdash;Clay pipe from Miller's
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the den of a burrowing animal smaller than a ground hog was the
+frontal bone and upper portion of the face of a child of 8 or 10
+years; 12 teeth are cut and others can be seen. It is shown in plate
+20, <i>c</i>. Part of a cervical vertebra lay at the top of the skull, and
+there were fragments of a few other bones.</p>
+
+<p>The ulna of a child, broken off at the wrist, was near the doorway in
+a mass of refuse in a ground-hog burrow. For several feet in every
+direction around here the ashes were traversed by the tunnels and dens
+of these animals, some of them extending down into the clay.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-five feet east of the doorway, a foot below the highest layer
+of unbroken ashes, was the top and back of a thin skull.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty feet from the front, 15 feet from the east wall, at a depth of
+14 inches, was a partial skeleton, lying on the back. The right arm,
+folded, lay by the side; the left forearm across the pelvis. All bones
+from the atlas to the sacrum, except some bones of the hands and
+wrists and the left ulna, lay in such position as to show they had
+been interred with the flesh on, or at least while the cartilages
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>held them together; but no trace of the skull&mdash;which had lain toward
+the west&mdash;or of any part of the legs or feet was present. Fragments of
+coarse cloth were adhering to the pelvis. The bones, which were almost
+like punk, were those of a young person, the caps of the long bones
+being separate from the shafts; but they were of good size, the
+humerus being 13 inches long. The left ulna (at least <i>a</i> left ulna)
+lay above where the face should have been, but some inches away, with
+one end near the surface. It is quite probable that ground hogs are
+responsible for the condition of this skeleton, and that some of the
+bones found scattered in the ashes belonged to it. About a foot under
+the bones, but not connected with the burial in any way, were three
+large pieces of a large pot.</p>
+
+<p>Four feet east of this, a foot lower, was the skeleton of a baby, the
+humerus only 3&frac12; inches long. The bones rolled out with some loose
+ashes, and not all of them could be recovered.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen feet from the east wall, 16 feet from top of rear slope of
+the ashes, 4 feet below the surface was part of a skeleton. The bones
+lay on a damp, close-packed bed of ashes 6 inches thick. They were
+closely folded, the femurs and lower leg bones being in contact; the
+skull, scapul&aelig;, right humerus, sacrum, and some of the vertebr&aelig; were
+missing. Such bones as remained were in their proper positions, except
+that the sternum lay in the pelvis and the elbows at the knees. All of
+them were in a space only 18 by 22 inches, measuring to the outermost
+points. The situation of such bones as remained indicated that part of
+a skeleton had been buried after the flesh had decayed, or had been
+removed, but while the joints were still united, and covered with
+loose ashes, whose settling had caused some sagging of the stratified
+ashes, a foot in thickness, which lay above them, there being no
+evidence that they had been disturbed since they were placed here. All
+were as light as cork and, except the left tibia, which was 15&frac12; inches
+long, fell to pieces when taken up.</p>
+
+<p>Eight feet east from the last skeleton was one of a very young infant,
+on left side, head toward the front of the cave. It was 2&frac12; feet below
+the surface, partly under a jutting portion of a large rock whose top
+was above the ashes. It lay on small angular rocks, with similar rocks
+over it.</p>
+
+<p>Two feet west of this was the ulna of a child 10 years old.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteen feet from the east wall, 10 feet from top of rear slope, 2
+feet under surface was another infant's skeleton, lying on the back,
+head toward the mouth of the cave. The femur was only 4&frac12; inches long.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen feet from east wall, 8 feet from top of rear slope of ashes, a
+little more than a foot below the surface, was the closely folded
+skeleton of a woman between 20 and 25 years of age. It lay on the
+right side, with the head east. The bones were in perfect condition,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>even the coccyx being intact. All the teeth were present, solid, and
+symmetrically set. Unbroken strata of ashes a foot thick above this
+skeleton sagged somewhat owing to settling of loose ashes thrown
+around and over the body at time of burial. The skull is shown, front,
+profile, and back, in plate 21.</p>
+
+<p>A few inches below these bones, with ashes intervening, were piled
+some bones of a child of about 8 years. The caps of the joints were
+not adherent, and some of the teeth had not come through the bone. The
+skull, which was intact, lay on left side, vertex north, ribs, arm
+bones, and feet bones lay on the top, at the back, and at the vertex,
+in contact with the skull and with one another. As there was no
+evidence that they had ever been disturbed by animals, it would appear
+that only the bones mentioned had been deposited; even the lower jaw
+was absent. They lay in a mass of kitchen refuse, shells, burned
+bones, charcoal, and ashes, the upper layers of which were curved as
+if the bones had been laid on a level area of this mixed material and
+the rest of it piled over them. Their position, and the small number
+of them, indicates that the flesh had been used as food. The skull is
+shown in plate 22.</p>
+
+<p>Between this partial skeleton and the complete one above it,
+apparently thrown in with the refuse which covered and surrounded
+both, were fragments of two large pelvic bones which did not belong to
+either of them.</p>
+
+<p>Directly below these burials, 3 feet under the surface, was part of an
+infant's skeleton, with five shell disk beads among the bones; the
+only instance in which ornaments were found with human bones. The
+skull and some other bones were present, but most of the remains had
+disappeared into the runway of a burrower.</p>
+
+<p>At several places in the central parts of the cavern, at almost any
+level between the top and the bottom of the ashes, were human bones,
+singly or a few together, some of them apparently remains of
+interments, others carried to the points where found. Most of these
+scattered bones were of children or infants; but now and then larger
+ones were found, notably two large adult tibi&aelig; which were a foot
+apart. While a few of them may have been thrown in with the ashes,
+most of this confusion resulted from the activity of rodents, though
+some of it was due to desultory former investigations.</p>
+
+<p>At one point was the perfect lower jaw of a child 8 or 10 years old;
+with it were a scapula and some vertebr&aelig; which may have belonged to
+it, also some ribs, vertebr&aelig;, and arm bones of an infant. Two or three
+of them bore marks of fire, especially an ulna of a child which was
+completely charred.</p>
+
+<p>Four feet from east wall, 4 feet below surface, at the beginning of
+the slope to the rear, was the skeleton of a child less than 2 years
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>old. It lay on left side, head east, legs bent, one arm folded with
+hand by head, the other along the body; just such a position as would
+be assumed by a sleeping infant. Some of the teeth were cut. All the
+bones were in place, though soft and brittle; above them was an
+unbroken stratum of ashes.</p>
+
+<p>Four feet west of this, 2 feet higher, was the skeleton of a still
+younger child.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteen feet from east wall, at the beginning of slope to rear, near
+the bottom of the ashes, was an adult's skeleton, extended on back,
+head west. Three rocks, weighing from 75 to 300 pounds, were placed
+over the body. Most of the bones had disappeared from decay; the
+middle third of one tibia was much enlarged by disease, as shown in
+plate 23.</p>
+
+<p>Eleven feet east of this, 4 feet below surface, was an adult skeleton,
+folded, on right side, head toward rear of the cave. The bones were
+spongy and soft. Portions of the feet and legs, most of the pelvis,
+the left arm, and some of the vertebr&aelig; were present, but there was no
+trace of right arm, skull, or shoulders. A slab weighing 100 pounds or
+more was set on edge just where the head should have been. One tibia,
+the only bone with both ends remaining, measured 14&frac12; inches.</p>
+
+<p>Near the wall, just beyond the break of the slope, was the entire
+skeleton of a dog so old that its teeth were rounded and smooth. It
+had been killed by a spear thrust entirely through its body, from the
+right side, both scapul&aelig; being penetrated; the holes are three-fourths
+of an inch in diameter. The skull of a fox was found near this, higher
+in the ashes.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen feet from east wall, halfway down the slope, 18 inches under
+surface, was the skeleton of an infant only a few days old. No trace
+of pelvis or right leg remained, though all the other bones were well
+preserved.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-four feet from east wall, at beginning of rear slope, was the
+complete skeleton of a young child, extended, on back, head toward
+rear of cave. The bones showed evidence of disease, as may be seen in
+plate 23. The skull is shown in plate 24.</p>
+
+<p>Nineteen feet from east wall, 13 feet from foot of slope, was a hole
+4&frac12; inches to 5 inches in diameter, 21 inches deep, extending into the
+loose dark earth underlying the ashes. The bottom of the hole was
+muddy, being at about the level of the standing water, and contained
+charred and decayed remains of oak wood. Ashes, in layers having the
+same slope as the surface, extended over it, proving the post (?) to
+have been burned some time before the cave was abandoned.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate22" id="Plate22"></a>
+<a href="images/plate22.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate22_th.jpg" width="95%" alt="Plate 22" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 22 <br />SKULL OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S CAVE
+<i>a</i>, Front; <i>b</i>, profile<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate23" id="Plate23"></a>
+<a href="images/plate23.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate23_th.jpg" width="51%" alt="Plate 23" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 23 <br />DISEASED TIBIA OF ADULT AND DISEASED BONES OF CHILD
+FROM MILLER'S CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate24" id="Plate24"></a>
+<a href="images/plate24.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate24_th.jpg" width="95%" alt="Plate 24" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 24 <br />SKULL OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S CAVE
+<i>a</i>, Front; <i>b</i>, profile<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate25" id="Plate25"></a>
+<a href="images/plate25.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate25_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 25" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 25 <br />CACHE OF FLINTS FROM ASH BED IN MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>West of the doorway a ledge, projecting from 4 to 6 feet, extended to
+the west corner. It was covered 2 feet deep, or less, with ashes
+containing the usual refuse. Large rocks lay on this, or had
+fallen <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>over it to the clay lying against its lower part, or into
+the ashes on the clay.</p>
+
+<p>Near the west wall were four holes in an almost straight
+north-and-south line. The first (1), was 29 feet north of the doorway,
+18 inches deep and 7 inches in diameter. In it was the clay pipe shown
+in figure 14. Number (2), 5 feet from (1), was 24 by 9 inches; No. (3)
+2 feet from (2), was 26 by 7 inches; No. (4), 4&frac12; feet from (3), was 30
+by 5 inches. Fourteen inches northwest of No. (1) was another hole, 15
+by 3 inches. The description on a previous page as to character,
+appearance, and contents applies to all these holes; the ashes
+extended above all of them in continuous layers.</p>
+
+<p>A little to the west of No. (1) was a small pile of crumbling
+fragments of sandstone and limestone used in boiling food.</p>
+
+<p>Near No. (4), a foot under the surface, on the slope, 15 feet from the
+water, was a small pile of charcoal on which lay a human scapula, some
+vertebr&aelig;, fragments of ribs, most of a humerus, and most of a femur of
+a person not fully matured; they were of good size but the cap fell
+away from the humerus when it was moved. Some of them were without
+marks of fire, others were charred, while a few pieces were burned to
+cinder. As the mass was surrounded by clean ashes, it could not be
+determined whether the charcoal had been burned where found, or had
+been carried here. Whichever it was, the bones had been thrown on the
+pile.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen feet just north from the corner of the west wall was a hole
+19 by 7 inches which differed from the others in that the bottom
+instead of being rounded was irregular, and deeper at one side; the
+top, however, showed the usual hemispherical contour.</p>
+
+<p>Two feet from corner of west wall, almost under a point projecting
+from it, 4 feet below surface, was a cranium from which the upper jaw,
+one orbit, and part of the right parietal were missing; with it were a
+lower jaw, a clavicle, a sternum, the bones of the left arm, and some
+phalanges, all in good condition, except the ulna, which was broken.
+No other bones were present. The skull lay on right side, face toward
+the wall; the arm bones were on it, and the other bones by it. With
+and around them were some deer bones. The entire lot had the
+appearance of being thrown together here at one time, and it would
+seem that the flesh of all of them had been eaten.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteen feet north from the corner, halfway down to the water, in the
+wet earth at the bottom, were human bones evidently placed here
+entire, but so decayed and broken that nothing could be ascertained
+except that it seemed a closely folded body or skeleton had been
+deposited. The teeth were worn down to the gums.</p>
+
+<p>The refuse behind the corner of the west wall was cleared away as far
+as the conditions would permit. The amount of water at the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>rear of
+the cave varies with the rainfall; sometimes it almost disappears,
+again it may be fully 2 feet deep; but at all times the earth and
+ashes near it are saturated above its lowest level. Consequently, on
+account of the mud, excavations could not be carried fully to the end
+in either direction. As scarcely anything was found in the last few
+feet, this omission was not important.</p>
+
+<p>The entire distance worked over, from the front margin to the line
+where no further advance could be made, at 14 feet from the water, was
+91 feet. No spot that could be reached throughout this length was left
+undug.</p>
+
+<p>The small openings in the west wall presented no features worthy of
+special mention; but those in the east wall yielded interesting
+results.</p>
+
+<p>First of these was a small cave 39 feet from the main entrance. At the
+front its width was 11 feet; 6 feet within it narrowed to 4 feet. A
+hole on the north side ended at a crevice that led to a chamber higher
+up, from which, in turn, another crevice extended. All this space,
+even beyond the point to which a man could worm his way, was filled
+with fine earth and ashes containing much refuse. Worked objects were
+found at the greatest distance which could be reached.</p>
+
+<p>A few feet within the entrance this minor cave divided into three
+parts. A crevice trending northward is too small to follow. The two
+others extend in a general easterly direction. The central branch, the
+left of the two, also closes within a few feet. Neither of these
+contained anything but natural earth. In the one to the right, 7 feet
+from the entrance, was a pocket on the south side, 18 inches wide, 30
+inches high, and 4 feet deep; it was filled with ashes containing bone
+and shell, but no worked object except a flake scraper. At intervals,
+within the next few feet, were two mortars, a much used pestle, some
+bone awls, and flints, all of them in places where it was scarcely
+possible for a man to sit erect, as the tunnel-like cavity,
+circumscribed by solid rock, was nowhere as much as 4 feet in
+diameter. At its narrowest part it measured only 3 feet high and 18
+inches wide.</p>
+
+<p>At 20 feet the cave opens into a well-like enlargement, 5 by 6 feet,
+and 5 feet high. Bone and shell in small amounts were found here, and
+among them the skiver shown at <i>d</i> in plate 36.</p>
+
+<p>From this well-like cavity three branches start; one continuing in a
+direct line east, one to the north, and one to the south. The east
+(middle) branch is only 24 inches high and 17 inches wide, with solid
+rock all around. It contained ashes, with a little refuse, as far as a
+man could reach.</p>
+
+<p>The branch to the north is entered through an opening 3 feet high and
+31 inches wide in a thin wall of the original rock, just within <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>which
+it widens to nearly 7 feet, holding the same height of 3 feet. Within
+this doorway, on the red earth bottom, were a small mortar and a
+grinding stone worn by much use; both were stained with red paint. A
+foot farther in was part of a skiver; and 2 feet beyond this was a
+large knife of white chert almost as clear and compact as chalcedony,
+shown at <i>a</i> in plate 27. Ashes continued in the north tunnel for 26
+feet from the entrance, beyond which no further progress was possible.
+Before this point was reached, the refuse which had been continually
+decreasing in amount no longer appeared.</p>
+
+<p>The tunnel leading from the well toward the south is 19 inches high, 3
+feet 9 inches wide. At 3 feet it branches; one fork, 2 feet high and
+17 inches wide, turns eastward and curves to join the east branch from
+the well. The other branch continues south, but soon closes; in it
+were found a small piece of an adult's skull and the hip bone of a
+young child.</p>
+
+<p>The floors in all the branches of the small cave were covered from 3
+to 12 inches deep with a reddish mixture of sand and clay, on which
+were ashes filling the space above almost to the roof. In a few places
+refuse was found in this silt, of the same general character as that
+in the ashes, but in very small amount. This is not significant; such
+remains were dragged down by animals, which range everywhere. The two
+deposits are quite separated and distinct.</p>
+
+<p>The clay and sand on the rock bottom came from disintegrated rock on
+top of the ground outside, or at any rate from some level higher than
+that where they are found now; but how ashes, shells, broken bone, and
+especially how worked objects came to be in places too contracted for
+a man to creep, and where they could be neither carried nor pushed, is
+not to be explained except on the hypothesis of a chamber above,
+whence they may have worked or may have been thrown down; but at no
+place, either in the cave or in the outside surface, could there be
+found any evidence of such communication.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty-five feet from the mouth of the cave, in the east wall, is a
+crevice into whose lower portion extended the red clay of the cavern
+floor. It branched into various tortuous divisions, all of which were
+filled with ashes containing a large proportion of refuse. It appeared
+at first that all this had settled in, or been thrown in, from the
+main cavern; but one branch, having a very irregular outline, was in
+such situation and trended upward at such an angle that it could not
+have been filled from below. As in similar cases previously noted,
+however, no other opening to it was to be found. The smallest workman
+cleared it out to as great a distance as he could crawl and use a
+trowel, but did not succeed in reaching the end of the deposits.</p>
+
+<p>At the bottom of the crevice were ground-hog burrows extending between
+loose rocks, under ledges, and into the red clay. All these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>were
+followed as far as they could be, and found to contain quantities of
+refuse. There was also a considerable amount of fine dark earth in the
+burrows, showing they have another outlet somewhere. Occasionally a
+mass thrown out by a shovel or a trowel contained more refuse than
+ashes. There was nearly everything which was found elsewhere in the
+cave, and almost every shovelful contained something worth preserving.</p>
+
+<p>Near the rear of the cave erosion of the lower part of the eastern
+wall formed a rudely triangular recess or cavity 30 feet long by 7
+feet deep at the widest part. The upper margin of this was below the
+surface of the ashes, so that its existence was not suspected until
+these had been removed from in front of it. The roof was 5 feet above
+the rock bottom, the entire space being filled with loose material.
+The upper 2 feet of this was clean ashes in which were great
+quantities of refuse, so much that it had all the appearance of a
+general dumping ground. Below this depth, patches of fine dark earth
+were mingled with the ashes and refuse. The latter continually
+decreased in quantity, until at a foot above the bottom they ceased
+altogether, the lower portion of the deposit consisting of nothing but
+earth. The pure ashes were slightly damp; and the moisture increased
+with the depth until at a foot above the bottom the earth was
+saturated and could no longer be removed with tools.</p>
+
+<p>The refuse in the ashes consisted of animal bones, entire or in
+fragments; broken flints and pottery; mussel and snail shells; and
+numerous wrought objects. These continued, though in smaller amount,
+where the ashes were mingled with earth, though bones and shells were
+soft owing to the moisture, and could be removed only in fragments.
+Among them were the flint shown at <i>a</i> in plate 28, and the hematite
+ax, at <i>a</i>, plate 29. The latter was at the lowest level to which the
+ashes extended; perhaps its weight caused it to settle below the place
+at which it originally lay.</p>
+
+<p>Near the middle of this chamber, 2 feet from the rear wall, lying at
+the bottom of the mixed ashes and earth, were 12 entire and 3 broken
+leaf-shaped blades; they were not closely piled, or arranged in any
+order, but seem to have been hastily or carelessly laid or thrown on a
+small space. Another was found a foot away. They are shown in plate
+25.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate26" id="Plate26"></a>
+<a href="images/plate26.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate26_th.jpg" width="48%" alt="Plate 26" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 26 <br />FLINTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate27" id="Plate27"></a>
+<a href="images/plate27.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate27_th.jpg" width="49%" alt="Plate 27" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 27 <br />FLINTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate28" id="Plate28"></a>
+<a href="images/plate28.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate28_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 28" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 28 <br />FLINTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate29" id="Plate29"></a>
+<a href="images/plate29.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate29_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 29" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 29 <br />AXES AND PESTLES FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here and there among the refuse were found the upper jaw, with left
+orbit, of a young person; a fragment of an occiput, perhaps belonging
+with the above though not lying near it; fragments of the skull of a
+young child; half of an ulna of a child probably 12 years old; a small
+fragment of the lower jaw of an adult with one molar remaining in it,
+which has been burned until black. These fragments were all in such
+position and condition as to show they were not carried in by animals;
+were not disinterred from graves and placed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>here; were not in any
+way accidentally present; but had been gathered up with the refuse and
+thrown in as a part of it. The broken or burned condition of these, as
+well as of other human bones found at random among the ashes of the
+main cave, are presumptive evidence that dwellers here sometimes
+devoured the flesh of human beings; and the fact that a majority of
+such bones are those of children indicates that it was not eaten
+through a belief that the valor and skill of an enemy could be thus
+absorbed by the victor, but that it was used as food, like the flesh
+of any other animal. Such conclusion may not be justified; but the
+facts are not readily accounted for otherwise, except on the equally
+repulsive hypothesis that the inmates of the cave were brutally
+indifferent to the bodies or skeletal remains of their fellows.</p>
+
+<p>Omitting this question from consideration, however, there is still
+ample evidence that the inhabitants of Miller's Cave were in a low
+state of savagery, or, if the phrase be preferred, in a very primitive
+stage of culture. There was a remarkable paucity of articles used as
+ornaments or for personal decoration, and the few that were found were
+simple and crude, being only rubbed stones or rough pieces of bones
+which were possibly intended for beads or pendants. The pottery, while
+strong and serviceable, was plain in form and devoid of any
+ornamentation or design except that a few pieces showed impressions
+such as would be made by scratching or pressing with the end of a
+small stick or bone. Nearly all of it was cord-marked, though some was
+smooth, one red piece appearing almost glazed. It varied much in
+thickness, hardness, and color. Most of it was dark gray, some red,
+occasionally a piece yellowish or nearly white; due to the different
+clays of which it was made. So far as observed it was tempered with
+shell. The shards were small, as if when a pot was broken the
+fragments were still further demolished. The curvature showed there
+was a wide range in size, from about a pint to 2 gallons or more.</p>
+
+<p>Their mortars were natural blocks or slabs of sandstone, such as may
+be picked up by thousands in the immediate neighborhood, and showed no
+alteration of form beyond ordinary wear except that the rough faces of
+a few were pecked, apparently with a pointed flint tool, to make them
+less irregular. Some were flat and smooth from use with a muller or
+grinding stone; most of them were worked or hollowed on only one face;
+a few showed depressions on both sides; one had a few hemispherical
+indentations near the margin, like those observed in cup-stones.</p>
+
+<p>Only one pestle was dressed into any of the forms which we are
+accustomed to associate with the name, and this was a truncated cone
+with rounded top, shown at <i>b</i> in plate 29. All the others were
+cobblestones from ravines or the river shore. A few had undergone <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>no
+change in form; most of them were battered on the perimeter; a few had
+pitted sides; some had been used as pestles, mullers, or grinding
+stones until the surface was more or less smooth. All such stones are
+classed as "pestles," for convenience; they could have also been used
+as hammers, bone crushers, and in various other ways.</p>
+
+<p>In all, 73 mortars were found; counting only those stones which bore
+marks of use as such. The largest one was at the bottom of the ashes,
+near the doorway. There were more than 100 pestles which bore evidence
+of much use; and probably as many more on which there was little or no
+sign of wear. As the cavern was not of sufficient size to provide
+living quarters for many families at any one time&mdash;10 or 12 at the
+most&mdash;the large number of these utensils may imply that the inmates
+would not use an object which had previously belonged to some one
+else.</p>
+
+<p>Among the flint implements there was a wide range in the character of
+stone, the shape, and the degree of finish, although the variation in
+size was quite limited. Very few of them may be classed as either
+large or small. The longest, shown at <i>a</i> in plate 28, measured 5&frac12;
+inches; few were more than 4 or less than 2 inches. Tapering stems
+predominated. The principal forms are shown in plates 26-28. Only
+three arrowheads were found; but this was to be expected, as arrows
+would be used only out of doors. One of these of clear, fine-grained
+pink and white chert, shown at <i>b</i> in plate 28, so far surpasses in
+delicate finish any other specimen secured that it is probably exotic.
+The large number of cores, blocks, spalls, and flakes shows that many
+implements were made and repaired here. But, while a few specimens
+showed that their fabricators were masters of the chipping art, most
+of them were roughly finished. Some which are so little altered from
+the original form of the rough flake or spall that they would be
+classed as "rejects" if found about a flint workshop have a smoothness
+or "hand polish" which denotes much service. There is the possibility,
+of course, that hunting or traveling parties from some other part of
+the country may have availed themselves of the shelter, either when it
+was temporarily unoccupied, or as guests of those living in it; and
+that these, also, may have left some small articles when they
+departed. However this may have been, all the objects from the top to
+the bottom of the deposits, in dry ashes or in sticky mud, in crevices
+or branch caverns, on the red clay, the barren muck, or the
+bedrock&mdash;all, if we may except the few flints of superior
+workmanship&mdash;are identical in general character: That is to say, any
+object from any part of the deposited material had its practical
+duplicate at various other points on different levels.</p>
+
+<p>Only three grooved axes and three pestles were found. They are shown
+in plate 29, along with a cobblestone used as a pestle.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate30" id="Plate30"></a>
+<a href="images/plate30.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate30_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 30" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 30 <br />BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate31" id="Plate31"></a>
+<a href="images/plate31.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate31_th.jpg" width="43%" alt="Plate 31" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 31 <br />BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate32" id="Plate32"></a>
+<a href="images/plate32.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate32_th.jpg" width="43%" alt="Plate 32" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 32 <br />BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate33" id="Plate33"></a>
+<a href="images/plate33.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate33_th.jpg" width="41%" alt="Plate 33" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 33 <br />BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate34" id="Plate34"></a>
+<a href="images/plate34.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate34_th.jpg" width="49%" alt="Plate 34" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 34 <br />BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate35" id="Plate35"></a>
+<a href="images/plate35.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate35_th.jpg" width="90%" alt="Plate 35" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 35 <br />ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate36" id="Plate36"></a>
+<a href="images/plate36.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate36_th.jpg" width="47%" alt="Plate 36" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 36 <br />SKIVERS, SHOWING STAGES OF MANUFACTURE, FROM MILLER'S
+CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate37" id="Plate37"></a>
+<a href="images/plate37.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate37_th.jpg" width="90%" alt="Plate 37" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 37 <br />SHELL SPOONS, POTTERY DISKS, AND BROKEN
+SPOON MADE OF A DEER'S SKULL, FROM MILLER'S CAVE<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>The cave was especially rich in objects wrought from bone and antler.
+A few of these are shown in plates 30-36 and figure 15.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig15" id="fig15"></a>
+<a href="images/fig15.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig15.jpg" width="70%" alt="Figure 15" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 15.</span>&mdash;Perforated bone object from Miller's
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Plate 36 illustrates four stages in the manufacture of skivers. It
+shows that instead of being always rubbed down from its natural form
+the bone was sometimes split by blows of a stone hammer until
+complete, subsequent smoothing probably resulting from use, as shown
+by the implement at <i>c</i>. When skivers were broken, the ends were
+dressed down for other uses; as observed in the upper row of plate 32.</p>
+
+<p>Shell spoons, knives, and scrapers were abundant. Some are shown in
+plate 37, along with perforated pottery disks and the bowl of a spoon
+made from the frontal bone of a deer.</p>
+
+<p>Figure 16 represents the only adz or gouge form implement found. It is
+made of gray chert, the edge highly polished. In figure 17 is shown a
+broken clay pipe, identical in form and material with that in figure
+14.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig16" id="fig16"></a>
+<a href="images/fig16.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig16.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 16" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 16.</span>&mdash;Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The red clay which had formed the floor of the excavated area from the
+mouth of the cavern to well past the central portion suddenly dipped
+to the north and to the east shortly before reaching the corner of the
+west wall. Attempts to follow it downward were frustrated by black
+earth, which when dug with pick or shovel assumed the consistency of
+"hog-wallow mud."</p>
+
+<p>For a space of 4 or 5 feet inside the doorway, whose floor was about 3
+feet higher than the average surface level in the cave, the ashes were
+not more than a foot thick, the clay rising to this extent. It spread
+out fan shape, with a continuous slope for several yards in every
+direction, thus making an easy grade for entrance and exit.</p>
+
+<p>There are three ways in which this condition could have been brought
+about.</p>
+
+<p>First, the aborigines may have constructed a graded way; though it is
+not at all likely they would have piled the clay so far to each side.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>Secondly, it may have washed through the doorway from the outer cave
+when the main outlet of the latter in the face of the bluff toward <i>D</i>
+(fig. 13) was obstructed in some way. This is improbable.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, it may be due to material deposited in the eddy or swirl
+created by the corner of the west wall whenever a large volume of
+drainage water flowed from the westward in the main cave and was
+sharply deflected toward the south when it struck the east wall. This
+is no doubt the correct explanation.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 38%;"><a name="fig17" id="fig17"></a>
+<a href="images/fig17.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig17.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 17" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 17.</span>&mdash;Clay pipe from Miller's
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Whether or not these floods had any part in piling up the clay at the
+doorway, beyond doubt it was to them that the clay, gravel, and sand
+resting upon the floor of the main cave owe their origin. To them is
+likewise due the dark earth overlying the clay at the rear and
+covering the floor of the recess in the east wall. Clearly, there was
+at one time in the cave's history a current at intervals, which
+carried mud and small rocks from the interior of the cave, or from the
+outside surface through sink holes, and left at least a part of it
+where the velocity of the stream was checked. Later, much of this
+water found other drainage channels, and the coarser matter could no
+longer be carried into the cave; but at times of unusually heavy
+precipitation enough of the torrent followed the old course to bring
+in the dark earth. The last is due to top soil containing a large
+amount of humus from decaying vegetation. Finally, no more water came
+this way except as seepage, which is the condition at present.</p>
+
+<p>The pool at the rear may be entirely empty in dry seasons; and after
+heavy rains may contain a depth of 2 feet. This water now has a greasy
+looking scum and a sour, unpleasant odor.</p>
+
+<p>The cave was inhabited before the water had entirely ceased to flow
+through it; this is proven by the alternation of refuse and silt in
+the recess under the east wall. Kitchen waste would be thrown here,
+and when the water rose sediment would cover it. There was then dry
+ground near the doorway; and the water in the pool, having an outlet
+toward the east, through the crevice, was fit for use, except,
+perhaps, when turbid.</p>
+
+<p>On the rear slope, 18 feet from the water, the excavation was carried
+to the level of the bottom of the pool. The lower 2 feet was mud, and
+at the bottom water oozed in. Scattered through this muddy earth was
+much charcoal in small fragments; and for a short distance it also
+occurred for a few inches below the surface of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>the red clay. This
+charcoal was carried in by the water at the same time as the earth
+with which it was associated, and must be due to fires on the hill
+outside. At any rate, it did not come from any fires made within the
+cavern. No refuse or worked objects of any kind were found in this
+black earth, except in the recess in the east wall, as described, and
+in the upper portion immediately under the ashes. Such as existed
+outside the recess may have become mixed in the same way; that is, by
+being thrown on the top as it existed at the moment and being later
+covered by the water; or it may have worked in from the ashes above.
+Nor was there much refuse in the ashes on the rear slope, although
+these were quite regularly stratified.</p>
+
+<p>To entirely remove the rocks and clay and expose in a satisfactory
+manner the bedrock floor would require months of labor, the use of
+mechanical appliances, and complete drainage to the rear wall through
+the mouth of the cave.</p>
+
+<p style="clear: both;">Without attempting to make a detailed list, there may be given a
+summary of the objects shipped to the National Museum:</p>
+
+<ul style="list-style-type: none;">
+<li>12 skulls, most of them more or less broken.</li>
+<li>10 partial skeletons, including those of children.</li>
+<li>8 fragments of skulls from different individuals not included in the above.</li>
+<li>74 objects of shell.</li>
+<li>711 worked flint objects; knives, scrapers, cores, etc.</li>
+<li>10 grooved axes, tomahawks, and flint hammers.</li>
+<li>10 mortars.</li>
+<li>40 pestles, stone hammers, rubbing stones, etc.</li>
+<li>413 wrought objects of bone and stag horn.</li>
+<li>2 clay pipes.</li>
+<li>1 box of pottery fragments.</li>
+<li>A number of small objects, not classified.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>There were left in the cavern several hundred broken flints; more than
+60 mortars; probably 200 stones used as pestles, hammers, etc., and
+several large wagonloads of shell, bone, and broken pottery.</p>
+
+<p>There is no way in which the age of the deposits in either the Miller
+or the Sells Cave can be determined. The accumulation of ashes in the
+one and of talus at the front of the other would certainly imply the
+lapse of several centuries, perhaps a thousand years of continuous
+occupation. Intermittent habitation would lengthen this period.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">RAMSEY'S CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Ramsey's Cave, better known as Freeman's Cave, is in a bluff on the
+right bank of Big Piney River, 3 miles below Miller's Cave. It is
+about 150 feet above the level of the stream and the same below the
+summit of the hill behind it. Within a hundred yards to east and west
+are shallow ravines by which access is fairly easy to a ledge <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>nearly
+on the same level as the cave; this is wide enough for one person to
+traverse, but in most places too narrow for two abreast. The talus in
+front is rough and steep but a crooked path with no difficult grades
+can be made to the water.</p>
+
+<p>Chambers on each side near the entrance, which are accessible only by
+means of a ladder, provide excellent living quarters and command
+approach from any direction, even along the foot of the cliff on
+either side.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance, which faces southwest, is a symmetrical arch 75 feet
+wide and 20 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>Bedrock shows just in front, covered with loose material washed over
+the cliff. The floor ascends and the roof descends toward the rear,
+until at 70 feet they approach within 6 feet of each other; beyond
+this the cave is choked with fallen rocks and with earth and gravel
+probably from a sink hole some distance back on top of the hill.</p>
+
+<p>Refuse shows about the entrance and for 40 feet toward the rear, where
+earth from the interior has worked down over it. The surface is strewn
+with rocks, large and small, so that excavations are possible only in
+small areas. Several holes were dug at intervals between the front and
+the rear; a considerable amount of ashes was found over the middle
+portion, thrown from still farther back. Very little was found in
+them. The rock bottom slopes upward slightly and was covered in some
+places with clay and gravel, on which lay the ashes and other refuse;
+these were nowhere more than 3 feet deep, and usually much thinner.</p>
+
+<p>The place was so difficult to work in and the returns were so scanty
+that systematic investigation did not seem warranted, and the work was
+not extended. The only objects secured were a bone perforator, part of
+another one, a snail shell, apparently a bead, a very small piece of
+sandstone used as a grinder or polisher for bones, a fragment of
+worked mussel shell, and nine rough flints. There were also a few
+small fragments of pottery.</p>
+
+<p>A man living near the cave reported that a few years ago he was
+digging in a narrow space between the east wall and a large fallen
+rock. He came upon the feet of two skeletons and took out the lower
+leg bones. Being assured by a friend that these were not bones of
+Indians because they were not "red," and so must be remains of white
+people, he replaced them and threw the earth back on them. He was
+certain the spot had never since been disturbed; but in this he was
+mistaken, for investigation revealed a pile of human bones lying in
+confusion, in which the frames of two individuals, as he had said,
+were mingled; but no trace of the skull or jaw of either. Evidently
+some one had come afterwards in search of the skulls. The femur of the
+larger individual was just 19 inches long; the other <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>frame was much
+smaller; but all other bones were in such fragmentary condition they
+could not be measured.</p>
+
+<p>There is a rock shelter a short distance down the river from the
+Ramsey Cave and in the same ledge. It is 45 feet long, 15 feet deep,
+and 8 feet high in front, the roof coming down to the floor at the
+rear. There is nothing to show that it was ever used, even as a
+camping place.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">A fourth of a mile above this cave is another from which flows a
+never-failing spring. There is a pile of ashes near the front,
+containing some refuse, but these mark only the site of an occasional
+camp, as the place could not be occupied in wet weather.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">GRAHAM CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>On Graham's land, high up in a bluff facing Big Piney, opposite the
+mouth of Spring Creek, is a small cave difficult to reach and not
+suitable for occupancy.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">PILLMAN'S OR SPRING CREEK, CAVE (25)</h5>
+
+<p>At the mouth of Spring Creek, on land of John Pillman, near the top of
+the bluff, is a cave with an entrance 30 feet wide and 30 feet high. A
+steep rock ledge at the front offers an impassable obstacle to any
+stock except goats. The front chamber is well lighted for a distance
+of 80 feet, where it makes a turn. Bedrock is exposed near the
+entrance and rises toward the rear, showing here and there through the
+covering of earth, which is not more than 2 feet deep anywhere. Water
+cracks appear even in the highest spots, proving the floor to be
+saturated at times. There is considerable refuse inside the cave, but
+none in front, and it is reported that human skeletons have been found
+in it. If so they must have been on a ledge or in a crevice. Plate 2,
+<i>a</i>, shows the hill, from the west; plate 2, <i>b</i>, the entrance to the
+cave.</p>
+
+<p>Two large cairns stood on top of the bluff above the cave. So far as
+can be determined in their dilapidated condition, there seems to have
+been a row of stones inclosing a definite area, but it is impossible
+to ascertain with certainty whether this was the case.</p>
+
+<p>On a lower ridge, to the north, are three similar but smaller cairns.
+These are constructed entirely of sandstone slabs, and there was
+plainly some sort of system used in placing them; but, as in the case
+of the first, it can not now be determined whether there was a
+continuous wall, and, if so, whether it was more than one stone high.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">A village site is reported in the river bottom on David Thomas's farm
+on the Big Piney, near Moab.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>There were cairns, now totally destroyed, at two places on the ridge
+over which passes the road from Devil's Elbow to Spring Creek.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WOODLAND HOLLOW CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>A minor ravine, known as Woodland Hollow, opens into a small unnamed
+creek a mile above its junction with Big Piney River at the Devil's
+Elbow. In the west slope of this ravine is a large cave, named from
+its location. Through the middle part the floor is muddy; along the
+wall on the left, dry cave earth, with a width of 20 to 30 feet,
+extends for 70 feet from the entrance, its surface 4 feet above the
+level of the wet floor. A smaller amount of dry earth lies along the
+opposite wall. The sides of the cavern recede at the bottom, the dry
+earth passing under them. No estimate can be made as to the total
+depth of the deposits. At the mouth of a ground-hog burrow were two
+bone perforators, potsherds, fragments of bones, and pieces of worked
+flint, including two knives, which had been thrown out by the animal.
+Two mortar stones were found on the margin of the dry earth.</p>
+
+<p>The cave belongs to Philip Becker, of St. Louis, who peremptorily
+refused to allow any examination whatever to be made; the only case in
+the whole region where cheerful permission was not given for any
+amount of excavation desired.</p>
+
+<p>Three cairns, all demolished, stood on the Stuart property, half a
+mile from Woodland Cave.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">There is a cairn on top of Lost Hill, half a mile south of Blue, or
+Shanghai, Spring on Big Piney.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WALLED GRAVES AT DEVIL'S ELBOW (26)</h5>
+
+<p>Three miles above the point at which it passes out of the hills into
+the bottom lands on its way to the Gasconade, the Big Piney River
+doubles on itself with an abrupt curve, which raftsmen have named "The
+Devil's Elbow." For more than a mile above and below this bend the
+stream flows in opposite directions in nearly parallel east and west
+channels around the foot of a spur from the high land to the west.</p>
+
+<p>Into the Elbow, on its outer curve, three ravines from the east and
+southeast open within a fourth of a mile. They form the boundaries of
+two very narrow ridges or "hog-backs," which terminate in precipitous
+slopes near the river. For some distance back from the points the
+limestone bedrock crops out, a slight accumulation of earth in the
+crevices supporting a scanty covering of weeds but being insufficient
+to permit the growth of trees or bushes; hence the term "balds" by
+which they are locally known. The ridges have a gradual and nearly
+uniform slope toward the summit of the hill, which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>lies half a mile
+to the eastward. The sandstone capping the hill appears within a few
+hundred feet and is covered with an abundant growth. On the upland are
+many large trees.</p>
+
+<p>The ridge farthest south, on the farm of Joseph Ross, has five stone
+graves along the crest, numbered here in their order from the bluff.
+Number (1) is a few rods below the sandstone outcrop, and is
+constructed partly of weathered limestone blocks such as are now lying
+around it and partly of sandstone slabs carried from farther up the
+hill. All the other cairns, although (2) and (3) stand on the
+limestone bedrock, are built entirely of sandstone fragments ranging
+from the size of a brick or smaller to pieces weighing over 200
+pounds.</p>
+
+<p>At first sight the cairns appeared to be only piles of stones thrown
+together; but more careful inspection showed that each burial place
+was outlined by a wall, laid up with as much regularity as was
+practicable with the material at hand, and inclosing a space
+approximately square. Measuring from face to face of their walls, the
+spaces between these cairns were as follows: (1) to (2), 21 feet; (2)
+to (3), 19 feet; (3) to (4), 36 feet; (4) to (5), 34 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Not one of these walls was intact at the time of examination; hunters
+had torn away portions of all of them in pursuit of small animals
+which had sought refuge among the stones; and such parts as were not
+thus injured were more or less displaced by roots of trees penetrating
+in every direction the soil which had accumulated in the open spaces.</p>
+
+<p>So far as could be judged in their chaotic condition, the first step
+in their construction was to lay a row of slabs around the area
+required; then another row upon this; and the work was continued in
+this manner until the desired height was reached. As a rule, the
+stones were so laid as to break joints and to interlock at the
+corners, for greater stability; but in a few places this was not done.
+If a stone, once laid up, did not fit as it should, the builders
+apparently did not take the trouble to replace it with another better
+suited to the requirements. Seemingly, care was taken to build in such
+a manner that each outer face should be vertical, and in a straight
+line from corner to corner; but the inner side was left rough and
+irregular according to the shape and size of the blocks, no attempt
+being made to even it up. If timbers of any kind had been laid across
+the top, resting on the walls, there remained no indication of the
+fact. However, the bodies may have been protected at the time of
+interment by small vaults or pens constructed of poles, whose decay
+would allow the stones to settle, and of which no traces would now be
+left.</p>
+
+<p>The space inclosed by the walls was filled with loose stones lying in
+such disorder as to suggest that they had been carelessly or hastily
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>thrown in to fill the interior and round up the top; but some of this
+confusion may have resulted from the same causes by which the walls
+were defaced.</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear that any stones had been piled against the outside
+of the walls to assist in retaining them in place; such as were found
+in this position were either thrown there by the present inhabitants
+or had fallen from the top.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the cairns, the second and the third in order, were so torn up
+and overgrown that no investigation of them was attempted; the three
+others were fully examined.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub"><span class="sc">Cairn</span> (1)</h5>
+
+<p>In the first, that nearest the terminus of the ridge, all stones lying
+against the outside of the structure were thrown aside, bringing the
+outer face into plain view. The inclosure thus revealed resembled the
+rude foundation of a small building. Measuring from corner to corner
+the north wall was 14 feet long, the south wall 16 feet, the east wall
+14 feet, the west wall 13 feet. The walls were as straight and the
+corners as square as they could well be made with surface rocks not
+trimmed or dressed from their natural rough condition.</p>
+
+<p>The space within was next freed of stones; the topmost were 3 feet
+above the outside level, though no doubt higher when first piled. The
+inside measurements were: North wall 10 feet, south wall 10 feet, east
+wall 9 feet, west wall 9 feet; all measurements being approximate, as
+no definite boundaries could be determined.</p>
+
+<p>The south wall was practically destroyed; the others were not much
+injured, but no longer plumb, as they undoubtedly were when
+constructed. The east wall was in best condition; the outer face was
+nearly vertical; the top of the highest stone remaining in it was 28
+inches above the bottom of the lowest. The general appearance of the
+wall indicates that it was somewhat higher.</p>
+
+<p>After the stones were thrown out there remained a deposit of loose
+material, composed to some extent of very scanty soil and of humus
+from decayed weeds and leaves, but principally of disintegrated
+sandstone which had settled or washed in. Its thickness above bedrock
+was about 16 inches. All this was carefully examined.</p>
+
+<p>Near the center, a few inches above the natural bedrock, were some
+fragments of human bones which seemed to belong to two adults. Another
+adult body, or skeleton, bundled or closely folded, had been placed
+against the south wall, which had partially fallen in on it. Pieces of
+long bones, including heads of two femurs, the ends of the bones at an
+elbow, phalanges, and a fragment of rib were found in a space less
+than a foot across. Nothing more of them remained and nothing else was
+found.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub"><span class="sc">Cairn</span> (4)</h5>
+
+<p>The fourth grave in order was worked out in the same manner as the
+first. On the outer face the north wall measured 14 feet, the south
+wall 15&frac12; feet, the east wall 16 feet, the west wall 14 feet. The
+interior lengths were: North wall 12 feet, south wall 11&frac12; feet, east
+wall 12 feet, west wall 11 feet.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 60%;"><a name="fig18" id="fig18"></a>
+<a href="images/fig18.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig18.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 18" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 18.</span>&mdash;Columella bead from Cairn (4),
+Devil's Elbow.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the center were a few fragments of bone, with a columella bead 4
+inches long, perforated lengthwise. It is shown in figure 18. To the
+east of these, also to the south, were other fragments, indicating, in
+all, at least three interments.</p>
+
+<h5 class="sub"><span class="sc">Cairn</span> (5)</h5>
+
+<p>In grave No. 5 the walls on the north and the south were entirely torn
+out except some stones in the bottom row of each; the upper portions
+of the east and the west walls were also gone. For this reason the
+rocks lying outside the structure were not removed.</p>
+
+<p>The north wall, outside, was 15 feet long; the south wall, 14 feet;
+the east wall, 16 feet; the west wall, 14&frac12; feet. The corresponding
+inner measurements were, north wall, 10 feet; south wall, 10 feet;
+east wall, 12 feet; west wall, 12 feet. But as the position of the
+corners was uncertain these figures are no doubt somewhat in error in
+either direction.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 50%;"><a name="fig19" id="fig19"></a>
+<a href="images/fig19.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig19.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 19" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 19.</span>&mdash;Columella bead from Cairn (5),
+Devil's Elbow.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The central portion had never been disturbed, the stones lying as they
+were put originally, except for a possible settling due to their
+weight; the top of the rounded heap was about 4 feet high. This
+justified the hope that something might be discovered beneath them.
+But although the entire space within, up to the fairly defined inner
+faces of the walls, was thoroughly cleaned out down into the untouched
+gravelly subsoil, no trace of a bone or other indication of a burial
+was found. The only artificial object was a section 3&frac14; inches long of
+a columella perforated lengthwise, apparently lost by the wearer, as
+it lay on the natural surface. This is shown in figure 19.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub" style="clear: both;">CAIRNS ON HELM'S FARM</h5>
+
+<p>To the north of the Ross farm, on the ridge which is owned by Daniel
+Helm, are three stone graves made of shapeless limestone blocks such
+as cover the surface around them. One of these is about <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>300 yards
+from the bluff, on a knoll capped with the sandstone; the others are
+at the break of the ridge. All have been opened, two of them
+practically demolished. Those on the end of the ridge are only 14 feet
+apart, measuring from their adjacent margins, and were about 16 and 20
+feet in diameter as built, both being somewhat widened now owing to
+the stones having been thrown outward from the central parts by
+hunters. Each was probably 3 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>The smaller, being least defaced and nearly free from timber, was
+entirely removed, except a small portion along one margin, and the
+earth beneath it examined down to the bedrock. There was no sign of a
+wall; but one that would stand could not be made with stones rounded
+by weathering.</p>
+
+<p>Remains of at least three bodies were found. One was laid in a
+crevice; only a few fragments of the long bones were left. With scraps
+of bone from another body were four teeth worn almost to the roots.
+They were not close together, but this was due to small burrowing
+animals which had scattered them. Of the third body, a few pieces of
+arm and leg bones remained. By itself, loose in the earth, was a
+single molar, not in the least worn, and with a very small root.</p>
+
+<p>So far as appearances go, it seems the bodies were laid on outcropping
+rock, or in crevices, and stones piled on them without any attempt at
+order or arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>The graves on the Helm farm are merely piles of stone, such as are
+found in various States. Those on the Ross place are of the same type
+as the cairns on Lost Hill at the mouth of Gourd Creek in Phelps
+County, but of a more advanced form. In both places flat stones were
+laid to inclose the burials. At Lost Hill, however, there was seldom
+more than a single layer, while at the Devil's Elbow a regular wall
+was built, seven superposed slabs being observed at one point with a
+certainty that others had been placed above these. They are not of the
+same class as the walled graves found in earth mounds along the
+Missouri River. In the latter, the inner face of the wall was as
+smooth and regular as it could be made, the outside being rough and
+upheld by stones and earth piled against them; while in those on Big
+Piney care was taken with the outer face which, it seems, was intended
+to be left exposed to view, while the inside was rough and hidden by
+stones thrown in. But no inference must be drawn from the different
+methods of filling or covering the vaults after they were completed.
+Along the Missouri, earth was abundant right at hand, but stones had,
+as a rule, to be carried some distance; while on the bluffs of the
+Gasconade and its tributaries the reverse was the case.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>Petroglyphs, 75 feet above the level of the river bottom, are reported
+to be cut in a bluff facing the Gasconade River on the east side, 2
+miles below the mouth of Big Piney.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">A rock shelter not more than 15 feet wide and 10 feet deep is near the
+top of the bluff overlooking the Gasconade, almost opposite the mouth
+of Big Piney. It contains a quantity of ashes, but as it was
+frequently resorted to by bushwhackers during the Civil War, and is
+still much used by trappers and hunters who camp in it, these are
+probably not due to Indians.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">ASH CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>So near to the county line that there is some uncertainty as to
+whether it lies in Pulaski or Phelps County is Ash Cave in a bluff
+over Baker's Lake, an artificial pond, 4 miles west of Arlington. The
+cave is small, and notwithstanding its name it contains no ashes or
+other remains of occupancy. The great number of large rocks on the
+floor makes examination impossible.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE (27)</h5>
+
+<p>At the head of a ravine opening into Clemmens Creek, about 4 miles
+south of Dixon, near the Piquet orchards, is a cavern with an entrance
+55 feet wide and 40 feet high. The depth is 110 feet to loose rocks
+and clay, partly from the sides and roof, partly washed in through
+side caves and crevices. There is a small amount of cave earth along
+one wall, but it is damp, moldy, and covered with a growth of minute
+green fungus. Most of the floor, however, is of clay strewn with loose
+rocks and swept over by water at times.</p>
+
+<p>There is no refuse, and the cave was never fit for habitation.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">CAMDEN COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">ALONG THE NIANGUA RIVER (28)</h5>
+
+<p>It is widely known that many caverns exist along the Niangua River and
+its tributaries, in Camden County, especially in the vicinity of
+Hahatonka, or, as it is locally termed, "Tonky." This is one of the
+show places of Missouri. The name includes a post office; a store; a
+school; an immense spring coming out at the foot of a cliff; the creek
+formed by this spring; a lake of several hundred acres, made by
+damming the creek; a picturesque ruined mill with the usual
+accessories of such a building; numerous caves; and a magnificent, but
+unfinished, residence crowning one of the hills. This has already
+called for an expenditure of half a million dollars; and at least
+double that sum, additional, will be required to complete it in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>accordance with the original plans. Whether it be due to the national
+appreciation of architectural beauty or the national appreciation of
+ability to do things in a large way, the palace seems to impress most
+visitors more than the remarkable combination of natural features.</p>
+
+<p>The principal caves in the vicinity have distinctive names, as "Onyx"
+(there being two thus called), "Robbers'," "River" (this because there
+is a stream in it which can be crossed only in a boat), "Bridal," etc.
+Others are named for the owners of the land, or from some peculiarity,
+as "Dry," "Bunch," "Morgan," "Arnholdt." Many are not deemed of
+sufficient importance to have specific titles.</p>
+
+<p>All those named were visited, as well as a number of the others.</p>
+
+<p>A detailed description is not necessary. Not one of these caverns has
+ever been occupied unless as a temporary shelter. Some are flooded at
+intervals, either from the outside or by interior drainage; some have
+very restricted entrances and are dark at the front; some have rock
+floors or muddy bottoms; some can be entered only by clambering over
+talus to an opening at the bottom, or near the bottom, of a sink hole.
+Some shallow cavities, which under different conditions would be
+available as rock shelters, are in places difficult of access, remote
+from water, or otherwise unsuitable.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these caverns have wonderful deposits on ceilings, walls, and
+floors, rivaling in beauty and ornate patterns those of the most
+famous caves of the country; and if they were easily accessible or
+could be conveniently explored, would attract hosts of visitors. One
+in particular, the "Bridal Cave," so called from a mass of stalactite
+material fully 10 feet from side to side at the top, which hangs in
+delicate translucent loops and folds and convolutions, equals Luray or
+Wyandotte for beauty, though not for extent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">It was reported that two walled graves stand on a "bald" on the farm
+of Will Robert Eidson, on the divide between the Niangua and the
+Little Niangua Rivers, about 4 miles north of Roach post office. They
+were described as "rocks laid up in a regular wall about 4 feet high,
+and about 30 steps square, and filled up inside with rocks." A visit
+to the site disclosed two ordinary cairns, made by throwing weathered
+limestone boulders into a rounded heap. Both piles have been
+scattered, and as they now exist one is about 25 feet, the other about
+30 feet across. Such exaggerated, misleading descriptions are common,
+and result in much fruitless investigation.</p>
+
+<p>Several caves are reported in the vicinity of Toronto, in Camden and
+Miller Counties; especially the Cokely Cave, 4 miles from Brumley on
+the Linn Creek road. From the descriptions given by informants, none
+of them appear to be suitable for habitation.</p>
+
+<p>Many cairns exist on the ridges in this region, especially on high
+points overlooking valleys. All of them were built up with chert <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>or
+limestone blocks, and all are more or less torn up. So far as could be
+learned there is no sign of a wall in any of them.</p>
+
+<p>In the present state of knowledge, Camden County offers no inducement
+for archeological research.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">A FOSSIL CAVE (29)</h5>
+
+<p>The geological deposits in this region comprise three principal
+formations which are named in the State report as the Jefferson City
+limestone, the Roubidoux sandstone, and the Gasconade limestone. It is
+in the last (which is the lowest) that caverns are found.</p>
+
+<p>In various places erosion, either internal or superficial, or both,
+has formed crevices or sink holes through which the disintegrated
+sandstone finds its way into caverns below, where it accumulates and
+hardens until more resistant than when in its original condition.</p>
+
+<p>Further erosion has in several places carried away the limestone from
+around these intrusive masses, allowing them to project above the
+present surface. Sometimes, where the sand piled up, they resemble
+haystacks; but usually they are of indefinite form, having spread out
+on the floor of the cavern, as such material will do in a shallow
+stream.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting example of this action is the "Standing Rock," 4 miles
+west of Linn Creek, the county seat. Here was formerly a large cave
+with an eastward trend until near the mouth, when it turned sharply
+southward, the opening being in the direction of a little stream. The
+lower end of this cave became solidly filled with sand, and the water
+found an outlet farther back. All the limestone which formed the roof
+and walls of the middle portion of the cave is gone, a narrow ravine
+marking its course. The sandstone obstruction held its place, and now
+extends directly across the ridge between the two ravines. Its surface
+is an exact cast of the interior of the cave which it filled, and
+nodules of chert, remaining when the limestone dissolved, are still
+imbedded in its surface. The line of demarkation between the limestone
+matrix, where this still exists in part, and the siliceous filling is
+as distinct as that between the stone and brick in a building. The
+loose cave earth shows plainly under the sandstone near the former
+mouth of the cavern. Plan and section are shown in figures 20 and 21.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">MILLER COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">WRIGHT CAVE (30)</h5>
+
+<p>A mile and a half west of Brumley, near Glaize Creek, is Wright, or
+Brumley, Cave. The entrance is 15 feet high and 40 feet wide. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>At 20
+feet from the mouth the width contracts to 20 feet. The depth is 120
+feet in daylight to a stalagmite floor. Dry cave earth extends for 35
+feet from the entrance, at which distance it reaches tough, sticky
+clay; this continues to the stalagmite. Above the clay are growing
+stalactites.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="fig20" id="fig20"></a>
+<a href="images/fig20.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig20.jpg" width="65%" alt="Figure 20" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 20.</span>&mdash;Plan of Fossil
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In front of the entrance were a few flint chips, but no indications of
+pottery or shell. A small implement, shown in figure 22, was found
+which is of interest because it was worked to a sharp point at one end
+of a narrow drill, while the other end widened into a squared form
+with a straight base which was dulled and polished from use as a
+cutting tool; the entire surface was polished from long service. An
+object of this kind would be highly suitable for mending moccasins and
+leggins. Finding this and nothing else strengthens the probability
+that this cave was used as a temporary camping place, but was never
+permanently occupied.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="fig21" id="fig21"></a>
+<a href="images/fig21.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig21.jpg" width="65%" alt="Figure 21" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 21.</span>&mdash;Section of Fossil
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WILSON CAVE (31)</h5>
+
+<p>Facing Barren Fork of Tavern Creek, on the farm of John R. Bond, 8
+miles northwest of Iberia and 12 miles southeast of Tuscumbia, is a
+cave celebrated by reason of a provision in the will of a former
+eccentric owner.</p>
+
+<p>There is a small cave which has an opening in the bluff, a few feet to
+one side of the larger cave. This can be reached only by means of
+ladders 60 feet long.</p>
+
+<p>Jack Wilson came from Ireland and settled on Tavern (or Cavern) Creek
+in 1822. For a number of years he lived in this cave, with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>his
+family. He died in 1855, leaving instructions that his body was to be
+packed in salt and placed in the small cave, "with a ten-gallon cask
+of good whisky," the entrance then to be sealed up. In order to carry
+out his last wishes, and at the same time to give him a "Christian
+burial," his wife had all his internal organs removed and interred in
+a cemetery; his body was filled with salt, and placed in a coffin,
+which, according to his wishes, was deposited in the cave, with the
+whisky. On the seventh anniversary of his death the whole community
+was to assemble to "eat, drink, and be merry." For many years
+residents in the vicinity had used the cave as a place for festive
+gatherings; but this occasion was to be on a scale beyond anything
+previously attempted. If necessary, Scriptural methods were to be
+employed; that is, messengers were to be sent out in all directions,
+urging every one to come. The floor was to be enlarged, and a platform
+erected on it. When all were assembled, the whisky and the coffin were
+to be brought from their resting place and set on the platform. Then
+certain famous fiddlers were to ascend the platform and play, while
+the guests danced. When the whisky was exhausted, and the fiddlers in
+the same condition, the picnic was over and the assembly would
+disperse. The coffin was then to be replaced in the little cave, which
+was to be again sealed up, not to be reopened until the Day of
+Judgment.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 25%;"><a name="fig22" id="fig22"></a>
+<a href="images/fig22.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig22.jpg" width="55%" alt="Figure 22" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 22.</span>&mdash;Perforator and knife from Wright
+Cave.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The preliminaries were carried out according to program, but when the
+time for the celebration came round the people were more concerned
+with the Civil War, and especially in the activities of the
+bushwhackers who infested that part of the country, than they were in
+picnics; and Wilson's resurrection was brought about by persons whose
+identity was never discovered. They got into his tomb in some manner,
+drank all the whisky, broke open the coffin, and threw Wilson's bones
+to the outside, where they were scattered down the slope. Horrified
+relatives gathered them up, replaced them in the cave, sealed it
+again, and Wilson is still there awaiting his final summons.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance is 20 feet high and 45 feet wide. Dry cave earth extends
+for 135 feet; from this point it continues, partially filled with
+fallen rock and stalagmite, 40 feet farther, or 175 feet in all, in
+plain daylight, at which distance the cave makes a turn; and the cave
+earth was followed in this to complete darkness without coming to its
+termination.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning 100 feet from the entrance and extending for 35 feet, a
+narrow row of loose rocks fallen from the outcrop of stratum along the
+center of the roof lies on the surface. The cavern here measures 35
+feet in width.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>There is a wet weather stream along one wall, but the amount of water
+passing out is never large.</p>
+
+<p>Solid bedrock, with patches of cave earth on it, is exposed, in
+slightly rising strata, for 10 feet from the little bluff at the
+mouth; within this it is hidden by the earth which gradually rises to
+a height of 6 feet; but some of this rise may be due to increased
+elevation of the rock floor. The entire cave can be easily cleared out
+to the stalagmite; and it would be advisable to remove at least
+portions of this in order to ascertain what may lie beneath it.</p>
+
+<p>Refuse appears in considerable quantity in the bottom of the little
+stream bed and under the receding walls; and likewise a small amount
+outside the entrance. But the bedrock crops out frequently in narrow
+ledges between the mouth of the cavern and the foot of the hill, so
+very little d&eacute;bris of any kind lies on the slope outside.</p>
+
+<p>Some alteration of the surface of the earth floor has taken place in
+consequence of the construction of platforms; but aside from this it
+has remained practically undisturbed.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BAGNELL CAVE (32)</h5>
+
+<p>A large cavern is near the top of the "Bagnell Hill" on the Bagnell
+and Linn Creek road, on the right (south) side of the Osage River, and
+about 3 miles from the town of Bagnell. On account of the "millions"
+of bats which shelter in it, the name of Bat Cave is applied to this
+as it is to many other caves in the region.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance is so small that the cavern can be entered only by
+crawling in; and as no traces of Indian remains have ever been
+observed in it, or around the front, no examination was deemed
+necessary.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BODE CAVE (33)</h5>
+
+<p>Half a mile south of St. Elizabeth is the Ben Bode Cave. The roof has
+fallen in near the front, leaving the original exterior standing as a
+natural bridge a few feet wide. The present entrance to the cavern is
+40 feet behind the bridge. It has a wet, rocky floor, and much water
+flows through it after a rain.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">LUCKENHOFF CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>On John Luckenhoff's farm, three-fourths of a mile south of St.
+Elizabeth, facing Tavern Creek, is a small cave with a rocky floor.
+The entrance is nearly blocked with a mass of stalagmite, behind which
+the cave is dark.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">JURGGENMEYER CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>It was reported that in a "cave" on the farm of Conrad Jurggenmeyer,
+2&frac12; miles east of St. Elizabeth, a human skull was discovered. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>The
+statement may be true; but instead of a cave there is only a tunnel a
+few rods in length. Beyond the upper arch is an open ravine.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">DAERHOFF CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>On Ben Daerhoff's farm, 4 miles north of St. Elizabeth, is a cavern
+facing a narrow valley through which a small stream flows to Tavern
+Creek a mile and a half away. The entrance is 8 feet high and 55 feet
+wide. It is well lighted to a depth of 120 feet, where it makes a
+turn. Dry earth extends back for 55 feet; from there on it is muddy. A
+small stream flows along one wall, from the wet portion of the floor
+to the entrance; with a little ditching this could be made to drain
+off all the water, forming a dry bottom to the rear wall. No refuse of
+any kind could be found, and the owner says he has never observed any
+either in the cave or in front of it.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CAVE NEAR MOUTH OF TAVERN CREEK</h5>
+
+<p>In the bluff facing Tavern Creek, half a mile above its junction with
+the Osage, is a cave with an entrance 10 feet high and the same in
+width. It has a depth of 45 feet in daylight. The floor is of clay and
+angular gravel, and so wet that puddles are found near the entrance.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BAT CAVE (34)</h5>
+
+<p>This is in a bluff facing the Osage, a mile south of the Rock Island
+Railway bridge. It is not accessible except by means of a ladder or
+stairway fully 60 feet long. The roof overhangs the entrance, and the
+floor projects over a shallow rock shelter which reaches for a few
+rods along the foot of the bluff. A small amount of water seeps from
+the entrance. Persons who explored the cavern years ago&mdash;there is no
+way to reach it at present&mdash;say it divides into three large chambers,
+mostly dry, and with floors of solid rock or of earth containing much
+rock.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">GRAVE AT MOUTH OF SALINE CREEK (35)</h5>
+
+<p>Four miles below Tuscumbia, on the left bank of the Osage, is the
+mouth of Saline Creek which comes in from the north. On the lower
+(east) side of their junction, on the farm of Charles Tillman, is a
+low spur projecting toward the creek. On this is a pile of stones, all
+that remains of a vault or box grave which formerly existed there. Mr.
+Tillman says it was originally 35 or 40 feet across, a mound or
+rounded heap of stones, those about the top being larger than those
+nearer the base. Needing rock for various purposes, he procured them
+from this pile, beginning at the top to remove them and proceeding
+outward. In the course of this work <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>he found that a wall had been
+built up to a height of about 4 feet, forming a practically square
+inclosure. The space within was filled and the structure entirely
+covered with rocks of various sizes. He removed the stones as he
+reached them, and consequently did not notice whether the outer face
+of the wall was straighter or smoother than the inner face, or whether
+there was any particular difference. In all, he took away not less
+than 40 wagon loads of stones.</p>
+
+<p>On the level top of the hill from which the spur extends is a village
+site, where mortars, pestles, quantities of flints, and much broken
+pottery have been found; but no shell.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">STARK'S CAVE (36)</h5>
+
+<p>Six miles south of Eldon, on a farm now owned by George Irvin, is a
+cave which is continuous with a small ravine leading up to it. The
+entrance is 45 feet wide and 16 feet high; a small stream flows from
+it, along the foot of the left (northern) wall. This skirts a thin
+deposit of damp earth, which lies along the southern wall, gradually
+narrowing as it extends inward, until at 50 feet it runs out at the
+edge of a shallow pool reaching nearly across the cave. The bottom,
+except for the earth mentioned, is rocky.</p>
+
+<p>The cave was never fit for occupancy.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS</h5>
+
+<p>In an old "History of Miller County" mention is made of a large group
+of small mounds on a certain man's farm, without giving the locality.
+It is believed by old residents that this man "lived at one time 2 or
+3 miles west of Ullman." If they existed, they were no doubt house
+mounds.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CAIRNS</h5>
+
+<p>Several graves, in a group, were formerly on John Tillman's land, 6
+miles south of Eugene. The stones have been entirely removed. When the
+ground was plowed bullets were found under the sites of the cairns.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">MARIES COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">INDIAN FORD CAVE (37)</h5>
+
+<p>This is a fourth of a mile up the river from the bridge crossing the
+Gasconade, 2&frac12; miles east of Vienna. It is near the top of the hill at
+the head of a shallow ravine. The entrance, 35 feet wide, can be
+reached conveniently only near one wall, as a pile of talus
+immediately in front completely closes the opening; behind it the roof
+is 7 feet above the floor. If this accumulated material, which has
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>increased somewhat in height within the memory of men now living, were
+removed to the level of the floor, the main chamber would be amply
+lighted to its end, a distance of 150 feet. There is a gradual
+downward incline from front to rear, the floor sloping more rapidly
+than the roof. After hard rains some water runs into the cavern from
+the inner slope of the talus; otherwise the floor is perfectly dry for
+65 feet, then becomes wet, and near the rear wall there is standing
+water. It is apparent that a former drainage outlet in this direction
+is now choked with sediment, brought down perhaps through a branch
+opening. At 25 feet within the entrance the cavern is 25 feet wide; at
+65 feet the distance across is 35 feet, with both walls sloping away
+like a low-pitched roof and loose earth filling the space under them.
+At the rear wall the width between the two branches into which the
+cave divides is 40 to 50 feet. The floor here is clay, with numerous
+little puddles.</p>
+
+<p>Some pottery, bone, and much shell, but no flint chips, are scattered
+on the floor and for 50 or 60 feet down the slope outside.</p>
+
+<p>The cavern would make an excellent habitation and is well worth
+excavating.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">LACKAYE'S BLUFF CAVE (38)</h5>
+
+<p>This is on the farm of Harrison Hutchinson, who lives 10 miles
+southeast of Freeburg, on the road to Paydown. It is near the top of a
+bluff facing the Gasconade. Talus has accumulated in the front part of
+the cavern until it rises within 2 feet of the roof; farther back the
+cavity is of sufficient height for a man to stand erect, although
+nowhere more than 10 feet wide. Owing to the talus the interior is in
+almost total darkness. Were this accumulation removed the roof at the
+entrance would be 8 or 9 feet above the floor. The cavern may have
+been occupied, but there are no indications of such fact, although the
+recent natural deposits may conceal some remains.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HURRICANE BLUFF CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Half a mile below Lackaye Bluff, opposite the lower end of an island
+in the Gasconade, is a rock shelter 85 feet in length, 15 feet high in
+front, 6 feet high at the rear, and 15 feet deep along the middle
+portion, wedging out at either end. A large pile of talus in front
+forms a natural windbreak, and the depression is a favorite camping
+place with present-day hunters and fishermen. A small quantity of
+flint chips and many shells can be seen around the wall and for some
+distance down the slope in front. The site may repay investigation,
+though there is no great depth of earth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">It is reported that paintings of a deer or elk and other objects are
+to be seen on the face of a bluff near Paydown.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">STRATMAN CAVE (39)</h5>
+
+<p>On the farm of Henry L. Stratman, 2&frac12; miles above the Rock Island
+Railway bridge across the Gasconade River, is a cave near the top of a
+bluff facing the Gasconade. The entrance is 33 feet wide and 35 feet
+high. Forty feet back the walls approach each other, forming a doorway
+or short passage 5 feet wide. Beyond this is a room 18 feet deep and 9
+feet across, with a rock ledge or shelf on each side several feet wide
+and elevated from a foot to 2 feet above the earth floor. This room is
+well lighted. The earth at the rear is 10 feet higher than at the main
+entrance. Behind this, in turn, nearly shut off by a large column of
+stalagmite, is a third room, 8 feet wide, whose earth floor rises
+rapidly. Were the stalagmite removed, there would be ample light for
+20 or 30 feet farther, or about 90 feet in all.</p>
+
+<p>Refuse, mostly shell, shows for 100 feet down the hill. There is some
+shell in the cave, along the walls; but most of the floor is a
+comparatively recent accumulation of roof dust and small fragments of
+rock, and is quite dry as far as light penetrates.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance is much more easily reached from the top of the hill than
+from the foot of the bluff.</p>
+
+<p>The trend and appearance of the reentrant side walls connecting the
+present entrance with the straight face of the cliff indicates that
+the earth in the cavern has a depth of 30 feet or more. Should this
+prove to be the case, here would be a most excellent place to search
+for evidence of occupation which, whether continuous or not, might
+bridge the time from the modern Indian to the earliest inhabitant.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly no other cave in Missouri offers such facilities or
+inducements for careful and thorough investigation with a view to
+determining the existence of an early "cave man" in this country.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">OSAGE COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">RIVER CAVE (40)</h5>
+
+<p>This is at the foot of a bluff facing the Gasconade, 2&frac12; miles below
+Gascondy. It has a solid rock bottom, rising steeply for a few feet
+within the entrance, and a constantly flowing stream covers half the
+space between the walls.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">ROCK SHELTER</h5>
+
+<p>There is an excellent rock shelter, 50 feet long, over which the cliff
+projects for 15 feet, in front and to one side of the entrance of
+River Cave. On this is a slight depth of earth in which were found
+some broken bones and shells. The site is an excellent one for camping
+parties, but has no evidence of other than temporary use.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">STEUFFER CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>Four miles east of Freeburg, in a ravine, is a cavern popularly known
+as Beer Cave, being formerly used as a storage room for beer made in a
+brewery built just in front of it. The entrance is 8 feet wide and 12
+feet high. The front chamber, having practically the same dimensions,
+extends directly back for 50 feet, then makes a turn. The floor is a
+mixture of clay and angular gravel, with a continuous downward slope
+from front to rear. Water cracks show that it is sometimes flooded.</p>
+
+<p>The place was never fit for living in.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CAIRNS</h5>
+
+<p>At the Gasconade River bridge, on the Rich Fountain road, two creeks
+on the west side, Brush and Swan, separated only by a narrow ridge
+which terminates abruptly at either end, come in a fourth of a mile
+apart. Both rise in the same lake, 6 miles from the river, and flow
+through parallel valleys, thus draining an abandoned ox-bow curve of
+the stream.</p>
+
+<p>On the extreme eastern point of this ridge are two cairns. A fourth of
+a mile from these are two others; and farther back still more of them.
+All are now destroyed. They were the usual conical heaps of stone, 18
+to 20 feet across.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS (41)</h5>
+
+<p>A group of house mounds extends for half a mile eastward from Rich
+Fountain, along the valley of Brush Creek. They are fully 100 in
+number, and it is said there were formerly many more which are now
+leveled by cultivation. The ground is low, in some places swampy, so
+that water or mud surrounds many of them after a heavy rain.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">"INDIAN FORT" (42)</h5>
+
+<p>This structure, also called the "Indian Lookout," is located on a
+bluff facing the Osage, half a mile below the "Painted Rock," and near
+the buildings of the Painted Rock Country Club, of Jefferson City.</p>
+
+<p>Except for a slight projection or offset at one side, which contains
+an opening or doorway, it was practically identical in appearance with
+the vault graves along the Missouri River bluffs, described in Bureau
+of American Ethnology Bulletin 37; or else with those on Big Piney
+River in Pulaski County. It is formed of sandstone slabs, once laid up
+in a wall but now scattered in confusion as if fallen or thrown down.
+Apparently it measured about 32 to 35 feet outside and 12 or 13 feet
+inside.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+<h4 class="sub1">COLE COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">NATURAL BRIDGE CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>This is at the top of a bluff facing the Osage, one-half mile below
+the Rock Island bridge. It is only 10 feet wide and the same in
+height, and extends back 20 feet to a narrow passage which is almost
+closed by stalagmite. The site is difficult to reach, but disclosed a
+few fragments of pottery and some shell. The earth of the floor
+ascends rather steeply to the rear and contains many large rocks. It
+was only a camping place.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<h4 class="sub1">MORGAN COUNTY</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">SPEERS CAVE</h5>
+
+<p>On the Brown property, 7 miles southeast of Stover, is a reported
+cave, which proved to be a natural tunnel 400 feet long. The drainage
+from several farms passes through it from ravines above. The lower
+entrance is 40 feet wide and 50 feet high, the upper entrance 20 feet
+wide and 10 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>Natural bridges and tunnels of varying lengths and widths are rather
+common in this part of the Osage Valley.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HOUSE MOUNDS (43)</h5>
+
+<p>Southeast of Stover, beginning at the edge of the town, is a group of
+house mounds extending over an area having a very irregular outline,
+but fully half a mile across in any direction. They vary from 20 to 35
+feet in diameter and are scattered promiscuously at intervals of 25 to
+150 feet. The surface on which they are built reaches over a
+succession of small knolls and ridges with slopes of 4 or 5 degrees.
+Most of them are along the sides of a wide, shallow valley draining
+northward, and of two or three small tributary depressions coming into
+it from either side, though a number are also to be found beyond the
+slight watershed which separates this drainage area from that to the
+southward. They exist in woods, meadows, and cultivated ground, so
+that some of them retain their original form, others are flattened and
+widened, while still others are barely traceable. Probably some have
+been entirely effaced by plow and harrow.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="ChapterII" id="ChapterII"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4 class="sub1">INTRODUCTION</h4>
+<br/>
+
+<p>Certain conditions are to be taken into account in deciding whether a
+cave afforded a desirable permanent shelter to primitive man. It
+should be accessible; the floor should be dry, at least fairly level,
+and sufficiently free from large rocks to allow the inmates to move
+about freely; the entrance should be large enough to permit free
+passage and to light the interior to a distance that would insure
+protection from the elements. Temporary shelters or camping places
+might be deficient in some of these particulars and still be resorted
+to frequently; but if there were opportunity for choice, a man with
+intelligence to select a cave in which to live continually would, it
+is fair to assume, look for one possessing such features.</p>
+
+<p>If such conditions, once established, were free from the mutations of
+time, the explorer would have but little difficulty in deciding upon a
+suitable site for his labors. But limestone, more than any other solid
+rock, is subject to constant erosion, crumbling, and falling; while
+the soil and loose fragments resulting from such action move downward
+year by year over the slopes and into any cavities where they can find
+their way. In the course of centuries the entire aspect of a cave may
+be so altered as to bear no resemblance whatever to its original
+appearance. Consequently a careful study must be made of the immediate
+surroundings, in order to determine what topographical changes may
+have occurred since the earliest time within which it is probable that
+man may have existed in that locality. Should the floor, at present,
+be of solid rock; or covered with only a slight layer of earth; or
+have a stream flowing over it; or show by marks upon the walls that it
+is subject to inundation either from adjacent streams or by surface
+water which finds its way in through sink holes; or be in such
+situation as to make it apparent that the original bottom was thus
+flooded in comparatively modern times, even though such may not now be
+the case&mdash;in any such event excavation would be labor wasted. On the
+other hand, all the necessary requirements for a convenient residence
+may now be present, and yet result from causes which have begun to
+operate within the historic period. In other words, there are very few
+cases in which the present appearance of a cave is to be deemed a
+certain or even an approximate indication of its actual state a few
+thousand years ago. There is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>only one way to determine whether
+extended excavations may possibly result in satisfactory returns, and
+that is to sink shafts or run trenches in the superficial deposits.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<h4 class="sub1">INDIANA</h4>
+
+<p>The cave region of this State extends from Owen and Morgan Counties to
+the Ohio River. The caverns and sink holes gradually increase in
+number and size toward the south, until they culminate in Wyandotte
+Cave, second only to Mammoth Cave of Kentucky in extent, and in the
+so-called "valleys" of Harrison County which are in reality nothing
+but sink holes several square miles in extent. Some of the caverns are
+described in detail by W.S. Blatchley, the State geologist, in the
+Twenty-first Annual Report of the Survey (1896). Very few of those
+mentioned by him are at all suitable for permanent occupancy, though
+several would afford excellent shelter except in the rainy season, at
+which time most of them have the floors muddy or perhaps covered with
+water for weeks in succession. Such as were visited in these
+explorations will now be taken up in their order.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">LAWRENCE COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rock Ledge Quarry.</span>&mdash;Early in 1903 periodicals mentioned an
+interesting discovery made at this place. According to the report,
+workmen in excavating a cut for a railway found an old cave entirely
+filled with stalagmite matter. In this, 10 feet below the former top
+of the cave&mdash;the cut did not extend to the bottom of the
+stalagmite&mdash;were discovered some bones which were pronounced by
+"several physicians" to be those of a human being. Among them was a
+"jaw tooth" (molar) and part of a skull. Correspondence failing to
+elicit any satisfactory information, a visit was made to the site. The
+cave could not be traced in either direction from the railway cut; but
+it had plainly served as an outlet for several large sink holes on the
+hill above it. Nothing could be learned here regarding the matter
+except that the objects had been found and were then in the museum of
+the State University at Bloomington. This place was next visited and
+the specimens inspected. There were many fragments still imbedded in
+the matrix, which was travertine rather than stalagmite. No exact
+determination of them had been made, but only casual inspection was
+needed to see that none of them could be human. The "jaw tooth" was
+from a peccary, the "human skull" was the carapace of a tortoise.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Shiloah Cave.</span>&mdash;It was reported that, although the entrance to
+this cavern, 7 miles northwest of Bedford, was in a sink hole, the
+floor was level and accessible. The opening is almost at the bottom of
+the sink, whose slope is quite steep. After every rain the water <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>runs
+in; and while the floor is level, as stated, it has a constant stream
+of water flowing over it and is in absolute darkness.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Donnehue's Cave.</span>&mdash;Although water flows continuously from the
+entrance, the amount of discharge was said to be small and the cave
+floor level and covered with earth, while the cave itself was large
+and well lighted. The approach, however, is quite difficult; the earth
+is nowhere more than 2 or 3 feet thick, and after a heavy rain the
+stream extends from wall to wall.</p>
+
+<p>Between Bedford and Donnehue's cave is one, unnamed, at the head of a
+ravine which was once an extension of the cavern. The opening is of
+fair size but the floor is of rock and the outflow of water is steady.</p>
+
+<p>Just outside the corporate limits of Bedford, to the south, is an
+opening in the cliff at the head of a deep ravine, more in the nature
+of a rock house than of a cave. It would make an excellent shelter for
+a few persons, being accessible, protected from winds, and close to
+water. While it may have been so used formerly, the deposit of earth
+and stone on the floor is very scanty and anything beneath could well
+be quite modern.</p>
+
+<p>Two caves were reported 2 miles south of Bedford. One is a small
+opening from which a stream issues, flows across a meadow, and enters
+the other cave, which is much larger. They are parts of one passage,
+the roof between these openings having broken down, and the stream is
+the same which finds its outlet at Donnehue's cave.</p>
+
+<p>Several other caves in the vicinity of Bedford were visited. They are
+all small and of no importance from an archeological standpoint.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Donnelson's Cave.</span>&mdash;"The mouth of the cave is found at the
+head of a deep gorge worn through the limestone by a good-sized stream
+which flows from the cave and down the gorge to the broader valley
+beyond. Many centuries ago the cave extended the full length of the
+gorge, and the waters of the stream flowed directly from its mouth
+into the valley. The roof of the underground channel finally became so
+thin that it collapsed, the gorge was then started, and as the
+centuries went by grew in length, the cave becoming ever shorter by
+the continued falling of the roof.</p>
+
+<p>"Three passages open directly into the mouth of the cave. The right
+hand passage has the level of its floor about 5 feet above that of the
+entrance, while the opening on the left is 12 feet above the level of
+the stream and very difficult to enter without a ladder. The middle
+passage extends straight back from the common vestibule or main entry.
+The latter is 25 feet long, 21 feet high, and 18 feet wide, but at its
+farther end is reduced to the narrow middle passage between great
+masses of limestone. The water in this passage is waist deep and
+explorations must be made by wading or in a light <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>canoe. One hundred
+feet within is a magnificent cascade, where the stream rushes and
+leaps down a narrow passage with such violence that the noise is
+plainly heard at the entrance.</p>
+
+<p>"The right-hand passage for the first 100 feet is about 10 feet high
+by 15 wide, with a clay bottom and a roof on a level with that of the
+vestibule. It then expands into a large room, 230 feet long and 40
+feet wide, which lies east and west at right angles to the entering
+passage. This narrows at the west end to 20 feet, and at one point the
+outer air flows in through a small opening in the roof. From near the
+small end of the room a narrow passage starts off to the southward and
+can be traveled for 200 feet, when it becomes too small for further
+advance. Along this passage a small stream flows, disappearing through
+a hole in the floor near the entrance to the larger room. Other than
+this, both right and left passages leaving the main entry are dry.</p>
+
+<p>"The passage at the left of the main entrance to the cave is about 150
+feet long by 20 broad, and contains no points of especial interest."
+[W.S. Blatchley.]</p>
+
+<p>It may be added to the above description that a heavy rain causes a
+rapid rise of several feet in the stream through the middle passage.</p>
+
+<p>The cavern is situated 3&frac12; miles east of Mitchell. It has been fitted
+up by the State University as an experiment station for the study of
+underground fauna and flora.</p>
+
+<p>The branch to the right is never entirely dry. Throughout the year
+water trickles or seeps over the stones and keeps the mud soft and
+sloppy, while after extremely heavy rains the water may be 2 or 3
+inches deep for a short time&mdash;enough to keep all the earth washed from
+the floor for 50 or 60 feet from the entrance.</p>
+
+<p>The northern or left branch presented a smooth, solid floor of rock at
+the beginning. The roof is about 13 feet above the floor, being a flat
+stratum broken by a joint-seam along which there is a slight fault. A
+ledge of friable sandstone 3&frac12; feet thick lies next below the roof. The
+disintegration of this gave a dry covering to the clayey earth which
+covered the floor almost to the extreme edge of the rock overhanging
+the stream and gradually rose toward the rear, where it entirely
+filled the space from floor to roof. The distance between the side
+walls is 8 feet at the mouth. They diverge slightly, and at 65 feet
+are about 12 feet apart. Here they separate more sharply, forming a
+chamber 30 feet in diameter, measuring on every side to the contact of
+the earth and the roof. At the extreme rear a slight wash or
+depression in the earth revealed the top of a vertical solid wall,
+thus marking the limit of the cave in that direction. It seems,
+however, to extend farther to the east and the west than it can now be
+followed; in fact, the indications are that at one time a considerable
+cross-cavern extended along this line.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>The work of clearing out this branch began at the entrance. The
+superincumbent earth was removed by a trench whose boundary was the
+solid rock on each side until the cave widened to more than 8 feet
+between the walls; then a width of 7 to 9 feet was excavated midway
+between the sides, the entire trench having a length of 92 feet, or
+reaching nearly to the vertical wall at the rear. For about 60 feet
+the earth was removed to the rock floor. At this distance the floor
+dipped. The bottom of the trench continued to follow the same level it
+had held to this point, in the belief that the dip in the floor was
+due to a crevice or slight erosion channel and would soon disappear,
+bringing the rock to its normal position. This was not the case;
+several holes were dug, the deepest one 3 feet, into the mingled clay
+and rock, without finding any evidence of a solid bottom. The
+conclusion seemed certain that the passage leading from the entrance
+of the cave to the large room at its farther end was only a tributary
+or branch of a cross-cave extending in an east and west direction, as
+intimated above. Prof. Eigenmann, of the State university, reached the
+same conclusion through surveys not connected with this work. Under
+the circumstances further digging seemed useless; for if this should
+be a cross-cave the bottom would probably, almost certainly, be on a
+level with the stream now flowing through the central passage, while
+if it should prove to be only a cellar-like deepening, it would not be
+utilized for a habitation.</p>
+
+<p>At 30 feet from the entrance the accumulated earth had a thickness of
+6 feet; from there it rose gradually to the roof at the end.</p>
+
+<p>At 37 feet, in a pocket of coarse sand on the rock floor, such as
+settles in a gentle current, were four fragments of bone. There is not
+enough of them to identify with certainty, but they seem to belong to
+a deer, a turkey, and some bird about the size of a quail.</p>
+
+<p>At 66 feet in, a foot lower than the surface of the bedrock (being 5
+or 6 feet beyond the above-mentioned dip), were small fragments or
+particles of charcoal, or what had every appearance of such. They were
+in earth that showed the lamination or stratification due to
+successive water deposits, and had been introduced in the same manner.
+The entire earth deposit below the sand capping showed this
+lamination, sometimes horizontal, sometimes curved, proving a long
+period of deposition. Further evidence of age is found in the
+travertine, 7 inches thick, that occurs on top of the earth at the
+back of the cave.</p>
+
+<p>In the absence of all other evidence the specks of charcoal can not be
+accepted as proof of human life in the vicinity at the time these
+deposits were forming.</p>
+
+<p>While the work was in progress three students from the university came
+through the central cave in a small boat, having entered through a
+sink hole 3 miles away in an air line. At some point of their course
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>they lost their lanterns and made the remainder of the journey in
+absolute darkness, feeling their way along the walls, dragging or
+carrying the craft over shallows, and at one place lying flat in the
+bottom and propelling the boat by applying hands and feet to the roof,
+which was less than a foot above the water.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MARTIN COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p>Various caves are reported in the vicinity of Shoals. Those whose
+location was clearly given are merely "rock houses" or recesses in the
+Carboniferous conglomerate bluffs bordering the east fork of White
+River. Some of them would make fairly good shelters, but all which can
+now be examined are at so low a level that the river gets into them or
+very close to them in flood periods. Consequently there is no
+probability that ancient remains are to be found in them. Some of the
+shelters higher up on the cliffs may have been utilized, but the
+bottom of these is now covered with huge blocks, some weighing a
+hundred tons. It is true that such rock houses, in all parts of the
+country, were regular resorts for modern Indians, and they probably
+furnished shelter to the earliest inhabitants of this region, no
+matter how remote the period of occupation. But owing to their open
+front and the exposed situation of most of them, it is quite possible
+that the wind may remove the fine material falling from roof and sides
+almost as fast as it is deposited. At any rate the d&eacute;bris on the
+floors is seldom more than 3 or 4 feet deep, and articles very plainly
+of no great age are frequently found at all levels in it.</p>
+
+<p>In a few places along the river bluffs limestone crops out beneath the
+sandstone, and springs occasionally appear along the line of junction,
+eroding small cavities, but these are subject to overflow, and none of
+them has an opening large enough to enter without crawling.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">ORANGE COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Vicinity of Paoli.</span>&mdash;From this town six caves were visited,
+all that could be located by diligent inquiry. None of them has any
+particular designation except "Mill Cave," which is so named because
+the stream issuing from it furnishes power for a flour mill. The water
+covers the floor at all seasons.</p>
+
+<p>One, though quite small, could have been occupied at a former period,
+but the roof and front fell in some years ago, entirely closing it.</p>
+
+<p>A third has a small entrance on a hillside. A steep and rough descent
+was followed beyond reach of daylight without coming to a level
+bottom.</p>
+
+<p>The other three are very small with rock bottoms.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span><span class="sc">French Lick Springs.</span>&mdash;Two or three miles from this place is
+"Star Cavern," which is advertised as being of great size and beauty.
+The immediate surroundings are quite romantic and deserve the praise
+accorded the spot by visitors. The cave itself, however, more
+resembles an artificial tunnel than a natural result of erosion. The
+floor is clean rock with a little brook flowing over it.</p>
+
+<p>Two other caves not far from Star Cave are dry, but with solid rock
+floors, so they were not visited.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Orangeville.</span>&mdash;Near this place are the so-called Gulfs of Lost
+River. The stream sinks a few miles east of Orleans, emerges at the
+"Gulfs" from one side of a very large sink hole with precipitous
+margin, and immediately goes out of sight again in a deep pool or
+chasm. It reappears a mile or so away at the foot of a cliff where,
+after heavy rains, it boils up like a gigantic fountain. Numerous
+small caves or sink holes exist in the neighborhood, three of which
+were reported as being dry, lighted, having good entrances, and well
+suited for habitancy. One of them is at the bottom of a sink hole on a
+hill. The descent is steep and rocky for 20 feet (it was not followed
+farther) and no doubt so continues to the level of the river which
+flows almost directly under it.</p>
+
+<p>The two others are in the principal "Gulf." They are open and of good
+size, but mud high on the walls shows they are filled with water in
+wet seasons.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">CRAWFORD COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Marengo Cave.</span>&mdash;This is growing famous as it becomes better
+known. Blatchley says that in it "are probably crowded more beautiful
+formations of crystalline limestone than in any other known cave of
+similar size in the United States." Visitors who have been in both say
+it surpasses Luray Cavern in the magnificence of its sheets and
+columns of deposited material.</p>
+
+<p>As it was not opened until 1883, and the bottom can be reached only by
+a stairway 60 feet high, it was of course unknown to the aborigines.</p>
+
+<p>A small cave near Marengo has an opening on a hillside, and can be
+directly entered from the outside; but it is at times a passageway for
+a strong current of water 3 feet deep and extending the full width of
+the cavity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Milltown.</span>&mdash;A mile north of the town is a large cave which
+would furnish an abode for scores of people. The entrance is in a
+slight depression on the level upland west of Blue River. The descent
+is down an easy slope of fallen rock and earth about 30 feet deep to a
+rock floor. Beyond the foot of the slope there is a slight thickness
+of earth, so that explorations could reveal nothing that had a
+certainty of antiquity.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>There is presented here a fine example of the manner in which caves of
+this character become exposed to the upper world. At first, there was
+an underground channel draining the adjacent country over a territory
+of varying extent, sometimes many square miles. At some point the roof
+fell in more rapidly than in other parts, until at last it became so
+thin as to give way entirely. If the d&eacute;bris was not sufficient in
+amount to extend above that part of the roof which remained intact on
+either side, so that it would be gradually carried away, the cave
+would remain open in both directions, as is the case at the "Gulfs"
+just described and at other caves statements of which appear in
+subsequent pages. Usually the d&eacute;bris quite chokes up one side and all
+the superficial drainage is turned into the other, which is thus kept
+open. In time, the slope around the depression becomes tolerably
+uniform except close to the entrance, and there is no outward
+indication that the cave ever extended farther than the spot where the
+new entrance is located. So the cave, as it is now open to
+examination, is only a portion of the original passage, and as the
+explorer pursues his way, he may be going toward either the former
+mouth or the source. In the former case, he comes out of a large
+opening, or what was formerly such, on some slope in the neighborhood,
+or descends until his way is obstructed by water. In the latter, he
+may find his way shut off by diminishing passages, or he may descend
+to lower levels through newer drainage channels cut by the streams
+which have been reversed and forced to carve other outlets for
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>This change occurred in the Milltown Cave a very long time ago.
+Standing on the d&eacute;bris, several feet within the entrance and beneath a
+part of the roof now perfectly dry and showing no marks of percolating
+water, is a stalagmite 31 inches in diameter, which has weathered to a
+depth of 3 to 4 inches from atmospheric influences alone.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Wyandotte Cave.</span>&mdash;So much has been printed concerning this
+celebrated cavern that no mention need be made of its interior
+features. The place seems excellently adapted as a habitation for
+primitive people. It is situated on a hill at whose foot is the bank
+of Blue River. Five miles away, as the road runs, is the Ohio. The
+backwater sometimes reaches up the tributary for more than 10 miles.
+The flint-bearing stratum of the Harrison County aboriginal quarries
+outcrops a short distance away and appears at several points within
+the cave. The country is extremely rugged, and good springs occur
+frequently. Game was formerly abundant in the hills, and Blue River
+still rewards the angler with various species of fish, many of them of
+large size.</p>
+
+<p>A former race, presumably the modern Indian, did much work within the
+cave. Tons of travertine or stalagmite, the so-called <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>alabaster, have
+been quarried from some of the deposits, while a large number of flint
+nodules has been dug out of the cave-earth where they fell from the
+disintegrating limestone. Some of this labor was carried on more than
+a mile from daylight.</p>
+
+<p>The mouth of the cave was formerly almost closed by a mass of talus.
+About 10 feet has been removed from the top of this, so that one may
+now walk in without difficulty. On the inner side of the portion
+remaining there is a slope for 96 feet, to a vertical depth of a
+little more than 27 feet. The next 100 feet gives a descent of about 3
+feet; then another steep slope begins. The first point at which
+bedrock floor is found within the cave is 120 feet lower than the
+point of entry. It is supposed that the drainage to which the cave
+owes its origin was outward; if this was the case the floor must be
+more than 120 feet below the roof at the doorway. While this may be
+true, it is not indicated by the condition of the visible strata. For
+about 50 feet outward the side walls are nearly parallel and nowhere
+more than 30 feet apart. Then they terminate at an angle in the
+outcrop of the ledge along the hillside. The appearance and condition
+of the upper strata, together with this narrow separation of the side
+walls outside the cave, produce the impression that at a period not
+very remote the roof of the cavern reached to the outcropping ledge in
+which the walls end. Even though the rock floor should be at the great
+depth supposed there is a possibility that an earth floor could be
+found below the detritus which has accumulated since the roof fell in
+or has worn away.</p>
+
+<p>To test the matter a shaft was begun at a point 16 feet in front of
+the doorway. This was as near as such work could be done without
+interfering with the advent of visitors, and allowed a margin of 30
+feet toward the outer slope. The shaft, 6 feet in diameter, soon
+passed into a compact mass of red clay filled with rocks of various
+sizes. At 14 feet down this was broken by an irregular stratum
+averaging a foot in thickness, of coarse sand or fine gravel with a
+slight admixture of clay, such as would form in a running stream. Its
+slope was inward or toward the cave. As there are sandstone ledges on
+the hillside above, this sand may have come from them, but, if so, it
+is singular that none appeared elsewhere. At 18 feet down was a mass
+of travertine measuring nearly 3 feet across and from 6 to 12 inches
+thick. It had formed around the lower part of a stalagmite 18 inches
+long, and the bottom of the whole formation rested horizontally on
+clay. This gave the excavators hope that an earth floor had been
+reached, as the stalagmite was vertical and resembled in all respects
+stalagmites in the cave. But it was soon found to be a foreign
+inclusion, and the same confused mixture of clay and stone continued
+below as above. Various fragments of stalactites and stalagmites were
+found as part of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>detritus. These, especially the vertical one,
+seem to confirm the supposition that the roof reached out this far at
+a period which is quite recent as compared with the age of the cave.</p>
+
+<p>To a depth of 25 or 26 feet the task of excavating was as tedious and
+difficult as digging up a much-traveled, rocky road, the earth being
+dry enough to scour the shovels. Then the earth grew moist and within
+2 feet was muddy. Cavities appeared, into some of which a switch could
+be thrust 3 or 4 feet. Where such a cavity extended under a large
+stone, stalactites were in process of formation. Soon the earth began
+to work into a soft mud under the feet of the workmen, and at 32 feet
+particles and small clods were noticed falling from the sides of the
+shaft. A foot lower this breaking away became more decided. It may
+have been due merely to the loose condition of the wet earth allowing
+unsupported portions to fall from the freshly exposed surface, but
+there was also the risk that the softer earth was sliding under the
+weight of that above. The workmen, two of whom were experienced well
+and cistern diggers, declared the risk too great and demanded to be
+brought to the surface.</p>
+
+<p>The depth reached by this shaft was at least 5 feet lower than at any
+point inside, within 200 feet of the mouth of the cave. The material,
+with the exception of the sand layer, was almost identical from top to
+bottom, there being no apparent difference other than increase of
+moisture in the lower part. The only explanation suggesting itself at
+present is that the chasm is filled with large loose rocks up to a
+point near the bottom of the shaft; that d&eacute;bris from the hillside
+above has covered these more rapidly than it could settle in the
+crevices and cavities among them; and that water which makes its way
+downward finds some obstruction to its free passage out at the bottom
+of the chasm.</p>
+
+<p>The only safe plan of excavation seems to require the removal of all
+the earth between the side walls to a depth below the mud. If the rock
+bottom, or any solid bottom, is at a depth of 120 feet, there is small
+chance that man lived in this region at a time when it was easily
+accessible.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Saltpeter Cave.</span>&mdash;This is about 600 yards northwest of
+Wyandotte Cave. "The entrance, in a side of a ravine, is 5 feet high
+and 19 feet wide. Once within, a gigantic room expands, 220 feet long,
+75 feet wide, and 10 to 30 feet in height, with smooth flat ceiling
+and earthen floor, the latter descending and with its edges much
+encumbered with fallen rock." [W.S. Blatchley.]</p>
+
+<p>From the description given, this would seem an ideal site for
+research. Unfortunately, the bottom of the ravine is not more than 5
+feet lower than the top of the talus at the entrance. This slight
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>elevation is the only barrier which keeps the surface water from
+flowing in, and while the ravine seldom has any water in it, there
+would be enough after a moderate rain to drown out the diggers who
+were working below its level if the bank were removed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Little Wyandotte.</span>&mdash;This, like three caves on Blue River above
+Wyandotte, four in the vicinity of Leavenworth, and one on the
+opposite side of the river in Meade County, Ky., has a small entrance
+in solid rock, with a steep and narrow passage to the foot of a slope
+which does not expand into a room of any size until at some distance
+beyond daylight.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HARRISON COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p>The only cave of any note in Harrison County is at the King quarries,
+5 miles east of Corydon. It has two outlets, one at the foot of a
+little cliff, through which a fine spring has an exit; the other in
+the face of the cliff, about 10 feet higher and a little to one side.
+The latter discharges more or less water after every rain. The
+drainage of several large sink holes is through the two openings. The
+owner says mud has accumulated to a depth of 3 feet on the floor
+within his remembrance, due to cultivation around the sink holes,
+which causes the soil to waste.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">ILLINOIS</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">MONROE COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Mammoth Cave.</span>&mdash;The so-called "Mammoth Cave of Illinois" is
+near Burksville, in Monroe County. An opportunity was afforded to
+visit it while engaged in the cave work. It is very extensive,
+according to the owner's description, being "7 or 8 miles long." The
+mouth is at the bottom of a sink hole, and the cave is now reached by
+a narrow stairway 40 feet high. Formerly it was necessary to clamber
+down the walls, stepping from ledge to ledge with a foot and a hand on
+either side. Then a ladder was made, said to have been 50 feet long;
+and, with more frequent visitors, the stairway followed. The crevice
+is very short, a mere crack, apparently made by water working its way
+down from the bottom of the sink. All the drainage within the rim goes
+into the cave, and it accumulates in the rainy season until the floor
+is covered. A farmer living near says he has seen the water from the
+cave rise until it covered the bottom of the sink hole. As similar
+depressions are numerous in the vicinity, probably the combined inflow
+is greater than the cave can carry away. The floor has been leveled
+and a close pavement of large slabs laid over the muddy portions. No
+one has ever heard of human remains being found anywhere in the cave.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+<h4 class="sub1">KENTUCKY</h4>
+
+<p>Crossing the Ohio River from the southern Indiana cave region, the
+counties of Kentucky lying in the belt of lower Carboniferous
+limestone were next visited. No cave that seemed worth examining could
+be heard of above the extreme southern portion of Hardin County. The
+sections examined will be taken in their geographical order from north
+to south.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HARDIN COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Hutchins or Bradley Cave.</span>&mdash;This is in the bluff bordering on
+the left bank of Nolin River, 2 miles west of Upton. It was reported
+that human remains had been found in it. The present owners, who have
+known the cave for a long time, never heard of any such finds. The
+entrance is low and narrow, so that access to the cave is to be had
+only by creeping several yards. The cavern then expands into a very
+large chamber, separated into three by curtains or partitions of
+stalactites and stalagmites. Very little of floor, roof, or walls is
+to be seen, being almost entirely covered by secondary deposits. Some
+of these are remarkable for size and beauty. There is no probability
+that the cave was ever inhabited.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Saltpeter Cave.</span>&mdash;This is 3 miles southwest of Upton. It has a
+large entrance and an earth floor, but the dirt has all been worked
+over for making saltpeter, so there is nothing to search for.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HART COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Laird's Cave.</span>&mdash;About 2 miles north of Northtown is a large,
+roomy cave, with a good entrance, but water drips from all parts of
+the ceiling, and the floor is muddy and rocky. The drainage from 3 or
+4 acres of hillside flows over the arch of the entrance and logs 6
+inches in diameter are carried into it by the surface floods.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Lock's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is a mile east of Rowlett's Station, near
+the top of a ridge, and lying nearly parallel with its crest. It
+affords another instance of a cave which has come to light only after
+a portion of its roof has fallen in. The detritus entirely conceals
+the opening at one end. The other end is entered by going down the
+fallen rocks over a slope of 15 or 20 feet, which leads to a bottom
+strewn with rocks. In such cases there can be nothing under the loose
+material, because the cave had no entrance until this had fallen in.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Garvin Cave.</span>&mdash;This cavern, which is 3 miles southeast of
+Munfordville, has an opening at the bottom of a sink hole, requiring a
+rope or ladder for descent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Harlow Cave.</span>&mdash;This is 3&frac12; miles southeast of Munfordville. It
+is a very large cave, apparently, as the slope down the d&eacute;bris is
+more <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>than 40 feet high, to a rocky shelf, beyond which the descent
+was followed some yards without finding any indications that a level
+bottom was near. It is another illustration of the fallen roof.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Wynne's Cave.</span>&mdash;Three miles south of Rowlett's Station is a
+large sink hole. Stones thrown into the vertical shaft at the bottom
+can be heard striking the sides for three or four seconds before
+coming to rest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Wash. Rowlett Cave.</span>&mdash;On "the old Lewis Martin place," 1&frac12;
+miles west of Rowlett's Station, a section of roof, 20 or 25 feet
+across, has dropped into a deep cavity. The sides are still insecure.
+The descent to a spring under what appears to be the original roof is
+somewhat more than 40 feet. The ceiling is not more than 6 feet high.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Steffy's Cave.</span>&mdash;Four miles southwest of Munfordville between
+200 and 300 feet in length of the roof of a high and wide cave has
+fallen in. Ice remains in this cave until May or later every year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Joel Buckner's Cave.</span>&mdash;About 10 miles northeast of
+Munfordville is a large cave with the entrance on a hillside. The roof
+has evidently extended several rods farther out than at present. The
+front part of the cavern is wide and high, but is now nearly filled
+with d&eacute;bris. The roof slopes at about the same angle as loose material
+within, there being not more than 3 feet of space between the two at
+any place nearer than 30 feet from the present mouth. Rocks thrown
+back showed the same uniformity of slope to continue at least several
+yards and the depth there to be about 20 feet below the top of the
+detritus at the mouth. This cave was suitable as a habitation before
+the material now choking the mouth had accumulated, provided water was
+obtainable. The nearest spring now is more than a mile away. An
+exploration would require, as a preliminary, the removal of several
+hundred cubic yards of compacted rocks and clay.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Harry Buckner Cave.</span>&mdash;Half a mile north of the cavern last
+named is another with a very narrow entrance. The floor, which slopes
+downward, is solid rock in part, and the place is not adapted for
+occupancy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Cub Run Cave.</span>&mdash;Cub Run is a little settlement 12 miles west
+of Munfordville, near the Edmonson County line and about equidistant
+from Green River and Nolin River. Two miles in a direct line south of
+the village is a cave or rock shelter which has much local notoriety
+from the fact that three skeletons were found in it. They were
+imbedded in mixed ashes and earth and accompanied with several
+pestles, bone perforators, three flint knives, a small celt, and part
+of a clay pipe stem. One of the skeletons was that of a child not more
+than 8 or 10 years old. It has been pronounced the frame of a white
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>child on account of the shape of the skull, but is more probably
+Indian, as the three were found together. Two of the bodies had been
+laid side by side; the other was near their feet at a right angle to
+them. In the back of the child's head is an incision somewhat over an
+inch long. The skull is slightly fractured downward from one end of
+this cut, and the corner or angle thus formed in the bone is pressed
+outward.</p>
+
+<p>A flint implement found almost in contact with the skull fits closely
+into the aperture and may have produced it, as the form of the wound
+could have been thus caused.</p>
+
+<p>The cavity or chamber of this cavern is about 100 feet across in each
+direction. There is a small opening near the back which has been
+examined to a distance of 75 or 80 feet, being there obstructed by
+large blocks of sandstone similar to those which fill the space from
+floor to ceiling along the back end of the shelter.</p>
+
+<p>There is another very large block just at the entrance, in which are
+one shallow and two deep circular depressions which were probably
+mortars. Bones of deer, bear, and other animals have been found within
+a foot or two of the surface both outside and inside of the cave.
+Contrary to what is usual in sandstone cavities of this sort, the
+outside earth slopes upward from the entrance and after heavy rains
+considerable water flows into the cave. This makes the earth on the
+floor quite sticky at times, although it is mainly sand, containing
+very little clay.</p>
+
+<p>The skeletons were found at a depth of about 16 inches, close to the
+side wall. A small trench dug where they were unearthed showed, in
+succession, a layer of ashes 4 or 5 inches thick and not more than 3
+feet across, a foot below the surface of the floor; a few inches of
+earth; a layer of ashes an inch thick, at two feet; below this,
+yellowish undisturbed sand, apparently fallen from the sandstone roof,
+and continuing to the rock floor, which was about 32 inches below the
+top.</p>
+
+<p>Another trench was dug about midway across the cave and the same
+distance from the front as the skeletons were found. This was on or
+close to the line of heaviest drainage into the cave and the earth was
+so wet as to be very sticky. A few little patches of what appeared to
+be ashes but which had not resulted from fires made on the spot, three
+or four broken mussel shells, and a chip of flint were found in the
+first 18 or 20 inches. More than this amount of earth could easily
+have washed in since they were left here by modern Indians. Below this
+level the earth contained not the slightest object of human origin, to
+the rock floor which was found at a depth of 6 feet. On the rock was
+nearly pure sand, probably the result of disintegration; some clay lay
+on this; then the mixed loam, sand, and clay composing the outside
+soil.</p>
+
+<p>It would appear that this cave was utilized as a place of shelter at
+irregular intervals by Indians in tolerably recent times; that at
+least <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>one of those found, perhaps all three, had died or been killed
+during a somewhat protracted sojourn; and that only a slight covering
+of earth, if any at all, had been placed over them.</p>
+
+<p>Two similar caves are within 8 or 10 miles, but were not visited.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">EDMONSON COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Mammoth Cave.</span>&mdash;For miles from the entrance saltpeter workers
+have dug down to a level where the amount of loose rock rendered
+further excavation too expensive. In many places walls of stone are
+piled against the sides of the cavern. They were among the earth that
+was removed and have been so piled to get them out of the way.</p>
+
+<p>As far back as "Chief City," 3 miles from the mouth of the cave, the
+floor is littered with fragments of canes (reeds) and saplings, which,
+from the appearance of the ends, were broken, twisted, or bruised off
+with blunt tools like stone hatchets. Most of those remaining are
+lying on massive loose rocks now forming the floor, though the ends of
+some are seen projecting from beneath stones much larger than two men
+can lift. It is possible the latter have recently slid or slipped from
+higher up the slopes, but the indications are that they have dropped
+from the roof since the time of these early explorers. If this be the
+case, it points to a considerable antiquity for the remains, because
+no such downfalls are known to have occurred since the cave was first
+explored by white men.</p>
+
+<p>So much work has been done about the entrance of late years for
+improving the approaches that excavation would be useless, even if
+allowed, unless carried to a depth of more than 20 feet. Such work
+would greatly interfere with the plans of the management.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">White's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is about three-fourths of a mile from
+Mammoth Cave. The entrance, quite small, is near the crest of a ridge,
+and the floor descends abruptly. Only a narrow chamber exists within
+reach of daylight, and the cave is wet all the time a short distance
+back.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Colossal Cave.</span>&mdash;It is said to be 4 miles from Mammoth Cave,
+but is really only a little more than 2 miles. The present entrance is
+entirely artificial, the descent to the floor being about 120 feet.
+The original entrance was in a crevice which explorers descended by
+means of ropes. It is said that another entrance is known to one man
+who, however, has to crawl a long distance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Salt Cave.</span>&mdash;This is 4 miles from Mammoth Cave, though
+belonging to the same company. The entrance is at the bottom of a
+conical sink hole draining about an acre. Not much water runs into the
+cave from this cause, as the surface slopes outward from the margin
+except on one side, where a ridge leads to the hills. A spring which
+comes out near the top of the sink falls over a ledge at the bottom
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>into the entrance to the cave. It is said that this water soaks into
+the ground within a few rods and that just beyond are large, dry
+rooms, well adapted for habitation, which formerly contained many
+evidences of aboriginal occupation. Exploration is impossible now, as
+the entrance was effectually closed some years ago by throwing in
+logs, brush, rocks, and earth, in order to protect the formations from
+relic hunters. The water from the spring falls directly on and flows
+into this, and can not now be turned aside. Even if it could, all
+excavated material would have to be carried up a steep slope and
+deposited in the field surrounding the sink hole.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Dixon's Cave.</span>&mdash;It is supposed, with good reason, that this
+was at one time connected with Mammoth Cave. It can be easily entered,
+through a large crevice, where the surface rock has fallen in.
+Approach to the bottom is down a steep and rugged slope of about 60
+feet vertically. Within, no earth is visible, it having been entirely
+removed by saltpeter miners, who left the rocks piled in great rows
+from side to side across the cavern.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Mammal Cave.</span>&mdash;This is so named because a tusk was formerly
+exhibited at the hotel which was reported to have come from here. It
+was afterwards learned that the specimen was imported from another
+State. The cave is small and damp, not suitable for living or even for
+stopping in.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Proctor's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is 6 miles from Mammoth Cave. The
+present entrance is artificial and so far as could be learned the cave
+is a recent discovery.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Haunted Cave.</span>&mdash;The name is given to commemorate the fact that
+human bones were found in it. Physicians, it is said, pronounced them
+bones of a white person. The cave, which is on Green River, some miles
+below Mammoth Cave, was not visited, as the entrance is described as a
+crevice through which a man has difficulty in squeezing his way, while
+the interior is nowhere more than 8 feet wide. The cave soon connects
+with another narrow vertical crevice which reaches the surface at the
+top of a ridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Briggs's Cave.</span>&mdash;About 6 miles west of Cave City, and 4 miles
+west of north from Glasgow Junction, is a cave on land of Ike Briggs,
+which was described as fit for habitation. Its entrance is in a small
+sink hole, on a hillside. The approach is easy, and entry not
+difficult; but the cave receives the drainage of several acres and the
+floor is always muddy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Poyner's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is a mile east of Briggs's. While a
+large cave, the entrance is at the foot of a sink hole an acre in
+area. It is necessary to stoop for some distance on entering, and the
+bottom here is rough and wet. Farther in it is dry and roomy&mdash;so much
+so, that people in the neighborhood use one chamber as a "ballroom."
+This part is some distance beyond daylight. As in all caves which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>are
+entered from a sink, it would be very difficult to dispose of any
+excavated earth, as it would have to be carried up the steep slope to
+the outside.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Short Cave.</span>&mdash;Chaumont is a station on the road to Mammoth
+Cave, 3 miles from the Glasgow Junction. The cavern, which is so named
+from its limited extent as compared with Mammoth, is a mile from the
+station. The entrance, reached by a winding way along the ridges, is
+on one side of an irregular depression comprising 3 or 4 acres. At
+present there is a heavy bank of earth, several feet high, across the
+entrance, nearly closing it to the top, except at the middle where a
+wagon road has been cut through to allow fertilizers for mushroom beds
+to be hauled in. This earth, so it is stated, was not there when the
+cave was discovered, but has been carried from the interior partly by
+saltpeter workers, and partly by the present owner in order to cover
+up some rocks and to make the floor smooth and level. In front of the
+cave and of the earth piled at the entrance is a level space of 25 or
+30 feet to a deep sink hole. Some water and mud, in time of wet
+weather, runs into the front part of the cave but its effect is not
+noticeable for more than 30 or 40 feet. Beyond this is a reach of more
+than 200 feet of perfectly dry level floor. It was not so smooth
+before some grading was done for the mushroom beds, but was at no time
+rugged or difficult to travel over. At 300 feet from the entrance is a
+slope about 20 feet high, at the foot of which begins another floor so
+dry as to be dusty in places. Whether this apparent thickness of 20
+feet is of earth, or earth and stone mixed, or is indicative of a dip
+in the rock floor, is not known, as no excavation has ever been made
+except for the plant beds. There is a slight descent, not more than 3
+or 4 feet, from the entrance to the point where the flood water seems
+to reach. This is seemingly due altogether to the wash. The width of
+the cave is about 50 feet, and notwithstanding the partial closure of
+the entrance there is sufficient light as far back as 200 feet to
+enable one to read ordinary print. So there is ample room within reach
+of daylight for several hundred people to gather without
+inconvenience.</p>
+
+<p>The owner, Capt. J.B. Briggs, who lives in Russellville, has granted
+permission to make any excavations desired, provided the floor be left
+in good shape when done. It is evident that any satisfactory
+examination will demand a large expenditure. If only a preliminary
+trench were made, the necessary slope would require a considerable
+width at top, while if anything should be disclosed that called for
+extensive research, the earth must be wheeled or otherwise removed to
+the sink hole in front, and the whole floor brought to a nearly
+uniform level.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>So far as appearances go, this cavern is better adapted for occupancy
+than any other which has been examined. The depth of earth shows it to
+have been open for a long period. If nothing can be found here,
+denoting extreme antiquity of man, it would seem useless to make
+further search in central or western Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bear Creek.</span>&mdash;A very large rock house is on the right bank of
+Bear Creek, 3 miles above its mouth. It would afford good shelter to a
+large number of people, except in rainy seasons when they were most in
+need of it. After heavy storms the creek covers the entire floor.</p>
+
+<p>Other rock-shelters exist along Green River above and below Bear
+Creek. They are not worth investigating. Some are flooded; others
+difficult of access; still others become muddy after rains; while in
+none of them is there any great depth of earth.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WARREN COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Crump's Cave.</span>&mdash;A mile north of Smith's Grove is a large sink
+hole, from one side of which extends a cave nearly a mile long. There
+is abundant room and a good light near the front, and it is reported
+that quantities of ashes were formerly to be seen on the earth a short
+distance in. A considerable outside area drains into the cave, and the
+floor at the present time is everywhere so wet as to be quite muddy.
+Much water also falls from the roof. A hydraulic ram, not far from the
+entrance, formerly forced water from one of these falls to the farm
+residence. A descent of 6 feet, over large rocks and wet earth, brings
+one to the nearly level floor, 40 feet from the mouth. The amount of
+flood water running into the cave is indicated by a gully 4 feet deep
+and the same in width, while trash and driftwood litter the floor from
+wall to wall for more than a hundred yards.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Thomas Cave.</span>&mdash;This is a mile north of Bowling Green. The roof
+of a cavern has fallen in and forms a high mound of rocky d&eacute;bris, down
+which a path winds on each side, giving access toward either end of
+the cavern. There is scarcely a possibility that it was ever occupied.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Mill Cave.</span>&mdash;Three miles south of Bowling Green a stream
+emerges from the foot of a slope, flows a hundred yards through a
+canyon-like open channel, and disappears under a cliff. This is
+another instance of an open cave due to a falling roof. The open end
+is large and forms an excellent shelter for cattle. On either side of
+the stream, under the cliff, is a shelf or projecting ledge, covered
+with loose stones. Neither is 2 feet higher than the water level in a
+wet season.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">BARREN COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Payne Cave.</span>&mdash;This, also known as Saltpeter Cave, is near
+Temple Hill, 9 miles southeast of Glasgow. The bluff in which it is
+situated is a conglomerate limestone, rising from the waters of
+Skagg's Creek. The cave has three different entrances, 100 feet or
+more apart, and each entrance is broken into three or four by columns
+or masses of stone that have resisted erosion. None of the entrances
+is large, or opens into spacious chambers within daylight. Flood marks
+are visible in all, and it is said that after prolonged or heavy
+spring rains the water covers the floors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ben Smith's Cave.</span>&mdash;This was discovered while digging out a
+fox den. It is a tunnel-like cavity, not more than 6 feet high or
+wide, and not suitable for habitation. It lies a mile and a half south
+of Temple Hill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ford's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is between Freedom and Mount Hermon, about
+14 miles southeast of Glasgow. Originally the entrance was about 8
+feet high and 20 feet wide, and opened into a well-lighted chamber
+probably 40 feet wide and 60 feet long. The floor was of earth and
+level, with ample space between it and the roof, as shown by marks on
+the walls, for people to move about readily in any part of the room.
+The entrance is now artificially closed by earth and stone, except for
+a space 4 feet square in which a door is hung. Old men in the
+neighborhood claim they can remember when the floor was 20 feet lower
+than at present; a manifest impossibility, for that measure would
+bring it several feet lower than the bed of Mill Creek just in front
+of the cave. They also claim that blocks of conglomerate and
+travertine 5 to 10 feet in each dimension have formed from "drip"
+within their recollection; which, if true, would prove these persons
+to be almost contemporaneous with the cave men. The more probable
+statement is also made by them that in early days saltpeter workers
+dug up and leached all the earth in the cave, filling the entrance and
+the narrow space before it with the leached earth from the front part
+of the cave and throwing that from farther back into the cavities and
+pits left by the prior workings. Inside the cave, near the entrance,
+is a never-failing spring whose waters flow through a short, narrow
+crevice at one side. While easily accessible, the water does not reach
+any of the earth floor.</p>
+
+<p>This would have been an excellent site for aboriginal residence, but
+there is now no undisturbed earth within daylight nor for some
+distance beyond, and no one can remember that anything of an
+artificial nature was ever exhumed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">The Esmith Caves.</span>&mdash;Two caves situated on Peters Creek near
+Dry Fork post office, 14 miles southeast of Glasgow, were reported to
+be admirably suited for shelter purposes. The smaller is not more
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>than a foot high, from floor to roof, and is filled with flood water
+after every heavy rain. The larger is above flood line, but the
+entrance is not over 2 feet high, and the "cave" is scarcely
+sufficient for a sheep shelter. If the floor were cleared off to a
+depth of 4 feet from its present level, it would be covered whenever
+the creek reached high-water mark.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bone Cave.</span>&mdash;Five miles east of Glasgow human bones were found
+in a cavern. Particulars could not be obtained. The cave is on a
+hillside and is entered through a narrow crevice by straddling the
+walls or going down a ladder. Rocks and trash form a mound in this,
+the top being 15 feet below the outside surface. On either side of
+this mound one can make his way continuously downward to darkness, and
+a rock thrown ahead can be heard going on down some distance over
+loose stones. If human bones were ever found in here, either they were
+thrown in or some person fell in and was unable to escape.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Slick Rock Cave.</span>&mdash;This is near the post office of Slick Rock,
+7 miles east of Glasgow. The entrance is in a narrow crevice at the
+brow of a low hill. The descent is steep and rugged to beyond
+daylight.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Love's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is located on Dr. Love's farm, 3 miles
+north of Slick Rock. It is now used for storing apples and potatoes.
+The entrance is through a large sink hole, formed by the falling in of
+the roof of a cave which was at least 50 feet wide at this point. As
+is usual, the d&eacute;bris has blocked the cave in one direction. Descent is
+regular, though steep, along the slope into the other end of the cave.
+The floor is wet and muddy the entire year on account of the drip from
+roof and overhanging rock at the mouth. The vertical distance from top
+of the d&eacute;bris to the level floor is about 30 feet, and from the top to
+the outer surface about 20 feet more. Any attempt at excavation would
+be difficult and costly, and conditions are such as to make it
+probably fruitless.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MONROE COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p>Four caves in this county were represented as being worth
+investigation. All are north of Tompkinsville, the county seat.</p>
+
+<p>(1) A rock house in the conglomerate sandstone on the land of Dr. E.E.
+Palmer, 7 miles north of Tompkinsville, shows smoke stains on the
+ceiling, and some flint chips among the gravel and earth in front
+where they have been exposed by water dripping over the face of the
+cliff. There is, however, only 2 to 4 feet of space between the earth
+floor and the roof, across the cave from side to side, a distance of
+20 feet, and from the front to a point 10 feet back. From this rear
+portion the earth slopes downward, parallel with the roof of the cave,
+to the wall behind. The amount of descent could not be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>accurately
+ascertained owing to the cramped space, but seems to be 5 or 6 feet.
+At about that level on the outside a ledge was found on both sides of
+the entrance and appears to continue across. If so, the earth covers
+the part immediately in front of the cave. Neither tools nor men could
+be found to do any trenching, but it is not probable the shelter was
+ever high enough for a man to stand erect in, because most, or all, of
+the floor earth must have come from the ceiling.</p>
+
+<p>(2) A mile north of Dr. Palmer's is the McCreary Cave. The entrance is
+from 60 to 70 feet across and the cavern reaches back fully a hundred
+feet without any diminution of breadth. Two branches then start under
+the hill. Each has been explored more than a mile. From each branch
+flows a considerable brook. They unite near the entrance, sink into
+the floor, and reappear as a strong spring 30 feet lower in the ravine
+leading from the cave. The earth is not more than 3 feet deep near the
+front. It becomes greater in amount farther back, but is wet
+everywhere below the level of the running water, consequently no
+excavation was practicable. Flood marks show that the whole floor,
+except in places a strip along the side walls, is completely submerged
+at times. On one side a rock ledge or shelf above reach of the water
+is covered with dry loose earth from 1 to 3 feet deep. This has been
+dug up in nearly every part by treasure seekers, but nothing of human
+workmanship has ever been found.</p>
+
+<p>(3) The Belcher Cave is 7 miles northwest of Tompkinsville. It is also
+called Mill Cave, because a gristmill near the foot of the hill below
+it is run by the outflowing stream. The entrance is wide and high; the
+front chamber or vault is fully a hundred feet across each way. But
+the bedrock is exposed in places and the earth is not more than 2 feet
+thick anywhere. Water from the brook percolating through this keeps
+the lower portion saturated.</p>
+
+<p>(4) On John Black Tuley's land, on Meshach Creek, 6 miles northeast of
+Tompkinsville, two human skeletons were found in a small opening,
+which has since been known as the Bone Cave. It is a room not over 10
+feet across at any part, in a limestone conglomerate, and may be of
+quite recent origin. Being inconvenient of access, it is not in a
+position for residence purposes. The skeletons, which were less than 2
+feet below the surface, were probably those of Indian hunters. The
+material in which the little cave is formed will crumble easily in
+cold weather, being rather wet from the soil water soaking through the
+hill above it.</p>
+
+<p>There are other caves in this county, but from the descriptions they
+do not seem at all suited even for temporary camping needs.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">LOGAN COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p>Very little limestone appears in Logan County, the surface rock being
+mostly conglomerate. A reconnoissance was made here, however, from
+Russellville to Diamond Springs, to investigate "a broad valley" which
+was reported to extend in a general north and south direction from the
+Ohio, near Brandenburg, toward the Cumberland. It was also claimed
+that beds of drift gravel exist at a considerable elevation above the
+little creek now flowing through the valley and that rock shelters are
+numerous at various levels.</p>
+
+<p>As there is an abandoned drainage system, different from the present,
+somewhere in this part of Kentucky, which has never been traced, the
+place seemed worth a visit. The result was disappointing.</p>
+
+<p>The valley is due entirely to causes now at work. The gravel beds
+result from weathering of lower Coal Measure conglomerates. The rock
+shelters are shallow, or with a thin covering of earth on the floor,
+or subject to overflow. None was found that offered any incentive for
+examination.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">TODD COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p>On the farm of Mr. Robert Glover, 3&frac12; miles southwest of Trenton, is a
+cave known generally as "Bell's Cave," from a former owner. This forms
+the outlet of a large sink hole, all the rainfall of 6 or 8 acres
+draining out through it. The entrance is wide and deep, with an easy
+descent to the level floor. It was for a long time a shelter for
+Indians, for there is a layer of ashes more than 6 feet in depth, 50
+or 60 feet long, and about 15 or 20 feet wide. These represent the
+probable original dimensions, but the top has been leveled for a
+dancing floor, and the drainage water has cut away a large part of it,
+depositing the material farther back in the cave. Six feet of vertical
+face is exposed at one place by the water, but the ashes extend still
+deeper. It is said that bone needles, animal bones, antlers, mussel
+shells ("different from any in the creek now"), burnt rock, and much
+broken pottery were found in leveling the top. A very fine polished
+flint celt 12 inches or more in length is also reported. One human
+skeleton has been found, either at the edge of the ash bed or a few
+feet away from the edge. The floor is covered, where the earth is
+washed off, with flint nodules and fragments, and the slopes outside
+have considerable on the surface. The gullies washed along the slope
+are paved with nodules like a macadamized road, and in a few places
+the streams have cut into them so as to show a foot or more at the
+lower part of the bank so filled and packed with nodules that a knife
+blade could not be thrust in more than 2 or 3 inches. But there is no
+evidence of aboriginal quarrying. Probably the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>Indians dug nodules
+out of the gullies, for chips are found above and on each side of the
+mouth of the cave.</p>
+
+<p>To the west, on top of the hill in which the sink hole occurs, and
+beginning at its edge, is an aboriginal cemetery. There are two small
+mounds and numerous graves. Scores of the latter have been opened.
+They are all alike; flat stones form bottom, ends, sides, and top.
+Many have only one skeleton; others more. The greatest number yet
+found in one was six. Few are more than a foot deep or much over 5
+feet long. About one in ten contains relics of some sort&mdash;in two or
+three entire pots, beads, arrowheads, and gorgets occurred.</p>
+
+<p>I opened three; two contained one body each. The face of one was down,
+but all the other bones of this and all the bones in the second grave
+were so decayed that no statement of their position can be made. In
+the third grave, which was 2&frac12; feet deep&mdash;the deepest yet found&mdash;were
+three bodies. Two lay with faces north; the other, behind these, with
+face south. The grave was 24 inches wide and less than 6 feet long.
+Most skeletons (it is reported) were doubled up; often the graves were
+not over 3 feet long and 10 to 16 inches wide. In some the bones
+denoted skeleton burial. One skull had been perforated by a ball; at
+least there was a round hole on each side exactly such as would have
+been produced by a bullet.</p>
+
+<p>Another large cemetery is on the farm of Mr. G.S. Wood, next north of
+Glover's. Mr. Wood has opened 50 or more graves and found some relics.</p>
+
+<p>Flint arrows, spears, knives, drills, hoes, spades, and celts, not to
+mention unfinished pieces, have been found by the thousand on the
+surface within a mile radius of these cemeteries.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem useless to make any further examination of the level
+limestone region of central or southern Kentucky. Nearly all the minor
+drainage is underground, and most of the caves have inlets through
+sink holes or in small crevices. The water supply is scanty except
+along streams, and in such situations the caves are usually, for
+various reasons, of such character as to preclude a continuous
+occupation, or one extending to a very ancient date. Search is more
+likely to be rewarded in the mountains where an ample water supply is
+always at hand.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">TENNESSEE</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">MONTGOMERY COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Dunbar's Cave.</span>&mdash;Three miles east of Clarksville a large cave
+has been fitted up as a summer resort. The earth has been leveled
+around the entrance, both inside and outside, floors laid for picnics
+and other gatherings, booths, refreshment stands, and places of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>amusement erected and the surrounding grounds somewhat improved. On
+account of all this, the place has become quite noted. At present
+there is from 15 to 20 feet of loose stones and earth on the solid
+rock floor, and a strong stream makes its way beneath them. It could
+never have been occupied in prehistoric times until the d&eacute;bris had
+practically reached the stage at which it was found by the whites.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Indian Mound Cave.</span>&mdash;A report was received to the effect that
+the mouth of a cave on the Stewart County line, about 18 miles west of
+Clarksville, had been closed by a rock wall, and earth piled against
+the outside of the wall; also, that tool marks are quite distinct in a
+chamber which is plainly of artificial origin.</p>
+
+<p>The rock wall is the stratified rock, in place; the earth in front has
+washed down from the hillside; the tool marks are water channelings;
+and other remarkable things mentioned in the report are equally
+natural. The entrance is a narrow crevice.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">SULLIVAN COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Linville Cave.</span>&mdash;This is 4 miles almost directly west of Bluff
+City. Apparently it is of great extent, for large sink holes connected
+with it are scattered over an area of several hundred acres. There are
+three principal openings. The largest is near the top of a knoll or
+low hill, and is due to the falling in of the roof. The sunken part
+has an area of about 30 by 60 feet. Usually, in such cases, the d&eacute;bris
+entirely fills one end of the cavity thus made, obscuring that part of
+the cavern, the other end being kept open by surface drainage. In this
+case, owing to the dip of the strata&mdash;some 8 or 10 degrees&mdash;and to a
+change in direction of the cavern at this point, both ends may be
+entered from the fallen rocks and earth. At one side the descent is
+precipitous and winding, over and among large fallen rocks. No level
+place is reached in daylight. At the other side the descent follows
+the natural dip of the strata and no level space can be found from
+which the entrance is visible. This part, also, is filled with rocks,
+large and small, from the roof and sides, and was never habitable.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty yards from the main entrance is another much smaller cave, on
+the slope of the knoll. It is at the bottom of a crevice 10 feet deep.
+The floor is level, but only a few square yards in extent, the sloping
+roof reaching it within 10 feet. As there is considerable drainage
+into the cavity from the hillside, it is probable that this floor, at
+least the upper portion, is of recent origin, and that the earth
+extends downward indefinitely toward the subterranean stream.</p>
+
+<p>West of the knoll on which these openings are found is a valley 2 or 3
+miles long. Timber shuts off the view toward its head. This <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>is
+drained by a constant stream which after winding from side to side of
+the little vale flows under the knoll. The hole where it disappears is
+small, but as no rock floor is visible it may lead into a large
+cavern, and there is no doubt that all the sink holes in the vicinity
+as well as the two openings above described eventually have the same
+outlet. Excavations would be difficult and useless.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Thomas Cave.</span>&mdash;In the face of a steep hillside, near the south
+(left) bank of the Holston, 3 miles east of Bluff City, is a room with
+a nearly level floor 10 by 18 feet in the longest measurements. A
+narrow passage, high enough for a man to walk in, branches off to the
+right but soon begins to diminish in size and at 100 feet becomes too
+small to crawl through. The d&eacute;bris in front of the cave is piled to a
+height of 16 feet above the present floor, and the highest floods of
+the river reach to about the same level on the outside. The rapid
+disappearance of the surface water which finds its way in indicates an
+underground passage to the river, so that a solid floor would not
+probably be reached above the ordinary water level.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Arklow Cave.</span>&mdash;This is a mile and a half southeast of Bluff
+City. It was reported to have a level earth floor, not more than 4
+feet below the accumulation outside. While this was formerly the case,
+cultivation of the hills around now causes a great amount of surface
+water to flow over the little bluff into which the cave opens, and
+this has carried nearly all of the loose earth away through some
+underground channel. The descent for upward of 30 feet is steep and
+rugged; it was not traced farther.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Morrell Cave.</span>&mdash;On the south side of the Holston River, 2&frac12;
+miles east of Bluff City, lies the farm of E.S. Worley. Except for a
+narrow strip of river bottom land, the surface is broken and rocky,
+the highest point being some 400 feet above the stream. Beginning near
+the brow of the river hill the central portion of the farm is in a
+depression whose very irregular rim or watershed surrounds an area of
+more than 100 acres. All the water that falls within this space drains
+into a sink hole the bottom of which is but little above flood stage
+of the Holston. On the south side of this sink is a vertical bluff 120
+feet high, from whose foot emerges a stream that after a winding
+course of 50 or 60 yards disappears in a small opening on the east
+side of the sink hole, and finally comes to the surface at the foot of
+the hill, near the river. Its volume is sufficient, even in time of
+severest drought, to turn the undershot wheel of a large mill. The
+course of the stream above the point where it is first visible is
+through a cave which has been traced to the foot of the Holston
+Mountains, 3 miles away, and there are many unexplored branches.
+Chambers are known with a cross measure of 100 feet or more, and some
+of them have a height nearly as great. Stalactites and stalagmites,
+some of them possessing unusual size and beauty, are abundant.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>The sink hole is due to the falling in of the roof of the cave, which
+could no doubt be followed to the river if it were free from
+obstructions in this direction.</p>
+
+<p>North of west from the mouth of the cave is another opening, partly in
+the same strata but 40 feet higher, the dip of the rock being 10 or 12
+degrees to the southeast. This was so blocked with talus which had
+fallen from the cliff and washed down the side of the sink hole that
+it was necessary to creep nearly 40 feet from the entrance, down a
+moderate slope, before coming to a point where it was possible to
+stand upright. From here progress to the junction of the two caves,
+about half a mile from the entrance, is easy except where fallen rocks
+interfere somewhat.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the Civil War a large amount of saltpeter was manufactured
+here. A dam was constructed just within the mouth of the main cave,
+and in the pool thus formed boats were used to transport the material
+from the interior. The workmen not required for handling the craft
+usually preferred to walk through the upper cave to the place where
+the earth was procured.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of natural features at this place is unusually
+favorable to aboriginal habitation. The main cave is excluded from
+consideration by reason of the stream filling it from wall to wall
+after very heavy rains. The upper cave, however, showed, beyond the
+d&eacute;bris choking the entrance, a level floor, cumbered, it is true, by
+fallen rocks, but apparently quite suitable for a dwelling place were
+these removed. Although opening toward the north, its position so far
+below the summits of the surrounding hills protects it from winter
+winds. The creek assures an ample supply of clear cold water.
+Mountains, refuge for game, are in sight in various directions, while
+the Holston River is less than a quarter of a mile away.</p>
+
+<p>In order to remove the d&eacute;bris a point 3 feet below the lowest spot on
+the floor was selected on the slope outside. From here a trench was
+carried in on a level, the additional depth being taken to facilitate
+clearing away all material that had accumulated inside the cavern in
+comparatively recent time, and thus lighten the task of deeper
+excavations should these be required. The trench needed to be only
+wide enough at the bottom to allow room for running a wheelbarrow, but
+owing to the great amount of broken rock, loosely held together by a
+small quantity of earth, the sides continually gave way, so that by
+the time it was safe to pass through the trench was 25 feet wide at
+the top and 24 feet deep at the mouth of the cave. The rocks were of
+every size from small pebbles to blocks weighing more than a ton each.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing whatever of artificial character, not even a flint chip or
+fragment of charcoal, was unearthed until at a point 4 feet inside the
+farthest projecting stratum of the roof. Here was found a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>prehistoric
+stone wall whose outer side and top had been entirely concealed by
+d&eacute;bris. On the inner side the upper portion was visible, owing to the
+fact that the owner had gathered a quantity of loose stones to
+construct a wall farther down the slope. Previous to this the ancient
+wall was entirely covered by the detritus, and even after this partial
+exposure its true nature was not suspected. It was about 6 feet high,
+built up of rocks of various sizes and shapes loosely fitted together,
+earth from the outside surface being used to level up in places where
+the stones would not bind properly. The largest rock in the top layer
+weighed about 800 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The horizontal distance between the top of the wall as it was when
+cleared off and the corresponding portion of the cave roof was 4 feet;
+to the roof directly above it, about 2 feet. Apparently it had at one
+time entirely closed the entrance; at the western end where it abutted
+against the solid rock the upper portion was firmly consolidated by
+travertine. Directly above it, nearly 2 feet higher, a slab and some
+small irregular fragments were securely attached to the side and roof
+by the same agency. A crevice in the bedrock just at the end of the
+artificial wall contained several wagonloads of small rocks which had
+been thrown into it. These also were united into a solid mass by the
+travertine, all of which had been deposited by water flowing through
+the crevice. It does not follow that the wall was ever higher toward
+the opposite end than at this time. In the centuries that have elapsed
+since it was put up, the roof at the front of the cave, being rather
+thin-bedded, may have disintegrated. It was not possible to uncover
+the wall in shape for illustrating; portions of it continually
+crumbled as the looser material piled against it was removed.</p>
+
+<p>From the wall inward the foreign material piled against the west side
+of the cave was composed almost entirely of small rocks, with scarcely
+any earth, and so compactly bound with travertine and stalagmite as to
+resist all attempts to remove it by ordinary means. On the east
+side&mdash;the left as the cave is entered&mdash;there was a great variation in
+the size of the stones; they were intermixed with much loose dry
+earth, and there was scarcely any "drip-formation" in the mass. The
+removal of all this disclosed a projection of solid rock forming a
+shelf from 8 to 12 feet wide, whose top was about 2 feet higher than
+the bottom of our trench. About 20 feet from the ancient wall the
+trench reached the original bottom of the cave as the latter was left
+by the stream to which its origin was due. This was the tough red or
+yellow clay, filled with water-worn stones such as appear in all
+gullies or ravines in this region. It contained a small quantity of
+stalagmitic material here and there and gradually rose until at 20
+feet farther, or 40 feet from the old wall, it terminated against
+solid bedrock, reaching across the cave, the entire width of which at
+this point was 26 feet. The shelf on the left belonged to the same
+stratum.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>This brought the work to the terminus that had been the aim from the
+first, namely, the lowest level of the floor, which was thus shown to
+be only a foot above the solid rock instead of at least 10 or 12 feet
+as the general appearance of the entrance and its surroundings had
+indicated. It was completely cleaned off as far as this was possible,
+but within 3 feet of the end of the trench began a mass several feet
+in thickness of fragmentary rocks of every size up to 20 tons or more
+which had fallen from the roof and were bound together by stalagmite.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether, more than 300 cubic yards of material were removed. The
+workmen had been carefully instructed as to what the search was for,
+and kept a close lookout, as evidenced by the very small objects they
+were continually offering for inspection. It is safe to say that not a
+spadeful of earth missed scrutiny; but, aside from the artificial
+wall, the only traces of human presence were three valves of mussels,
+a turkey bone rudely pointed for use as a perforator, and three or
+four bones which seem to have been subjected to fire. Not a chip of
+flint or other stone showing work, no ashes or charcoal, not a piece
+of pottery, were discovered. If aboriginal burials were made in the
+cave&mdash;and the wall is almost definite proof of such fact&mdash;they are
+either on the floor under stalagmite or in crevices now concealed by
+fallen rocks.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous small fragments of animal bones were found scattered singly
+at all depths in the material removed. Nearly every one showed marks
+of the teeth of rodents. According to Prof. F.A. Lucas, of the
+National Museum, they all belong to modern species except one tooth,
+which is that of the cave tapir, and (possibly) the jaw of an otter.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BLEDSOE COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">College Cave.</span>&mdash;About three-fourths of a mile west from the
+old Sequatchie College is a cave which was described as the largest in
+the county, and as the only one in which people might ever have lived.
+The opening is about 5 feet wide and 4 feet high; and from it comes a
+stream sufficient to run a mill.</p>
+
+<p>No other caves could be located in this county or in the Sequatchie
+Valley north of it.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">SEQUATCHIE COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Lakey's Cave.</span>&mdash;In the foothills of the Cumberland Plateau,
+about 5 miles southeast of Dunlap, the county seat, is the largest
+cave in the county. A great quantity of earth and rock has accumulated
+in front of the entrance, washed from the mountain side over an area
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>of several acres. Formerly most of the surface drainage carrying this
+down flowed into the cave, thus keeping a passageway open through
+which a man could crawl. Ditches have recently been cut to turn away
+the water, the entrance walled up, a solid door hung, and the cave is
+now used for a storeroom. It was never habitable.</p>
+
+<p>A mile north of the above-mentioned cave, toward Dunlap, is a cave
+with a very large entrance: a sort of rock-house or half dome. The
+floor is covered with huge rocks and a constant stream flows out. It
+is said that a party once entered Lakey's Cave and emerged at this
+one. There is no dry place in it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Pickett's Cave.</span>&mdash;Seven miles southwest of Dunlap is a cave,
+described as having an ample entrance, with much room inside,
+perfectly dry, and opening in a cliff 20 or 30 feet above a large,
+never-failing spring. The description is correct as to location, but
+not as to size. The opening is about 4 feet across each way, with a
+slight covering of earth on the floor. The cave winds like a flattened
+corkscrew. At no place near enough to the mouth for a glimmer of light
+to penetrate is the roof more than 5 feet above the floor or the side
+walls more than 5 feet apart.</p>
+
+<p>There are two recesses in the cliff on the opposite side of the little
+creek formed by the spring. They are 40 to 50 feet above the water,
+each with an irregular floor of 20 by 30 feet under shelter of the
+rock. No solid rock is visible in front of them, but a projecting
+ledge, which seems continuous, appears on either side about 6 feet
+below the present average level of the floor; and this is probably the
+depth of accumulation at the front. It may be less toward the rear.
+The cavities are in a stratum which is somewhat shelly and crumbles
+easily.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Hixson's Cave.</span>&mdash;Six miles northeast of Dunlap is a cave said
+to be large, accessible, dry, and well suited for occupancy. It is on
+the side of Walden's ridge, 400 feet or more above the base, a mile
+from water, and with an opening in the solid rock that can not be
+entered except on hands and knees. By the time one can straighten up
+he is in absolute darkness.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Land Company's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is 7 miles northeast of Dunlap. To
+enter, one must crawl between the rock front and the detritus,
+descending 10 or 12 feet. The floor is fairly level, where it can be
+found, but is nearly hidden from sight by rocks of all sizes, over and
+between which it is necessary to scramble almost from the starting
+point.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Henson's Cave.</span>&mdash;This cave, 9 or 10 miles northeast from
+Dunlap, and perhaps in Bledsoe County, is somewhere on Raccoon
+Mountains, near the head of a valley up which a mountain road winds
+along in the bed of a stream. It is said to have a dry dirt floor,
+with an <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>entrance through which one must crawl. After driving until
+the horses were tired out and being assured at several scattered
+cabins that it was "jest a leetle mite furder up thar," search for it
+was abandoned.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">GRUNDY COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Hublin's or Bat Cave.</span>&mdash;Numerous caves and rock-shelters are
+reported in the region about Beersheba Springs. The shelters seem to
+be shallow with comparatively little earth on the floor. Of the caves,
+the description given of all but the one named was such as to show
+them not worth visiting. It is about 10 miles northwest of the
+springs. Its course is approximately parallel with the mountain ridge,
+passing under two low foothills or spurs separated by a ravine. When
+the stream flowing through the latter had cut its channel down to the
+top of the cave it poured into the hole it had worn. Frost and the
+natural erosion have made an opening more than 60 feet long. Both
+parts of the cave remain open, being too large at this point to become
+choked by the small amount of material which the brook had left as a
+roof. In some places, so far as it was examined, the ceiling is 50
+feet or more above the rocks covering the floor; and one end, that
+into which the ravine drains, has a continuous and rather steep
+descent, along the natural dip, as far as it could be followed. Where
+the exploration ended logs, drift, brush, etc., piled 10 or 12 feet
+high against huge rocks that had tumbled down, proved a current strong
+enough to wash away any deposits that may ever have existed;
+consequently the only earth in this end was that brought by floods.</p>
+
+<p>The other end of the cave is large, with an entrance of such size that
+small print could easily be read 100 feet from the front if the broad
+fence across it were removed. This fence was made to close the cave
+against changes of temperature and also against marauders, it having
+been used until lately as a storage room for fruit, potatoes, etc.</p>
+
+<p>During the Civil War it was worked for saltpeter. All the earth, down
+to the rock floor, was removed, even in crevices only wide enough for
+a man to squeeze through. An incline was built so that horses could be
+brought into the cave, and no earth now remains within reach of
+daylight. The rock floor is almost as clean as if swept.</p>
+
+<p>Their exhaustive digging extended for about 200 yards from the
+entrance. The "face" of the earth is here about 15 feet high; for some
+reason, which could not be learned, the miners continued their work
+from here by means of a tunnel 4 or 5 feet high and wide, leaving a
+floor of earth, and a covering of the same nearly 6 feet thick. This
+tunnel was not followed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>Near the entrance a crevice barely wide enough for a man to walk in
+and in some places only 4 feet high turns off toward the left and
+holds practically the same size for about 100 yards. Here it becomes
+larger and higher. Earth has been carried out of this and its narrow
+branches wherever there is room to use a shovel. In a large chamber
+200 yards from the front, at the end of the crevice, much digging was
+done; the "face" left is 13 or 14 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>As far as the diggers went, there is nothing left to explore. Beyond
+that it is not probable any remains can be found, as it is totally
+dark long before any remaining earth is reached.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">FRANKLIN COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p>Several caves were reported in the vicinity of Sewanee and Monteagle.
+They are objects of curiosity to students and summer residents who
+frequently visit and make tours through them. They have thus acquired
+a fame much beyond what is justified by their real interest. They seem
+to be wet, or with contracted entrances and front chambers, or
+difficult of access, and, so far as could be judged by the
+descriptions given, none of them is worth examining.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MARION COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Account's Caves.</span>&mdash;There are two of these, both with high and
+large openings, on the right bank of the Tennessee, 2 miles above
+Shellmound or Nickajack. One is in the face of the bluff, the entrance
+50 feet above the river bottom land. Huge rocks lie in front and over
+nearly all the floor. Surface water flows in at the entrance and after
+winding its crooked way among the rocks sinks at a point 25 or 30 feet
+below the top of the d&eacute;bris in front of the entrance. This indicates
+an open way to the river, so the bottom of the cave is probably down
+nearly or quite to the water level.</p>
+
+<p>The second cave is 100 yards above the first. A little stream, whose
+head is in a valley, nearly a mile away, flows around the foot of the
+bluff and into the mouth of the cave. When the Tennessee rises to
+flood height the backwater comes into the bed of this stream through
+the cave before submerging the low ridge between it and the river.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Caldwell's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is on the right bank of the Sequatchie
+River, a mile above its junction with the Tennessee. It is said that
+formerly a man could walk into it easily for 20 or 30 feet and then
+crawl 50 or 60 feet farther. This is probably an error of memory. By
+stooping one can now go in about 10 feet from the edge of the roof,
+and with a pole feel where the floor and roof come together, nowhere
+more than 10 or 12 feet beyond. It is said, also, that this
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>accumulation results from throwing in earth to prevent foxes from
+having a den in the cave. A small hole might thus be closed, but it is
+too much to believe that the people now living around here would carry
+in many hundred cubic yards of earth for any such purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Human bones are reported unearthed near the surface; at least bones of
+some sort were found which the discoverers supposed were human.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance to the cave is more than 25 feet in width, and about 25
+feet above the flood plain of the Sequatchie, or only 15 feet above
+extreme high water. It is in the only exposure of rock for nearly half
+a mile along the bluff. On either side of the opening the walls are
+solid, down to the alluvial earth, but in front of the cavity only
+detritus can be seen from top to bottom. For this reason it is
+improbable that any solid bottom could be found above the level of the
+river. Much of the stone weathers out in small fragments, and the
+process of disintegration is going on continually, as shown by the
+fresh appearance of the sheltered fragments. How rapid or how regular
+it may have been in former time is impossible to guess, so that
+excavation, to be of any value, would have to begin at the bottom of
+the slope, with the knowledge that the original floor of the cave may
+be still lower.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Nickajack Cave.</span>&mdash;This is the largest and most widely known
+cave in Tennessee. It is half a mile from and within plain sight of
+the railway station of Shellmound, 20 miles west of Chattanooga. The
+entrance is fully 100 feet wide and 40 feet high; a short distance
+within the cave enlarges, a little farther it contracts somewhat.
+Daylight penetrates, in spite of curves and immense piles of d&eacute;bris,
+for more than 500 feet. It has been a resort from time out of mind;
+first, for Indians and pioneers, then for refugees, now for various
+social gatherings.</p>
+
+<p>All the earth in sight has been worked for saltpeter, leached, and
+thrown aside. A vastly greater quantity than now remains has been
+washed out of the cave by Nickajack Creek, which always has some
+flowing water and in wet weather rises 5 or 6 feet. Long bridges are
+required where the highway and railroad cross it.</p>
+
+<p>It takes its name from the Nickajack Indians, who once dwelt here. The
+field in front is strewn with flint chips and other indications of
+aboriginal settlement.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing in the cave to dig for. The saltpeter miners moved
+all the earth they could reach, while the immense rocks and the creek
+make any further excavations impossible.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HAMILTON COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p>There are many caves in the vicinity of Chattanooga, but all that were
+visited possess some feature which makes examination appear <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>useless.
+Most of them have small, inconvenient entrances; others are subject to
+overflow or have running water in them. None could be heard of in
+which conditions were better.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">ALABAMA</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sub">LAUDERDALE COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Smithsonia.</span>&mdash;There is a noted cave at Smithsonia, near
+Cheatham's Ferry, 15 miles west of Florence. It was reported as
+suitable for a dwelling, but at the entrance the roof is not more than
+4 feet high, and a stream a foot deep reaches to the wall on either
+side.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Key's Cave.</span>&mdash;On the Buck Key farm, 6 miles west of Florence,
+is a cave which may have afforded shelter to the earliest man in the
+region. There are two entrances or antechambers, separated by a solid
+rock partition a few yards thick. One is partially filled with huge
+solid blocks, some of them several hundred cubic feet in size; the
+other has in it and in front of it a mass of earth and loose rock
+whose crest is fully 20 feet above the highest part of the inside
+floor a few feet back from the front margin of the roof. From here an
+additional descent of 10 feet leads to the floor behind the
+first-mentioned entrance, and there is about the same descent to a
+nearly level floor in the cave a short distance beyond. The way is
+partially blocked by large rocks which, it is said, have fallen within
+a few years. For this reason persons in the neighborhood are afraid to
+venture in. There is a rumor that the corpse of a woman, coated with
+stalagmite, can be seen in this cave; also several bodies (sex
+apparently indeterminate) lying like spokes in a wheel, with heads at
+the center. No one could be persuaded to go in and point out the place
+where they lie.</p>
+
+<p>From its position, high in a bluff but easy to reach, not more than
+one-fourth of a mile from the Tennessee River and the same distance
+from a clear creek, with a strip of bottom land between it and the
+streams, this cave seems worthy of exploration. At least a month of
+work by several laborers would be required to clean away the fallen
+material so that excavations would be practicable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Colyer's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is about 5 miles west of Florence. It
+faces a ravine that leads into the creek discharging near Key's Cave.
+Human bones were found in it many years ago. The entrance is a round
+hole, through which one must creep a few yards, then by means of a
+pole or ladder descend 6 feet. From here the cave is nearly level,
+with several branches. In some places the floor is solid rock; in
+other parts it is covered with a thin layer of earth. The "human
+bones" consisted of one skeleton, lying on a rock floor, fully a
+fourth of a mile from the mouth of the cave.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span><span class="sc">Coffee Cave.</span>&mdash;This cave, 4 miles west of Florence, is said to
+be "like the Colyer cave, but smaller in every way." It was not
+visited.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Shoal Creek.</span>&mdash;A cave is reported on Shoal Creek "3 or 4 miles
+above its mouth." No one could be found who knew its location more
+definitely or was able to give a clear description of it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bluewater Cave.</span>&mdash;Bluewater Creek comes in several miles above
+Lock No. 6 of the Mussel Shoals Canal. A cave is reported to be near
+its mouth, but the only caves anywhere in that vicinity, so far as
+anyone living or working there knows, are a small hole a mile below on
+the canal, into which a man can crawl, and one some 3 miles up the
+creek, reached by climbing down a sink hole in a field. The opening to
+the latter results from fallen rock.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">COLBERT COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Newsom Springs.</span>&mdash;Numerous caves, most of them small, are
+reported in the county. The best known is at Newsom Springs, 8 miles
+south of Barton, on the Southern Railway. It is locally known as the
+"three-story cave." The lower "story" is a cave from which water
+always flows. The second "story" is directly above the first. The two
+have no connection, unless far back in the hill. The floor of the
+upper cave is mostly rock. It is now fitted up by some people in the
+neighborhood as a camping place, where they spend a part of each
+summer. The third "story" is an excavation for a cellar under a house
+recently erected.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Murrell's Cave.</span>&mdash;Tradition has it that this cave was one of
+the hiding places of a famous desperado and horse thief whose gang
+operated over all this country in early days. The only entry is by
+means of a ladder in a narrow crevice 20 feet deep. The place may have
+been a refuge, but never a residence. It is one-fourth of a mile from
+Bear Creek, not far above the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Two other holes or crevices within a few hundred yards, difficult to
+crawl through, reach small caves. Possibly all these are connected.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bat Cave.</span>&mdash;One-fourth of a mile from Murrell's Cave is a
+small cavern, the roof not more than 4 feet above the floor. It has
+been inhabited from time immemorial by myriads of bats. Several tons
+of guano have been taken out for fertilizing purposes, but no evidence
+has been discovered that it was ever a habitation for humans.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Pride's Cave.</span>&mdash;In the river bluff a mile from Pride Station
+is a cave in which a fisherman has made his home for several years.
+There is a rather thin deposit of earth on the floor which may have
+recently accumulated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Cheatham's Ferry.</span>&mdash;Near the landing some boys, while hunting
+a few years ago, discovered a stone wall across the mouth of a small
+cave. Tearing it away, they found within some human bones, flints,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>pipes, including one "with a lot of stem holes," and fragments of
+pottery. All these were on top of the earth or only a few inches below
+it. Various excavators or relic hunters have failed to find anything
+more. The cavity is quite small and difficult to reach, and is
+undoubtedly a burial place for modern Indians.</p>
+
+<p>On both sides of the river here are immense shell heaps. The shell is
+mingled with earth near the top, but below 2 or 3 feet the mass is of
+clean shell to a depth, as exposed by the river, of at least 10 feet.
+The bottom of the deposit is not visible, being concealed by mud piled
+against it in high water. The old ferryman says it is 20 feet deep.
+Although the shell piles are built up higher than the bottom lands to
+the rear or on either side, they are submerged several feet in great
+freshets. It is impossible to explain this fact otherwise than by the
+assumption that the bed of the river has been elevated in recent
+times, although there are no other indications apparent that such is
+the case.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sheffields.</span>&mdash;In the river bluff 2 miles above the Sheffield
+end of the railway bridge is a crevice or joint which has been widened
+to 10 feet at the outlet by water percolating from the top of the
+bluff. When discovered, a rock wall was piled across it near the
+entrance. Behind this human bones were found with "pieces of pottery
+and other things." They were close to the surface. Subsequent
+explorations have revealed nothing below them. It is plainly a burial
+cave for Indians. The river now reaches at flood tide to within 10
+feet of the floor. The earth covering the bones may have washed over
+them, as there is some evidence farther back in the crevice that
+surface material is still carried in from the rear, in very small
+amounts, during rainy seasons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rock Shelters.</span>&mdash;Several very large rock houses exist on the
+southern slope of the hill or "mountain" lying a mile to 2 miles south
+of Pride, 7 miles west of Tuscumbia. Water drips from the roofs,
+keeping the floors wet all the year and collecting in pools to which
+stock resorts when the little creeks or brooks in the ravines become
+dry.</p>
+
+<p>It is useless to search in this part of Alabama for caves presenting
+indications that they may have been habitable, or the reverse, in ages
+past. The native rock is a cherty or flinty limestone, crumbling
+easily, and readily susceptible to changes from atmospheric
+influences, and especially so to the action of water. New subterranean
+channels are continually developing, with consequent changes in the
+interior of any cavern near them.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">JACKSON COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Isboll Caves.</span>&mdash;It was reported that habitable caves with
+spacious rooms occur on the Isboll farms, near Limrock. They have
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>entrances and front chambers of ample size to move about in, though
+not more than 15 feet wide. There are broader expansions back some
+distance beyond daylight. In both caves rocks up to 15 or 20 tons in
+weight strew the floor, until only narrow passageways exist between
+them. In addition, water flows from them in rainy seasons, being
+frequently 2 feet or more in depth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Blowing Cave.</span>&mdash;This takes its name from an outward current of
+cold air which is so strong as to distinctly modify the temperature of
+the atmosphere at least 100 yards from the entrance. The opening and
+the front chamber are nearly 40 feet across, but the distance from the
+roof to the muddy floor strewn with large rocks is not more than 5
+feet at any point. A creek flows across the cave 200 or 300 yards from
+the mouth, and there is evidence in the way of drift and mud to prove
+the statement by the owner that after very heavy rains the overflow
+comes out the front of the cave in such amount as to fill it to the
+ceiling, and with a velocity that will roll stones larger than a man
+can lift.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Culver's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is somewhere on the side of a mountain
+about 4 miles from the station of Limrock. Owing to destruction of
+forests and subsequent growth of brush, the guide was unable to locate
+it. He described it as a room in which a man could walk about and
+reached by going in through an opening like a sink hole, which,
+however, is only about 5 feet deep. The locality, a rugged, barren
+hillside, near the head of a cove, is not one in which it is probable
+a cave would be used for any purpose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Harrison's Cave.</span>&mdash;This is 2&frac12; miles west of Limrock. It has a
+large, high opening, an easy approach, and is quite accessible, being
+at the foot of a mountain with level bottom land in front. A stream
+flows directly across it some 30 feet from the entrance, emerging at
+the foot of one wall and disappearing under the other. The earth bank
+on each side of the stream is about 5 feet high, indicating at least
+that depth of deposit on the rock floor; as the latter is not visible
+the amount may be much greater. This earth is soft and wet. In rainy
+weather water from the interior flows along the floor into the little
+stream. Sometimes this can not dispose of the surplus, and the
+overflow rises until it makes its exit through the mouth of the cave.
+When this happens all the earth within is covered from 2 to 5 feet
+deep.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Saltpeter Cave.</span>&mdash;This lies 4 miles south of the railway,
+between Limrock and Larkinsville. It is described as being dry, with a
+large, high entrance, and "plenty of room inside right at the front."
+But it was thoroughly worked during the war by saltpeter miners who
+took out all the dirt they could easily reach, going back "200 or 300
+yards." For this reason it was not visited.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">DEKALB COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Fort Payne Cave.</span>&mdash;A mile south of Fort Payne is a cave in
+Lookout Mountain, which, a "boom" company some years ago converted
+into a summer resort. The detritus in front of the entrance was
+leveled off, steps constructed to the top, and a heavy stone wall
+built across the mouth, leaving an entrance a little less than 7 feet
+in width which was closed by gates. Inside the barrier the floor, now
+made tolerably level, extends about 30 feet toward the rear, to the
+natural rock wall, and is 50 feet from side to side, with a roof from
+6 to 15 feet high. In the wall at the rear are two small openings
+through which explorers can pass to large chambers farther within. To
+the right of the front chamber is a branch cave which is high and wide
+at the beginning but soon becomes impassable from the accumulated
+rocks and earth rising to the roof. The left side of the front chamber
+is continued in another branch going directly back into the mountain.
+The roof and floor have an equal slope downward to a point some rods
+from the beginning, the clear space between them being not more than 4
+feet. Beyond here the roof is high and there are some large
+expansions. A creek flows from the rear of the cave to a point
+estimated as 200 yards from the doorway, where it sinks into the
+earth. The noise of its fall is distinct throughout the front part of
+the cavern. There is considerable drip, and though dry stalactites and
+stalagmites occur in some places, over most of the front chamber their
+formation is still in progress. Outside of the doorway the solid rock
+walls show on each side, nowhere less than 25 feet apart. At a depth
+of 30 feet water flows from the rock and earth between these side
+walls, but there is no sign of solid bottom, so the depth of the cave
+is probably more than 30 feet below the present floor.</p>
+
+<p>Under existing conditions the cave would form an excellent shelter,
+being accessible, roomy, and with an abundant supply of fresh water.
+The drip from the ceiling could be avoided. But it does not follow
+that such was the case in the remote past. It is apparent that at one
+time the creek had its outlet through the mouth and down the gorge in
+front, the right branch of the cave being then open. From some cause,
+probably the formation of a sink hole above, water from the surface or
+near the surface found a way through this branch, carrying mud and
+rocks sufficient to fill the front chamber to its present floor,
+diverting the flow of the stream, and finally filling the cave through
+which it came. While the creek was flowing, occupation would be
+impossible, or at least inconvenient. When the mud began to settle in,
+the front portion would be shut off. This condition would hold until
+the stream found its new outlet and the branch cave had become
+entirely filled; and when these processes were completed the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>floor of
+the cave would be practically at its present level. Under the
+circumstances exploration would probably, almost certainly, be
+fruitless. The company which owns the cave would also wish it restored
+to something like its present state.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ellis Cave.</span>&mdash;On the estate of Dr. Ellis, 19 miles north of
+Fort Payne and 3 miles from Sulphur Springs, are two caves known
+locally as Big-mouth and Little-mouth. The smaller is closed by a
+locked gate. The larger has a rather imposing appearance from the
+outside. From a ledge of rock, in place, in front of it, one looks
+down a steep slope in which rocks up to 40 or 50 tons weight are
+imbedded. At a vertical depth of 30 feet is a level space not more
+than 8 or 10 square yards in area. From this a narrow crevice goes to
+the right. Within a few yards it reaches a hole which can be descended
+only by means of a rope or ladder. Persons have, however, gone several
+hundred yards in it.</p>
+
+<p>On the left of the level space and bounded on each side by solid rock
+walls is a pit 10 feet deep, caused by inflowing storm waters which
+have created this depression in seeking a small outlet, also toward
+the left. The height from the bottom of this sink to the roof of the
+cave is nearly 50 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Crossing this pit on a foot log, which rests on loose rock and earth
+at its farther end, a crevice varying from 6 to 10 feet wide goes
+inward for 50 feet. Earth covers the loose rock at the level of the
+foot log almost at once, and this earth has a steep ascent toward the
+rear. The crevice widens beyond the distance mentioned, though
+irregularly, being in some places 25 feet from side to side. So far as
+progress is concerned, the cave terminates 150 feet from the doorway
+in a blank wall. It may be that if the earth were out of the way
+further progress would be possible.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable digging has been done for saltpeter, but except near the
+front it has been only superficial.</p>
+
+<p>The top of the earth at the extreme rear of the cave is almost or
+quite as high as the roof at the front, which means that, if the
+bottom should be level, the thickness of this accumulated deposit is
+not less than 35 feet. As the dip is toward the rear and quite sharp,
+about 10 or 12 degrees, the earth here may well be much thicker than
+indicated.</p>
+
+<p>Excavation would be tedious and costly, as it would be impossible to
+dispose of the dirt except by blasting a deep trench through the rock
+in front to make room for wheeling it out.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Killian Caves.</span>&mdash;There are two of these, both on the west
+slope of Lookout Mountain. One is near Brandon, 6 miles south of Fort
+Payne. The entrance is a large sink hole on the side of the mountain,
+descent into which is difficult owing to the steepness and large
+rocks. At the bottom the water which flows in over the muddy floor
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>from the slope above&mdash;several acres in extent&mdash;rushes into a hole
+choked with loose stones and disappears.</p>
+
+<p>The second cave is about 3 miles northeast of Collinsville. D&eacute;bris
+from the mountain has formed a wall across the entrance, which is
+naturally wide and high and opening out on a little flat in front.
+Some digging has been done for saltpeter at the front part of the
+cave, reaching about 30 feet back from the inner foot of the
+accumulation. In the pit thus formed water stands after every rain
+until it soaks away. Where it ends the "face" is about 5 feet high. On
+top, farther in, there is much travertine or stalagmite; in some
+places it extends entirely across the floor. In other places the floor
+is bare. There is constant drip, and in one room there is a little
+gully, where surface water in wet weather, entering from a small
+branch cave on one side, has cut an exit through the earth at the foot
+of the wall on the other side. The hole in which it disappears extends
+beyond the rays of a lamp, and a stone thrown in goes down a slope
+several feet in length. Very little working is needed to reduce any of
+the earth to soft, slippery mud, hence no excavation was possible.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MARSHALL COUNTY</h5>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Fearin Cave.</span>&mdash;This is in a bluff on the right bank of the
+Tennessee River, 10 miles below Guntersville. It has three divisions.
+Shortly after passing the spacious entrance a branch turns to the
+right. In a few feet a wall is reached which can be scaled only with a
+ladder. Climbing this, a large chamber is reached, totally dark, and
+the home of innumerable bats whose "guano" covers the floor and fills
+the air with a stifling odor. This branch comes to light again more
+than a mile away on the side of the mountain.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to the lower chamber and going back about 100 feet from the
+main entrance, a wall similar to the first is reached, above which is
+another large cave. Bats never inhabit this, and the floor is of loose
+dry earth. But no ray of daylight penetrates it, and as a great amount
+of saltpeter was made here during the War of 1812 scarcely any of the
+earth retains its original position. During the Civil War the floor of
+the lower or main cave was also dug up for making saltpeter and much
+of the leached earth piled in front of the cave. This acts as a dam
+against encroachment of the river except in the highest floods. There
+seems, however, to be a passage between the cavern and a spring under
+the river bank, for water appears on the floor as soon as it reaches
+the same height outside and the two surfaces maintain a constant level
+until the freshet subsides. On account of these facts no excavations
+were made.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Hardin's Cave.</span>&mdash;Nine miles below Guntersville, on the right
+bank of the Tennessee, is a ferry known as Honey Landing. It is at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>the lower end of a steep bluff which forms the river front of a high
+hill or mountain, as such elevations are called here. A few feet above
+high-water mark a narrow ledge or shelf projects, which can be reached
+only from a point on the side of the hill just above the ferry. About
+100 yards from here the ledge reaches a cave, which has a high and
+wide entrance, with ample space for several families to live on a
+fairly level, well lighted floor. If the cave were dry, it would be an
+ideal primitive home. But water continually seeps down the hill above
+and falls over the roof at the entrance, while a gully through the
+cave and several minor washes, as well as the mud spread over the
+floor, show that a large amount of water flows through the cave in wet
+seasons and covers all the floor except an area some 15 feet in
+diameter. This is dry on top, but would be muddy at a depth of 3 or 4
+feet, the level of the bottom of the gully, so no exploration was
+attempted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Welburn's Cave.</span>&mdash;Six miles northeast of Guntersville is a
+cave in which many human bones have been found. It is only a burial
+place and could never have been used as a dwelling. The entrance,
+barely large enough to crawl into, is at one side of the bottom of a
+large sink hole due to the falling in of a cave roof. It receives all
+the rainfall of more than an acre and is nearly choked with mud and
+driftwood. It may have been somewhat larger at one time, as there is a
+tradition that a deer was chased through the cave, coming out at
+Bailey's Cave, a mile away. Within a few rods the water sinks into the
+earth, and the floor of the cave, rising beyond this point, is dry. It
+was on this dry earth, not in it, that the skeletons were found. The
+floor is uneven, at some places permitting a man to stand, and at
+others rising to within 3 feet of the roof. Explorations can not be
+made, as there is no method of disposing of the removed earth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bailey's Cave.</span>&mdash;This cave is 7 miles northeast of
+Guntersville. The entrance is high and wide and there is a large,
+well-lighted area within; but the cave is flooded every time Town
+Creek gets out of its banks. Bailey's Cave is the other end of
+Welburn's Cave, as persons have gone through the hill from one to the
+other.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Barnard Cave.</span>&mdash;This cave, which is also called Alford's and
+is still more commonly known as Saltpeter Cave, is on the left bank of
+the Tennessee 10 miles below Guntersville and opposite the Fearin
+property. The entrance is at the foot of a bluff overlooking a strip
+of bottom land a fourth of a mile wide, but the opening is above any
+flood that has occurred since the country was settled. At the foot of
+the slope is a bayou filled with Tupelo gums. Between this and the
+river the ground can be cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The cave is so straight and the walls so smooth as to look like an
+artificial tunnel. The entrance is in plain view from a point 380
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>feet back, and the change of direction, even at that distance, is very
+slight. The saltpeter miners started at the entrance and removed all
+the earth lying from 3 to 6 feet higher than the present floor, which
+is nearly level. They carried their work along the surface of a
+stratum of gravel, sand, and clay, which is so compact as to be
+difficult to remove with a pick, and seems to belong to the stream
+which carved out the cavern. The "face" where they quit work is 5 feet
+high, and the earth is quite dry, breaking down in angular fragments
+and separating from the walls so freely as to leave no residue on
+them. Its original depth at any point, however, may be very easily
+ascertained by noting the different tints or shading of the wall rock,
+the lower part, which was protected by earth, being distinctly lighter
+in color than that above, which was exposed to atmospheric weathering
+and, for a time, to the smoky torches and candles of the workmen.</p>
+
+<p>The distinct lamination of the saltpeter earth, as shown in the
+"face," proves it to have been laid down slowly and intermittently in
+still water. It could not be determined whether this was due to the
+river in flood periods, or to a gentle stream from the interior whose
+volume varied in accordance with weather conditions. There is also a
+small channel along the top of the earth, filled with gravel and sand,
+as if the overflow of a stream far back in the mountain had been
+diverted in this direction after the laminated deposits had become dry
+and settled.</p>
+
+<p>The walls are 10 feet apart near the entrance, but are not more than 8
+feet elsewhere and in some places the width narrows to less than 3
+feet. They also have an inward slope at the bottom, so the cave is
+either shallow or else so narrow at no great depth as to be
+uninhabitable. This fact, and the character of the material deposited
+by the ancient drainage stream, make it hopeless to expect result from
+exploration.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">McDerment's Caves.</span>&mdash;There are two caves 100 yards apart, in
+Brown's Valley, 11 miles southwest from Guntersville. The larger has a
+descent of 21 feet from the front to the general level of the first
+floor. All this part is well lighted. The drainage from several acres
+of the mountain side above pours over the roof at the entrance and
+runs down the inner slope. It has worn a gully, and the first level it
+reaches is quite muddy. Leaves and trash 3 or 4 inches deep are piled
+on and against the loose stones toward the side where the water seeks
+an outlet. It has worn a crooked channel along this side of the
+chamber, and falls into a hole which at a depth of 10 or 11 feet below
+the floor makes a turn and passes from sight. So it is certain that
+soft wet clay extends more than 30 feet below the level of the
+entrance. The drier deposits of this room have been extensively worked
+for saltpeter, and a much greater quantity of earth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>would have been
+removed but for the fact that masses of stalagmite, too thick to break
+off with a sledge hammer, and scores of columns, some of them 6 or 8
+feet in diameter and many tons in weight, cover a considerable part of
+it. The first room is succeeded by several others, all of which are
+dry and of large size, but in total darkness, and the floors in all
+have been more or less disturbed in the search for niter. The general
+direction of the bottom is downward. The last floor is probably 50 or
+60 feet lower than the entrance, and is reached by a slope on which it
+is difficult to retain a footing. In nearly every part the earth is
+covered by stalagmite, much of it so heavy that the miners could not
+remove it, but were compelled to dig under it as far as they could
+reach; and in no place is a rock floor to be seen.</p>
+
+<p>The thickness of stalagmite on the floor, and the great size of the
+columns, is proof of their antiquity, while the depth of earth beneath
+must have been thousands of years in accumulating before the deposits
+began to cover them.</p>
+
+<p>Excavations here, while quite desirable, would be very expensive. Much
+stalagmite would have to be blasted; upward of a thousand yards of
+earth moved, and all of it taken out of the cave, because there is no
+room for it inside. As a man can not push a wheelbarrow up such an
+incline, a trench must be cut through to the exterior slope; and as
+solid rock lies not more than 5 feet below the surface at any point,
+blasting would be necessary the rest of the way. The task is equal to
+opening a stone quarry.</p>
+
+<p>The second cave on McDerment's place has a good opening. A trench 4
+feet wide and 6 feet deep where the rock is thickest has been blasted
+out to make a level approach to the entrance. Masses of stalagmite on
+each side, sloping like solid rock from the walls, leave barely room
+for a man to walk for the first 30 feet. Here the walls recede
+somewhat, and a pit nearly 15 feet deep yawns before the explorer.
+After continuing for some distance with this depth, there is another
+drop of 10 feet which holds until the end of the cave is reached. This
+entire depression is due to the removal of earth for making saltpeter.
+It is evident that a vast amount of material has been carried out.</p>
+
+<p>As in the first cave, excavation would be very difficult and
+expensive. All rock and earth would have to be carried up a steep
+grade, or a deep cut made to wheel it out. As the light is very dim at
+the first widening of the walls, it is not probable the space farther
+back would be occupied unless as a refuge.</p>
+
+<p>Both caves were eroded by water running <i>into</i> the hill, and the end
+of each is abrupt, the roof being higher and the walls farther apart
+than at any point nearer the entrance. The original outlets are now
+filled with earth, and apparently have been so for ages.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span><span class="sc">Fort Deposit Cave.</span>&mdash;Six miles below Guntersville the highway
+to Huntsville crosses the Tennessee River at Fort Deposit Ferry and
+passes out through a narrow valley between two bluffs. Less than 100
+yards above the landing, on the north, or right, bank, is a large cave
+from which the spot takes its name; there being a tradition that it
+was used by General Jackson as a storage room for supplies during the
+Creek Indian war. On either side the bluff is vertical to the water's
+edge, making the cave now inaccessible except by boat. In front of the
+entrance the rock is worn in ledges which can be easily ascended.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig23" id="fig23"></a>
+<a href="images/fig23.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig23.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 23" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 23.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 18 feet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The opening or mouth of the cave is oval in form, about 18 feet high
+and 15 feet wide. The sides are uneven, there being a projecting shelf
+on each side near the floor. At 40 feet from the opening these
+disappear, owing to the narrowing of the cavern. There is a gradual
+ascent of the floor toward the rear, the rise being about 2 feet in
+the first 60 and more rapid from that point onward. A thin deposit of
+dried mud on each side, where it escapes the feet of visitors, shows
+that the river enters the cave at times, but not to a depth that
+carries it back more than 25 feet. The present ferryman says the flood
+of 1867 is the only one which has reached so far within that period.</p>
+
+<p>After clearing away the earth, roots, and rocks at the front, a
+straight vertical face at a distance of 18 feet from the entrance
+measured 9&frac12; feet at top and 5 feet at the bottom between the solid
+rock wall on each side, and was 4 feet 4 inches high. The floor was
+not of solid rock entirely across, there being a crevice less than 4
+feet wide which was not cleaned out, because no one could have lived
+in it. About the middle of this bank (vertically) streaks of red
+earth, burned elsewhere, extended 3&frac12; feet out from the right wall;
+there was very little ashes and no charcoal mixed with it. Above this
+red the earth was dark like garden soil and contained a few shells and
+fragments of pottery, with a little charcoal and ashes; it had all
+been disturbed and apparently resulted from scraping the d&eacute;bris away
+from camp fires. Below this, the line of demarcation being very
+distinct, the earth was yellow and sandy, like river bottom land, and
+contained no foreign matter except roots of trees growing outside.
+Figure 23 shows a section on this line; the crevice is omitted from
+this and the subsequent illustrations.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig24" id="fig24"></a>
+<a href="images/fig24.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig24.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 24" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 24.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 20 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 20 feet in, a foot below the top of the dark earth, was some
+charred corn. The yellow earth became irregular, thinner, and higher
+against the side walls than at the center. (See fig. 24.)</p>
+
+<p>At 22 feet the yellow earth had nearly run out, there being only a
+small amount against either wall, while the darker earth reached down
+into the crevice that opened in the narrow strip of rock floor. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>In
+the lower portion were mingled a few shells, pebbles, and specks of
+charcoal, as if it had been thrown there. Across the upper portion of
+the deposit extended fire beds, burned earth, ashes, shells, broken
+pottery, and occasionally a fragment of bone. (See fig. 25.)</p>
+
+<p>At 24 feet it was found that what had been taken for a solid floor in
+the last section represented was only a large flat rock which had
+fallen into the crevice and wedged tightly. When this was passed the
+yellow earth reappeared, at a slightly lower level.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig25" id="fig25"></a>
+<a href="images/fig25.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig25.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 25" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 25.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 22 feet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 26 feet the yellow earth became mixed with red. It was excavated to
+a depth of 5 feet in the endeavor to discover the reason for this. As
+there was not the slightest trace of ashes or charcoal, the red
+admixture must be a natural result of staining by iron in some form
+and not due to heat. Above the yellow was the usual stratum of dark
+earth, containing culinary d&eacute;bris. In the central portion of this was
+a mass, sufficient to fill a wheelbarrow, of angular, unburnt
+fragments of limestone from 3 to 15 pounds in weight. On the surface
+of the dark earth were some ten or twelve fire beds, reaching from
+wall to wall, the edges overlapping and interlacing in so confusing a
+manner that the exact number could not be made out. (See fig. 26.) At
+this stage it appeared that the crevice, or at least its upper part,
+had been filled by river floods and a slight ridge of sand thrown
+across the mouth of the cave. The Indians, it seems, occupied both
+this ridge and the lower area behind it, throwing d&eacute;bris to the rear
+to fill up the depression instead of carrying it all to the outside.
+It is equally possible, however, that this waste was brought from
+points farther back and thrown here to fill and level the floor. These
+heavy fire beds came to an end at about 28 feet on the right and 29
+feet on the left. A section at 28 feet is given in figure 27. At their
+inner margin, among the ordinary refuse characteristic of such
+deposits, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>were many fragments of human bones, including ulnas of two
+individuals, one much larger than the other. They plainly indicated
+cannibalism, as they were broken when thrown here. Besides the ulnas,
+there are pieces of ribs, scapula, tibia, and feet.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig26" id="fig26"></a>
+<a href="images/fig26.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig26.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 26" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 26.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 26 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 29 feet the underlying yellow earth became comparatively level
+across its upper surface, again closely resembling a river deposit.
+The darker earth above it contained a greater amount than heretofore
+of ashes, bones in small pieces, potsherds, mussel, snail, and
+periwinkle shells, and the like. More charred corn was found along
+here.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig27" id="fig27"></a>
+<a href="images/fig27.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig27.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 27" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 27.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 28 feet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 30 feet the yellow earth began to rise, and at 32 feet it was very
+little more than 3 feet lower than the top of the highest ashes. A
+section at this point is shown in figure 28. At 35 feet the strata
+became quite regular and uniform from wall to wall. The dark earth,
+next above the yellow, measured 3 feet in thickness at the center, and
+while showing by its admixture of ashes, etc., that it had been thrown
+here, had evidently formed the floor for a considerable time. The
+upper foot was burned red or dark from long-continued fires, the ashes
+above it being from 6 to 8 inches thick, and forming the present floor
+of the cave at this place. The dark earth contained much less of
+refuse than nearer the entrance; such shells and ashes as appeared
+were promiscuously distributed and not in little piles or masses as
+before. A section at 35&frac12; feet appears in figure 29. It may be remarked
+here that this is the only sketch in which the upper line coincides
+with the surface of the deposits. In the others a thin covering, less
+than 6 inches at any point, of disintegrated material from walls and
+roof covers the ashes left by aboriginal fires. This is omitted from
+the drawings.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig28" id="fig28"></a>
+<a href="images/fig28.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig28.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 28" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 28.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 30 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>At 38 feet the yellow earth had risen until it was within 3 feet of
+the top of the entire overlying deposit. The latter contained little
+of the dark earth, being mostly composed of ashes and burned earth,
+some of which resulted from fires made on the spot, but the greater
+part being thrown from other points. The rise of the yellow earth,
+consequently, is more rapid than the rise of the material covering it.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig29" id="fig29"></a>
+<a href="images/fig29.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig29.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 29" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 29.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 35&frac12; feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 40 feet there was a dip in the yellow earth, extending for 4 or 5
+feet and descending 2 feet at the deepest point. This may be due to
+drainage at a lower level.</p>
+
+<p>At 47&frac12; feet a pocket of the dark earth extended a few inches into the
+underlying yellow earth. A hole seems to have been dug into the
+latter. There was no more of foreign material in this hole than
+elsewhere in the dark earth above and around it. It is shown in figure
+30.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig30" id="fig30"></a>
+<a href="images/fig30.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig30.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 30" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 30.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 47&frac12; feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The amount of shells, pottery, etc., had been decreasing for several
+feet before this point was reached; indeed, from 40 feet onward there
+was very little of it&mdash;enough, however, to show that all the dark
+earth had been disturbed and thoroughly mixed. The fire beds, too,
+while holding their depth of about a foot, contained more earth
+between the successive layers of ashes, showing as great age,
+probably, as those nearer the entrance, but less continuous
+occupation. This condition prevailed to about 60 feet from the
+entrance, at which point the yellow earth, now mixed with sand and
+gravel, was only 3 feet below the surface of the floor. The appearance
+of this line is sketched in figure 31.</p>
+
+<p>At 62 feet there was a dip in the yellow earth, extending to 67 feet
+and 2 feet deep at its lowest point; it then rose to the usual level.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig31" id="fig31"></a>
+<a href="images/fig31.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig31.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 31" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 31.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 60 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 70 feet ashes appeared in greater quantities; at 73 feet the dark
+earth was only a foot thick, the ashes and burned earth being 2 feet
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>thick and apparently all dumped, as there was no definite arrangement
+of the various parts. (See fig. 32.) A small perforated disk and a
+double-pointed bone needle were found here.</p>
+
+<p>The fire beds now began to thin out rapidly, the dark earth also
+diminishing in quantity, until at 80 feet, from which point the
+entrance was no longer visible owing to curvature of the walls, there
+was only 5 or 6 inches of them in all, resting directly on the yellow
+earth, which contained much more clay than farther toward the front.
+The walls began to diverge here, forming a room whose greatest width
+was 11 feet 6 inches at 95 feet. At 100 feet a reverse curve brought
+the cavern on a course parallel to that which it had held up to 60
+feet.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig32" id="fig32"></a>
+<a href="images/fig32.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig32.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 32" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 32.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 70 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 90 feet there was evidence of fire at one side, the ashes and
+burned earth being 5 inches thick at the wall, and thinning out to a
+feather edge within 4 feet. This was the last fireplace discovered
+which may not with certainty be attributed to white men. The yellow
+earth, presenting no evidence of having been disturbed since
+originally deposited, reached from the superficial layer of loose dry
+earth to the bottom of the trench, a depth of 4 feet 8 inches. Below
+this point the walls were less than 4 feet apart, and the space filled
+with gravel, as shown in figure 33. This gravel had exactly the
+appearance of that in gullies on the hills outside, and plainly dates
+back to the period at which the cave was formed. The stream which
+aided in the erosion, or which flowed through from some sink hole or
+other outside opening, carried this gravel into the crevice.
+Consequently, even if the space between the walls had been ample for
+dwelling purposes, an attempt to live here when the gravel was being
+carried in would result in the intending settler having his effects
+washed out into the river.</p>
+
+<p>At 93 feet the side walls confining the yellow clay narrowed to a
+little less than 5 feet apart. The upper portion of the one to the
+left has been eroded into a recess or cavity, forming the chamber
+above mentioned. The earth on the rock floor in this recess <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>is
+nowhere more than a foot deep. A section is presented in figure 34.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 45%;"><a name="fig33" id="fig33"></a>
+<a href="images/fig33.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig33.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 33" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 33.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 90 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 100 feet the room came to an end. The space between the walls was
+7&frac12; feet at the floor level and 4 feet at a depth of 4 feet. At 105
+feet the nearly vertical walls were only 5 feet apart on the floor; at
+112 feet the space increased to 7 feet. A section showed about a foot
+of loose earth mixed with ashes; 3 feet of yellow clayey earth, rather
+compact; then gravel and sand. The latter was dug into for a foot, at
+which level the walls were converging and it was useless to go any
+deeper. Enough was done, however, to verify the supposition that this
+stratum was due to the action of running water seeking its outlet at
+the mouth of the cave.</p>
+
+<p>At 103 feet, at the bottom of the yellow clay and on top of the
+gravel, was a chalcedony pebble about 2&frac12; inches in diameter. The
+material is foreign to this locality. It had plainly been used as a
+hammer stone, and is the only object of human origin found anywhere
+below the dark earth. There was not the slightest evidence of any
+disturbance of the clay in which it rested.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 40%;"><a name="fig34" id="fig34"></a>
+<a href="images/fig34.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig34.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 34" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 34.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 93 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 120 feet the side walls were only 5 feet apart. At 125 feet they
+again diverged slightly, and a recess on the left forms a chamber 12
+feet across. At 150 feet they had drawn in to 8 feet at the widest
+interval. A section showed loose dry earth, some of it cemented by
+drip from the roof until about as hard as lump chalk; then compact
+clayey earth, also with travertine in small lumps; below this the
+gravel and sand. The latter, at this point, seems to have been
+deposited in the last stages of the formation of the cave.
+Occasionally, along here, a small patch appeared that seemed to be
+ashes; but none of it was more than 6 inches below the top of the
+ground, and the substance may not have been ashes at all, but the fine
+white limestone dust that wears off from the stone. There was nothing
+in the trench, at any depth, after the chalcedony pebble, that could
+possibly be due to human intervention, except these small patches of
+ashes, if ashes they are.</p>
+
+<p>At 165 feet from the entrance the cave made its fourth turn and
+expanded into a chamber about 15 feet wide. Along the sides of this
+and in the various crevices opening from it were great quantities of
+clean ashes, plainly enough thrown there from fires made in the
+central part. The gravel came to within 3 to 5 feet of the top, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>being
+quite irregular. On the gravel was dry clay, seamed and fissured in
+all directions so that it fell out under the pick in clods like
+angular pebbles from an inch to 3 or 4 inches across. This was clearly
+the result of muddy water settling in a hole and thoroughly
+evaporating. There was also some travertine in small lumps here and
+there through the clay, and above it was a mass fully 2 feet thick at
+one side of the trench but running out before it reached the other
+side. It was porous, almost spongy, and seemed to be the lime dust
+from the roof and sides cemented by dripping water. Above all this, so
+far as the trench extended toward the sides of the cave, was an inch
+to 4 inches of loose, dry, dark earth, which on the left dipped down
+to the clay, thus replacing the travertine.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 45%;"><a name="fig35" id="fig35"></a>
+<a href="images/fig35.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig35.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 35" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 35.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 175 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 175 feet the gravel had leveled down and was more or less mixed
+with clay and sand. Above this was another "mudhole deposit" of clay
+which had thoroughly dried out and become checked and cracked in all
+directions. On the right this was covered with travertine slightly
+mixed with earth and clay; on the left, above it and also at one place
+within it, was a coarse gritty earth fallen from the roof but not
+converted into a compact travertine. The section appears in figure 35.
+At 180 feet the trench was carried to a depth of 6 feet. This exposed
+a fine clay and sand, or silt, like that deposited in the eddies of
+streams. Above this was another deposit of "mudhole" material which
+had thoroughly dried out, checked and cracked in all directions so
+that it formed angular masses of various sizes, and had then become
+wet again so that it was now soft and sticky. To the left of this, on
+the silt also, was a small amount of the gravel. It had the appearance
+common to a bank of such material on the side of a little stream which
+has undermined and carried away part of it. Clearly, these three
+formations were of an age that witnessed the erosion of the cave. Next
+above them was a stratum of loose dark earth similar to that noticed
+in the front part of the cavern; but here were found no traces
+whatever of man's presence. Into the right side of this stratum
+projected the wedge-like edge of a mass of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>travertine, which was not
+traced to a termination. Over all lay a deposit 3 or 4 inches thick of
+dark, nearly black earth, mixed with ashes. This is quite modern. The
+section appears in figure 36.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 35%;"><a name="fig36" id="fig36"></a>
+<a href="images/fig36.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig36.jpg" width="85%" alt="Figure 36" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 36.</span>&mdash;Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave
+at 180 feet.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the Civil War the cave was continuously resorted to by
+deserters, refugees, moonshiners, fugitives, and "food for powder,
+dodging the conscript." All these sought shelter in this chamber and
+behind it, in order that their fires might not be visible from the
+river. The piles of ashes in the crevices and corners were thrown
+there by these hiders-out, to get them out of the way. Similar but
+smaller piles of ashes are to be seen all along as far as the spring,
+200 yards from the entrance.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of pottery of a type common to this region in fields and
+shell heaps, and of maize, denotes that all the fire beds, etc., are
+the results of habitation by the modern Indian. Where these ceased
+nothing else was found. In or below the yellow earth, clay, or gravel,
+nothing can be found; for until these were laid down and the stream of
+the cave had sought another outlet, there was no dry place in which to
+live.</p>
+
+<p>It may be worth recording that a dead mulberry tree stood about 20
+feet in front of the entrance to the cave. Under it was a narrow
+crevice filled with earth, but all around it was bare rock. A root,
+larger than the tree, grew into the cave and followed along one side
+wall as if fastened there for a distance of some 60 feet. Here the
+earth floor of the cave came high enough to cover it. This root was
+exposed for 160 feet in the trench, or 180 feet from the tree; at this
+point it was 3 inches in diameter and turned aside into a crevice. As
+the root could not have grown in the open air, it furnished proof that
+much deposited material has been carried out of the front portion of
+the cavern and away from the ledge since this tree was a sprout.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="ChapterIII" id="ChapterIII"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4 class="sub1">VICINITY OF WHITE CLOUD, KANSAS</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>About 4 miles southeast of White Cloud, Kansas, is the "Taylor Mound,"
+from which Mark E. Zimmerman and William Park took 56 skeletons, or
+portions of skeletons, in a space not more than 6 by 20 feet. This was
+clearly an intrusive communal burial of skeletons carried from some
+other point and interred in the mound which owed its origin to persons
+who had piled it up at some previous time. The bones, which were not
+arranged in any order, were 30 inches beneath the present surface of
+the mound, but this does not mean they were no deeper originally, as
+the mound has been plowed for many years and is in a situation where
+it will easily wear down when cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>A few feet away, at a depth of 7 feet, other bones, or fragments of
+bones, were found in a mass of burned clay. A cremation had taken
+place at some point away from the mound, and the resultant burned
+earth, with so much of the bone matter as was not destroyed by the
+fire, was carried here and buried. The depth in this instance is not
+significant; the earth is loose and very easily dug; besides, the
+grave pit was near the margin of the mound and earth had washed down
+over it from above.</p>
+
+<p>Some stones, carried from neighboring ravines, have been exposed by
+the wear due to erosion from natural causes and from cultivation. The
+main portion of the structure is still intact, and it is probable that
+no deposits belonging to it at the time of its construction have been
+unearthed. A systematic exploration, showing the original construction
+as well as the alterations resulting from later burials, is much to be
+desired.</p>
+
+<p>While this is the largest mound in the vicinity, and is claimed to be
+the largest mound in Kansas, it is not different except in size from
+many others within a few miles. All of them are made of the same earth
+as that which lies around them&mdash;a light, sandy loess which is easily
+removed with a shovel, requiring no picking or other loosening. In
+fact, it is almost as easy to dig as loose sand would be. Sometimes
+there are flat limestones in or around the graves; similar slabs are
+found not far away in the ravines.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>Not far from this mound is a large lodge site, one of the so-called
+"buffalo wallows" as they are commonly known. These are the ruins of
+aboriginal houses. The general construction is the same, the only
+practical difference being that some are square in outline, others
+round. This difference is not always apparent prior to the excavation.
+In the making, a pit was dug, square or round as desired, and the
+earth thrown out on every side. Posts were then set around the margin
+of the excavation, and the house built in the same manner as those
+with which we are familiar from accounts of early travelers. Many of
+them have been examined by Zimmerman and Park, who found masses of
+hard-burned earth in which are cavities and depressions due to the
+burning of straw, grass, twigs, and poles, used in the construction of
+the houses. This results from the destruction of the houses by fire.
+Sometimes the floor has a layer of this burned material which is
+evidently due to the falling in of the roof. Most of these are on the
+hilltops, but some of them are on narrow ridges leading from the high
+land to the creek or river bottoms. In the latter event there is
+always a village site on the low ground bordering the stream. The
+relics gathered up on these village sites are in no wise different
+from those found when the lodge sites are excavated; and also are of
+the same character as those picked up on what are no doubt modern
+village sites in the vicinity. This fact militates against the idea
+that the lodge sites are extremely ancient.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">IOWA POINT</h5>
+
+<p>On a low hill, cut off on every side by steep ravines, is a small
+mound containing a cist grave. The bottom of this, which was dug
+slightly below the natural surface, was covered with a pavement of
+limestone slabs. The grave was roughly oval or triangular in outline,
+measuring about 7 by 9 feet. Around it was a wall of similar stones,
+set in contact and sloping outward at an angle of about 40 degrees
+from the vertical. There was nothing whatever in this grave.</p>
+
+<p>At the edge of the mound was a box grave 5&frac12; by 2&frac12; by 2&frac12; feet, the
+longer axis on a radial line. It was made of small flat stones built
+up like a wall, the only grave of which I could learn that had any
+resemblance to the vault graves farther down the Missouri. In the
+grave were two skulls and some other bones, all bunched in the
+northern end.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE NEMAHA RIVER</h5>
+
+<p>Lewis and Clark, in their journal, mention that when camped near the
+mouth of the Nemaha, one or both of them went to an Indian village
+about 2 miles up the stream. He, or they, climbed a low ridge near the
+river and stood on a mound which commanded a fine <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>view of the
+surrounding country. There is a dispute as to the site of this mound;
+but the journal plainly says it was on the lower (east) side of a
+little creek which comes in here. Two miles farther up is a larger
+mound on higher ground which is generally supposed to be the one meant
+by the explorer; but this is on the other side of the creek and at
+some distance from the Pawnee village which was located near the mouth
+of the creek, on the lower side. The ground where this village stood
+is covered over a space of several acres with the ordinary d&eacute;bris of
+an Indian settlement; and it is significant that all the relics found
+are so similar to those which are called "ancient" when found in the
+lodge sites, that no one could determine from inspection which kind
+came from which place. Unless it may exist in the markings in the
+pottery, no distinction can be made between these specimens and
+similar ones from other localities.</p>
+
+<p>The Pawnees lived here until 1837, when the Iowas and Otoes made a
+sortie upon the unsuspecting inhabitants and killed all of them they
+could overcome. Two women of the Iowa tribe who were living on the
+reservation in 1914 remember seeing dead bodies lying around wherever
+the invaders could find and kill a resident.</p>
+
+<p>A short distance below the explorers carved their names on a rock
+which projected into the stream. Accounts as to this spot differ; it
+is generally stated that in making a road around here, the rock
+containing the names was blasted away; but a man in the neighborhood
+who claims to know the exact spot says the blasting did not extend
+quite so far and that the names are covered by a mass of earth and
+rock which slid from the bluff many years ago. If this be true, a
+thrill awaits the man who finds the names some centuries from now,
+when the river has washed away all this accumulated material.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<h4 class="sub1">VICINITY OF TROY, KANSAS</h4>
+
+<p>Near the mouth of Wolf River is a village site on which Dr. R.S.
+Dinsmore, of Troy, has counted 125 tipi sites. Relics are very
+abundant here, especially the small chert "thumb-scrapers," which
+outnumber all other specimens.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MOUTH OF MOSQUITO CREEK</h5>
+
+<p>Four miles east of Troy, on a ridge so steep that its top is
+inaccessible from either side, and so narrow that a wagon would make a
+track on each slope, is a little mound worn down until its true nature
+would not be suspected. Dr. Dinsmore was on this ridge one day and
+noticed a flat limestone rock. Knowing that it had no place in the
+loess, he began digging to ascertain the reason for it being there. At
+a depth of a few inches he found bones, and soon unearthed a number of
+skulls, with only his hands or a stick. Coming back later with tools,
+he found, in all, 56 skulls. Afterwards he found <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>others, and persons
+in the neighborhood have exhumed many more. The deposit represents a
+communal burial, from a village which probably stood on the level
+creek bottom not far away. A few skeletons showed an attempt at
+orderly arrangement. These were probably of individuals who had not
+been dead long at the time of the general burial. Most of the bones,
+however, skulls and others, were piled in the smallest possible area,
+as if gathered up in sacks or baskets from previous burials and
+carried here for reinterment. The soil is so loose as to be easily dug
+with the hands, like sand; but at the same time so fine and close
+packed as to shed water almost like a roof. Owing to the steep slope
+at every point, except toward the summit of the ridge, there must be
+some erosion, and consequently the age of the burials can not be
+great. Yet, the same conditions prevail in other places where a great
+antiquity is claimed for the remains. Frost necessarily disintegrates
+the soil to some extent; the wind or rain carries away the loosened
+portions; and this process is continuous. The shape of the mound shows
+that when the burials were made the ridge was essentially identical in
+form with its present aspect. The bones also are comparatively fresh
+in appearance, and it may be considered certain that they can not date
+back many generations.</p>
+
+<p>On the top of a hill rising from the opposite side of Mosquito Creek
+Dr. Dinsmore found a low mound, which, like that just described, would
+not have been suspected as such but for a stone projecting from the
+surface. Under this stone, with 8 inches of earth intervening, was a
+skull so completely mineralized that it appears to be carved from a
+block of limestone. No other portions of the body to which it belonged
+remained, though traces in the surrounding earth showed that at least
+the larger bones and perhaps the entire skeleton had been deposited.
+Bones in other parts of the mound were in their natural condition;
+that is, they were not altered from their ordinary appearance,
+although only in fragments. It is remarkable that this entire cranium
+should thus change while all the other bones, even the jaw, had
+disappeared. The description of this find is from Dr. Dinsmore, who
+has the skull in his office. Possibly he may be in error in stating
+that traces were found of other bones belonging with it. These may
+have belonged to another individual. The soil is ordinary sandy loess,
+containing lime but not in such quantity as to account for this
+alteration. Perhaps the skull may be from an older burial somewhere,
+the petrifaction having taken place before it was buried here.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">RULO, NEBRASKA</h4>
+
+<p>Particular attention was paid to conditions a mile north of Rulo,
+where it is reported that human skeletons were found in the Kansan
+drift. It was not the intention of the discoverer to have it
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>understood that these remains were in undisturbed drift, but such is
+the impression that has gained credence.</p>
+
+<p>At the settlement of the country by whites the road constructed across
+a ravine here, on the section line nearest the river about
+three-eighths of a mile away, followed the natural contour and the
+crossing was made without difficulty. Since then a deep washout has
+worked its way to some distance above this point, making a long bridge
+necessary. From the head of the washout to the Missouri River the
+banks are vertical, or nearly so, on each side of the little stream.
+It was in the bank on the south side that the bones were found. It is
+stated they were 7 feet under the surface; if so there must have been
+a mound above them, for the lowest excavation does not reach over 5
+feet below the present level of the ground, and at that extends
+slightly below the bottom of the grave.</p>
+
+<p>Within 40 years the Missouri River, which is now more than a mile away
+toward the Missouri shore, flowed at the foot of a slight bluff
+terminating the slope from the high land toward the west; there was
+formerly a steamboat landing on the upper side of the ravine. On the
+lower side is a triangular area of about an acre, bounded by the
+bluff, the river bank, and the ravine. This was an excellent location
+for an Indian village or camp. A narrow level strip extends from the
+mouth of the ravine to a point near the bridge, some distance above
+where the remains were found. It is quite clear that the skeletons
+were the remains of individuals who had died at the camp on the
+river's bank and had been carried here for burial. This may have
+occurred within the last hundred years or in fact at any time while
+the Indians were still living in this vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>The flood level of the Missouri is not more than 15 feet lower than
+the level space along the sides of the ravine. The little intermittent
+stream has cut down this depth through a deposit which is composed of
+river sediment, wash from the hills on each side, and material carried
+from higher levels by the brook itself in rainy seasons. At only one
+point is there a real glacial deposit, and this does not extend for
+more than 50 feet horizontally, and does not reach to the top of the
+bank. It is at some distance from the graves, and may be due to a lobe
+of the ice or to an iceberg. However formed or deposited here it has
+no relation whatever to the skeletons. In a sense, the material in
+which they were buried is "Kansan drift"; but it is drift which has
+been redistributed and has come into its present position within a few
+centuries at the most.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">NEAR HOWE, NEBRASKA</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Sam P. Hughes, who lives near Howe, has done considerable
+excavating in that vicinity. He is an intelligent man and an ardent
+student, but his ideas in regard to the age of his discoveries need
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>much revision downward. His chief work has been done north of Howe at
+a place 9 miles from the nearest point on the Missouri River. Here is
+a small level area at the end of a ridge sloping away in every
+direction except at the narrow isthmus connecting it with the fields
+beyond, which are at a level only slightly higher. Thus there is no
+chance for any accumulation from the adjacent surface. On this ridge
+are a few lodge sites which Hughes has excavated. In every respect
+they are similar to lodge sites reported from other localities in this
+region. The walls, the depression, the floor, the fireplace, are all
+the same. The depressions are filled with earth to a depth of 18 to 22
+inches above the level of the old floor; and Hughes reports that
+wherever he has dug on this ridge he has found flint chips, charcoal,
+fragments of pottery, and scraps of bone to about the same depth. Next
+below the soil is the Kansan glacial drift; but the assertion that
+objects found at this depth are of the same age as the drift is not
+necessarily or even presumably correct.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">PERU, NEBRASKA</h4>
+
+<p>On various hills in the vicinity of Peru are lodge sites, some of them
+circular, some rectangular, some with straight sides and rounded
+corners. Most of them have been dug in at random; in every case after
+a certain depth of accumulated earth and trash is passed through,
+there is a layer of clay which formed the roof, and beneath this the
+hard earth floor with fireplace usually in the center but sometimes a
+little toward one side.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">PAPILLION, NEBRASKA</h4>
+
+<p>At the time of my visit, Dr. Frederick H. Sterns, of the Peabody
+Museum, was working near here. He described himself as "the man who is
+extremely anxious to find a glacial or other very ancient man, but so
+far has not succeeded in getting track of him." Dr. Sterns did not
+claim a period antedating the Indian for anything he had then
+unearthed&mdash;meaning the known Indian tribes.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">VICINITY OF OMAHA, NEBRASKA</h4>
+
+<p>To the southward of Omaha are many lodge sites of varying depths and
+diameters. The deepest one reported had a depth of 9 feet below the
+surrounding surface, and at the bottom of this was a pit (or "cache,"
+as they are locally known) with an additional depth of 4 feet, or 13
+feet of excavation in all. This was near the so-called "cannibal
+house," where 14 human frontal bones were found under conditions which
+indicate they had belonged to individuals who were eaten by other
+inmates of the lodge.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>A short distance from these sites, across a ravine, is a bare, narrow
+ridge, very steep on each side, so that erosion would readily act. On
+the sloping summit of this are three small mounds which cover communal
+burials. From one of these, the one farthest from the summit of the
+hill, more than 80 skulls were taken and boys in the neighborhood have
+since taken many more. They are all of the ordinary Indian type, and
+can not have been buried more than a few generations ago; but this
+fact has not prevented an age of "twenty thousand years" being
+assigned to them. There is absolutely no reason for fixing this or any
+other date. There is nothing whatever to indicate the age, but 200
+years would probably not be far from the mark, because erosion has
+been slight since the mounds were piled up.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">LONG'S HILL</h5>
+
+<p>This ridge has attained some notoriety as the site of Gilder's
+discovery of the "Nebraska Man." The claim is made that human bones
+were found at a depth of 14 feet in absolutely undisturbed loess. The
+hill is a narrow ridge, facing the river on one side and a deep ravine
+on the other. It is somewhat winding in its course and is connected
+with the more level land in the rear at about half a mile from its
+end. A wagon road up the point, from the river bottom to the hilltop,
+shows undisturbed loess the entire distance. There is no possibility
+of accumulation by wash or in any other manner except decaying
+vegetation on any part of this ridge.</p>
+
+<p>Along the crest are several small mounds. Some of these, as shown by
+excavation, cover graves, and the presumption is that all of them mark
+burial places.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to make any r&eacute;sum&eacute; of Gilder's report, as it is so well
+known, further than to say that he found burials and fragmentary human
+bones at various levels from 2&frac12; to 14 feet. At 4&frac12; feet were burned
+bones lying upon burned earth and mingled with it. This layer, burned
+hard as a brick, served to prevent water from penetrating the earth
+immediately below; and it is in this earth that the deepest remains
+were found.</p>
+
+<p>There are three ways, and only three, in which they could get there:</p>
+
+<p>1. They were washed in when the loess was deposited, as claimed by the
+discoverers and by some of the Nebraska geologists.</p>
+
+<p>In support of this view is the assertion that the bones were
+water-worn. On this point I can not venture any opinion, as I have not
+seen them. But I have found bones in mounds and in other situations
+where such wear was impossible and yet having the smoothed and rounded
+appearance characteristic of such action by water or the elements.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>In support of this theory, too, is the positive statement of Nebraska
+geologists who have had ample opportunity to become familiar with
+loess in all its phases; and they claim the deposit is the original
+and has not been disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary for these advocates, however, to tell where such
+fragments of bones could have come from and how they could have been
+washed to the place where found, when all these bluffs were covered
+with water, as they had to be at that time.</p>
+
+<p>2. The bones could have been carried by rodents into their burrows or
+runways, as Hrdli[vc]ka suggests. In this case the material in contact
+with the bones would have to be somewhat different in appearance and
+consistency from that which lay a few inches, or perhaps only an inch,
+away. The Nebraska men say this was not the case.</p>
+
+<p>3. There may have been an excavation or pit similar to that in which
+the Hurons buried their dead. But as no such burial pits have been
+discovered in this part of the country, this supposition must be
+excluded.</p>
+
+<p>A corollary to the last is that a deep but small pit similar to the
+so-called "caches" in the lodge sites may have been dug here and the
+bones thrown in. There is no indication whatever of a lodge site or
+any other form of habitation at this point, but I have found such pits
+in the vicinity of Indian houses, though not just on their site. The
+deepest one I have ever found was 10&frac12; feet and less than 6 feet in
+diameter. There would be no difficulty in digging into this loose
+material as far as an excavator cared to go, until he had reached a
+depth at which he could no longer get the loosened earth to the
+surface of the ground. As mentioned above, a pit south of Omaha had a
+depth of 13 feet, or only 1 foot less than is claimed for this&mdash;or
+rather for the greatest depth at which it is claimed fragments of bone
+were found.</p>
+
+<p>The objection made to this theory is that the earth thrown out of the
+hole was unmixed, presenting throughout the appearance and consistency
+of loess as it occurs where exposed in ravines or on slopes in the
+vicinity. It is contended that if any previous excavation had been
+made here and filled up afterwards the mixed earth would be easily
+distinguished from that which was not removed, and that the line of
+demarcation would be easily discernible.</p>
+
+<p>As a rule, this is true; but when dry loose earth of homogeneous
+consistency is thrown out of a pit and then thrown in again without
+becoming mixed with any other it is sometimes impossible to
+distinguish it at a later excavation. This is especially true of earth
+free from vegetable matter, as ordinary sand; or composed largely of
+vegetable mold, as the soil in overflow lands which have built up
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>mainly from floods carrying uniform soil sediment. The line of
+demarcation between the dug and the undug earth in such conditions may
+become indistinguishable except when a vertical face is made which
+shall show a clear section of both in contact.</p>
+
+<p>It is now too late to learn anything about the matter from the site
+itself. So many persons have been digging that it would be impossible to
+know when the limit is reached between the original excavation&mdash;assuming
+it to have been made&mdash;when the bodies were interred, and that resulting
+from the modern researches. The question of age hinges upon the
+appearance of the earth in which the bones were found; and the only way
+in which we can now learn anything about it is to trench across the hill
+at some of the other burial places, in the hope of finding bones at a
+similar level, and determining from the conditions in which these are
+found how they came there.</p>
+
+<p>It is beyond question that any soil, humus, or other discolored matter
+thrown into an excavation with ordinary soil or subsoil will be
+apparent for an indefinite time afterwards. But on some of these high
+points and ridges there is even now not a trace of soil. Frost and
+wind have worn bare spots where nothing grows or has grown for a long
+time. As this region was a prairie devoid of even brush when the
+whites settled here, it is evident that such slight protection as
+grass or weeds afford would not be sufficient to hold the earth in
+place in winter, and when the ground is once swept bare such humble
+forms of growth may not get a foothold in future. Anyone who has
+studied surface geology knows these facts.</p>
+
+<p>So at present the whole question of the age of these bones resolves
+itself into a statement of one party that they were found in
+undisturbed loess, as reported; and of the inability of another party
+to show that there may have been an error of observation or a mistaken
+interpretation.</p>
+
+<p>There need be no such doubt in regard to the age of the mounds or the
+lodge sites. It would not take many centuries for mounds upon these
+sharp, exposed ridges to be entirely washed away, in spite of the fact
+that the fine loess is almost impermeable. Rain may not reduce them to
+an appreciable extent, but frost and wind will gradually wear them
+down. As to the lodge sites, their similarity to modern Indian houses
+is so pronounced that we are fully justified in attributing them to
+the same degree of culture as that of the Indians of a century ago.
+The only point of difference is that the latter dwellings have not
+such deep excavations, but the incursion of war-like tribes, or the
+restlessness that impels a primitive community to be frequently on the
+move, seems a simpler explanation of the difference than to suppose
+that identical types are separated by a great period of time.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>Three points must be taken into consideration in fixing a definite age
+for these remains:</p>
+
+<p>1. The relics found in and around the lodge sites, except for the
+markings on some of the pottery, are in no wise different from those
+picked up on the sites of villages which were occupied when Lewis and
+Clark came through here.</p>
+
+<p>2. Fairly solid bones of animals, and occasionally of humans, are
+found in the bottoms of the lodge sites, even where these are damp
+most of the year. In the pits, where such remains are preserved by
+ashes, this would not mean much; but where they are found in clayey
+earth it is evident that "thousands of years" is a meaningless term to
+apply to them.</p>
+
+<p>3. Persons who claim these "thousands of years" for pretty much
+everything they find in the ground must explain why it is that while
+the bones and implements of these assumed "ancients" are found in such
+quantities and in such good preservation, those of later Indians
+should have entirely disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>The only tenable theory of age is the amount of accumulation in the
+depressions of the lodge sites. Above the clay which formed the roof,
+and is next to the floor now, is a depth of material sometimes (it is
+said) as much as 20 or even 22 inches of mingled silt, decayed
+vegetation, and soil from the surrounding wall. It is used as an
+argument of age that as these sites are on hilltops where there can be
+no inwash, this depth must indicate a very remote period for their
+construction. But a large amount of the earth thrown out into the
+surrounding ring or wall will find its way back into the depression.
+The water will stand in them a good part of the year, and the soil
+remain damp even in prolonged drought; vegetation is thus more
+luxuriant than on the outside, and its decay will fill up rather
+rapidly. In addition, much sand blows from the prairies as well as
+from the bottom lands, and whatever finds its way into the pit will
+stay there; it will not blow away again as it would in open ground.
+The weeds, also, will catch and retain much of this dust which would
+pass over a dry surface. Consequently the allowance of an inch in a
+century, which is the most that advocates of great age will allow for
+accumulation, is much too small.</p>
+
+<p>The topography of the region was essentially the same when these
+remains were constructed as it is now. The hills and valleys were as
+they now exist; the erosion has been very slight as compared with what
+has taken place since the loess was brought above the water, to which
+it owes its origin. This statement is fully proven by the position of
+the mounds and lodge sites. Any estimate of age must be only a guess
+at the best, but it is a safe guess that no earthwork, mound, lodge
+site, or human bone along this part of the Missouri River has been
+here as long as 10 centuries.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="ChapterIV" id="ChapterIV"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>IV. ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The small, low, flattened mounds of the lower Mississippi Valley are a
+problem to archeologists. They have been studied principally near the
+Mississippi River, in Arkansas and Missouri, and for many years it was
+thought that in the latter State they are confined entirely to the
+southeastern portion. Recently they have been found much farther to
+the north and the west than they were supposed to exist.</p>
+
+<p>A group, rather limited as to number and to the area covered, is at
+the head of a narrow valley trending northward from Granite Mountain
+in Iron County.</p>
+
+<p>"Near Iron Mountain, in St. Fran&ccedil;ois County, more than 500 of these
+small mounds, arranged in parallel rows following the direction of the
+watercourses, were counted within a radius of 3 miles."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next group known north of this is on the right bank of Plattin
+Creek in Jefferson County, about 12 miles from the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>"A group of some 50 similar mounds is situated on the right bank of
+the Meramec, about 6 miles above its mouth, in Jefferson County."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The most northern group so far observed is near Ferguson in St. Louis
+County, Missouri, where 46 are located on a narrow ridge which has the
+same general elevation as the table-land. The ridge extends around the
+head of a ravine, and the mounds are placed along its crest or on the
+gentle slopes near the top. There are 10 or 12 at the southern edge of
+Ferguson, on an overflow bottom bordering a small creek.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the west from the swamp region a small group is in a broad
+valley near Alton in Oregon County, which borders on Arkansas. They
+are scattered along a gentle slope which has a little stream at the
+foot.</p>
+
+<p>In Dent County four groups are known. One is on the infirmary farm
+south of the town of Salem. Most of these are but slightly changed
+from their natural condition. Another group is 6 miles east of Salem.
+These also are largely intact. A third is on the road from Salem to
+Short Bend. The fourth is at the edge of Salem, on the Rolla road.</p>
+
+<p>"On the high plateau of Dallas County, north of the Niangua ... within
+an area smaller than 10 square miles, 860 were counted."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>Three groups are well marked in Phelps County. A mile east of Rolla
+they begin at the line of the Frisco Railway and extend southward in a
+shallow valley or "draw." Some are on the overflow flat bordering the
+little stream, but most of them are on the slopes to either side.</p>
+
+<p>South of Dillon they extend for a mile in a slight depression.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning at the Soldier's Home in St. James, the largest number yet
+found out of the swamp region lie for 2&frac12; miles on both sides of a
+small creek running eastward north of the Frisco Railway. These reach
+from low land subject to overflow to an elevation of fully 50 feet up
+the hillsides.</p>
+
+<p>Several groups occur in Pulaski County. Four miles southwest of Big
+Piney post office, near the site of what is known as "The Ranch
+House," is a little wet-weather stream along both banks of which are
+probably a hundred of these structures. Farther up this stream are two
+other groups, the three including a distance of about 4 miles in
+length between their outer limits. West of these and south of
+Bloodland is a fourth group belonging with these.</p>
+
+<p>In the level bottom between Big Piney River and the branch flowing
+from the Miller Spring 2 miles from Big Piney post office a number of
+these mounds formerly existed; and on the opposite side of the Big
+Piney, in an extensive bottom, were many of them. All these have now
+disappeared under cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>On the outer bend of the Devil's Elbow, on Big Piney 3 miles above its
+mouth, some of these mounds stood. They are described as being from 2
+to 3 feet high; the number was not stated, but there is not room for
+many in the narrow strip where they were located.</p>
+
+<p>In the extreme western part of Morgan County, at Stover, is a group
+scattered over an area at least half a mile across in any direction.
+The distance between the mounds varies from 25 to 150 feet. They are
+mostly on gentle slopes, though some are on the crest of the ridges.
+Many of these are well preserved, some of them having never been under
+cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>In Osage County there are more than a hundred at the eastern edge of
+Rich Fountain. They are in low flat ground which is muddy or even
+boggy in wet weather.</p>
+
+<p>It will be noticed that all those from Alton westward and
+north-westward are in line with the route from southeastern Missouri
+to the plains of Kansas and Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p>Practically, however, the northern limit of this type, in great
+numbers, is in St. Fran&ccedil;ois County, near Farmington. From here they
+extend almost continuously into Louisiana and Texas.</p>
+
+<p>In nearly every part of southern Missouri east of the Iron Mountain
+Railway they occur in closely connected groups, reaching sometimes for
+miles except where the continuity is broken by a slough or other
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>unfavorable condition. They are found everywhere&mdash;on high,
+well-drained levels; on sloping ground, sometimes so steep that it may
+well be called a hillside; in low "crawfish land"; in swamps where, in
+the driest weather, even after a prolonged drought, they can be
+reached only by wading through water or muck. The last, however, may
+have been more easily accessible when built, their present condition
+being due to the general subsidence of this region during the
+earthquake period of 1811. The existing sloughs and sluggish bayous
+are the widenings and extensions of streams which at the time these
+mounds were constructed were no doubt bordered by banks above ordinary
+overflow and readily reached by canoes. Manifestly the country was
+well populated, and therefore presumably practically timberless;
+consequently the flood water would rapidly pass away and the streams
+not be choked by drift and other d&eacute;bris as is the case at present.</p>
+
+<p>Various theories, most of them advanced by persons who are but
+slightly, if at all, familiar with the country, have been propounded
+to account for mounds of this character. Their vast number has led
+some writers to believe that they can not be artificial but must be
+due to natural phenomena; as, for instance, that these, as indeed all
+mounds, were piled up by floods, Noachic, glacial, or local; or that
+they result from the industry and energy of burrowing animals, such as
+foxes, badgers, ground hogs, rabbits, prairie dogs, gophers,
+chipmunks, or even ants; the character of the assumed flood or the
+species of the supposed burrower depending to some extent upon
+locality, but principally upon the theorizer's insufficient knowledge
+of animal industry or of the action of torrential waters. Others are
+convinced they are formed by the piling up of earth around a bush,
+clump of grass, stone, or other object acting as a nucleus about which
+wind-borne material may accumulate&mdash;overlooking the fact that clay,
+gravel, or gumbo soil can not be carried by wind, and that lighter
+soil or sand will form elongated instead of circular masses. Another
+supposition is that they are due to stream erosion; flood waters
+washing away the soil between them and thus leaving the earth
+composing the mound in its original position. The same objection
+applies to this as to the wind-blown theory, namely, that we can not
+imagine water acting with such mathematical regularity and intelligent
+discrimination, especially upon slopes which lie at all sorts of
+angles with the trend of the current.</p>
+
+<p>Persons who recognize their human origin have suggested that they were
+erected as stands for hunters, from which they could detect game at a
+greater distance, or could take better aim as the animal passed; or
+perhaps as camping places while waiting; but in many places more than
+half the area of the ground over several <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>acres is occupied by such
+piles of earth, promiscuously distributed. This implies more hunters
+than animals.</p>
+
+<p>For a long time it was supposed that they were burial mounds, like so
+many such structures found over the country; but this idea has been
+dispelled by the failure to discover in them any evidences of such
+purpose; no human bones nor any of the artificial objects commonly
+placed with the dead have ever been found in them unless under such
+conditions as to show their presence was accidental.</p>
+
+<p>Two very plausible theories have found general acceptance: That they
+were the sites of dwellings, placed on them to be out of the mud in
+wet weather; and that they were in the nature of garden beds, thus
+elevated for growing any food products which needed a comparatively
+dry soil, or might be injured by temporary accumulation of water from
+excessive rainfall.</p>
+
+<p>But they were not "residence mounds" or "house sites" in the sense
+that they furnished a base or foundation for structures which were
+used as dwellings; for there has never been found on their surface or
+in the earth immediately around them any of the d&eacute;bris invariably
+accompanying Indian huts or houses, such as fireplaces, ash beds,
+burned rocks, broken implements, or fragments of bones and pottery.
+These considerations also interfere with a full acceptance of the
+hypothesis that they are remains of houses built of wood and covered
+with earth. It is true that such evidence is very frequently found in
+other localities; but to establish the fact that they were residence
+sites, refuse of this kind should be found wherever the mounds occur.</p>
+
+<p>J.B. Thoburn arrived at this conclusion from the resemblance of some
+of them in their outlines to the grass-covered houses of the Pawnees;
+and it is believed that this tribe in its migration from the south
+followed approximately the route along which these small elevations
+are found. When the Pawnees&mdash;assuming they were the builders&mdash;passed
+on westward they could not procure timbers of sufficient strength to
+hold up the earth, so they used light frames and covered them with
+grass.</p>
+
+<p>Bushnell arrived earlier at the same conclusion. He says, concerning a
+few mounds of this character in Forest Park, St. Louis: "In the case
+of the seven mounds on the elevated grounds, the finding of potsherds,
+pieces of chipped chert, and the indication of fire, all on what
+appeared to have been the original surface, would point strongly to
+their having been the remains or ruins of earth-covered lodges." He
+gives citations from early explorers in support of this theory, and
+adds, "But in other mounds these indications did not occur."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>Such an explanation finds support in the vast number of these
+structures. In building, the aborigines naturally chose the sort of
+timber which was soft and light, consequently easy to cut and to
+handle, such as willow or cottonwood. This soon decays. But no matter
+what variety of wood was utilized, not many years would be required,
+under the conditions supposed, to weaken its fiber until it could no
+longer uphold the weight of earth on the roof, and a new house must be
+erected. Several such renewals would be needed in the course of a
+century; so that the ruins of an ordinary village might create the
+impression that a large settlement had existed on its site.</p>
+
+<p>The explanation of "agricultural use" is probably correct in some
+instances, for frequently the mounds are made of earth gathered up
+around their base, and so not only would be of value in a wet season,
+but would afford a much greater depth of fertile soil for sustenance
+of plants. In some localities modern farmers find that on such mounds
+crops are much better than on the low spaces between them. On the
+other hand, a majority of the small mounds in the lower counties of
+southeastern Missouri are composed either of the hard, reddish, sandy
+clay which forms the subsoil of the land above overflow; or of the
+tough, waxy, black "gumbo" of the swampy or flat lowlands. In either
+case they are almost invariably sterile, so that in a cultivated field
+the position of a mound is easily determined even from a considerable
+distance by the feebler growth on its surface. Moreover, in many
+places, hundreds of them occurring within an area of a few square
+miles are built on clay lowlands where crawfish abound, within a few
+rods of sandy, well-drained ridges whose soil is never muddy more than
+a few hours after the hardest rain, and produces as fine corn and
+wheat as can be raised in any part of the State.</p>
+
+<p>In short, no matter what suggestion has been offered as to their
+purpose or uses, objections to it can be brought and sustained. It is
+not improbable that, in the end, it will be found the difficulty lies
+in trying to place in a hard and fast category a variety of structures
+which are similar in appearance but which were intended for various
+uses. With more comprehensive study, it may be that a classification
+is possible which will interpret what is now obscure. Instead of
+uniformity, there was probably great diversity of motives, ideas, and
+beliefs which led to the building of these as well as of other mounds;
+and when the key is once obtained the explanation which will account
+for one may be very different from that which as clearly accounts for
+another.</p>
+
+<p>A few of these mounds have been explored by the writer, but no
+discoveries were made upon which can be based a definite statement as
+to their probable purpose.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
+
+<h4 class="sub1">NEW MADRID COUNTY</h4>
+
+<p>On the farm of A.B. Hunter, 7 miles north of New Madrid, more than 60
+of these mounds, irregularly placed, extend for half a mile along the
+west bank of St. John's Bayou, the extreme width of the group being
+about 200 yards. The largest mound, standing on the edge of the
+terrace, was 6 feet high and 75 feet across. On the original surface,
+over a small area at the central part, were decayed fragments of human
+bones; so this was probably erected as a tumulus. The others were much
+smaller; from a foot to 3 feet high, and 30 to 50 feet in diameter.
+Six of these, varying in size from the largest to the smallest, were
+thoroughly excavated within the original margin and down to the
+undisturbed earth beneath them. No artificial object was found in any
+of them except here and there a fragment of pottery or a small amount
+of ashes or a piece of charcoal, not intentionally deposited but
+gathered up and carried in with the earth in the course of
+construction. There were no distinct fire-beds or ash piles at the
+bottom, or in any part of the mound; nor were there any holes in which
+posts may have stood.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<h4 class="sub1">ST. FRAN&Ccedil;OIS COUNTY</h4>
+
+<p>Nearly 2 miles south of Farmington, on Quesnel's land, are about 30
+very small, low mounds, none more than 18 inches high or 25 feet
+across. They are on the general level, some of them on a gentle slope,
+of the first upland above the St. Fran&ccedil;ois River and a mile from that
+stream at its nearest point.</p>
+
+<p>Half a mile to the south of these is a group of similar mounds on the
+farm of Isaac Hopkins, on a gently sloping hillside, and from 30 to 40
+feet above the level of the overflow bottom land. One of these has
+been gradually worn away by the encroachment of a gully until more
+than half of it has disappeared. While the curvature of its surface is
+very apparent, and the remnant of its margin sufficiently distinct to
+show its regularity of outline, careful inspection of the face formed
+by the erosion fails to reveal any trace of stratification, or line of
+demarcation between the bottom of the mound and the original surface.
+There is precisely the same uniformity of change from the grass roots
+to the underlying gravelly soil that exists in the exposed bank at any
+point to either side of the mound. Mr. Hopkins, desirous of knowing
+what might be in the mound, or why it was built, has noted the
+appearance of the earth from the time the gully reached its margin. At
+no time has its appearance differed in the least from what it presents
+now.</p>
+
+<p>On the river bottom portion of Mr. Hopkins's farm, and on the
+adjoining Goings and Townshend farms to the southward, are many mounds
+lying along both sides of the Belmont division of the Iron <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>Mountain
+Railway. Fully 100 were observed within a distance of a mile; and they
+are said to continue both up and down the river. They are all above
+flood stage, except in time of extreme high water. They range from a
+foot to 3 feet high, and from 20 to 40 feet across; but some of them
+have been lowered and broadened by cultivation. They are of the same
+earth as the ground around them. Mr. Hopkins says crops are much
+better on the mounds than on the area between them. This is no doubt
+due to the greater amount of productive soil in the one case, and to
+the excess of moisture in the other; the railway embankment impeding
+drainage in the lower part. Oak trees 4 feet in diameter grew on the
+mounds before they were cleared off.</p>
+
+<p>Two of these mounds were completely removed, down into the subsoil.
+The first was 18 inches high and 35 by 40 feet across; the variation
+in breadth resulting from continual cultivation in one direction. It
+contained nothing whatever of artificial character, not even a scrap
+of pottery. There were no post holes, no indications of a fire bed, no
+trace of a distinction between the mound and the soil below it. In
+fact, except for the greater thickness of the superficial dark earth
+there was no difference between the appearance of the face of the
+excavation and that of a hole dug at random in the field.</p>
+
+<p>The second mound was somewhat larger than the first, being 2 feet high
+and 40 feet across, and at a little higher level toward the edge of
+the field. It was the largest which could be excavated of this group.
+As in the first mound opened, there was no worked object, if a small
+flint flake be excepted; no ashes; no fire bed; no trace of
+demarcation between the mound and the original surface of the ground,
+though in each mound the excavation over the entire area was carried
+down into the gravelly, hard-packed subsoil. Its artificial origin is
+clearly proven, however, by four holes dug into the earth beneath it
+before its construction. Nine feet a little north of the center, which
+was assumed to be the highest point of the mound, was a hole (A) 12 by
+14 inches and 14 inches deep, with a flat bottom, the sides as regular
+as could be expected in hard soil dug out in primitive manner. Nine
+feet west of the center was a hole (B) a foot across, 10 inches deep,
+with a solid though somewhat irregular bottom. Near the center was a
+conical hole (C) a foot deep and the same across the top. Four feet
+from it, west of north, was another (D) of about the same size and
+shape. The measures given are of course only approximate, as the sides
+of all the holes were somewhat uneven, but they are practically
+correct. The depth was measured from the top of the gravelly subsoil.
+Fourteen feet east of south from the center was an irregular hole (E)
+about 2 feet deep to the bottom of the loose dirt in it. This had not
+been dug, but was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>due to the decay of a tree which grew here before
+the mound was made. At the top of the dirt filling this hole was a
+piece of decayed bark, apparently oak, which had grown in the air; and
+farther down fragments of root bark. Eight feet east of the center was
+a hole (F), similar to the last, 10 inches deep and averaging 2 feet
+across. This, also, resulted from the decay of a stump.</p>
+
+<p>A plan of the holes is given in figure 37. The dotted lines are merely
+to show direction and distance.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 50%;"><a name="fig37" id="fig37"></a>
+<a href="images/fig37.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/fig37.jpg" width="90%" alt="Figure 37" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 37.</span>&mdash;Plan of House Mound in St. Fran&ccedil;ois
+County, Mo.<span class="totoi"><a href="#toif">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This mound offers confirmation of the belief that such structures, or
+some of them at least, mark the sites of dwellings. With the two
+trees, E and F, the posts, A and B, would form the corners of an
+irregular quadrangle; the two posts, C and D, would support the inner
+ends of roof timbers. While no trace of posts or roof timbers
+remained, it is difficult to imagine for what other purpose these
+holes would be dug; and in this heavy, wet earth all traces of wood
+must in time disappear. Conversely, the total absence of a fireplace,
+potsherds or other remains, and of any sign of a floor, would serve to
+dispel the assumption that this spot was ever inhabited even for a
+short time. The evidence is as strong one way as it is the other.</p>
+
+<p>In short, the limited observations above recorded leave the question
+of origin and purpose just where it was.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">Some years ago one of the mounds at Ferguson, St. Louis County, was
+opened. No remains of any sort were discovered, according to the
+report of the excavators; but on the original surface, at the center
+of the mound, was a fire bed in and about which were ashes, charcoal,
+and fragments of rude pottery.</p>
+
+<p>No excavations have ever been made in the mounds near Granite
+Mountain; but a tortuous little stream has undercut several of them,
+thus making vertical sections as in the case of the mound at Hunter's,
+near Farmington. In some mounds only a small portion near the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>margin
+has been removed; in others the erosion has progressed to such an
+extent that observations were possible at varying distances, to and
+beyond the center. In every instance a monotonous uniformity of
+appearance prevails from the top of the mound into the underlying
+gravel. At no level is there a sign of a floor, fire bed, or other
+evidence of human work; and no difference can be detected between the
+earth upon which the mound rests and that on either side. Yet the
+mounds are indubitably artificial.</p>
+
+<p>Exactly the same remarks apply to several mounds on the County Farm,
+near Salem. A little creek and a drainage ditch have cut away varying
+portions of them, and they merge insensibly into the soil and gravel
+on either side.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra">In further support of the theory that these mounds are the remains of
+earth-covered houses, a few extracts relating to the area under
+discussion will be given from Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the Twelfth Annual
+Report of the Bureau of Ethnology:</p>
+
+<p>Near "Beckwith's Fort," in Mississippi County, Missouri, are (p.
+189)&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p>Low, flattish, circular mounds * * * [which] appear to belong to
+two classes, those used for dwelling sites and those used for
+burial purposes, the former being the higher and the color of the
+surface layer darker than that of the other class. This darker
+color of the surface layer is probably due to the fact that
+immediately below it are found fire-beds with burnt earth,
+charcoal, ashes, and the bones of animals, (mostly split). There
+are seldom any human skeletons or entire vessels of pottery in
+the mounds of this class though the earth is filled with
+fragments of broken vessels.</p></div>
+
+<p>In describing mound excavations in Crittenden County, Arkansas, the
+explorer states (p. 227):</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p>As an almost universal rule, after removing a foot or two of top
+soil, a layer of burnt clay in a broken or fragmentary condition
+would be found, sometimes with impressions of grass or twigs,
+which easily crumbled but was often hard and stamped apparently
+with an implement made of split reeds of comparatively large
+size. This layer was in places a foot thick and frequently burned
+to a brick red or even to clinkers.</p>
+
+<p>Below this, at a depth of 3 to 5 feet from the surface, were more
+or less ashes, and often 6 inches of charred grass, immediately
+covering skeletons. The latter were found lying in all
+directions, some with the face up, others with it down, and
+others on the side. With these were vessels of clay, in some
+cases one, sometimes more.</p></div>
+
+<p>The positions of the skeletons in this mound would indicate that while
+the inmates of the house were asleep the roof fell and killed them. It
+was customary among some southern Indians to bury the dead under the
+floors of the houses; but the text clearly shows that these skeletons
+were lying on the floor. It would be supposed from most reports, not
+only in the volume quoted, but from various other sources as well,
+that only the walls of these houses were plastered with mud, the roof
+being of thatch alone. It seems to be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>overlooked that the tops of the
+houses would have even more need of such protection than the sides.
+The marks indicating that the clay was "stamped apparently with an
+implement made of split reeds" are only the impressions of the reeds
+or saplings by which the clay was supported; the "brick like" or
+"clinker like" condition of the clay being due, of course, to the
+destruction of the house by fire.</p>
+
+<p>Adair, in his History of the Southern Indians, says they daub their
+houses with tough mortar mixed with dry grass; that they build winter
+or hot houses after the manner of Dutch ovens, covered with clay.
+Again:</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p>They are lathed with cane and plastered with mud from bottom to
+top, within and without, with a good covering of straw.</p></div>
+
+<p>This seems to mean that the entire building was plastered with mud,
+and then covered with grass to shed the rainfall.</p>
+
+<p>In a mound in Arkansas County, Arkansas (Twelfth Ann. Rept. Bur.
+Ethn., p. 231)&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p>About 2 feet under the surface was a thick layer of burnt clay,
+which probably formed the roof. In tracing out the circumference
+a hard clay floor was found beneath, and between the two several
+inches of ashes, but no skeletons. There were a great many pieces
+of broken dishes so situated as to lead one to believe they were
+on top of the house at the time it was burned.</p></div>
+
+<p>The fact that no skeletons or utensils were discovered on the floor
+finds its most reasonable explanation in the supposition that the
+inmates, finding their abode to be unsafe, moved out and took their
+possessions with them. This would account, also, for the absence of
+such remains in similar mounds farther north. The abundance of pottery
+fragments found in this case, and in many others, may mean only that
+these were worked in as a part of the clay roofing. They would be of
+some service in holding the clay in place in wet weather.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite probable that the continuous, though fragmentary, layer of
+burned clay on the floor so often noted is due in part at least to the
+material forming the roof. The walls would be more apt to fall outward
+than inward, and would be more liable to crumble than to fall as an
+intact mass. In fact, this is clearly shown by the statement (p. 229)
+that in certain house sites in St. Francis County, Arkansas,</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p class="noin">The edges are all higher and have a thicker layer of this
+[burned] material than the inner areas.</p></div>
+
+<p>Further, in describing explorations of certain "hut rings" at
+"Beckwith's Fort" in Mississippi County, Missouri (p. 187), the report
+states that they are</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p class="noin">from 30 to 50 feet in diameter, measuring to the tops of their
+rims, which are raised slightly above the natural level. The
+depth of the depression at the center is from 2 to 3 feet. Near
+the center, somewhat covered with earth, are usually found the
+baked earth, charcoal, and ashes of ancient fires, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>around
+these and beneath the rims [that is, the surrounding ring or
+embankment] split bones and fresh-water shells. Often mingled
+with this refuse material are rude stone implements and fragments
+of pottery.</p></div>
+
+<p>Note is made of</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p class="noin">the similarity in the size, form, and general appearance of these
+depressions and earthen rings to those of the earth lodges of the
+abandoned Mandan towns along the Missouri River.</p></div>
+
+<p>It appears, too, that certain sites were occupied for long periods,
+new houses being constructed when necessary. In describing mounds in
+Poinsett County, Arkansas, the same writer says (p. 205) that</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p>The positions and relations of these beds * * * make it evident
+that upon the site of one burned dwelling another was usually
+constructed, not infrequently a third, and sometimes even a
+fourth, the remains of each being underlaid and usually overlaid
+in part by very dark, adhesive clay or muck. * * *</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar black color of these beds is chiefly in consequence
+of the large proportion of charcoal with which they are mixed,
+some of it doubtless the fine particles of burned grass and reed
+matting with which the cabins appear to have been thatched.</p></div>
+
+<p>These layers of "very dark" material undoubtedly are remains of mud
+from the adjacent swamps, which was mixed with or plastered over the
+grass roofs. It is difficult to understand how they could have become
+mixed after the burning.</p>
+
+<p>As showing the extent to which this prolonged occupancy was carried,
+we are informed (p. 254) that in Coahoma County, Mississippi, a mound
+was&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="block3"><p class="noin">oval and rounded on top, 210 feet long, 150 broad at the base,
+and 16 feet high. This mound and several smaller ones near it are
+so nearly masses of fire beds, burnt clay, fragments of stone and
+pottery, together with more or less charcoal and ashes, as to
+indicate clearly that they are the sites of ancient dwellings
+thus elevated by accumulation of material during long continued
+occupancy.</p></div>
+
+<p>In still other portions of the country besides those already mentioned
+are evidences of similar houses whose sites are now marked by mounds.
+In southern Ohio, especially, records of excavations contain numerous
+references to post holes under mounds both large and small. In the
+case of the former, so far as we may judge from the reports, the
+houses were destroyed before the mounds were built, and it does not
+appear that they were ever covered with earth. In the small, low, flat
+mounds, under which such holes existed, no thought was taken that
+these may mark the position of posts used to support a roof; all
+mounds were explored with the idea that they were for burial purposes,
+consequently no attention was paid to these features.</p>
+
+<p>The Mandan houses, as described by Lewis and Clark, Catlin, and
+others, when fallen into ruins would leave exactly such mounds or hut
+rings as those found in Missouri and Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>It is now generally conceded that the wall or embankment at Aztalan,
+Wisconsin, concerning which so many wild theories have been
+promulgated, was simply a series of such house sites connected by a
+low ridge. The evidences of mysterious sacrificial altars seem to be
+due only to the destruction of such houses by fire.</p>
+
+<p>In Wisconsin, also, and in Minnesota, are many small mounds apparently
+of this character which are due to an extinct tribe known to the Sioux
+and Chippewas as "The Ground House Indians."</p>
+
+<p>In 1887 I became acquainted, at Munising, Michigan, with Mr. William
+Cameron. He was of the Scotch clan of Camerons, a nephew of a former
+Governor of Canada. Educated for a profession, he made a visit to
+relatives in Canada in early manhood, and the attractions of the
+wilderness proved so great that he never returned to his home. At the
+time I met him he was 84 years of age, in full possession of his
+mental faculties. For more than 60 years he had traversed the Lake
+region, his fur trading and trapping expeditions having carried him
+over all the country from Montreal to the mouth of the Mackenzie
+River. Much of his life had been spent among the Indians, especially
+the Sioux and Chippewas. He learned from them all they could tell him
+of their tribal history and former methods of living. The Chippewas
+told him that when they first came into the country they found the
+Sioux in possession, but finally, obtaining arms from the French, they
+drove the Sioux westward.</p>
+
+<p>The "old men" of the Sioux corroborated this tradition and told
+Cameron that as they went westward they came to a race of people who
+lived in mounds which they piled up. These people were large and
+strong, but cowardly. "If they had been as brave as they were big,"
+said the Sioux, "between them and the Chippewas we would have been
+destroyed; but they were great cowards and we easily drove them away."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. B.G. Armstrong, of Ashland, Wisconsin, told me that he had taken
+great pains to investigate this tradition. From all that he could
+gather by much inquiry among the Indians and from his own
+observations, he was satisfied of its correctness. These people, whom
+the Sioux called Ground House Indians, built houses of logs and posts,
+over and around which they piled earth until it formed a conical mass
+several feet thick above the roof. Their territory extended from Lake
+Eau Claire, about 30 miles south of Lake Superior, to the Wisconsin
+River near Wausau or Stevens Point; down the Wisconsin a short
+distance; thence west into Minnesota, but how far he could not say;
+then around north of Yellow Lake back to the Eau Claire region. The
+Sioux exterminated the tribe, the last survivors being an old man and
+a woman who had married a Sioux. They were taken to the present site
+of Superior, near Duluth, and "died <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>about 200 years ago"&mdash;that is, in
+the last quarter of the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>Gordon, an intelligent Indian living at the town of the same name, a
+short distance south of Superior, was familiar with this tradition, as
+were other Indians with whom I talked, and who accepted it as a
+well-known fact. Gordon related that he had heard "the old men" say
+these Indians erected their houses of wood and piled several feet of
+dirt over them; and they buried their dead in little mounds out in
+front of their houses and a few hundred feet away. He told of a mound
+that was opened near Yellow Lake in which the position and condition
+of the skeletons, two or three of children being among them, showed
+"as plainly as anything could" that they had been sitting or lounging
+around the fire, when the roof fell in and crushed them.</p>
+
+<p>There is a "Ground House River" in eastern Minnesota, which probably
+derives its name from this people.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 10%;'/>
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Bushnell, D.I., jr., Archeology of the Ozark region of
+Missouri. Amer. Anthrop., n.s. vol. 6, no. 2, p. 298.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Bushnell, D.I., jr., Archeology of the Ozark region of
+Missouri. Amer. Anthrop., n.s. vol. 6, no. 2, p. 298.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Ibid., p. 297.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Papers Peabody Museum, vol. <span class="sc">III</span>, no. 1, p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="ChapterV" id="ChapterV"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>V. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4 class="sub1">INTRODUCTION</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>The ethnologist or archeologist desiring to conduct explorations on
+the Hawaiian Islands will find it necessary to begin his labors at the
+Bishop Museum in Honolulu. This museum contains an extensive
+collection of articles, classified, arranged, and labeled,
+illustrating every phase of native life as it has existed since the
+islands have been known to white men, as well as many of the
+implements and objects pertaining to agriculture, fisheries, and
+domestic occupations of earlier times. Models or casts of houses, and
+of individuals engaged in various lines of industry, give the visitor
+a clear idea as to the routine of ordinary daily life. A careful study
+of all these things enlightens him in regard to what he may expect to
+find and to the meaning of such discoveries as he may make.</p>
+
+<p>The extensive library which belongs to the museum contains every
+publication relating not alone to the islands but to all the
+archipelagoes of the southern Pacific that it is possible to procure;
+and among the most valuable of the volumes are the reports and memoirs
+of the museum itself, in which are set forth the observations and
+deductions of numerous investigators who, either in behalf of the
+museum or under its auspices, have endeavored to find a solution for
+the many problems involved.</p>
+
+<p>Equally valuable to the student are the information, interpretations,
+and instruction freely placed at his disposal by those connected with
+the museum, especially by Dr. Brigham, the former director, whose long
+and busy life has been devoted almost entirely to a study of the
+Polynesian groups; by Professor Gregory, the present director, who
+with tireless energy is the impelling force behind various lines of
+scientific research; by Mr. Stokes, curator of the ethnological
+department, who for more than a score of years has been surveying,
+photographing, and collecting in every part of the islands; by Mr.
+Thomas G. Thrum, of Honolulu, who has completed, in manuscript, a
+volume containing a list and description of more than 500 heiaus on
+the islands; and by various other men who, in private life, have
+devoted much time and close attention to whatever may pertain to
+native life and customs.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">MOLOKAI ISLAND</h4>
+
+<p>Following the advice of those whose knowledge gave them authority to
+speak decisively, the initial base of research was the island of
+Molokai, which presents the best conditions for study. It lies off the
+usual lines of travel, offers no inducement to tourists who wish to
+have the benefit of good roads and comfortable hotels, and
+consequently is seldom visited except by those who are called on
+business or who go as the guests of the few residents there.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George Cooke, one of the owners of a large cattle and sheep ranch
+on the island, and greatly interested in its aboriginal history, gave
+most generous aid in a reconnoissance of such parts as he had time to
+visit. He placed his beautiful summer residence at the disposal of
+Prof. Gregory and the writer, and conducted the explorers to nearly
+all the places of interest which could be approached by automobile.
+Mr. James Munro, manager of the ranch, also rendered valuable
+assistance. Owing to his long residence here he has become thoroughly
+familiar with every noteworthy feature, and pointed out many remains
+which, without his guidance, would have been missed altogether. Fully
+acquainted with the life of the Hawaiian people, he made clear the
+origin and purpose of many things that, lacking his intelligent
+explanation, would have been without significance.</p>
+
+<p>Although there are now comparatively few Hawaiians on Molokai, it is
+evident that the island at one time supported a dense population.
+Along the southern, or leeward, coast are numerous fish ponds formed
+by building a stone wall across an inlet or, more frequently, by
+constructing it with the ends on shore and carrying it around a
+section of the open sea. The walls are strong enough to resist the
+waves, well above the level of high tide, and surround spaces of
+various areas up to 70 acres. These ponds were stocked with numerous
+kinds of fish which, thus protected from their natural enemies,
+increased rapidly and formed an unfailing food supply. The antiquity
+of these ponds is denoted by the amount of silt partially filling
+them, brought down from the mountains by erosion of the soil. They are
+still used to some extent by Hawaiians as well as by other residents.</p>
+
+<p>Inland, low walls of stone or earth, or both, surround hundreds of old
+taro patches, one variety of these plants requiring an abundant supply
+of water during its growth. The poi made from taro was the principal
+vegetable food of the inhabitants. Sweet potatoes were also a leading
+article of diet. The fields in which they were grown may still be
+identified here and there by the little ridges heaped up. All these,
+with the addition of migratory birds and fowls which at certain
+seasons swarmed on the different islands, supplemented by various nuts
+and fruits growing spontaneously, provided a varied and ample food
+supply. Mammals, except the pig, dog, and rat <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>(really a large mouse),
+which came in with the early natives, were unknown prior to the advent
+of the whites. There were no land reptiles and few indigenous noxious
+insects; although mosquitoes, not to mention certain domestic pests,
+abound in a few places, and there are some scorpions and centipedes;
+but these, like measles, smallpox, tuberculosis, and worse diseases,
+are adjuncts of an enforced civilization. The mongoose, brought in to
+destroy rats, and the myna bird, to devour insects, are themselves now
+beginning to be detrimental.</p>
+
+<p>Along the coasts, on the headlands and lower hills, and to a less
+extent farther inland, are village sites, foundations of temples and
+houses, garden patches inclosed by stone walls, and long rows of
+stones, some of which are borders of roads or trails, others being for
+purposes which are undetermined. Among these, taro beds and sweet
+potato patches may still be traced.</p>
+
+<p>The most remarkable among the remains are the great temple site on
+Senator Cooke's ranch, toward the east end of the island, and the
+"paved trail" 10 miles down the coast from Kaunakakai, the principal
+village and harbor. The former is rectangular in outline, built on
+irregular ground, of stones large and small, to form a level platform
+on which a thousand persons could assemble without being hampered for
+lack of room. The outer faces of the walls vary from 3 to 20 feet in
+height; and except at the lowest parts there are terraces or steps all
+around, about 5 feet in height and of differing width. Surrounding
+this platform, extending for half a mile up the little valley of which
+it marks the entrance, on the slopes to either side, and on the nearly
+level area reaching down to the sea in front, are all the indications
+of a populous settlement.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the ruins were formerly much more numerous and
+extensive, the larger part of them being swept out of existence by a
+great rush of water from the mountains "a long time ago."</p>
+
+<p>The "paved trail" is a causeway of large stones. Some parts of it are
+obliterated by slides and encroaching ravines; other parts preserve
+the original condition and appearance. The width is not quite uniform,
+as the stones are of different sizes, but it departs very little
+either way from 6 feet. So far as can be judged in its present
+overgrown state, it extends in a straight line for about 2 miles, from
+the beach to a point on the hill at an altitude of fully 1,000 feet.
+To what it led, or why it was built, are questions awaiting an answer.</p>
+
+<p>All of these places are now abandoned except a few villages along the
+coast. The people are not here to occupy them, and even if they were
+the conditions have become so changed that residence about them is no
+longer feasible. At the temple site, for example, the extent of the
+old taro beds predicates an abundance of water; at present, the one
+family living near by must carry it in a dry season <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>from the well or
+spring of a neighbor. There is no steady water supply within miles of
+the "paved trail."</p>
+
+<p>Clearly, extensive changes have taken place in recent times in climate
+and perhaps in topography. Fifty years ago forests of large trees grew
+over hundreds of square miles on the southern slopes of Molokai where
+at the present time there is only grass, or where algaroba trees,
+similar to the mesquite of the southwestern United States, are now
+spreading. This deforestation is still going on; dead or dying trees
+fringe the timber still standing. The cause of this progressive
+barrenness has not, so far, been, fully ascertained; there is
+undoubtedly a connection between it and the diminished water supply,
+though which is cause and which is effect, or whether both are due in
+common to some atmospheric phenomenon, is unknown. One result,
+however, is apparent. The roots of the forest trees do not extend deep
+into the earth, but spread out over the surface like those of pine
+trees. Thus much of the rainfall was prevented from escaping rapidly
+and such as was not absorbed by the roots made its way into the ground
+beneath the upper soil, whence it percolated downward to feed the
+springs. Now the greater part of the water runs off and is lost. For
+this reason large areas once well populated are no longer habitable.</p>
+
+<p>Molokai, like other islands of the group, contains no stone except of
+volcanic or coral formation. There is no chert or similar material
+from which chipped implements can be made; nor, as would naturally be
+expected, is there any obsidian suitable for such manufacture. It may
+occasionally be seen on the sites of villages, but always in small
+angular fragments seldom more than half an inch in any dimension,
+always coarse-grained, even porous, and never of a quality which can
+be flaked into definite forms. No doubt its only use was as an
+abrasive, after being pounded fine. Rarely, quartz or chalcedony is
+found; it resembles the deposit around hot springs or in fissures,
+and, like the obsidian, is in fragments too small to be utilized
+except as a grinding or polishing material for smoothing wrought
+objects.</p>
+
+<p>Manufactured stone specimens are confined principally to three general
+classes: Adzes, for working in wood; pestles, for pounding the taro
+root; and discoids, for games. The last are exactly similar to the
+chunkey stones so abundant in the States, except that none of them
+have concave or hollowed faces, and they are used in the same way.
+There were three forms of the game: To hurl or roll a disk farther
+than an opponent; to strike a pole or other mark set up; and to test
+the inherent magical powers of the stones by rolling them in such a
+way that they would collide, the object in this case being to see
+which one might prove victorious by breaking the other or forcing it
+out of its course. A suitable arena for the contest was prepared by
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>carefully leveling and smoothing a straight, narrow strip of ground to
+any length desired, a slight wall being thrown up along each margin.</p>
+
+<p>Pottery was unknown, there being no clay suitable for making it.
+Calabashes or gourds and wooden trays served as receptacles, though
+stone dishes or bowls are sometimes found. Along the coast occur
+sinkers, either plummet-shaped or half-ovoid like an egg divided
+lengthwise. This form has a groove around the longer diameter,
+crossing the flat face, and was tied to a white shell as a sinker in
+catching squids or cuttlefish, a hook being attached to the line.
+Coral was much used as files or rasps. There are a few objects whose
+purpose is problematical; and some highly polished black disks which,
+laid flat and covered with a film of water, make excellent mirrors;
+but aside from what is here mentioned, not much worked stone is found.
+Wood, bone, and shell served as the raw material for nearly all other
+needs.</p>
+
+<p>Graves, or what are supposed to be graves, marked by cairns 3 or 4
+feet high, or perhaps by only one or two layers of stones, are found,
+though rare. Many so-called caves&mdash;which are merely "tunnels,"
+"bubbles," or "blow-holes" in the lava&mdash;were utilized as burial
+vaults. The natives vigorously protested against an attempt to
+excavate any of these, claiming that their ancestors or members of
+their families are buried in them and must not be disturbed. In the
+dunes human skeletons are frequently exposed by the shifting of the
+sands by the high wind. The natives seem to have little regard for
+these. Perhaps they are of the "common people," while cairns cover the
+chiefs or priests. There is a tradition that in "the old times" most
+of the dead were cast into the ocean as an offering to the Shark God.</p>
+
+<p>There are no mounds or other structures of earth; everything was built
+of stone. All structures began at the surface of the ground. No
+evidence has been found of an occupation earlier than that of the
+present Hawaiian people. At no point examined in ravines or cliffs was
+there the slightest hint of human life at a period antedating that
+beginning with the race discovered by Captain Cook. Consequently no
+extended excavations were attempted. The results of some examinations
+made in three different places will be presented.</p>
+
+<p>About 10 miles in an air line from Kaunakakai and the same distance
+from Mr. Cooke's home, on a mountain known as Mauna Loa, is a narrow,
+sharp ridge extending nearly south and terminating abruptly at the
+junction of two deep ravines. On the end of this are two house sites,
+or heiaus, which had never been disturbed. They are as nearly
+rectangular as the irregular stones of which they are built will
+permit. The larger (A) has its south wall at the edge of the low
+cliff, with its sides nearly on the cardinal lines. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>Omitting inches
+from the measurements, its outer dimensions are: North wall 38 feet,
+south wall 32 feet, east wall 33 feet, west wall 32 feet. The
+corresponding inside measurements are 21 feet, 19 feet, 21 feet, and
+22 feet. Thirteen feet north from the north wall is a stone pile 13
+feet north and south by 10 feet east and west, 18 inches high. Ten
+feet west of this is a single layer of stones covering an area 7 feet
+east and west by 4 feet north and south. At 9 feet out from the middle
+of the west wall is a platform 7 by 7 feet, its west edge on large
+stones in place. At the west end of the north wall are three large
+flat stones, one of them forming the corner, the two others west of
+this, the three being up-edged and in a continuous line.</p>
+
+<p>Within the inclosure, at the southern end, is a closely laid pavement
+formed of a single stratum of loose stones, laid on the earth, and
+covering a space 20 feet east and west by 10 feet north and south.
+Along the inside of the wall, at the northeast corner, is a similar
+pavement 12 feet north and south by 4 feet 6 inches east and west, and
+a foot high. Both of these pavements were probably intended for seats
+and beds. On the larger pavement, 5 feet from the south wall, 9 feet
+from the east corner, was a boulder, its diameters 11, 12, and 15
+inches, whose largest surface lay uppermost and was hollowed out to
+form, a deep saucer-shaped depression like a mortar; but as there was
+nothing to grind, it was probably to crack or pound nuts in. At the
+middle of the southeast quarter of the inclosure was a pile of stones
+3&frac12; feet across and 1 foot high; there was nothing under them. Seven
+feet from the north wall, 10 feet from the east wall, was a fireplace
+formed of two slabs on the east and west sides and a flattened boulder
+on the south side, all upedged, the north side being left open. Its
+bottom was undisturbed earth, a foot lower than the level of the
+platforms. It would seem, though this is uncertain, that the platforms
+or pavements were on the original surface level, the unpaved space
+being cleared out to the level of the bottom of the fireplace, and
+that this space had been filled with earth blown in by the winds after
+the spot was abandoned. From outside to outside the upedged stones
+measured 26 by 28 inches; the space inside 18 by 20 inches. On the
+west edge was a large grinding stone, the amount of wear on its
+surface indicating much use. A pavement 4 feet wide reached from the
+open side of the fireplace to the north wall.</p>
+
+<p>In the cavity was about half a bushel of small stones, most of them
+burned. When meat was to be baked, a fire was made in the pit and as
+many of the stones as required were heated; they were placed in the
+body cavity, in the mouth, and in slits cut in the skin of the animal,
+which was then deposited in the pit, closely covered, and left until
+thoroughly cooked. Similar ovens or barbecue holes, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>the same
+method of cooking, are still in use among the natives in their
+villages.</p>
+
+<p>Views of this house site and of the fireplace, taken from various
+directions, are shown in plates 38-40.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly north of the house site (A), at a distance of 91 feet, is the
+similar structure (B). The ground on which this is built is 6 feet
+lower than at (A). Its measurements are 23 by 24 feet outside, 13 by
+18 feet inside, longest north and south. The entire interior is paved.
+For a space of 8 feet from the north end the pavement is a foot higher
+than in the south end. Beginning at the foot of the south wall, on the
+outer side, and extending for 29 feet toward (A), there is a closely
+laid stone pavement 10 feet wide at the wall and gradually diminishing
+to a width of 5 feet; its termination is nearly square, the slight
+curve being apparently not intentional. The west edge of this pavement
+is in a straight line, the east edge being curved.</p>
+
+<p>Partial views are given in plate 41.</p>
+
+<p>Neither (A) nor (B) has any opening for a doorway, nor is there any
+apparent method of easy entrance, though a slight platform on the
+north side of (A) may have supported steps of wood.</p>
+
+<p>These walls, as in all other heavy structures observed, were made by
+carefully laying up two rows of large stones at a little distance
+apart and filling the space between them with stones of any convenient
+size, thrown in at random. Timbers set in them formed the skeleton
+structure of a house which was completed of poles and smaller growth,
+the sides and roof being thatched. The weight of the stones held the
+main timbers against the force of the wind even in severe storms.</p>
+
+<p>The surface over hundreds of acres around these ruins is covered with
+house sites, long straight rows of stones, and garden lots surrounded
+by stone walls. Shop refuse, mostly chips and spalls from adz making,
+sea shells broken to extract the mollusks, coral for abrading, adzes
+in all stages of finish, and many "olimaikis" (chunkey stones) are
+found. A mile away is a chunkey yard or bowling alley about 600 feet
+long on the crest of a ridge which overlooks the ocean on both sides
+of the island.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">THE RAIN HEIAU</h5>
+
+<p>A mile from the Cooke residence is a peculiar structure, said to be
+the only one of its kind in the entire Hawaiian group. Native
+tradition has it that "a long time ago" a rain wizard who was angered
+by the people of this district sent such rains that everything was on
+the point of being washed out to sea. Another wizard told the people
+to make a heiau (temple, or sacred building) with many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>small
+compartments which were to be left uncovered in order that the
+raindrops, each of which was as large as a man's head, could be caught
+and held in them, and burned. The rain would cease when the first
+wizard learned that he was being circumvented.</p>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate38" id="Plate38"></a>
+<a href="images/plate38a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate38a_th.jpg" width="36%" alt="Plate 38a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 38 <i>a</i>, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking
+west<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate38b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate38b_th.jpg" width="36%" alt="Plate 38b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 38 <i>b</i>, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking
+north<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate38c.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate38c_th.jpg" width="36%" alt="Plate 38c" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 38 <i>c</i>, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking
+south<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate39" id="Plate39"></a>
+<a href="images/plate39a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate39a_th.jpg" width="36%" alt="Plate 39a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 39 <i>a</i>, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking
+south<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate39b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate39b_th.jpg" width="36%" alt="Plate 39b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 39 <i>b</i>, Platform in Heiau A, looking
+southeast<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate39c.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate39c_th.jpg" width="36%" alt="Plate 39c" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 39 <i>c</i>, Paved way in Heiau A, looking
+southwest<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate40" id="Plate40"></a>
+<a href="images/plate40a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate40a_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 40a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 40 <i>a</i>, Paved way in Heiau A, looking
+north<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate40b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate40b_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 40b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 40 <i>b</i>, Fireplace in Heiau
+A<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate41" id="Plate41"></a>
+<a href="images/plate41a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate41a_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 41a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 41 <i>a</i>, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking
+northwest<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate41b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate41b_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 41b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 41 <i>b</i>, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking
+northeast<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate42" id="Plate42"></a>
+<a href="images/plate42a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate42a_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 42a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 42 <i>a</i>, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking
+west<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate42b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate42b_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 42b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 42 <i>b</i>, The "Rain Heiau," looking
+south<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate43" id="Plate43"></a>
+<a href="images/plate43a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate43a_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 43a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 43 <i>a</i>, The "Rain Heiau," looking
+north<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate43b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate43b_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 43b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 43 <i>b</i>, The "Rain Heiau," looking
+southwest<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate44" id="Plate44"></a>
+<a href="images/plate44a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate44a_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 44a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 44 <i>a</i>, The "Sacrifice Stones" on Molokai Island; looking
+southwest<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate44b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate44b_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 44b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 44 <i>b</i>, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking
+west<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img"><a name="Plate45" id="Plate45"></a>
+<a href="images/plate45a.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate45a_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 45a" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 45 <i>a</i>, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking
+northwest<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+
+<a href="images/plate45b.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate45b_th.jpg" width="42%" alt="Plate 45b" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">PLATE 45 <i>b</i>, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking
+south<span class="totoi"><a href="#toi">ToList</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As it now remains, this heiau consists of flat stones placed on edge
+to make an inclosure 30&frac12; by 20&frac12; feet across the center, the length of
+the walls being 27&frac12; feet on the north, 31&frac12; feet on the south, 19 feet
+on the east, and 23&frac12; feet on the west. At the middle is a minor
+inclosure, similarly formed, 5 feet 8 inches by 3 feet 8 inches,
+longest north and south. This is a kind of "altar" or "praying place."
+From it a narrow passage, 12 to 18 inches wide, extends to the middle
+of each side. In each of the four divisions thus formed other stones
+were placed to form box-like spaces of diverse shapes and dimensions
+from 9 by 15 to 20 by 28 and 15 by 45 inches. All the stones were set
+on the surface, braced against one another; no excavation was made to
+hold them. They have been somewhat displaced so that the exact number
+of the boxes can not now be ascertained, but there are somewhere
+between 110 and 120 of them.</p>
+
+<p>Partial views are shown in plates 42 and 43.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">THE SACRIFICE STONES</h5>
+
+<p>On the south side of a ravine with steep slopes and bowlder-strewn
+bottom, half a mile from the "Rain Heiau," is a pile of stones, most
+of them the natural outcrop, but some of them intentionally placed.
+The entire mass measures about 27 feet across each way. The highest
+stone is a weather-worn slab, with the upper surface somewhat convex,
+6 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet 3 inches wide on the bottom, 1 foot 3
+inches wide on top, 1 foot 4 inches thick. It lies nearly east and
+west, the upper end on the ground, the lower end on a large bowlder,
+beyond which it projects for 28 inches. Beneath this, with a space of
+8 inches between them, is another stone, 5 feet long, 2 feet 4 inches
+wide, and 10 inches thick. Its upper surface is concave, the entire
+margin being higher than the central portion. It lies north and south,
+the southern end being supported by three small superposed slabs.</p>
+
+<p>These two are supposed to be sacrificial stones, on which victims were
+extended at full length, face downward. In this position they were
+easily slain by being decapitated or the neck or head being broken
+with a club or a stone. That they were utilized for some definite
+purpose is evident from the fact that the projecting ends of both have
+been broken off square, the spalls splitting back along the
+under-surface.</p>
+
+<p>Views are given in plates 44 and 45.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite slope of the ravine from the sacrifice stones are two
+old dancing platforms, made by digging the earth down on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>hillside
+to form a level area, the lower margin of which is supported by a high
+wall of heavy stones. Near the platforms, on the steep slope, is a
+space of a fourth of an acre surrounded by a stone wall; and a row of
+stones marks and preserves a trail or path from them to the bottom of
+the ravine, terminating at what seems to be a small reservoir
+surrounded by stones and earth, with a dam above and to one side of it
+to shut out storm water.</p>
+
+<p>One hundred and fifty yards up the ravine from the dance platforms are
+two large artificial depressions in weathered bowlders. They have the
+appearance of mortars or nut-crushing holes, but are supposed to be
+for catching water during rains, as it is known that the natives made
+these miniature reservoirs or catch basins, the water being dipped out
+into vessels as it accumulated.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">HAWAII ISLAND</h4>
+
+<p>There are reports of former heiaus, house sites, etc., in and around
+Hilo, and there are numerous so-called "caves," many of which were
+used by the earlier natives as receptacles for their dead. The term
+"cave" is not to be taken in its usual meaning of a cavity due to
+erosion by water, or the small recesses due to wind scouring. In the
+Hawaiian Islands it means a tube or tunnel; a hollow space due to gas
+expansion; or a hole formed by gas or steam expansion or explosion in
+the lava while it is still soft or flowing; and which is now
+accessible where the top has fallen in or where it has reached the
+face of a cliff. These still exist practically as they were at the
+time of their formation.</p>
+
+<p>Of remains upon the surface, the clearing-up processes necessary for
+cultivation, and the improvements in and around the towns and
+villages, have either entirely destroyed them or so defaced them that
+they are now only shapeless ruins. Most or all of the near-by caves
+are in lava flows of comparatively recent origin and no reports of
+interments in them could be definitely verified. Human bones were
+found in three caves near Olaa, 10 miles from Hilo, but no objects of
+any sort were with them. The condition of the bones showed they had
+not been long deposited; in fact, with one skeleton were hobnailed
+leather shoes, with the bones of the feet still in them.</p>
+
+<p>Three skeletons were discovered in a small cave near the dock in
+making an excavation for a railway cut. An old man living in the
+vicinity protested vigorously against any disturbance of them, saying
+they had been his friends and he had helped bury them. In deference to
+his sentiment the line of the track was deflected so as not to disturb
+the spot.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all of the bones mentioned above were soft and decayed, owing
+to the water which had percolated through the roof and dripped on
+them.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">KILAUEA</h5>
+
+<p>It seemed probable that burials, or places where religious rites had
+been performed, might be found in the vicinity of the volcano. A
+number of caves were visited, but no evidence could be found to
+indicate that bodies were ever deposited in them, and persons living
+in that region had never heard of anything of the sort being found. A
+few of the caves were dry, but most of them were wet or have become
+obstructed by falling in of the sides or roof. Ledges and terraces
+within the ancient crater may contain graves, but lava flows and ash
+deposits have obliterated all traces of such if they ever existed.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WAIMEA</h5>
+
+<p>From 2 to 4 miles west of Waimea, on both sides of the road to
+Kawaihae, are numerous stone walls, house sites, garden inclosures,
+taro terraces, and other forms, of uncertain use and purpose. The
+remains extend over many hundreds of acres. It is said that up to
+about 1840 this was an important town, containing at one period about
+17,000 inhabitants.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">QUARRY ON MAUNA KEA</h5>
+
+<p>Waimea is the point from which to start for the quarries where the
+ancients obtained the hard black stone for making adzes. A great
+amount of work was done there, and refuse is abundant. It is 48 miles
+from Waimea to the quarries, part of the way by cattle trail through
+rough country, and they are at an elevation of more than 10,000 feet,
+considerably above the winter snow line. An examination was not
+attempted, as a visit to them involved securing a camping outfit and
+hiring guides and helpers at exorbitant wages.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">KAWAIHAE</h5>
+
+<p>The "Great Temple" built by King Kamehameha I is on a bluff 100 feet
+high, separated from the beach by a low level space 100 yards wide.
+This flat contains many stone structures, but their number, design,
+and character can not be ascertained on account of the almost
+impenetrable growth of algaroba. One of them is a rectangle about 50
+by 150 feet, the walls high and thick; probably it is an older temple.
+There is some modern work here, because in one place a wall is
+cemented, perhaps by ranchmen.</p>
+
+<p>The "Great Temple" measures 80 by 200 feet on the outside, 50 by 150
+feet inside, longest north and south. The two ends and the side toward
+the land are nearly intact and from 10 to 20 feet high according to
+the surface of the ground. At the north end, inside, is a platform 80
+feet north and south by 45 feet east and west, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>four walls
+carefully and regularly laid up, the space within them filled with
+large stones, and the surface leveled with beach pebbles. It ends 4
+feet within the wall next the sea, the top of this wall being on a
+level with the bottom of the platform. At the south end is another
+platform 40 feet east and west by 20 feet north and south, abutting
+against the east and south walls. A step or terrace 6 feet wide
+extends the full length of its north side. It has a less finished
+appearance than the platform at the north end. The central space,
+between the two, is paved with large stones which apparently pass
+under both platforms and extend from the foot of the east wall nearly
+to the west wall, a slight ditch separating it from the latter. The
+west wall stands below the top of the slope, and its outer face is
+from 10 to 20 feet high, in three platforms each 8 feet wide. On the
+slope below are several structures a few feet square formed by two
+parallel rows of stones with a cross wall at the lower ends, the
+cellar-like space thus inclosed being filled with pebbles to a level
+with the top of the walls.</p>
+
+<p>From the northeast and northwest corners long walls extend northwest
+and southwest toward the beach. Their outer ends are lost in the
+thicket.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">EAST POINT DISTRICT</h5>
+
+<p>From Kapoho southward to Kalapana and beyond many remains are
+reported, but residents say they are of rather modern date, some of
+them having been occupied since white people came into the country to
+live. Lava flows of recent date have covered a few.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">NAPOOPOO</h5>
+
+<p>The large heiau at which Captain Cook made his landing, and where he
+allowed himself to be worshipped as a god, is about in its original
+condition, having been repaired in recent years. When Captain Cook
+attempted to seize the King as a prisoner, the natives naturally
+rallied to the King's defense. A stone or other missile struck Cook on
+the head.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the last century an old Hawaiian who as a small boy witnessed
+the affray told Rev. Mr. Paris (as related by his daughter) that if
+Cook had been the god he pretended to be, the blow would not have hurt
+him; but when he fell with a loud groan the people knew he was only a
+man like themselves and, enraged at the deception practiced on them,
+quickly made an end of him.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">HONAUNAU</h5>
+
+<p>The wall of the City of Refuge is nearly intact, as is that of the
+large heiau. Another heiau was destroyed by a tidal wave. The place is
+now a public park. Stokes, of the Bishop Museum, has done <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>much work
+here and at Napoopoo. The result of his labors will be published.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">KEAUHOU</h5>
+
+<p>The "Slide," made here in the time of King Kamehameha I, consists of
+two stone walls from 50 to 75 feet apart, the space between them being
+filled with stones to provide a level surface from side to side and to
+equalize the slope from top to bottom. It begins a mile from the foot
+of the hill, and its terminus was on a level area near the coast. The
+lower end is now so displaced and overgrown for a fourth of a mile
+that it can no longer be traced; the remainder of it is practically
+intact. The slope is not uniform, being somewhat determined by the
+natural surface, so that it is steeper in some parts than in others.
+Near the upper end some short stretches are quite steep, presenting
+from below the appearance of terraces. In places, flat stones are laid
+pavement fashion from side to side, or rows of stones which seem to be
+the tops of walls extend across. These were probably to prevent
+crawling of the smaller material used as a leveler. The slide,
+according to an old Hawaiian, was covered with one variety of grass,
+on which was laid another variety; but he could not say whether the
+two layers had their stems parallel or crosswise. Kukui-nut oil was
+used plentifully to act as a binder and to give a slick surface. The
+"sliders," as well as he could remember the description of them, were
+like sleds with runners; not flat boards like a toboggan. Small
+depressions here and there, either basin-shaped or well-shaped, have
+led to excavations in the hope of finding something; but they are due
+only to falling-in of tubes, tunnels, or bubbles in the lava.</p>
+
+<p>A somewhat similar but very much smaller slide is said to be on the
+coast 40 miles south of this one. At present it can be reached only
+from the shore, making a canoe voyage necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Two ruined and overgrown heiaus are near the water line a mile from
+the slide. Both are built on bare lava, and at very high tides waves
+dash over them. Possibly the shore has sunk since they were built.
+Near by, on the flat lava, covered by every tide, are rock carvings
+rudely resembling the outlines of human figures. They must be of
+rather recent origin, as the stone is constantly subject to wear by
+the shingle. Stokes has copied them.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">MOOKINI</h5>
+
+<p>At the extreme northwest corner of the island of Hawaii is a heiau in
+excellent preservation, there being but few fallen stones. The ground
+around is entirely free of growth except for grass and a few weeds,
+which may explain its appearance of newness; it has a very modern
+aspect, though it seems to antedate the discovery. It <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>measures 120 by
+275 feet, longest east and west. The east wall is 11 feet high with a
+narrow terrace from end to end about midway the height. The north wall
+is 18 feet high. The south wall, which is in a somewhat irregular
+line, is 5 to 6 feet high. On the outside of the south wall, which
+forms one side of each, are two inclosures. One, near the east corner,
+measures 65 feet east and west and 15 feet wide, with its west wall at
+the edge of an opening which gives access to the interior of the
+heiau. The wall of this inclosure is 4 feet high. The other inclosure
+measures 21 feet east and west by 28 feet north and south, the west
+end flush with the west end of the temple. Its wall is 3 feet high.</p>
+
+<p>The main west wall is 12 feet high. A platform 2 to 4 feet wide,
+probably a seat or bench, extends along the inside of the south wall.
+An interior wall 4 feet high, not straight but approximately parallel
+with the north wall, with a space 10 to 15 feet wide separating them,
+has one end against the east wall, the other end coming near enough to
+the west wall to leave only a narrow passageway.</p>
+
+<p>The entire space inside is paved with large stones; on these, as a
+floor, are several walls whose purpose is not clear; they run in
+various directions. Near the west end are some small inclosures, also
+a raised platform in which are 13 "wells," said to be intended to
+"hold the blood of those offered up as a sacrifice." Possibly the
+bodies or bones of victims were placed in them, though it is more
+probable that they held posts or idols.</p>
+
+<p>On the outside, 20 feet from the west wall, is a "sacrifice stone," 6
+by 8 feet, averaging 15 inches thick. It is somewhat dished, with a
+natural depression 12 inches deep.</p>
+
+<p>The heiau is about 200 yards from the ocean. Walls, like fallen
+fences, extend diagonally from the corners at the west end; the
+northern one terminates 200 yards away on an outcrop of lava; the
+southern one has about the same length and ends 50 feet from a similar
+wall that reaches in a rude semicircle, convex uphill, for 300 yards
+to the top of a cliff over the ocean. On the opposite side of a small
+cove within the farther end of this wall is a stone which is known to
+the natives as the "Shark" or the "Shark God." It is 8&frac12; feet long, 32
+inches across at the widest part, averages 14 inches thick, and has
+somewhat the shape of a coffin with narrowed ends. Lying just on the
+break of the slope, it inclines slightly down the bank. The end toward
+the water is carved in a fairly good representation of a turtle's
+head; on the opposite end are nine artificial cup-like depressions
+from 1&frac12; to 3 inches in diameter with a depth rather less than half the
+width; three are on top, three on the end, three on the lower side.
+Like any long stone supported at the center with the ends free, it
+gives a metallic note when struck with a knife or other <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>small piece
+of metal. It is already defaced by curious experimenters, and will
+probably be broken up some day in search of the "treasure" inside, or
+to "see where the music comes from."</p>
+
+<p>For nearly a mile south of the heiau, covering the space between the
+ocean cliff and a line approximately parallel to it a fourth of a mile
+up the hill, are many inclosures and long walls. Low walls surround
+spaces 10 to 15 feet across, filled level with earth, which are either
+house sites or burial places. Some inclosures, still smaller, with no
+break in the wall, are supposed to be graves; and graves may also be
+marked by the many small piles of stones. Other stone heaps, some
+straight, some crescent-shaped, from 10 to 20 feet long, all the
+curved ones convex to the windward, were wind shelters. Some of them
+are known to be made by modern hunters as blinds in plover shooting.</p>
+
+<p>In at least two places are long parallel rows of large stones placed
+singly, 1 foot to 3 feet apart, the rows separated by a space of from
+4 to 6 feet. One set has a dozen or more rows.</p>
+
+<p>Inside of one of the inclosures, directly up the hill from the old
+landing, is a large stone with an artificial depression of 2 gallons
+capacity. It was intended as a mortar for pounding nuts.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">LAUPAHOEHOE</h5>
+
+<p>An old lava flow has pushed out into the ocean in a shape somewhat
+resembling "a leaf floating on the water," which is the meaning of the
+word. It forms a nearly level area of 12 or 13 acres, only a few feet
+above tide. Toward the outer end are numerous walls and inclosures,
+mostly in ruins and overgrown with trees and bushes. Some of them are
+clearly modern; others are ancient. Near the lighthouse are the
+remnants of a heiau; only a part of its walls can be traced.</p>
+
+<p>A wall 3 feet high, beginning at a large stone at one corner, incloses
+a space 26 by 27 feet, outside measurement; the interior is filled
+with earth and small stones to a level with the top of the walls. At
+the end toward the ocean, is a platform 20 feet wide, terminating 50
+feet from the sea. On this platform is a space 7 by 12 feet, outlined
+by large rocks. Halfway between the platform and the water is a wall
+which may be recent.</p>
+
+<p>Near this inclosure is one hexagonal in outline, the walls 2 feet
+high, and the space inside, 11 by 17 feet, filled with earth to a foot
+above the top of the wall.</p>
+
+<p>On top of the bluff, 350 feet above tide level, is a heiau the west
+wall of which was removed in making a deep cut for the railway. The
+inside dimensions are 70 feet east and west, 115 feet north and south.
+The interior area, originally irregular, was somewhat leveled, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>and
+covered with a pavement of cobblestones which were carried up from the
+beach, as were many of the large stones in the wall. The pavement has
+been torn up in cultivating the ground. The wall is from 4 to 6 feet
+high inside. This is a little more than the original height, as it was
+repaired and raised for use as a corral. Along the outside of the
+north wall, at the west end, is a heavy wall which, with the main
+wall, forms a "well," nearly filled with rocks. There are no
+supporting platforms outside, but along the north and east walls are
+revetments reaching halfway up the face. The southeast corner is
+rounded and braced or buttressed. These forms of support have been
+noticed in only one other place. There is a house site within, at the
+northeast corner. On the wall, placed there in adding to its height,
+were a broken taro pestle and a very dense siliceous rock, of high
+specific gravity, and filled with olivines. It weighs about 75 pounds.
+The ends have been chipped off to give it an ellipsoidal form,
+otherwise the wave-worn surface is unworked, except that one of its
+larger faces is rubbed smooth, almost polished, by use as a grinding
+stone, for which purpose it is excellently adapted by reason of its
+unusual abrasive quality.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">MAUI ISLAND</h4>
+
+<p>There are not many aboriginal structures on Maui, but among those
+which can be found are some of extreme interest on account of their
+size and complicated arrangement.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">KAUPO, OR MOKULAU</h5>
+
+<p>A mile and a half from the coast at Kaupo, or Mokulau landing, at the
+eastern end of the island, are two large heiaus. As it would have
+required a week's time and a considerable outlay of money to reach
+them, by reason of the distance and lack of roads, they were not
+visited.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WAILUKU</h5>
+
+<p>At the mouth of the Iao Valley, a mile north of Wailuku, is a sand
+dune having a nearly level area of about an acre at each end,
+connected by a curved ridge whose sharp crest is lowered about 20 feet
+by erosion. On each extremity is a stone inclosure, with several walls
+on the slopes below them except on the eastern side, toward the ocean.
+Here a stream has encroached upon the bottom of the dune to such an
+extent that only a portion of the inclosure nearer town is still
+remaining, one side and part of each end having fallen into the
+ravine. The wall along the opposite, or western, side is buried in the
+sand, only the highest stones still projecting. From the north wall a
+facing of large stones extending down the surface of the dune for a
+vertical <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>distance of 15 feet has prevented erosion by the winds. No
+protection was necessary below this point as the action of rain water
+on the lime from disintegrated coral rock contained in the deposit has
+caused the sand to "set" or harden.</p>
+
+<p>The other heiau, at the north end of the dune, is apparently
+unfinished. None of it has disappeared, but the plan is difficult to
+make out. At its northern end is a protecting layer of stones reaching
+25 to 30 feet down the slope, in three separate terraces. Similar
+terraces are on the slope below the southern end of the east wall.
+Here and there within the structure are well-like spaces filled with
+stones. The purpose of these is unknown. Stones of varying sizes,
+mostly small, within the walls indicate a pavement or floor, but the
+dense growth of lantana brush and the accumulated sand preclude any
+careful examination or accurate description of these remains.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WAIHEE</h5>
+
+<p>Southward from the mouth of the Waihee Valley, 5 miles north of
+Wailuku, is a range of sand dunes from 200 to 300 feet high, extending
+for half a mile or more in a wide curve, with the concave side facing
+the ocean. The level space thus bounded is about a fourth of a mile in
+its greatest width and contains 50 or 60 acres. Approximately parallel
+with the windings of the shore line, at an average distance of 200
+feet from it, is a strong stone wall, built at an unknown date but
+prior to the advent of the whites. The plain purpose of this wall was
+to protect from high tides the low land lying behind it and reaching
+nearly to the foot of the dunes. This area is now cultivated in a
+variety of crops, mainly rice. Formerly it was a great taro patch of a
+Hawaiian settlement. A modern flume, which follows closely the line of
+an ancient ditch, brings down the necessary water from Waihee Creek.</p>
+
+<p>In front of the wall a space of 5 or 6 acres is covered with a stone
+pavement on which are the walls of old houses and inclosures. They are
+protected on the seaward side by thousands of cubic yards of
+water-worn stones, piled up like a revetment or riprap, which
+terminate abruptly at the southern end but extend to the mouth of the
+creek at the north. The dunes show many angular rocks of the same
+general material, in their lower portion, so they all probably belong
+to a spur or projection from the mountain, washed clean at the front
+by waves, and covered at the rear by the dunes. Some of the stones
+along the water front were rolled by tides and wave-currents from the
+d&eacute;bris carried down by the creek from the mountains. At high tides
+waves surmount this natural breakwater, but spread out over the level
+pavement and sink between the stones, so that dwellers upon the site
+were not disturbed by their action.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>At its northern extremity the high wall connects with a rear corner of
+an extensive heiau, which was either never completed or has been
+partially demolished. The unfinished appearance of this, as of all
+similar remains, is explained by the natives as being due to the
+interrupted efforts at their construction by "the little people"
+(fairies), thousands of whom took part in the work. They must complete
+their task in one night; at the first gleam of dawn they must
+instantly disappear, leaving their work as it was at the moment, and
+could never gather at that spot again.</p>
+
+<p>The highest part of the heiau wall still upright is about 10 feet; but
+some of the stones within, promiscuously heaped, are 2 to 3 feet
+higher. The structure is about 100 by 250 feet, longest on the line
+from water to hill. A cross wall, possibly somewhat modified in recent
+times, divides it into two unequal parts, the seaward portion being
+nearly square and 5 feet higher than the part at the rear. On the
+latter are small inclosures of stone, the space within them paved with
+gravel. If of the same age as the remainder of the structure they may
+have been for priestly seclusion or preparation, though they may be
+houses of later natives who took advantage of the foundation made by
+their ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>Measurements or clear descriptions of these remains are not possible,
+owing to overgrowth. A satisfactory study, to distinguish between
+ancient and modern parts, or between undisturbed stones and those not
+in their original position, would require careful survey with transit
+and level after the brush is cleared away; and this must be followed
+up with considerable excavation as well as removal of loose rock; all
+of which would demand the labor of a dozen men for three months. Even
+at that, there is no certainty that definite knowledge would be
+gained; but it is not to be had in any other way.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">BURIAL PLACES</h5>
+
+<p>Near the top of a remnant of a crater rising from the shore line of
+the ocean, 11 miles from Wailuku on the road to Kahakuloa, is a stone
+wall built on the leeward slope, the only place on which it could be
+constructed, as much the larger part of the crater has been blown out
+into the sea. Between the wall and the summit are at least a dozen
+stone-covered graves; possibly there are others not seen, as much of
+the brush is impenetrable. Some of them are sunken; others appear
+quite recent.</p>
+
+<p>Many such graves are found on the dunes. They are all modern, some of
+them still surrounded by the original wooden fences.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">IN THE IAO VALLEY</h5>
+
+<p>The deepest valley on Maui is that of the Iao River. The sides, nearly
+vertical in places, have an elevation of about 3,000 feet. About 2
+miles above the town of Wailuku, well within the mountain, are walls
+made of stones of varying sizes up to half a ton or more. They extend
+over several acres of land and their structure is quite complicated.
+Mostly, they are borders of taro patches, though some of them mark
+house sites or garden inclosures. One wall, supporting a terrace, is 8
+to 10 feet high and contains very heavy stones.</p>
+
+<p>Near the head of the Iao Valley there are fully 40 acres of taro beds.
+A trail formerly led from this spot to the south shore of the island,
+near Lahaina. It can not now be traced, being obliterated by slides.</p>
+
+<p>Residents of Wailuku say these places were in use only 50 or 60 years
+ago.</p>
+
+<p>Many evidences of former occupation have been destroyed in operating
+the extensive sugar plantations.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 5%; margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;' />
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">KAUAI ISLAND</h4>
+
+<p>There seems to be less evidence of Hawaiian occupancy on Kauai than on
+any other of the five principal islands. Comparatively few heiaus are
+reported. Some of those which were in existence when the whites came
+have been destroyed or defaced to such a degree in establishing sugar
+plantations that their original form is uncertain; while others are so
+covered with vegetation, either natural or due to cultivation, that
+nothing definite can be ascertained as to their size or structure.</p>
+
+<p>The site which might be considered as possessing the greatest interest
+is an aboriginal quarry and workshop where material for stone
+implements was obtained and shaped into desired forms. There can be no
+doubt as to the existence of such a place; but no one now knows its
+location, unless it be some of the older Hawaiians, who, however,
+profess entire ignorance in regard to it. Mr. William H. Rice, of
+Lihue, once induced some natives to conduct him to the spot. He
+believes that if he alone had gone his guides would have fulfilled
+their promise; but unfortunately several other men joined him, and the
+natives, either suspicious of their intentions, or not wishing the
+premises to become publicly known, pursued a devious and wearisome
+journey through the jungle, crossing gulches and clambering up and
+down cliffs until the white men were thoroughly bewildered and
+exhausted; then announced that they "couldn't find it," and led the
+party home.</p>
+
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>
+<h5 class="sub">LIHUE</h5>
+
+<p>At Niumahu, 2 miles from Lihue, on the road leading south and west
+from the harbor of Nawiliwili, is a fish pond known as Alakoka. It is
+a short distance above the mouth of the river, where the little valley
+widens in a half-moon shape, the stream flowing close to the bluff on
+the right. The bottom land on the other side is so low as to be
+swampy. Along the river bank on this side is a heavy wall of stone and
+earth, reaching the higher land at each end, thus forming a pond of 15
+or 20 acres in which the ancient Hawaiians kept their surplus catch of
+fish. The wall has been raised and strengthened by its present owner,
+a Chinese, who raises ducks instead of fish.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WAILUA</h5>
+
+<p>Near the mouth of the Wailua River, 6 miles from Lihue, is the former
+abode of the royal family. The place is so overgrown, except in the
+few cultivated spots, that no examination of it can be made. No traces
+of the residences are apparent, although the stone boundary walls of
+the grounds are still standing. The site of the royal cemetery is set
+aside as public property. There is nothing now to indicate that any
+interments were ever made in it. The "Birthstone," on or by which all
+prospective heirs to the throne must be born in order to insure their
+right to the succession, still lies in the brush near the foot of a
+little cliff. In case of a dispute among the claimants to the throne
+this stone had the power, by some means of which the knowledge has now
+been lost, to determine which, if any, of the contestants was entitled
+to possession.</p>
+
+<p>The "Sacrifice Stone," also, is in its original place, being so large
+that it can not be easily removed. Formerly this had a grass roof over
+it, supported by high poles. When the victim's life was extinct his
+body was suspended to a rafter or crossbeam at the top of the
+structure and left there until the flesh had decayed. The bones were
+then interred on top of the bluff in the rear. It is said that the
+corpses of chiefs and others of high rank were wrapped in banana
+leaves and steamed until the flesh fell away. The skeletons were then
+buried.</p>
+
+<p>A mile from the mouth of the Wailua River, on a narrow plateau between
+it and a small tributary, the summit level being about 200 feet above
+the water, is a heiau in fairly good condition. It is one of the large
+structures of its kind, but is so overgrown that measurements or close
+description are not possible. It is supposed to be the one which was
+sacred to the devotions of the highest priesthood. The common people
+were not allowed to venture near it, and even the king could not visit
+it without special permission involving the most complicated
+ceremonies. It has passed into possession of the county and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>will be
+restored as nearly as can be to its pristine state and thus preserved.</p>
+
+<p>On a mass of loose rocks, resulting from disintegration of an old lava
+flow, projecting into the ocean half a mile east from the mouth of the
+Wailua River, and near the race track, is a heiau of irregular
+construction. The extreme measurements are 80 feet north and south by
+200 feet east and west. The wall on the side toward the sea is higher
+and wider along the central half than it is nearer the ends. Small
+inclosures, bounded by single rows of stones, probably mark the sites
+of houses for priests and attendants. Along the inner side of the wall
+next to the water are four depressions, remains of partially filled
+well-like or cistern-like excavations; similar hollows, obscured by
+brush, are also next to the inner foot of the opposite wall. A large
+rock in the form of a triangular prism, standing upright, with one end
+firmly imbedded in the ground, was no doubt a "god" of some kind; it
+has a slight hollow or "cup" pecked in the flat top. There are several
+irregular rows of stones outside of the inclosure. Dense growth
+prevents the examination necessary for a closer description.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">DUNE BURIALS</h5>
+
+<p>Four miles east of Lihue a spur of the plantation railway was run into
+the dunes to procure sand for making fills. In the course of this work
+human bones were found, the remains of one individual in one spot and
+of at least two others not far away. None of these bones seemed to
+have been long underground. Search in the vicinity, over bare spots
+among the ridges whose upper portions have been carried away by the
+winds, revealed indications of burials in at least six other places.
+Such bones as were found were decayed or in fragments. Among them was
+part of the skull of a very young infant. A quantity of cooking
+stones, some coral rasps or files, and a much weathered fragment of a
+wooden bowl, denoted that camps had been made on the dunes. As the
+beach is smooth, firm, and extensive, providing an excellent place for
+landing canoes or dragging seines, these remains probably pertain to
+parties or families who maintained fishing camps here.</p>
+
+<p>At the mouth of the Wailua River, on the east side, was a "City of
+Refuge." It is now partially destroyed, many of the stones having been
+taken away to make a fill in the road. It was rectangular in form, 360
+feet east and west, 60 feet north and south, made of large stones,
+some of them weighing a ton or even more. The eastern portion of the
+interior is artificially made a foot higher than the western. The
+structure is 300 feet from the water. Midway down the gentle slope in
+front, opposite the western end, is a slightly crooked row, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>100 feet
+long, of very large stones. A similar row is near the water on the
+side between the inclosure and the river.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class="sub">WAIMEA</h5>
+
+<p>There were formerly several heiaus within a few miles of Waimea. Some
+of them have been destroyed by cultivation, while others are difficult
+to find and impossible to examine in the cane fields or dense brush.</p>
+
+<p>At the east foot of a rocky peak 13 miles by road from Waimea, at an
+elevation of more than 3,600 feet, is a small heiau almost on the
+brink of the canyon. Within the walls it is 30 feet across each way.
+On the south line are three large stones in line, one at each corner,
+the third about midway between them. No doubt their position
+determined the location of the structure. It stands on a slight slope.
+The west wall is 2 feet high inside, the earth having washed down
+level with its top outside. The north wall is a foot higher than the
+floor at the west end, and is completely buried at the east, as are
+the south and west walls along their entire length except for a
+protruding stone here and there. In fact, the whole interior seems to
+have received a heavy deposit of earth, carried in from the outside by
+wind and rain. All these features give an appearance of antiquity to
+the ruin.</p>
+
+<p>Directly below it, well toward the bottom of the canyon, which is said
+to be 3,000 feet deep, is a long, narrow, curved ridge with rounded
+top and almost vertical sides. The upper part, apparently an old lava
+flow, is darker in color than the surrounding precipices, its surface
+checkered and seamed by weathering and erosion, so that it has an
+almost startling resemblance to a huge serpent crawling out of the
+side of the mountain and, with head laid flat on the extreme point of
+the cliff, watching something in the stream bed a thousand feet below.
+If the old Hawaiians had been familiar with ophidians, as were the
+American Indians, this "Snake God" would no doubt have held high rank
+among their divinities.</p>
+
+
+<h4 class="sub1">CONCLUSIONS</h4>
+
+<p>As intimated above, much additional information regarding antiquities
+in the Hawaiian Islands can be found in publications of the Bishop
+Museum in Honolulu. Descriptions, with illustrations, of a number of
+heiaus are given by Mr. Thrum in the "Hawaiian Annual" for 1906 to
+1910, inclusive; and his forthcoming volume will completely cover this
+branch of archeology. The Bishop Museum has undertaken to make a
+complete survey and report of all the ancient remains, while Dr.
+Brigham has almost finished for publication an exhaustive treatise
+which will include all his observations <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span>and deductions along the same
+lines. With these tasks ended, there will be nothing for anyone else
+to do, except to take measures for the restoration and care of the
+principal structures.</p>
+
+<p>All the aboriginal remains on the islands are the work of the present
+Hawaiian race. When the earliest of these people came here they found
+the islands without inhabitants. There are no evidences of any
+prehistoric population nor any indications whatever of underground
+remains. Consequently, so far as can be ascertained, excavations would
+not result in the discovery of any prehistoric objects or of anything
+essentially different from what can be seen on the surface or found
+slightly covered by very recent natural accumulation. At the same
+time, all the remains are well worthy of study and preservation. These
+conclusions meet the full approval and indorsement of both Mr. Thrum
+and Dr. Brigham.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a></span>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>INDEX</h3>
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="Index">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="3%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="72%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="25%">Page.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Account's Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Adair</span>, quoted on construction of houses</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Adzes&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">chert, from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">stone, in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Akers Post Office</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Alabama</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133-150</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Alabaster&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Wyandotte Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108-109</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Stalagmite; Travertine.</td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Alford's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Allen, Valentine</span>, acknowledgment to</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Altars, Supposed Sacrificial</span>, origin of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> <span class="sc">Sacrificial Stones</span>.</td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Alton</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Animals&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">bones of, found in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Antler, Objects Of</span>, from Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Arkansas County, Ark.</span>, excavation of mound in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Arklow Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Arlington&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cairns in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Armstrong, B.G.</span>, tradition investigated by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Arnholdt Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Arrowheads</span> discovered in caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Ash Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Ashes&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">beds of, in caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">curious cavities in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_67">67-68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">deposit of, in Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65-66</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Ashley Creek</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Awls&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">bone, in Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Axes&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">grooved, found in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Aztalan, Wis.</span>, theory concerning wall at</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bagnell Hill</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bailey's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Baker's Lake</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">"Ballroom"</span> of Bates Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Barnard Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140-141</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Barren County, Ky.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bat Cave&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Colbert County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Shannon County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Crocker</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on the Osage River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bates Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22-23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Battle Ground</span> near Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Beads&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">columella, from cairn</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">shell, found in cairn</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">stone, in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bear Creek</span>, rock house on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Becker, Philip</span>, examination of cave refuse by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">"<span class="sc">Beckwith's Fort</span>," mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bedford</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Beer Cave</span>, popular name for Steuffer Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Belcher Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bell, Robert A.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bell's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Ben Smith's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Berry, George</span>, cave on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Big Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Big-Mouth Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Big Piney&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">house mounds on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Big Piney Post Office</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Birthstone</span> of Kauai Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bishop Museum</span>, value of, to students</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Blatchley, W.S.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caverns described by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">quoted</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103-104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bledsoe County, Tenn.</span>, cave in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bloodland</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Blowing Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Blue River</span>, caves on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Blue Spring Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bluewater Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bluff City</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bode Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Boiling Spring Of The Gasconade</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bond, John R.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">Bone Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span><span class="sc">Bones, Animal</span>, in caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bones, Human&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Bell's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in cairn at Devil's Elbow</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86-87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in cairns on Helm's farm</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Caldwell's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in cave on Meshach Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Colyer's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Cub Run Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in dune burials</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Gourd Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Haunted Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Hawaiian caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69-72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in mound</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Ramsey's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47-49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Skeletons; Skulls.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bowling Green</span>, caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bradley Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Brandon</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bridal Cave</span>, beauty of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Briggs, Capt. J.B.</span>, cave owned by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Briggs, Ike</span>, cave on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Briggs's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Brigham, Dr.</span>, work of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Brooks Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Brumley</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Bryant's Bluff</span>, rock shelters in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bucher Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Buckner Cave</span>. <i>See</i> Harry Buckner Cave; Joel Buckner Cave.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Buffalo Wallows</span>, so-called</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bunch Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Burial Cave</span> near Sheffields</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Burial Customs</span> in Hawaii</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Burial Places</span> on Maui Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Burials&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">communal</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">dune</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193-194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Gourd Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">inclosed in flat stones</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Lost Hill</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Cairns; Graves.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Burksville</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Bushnell, D.I., JR.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">conclusion of, regarding house mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: 1em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">quoted on house mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Cairns&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at Sugar Tree camp</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">containing double burial</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in vicinity of Eugene, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Pillman's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Woodland Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of common occurrence</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Helm's farm</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87-89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Lost Hill</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24-28</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on the Gasconade</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Burials; Graves.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Caldwell's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131-132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Camden County, Mo.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89-91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">geological formations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Cameron, William</span>, tradition obtained by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Camp-ground Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Cannibal House</span>, so-called, near Omaha</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Cannibalism</span>, discoveries indicating</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Cave</span>, meaning of term, in Hawaii</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Cave Earth</span>, composition of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Cave Exploration</span>, conditions considered in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Cave Man</span>, no trace of, in Ozark Hills</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc"><span class="sc">Caves.</span> <i>See</i> <span class="sc">Caverns.</span></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Caverns&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">air of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14-15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">as habitations</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">development of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13-14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">floors of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">method of measuring</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">proper examination of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Cavities In Ash-bed</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_67">67-68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Cedar Grove</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Chattanooga</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Chaumont Station</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Cheatham's Ferry</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Chippewas</span>, Sioux driven westward by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Chunkey Stones</span> in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">City Of Refuge&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at mouth of Wailua River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">wall of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Civil War</span>, caves as shelters during</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Clarksville</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Clemmens Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Coahoma County, Miss.</span>, large mound in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Coal Pit Hollow</span>, mention of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Coffee Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Cokely Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Colbert County, Ala.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Cole County, Mo.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">College Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Collinsville</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Colossal Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Colyer's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Communal Burial</span>. <i>See</i> Burials, communal.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Cook, Captain</span>, death of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Cooke, George</span>, acknowledgment to</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Cooking</span>, method of, in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Cookville</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Crawford County, Ind.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Crittenden County, Ark.</span>, mound excavations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Crump's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Cub Run Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113-115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Culver's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Current River</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span><span class="sc">Daerhoff, Ben</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dallas County, Mo.</span>, house mounds in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dancing Platforms</span> in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181-182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Davis, J.W.</span>, caves on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Daylight In Caves</span>, use of term</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dekalb County, Ala.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137-139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dent County, Mo.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20-22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Devil's Elbow&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">burials at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">house mounds at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">walled graves at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dillon</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dinsmore, Dr. R.S.</span>, excavations made by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153-154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Discoids, Stone</span>, in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dixon</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Dixon's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Donnehue's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Donnelson's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103-106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Double Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54-55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Drip Rock&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">deposits of, in Berry Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">meaning of the term</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Stalactite; Stalagmite.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Dry Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dry Creek</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Dry Fork Post Office</span>, caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Dunbar's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123-124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Dunes, Burials In</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Dunlap</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_128">128-129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Edenville Road</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Edgar Springs</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Edmonson County, Ky.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115-118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Eidson, Will Robert</span>, cairns on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Eigenmann, Professor</span>, conclusions of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Eldon</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Ellis Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Eminence</span>, supposed cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Esmith Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119-120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Eugene</span>, graves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Farmington</span>, mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Fearin Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Ferguson, Mo.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">excavation of mound near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Fish</span>, eyeless</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Fishing Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Fishponds&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at Niumahu</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Flintworking Site</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Food Supply</span> of Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Foote, A.L.</span>, cave on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Ford's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Fort Deposit Cave&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cross sections of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144-149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">description of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143-150</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Fort Payne Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137-138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Fortification, Indian</span>, near Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Fossil Cave&mdash;</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">plan of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">section of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Franklin County, Tenn.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Freeburg</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Freeman's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81-83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">French Lick Springs</span>, cavern near</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Game</span> played in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Garvin Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gasconade River</span>, caves on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gascondy</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Gilder's Discovery</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Gill, De Lancey&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">observations of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">theory of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Glaize Creek</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Glass Fragment</span>, from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Glover, Robert</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Goat Bluff Cave</span>, description of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35-39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Gods, Stone</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gold In Caves</span>, beliefs concerning</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gordon</span>, tradition related by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gouge</span>, from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Gourd Creek&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cairns at mouth of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24-25</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">village site on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Gourd Creek Cave&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">description of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">exploration of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28-34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Graham Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Granite Mountain</span>, mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gravel</span> in caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Graves&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cist, at Iowa Point</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Bell's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near McKennan's</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Laughlin's ranch</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Saline Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">walled, at Devil's Elbow</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84-87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Cairns; Burials.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">"<span class="sc">Great Temple</span>" of Hawaii</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183-184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Green River</span>, rock shelters on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Gregory, Professor&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">mention of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">work of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">"<span class="sc">Ground House Indians</span>," mounds made by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Ground House River</span>, probable origin of name</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Grundy County, Tenn.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gulfs</span>, formation of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Gulfs Of Lost River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Gumbo</span> for making vessels</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Guntersville</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Guthoerl, Peter&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: 1em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">mounds on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Ha-ha-ton-ka</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hamilton County, Tenn.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hammers</span> found in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hardin County, Ky.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Hardin's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139-140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span><span class="sc">Harlow Cave</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Harrison County, Ind.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Harrison's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Harry Buckner Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hart County, Ky.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Haunted Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hawaii</span>, archeological work in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174-195</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Heiaus&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at Kaupo</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at Napoopoo</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">described by Mr. Thrum</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Hawaii Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185-187</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Wailua</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192-193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Waimea</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Maui Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Mauna Loa</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178-180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">sacred to priesthood</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Helm, Daniel</span>, cairns on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Henson's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hilo</span>, archeological work in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Hixson's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Holmes, W.H.</span>, suggestion made by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Holston River</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Honaunau</span>, work of Stokes at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184-185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Honey Landing</span>, cave at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hopkins, Isaac</span>, mounds on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166-167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">House Mounds&mdash;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">defined</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Dent County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Miller County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in St. Fran&ccedil;ois County, Mo., plan of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Dillon</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Ranch House</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56-57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Rolla</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near St. James</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Stover</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of the lower Mississippi Valley</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Brush Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">theories concerning origin of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163-165</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Village sites.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">House Sites</span>. <i>See</i> Heiaus.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Howe, Nebr.</span>, excavations near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hrdli&#269;ka, Dr. Ale&#353;</span>, reference to</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Hublin's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hughes, Sam P.</span>, work of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155-156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Hunter, A.B.</span>, mounds on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Hurricane Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Hut Rings</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at Beckwith's Fort</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">similar to ruins of Mandan houses</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Hutchins Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Hutchinson, Harrison</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Iao Valley</span>, remains in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Illinois</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Implements&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">found in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">found in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">found near cemeteries</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Indian Ford Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96-97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Indian Fort</span>, on the Osage River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Indian Mound Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Indiana&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cave region of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102-111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Iowa Point</span>, grave at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Iron Mountain</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Iron Mountain Railway</span>, mounds along</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Irvin, George</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">Isboll Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Jackson, General</span>, cave used by, as storage room</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Jackson County, Ala.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Jerome</span>, rock shelters in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Joel Buckner Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Jones Farm</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Jurggenmeyer, Conrad</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Kamehameha I, King&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">"slide" made in time of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">temple built by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Kansan Drift</span>, skeletons reported found in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Kauai Island</span>, investigations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191-194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Kentucky</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112-123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Kerr's Mill</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Key, Buck</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Key Rocks</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Key's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Kilauea</span>, investigations near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Killian Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138-139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Knives&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">discovered in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">flint, found in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: 1em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">found in cairn</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Lackaye's Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Laird's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Lakey's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128-129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Land Company's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Lane, George</span>, mound on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Lane's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Lauderdale County, Ala.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133-134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Laughlin Ranch</span>, cairns on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Laupahoehoe</span>, ruins at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Lawrence County, Ind.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102-106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Leavenworth</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Lewis And Clark&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">mound mentioned by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">names of, carved on rock</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Library Of Bishop Museum</span>, contents of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Lihue</span>, fishpond near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Limrock</span>, caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Linn Creek</span>, cave formerly near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Linnville Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Little-mouth Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Little Piney&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">mound on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">village site on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span><span class="sc">Little Wyandotte Cave</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Lock's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Lodge Sites</span> on Long's Hill</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159-160</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Logan County, Ky.</span>, reconnoissance in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Long's Hill</span>, the site of Gilder's discovery</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Lookout Mountain</span>, Caves on west slope of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Lost Hill&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cairn on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">described</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Love's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Lucas, F.A.</span>, expert on animal bones</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Luckenhoff, John</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mccreary Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mcderment's Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141-142</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Mcwilliams Farm</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mammal Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mammoth Cave, Ky.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115-117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Mammoth Cave, Mo.</span>, rumors of, not verified</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mammoth Cave Of Illinois</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Marengo Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Maries County, Mo.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96-98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Marion County, Tenn.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131-132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Marsh, Henry</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Marshall County, Ala.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139-150</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Martin County, Ind.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Martin, Lewis</span>, cave on place of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Maui Island</span>, aboriginal structures on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188-191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Mauna Kea</span>, quarry on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Maxey's Cave</span>, described</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Meramec River</span>, house mounds on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Meramec Valley</span>, relics seldom found in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Meshach Creek</span>, caves on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mill Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Miller, Daniel S.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Miller, Walter</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Miller County, Mo.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91-96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Miller's Cave&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">description of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57-81</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">measurements of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61-62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">plan of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">shells in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66-67</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Milltown</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Milltown Cave</span>, change in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Missouri River</span>, explorations along</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151-160</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Mitchell</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mix Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53-54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Moab</span>, village site near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Molokai&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">deforestation of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">former population of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">investigations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175-182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">kind of stone found in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Money Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Monroe County, Ill.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Monroe County, Ky.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120-121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Montauk</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Monteagle</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Montgomery County, Tenn.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123-124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Morgan Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Morgan County</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Morrell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125-128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mortars&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">found in caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">large stone used as</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Mosquito Creek</span>, communal burial on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Mounds&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">mentioned by Lewis and Clark</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">not found in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> House mounds; Lodge sites; Village sites.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Munfordville, Ky.</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112-113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Munro, James</span>, acknowledgment To</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">Murrell's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Napoopoo</span>, investigations at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">National Museum</span>, objects shipped to</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Natural Bridge Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">"<span class="sc">Nebraska Man</span>," theories regarding</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157-158</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Nemaha River</span>, mound on, mentioned by Lewis and Clark</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">New Madrid County, Mo.</span>, mounds of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Newburg</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Newsom Springs</span>, caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Niangua River</span>, caverns on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Nickajack</span>, caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Nickajack Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Niles</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Northtown</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Olaa</span>, bones in caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Omaha</span>, investigations in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Onyx Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34-35</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Orange County, Ind.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106-107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Orangeville</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Osage County, Mo.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Ozark Region</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_13">13-100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Page, Robert</span>, cave on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Palmer, Dr. E.E.</span>, rock house on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Paoli</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Papillion, Nebr.</span>, work near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Paris, Rev. Mr.</span>, story of Captain Cook related to</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Park, William&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">buffalo wallows examined by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">skeletons exhumed by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">"<span class="sc">Paved Trail</span>" in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pawnee Village Site</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Payne Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Perforator And Knife</span> from Wright Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span><span class="sc">Perforators, Bone</span>, in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Peru, Nebr.</span>, lodge sites near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Pestle And Grinding Stone</span> found at Laupahoehoe</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pestles&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">found in caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Peters Creek</span>, caves on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119-120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Petroglyphs&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">near Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60-61</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Gasconade River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Pictographs.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Phelps, James</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Phelps County, Mo.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22-42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">house mounds in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Phillips Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pickett's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pictographs&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">reported near Paydown</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Petroglyphs.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Pillman, John</span>, cave on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pipes&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">fragment of, in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from cairn</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Piquet Orchards</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Plattin Creek</span>, house mounds on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Poinsett County, Ark.</span>, mounds in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Polishing Stones</span>. <i>See</i> Rubbing stones.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Pool Hollow</span>, cave in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Pot</span> from Goat Bluff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38-39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pottery&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46-47</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Gourd Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">place where made</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">unknown in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Poyner's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116-117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pride's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Proctor's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Pulaski County, Mo.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42-89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: 1em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">house mounds in</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Quarries&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Hawaii</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: 1em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">on Kauai Island</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Railroad Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rain Heiau</span> of Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180-181</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Ramsey's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81-83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Ranch House</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Refuse</span>, meaning of the term</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Renaud Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rice, William H.</span>, investigations of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rich Fountain</span>, house mounds in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Richland Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Riddle Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Riden, J.W.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Riden's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">River Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Roaring Spring</span>, description of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Robbers' Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rock Ledges Quarry</span>, discovery at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Rock Shelters</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">defined</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16-17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Bryant's Bluff</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of Colbert County, Ala.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Big Piney</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rolla</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rolla Road</span>, house mounds on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rollins, Sam T.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52-53</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Roof Dust</span>, use of the term</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Ross, Joseph</span>, cairns on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Roubidoux Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Roubidoux Creek</span>, caves on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Rowlett Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rowlett's Station</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Royal Family Of Hawaii</span>, former abode of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Rubbing Stone</span> from Sell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Rulo, Nebr.</span>, investigations near</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sacrificial Altars</span>. <i>See</i> Altars; Sacrificial stones.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sacrificial Stones</span> in Hawaiian Islands</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">St. Elizabeth</span>, caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94-95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">St. Francis County, Ark.</span>, house mounds in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">St. Fran&ccedil;ois County, Mo.</span>, mounds of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">St. James</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">St. John's Bayou</span>, mounds along</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Salem, Mo.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Saline Creek</span>, grave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Salt Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115-116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Saltpeter&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Hublin's Cave worked for</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">made in Fearin Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">manufactured in Morrell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">mining for, in Barnard Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140-141</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Saltpeter Cave&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Barren County, Ky.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Crawford County, Ind.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110-111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Dent County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Hardin County, Ky.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Jackson County, Ala.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Marshall County, Ala.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Phelps County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Pulaski County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Texas County, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19-20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Schord, John W.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sell, Dr. W.J.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sell Cave</span>, described</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45-51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sequatchie College</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sequatchie County, Tenn.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sequatchie River</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Serpent</span>, ridge in form of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sewanee</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Shannon County, Mo.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18-19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Shark God&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">stone known as</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">tradition concerning</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sheffields</span>, cave at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span><span class="sc">Shell</span>, objects of, from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Shell Heaps</span> in Colbert County, Ala.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Shellmound</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Shells</span>, accumulation of, in Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Shelter Cave</span>, defined</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16-17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Shiloah Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Shoal Creek</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Shoals</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Short Bend Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20-21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Short Bend Post Office</span>, caves near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Short Bend Road</span>, house mounds on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Short Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117-118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sink Holes</span> near Onyx Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sinkers</span>, found in Molokai</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sinkin Creek</span>, caves near mouth of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sioux</span>, driven westward by Chippewas</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Skeletons&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">communal burial of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">found near Rulo</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in mound in Crittenden County</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Bones, human; Skulls.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Skivers</span>, from Miller's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Skulls&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">found at Lost Hill</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">petrified</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Bones, human; Skulls.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Slabs</span>, stone, used in vault</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26-27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Slick Rock Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">"<span class="sc">Slides</span>" of Hawaii</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Smith, James I.</span>, caves on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Smith Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Smith's Cave</span> . <i>See</i> Ben Smith's Cave.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Smith's Grove</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Smithsonia</span>, cave at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Spearheads</span> discovered in cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Specimens From Caves</span>, where found</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Speers Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Spring Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Spring Cheek Valley</span>, house mounds in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Stalactites&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">abundant in Morrell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">beauty of, in Bridal Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Stalagmite.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Stalagmite&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">abundance of, in Morrell Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Killian Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Luckenhoff Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in Onyx Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">masses of, in McDerment's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Alabaster; Drip rock; Onyx; Travertine.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Standing Rock</span>, near Linn Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Star Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Stark's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Steffy's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sterns, Dr. Frederick H.</span>, work of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Steuffer Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Stokes, Mr.</span>, work of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Stover</span>, house mounds near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Stratman, Henry L.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">"Strawhorn's" Hollow</span>, cave in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Students</span>, journey through cave by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105-106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Sugar Tree Camp</span>, cairns at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Sullivan County, Tenn.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_124">124-128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tavern Creek</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Taylor Mound</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Teeth</span>, deductions from wear of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Temple</span> . <i>See</i> Great Temple.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Temple Hill</span>, cave near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Temple Site</span> on Senator Cooke's ranch</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tennessee</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123-133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tennessee River</span>, caves on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Terrell Land</span>, cave on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Texas County, Mo.</span>, caves of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19-20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Thoburn, J.B.</span>, conclusion of, regarding house mounds</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Thomas, David</span>, village site on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Thomas Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Thrum, Thomas G.</span>, work of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Thumb-scrapers</span>, abundant on village site</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Tick Creek Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tillman, Charles</span>, Grave on Land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tillman, John</span>, graves on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Todd County, Ky.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122-123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tompkinsville</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl">"<span class="sc">Tonky</span>," caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Toronto</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Tradition&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">concerning the Shark God</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">of the "Ground House Indians"</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Travertine&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">from Wyandotte Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl"><i>See</i> Alabaster; Onyx; Stalagmite.</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Troy, Kansas</span>, explorations in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153-154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tuley, John Black</span>, cave on land of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Tunnel Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Turkey-Pen Slough</span>, village site at mouth of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Tuscumbia, Mo.</span>, village site in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95-96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">Twin Caves</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Vienna</span>, cave in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Village Sites&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">in vicinity of Arlington, Mo.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Big Piney</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Gourd Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Saline Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">on Wolf River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pawnee</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: 1em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><i>See</i> House mounds; Hut rings; Lodge sites; Mounds.</td>
+  <td style="padding-bottom: 1em;">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span><span class="sc">Waihee</span>, remains at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189-190</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Wailua</span>, investigations at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192-193</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Wailuku</span>, heiaus at</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188-189</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Waimea</span>, remains near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Warren County, Ky.</span>, explorations in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Watson Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Waynesville&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">cairns in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Welburn's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Welch's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">White Cloud, Kans.</span>, explorations in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151-153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">White's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Widener, Charles E.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Wild-Hog Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Wilson, Jack</span>, remarkable will of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92-93</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Wilson Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92-94</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Wolf River</span>, village site on</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Wood, G.S.</span>, Indian cemetery on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Woodland Hollow</span>, cave in</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Worley, E.S.</span>, cave on farm of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Wright Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91-92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">perforator from</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Wyandotte Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108-110</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">size of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">Wynne's Cave</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Yancy Mills</span>, caves in vicinity of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Yellow Lake</span>, mound opened near</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl"><span class="sc">Yoark, Martha</span>, home of</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdl" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="sc">Yoark Cave</span>, described</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="#Page_43">43-44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="tdlsc">Zimmerman, Mark E.&mdash;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">buffalo wallows examined by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">skeletons exhumed by</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+Page 55: deposists replaced with deposits<br />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Archeological Investigations, by Gerard Fowke
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,11350 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Archeological Investigations, by Gerard Fowke
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Archeological Investigations
+       Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 76
+
+Author: Gerard Fowke
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2006 [EBook #18931]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Connal, Jeannie Howse, Alicia Williams,
+Bruce Albrecht and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by the Bibliotheque
+nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                          |
+    |                                                              |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation matches the original document.      |
+    |                                                              |
+    | This e-text contains characters with less common diacritics, |
+    | non-ascii diacritical marks represented as follows:          |
+    | [vc] = c with a caron above                                  |
+    | [VC] = C with a caron above                                  |
+    | [VS] = S with a caron above                                  |
+    | [)e] = e with an accent breve above                          |
+    | [=o] = o with a macron above                                 |
+    |                                                              |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected in this     |
+    | text. For a complete list, please see the bottom of this     |
+    | document.                                                    |
+    |                                                              |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
+BULLETIN 76
+
+ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
+
+
+    I. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION
+       OF CENTRAL MISSOURI
+   II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES
+  III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER
+       BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA
+   IV. ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS
+    V. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII
+
+
+BY
+GERARD FOWKE
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+1922
+
+
+
+
+LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
+
+
+              SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
+              BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY,
+              _Washington, D.C., February 17, 1920._
+
+   SIR: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript,
+   entitled "Archeological Investigations," by Gerard Fowke, and to
+   recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a
+   bulletin of this bureau.
+
+    Very respectfully,
+            J. WALTER FEWKES,
+              _Chief._
+
+  DR. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
+    _Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+I. Cave Explorations in the Ozark Region of Central Missouri
+
+                                                              Page
+Introduction                                                   13
+The Upper Current River                                        18
+Shannon County                                                 18
+    Bat Cave                                                   18
+    Blue Spring, or Fishing Cave                               18
+    Welch's Cave                                               18
+    Big Creek Cave                                             18
+Texas County                                                   19
+    Smith Caves                                                19
+    Saltpeter Cave                                             19
+Dent County                                                    20
+    Mammoth Cave                                               20
+    Guthoerl Cave                                              20
+    Short Bend Cave                                            20
+    Money Cave                                                 21
+    Saltpeter Cave                                             21
+    Watson, Twin, or Onyx Caves                                22
+    House mounds                                               22
+Phelps County                                                  22
+    Bates Cave                                                 22
+    Another "Bates Cave"                                       23
+    Renaud Cave                                                23
+    Marsh Caves                                                23
+    Wild-hog Cave                                              23
+    Shelters                                                   24
+    Phelps Cave                                                24
+    "Key Rocks"                                                24
+    Jones Cave                                                 24
+    Yancy Mills Cave                                           24
+    Lane Mound                                                 24
+    Cairns on Lost Hill, at mouth of Gourd Creek               24
+    Exploration of the Gourd Creek Cave                        28
+    Onyx Cave                                                  34
+    Goat Bluff Cave                                            35
+    Cairns at Sugar Tree Camp                                  40
+    Tick Creek Cave                                            41
+    Cave in Pool Hollow                                        41
+    House mounds near Rolla                                    41
+    House mounds near Dillon                                   42
+    House mounds near St. James                                42
+Pulaski County                                                 42
+    McWilliams Cave                                            42
+    Davis Caves                                                42
+    Berry Cave                                                 43
+    Maxey Cave                                                 43
+    Yoark Cave                                                 43
+    Graves at Laughlin's                                       44
+    Kerr Cave                                                  44
+    Sell Cave                                                  45
+    Phillips Cave                                              51
+    Bell's Cave                                                51
+    Camp-ground Cave                                           51
+    Bucher Cave                                                51
+    Graves near McKennan's                                     52
+    Roubidoux Cave                                             52
+    Richland Cave                                              52
+    Rollins Caves                                              52
+    Mix Cave                                                   53
+    Double Cave                                                54
+    Railroad Cave                                              55
+    Bat, or Page, Cave                                         55
+    Tunnel Cave                                                56
+    Brooks Cave                                                56
+    Riddle Cave                                                56
+    Lane's Cave                                                56
+    Dry Creek Cave                                             56
+    House mounds                                               56
+    Riden's Cave                                               57
+    Saltpeter Cave                                             57
+    Miller's Cave                                              57
+    Ramsey's Cave                                              81
+    Graham Cave                                                83
+    Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave                           83
+    Woodland Hollow Cave                                       84
+    Walled graves at Devil's Elbow                             84
+    Cairns on Helm's farm                                      87
+    Ash Cave                                                   89
+    Clemmens Creek Cave                                        89
+Camden County                                                  89
+    Along the Niangua River                                    89
+    A fossil cave                                              91
+Miller County                                                  91
+    Wright Cave                                                92
+    Wilson Cave                                                94
+    Bagnell Cave                                               94
+    Bode Cave                                                  94
+    Luckenhoff Cave                                            94
+    Jurggenmeyer Cave                                          94
+    Daerhoff Cave                                              95
+    Cave near mouth of Tavern Creek                            95
+    Bat Cave                                                   95
+    Grave at mouth of Saline Creek                             95
+    Stark's Cave                                               96
+    House mounds                                               96
+    Cairns                                                     96
+Maries County                                                  96
+    Indian Ford Cave                                           96
+    Lackaye's Bluff Cave                                       97
+    Hurricane Bluff Cave                                       97
+    Stratman Cave                                              98
+Osage County                                                   98
+    River Cave                                                 98
+    Rock-shelter                                               98
+    Steuffer Cave                                              99
+    Cairns                                                     99
+    House mounds                                               99
+    "Indian Fort"                                              99
+Cole County                                                   100
+    Natural Bridge Cave                                       100
+Morgan County                                                 100
+    Speers Cave                                               100
+    House mounds                                              100
+
+II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES
+
+Introduction                                                  101
+Indiana                                                       102
+    Lawrence County                                           102
+    Martin County                                             102
+    Orange County                                             106
+    Crawford County                                           107
+    Harrison County                                           111
+Illinois                                                      111
+    Monroe County                                             111
+Kentucky                                                      112
+    Hardin County                                             112
+    Hart County                                               112
+    Edmonson County                                           115
+    Warren County                                             118
+    Barren County                                             119
+    Monroe County                                             120
+    Logan County                                              122
+    Todd County                                               122
+Tennessee                                                     123
+    Montgomery County                                         123
+    Sullivan County                                           124
+    Bledsoe County                                            128
+    Sequatchie County                                         130
+    Grundy County                                             131
+    Franklin County                                           131
+    Marion County                                             132
+    Hamilton County                                           133
+Alabama                                                       133
+    Lauderdale County                                         133
+    Colbert County                                            134
+    Jackson County                                            135
+    Dekalb County                                             137
+    Marshall County                                           139
+
+III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS
+     AND NEBRASKA
+
+Vicinity of White Cloud, Kansas                               151
+    Iowa Point                                                152
+    Near the mouth of the Nemaha River                        152
+Vicinity of Troy, Kansas                                      153
+    Mouth of Mosquito Creek                                   153
+Rulo, Nebraska                                                154
+Near Howe, Nebraska                                           155
+Peru, Nebraska                                                156
+Papillion, Nebraska                                           156
+Vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska                                   156
+    Long's Hill                                               157
+
+IV. ABORIGINAL HORSE MOUNDS
+
+New Madrid County                                             166
+St. Francois County                                           166
+
+V. ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII
+
+Introduction                                                  178
+Molokai Island                                                179
+    The Rain Heiau                                            180
+    The sacrifice stones                                      181
+Hawaii Island                                                 182
+    Kilauea                                                   183
+    Waimea                                                    183
+    Quarry on Mauna Kea                                       183
+    Kawaihae                                                  183
+    East Point district                                       184
+    Napoopoo                                                  184
+    Honaunau                                                  184
+    Keauhou                                                   185
+    Mookini                                                   185
+    Laupahoehoe                                               187
+Maui Island                                                   188
+    Kaupo, or Mokulau                                         188
+    Wailuku                                                   188
+    Waihee                                                    189
+    Burial places                                             190
+    In the Iao Valley                                         191
+Kauai Island                                                  191
+    Lihue                                                     192
+    Wailua                                                    192
+    Dune burials                                              193
+    Waimea                                                    194
+Conclusions                                                   194
+Index                                                         197
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+PLATES
+
+ 1. a, Cave on Big Piney River, Pulaski County, Mo.
+    b, Cave on Big Piney River, Texas County, Mo.              12
+
+ 2. a, Bluff at Mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski County,
+    Mo. b, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave, Pulaski
+    County, Mo.                                                12
+
+ 3. Map of area examined                                       18
+
+ 4. Bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave,
+    Phelps County, Mo.                                         34
+
+ 5. Shell and flint objects from Gourd Creek Cave              34
+
+ 6. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave, Phelps County, Mo.             38
+
+ 7. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave                                 38
+
+ 8. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave                                 38
+
+ 9. Skull of child from Goat Bluff Cave                        38
+
+10. Flints from Goat Bluff Cave                                38
+
+11. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave            38
+
+12. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave            38
+
+13. a, Cairn 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. b, Walled
+    grave 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo.                      38
+
+14. Cairns on Roubidoux Creek, 6 miles from Waynesville,
+    Mo.                                                        46
+
+15. Flints from Sell Cave, near Waynesville, Mo.               46
+
+16. Objects from Sell Cave. a, Pestles or grinding
+    stones; b, celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and
+    skiver                                                     46
+
+17. Three skulls from Pulaski County, Mo. a, b, Skull
+    from Sell Cave; c, d, skull from Bell's Cave, near
+    Waynesville; e, f, skull from Miller's Cave                46
+
+18. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner
+    and amount of wear                                         48
+
+19. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner
+    and amount of wear                                         48
+
+20. a, b, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County,
+    Mo.; c, part of skull of child from Miller's Cave          68
+
+21. Skull of young woman from Miller's Cave                    68
+
+22. Skull of child from Miller's Cave                          72
+
+23. Diseased tibia of adult and diseased bones of child
+    from Miller's Cave                                         72
+
+24. Skull of child from Miller's Cave                          72
+
+25. Cache of flints from ash bed in Miller's Cave              72
+
+26. Flints from Miller's Cave                                  76
+
+27. Flints from Miller's Cave                                  76
+
+28. Flints from Miller's Cave                                  76
+
+29. Axes and pestles from Miller's Cave                        76
+
+30. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+31. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+32. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+33. Bone implements from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+34. Bone and antler implements from Miller's Cave              78
+
+35. Antler implements from Miller's Cave                       78
+
+36. Skivers, showing stages of manufacture, from Miller's
+    Cave                                                       78
+
+37. Shell spoons, pottery disks, and broken spoon made of
+    a deer's skull, from Miller's Cave                         78
+
+38. a, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west;
+    b, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north; c,
+    Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south          180
+
+39. a, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south; b,
+    platform in Heiau A, looking southeast; c, paved way
+    in Heiau A, looking southwest                             180
+
+40. a, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north; b,
+    fireplace in Heiau A                                      180
+
+41. a, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest;
+    b, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking
+    northeast                                                 180
+
+42. a, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west;
+    b, The "Rain Heiau," looking south                        180
+
+43. a, The "Rain Heiau," looking north; b, The "Rain
+    Heiau," looking southwest                                 180
+
+44. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," on Molokai Island,
+    looking southwest; b, The "Sacrifice Stones,"
+    looking west                                              180
+
+45. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest; b,
+    the "Sacrifice Stones," looking south                     180
+
+
+TEXT FIGURES
+
+1. Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo.      26
+
+2. Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo.      26
+
+3. Pipe from Cairn (2)                                         27
+
+4. Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill                             28
+
+5. Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff Cave               37
+
+6. Pot from Goat Bluff Cave                                    39
+
+7. Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave                             40
+
+8. Perforated object of antler from Sell Cave                  48
+
+9. Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell Cave                   48
+
+10. Flints from Sell Cave                                      49
+
+11. Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's Cave             61
+
+12. Incised figures in sandstone near Miller's Cave            61
+
+13. Plan of Miller's Cave                                      62
+
+14. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave                               69
+
+15. Perforated bone object from Miller's Cave                  79
+
+16. Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's Cave                   79
+
+17. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave                               80
+
+18. Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's Elbow               87
+
+19. Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's Elbow               87
+
+20. Plan of Fossil Cave                                        92
+
+21. Section of Fossil Cave                                     92
+
+22. Perforator and knife from Wright Cave                      93
+
+23. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18 feet             144
+
+24. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20 feet             144
+
+25. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22 feet             144
+
+26. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26 feet             145
+
+27. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28 feet             145
+
+28. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30 feet             145
+
+29. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 351/2 feet            146
+
+30. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 471/2 feet            146
+
+31. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60 feet             146
+
+32. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70 feet             147
+
+33. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90 feet             147
+
+34. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93 feet             148
+
+35. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175 feet            149
+
+36. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180 feet            149
+
+37. Plan of House Mound in St. Francois County, Mo.           168
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 1 a, Cave on Big Piney River, three miles
+  east of Big Piney, Pulaski County. Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J.
+  Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 1 b, Cave on Big Piney River, in Texas
+  County, Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 2 a, Bluff at mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski
+  County, Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 2 b, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave,
+  Pulaski County, Mo. (Courtesy of Dr. P.J. Heuer, St. Louis)]
+
+
+
+
+ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
+
+I. EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI
+
+BY GERARD FOWKE
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The geological structure of that portion of southern Missouri which
+lies to the westward of the Archean rocks near the Mississippi River
+is peculiarly suitable for the development of caverns. The Ozark
+uplift produced far-reaching undulations, and there seem to have been
+no violent disturbances which would result in extensive faults,
+considerable displacements, or a pronounced inclination of the strata.
+Jointing and pressure cleavage, however, gave rise to innumerable
+crevices in the limestone, through which percolating surface water
+found its way into all parts of the formations. By its solvent power
+this water gradually enlarged the crevices into passages which,
+multiplying and uniting, drained constantly increasing areas until
+they formed subterranean streams with a perpetual flow. Thus began
+caverns; and these grew in depth, width, and height as the rock was
+eroded and dissolved. Tributary crevices were subject to the same
+action; and there was finally created by each of these water systems a
+network of cavities whose ramifications sometimes extend throughout
+several townships. In time, sections of the roof, here and there,
+became so thin from the combined erosion taking place both above and
+below as to be unable to sustain their own weight; the overlying
+strata fell into the cave, and the volume of water flowing through it
+was augmented by drainage which had previously been disposed of on the
+surface. All this had to seek an outlet somewhere, except in those
+rare instances where it maintains its downward course until, below the
+level of any open stream it can reach, it encounters an impervious
+stratum and must lose itself in the deep rocks. Usually, however, it
+emerges in the face of a bluff or on the side of a hill; and the
+opening becomes "the mouth of a cave." Occasionally, in such
+situations, the water continues to flow out; but usually it finds a
+way to reach a lower level, and so the cave in time becomes dry
+except for such water as seeps through from the earth immediately
+above. Sometimes, too, the point of discharge is at or perhaps
+somewhat below the level of a stream into which it passes; in the
+Ozarks are numerous very large springs or fountains which by inverted
+siphon or artesian action are forced up from subterranean streams
+lying at a greater depth.
+
+Few large caverns have the floor entirely dry, even when they are well
+above the bottom of the valley. Deposits in the front portion may be
+dry, perhaps dusty on the surface; but toward the interior moisture
+usually accumulates until they are muddy or until the water stands in
+pools or puddles. When this is the case there is sometimes a little
+stream making its way to the front through a channel which it has cut;
+or seepage may dampen, possibly saturate, the lowermost portions of
+the otherwise dry earth. These details are controlled principally by
+the direction and degree of slopes and by side openings which allow
+more or less of the water to escape at some part of its journey.
+
+When a cavern is fairly lighted and has a dry floor, whether of rock
+or earth, it forms an excellent abode for a small community unable or
+not disposed to construct shelters more comfortable or convenient; and
+there is abundant evidence that many caves in the Ozarks were utilized
+as habitations by the aborigines. It must be remembered, however, that
+in the centuries which have elapsed since hunters or permanent
+occupants first entered this region, many superficial changes have
+taken place, not only about the entrances but within the caverns as
+well. Very probably these alterations have converted caves once
+occupied into places which at present are quite unfit for such
+purposes. Talus has accumulated in front of the openings or partially
+filled the front chambers; it may well be the case that this conceals
+much refuse. Caves which, from similar deposits, are now difficult to
+enter and dark to the doorway, may have been open and convenient.
+Furthermore, caves with wet or muddy bottoms may owe such condition to
+causes which have recently come into operation; or if they always
+contained more or less water, the primitive dwellers could in many
+cases have overcome such disadvantages by digging drains which have
+since become choked and obliterated. Very small cavities, such as deep
+rock-shelters; or caverns with a great thickness of earth on the
+floors, now showing no trace of remains; or those with entrances so
+small that it is necessary to crawl through--any of these, if cleared
+out to the bottoms, might disclose material dating back to very early
+times.
+
+It might seem that the air in a cave constantly occupied would grow
+stale and close; while smoke from the fires would in time become
+annoying. But Indians used for fuel only dry wood and bark, the smoke
+from which would be a negligible factor. The varying pressure of the
+atmosphere outside creates a current of air in or out which is usually
+imperceptible but which penetrates to the deepest recesses and insures
+ventilation.
+
+In view of the very primitive conditions under which cave dwellers
+lived, as denoted by the artificial objects which they left, and the
+low mentality indicated by the skulls, Mr. W.H. Holmes suggests that a
+careful and extended study of these abodes may disclose a culture
+lower than that prevailing among out-door dwellers in the same
+localities. As no effort would be required to secure warmth and
+shelter, and as food was abundant and easily procured, the people may
+never have advanced from savagery, or may have retrograded.
+
+None of these possibilities are taken into account when reporting upon
+the caves described in the following pages; the information offered is
+based entirely upon the present appearance of the places mentioned. To
+attempt more would be merely offering guesses.
+
+If "Cave Man"--using this term to designate the predecessor of any
+race or tribe known to history--ever existed in the Mississippi Valley
+he would not find in any part of it natural features better adapted
+for his requirements than in the Ozark hills. But, so far, not the
+slightest trace of his presence has been revealed. Products of human
+industry have been reported as occurring at great depths under other
+conditions, even at the bottom of the loess; though in all such cases
+there is some uncertainty as to the correctness of the observations.
+No similar reports have been made in regard to any cave yet explored.
+On the contrary, whatever may be the depth of the deposit containing
+them, the artificial objects exhumed are uniform in character from top
+to bottom; the specimens found on the clay or solid rock floor are of
+the same class as those barely covered by the surface earth. Moreover,
+when they cease to appear they cease absolutely; the rock was swept
+bare, or the clay was deposited, by the stream to which the cave owes
+its existence, and each is a part of the original formation. In these
+circumstances habitation would be out of the question.
+
+By careful search in the caves and rock-shelters of which the Indian
+known to history availed himself, extensive and interesting museum
+collections can be made. To find an earlier man it will be necessary
+to investigate caverns which he found suitable for occupancy and in
+which the accumulation of detritus, from whatever source, has been
+sufficient to cover his remains so deeply that they can not be
+confused with those of a later period; and it may be necessary, also,
+to discover with them bones of extinct animals. Should such a place
+exist, it is extremely probable that there will be no outward
+indication of the fact.
+
+No examination of a cavern is complete or is to be deemed satisfactory
+unless a depth is reached where the geological deposits are
+undeniably of such age as to antedate the possible appearance of man
+upon the scene. This is not assured until the excavation has reached
+the original floor, which may be either the bed-rock or the clay left
+by the eroding stream when its volume had become so diminished from
+any cause that it was no longer able to keep its channel cleared out.
+Unless a cave is almost perfectly dry--and few of them are--the bottom
+can not be reached until all standing or soil water has been drained
+off.
+
+Notwithstanding the most explicit directions, a stranger without a
+guide is frequently unable to find a cave unless its position is
+plainly visible from some well-defined spot. The winding valleys and
+the multitude of ravines sometimes bewilder even those living among
+them.
+
+A few definitions of terms, or explanations of statements in the
+report, may prevent misunderstanding.
+
+"Refuse," "signs," "indications," "evidence," referring to habitation
+or occupancy, mean mussel shells; animal bones; burned or worked
+stones; broken pottery; wrought objects of bone or shell; flint
+implements, chips, or spalls; ashes; charcoal; in short, the material
+ordinarily found on the site of an Indian village, some or all of
+which are to be seen where the caverns have been used for shelter.
+
+"Daylight" or "in daylight" is the greatest distance within the
+entrance to a cavern at which common print may be easily read or the
+nature of small objects lying on the floor determined with certainty.
+
+"Drip rock," "cave rock," or "cave formation" are general terms
+including stalactite or stalagmite; also deposits of similar origin
+coating the walls. Not all of these may be present in the same cavern.
+
+"Roof dust" is a substance, literally "lime sand," produced by the
+superficial disintegration of the roof or walls. This process is
+greatly accelerated where lichen or rock moss has gained a root hold
+on the stone. Roof dust in a dry cavern is the equivalent of
+stalagmite in a wet one.
+
+"Cave earth" is the loose, loamy material usually found in the front
+chambers of large caverns. It is made up of roof dust, sand, and silt
+washed from the interior, outside dust and vegetable matter blown in
+by the wind, with minute amounts of clay or soil carried in by
+animals.
+
+"Gravel" in a cavern is seldom noticeably water-worn, but is the
+angular debris resulting from the continued fragmentation of chert
+nodules released by erosion of the limestone.
+
+A "rock shelter," or "shelter cave," is a room or recess formed by
+atmospheric erosion in the face, usually at the base, of a cliff. The
+depth from front to back, under the projecting or overhanging
+unremoved bedrock above, is generally much less than the length as
+measured along the face of the bluff. They are nearly always dry, more
+or less protected from storms, and when of suitable size and in a
+favorable location were much used as camping places. They are rather
+rare in limestone formations but frequent in massive sandstone.
+
+"House mounds" are small, low piles of earth, similar in all respects
+to those so numerous in southeastern Missouri and southward. Although
+they are usually described as "standing in regular rows," they are in
+fact irregularly placed, though seldom as much as 100 feet apart in
+the same group.
+
+Measurements of caverns explored were made with a tape line; others
+were estimated by stepping, or in the case of elevations, by sighting,
+consequently are only approximate, but the figures given will in no
+case exceed the actual distance.
+
+Specimens reported from caves not excavated were found on the floor,
+sometimes in situations where no addition of cave earth had taken
+place since the objects were left there; at other times where they
+were brought from below by burrowing animals; and, again, where they
+are exposed in the bed or banks of a drainage channel.
+
+In no cave so far examined has any evidence been found to show that
+the aborigines occupied any part of it beyond such point as was
+adequately illuminated from the entrance. No doubt they may, at times,
+have retreated beyond the reach of daylight and been compelled to
+dispel the darkness by means of fires; but such instances were rare
+and of short duration. Statements are sometimes made that specimens,
+usually flint implements, have been found far, possibly several
+hundred yards, within the cavern. Such objects do not predicate
+habitation at that distance; primitive explorers may have lost them.
+It has been pointed out, too, by Mr. De Lancey Gill, that a wounded
+animal, taking refuge in a cave and instinctively seeking its dark
+recesses, may carry in an arrow or spear whose point remains when the
+shaft has decayed. In the case of a large mammal, such as a bear or a
+panther, a number of arrow or spear heads might be carried in and be
+found close together long after the death of the victim.
+
+Cairns or stone-covered graves are of common occurrence; but with a
+single exception the rocks in all those visited or reported are more
+or less displaced. This is due to hunters digging out small wild
+animals making a den in them; to treasure seekers who believe that
+"money" is concealed in them; and most of all to persons who are
+curious to know "what there is in there."
+
+The record of the investigations will be given by counties, beginning
+at the south and proceeding northward. Descriptions and notes of the
+sites mentioned will follow as closely as possible the same
+arrangement. A number following the name of a cave refers to its
+position as denoted by a corresponding number on the map (pl. 3).
+
+
+THE UPPER CURRENT RIVER
+
+A number of well-known caverns, some of them quite extensive, exist
+along the head streams forming the Current River. As originally
+planned, the work included a thorough survey of this region, but owing
+to various causes it was only partially examined. Several large caves
+were reported as being along the river and its tributaries farther
+down than these researches were carried. Notable is one opposite the
+mouth of Sinkin Creek, which was described as dry and very large
+within; but it was also stated that it can only be entered through a
+sink hole with the aid of a ladder or pole 30 feet long. Such a cave
+is not likely to have been used for shelter. Others, as they were
+described, seemed equally unfitted for this purpose. The only
+exception to this general rule is one in Spring Valley south of the
+Current and east of Sinkin.
+
+Such as were visited will be described in their geographical order.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+SHANNON COUNTY
+
+BAT CAVE (1)
+
+This cavern is 6 miles above the mouth of Sinkin. It is near the top
+of a cliff, fully 300 feet above the river. The entrance is 30 feet
+wide and 10 feet high; within is a level earth-covered floor. Being
+very difficult of access, it was probably never inhabited.
+
+
+BLUE SPRING, OR FISHING CAVE (1)
+
+This is situated on the Terrell land, 4 miles below Akers post office.
+The entrance, 10 feet high and 20 feet wide, is almost at low-water
+level; the river at flood height rises fully 20 feet above its top.
+Fifty feet within is a spring or well, 20 feet across, whose bottom is
+beyond the reach of a line 60 feet long. It is said that eyeless fish
+of 3 pounds weight have been caught in this "Blue Spring."
+
+
+WELCH'S CAVE
+
+This is 4 miles below Cedar Grove. It can be entered only in a boat,
+and the entire floor is deeply covered with soft mud.
+
+
+BIG CREEK CAVE
+
+There is a cave at the mouth of Big Creek which is often used as a
+temporary camping place by hunters and fishermen. The water enters
+it whenever there is a freshet in either the creek or the river; so it
+could never have served as a place of permanent abode.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 3: MAP OF AREA EXAMINED
+  (Numbers refer to corresponding numbers in text)]
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+TEXAS COUNTY
+
+SMITH CAVES (2)
+
+On James I. Smith's land, on Big Creek, a mile above Niles, are three
+caves. One is merely a round opening 5 feet in width and height, soon
+narrowing to a crevice; it would not be mentioned except that in it
+was a sandstone slab such as mortars are made of. This bore no marks
+of use; but it had been carried in for some purpose--possibly by white
+men.
+
+The second cave, 50 feet from the first, has an entrance 20 feet wide
+and 4 to 5 feet high. Dry earth extends back for 40 feet; then come
+clay and fallen rocks, sloping downward toward the rear. The roof
+maintains its level as far as followed. No trace of occupation could
+be found.
+
+The third cave, 150 yards from the second, has an entrance 35 feet
+wide and 20 feet high. Dry cave earth appears for 20 feet, at which
+distance it merges with mud containing large rocks. The cavern extends
+for 50 feet in daylight; water from the interior spreads over the
+whole floor to the inner margin of dry earth, where it collects in a
+little stream which passes out along the foot of one wall. The earth
+deposit seems to be thin. The only objects that could be found in the
+cave or about the entrance were a small sandstone slab, unmarked; a
+small piece of deer bone; and one fragment of shell-tempered pottery.
+Not a flake of flint was seen.
+
+These caves are not worth working.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A fourth of a mile from the cave last mentioned is a rock grave on a
+ledge which projects at about 40 feet (vertically) below the top of
+the hill. As near as can be judged, in its present torn-up condition,
+the cairn was originally about 10 by 20 feet in dimensions; so there
+were probably two graves covered by the ordinary conical heaps of
+stone, the depression between them being filled up to form a single
+cairn.
+
+
+SALTPETER CAVE (3)
+
+Five miles west of Montauk, on Ashley Creek, is a cave noted for
+having two entrances which are separated by a triangular mass of rock,
+part of the original formation. This partition measures 30 feet across
+at the face of the bluff and terminates within 20 feet. The principal
+opening is 90 feet wide and 15 feet high. Dry cave earth extends back
+90 feet, at which distance water constantly falls from the roof and
+flows along the foot of one wall through the minor entrance. The
+latter is 30 feet wide, 10 feet high, and its bottom is 10 feet lower
+than that of the main opening. The volume of water passing out varies
+with the seasons, but is sufficient at times to cover the entire floor
+of the side chamber and keep it swept free of earth and small gravel.
+
+In the front portion of the main cavern the dry earth is 5 feet deep
+in its thickest part; but as it has all been leached for obtaining the
+saltpeter or niter diffused through it, none of it is in the original
+position. Some earth has also been brought from farther back, leached,
+and added to the pile in front; and much of this has been hauled out
+for fertilizer.
+
+Near the main entrance is a large mass of breccia made up of small
+angular limestone fragments cemented throughout with stalagmite
+material; it projects several feet above the present level of the
+earth floor, so the character of the cavern must have changed greatly
+since this deposit was formed.
+
+The only artificial object found was a fragment, about an inch across,
+of dark, sand-tempered pottery.
+
+Owing to the extensive changes resulting from collecting the
+saltpeter, the cavern would not repay investigation.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+DENT COUNTY
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE
+
+The statement has been made that a large dry cavern, known as the
+"Mammoth Cave," is in a bluff facing Current River, opposite the mouth
+of Ashley Creek. It could not be located; and residents in the
+vicinity assert that not only is there no cave near this site, but
+there is none known as "Mammoth" anywhere in the region. Some of them,
+however, had a vague idea that a cavern bearing the same name exists
+"away down toward Eminence; it may be on Jack's Fork."
+
+
+GUTHOERL CAVE
+
+There is a cave on the farm of Peter Guthoerl, 6 miles east of Salem.
+It is small, with very little level space in front of it, and water
+from the interior runs or seeps out of it, keeping the floor muddy
+throughout the year.
+
+
+SHORT BEND CAVE (4)
+
+Short Bend post office is 12 miles northeast of Salem. Half a mile
+east of it, in a bluff on the opposite side of the Meramec River, is a
+cave with an entrance 25 feet wide and about the same in height; the
+roof forming a fairly symmetrical Gothic arch. Were it not for the
+pile of talus in front, water from the river would pour into the
+cavern in extreme floods; these subside very rapidly, however, and
+have never percolated through the barrier.
+
+It is said that persons digging in a desultory way have unearthed
+bones which were assumed to be those of Indians because they were
+"red." No description of them could be obtained, and they may not have
+been human bones at all.
+
+The floor is level and dry for about 80 feet back from the entrance,
+but no refuse of any kind appeared, except in the pile of talus
+outside, which showed a small quantity of flint chips such as would be
+left by hunting parties in repairing their weapons.
+
+
+MONEY CAVE
+
+This is a fourth of a mile down the river from Short Bend Cave. It
+takes its name from the customary tradition that Indians concealed a
+large treasure here; the legend being authenticated by an "Indian
+chief" who told a white man that his people had buried much gold in a
+cave in this bluff, built a fire over the money, then filled the mouth
+of the cave with earth and rock. Some of the persons who opened many
+small holes in searching for the hidden wealth claim to have found
+ashes in this cave, behind the barrier, which is only ordinary talus.
+The floor is of tough clay, fallen rocks, and stalagmite, all of
+which, as well as the walls and ledges, were industriously dug and
+hammered for months by the treasure seekers.
+
+A cave with an entrance 15 feet wide, the same in height, and having a
+depth of 45 feet in daylight, lies between Money Cave and Short Bend
+Cave. In very wet seasons water runs through it from the interior; and
+high water backs into it from the Meramec River.
+
+
+SALTPETER CAVE
+
+This is three-fourths of a mile north of Short Bend post office, on
+the opposite side of the river. The arched entrance is 25 feet wide
+and 20 feet high. Fifteen feet from the front the cave divides into
+two branches about equal in size; they have never been explored to the
+end. One branch continues straight back for about 100 feet, then turns
+abruptly to the right for 50 or 60 feet, at which distance it resumes
+its original direction. The other branch turns directly to the right
+and is in daylight for 50 feet. Much of the cave earth has been hauled
+away for fertilizer, or leached for obtaining saltpeter, so that only
+a small quantity remains in front. Farther back, in both chambers, the
+dry earth where not disturbed is 8 to 10 feet thick.
+
+The cavern is easily accessible, close to the river, and otherwise
+well adapted for habitation; but careful search failed to reveal any
+indication that it had ever been thus used.
+
+
+WATSON, TWIN, OR ONYX CAVES
+
+The two caverns thus variously designated are on the Meramec River, 14
+miles north of Salem. They are parallel to a depth of about 100 feet,
+being separated by only 10 or 12 feet of solid wall. The floors of
+both slope downward from front to rear, but not so rapidly as the
+roof, so that at this distance the caves apparently come to an end.
+But that they continue back into the hill is manifest from the
+appearance of the roofs. In some manner the rear portion of each has
+become entirely filled with earth. Probably they unite somewhere
+beyond this point.
+
+Either of these caves is of ample size to make an excellent shelter
+for a large number of people; but they are difficult of access, and no
+evidence whatever could be discovered indicating occupancy.
+
+In fact, this part of the Meramec Valley does not seem to have ever
+been permanently inhabited. Residents say that relics, even flint
+implements, are seldom found in the bottom lands; and this fact was
+commented on by persons who have learned how common such things are in
+other localities. Small, rough hematite axes, however, occur in
+considerable quantities throughout the region. The ore outcrops at
+various places and solid nodules or fragments are plentiful. Chert
+knives or spearheads are found scattered promiscuously; and, rarely,
+an object made of other stone may be picked up. Very few specimens of
+any description are symmetrical or carefully finished.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (5)
+
+On the Dent County infirmary farm, in Spring Creek Valley, a mile and
+a half south of Salem, is a group of house mounds, about 50 in number.
+They have not been much disturbed by cultivation; the creek and a
+drainage ditch have cut through several of them, but, as usual, there
+is nothing in the construction to show their purpose.
+
+Two similar groups are on the Short Bend road, not far from Salem;
+another group on Peter Guthoerl's farm 6 miles east of Salem; and a
+fourth group, partly within the corporate limits of Salem, on the road
+to Rolla.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PHELPS COUNTY
+
+BATES CAVE
+
+On the farm of J.W. Riden, 6 miles southeast of Big Piney post office,
+is Bates Cave, of which every visitor to the region is speedily
+informed. It is entered with difficulty by sliding feet first down the
+inner slope of a pile of debris which fills the entrance almost to
+the roof. Once beyond this, there is ample space. On the hillside,
+above the mouth, is a vertical shaft, like a well, due to the widening
+of a crevice; access to the interior of the cave may also be had
+through this by means of a long rope. Under present conditions, it
+would not be used except as a temporary shelter or hiding place; for
+which purposes bushwhackers availed themselves of its advantages
+during the Civil War.
+
+This cavern is renowned far beyond its merits on account of its famous
+"ballroom," where dances and picnics are held; artificial lights being
+placed on the walls. Possibly the manner in which it must be entered
+has something to do with its popularity.
+
+
+ANOTHER "BATES CAVE"
+
+Within a few rods of the cave above described is another, with an
+entrance 60 feet wide and 10 feet high. Cave earth, which is 5 feet
+thick above the bottom of a small stream coming from the interior,
+extends back to large rocks covering the floor; beyond these are
+rocks, wet clay, and gravel. The cave earth seems to run for some
+distance under the receding walls. A milk house has been constructed
+in it, so that excavations are not permitted.
+
+
+RENAUD CAVE
+
+Four miles east of Edgar Springs, facing Little Piney, is Renaud
+(R[)e]n'n[=o]) Cave, on the farm of Charles E. Widener. The entrance
+is 50 feet wide and 10 feet high. Dry cave earth extends back for 65
+feet, then comes fallen rock for 100 feet or more. A little stream
+runs close to the north wall. Cave earth is 5 feet deep on the bedrock
+at the entrance and rises toward the interior. There is much refuse
+within and also on the slope in front of the entrance.
+
+
+MARSH CAVES
+
+A shelter cave on Henry Marsh's farm, facing Little Piney, 2 miles
+south of Yancy Mills, has a front 35 feet wide, 15 feet high, and runs
+back 60 feet. There is a wet-weather stream bed through the center.
+Bedrock shows at the entrance, rising toward the rear for a few feet,
+then becoming covered with cave earth, which probably has a maximum
+thickness of 2 feet. There is considerable refuse scattered about, but
+it is doubtful whether the shallow deposit would repay investigation.
+
+
+WILD-HOG CAVE
+
+A fourth of a mile from the above cave is one known as "Wild-hog
+Cave," because in pioneer days these animals gathered here for shelter
+and protection. It is a small, tunnel-like affair, with a solid rock
+floor, and extends farther into the hill than anyone has ever dared to
+venture.
+
+
+SHELTERS
+
+Two small rock shelters near the Wild-hog Cave may have been resorted
+to as temporary camping places.
+
+
+PHELPS CAVE
+
+A cave on the farm of James Phelps, 2 miles south of Yancy Mills, is
+described as small, with a narrow entrance.
+
+
+"KEY ROCKS"
+
+Near Yancy Mills there is something known as "the Key Rocks." It can
+not be found by a stranger and no guide was available at the time the
+place was sought. It is described as a small, deep, circular hole in
+solid rock, in which were many stone covers or lids, one above
+another, gradually diminishing in size and "cut to fit down on each
+other." It is probably due to stream erosion.
+
+
+JONES CAVE
+
+On Little Piney, half a mile south from Yancy Mills, is a large cave
+on the Jones farm. It is said to have a large entrance and much earth
+on the floor. As the owner uses it for a warehouse in which to store
+fruits and vegetables and utilizes the stream flowing through it for
+preserving milk and butter, no examination could be made.
+
+
+YANCY MILLS CAVE
+
+There is a small, shallow cave near the top of the bluff, half a mile
+north of Yancy Mills. It contains no evidence of occupation, except
+that walls and ceiling are blackened with smoke, due, probably, to
+modern refugees or hunters.
+
+
+LANE MOUND (7)
+
+It was reported, too late to visit the site, that on George Lane's
+farm, on Little Piney, a mile north of Yancy Mills, is a mound "8 feet
+high, built of earth," and surrounded with the usual evidences of a
+village site, scattered over the level bottom on which it stands.
+
+
+CAIRNS ON LOST HILL, AT MOUTH OF GOURD CREEK (8)
+
+Gourd Creek flows into the east side of Little Piney River 12 miles
+southwest of Rolla. It is less than 4 miles long, and but for three or
+four large springs near its source, which keep its volume fairly
+uniform, would be dry most of the year.
+
+Parallel with it, a short distance to the southward, is a ravine
+several miles in length, known as Coal Pit Hollow. This originally
+discharged its drainage into Little Piney about half a mile above the
+mouth of Gourd Creek. A ravine tributary to the latter, near its
+mouth, has worked back until it has captured the flow of Coal Pit. The
+lower end of the stream bed thus abandoned now forms a gap or
+depression with a slight incline from the center in both directions.
+The crest of the deserted portion is about 50 to 60 feet above the
+present level of Little Piney. The hill inclosed by this quadrilateral
+drainage is about a fourth of a mile in length along its top, has a
+direction almost north and south, with a nearly uniform slope along
+the summit, the southern point being somewhat higher than that at the
+north, and terminates abruptly at each end. The sides descend at once
+from the center line of the ridge, like a roof with a slightly rounded
+comb.
+
+On account of its isolated position the eminence is locally known as
+"Lost Hill." It is not to be confused, however, with several similar
+formations in this region, to which the same term is applied and which
+may owe their existence to a like cause, or may be due to cut-offs by
+streams.
+
+On the top of this particular Lost Hill are six cairns, five of them
+near the northern end, the sixth just where the ridge breaks off to
+the south. The margins are uncertain owing to the upper stones being
+scattered by hunters as well as by credulous individuals who are
+firmly fixed in the belief that all such "rock piles" contain gold
+hidden by Indians.
+
+So far as can now be determined the five at the northern end were 16
+to 18 feet across as left by the builders, the southernmost one being
+somewhat smaller. All are in uncleared land, and crevices between the
+stones are filled with a tangled mass of roots from the trees and
+bushes growing on and around them.
+
+The relative positions are about thus, measurements being made on the
+earth between the scattered stones: (1) 10 feet, (2) 10 feet, (3) 50
+feet, (4) 10 feet, (5) 1,000 feet, (6). The distance from (5) to (6)
+is estimated by stepping and may vary considerably either way from the
+measure given.
+
+Cairns (1), (2), and (3) were thoroughly excavated.
+
+
+CAIRN (1)
+
+This, the farthest north, was about 16 by 17 feet within the original
+limits. When the outer loose rocks were removed there was disclosed a
+wall of flat stones on the natural surface, so laid as to form an
+inclosure apparently intended to be practically square. It measured,
+across the center, from outside to outside, about 14 feet from north
+to south by 12 feet from east to west. The north and south walls were
+straight, the others outwardly curved. The approximate outline is
+shown in figure 1. In most parts the wall was only one stone high; in
+a few places there was another rock laid up. Over and within this wall
+had been piled loose stones, ranging in size from small pebbles to
+fragments of 150 pounds in weight, to form a heap whose original
+height was about 2 feet.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 1.--Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps
+  County, Mo.]
+
+When all these were cleared away the space within the wall was found
+to measure 9 feet in each direction. Three feet from the middle of the
+west wall was a fragment of a child's skull lying on the undisturbed
+angular gravel which forms the natural surface on this ridge except
+where a small amount of recently decayed humus may be held by rocks
+and roots. Halfway between the center and the north wall was the top
+of an adult skull, with three fragments of long bones. These, which
+were much gnawed by rodents, were in black earth, evidently the former
+home of some burrowing animal.
+
+A foot north of the infant's skull were small remnants of an adult's
+skull, probably belonging with the piece first found. There were also
+some scraps of animal bones, much gnawed.
+
+
+CAIRN (2)
+
+This measured from 16 to 18 feet across to the outer edge of the loose
+stones, and about 30 inches high. Under the top rocks was a rough wall
+similar to that in Cairn (1), but all the sides were nearly straight.
+The outline is given in figure 2. The outside measurements, across the
+center, were 15 feet each way. There were more stones in this wall
+than in the first; mostly there were two, and in some places three,
+superposed.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 2.--Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps
+  County, Mo.]
+
+Extending from north to south across the middle of the vault was a row
+of large slabs standing on edge with their tops leaning toward the
+east. Their inclination varied from nearly horizontal to nearly
+vertical; so it would appear that they were not placed thus
+intentionally but had settled irregularly. Probably they had formed
+the covering of a pen or vault, of poles or timbers, in which a body
+had been placed.
+
+Close to these inclined slabs, near the north wall of the vault, was
+the effigy pipe shown in figure 3. It is made of a fine-grained
+sandstone and seems intended to represent a buzzard with an
+exaggerated tail, though the beak is more like that of a crow. This
+specimen lay between two flat rocks which were separated by a little
+earth and gravel, but there were no traces of bone with it or near it.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 3.--Pipe from Cairn (2).]
+
+At a slightly lower level than the pipe were several flat stones
+standing at various angles. When these were removed there were found
+fragmentary remains of at least three adults, lying in confusion, as
+if only the folded dismembered skeletons had been placed here. They
+lay on a floor of slabs which, in turn, rested upon undisturbed
+gravel.
+
+The facts observed are difficult to interpret, as the original order
+was so broken up; but it would seem that as a preliminary to the
+burial of bodies or skeletons, the superficial earth had been scraped
+away and a rough stone floor laid, on which the bundled or folded
+remains were placed and at least partially covered with earth and
+gravel. Other flat rocks were then laid over them, either directly on
+the earth or more probably supported by poles placed across, whose
+decay had allowed them to fall into the confusion in which they were
+found.
+
+A small flint knife was among the remains.
+
+The pipe, being at a little distance from these bones, would suggest
+another interment; but as no trace of such remained it may have been
+placed as an afterthought or a separate deposit.
+
+From these skeletons row after row of the slanting rocks continued to
+the inner side of the eastern wall. Two feet east of the pipe was a
+skull on its right side, the back against a small flat rock. It was
+crushed flat, and only a small part of it remained. Possibly it had
+turned after burial, as fragments of other bones were found here and
+there toward the south from it, indicating an extended burial. The
+teeth were hard, solid, and much worn. The bones found were more or
+less gnawed, and among them were scraps, probably of food animals,
+burned into charcoal. No bones found could be saved, as they were very
+soft.
+
+
+CAIRN (3)
+
+This was similar in construction to (1) and (2), as is shown in figure
+4. The wall, along the outside, measured 14 feet on the south, 13 feet
+on the north, 15 feet on the west, and 14 feet on the east. The
+inclosed space was 10 feet across each way. Some one had dug out much
+of the south end; the northern end was undisturbed.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 4.--Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill.]
+
+The prior excavation had barely missed, near the west wall, a few
+fragments of an adult skull and three teeth. About even with the
+middle point of the west wall, 2 feet from it, was evidence of the
+burial of an adult--pieces of bone and skull, and some teeth. North of
+these, near the northwest corner, were fragments of two adult skulls,
+with one of which were some beads made of shells of water snails; 18
+of these were recovered, all more or less decayed. Between these two
+skulls were parts of a child's skull, the teeth not yet through the
+bone.
+
+Inclined flat stones in the eastern half of the grave, the tops
+leaning eastward, denoted other burials; but nothing was found under
+them, although small flat stones laid on the original surface
+indicated the bottom of a grave.
+
+Evidently several burials, of which all traces have disappeared, were
+made in this vault.
+
+Owing to the practical identity of these three graves, the poor
+returns, and the difficulty of working in a tangled mass of tough
+roots without displacing the stones so greatly that their proper
+position became a perplexing question, the remaining three were not
+excavated.
+
+
+EXPLORATION OF THE GOURD CREEK CAVE (8)
+
+Near the mouth of Gourd Creek, on the north side, is a cave which has
+acquired much local reputation from its size and also from the
+evidence it affords of a long-continued occupation by the aborigines.
+It is easily reached from the road which passes in front; wagons can
+be driven into it and there is ample space for them to turn and pass
+out. Formerly it was much resorted to as a pleasant place for social
+gatherings; but in recent years it has been used as a barn and
+storehouse. The owner, Mr. Valentine Allen, gave cheerful permission
+for all the excavation that was desired, subject only to the proviso
+that the floor be put back in condition suitable for the purposes for
+which he needed it. And it is only fair to state that he was not at
+all difficult to satisfy in this respect.
+
+A stream coming from the interior had a flow at the close of the long
+drought in 1918 sufficient to fill a 2-inch pipe with a rapid fall; in
+wet seasons the water spreads from wall to wall until it comes to
+within 100 feet of the mouth.
+
+Back in the cave, where the slope is greater, it has sufficient volume
+and force to carry away all pebbles smaller than coarse gravel and the
+material that finds lodgment among the stones.
+
+The cave is easily traversed for almost 600 feet; beyond this are
+narrow crevices and tortuous passages, where explorers must frequently
+crawl or clamber. One adventurous party proceeded until they reached
+an opening on the other side of the hill; but this was so choked by
+fallen rock and debris from the hillside as to be impassable. In
+storms a strong breeze passes through the main entrance, in or out in
+accordance with the direction of the wind.
+
+Owing to the irregular outline of the cliffs, the width of the
+entrance can not be accurately given. From side to side, well under
+the front of the ceiling the distance is 110 feet. Two hundred feet
+toward the interior it contracts to 50 feet. At the entrance the walls
+are vertical to a height of 25 feet; a short curve at the top on
+either side, due to the breaking away of the ledges, connects them
+with the roof, which is somewhat higher. Being a single massive
+stratum, the top is practically horizontal, but the floor constantly
+rises from the front with a slight and fairly uniform grade. The front
+chamber is straight and well lighted for 300 feet, where it turns
+abruptly westward; from this point the floor is solid rock which the
+water keeps comparatively free from any loose matter except heavy
+blocks from the walls or top.
+
+Beginning at the entrance is a deposit whose farthest extension
+reaches 100 feet into the cavern. It is composed to a small extent of
+sand and clay carried by the stream, and of earth blown or washed in
+from the outside; but, as investigation proved, it is mainly ashes
+from prehistoric fires. The surface of this deposit, especially toward
+the inner end, is very uneven, being higher near the walls than
+through the central portion. This is due to two causes: In very wet
+seasons water has carried away much of it, and a large amount has been
+hauled out by the owner to scatter over his fields as a fertilizer. He
+reports that in the course of this work he found quantities of pottery
+fragments, broken bones, flints, and "two or three" human skeletons,
+with fragments of others. This is the basis for the assertion,
+frequently heard, that "many" or "very many" burials had been made
+here. The only human remains which he saved are the complete skull of
+an adult, remarkably preserved and apparently that of a white woman; a
+rather large lower jaw, of a man; a few long bones; and parts of
+skulls and jaws of three or four children.
+
+From comments made and questions asked by visitors while the
+investigation was in progress, it seems that bones and teeth of deer
+and other animals are mistaken for those of people. No human bones
+were uncovered in this work, except as noted below.
+
+There is a firm belief in the community that somewhere in this cave is
+concealed $100,000 in gold, seven "pony loads" in all, which was put
+here by an old squaw, sole survivor of a massacre by which her tribe
+was exterminated. Much of the irregularity of surface noted in the
+deposits is due to the efforts of persons trying to find this money.
+
+Before starting the work it was necessary to deepen the little stream,
+which had cut its way through the accumulation much nearer to the
+western than to the eastern wall of the cavern, in order to allow the
+water to run out of the lower end of the deposit. Thorough drainage of
+the whole mass was impossible, as water continually seeped in from the
+gravel bed farther up, a condition which could not be remedied.
+
+Bedrock was reached at a depth of 3 feet below the channel. The lower
+2 feet of this distance was through a black, mucky substance which was
+so tough and sticky that removing it was like digging through a bog.
+
+Following the bedrock as a floor, the western side of the deposit was
+first examined. It had a width of 35 feet at the mouth of the cave,
+gradually narrowing inward for a distance of 75 feet, where it
+terminated at the level of the water. Its greatest elevation, at the
+side of the entrance, was about 10 feet; but this does not mean that
+its thickness was so much at any point, as the rock sloped upward
+quite as rapidly as the surface. So many stones were scattered through
+it, fallen from the sides and roof, or rolled in from the outside
+where they had broken loose from the cliff, that not more than
+one-fourth of the area could be excavated. These rocks varied in size
+from cobblestones to blocks weighing 3 or 4 tons. They were at all
+levels, some lying on the rock floor, others only slightly imbedded in
+the earth. Yet the superficial accumulation extended under all of them
+except such as were in direct contact with the bedrock, proving that
+the cave was occupied throughout the period in which such downfalls
+occurred. An additional evidence of age is the fact that the usual
+debris, such as bones, flints, pottery, ashes, etc., lay in immediate
+contact with the bedrock where this has weathered to a chalky
+consistency from 2 to 4 inches in depth since these objects were left
+there.
+
+Owing to the uneven surface of both the bedrock and the deposits on
+it, the thickness of the latter varied from 1 to 3 feet--not including
+the muck, which last, however, disappeared at the level where the rock
+rose above the water line. But, whatever the depth, more than half the
+overlying material was pure ashes; either resting undisturbed on the
+fire beds, or piled in irregular masses, where they had been thrown to
+get them out of the way. The largest ash bed was near the wall; it
+measured from 4 to 7 feet across, with a very uneven outline, as if
+many fires had been made there at different times.
+
+The objects discovered included flint knives, spearheads, arrowheads
+(mostly broken), with many spalls and chips; potsherds (only very
+small pieces were found); animal bones; mussel shells; bone
+perforators; chert nodules, more or less flaked; two stone beads or
+buttons; a small fragment of a pipe; but no mortars, hammers, pestles,
+cooking-stones, or hatchets, such as are usually found on the sites of
+Indian villages. None of the pottery was decorated, but most of it was
+cord-marked, though some of it was so smoothed and polished as almost
+to appear glazed. It varied through a wide range of color, thickness,
+and general appearance, and was noticeably deficient in quantity. In
+fact, the west side of the cave had less the appearance of a
+permanently occupied site than of a camping place which was used as a
+temporary resort by traveling or hunting parties; but at the same time
+the depth and amount of ashes showed that it had afforded shelter
+through a long period.
+
+The excavation on this side included all the space bounded by the
+ditch, the wall, the mass of rocks piled at the entrance, and the
+water-soaked earth toward the interior. The muck, and the large blocks
+scattered around, prevented a complete clearing out; but the part
+thoroughly examined had an area of about 600 square feet, perhaps a
+little more. No human bones were found, in spite of reports of their
+discovery and reburial by treasure hunters in the past; and there was
+wide disagreement on the part of visitors, who were also present when
+the bones were found, as to the number of such interments. All finally
+conceded that there was only one adult skull, though there was much
+argument as to the number of children's remains discovered, the person
+who was blessed with the largest memory insisting there were 13 "all
+in a pile." There was also some discussion as to whether the remains
+were actually found near the west wall or had been carried over there
+and reinterred after being exhumed on the east side.
+
+These particulars are given merely to show how little reliance is to
+be placed upon the statements of perfectly truthful persons who do
+not observe closely, whose memory plays them tricks, who are not
+especially interested in the matter under discussion, or whose
+recollections naturally become jumbled after several years have
+elapsed.
+
+Work was next begun on the east side, at the edge of the drainage
+trench. Bedrock was reached as before, under 2 feet of muck, and was
+weathered until quite soft and of a yellowish hue, for 3 or 4 inches
+below its surface. An effort was made to keep on the rock as a floor,
+removing all the muck; but this was so water soaked, so tenacious, and
+so filled with chert and limestone gravel that it could not be managed
+with either pick or shovel. A little of the gravel had no doubt fallen
+from the roof; but nearly all of this mingled material had washed down
+from the interior, as it was entirely similar, except for its dark
+color, to that forming the floor farther in. Consequently it was
+necessary to limit the explorations to that part of the deposit which
+lay above the wet black mass. Numerous attempts were made to ascertain
+the thickness of the latter; but water, gravel, and slush oozed or
+slid into the hole as fast as they could be removed, and it was
+impossible to reach the bottom. The eastward dip of the rock floor, as
+noted on the western side of the cave, no doubt continues entirely
+across. If such be the case, then the original drainage line was
+against the foot of the eastern wall. Later, because the channel was
+obstructed by talus, the stream was forced more and more to the west,
+saturating, up to the level of its final outlet, the earth and ashes
+which had accumulated. It may be, however, that either this line of
+drainage, or the mass of talus in front of the cave, is of
+comparatively recent origin. Such accumulations as those described
+would be impossible under present conditions. At any rate, this
+deposit of muck, then dry, started from the floor of the cave with the
+earliest occupation; for artificial objects of the same character that
+occurred in the dry deposit above were found in it to a depth of 3 or
+4 inches. They may continue to the bedrock, but on account of the
+standing water no satisfactory observations could be made below the
+level indicated.
+
+Lying above the muck and, as intimated, practically continuous with
+it, was an accumulation of ashes with which here and there some earth
+was mingled, though the latter made only a small proportion of the
+entire mass, and was sometimes entirely lacking from top to bottom.
+They were principally in strata or irregular layers, lying undisturbed
+where fires had been made; but there were also many scattered piles,
+usually small, where they had been thrown to get them out of the way.
+
+The excavation on the eastern side began with a trench 25 feet wide.
+When this had been carried about the same distance toward the wall,
+rocks and earth rolled and washed in from the outside were encountered
+on the right, the side toward the mouth of the cavern. These reached
+from the bottom to the surface, and were continuous with the bank of
+talus. As results had been meager along here, the sides of the trench
+were turned to the northward and northwestward. The entire trench was
+43 feet long and varied in width from 30 feet in the central parts to
+18 feet at the extreme northern end. The left face reached, in its
+entire length, nearly to the drain; on the right side the eastern wall
+of the cavern was uncovered for 15 feet. It embraced nearly all the
+area not previously dug by others, except a triangular space at the
+east side of the entrance, filled with large stones, as just stated.
+
+Near the middle of the excavated area was a heap of large fallen
+rocks, fully a carload in all; some of them imbedded in the muck,
+others barely penetrating the surface of the latest deposits. Ashes
+lay under and between all of them, proving this side also had been
+inhabited before the first of them had become loose, and that
+occupancy was practically continuous until the last one had fallen.
+The inmates, recognizing the danger, may have knocked these down.
+
+The greatest depth of ashes found in any part of the excavation was 7
+feet; but it may have been greater previous to any disturbance; nor
+does this include such as may be present in the muck. There were
+unbroken layers as much as 8 inches thick covering spaces 5 to 10 feet
+across; many smaller, intact patches; and numerous masses, from a peck
+to a bushel in volume, removed from fire beds elsewhere. Charcoal
+among them showed that bark and dead wood, principally oak, was the
+main reliance for fuel.
+
+The wrought objects found were flints, mostly broken or of rough
+finish; very many small fragments of pottery; mortars made of
+sandstone slabs; hammerstones or pestles; bone perforators; mussel
+shells, some pierced for suspension or for attachment of a handle,
+some with outer surfaces and edges dressed for use as spoons; hematite
+ore, in the rough or rubbed to procure paint. There was a great
+abundance of bones from animals used for food, mostly deer, though
+elk, bear, many smaller mammals, turtles, tortoises, turkeys, and
+other birds were well represented. Singularly enough, when the
+plentiful supply of fish in all the streams of this region is
+considered, none of their bones or scales were found, although the
+ashes would have preserved them perfectly. Nor were there many burned
+rocks, in view of the amount of pottery and the number of bones which
+showed that they had been boiled. Perhaps such stones had crumbled or
+were thrown outside when near disintegration.
+
+There is a consensus of belief, or at least of statement, in the
+neighborhood that many human skeletons have been dug out close to the
+east wall. In the only part reached during this work--which took in
+about all that had not been searched by others--rocks lay along the
+wall, so large and so numerous that no graves could have been dug
+behind or between them. By careful and persistent questioning it was
+established that skeletons had been found in two places and a detached
+jaw in another.
+
+A human skull, which was very soft and fell to pieces when uncovered,
+was found on, and slightly pressed into, the muck at a point 15 feet
+from the wall; there were no other bones about it, though a rough
+stone hammer, whose presence was probably accidental, lay close by. A
+single human molar was lying among some ashes.
+
+These were the only human remains found during the work, except two
+adult femurs of different individuals, and fragments of a skull and
+some other bones from a child and from an infant, all of which lay
+close to the wall where they had been thrown and slightly covered by
+parties previously working here.
+
+As the depth of the wet material on the rock floor of the eastern side
+of this cavern is unknown, interesting results might be obtained by a
+careful examination of it; but this can not be made until a ditch is
+dug through it of sufficient depth to drain it thoroughly.
+
+Slight investigation outside the entrance showed a large amount of
+broken bones, pottery, and flint; and this dump may contain even more
+material than was found in an equal volume in the cavern. But in
+addition to the rocks of all sizes broken off from the cliff, there
+were also many which had rolled down from the hillside above; and all
+these were so interlaced with roots as to make digging very difficult
+and unsatisfactory. Consequently further exploration at this site was
+deemed undesirable.
+
+Pointed bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave are shown in
+plate 4. A shell knife, a bead from a fragment of sea shell, and types
+of flint arrowheads appear in plate 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a village site on Gourd Creek bottom, at the foot of Lost
+Hill, and a little below the cave. Three small earth mounds are plowed
+nearly level.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A small village site is located on the east bank of Little Piney, half
+a mile below Gourd Creek.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the bluff facing Little Piney, a mile below Gourd Creek, on the
+opposite side, is a small, shallow cave with a low roof. Water cracks
+on the floor show that it is sometimes flooded. No signs of use are
+apparent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the hill over the cave just mentioned is a cairn, now destroyed.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 4 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOURD CREEK
+  CAVE, PHELPS COUNTY, MO.]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 5 SHELL AND FLINT OBJECTS FROM GOURD CREEK
+  CAVE]
+
+
+ONYX CAVE (9)
+
+Five miles southwest of Arlington, near the Boiling Spring in the
+Gasconade, is Onyx Cave, so named because much workable stalagmite
+occurs in it. It has a number of branches, some of which have been
+explored for several hundred yards without coming to the end. The
+entrance is 90 feet in width. A pile of talus at the front, lying
+partly inside the cavern, reaches nearly to the roof; it has a height
+of 26 to 28 feet above the level of the wet, muddy floor. Drainage is
+through a small aperture in the north wall, whose outlet is not known.
+Apparently the bedrock lies at a considerable depth; it is not visible
+at any point in the steep ravine leading from the mouth of the cave to
+the river. Formerly a large quantity of ashes covered much of the
+inner slope of the talus, where it is protected from the weather; but
+most of them have been hauled away to scatter over the fields. They
+extend to a greater depth than any digging was ever carried. The
+cavern has long been a refuge for stock, and this, with the trampling
+of many visitors, has mingled all the superficial deposits, so that,
+while ashes may be seen mixed with the debris, no ash beds are now to
+be found.
+
+There must be a very pronounced cavernous condition in this vicinity.
+At a number of places, even extending to a distance of 2 miles from
+Onyx Cave, the passage of a wagon produces a rumbling sound,
+indicative of a cavity at no great depth. There are also many sink
+holes, some closed, forming ponds, others with free openings. They are
+so numerous that no one of them drains any considerable area. The
+largest of these sinks measures from top to top of its slopes about
+three-fourths of a mile long and half a mile wide. Around much of its
+margin are vertical cliffs; there are few places where descent is
+practicable. It is 300 feet deep, perhaps more; for when the
+Gasconade, more than a mile away, is at flood stage the water from it,
+backing through an underground passage, breaks in at two different
+points not at the same elevation, and covers the nearly level floor of
+the depression, about 15 acres in area, to a depth or 15 to 20 feet.
+
+Another sink, near this, is conical in form, a fourth of a mile across
+and more than 200 feet deep.
+
+
+GOAT BLUFF CAVE (10)
+
+Goat Bluff Cave, 4 miles west of Arlington, on the left bank of the
+Gasconade, is at the foot of a vertical cliff 50 feet high, the slope
+above rising about as much higher to the crest of the ridge. A few
+yards to the west is a slight ravine through which, with a little
+effort, the top of the hill may be reached. In front, the declivity,
+while steep as earth will lie, furnishes fairly easy passage to and
+from the river which lies 200 feet below.
+
+The entrance to the cave is an arch 30 feet high and 75 feet wide,
+facing a little east of south. The width holds nearly the same for 90
+feet, whence it rapidly contracts to 20 feet; the roof meanwhile
+descending to 10 feet above the floor. The extreme rear of this
+chamber is nearly filled with large blocks of stone. At the front part
+the floor is several feet higher along the west wall than at the east;
+this condition being due to the combined action of accumulation from
+the ravine above mentioned and erosion by a little rivulet which
+emerges from a crevice 30 feet within the entrance and flows at the
+foot of the east wall. Beyond this the floor is practically level
+across the inclosed space, with a slight and uniform ascent toward the
+rear. No evidence of rock bottom appears at any point.
+
+A preliminary cut at the outer margin of the cave showed two distinct,
+sharply separated strata. The lower is a red or yellow clay containing
+much angular gravel such as usually results from disintegration of
+limestone in which chert is abundant. Above this is a deposit of very
+loose fine material. Toward the rear the upper deposit had been
+disturbed by "curiosity seekers," who reported finding much evidence
+of prehistoric occupation, such as ashes, charcoal, fragments of
+pottery, and worked flint, as well as several skeletons, the latter
+"in a sitting position." The last part of this statement is a mistake.
+The bodies were closely flexed and placed on the side; the bones
+settled to the bottom of the grave, while the skull, if intact, is
+reached first by excavators and the conclusion drawn at once that it
+is "on top of the other bones." This error of observation is quite
+common among relic hunters, and is not unknown among student
+investigators.
+
+In order to dispose of material removed in excavating, it was
+necessary to start a trench from the slope outside the mouth of the
+cave. As it progressed the substratum of clay became wetter and more
+difficult to dig. At 40 feet from the beginning, where the trench was
+11 feet deep, the seeping water accumulated until it covered the
+bottom of the trench, so that no greater depth could be reached. A
+crowbar forced downward for 18 inches, as far as it could be driven,
+did not reach solid bottom. Not the slightest trace of human agency
+was found anywhere below the top of the clay, and from this point
+excavations were confined to the upper stratum, to which alone the
+following description is applicable.
+
+This deposit was composed partly of fine loose earth, probably carried
+in by the wind and on the feet of persons and animals; partly of roof
+dust; and partly of ashes. A considerable portion of it was roughly
+stratified in layers of varying extent and thickness, though much of
+it was irregular, and it was mingled throughout with campsite debris.
+Occasional layers of roof dust several feet across in any direction
+and of varying thickness, from a faint streak to 6 inches, so closely
+resembled ashes that many persons could not be convinced of its true
+character. Its occurrence in this manner indicates that during
+considerable periods the cave was unoccupied, or at most used only as
+a temporary refuge. The intermittent character of occupancy is also
+shown by the distinct segregation of numerous successive layers of
+kitchen refuse.
+
+About 10 feet within the point where a vertical line from the front
+edge of the roof would meet the floor the skeleton of a very young
+infant was found above and in contact with two thick angular blocks of
+limestone weighing 300 to 400 pounds. These rested on the red clay and
+had fallen from the roof. The thickness of earth above the bones was
+about 3 feet.
+
+Ten feet farther in, on the clay floor, under almost exactly 5 feet of
+undisturbed material, were five flat stones. Three were of sandstone,
+the largest about 25 pounds in weight, such as can be found in place
+only on top of the hill. They were carefully arranged for use as a
+fire bed; on and around them were potsherds, flint chips, animal and
+bird bones, and a bone awl. This was the greatest depth at which
+artificial objects were found; and their position shows them to be as
+ancient as anything discovered.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 5.--Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff
+  Cave.]
+
+At 25 feet in an interesting find was made. Eighteen inches below the
+surface of the floor, in a mass of mingled charcoal, ashes, mussel
+shells, flint chips, and other aboriginal refuse, was a small piece of
+glass, apparently part of a bottle, shown in figure 5. Above it and
+extending for several feet on every side was an unbroken stratum of
+root dust from 2 to 4 inches thick. Above this, in turn were several
+thin, undisturbed layers of camp refuse, about 6 inches in all, and
+then 6 inches of the loose, incoherent surface earth. This discovery
+is susceptible of two interpretations. One is that between the date
+when Indians could procure articles from the whites and the date at
+which they abandoned this fireplace there was time for the
+accumulation of the given thickness of disintegrated material from the
+roof, the cave, or at least this part of it, not being used meanwhile
+for a habitation; then for the accumulation of several distinct layers
+of camp refuse; and finally for the depositing of the cave earth over
+it all. This hypothesis is unreasonable. While the rate of formation
+of either roof dust or stalagmite is extremely variable, so that it is
+not safe to predicate a definite antiquity for objects found beneath
+even a considerable thickness of either, at the same time the small
+area involved precludes the idea that a number of occupants sufficient
+to account for the volume of debris could have lived here unless we
+allow a much longer period than would necessarily elapse within the
+dates indicated. The other, quite plausible, interpretation is that
+the glass was dragged to the spot by a ground hog or other animal
+whose runway had become obliterated by settling of the loose material
+through which it was made.
+
+The only purpose of elaborating this subject is to guard investigators
+against attaching too much importance to an article found under such
+or similar conditions, whether it be a "palaeolithic type," or an
+"object undoubtedly of European origin."
+
+Thirty-five feet in, under three flat slabs whose upper surface was a
+little more than 3 feet below the floor, was an adult skeleton, on the
+back, knees flexed to the chest. The body had been laid in a cavity
+dug in the clay to a depth of 6 inches. The bones were well preserved
+and fresh looking, but light and fragile.
+
+Forty feet in, 31/2 feet down, was a flat stone under which were two
+skulls. One, shown in plate 6, was perfect, with a full set of sound
+teeth; from the other, seen in plate 7, the lower jaw was missing. No
+other bones were found except two cervical vertebrae, belonging to the
+smaller skull. Undisturbed stratified ashes and roof dust were 30
+inches thick above the stone.
+
+To this point the trench was not dug to a greater width than 15 feet;
+it was now gradually extended to a width of 40 feet to include most of
+the central portion.
+
+Sixty feet in, in the upper part of the clay, like all the human bones
+discovered, was a skull with the scapulae, a few ribs, and one arm
+bone. The lower jaw was missing, and two phalanges were inside the
+skull. With the scapulae was one of a much smaller person. Eighteen
+inches from these bones, and 6 inches higher, was part of a lower jaw.
+
+At 50 to 60 feet in, on the clay stratum, lay a slab 10 to 12 feet
+across and of varying thickness up to 18 inches or more. It fell from
+the roof so long ago that the latter is worn and smoothed above it in
+much the same way as at other parts. At the east edge of this slab was
+a skull so soft and crushed that it could be taken out only in small
+fragments; the teeth were very slightly worn, though of large size. A
+few traces of other bones were found; not enough to identify. At the
+north edge of the slab were two skulls, one of which is shown in plate
+8; the other, which belonged to a young person, is given in plate 9.
+The limb bones, scapulae, and hip bones, with a few others, were in a
+small pile at one side; but neither lower jaw, no ribs, and only a few
+vertebrae were found.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 6 SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE, PHELPS COUNTY,
+  MO. a, Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 7 SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE a, Front; b,
+  profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 8 SKULL FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE a, Front; b,
+  profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 9 SKULL OF CHILD FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE a,
+  Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 10 FLINTS FROM GOAT BLUFF CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 11 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOAT BLUFF
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 12 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM GOAT BLUFF
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 13
+  a, Cairn six miles north of Arlington, Mo.
+  b, Walled grave six miles north of Arlington, Mo.]
+
+About 65 feet in, near the west side, an inverted pot which shows no
+marks of use was found in a mass of ashes filling a cavity the size of
+a half bushel, which had been dug in the upper deposit. Scattered here
+and there among the ashes were also some mussel shells and
+broken deer bones; but the presence of these was probably not
+intentional, as the whole arrangement seemed to have the nature of a
+votive offering. This was the only perfect vessel found in the entire
+course of the explorations. It is of the ordinary "cocoanut form," and
+is represented in figure 6.
+
+Seventy feet in was a skeleton, on the left side; the bones were soft
+and came out in small fragments. This was fully 6 feet below the
+present surface, but some of this earth was piled up from earlier
+excavations.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 6.--Pot from Goat Bluff Cave.]
+
+Beyond this point the ground had been dug over to such an extent that
+further examination seemed useless, and the work was concluded.
+
+Throughout the deposit of black earth, ashes, and roof dust were
+scattered irregularly arrowheads and knives of flint, some types of
+which are seen in plate 10; mussel shells; fragments of bones from
+food animals; bone perforators, some of which are shown in plates 11
+and 12; potsherds; hammers; pestles; two or three mortars; a grooved
+stone ax of granitic rock, presented in figure 7; and an abundance of
+flint chips.
+
+There is a small cave near the top of the bluff facing the Gasconade,
+a short distance above the mouth of Little Piney. Within a few yards
+of the entrance earth and rock carried in from a sink on top of the
+hill fill the cavity to the roof. Water runs through after every hard
+rain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Three small cairns, built of small stones, stood on the point of the
+bluff at the junction of Little Piney and the Gasconade. All are
+destroyed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the edge of a high cliff over the Gasconade, 2 miles north of
+Arlington, are three cairns, destroyed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Bryant's Bluff, facing the Gasconade 3 miles below Jerome, are two
+rock shelters, neither of them more than 20 feet across in any
+direction. In both are shells, bones, and pottery; a rough stone
+hammer was found in one. Exposure of bedrock on the outside shows that
+the earth deposit in either is not over 2 or 3 feet deep.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On top of Bryant's Bluff are four cairns, all of them torn up. The
+extreme limit of the scattered stone is about 20 feet; so the cairns
+were probably 12 to 15 feet in diameter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the mouth of Turkey-pen Slough, 4 miles north of Arlington, is a
+terrace with steep banks on two sides, next to the river and to the
+slough. On this stood a village. Three house sites are plainly marked
+by the refuse around, and there may be others; vegetation is very
+dense. Mussel shells and burned stones are abundant, and many flint
+implements have been picked up.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 7.--Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave.]
+
+
+CAIRNS AT SUGAR TREE CAMP (11)
+
+Six miles north of Arlington is a clubhouse known as Sugar Tree Camp.
+A short distance from the building is a high vertical cliff rising
+almost directly from the Gasconade. The top of this cliff, near the
+front, is of solid rock, almost bare of timber or brush, and in a row
+along it close to the edge are seven cairns, all now so defaced that
+any attempt at investigation is useless. The smallest, at one end of
+the row, is of the common circular form, about 12 feet in diameter.
+Three others seem to be of the same type; but their appearance may be
+due to their destruction. One is shown in plate 13, a. The other
+three are walled vaults. The largest, at the other end of the row, was
+built up like a foundation wall of sandstone slabs. It is rectangular
+in form, measuring on the outside 16 by 28 feet. All the walls are
+more or less destroyed; the small portion of one remaining is shown in
+plate 13, b. Two "walled-up graves" reported on the first ridge north
+of Sugar Tree Camp, and one reported on the first ridge south, never
+existed. There is a small cairn on a high peak half a mile east of the
+camp.
+
+
+TICK CREEK CAVE
+
+In a ravine which joins Tick Creek about 2 miles from where the latter
+flows into the Gasconade, and about 12 miles north of Arlington, is a
+large cave known as the Saltpeter Cave.
+
+The opening is wide and high, but the mouth and floor are much
+obstructed by large fallen rocks and the bottom is constantly wet from
+wall to wall with running and seeping water.
+
+There is another entrance to this cavern around a corner of the bluff
+and much higher up on its face. This opening is small and the sloping
+passage from it to the cavern is almost closed in places by drip
+formation.
+
+It was never inhabited.
+
+
+CAVE IN POOL HOLLOW (12)
+
+A mile east of Newburg a ravine now known as Pool Hollow, but formerly
+called "Strawhorn's" [Strawhan's] Hollow, opens into the right (north)
+side of Little Piney. Two miles from the river is a cave at the head
+of a little cove. The entrance, facing directly south and visible from
+half a mile down the ravine, is 12 feet high and 75 feet across. The
+rear wall, where the cave makes a turn at 150 feet from the mouth, is
+plainly visible from the outside.
+
+At 60 feet within water reaches from wall to wall, and a constant
+stream flows along the left side. The talus at the mouth is of tough
+clay with many rocks scattered through it, and much of it has settled
+back into the cave. Water drips from many places in the roof, so that
+no part of the floor is ever entirely dry.
+
+Some broken flints and chips were picked up about the mouth and in
+front of the cave, but nothing else could be found.
+
+In dry weather there might be spots which would afford a resting place
+for campers, but no continuous occupancy was possible.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR ROLLA (13)
+
+Nearly 2 miles northeast of Rolla is the beginning of a little valley
+which for a short distance is parallel with the Frisco Railway and
+close to the right of way; it then turns to the southward. Along this
+"draw" are numerous mounds, starting well toward its upper end and
+following its course for nearly a mile. They lie along either side,
+and reach into the tributary widenings. Most of them are on the flats;
+but they are also scattered along the hillsides, those farthest from
+the water having an elevation of about 50 feet above it. They vary
+from 30 to 60 feet in diameter and from 1 to 3 feet high. In all, they
+are scattered over an area of at least 100 acres.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR DILLON
+
+Half a mile west of Dillon a ravine heads at the Frisco track, goes
+south a short distance, then turns southeastward. Near the track
+begins a group of mounds which reach for fully a mile along both sides
+of the little stream.
+
+There are more than 100, most of them small, though at least one is 60
+feet across and 3 feet high.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS NEAR ST. JAMES (14)
+
+At the northern border of St. James is a small shallow valley with a
+northern and eastern trend, practically parallel with the Frisco
+Railway, and for 3 miles or more not over a fourth of a mile from it
+at any point.
+
+Starting near the Soldiers' Home is a group of mounds which extend for
+fully 21/2 miles down both sides of the valley.
+
+Some are partly cut away by the stream, others are on the narrow flat
+bottoms subject to overflow with every hard rain, still others are
+built on the slopes to an elevation of 40 feet. They are somewhat
+larger than the average, a diameter of about 60 feet and a height of 3
+feet being not uncommon.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PULASKI COUNTY
+
+MCWILLIAMS CAVE (15)
+
+A cave on the McWilliams farm, near Jack Hinshaw's, at the upper end
+of the Big Eddy, near the south line of Pulaski County, has an
+entrance 8 feet high and 15 feet wide. There is a good light for 150
+feet, at which distance the cavern turns. It is an excellent location
+for an Indian home, having a floor of dry earth, and a small amount of
+refuse was found; but the earth has been thoroughly dug over in the
+search for missing residents, some human bones rooted out by hogs
+having given rise to a belief that these may have been murdered and
+concealed here.
+
+
+DAVIS CAVES (15)
+
+Facing Roubidoux Creek, on the farm of J.W. Davis, 3 miles north of
+Cookville, are three caves. The largest is 40 or 50 feet above the
+foot of the bluff. It has an entrance 30 feet wide, the roof being 8
+feet high. It is well lighted to a depth of 120 feet, where it curves.
+No refuse was observed, but the situation is favorable for habitation.
+
+Another cave, near this, has an entrance 30 feet wide and 10 feet
+high; it is well lighted for 40 feet back.
+
+The third cave of this series is a rock shelter a short distance south
+of the second, and higher up in the bluff.
+
+All these appear to deserve an examination.
+
+
+BERRY CAVE
+
+A cave on George Berry's land, in a ravine opening into the east side
+of Roubidoux Creek, 3 miles from Hanna post office, has a small
+entrance which is nearly closed by "drip rock," the roof, walls, and
+floor being thickly incrusted. These deposits, which it is said are
+even more abundant farther in, seem to be rather rapidly increasing in
+volume.
+
+
+MAXEY CAVE (16)
+
+What is known as Maxey's Cave is 7 miles south of Waynesville, on the
+west side of Roubidoux Creek. It is by far the largest open cave in
+this region, the entrance being 40 feet high and 100 feet wide. It
+extends across the head of a ravine, and if the loose earth at the
+sides were cleared away it would be found still wider. The entire
+floor is covered with a mass of rocks of every size up to several
+tons, except at one side of the entrance where there is a small amount
+of loose earth. The front chamber is 300 feet long to where the cavern
+forks; in one of these forks daylight extends for 100 feet farther, or
+400 feet from the mouth. Marks on the walls show that the entire floor
+is sometimes covered 2 or 3 feet deep with running water.
+
+A survey made some years ago disclosed a mass of earth and rock "a
+long ways back in the hill;" definite figures could not be obtained.
+Beyond this point it was impossible to proceed. By running
+corresponding angles and lines on the surface outside the surveyors
+came to a very large sink hole, into which flowed the drainage of
+several farms. This explains the flood marks. Clearly the roof of the
+cave had fallen in at this point.
+
+
+YOARK CAVE
+
+Yoark Cave, a fourth of a mile east from Maxey's in a bluff facing
+south on the left bank of Roubidoux Creek, has an entrance 40 feet
+wide, 30 feet high, and is in daylight for 150 feet. Cave earth
+extends for 100 feet from the entrance, and apparently continues from
+this point under the gravel and clay which have washed from the
+interior.
+
+It is on the land of A.L. Foote, having been in his family
+continuously since it was secured by Government patent. The name is
+derived from "Grandma Martha Yoark," who was among the earliest white
+settlers in the region. Her home was on the opposite side of the
+creek, in a pioneer log cabin, the last vestige of which, except the
+stones of the chimney, disappeared before the Civil War.
+
+In the front portion many large rocks are lying on the surface of the
+clay floor and others are imbedded in it; probably still others are
+entirely covered. Farther back the clay is mixed with gravel washed
+from the interior. This deposit is never entirely dry and in rainy
+seasons is quite muddy. The difficulty of removing or digging under
+the rocks, added to the certainty that water would be encountered
+before the bottom is reached, render useless any effort at complete
+excavation. The amount of refuse on the surface, however, is a good
+indication that such researches as would be possible in the upper
+layers, among the rocks, would disclose a large quantity of aboriginal
+remains of comparatively modern date.
+
+
+GRAVES AT LAUGHLIN'S (17)
+
+On the Laughlin goat ranch, 6 miles southeast of Waynesville, a high
+narrow ridge level along the top and sloping abruptly on each side
+extends northward from the hills on the right side of Roubidoux Creek
+and terminates in a vertical cliff. Bedrock projects on the top and on
+both sides, and vegetation is so scanty that the crest is almost a
+"bald."
+
+On the summit of this ridge are seven cairns, the first one only a few
+feet from the edge of the cliff, the last one about 300 feet back,
+near where the ground begins to ascend toward the plateau. They are
+small, none more than 3 feet high, and all have a depression in the
+top where the stones have been thrown out from the center toward the
+outside by relic seekers and rabbit hunters.
+
+In three of them flat stones remaining in place at parts of the margin
+indicate that an irregular square inclosure was constructed around the
+bodies, as in those examined at Gourd Creek. Possibly this feature
+existed in all of them at the time of their construction, but there
+was no evidence that any of them had been walled up like those at
+Sugar Tree Camp or the Devil's Elbow. Views of their present
+conditions are shown in plate 14.
+
+
+KERR CAVE (17)
+
+Near the site of Kerr's Mill, on Roubidoux Creek, 5 miles south-east
+of Waynesville, is a cave at the foot of a bluff, the entrance 60 feet
+above the bottom of the hill. Viewed from the outside it has the
+appearance of a rock shelter 40 feet wide and 45 feet deep. Above
+most of it the stratum forming the roof is 15 feet high; near the
+front the successive overlying strata project in a hollow curve until
+at the face of the bluff the drop from the ledge to the talus
+immediately beneath it is fully 50 feet.
+
+At one side, near the rear, is a passage 5 or 6 feet wide, not visible
+from the front, extending back into the hill. Although the cave is
+usually dry, clean gravel in this passage shows that sufficient water
+flows through at times to prevent earth from accumulating; further
+evidence of which fact is found in the mud cracks of the floor and the
+ferns growing amid the rocks, large and small, which cover it.
+
+The place could never have been occupied except for temporary shelter,
+and there is no evidence that even this use was made of it.
+
+
+SELL CAVE (18)
+
+Half a mile directly south of Waynesville, on the farm of Dr. W.J.
+Sell, is a cave located in the northern end of a ridge entirely
+detached from the surrounding hills. The entrance, facing northeast,
+is halfway up the point of the ridge, overlooking a fertile bottom
+along Roubidoux Creek. From the top of the ledge over the entrance the
+hill has an easy upgrade for a fourth of a mile to the summit, which
+is at an elevation of 250 feet above the creek. On top of the hill is
+the site of an Indian village where some mortars, grinding stones, and
+numerous flints have been found.
+
+The roof of the cave has partially fallen in at the entrance, forming
+a re-entrant curve 30 feet across and extending 11 feet inward; the
+large blocks from this, and from the stratum described later, were
+lying on and in the talus at the present front but did not extend to
+the red clay beneath. Some of the blocks could be reduced with a heavy
+sledge hammer to an extent that made it possible to roll them out of
+the way; but 24 of them had to be broken up with dynamite.
+
+The talus at its thickest part has a depth of 6 feet; it extends down
+the hill on the outside and has washed back into the cave, gradually
+decreasing in quantity, to a distance of 50 feet. The roof, at the
+front, is 5 feet above the talus; the thickness of the ledge forming
+it is only 8 feet, the slope of the hill starting from this line.
+Owing to the restricted width of the ridge, on top, the entire area
+draining over the ledge measures only 70 feet in width above the
+entrance, and narrows irregularly to a breadth of 30 feet at an
+outcrop 120 feet up the hill, or with an approximate space of 6,000
+square feet. On this small tract more than half the rock is bare, with
+scanty patches of soil and humus in the crevices and on flat places.
+At the present time the water which flows over the ledge during hard
+rains is scarcely turbid; consequently a period of several centuries
+was required for the debris to accumulate.
+
+Fourteen feet back from the farthest-receding part of the curve of the
+roof at the front is the edge of a stratum 3 feet thick; the bottom of
+this was 3 feet above the talus immediately beneath it. This stratum
+is continuous, with a perceptible dip to the interior, as far as it
+can be seen.
+
+The width of the cave at the mouth is 44 feet; 30 feet within it
+widens to 51 feet. A small amount of water making its way from the
+interior over the level floor collects in a little basin scooped out
+to receive it, and sinks into the floor near the inner foot of the
+talus 55 feet from the entrance. At this point the width of the cave
+is 36 feet; the height to the roof is 41/2 feet. As the floor beyond
+here is soft mud, the cavern was not followed farther.
+
+Owing to the limited space between the floor and the roof it was
+necessary to remove the excavated earth to the outside. The water
+which flows from the hill and falls upon the talus during rains also
+had to be provided against. A trench 4 feet wide at the bottom, with
+sufficient slant to the sides to prevent them from falling in, was
+started 25 feet out from the entrance, on a level which gave it a
+depth of 61/2 feet at the highest point of the talus, thus carrying it a
+few inches into the clay which was the original floor of the cave.
+This depth also brought it well below the level of the little pool
+inside. When its greatest depth was reached the excavation was at once
+widened to 25 feet, thus reaching well toward the cliff on either
+side. Growing trees and large rocks made a greater width here
+impracticable.
+
+In the talus were flint implements, none small enough for arrowheads,
+some well finished, others roughly made, a few being shown in plate
+15; three sandstone mortars and fragments of four others; probably 100
+cobblestones used as hammers and pestles, some of them pitted on the
+sides, a few showing marks of much use (pl. 16, A); a small, very
+solid piece of hematite worn round by use as a hammer; a small,
+imperfect tomahawk made of quartzite (pl. 16, B, a); many mussel
+shells, some used as knives and scrapers; animal bones, some of them
+worked into implements, including a perfect skiver (pl. 16, B, b);
+several pieces of hematite and limonite used as paint stones (pl. 16,
+B, c); many fragments of pottery, some of them worked into disks and
+perforated (pl. 16, B, d); occasionally small deposits of charcoal,
+ashes, and burned earth. The meager amount of artificial material, and
+its random distribution, as if one piece was lost here, another thrown
+there, throughout the talus from the present surface to the underlying
+clay would appear good evidence that the cave was never used as a
+place of permanent abode, but merely provided temporary refuge at
+intervals extending over a prolonged period.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 14
+  CAIRNS ON ROUBIDOUX CREEK, SIX MILES FROM WAYNESVILLE, MO.]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 15
+  FLINTS FROM SELL CAVE, NEAR WAYNESVILLE, MO.]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 16
+  A, Pestles or grinding stones
+  B, Celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and skiver
+  OBJECTS FROM SELL CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 17
+  Skull from Sell cave. a, Front; b, profile
+  Skull from Bell's cave, near Waynesville. c, Front; d, profile
+  Skull from Miller's cave. e, Front; f, profile
+  THREE SKULLS FROM PULASKI COUNTY, MO.]
+
+None of the pottery was decorated in any way, though most of it was
+cord-marked; no piece was found which had a handle or a foot.
+Nearly half a bushel of pieces was found, fragments of many different
+vessels, with a range in thickness from one-eighth to three-fourths of
+an inch.
+
+If all this talus were examined, much material might be found, but the
+result would not justify the labor.
+
+Fifteen feet west from the east corner of the cave, 8 feet within the
+edge of the roof, 31/2 feet under the surface of the debris, which was a
+foot lower here than at the highest point, was a bundled or bunched
+skeleton; only small fragments of arm and leg bones, most of the lower
+jaw, a little of the upper jaw, and traces of skull were remaining.
+The bones were small but solid. They were packed tightly in the dark,
+wax-like clay, but there were no indications of a grave; the earth in
+contact with them could not be distinguished from that lying around
+them. The body had been crowded into the smallest possible space, with
+the head against a large stone. All the teeth were well preserved,
+some of them not at all worn. Small fragments of deer bones were found
+among the remains; these, also, were very soft and decayed.
+
+In fact, all bones found, whether human or other, in this wet, tough,
+heavy earth were nearly destroyed, and such portions as remained had
+but little more consistency than the mud in which they were imbedded.
+Much care was necessary in order to get them out.
+
+Sixteen feet from the entrance, 13 feet from the east wall, 41/2 feet
+down, 18 inches above bottom, were part of a large femur and a few
+fragments of other bones too small and crushed to identify.
+
+Seven feet southwest of this femur, 14 inches lower, was a closely
+folded skeleton, the skull nearly north, the other bones toward the
+east wall. Some mussel shells, fragments of deer bones, and two flint
+knives were near the head. The body had been placed in a shallow hole
+dug in the talus as it existed at that time, some earth thrown over
+it, and small rocks piled on. The covering rocks were under 3 feet of
+detritus, washed in since they were placed there. Near the knees was a
+piece of antler, neatly perforated, with rounded ends, giving it the
+shape of a reniform bannerstone (fig. 8). This may have been an
+ornament, an arrow-shaft straightener, or the holder for a drill or a
+fire-stick. Near it was a polishing stone deeply worn on both sides
+(fig. 9).
+
+Twenty-two feet within the reentrant curve at the front, 20 feet from
+the west wall, at the bottom of the talus, was a skeleton, the skull
+in small fragments, which, however, were held in place by the tough
+clay. The teeth were worn below the enamel in places; two well-worked
+flint knives and one rough one (fig. 10) were near it. The bones
+looked as if they had been thrown in, occupying only a small space;
+but probably a folded body had been laid in on the left side.
+
+At 24 feet from the entrance, 17 feet from the west wall, in a hole
+dug to 20 inches below the present surface of the talus, were broken
+and spongy bones of an adult. Pelvis, feet, and leg bones were in
+confusion; the tibiae were reversed in position, but it may be that the
+body was laid on the back with the knees flexed and that the bones had
+fallen as they were found. This is probable, as each patella was where
+it belonged, and the body lay extended toward the southeast, as shown
+by the position of the skull. The humerus was about 12 inches long;
+all the bones were in small pieces. There were many mussel shells
+among and above the remains, over which earth and small rocks had been
+piled.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 8.--Perforated object of antler from Sell
+  Cave.]
+
+Two feet south of this skeleton and a few inches lower were the
+crushed and decayed bones of an old person with the head lying toward
+the east. The one tooth found (a molar) was worn entirely below the
+enamel except for a small space at the front; the dentine was polished
+until it resembled a piece of agate. Mr. De Lancey Gill first remarked
+the fact that wear of this character denotes that the individual did
+not gnaw bones, crack nuts, or indeed bite hard on any substance. If
+he had done so this thin shred of enamel would have broken off. Two
+large rocks which lay on the head and body seem to have been thus
+placed before the grave was filled with earth.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 9.--Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell
+  Cave.]
+
+Near these bones were fragments indicating three other interments; the
+humerus of the last was perforated.
+
+Other arm bones found showed the same olecranal perforation.
+
+Twenty-one feet from the entrance, 19 feet from the east wall, was a
+skeleton, closely folded, on left side, head toward rear of cave. The
+teeth were worn flat. The bones were crushed by rocks laid on or above
+the body at the time of burial, as was the case with all the skeletons
+found in this part of the cave; probably timbers had been interposed.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 18
+  TEETH FROM SELL CAVE AND OTHER CAVES, SHOWING MANNER AND AMOUNT OF
+  WEAR]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 19
+  TEETH FROM SELL CAVE AND OTHER CAVES, SHOWING MANNER AND AMOUNT OF
+  WEAR]
+
+Near the surface, 18 feet from the entrance, 14 feet from the east
+wall, were the right half of a skull and of a lower jaw; a few small,
+scattered pieces of skull were found near them. The teeth were much
+worn, some of them were decayed, and two had the roots swollen and
+distorted by ulceration. South of the skull were fragments of feet and
+leg bones, probably belonging with it. This interment was of much
+later date than the others.
+
+Thirty-two feet from the front, 16 feet from the east wall, 21/2 feet
+below the surface, and a foot above the bottom of the talus, was a
+folded skeleton, on left side, head toward the interior of the cave,
+face directly upward. So much of the skull as could be recovered is
+shown in plate 17, a, b. The teeth were much worn, the bones broken,
+soft and spongy, falling away with the clay as it was removed from
+about them. The femur was about 171/2 inches long.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 10.--Flints from Sell Cave.]
+
+Wear of teeth among aboriginal people does not of necessity denote a
+great age for the individual. Grit from ashes and fine sand from
+mortars and pestles will cut away the enamel to a much greater extent
+than would result from the use of ordinary food.
+
+The condition of the teeth mentioned, as well as of some from other
+localities, is shown in plates 18 and 19.
+
+From the inner end of the ditch, or runway, at the entrance the
+excavation was carried back for 40 feet in a direct line; or making
+allowance for passing around a massive rock which was in a position
+where it could not be blasted, for 43 feet; the depth of the talus
+here was 3 feet.
+
+On the east side the talus was removed to the wall, a distance of 28
+feet from the edge of the trench, and the wall rock exposed for 22
+feet, to the rear bank of the excavation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All work, so far, had been carried on at a level a few inches below
+the bottom of the talus, which rested directly upon the floor of clay
+washed out from the interior of the cave.
+
+Beginning next at the outer end of the trench, the entire space
+included in the first excavation was deepened by a little more than 6
+feet, giving a new floor about 13 feet lower than the highest part of
+the talus. All the material thus removed showed that it was laid down
+by flowing water, sometimes so quiet as to deposit clay of impalpable
+fineness, sometimes with a velocity sufficient to carry stones
+weighing 3 or 4 pounds. The material varied--red clay, now jointed,
+was the topmost layer; below it, in patches and layers, were dark
+earth, resembling soil; clay of different shades of yellow, brown,
+red, and gray, sometimes almost blue; some of it uniform, some of it
+mingled, one or any or all of the different sorts in small compass;
+deposits of one sort filling sharply defined channels or potholes cut
+in some other sort; occasionally there was a slight admixture of sand.
+All included limestone pebbles, which were plentiful in some deposits
+but entirely absent from others, were weathered to a chalky
+consistency, the larger ones to a depth of perhaps half an inch, the
+smaller ones throughout. Scarcely any chert was included, although it
+is abundant on the hill; the few pieces seen were very small.
+
+It took five weeks of steady work, with two men, to clear out the
+second level. In all this clay there was not the slightest trace of
+bone or other indication that living beings of any kind had existed
+either in the cave or in any place from which the clay had come.
+
+At 24 feet from the eastern side of the trench, projections on the
+face of the east wall denoted that bed rock was not far away. A hole 8
+feet across, at the rear of the excavation, reached sand with a slight
+admixture of clay a few inches under the level at which the work was
+being conducted; and 4 feet down, or 17 feet from the top of the
+talus, the rock was found. It was rough and furrowed, like a solid
+stratum that has been long exposed to atmospheric weathering.
+
+Further exploration was useless. The sand results from disintegration
+of the Roubidoux sandstone belonging next above the limestone in which
+the cave was formed. None of this remains on the hill; it has all been
+carried away by erosion. There is not now any sink hole or crevice
+above the level of the cavern through which the sand could have made
+its way. Such an opening must have existed at one time, on the slope
+at one side or the other, or farther back where the hill is now cut
+off. In either case, erosion has carried away its walls and filled up
+the channel leading from it, and thus obliterated its site. To
+accomplish this would require a long time; enough to produce a
+considerable alteration in the topography, and so to predicate for the
+bottom deposits in the cave an antiquity far beyond the possible
+appearance of man in the region.
+
+
+PHILLIPS CAVE
+
+The Phillips Cave faces Roubidoux Creek near the Big Spring, a mile
+south of Waynesville. Access to the interior is possible only by
+crawling some distance on wet clay. Other caves in the same line of
+bluffs are either very small or almost inaccessible. No refuse appears
+about any of them.
+
+
+BELL'S CAVE (18)
+
+In the upper part of the bluff bordering Roubidoux Creek just west of
+Waynesville, on the farm of Robert A. Bell, are numerous caves, most
+of them quite small. One, much larger than any of the others, has an
+entrance 27 feet wide and 12 feet high. The floor is of earth mingled
+with small rocks, and rises gradually toward the rear until at 70 feet
+it almost reaches the roof, although the open space enlarges farther
+in. The width of the cave varies from 19 to 32 feet. Several large
+rocks have fallen from the roof and walls at a comparatively recent
+date, as they lie directly upon the earth or are only slightly
+imbedded in it.
+
+Shells and flint flakes occur in small amount, but the cave is so
+difficult of access that it was probably but little used.
+
+Some human bones, rooted out by hogs, were scattered over the floor;
+only a few remained, the hogs having chewed up most of them. Part of a
+femur belonged to a person about 18 or 20 years of age. A skull and
+part of a lower jaw, lying several feet apart but belonging to the
+same individual, were secured; they are shown in plate 17, c, d. Few
+of the teeth remained, though all had been in place at the time of
+interment.
+
+
+CAMP-GROUND CAVE
+
+This is three-fourths of a mile west from Waynesville. It is small,
+with a muddy bottom, and could never have been occupied.
+
+
+BUCHER CAVE
+
+Bucher Cave is 2 miles northeast of Waynesville. It has a small, low
+entrance, nearly closed by a pile of chert gravel mixed with some
+clay, which has been carried by surface water from the slope above.
+
+
+GRAVES NEAR MCKENNAN'S
+
+On a low spur, projecting about halfway up a high hill opposite
+McKennan's house, 21/2 miles northeast of Waynesville, are two of the
+ordinary stone graves or cairns, both small. One has been torn apart;
+the other is intact.
+
+They are mentioned only because in the one which has not been
+disturbed the stones are sunken at the center, affording good evidence
+that timbers were placed over the corpse before the stones were piled
+up.
+
+
+ROUBIDOUX CAVE (19)
+
+In a vertical bluff overlooking the junction of Roubidoux Creek and
+the Gasconade River is a cavern with a high, wide entrance giving
+access to a large chamber which has several smaller but well-lighted
+rooms opening into it. There was formerly a considerable depth of
+earth on the rock bottom, but most of it has been taken out for
+fertilizer. What is left is dry near the entrance, but wet farther in.
+Although it would make an ideal Indian home, being easy of access and
+within a few rods of the two streams, there could be found no
+indications of such habitation; and owing to the small amount of earth
+remaining, the presence of many large rocks, and the close proximity
+of a large club house on the public highway immediately in front, no
+excavation is possible.
+
+A cairn on the point of the cliff over this cave has been completely
+demolished.
+
+
+RICHLAND CAVE (20)
+
+There is a large cave at the head of a ravine a fourth of a mile below
+the bridge over the Gasconade River, on the Richland and Hanna road,
+71/2 miles from Richland. The entrance is 70 feet wide and 40 feet high;
+daylight extends to a point 200 feet within, where the cave divides
+into two parts, both of which turn abruptly. Cave earth near the
+entrance on one side is scanty in quantity, damp and moldy; but beyond
+this it is dry, unevenly surfaced, and appears to have been somewhat
+disturbed. There is considerable refuse on and in the dry earth as far
+back as the inner end of the front chamber, and were it not for the
+many rocks, too large to be removed, which cover nearly the entire
+floor and would make excavation very difficult and incomplete, the
+deposits would probably repay investigation.
+
+
+ROLLINS CAVES (19)
+
+On the farm of Sam T. Rollins, 21/2 miles northwest of Waynesville, are
+two large caves.
+
+The first, in a bluff facing the Gasconade, half a mile above the
+mouth of Roubidoux Creek, is 50 feet above the bottom of the hill. The
+entrance, toward the northeast, is 45 feet wide and 36 feet high. The
+sides are parallel for 45 feet; at that point the east wall abruptly
+recedes for 12 feet and then continues in a curving line for 120 feet
+farther, to an outlet in the side of a shallow ravine trending toward
+the west. This opening, 13 feet wide, is filled nearly to the top with
+debris which slopes steeply for 40 feet into the cave.
+
+The west wall, at 45 feet, makes an outward curve to a branch which
+leads northwest for 25 feet and has an opening on the side of the hill
+25 feet wide and 20 feet high; the talus at the front is 12 feet high
+and slopes steeply into the cave. Beyond this branch the west wall
+extends in a straight line to the small outlet at the ravine.
+
+The floor of the cave has a gentle incline from the bottom of the
+debris in the rear to the main entrance.
+
+No refuse could be found in the cave or around any of the three
+entrances; and the place would not be suitable for a shelter in winter
+as the wind, no matter from what direction, blows directly through it.
+
+The second cave is near the foot of the hill, half a mile up the river
+from the first. A gentle slope in front leads to the bottom land along
+the stream. The entrance, toward the northwest, is 60 feet wide and 10
+feet high. At 65 feet within is standing water; marks in a channel
+along the west wall show that at times there is an outflow with a
+depth of a foot or more. At the front is a great amount of talus
+partly fallen from the ledge forming the roof, partly washed down from
+the hillside; the outer slope is 20 feet high, the inner slope has a
+slight incline to the standing water. The entire deposit within the
+cave and in front of it is of tough, sticky clay. Many large rocks lie
+on the surface or slightly imbedded, and large trees grow on the
+talus. No indications of occupancy could be discovered.
+
+
+MIX CAVE (21)
+
+On the Mix farm, half a mile below the Gasconade bridge on the
+Waynesville and Crocker road, on the left (west) side, at the head of
+a ravine, is a cave with an entrance 75 feet wide and 20 feet high.
+Cave earth, apparently not more than 3 feet thick at any point,
+although it gradually rises to a level 6 feet higher than the floor at
+the mouth, extends back 80 feet; beyond this is water-soaked clay and
+gravel reaching 60 feet farther to a turn in the cave, making a
+distance of about 140 feet in daylight. There is a shallow channel 12
+feet wide along the east wall from the gravel to the entrance;
+evidence that at times a volume of water of that width flows out of
+the cave. The cave earth is damp for several feet from the line of
+its contact with the clay, a certain indication that its lower portion
+is saturated.
+
+Much refuse, including several mortars, is distributed over the floor,
+and it is especially apparent in the bed of the little stream; but
+fully half the surface is covered with rocks too large to be removed,
+and these, together with the water, will effectually prevent
+satisfactory excavation.
+
+One of the mortars has a grinding cavity on one face 12 by 20 inches
+and 3 inches deep at the middle; on the other face, which has been
+pecked, apparently with a flint tool, to make it level and even, is
+also a cavity, but it is small and shallow, showing that this side of
+the stone was but little used.
+
+
+DOUBLE CAVE (21)
+
+On Walter Miller's farm, 11/2 miles below the Crocker and Waynesville
+bridge, on the left side of the river, is the "Double Cave," so called
+for the reason that it has two entrances. The one farthest down the
+river is more nearly in line with the general trend of the cavern. Its
+opening is 35 feet wide and 20 feet high. At 40 feet in from the
+mouth, on the left or up-river side, the two parts of the cavern
+unite, a triangular partition of the original limestone strata
+separating them up to the point of junction. Across the apex of the
+triangle the main cave is 50 feet wide; there is no vertical wall on
+the right (east) side along this portion, the roof sloping down
+gradually until it meets the earth floor; it may extend farther,
+making the cave that much wider at the bedrock bottom. The cave earth
+at its highest point is fully 10 feet higher than at the entrance; but
+this may not mean that it is 10 feet deeper, for there are indications
+that the rock floor also rises from the entrance toward the interior.
+Digging in the front part of the main cave--that is, in the portion
+behind the lower entrance--would be impracticable owing to the huge
+rocks, some of them lying on the floor, others deeply imbedded in the
+earth; consequently part of them, at least, fell while the cave was
+inhabited.
+
+From the junction of the two branches the cave earth extends back 60
+feet to clay and gravel washed down from the interior; there is ample
+light at this point, and for some distance beyond. In part, this
+gravel seems to overlie the loose earth; it is still depositing, and
+the manner in which the various materials intermingle and overlap at
+their meeting place indicates that the cave earth to some extent
+underlies the gravel and clay. This feature is worth investigating, as
+it might have a bearing upon the relative age of the cave deposits.
+
+The entrance to the branch cave is 20 feet higher in the face of the
+bluff than that of the main cave, and consequently much above any
+water flowing from the interior; it is 20 feet wide by 15 feet high.
+Measured along the east wall, it is 40 feet from this entrance to the
+apex of the triangle separating the two parts of the cavern. The
+greatest width of the united caves, 70 feet, is just beyond this
+point. The earth floor in the branch, a fine-grained yellow earth
+apparently deposited by quiet or gently flowing water, is 3 feet
+higher than it is at the highest point farther back in the cave, and
+is 4 feet or more higher than the bedrock at the front. No direct
+communication is possible, in front, from one entrance to the other.
+The only means of transference is by passing through the caverns
+around the triangular partition, or by going down to the talus from
+one opening and then up to the other; though only a few feet of
+descent is necessary. There is an easy passage to and from the
+Gasconade, which flows at the foot of the bluff; and a good path in
+either direction to the top of the hill.
+
+Very little refuse occurs, and the site is not worth examining.
+
+
+RAILROAD CAVE
+
+On railway property, north of the Gasconade River on the east of the
+Waynesville and Crocker road, is a noted cave which "runs clear
+through the hill," and can be entered from either end. From the
+descriptions given it certainly could never have been utilized as a
+dwelling place.
+
+
+BAT, OR PAGE, CAVE
+
+Bat Cave, so named because it formerly harbored immense numbers of
+bats, is on Robert Page's land, 41/2 miles from Crocker, near the
+Waynesville road. The entrance is 40 feet wide and 30 feet high. Cave
+earth extends for more than 200 feet in plain daylight; at this depth
+the cave separates into two branches, one directly over the other. The
+lower division continues into the hill on a level; the upper rises at
+a slight angle; neither is high enough to permit a man to stand erect.
+
+The greatest width, a few rods from the front, is 55 feet. A drainage
+channel near one wall shows a considerable outflow in wet weather. In
+the low, vertical bank of this drain, gravel and small rocks are
+mingled with the earth in such quantity as to comprise more than half
+the mass. But this is probably due to the fact that a large quantity
+of earth, mostly, of course, from the upper part of the deposits, has
+been taken away for fertilizer. Neither in the bank of the little
+channel nor about the pits left by this digging is any refuse to be
+seen, and there is none about the entrance. So, in spite of its
+suitability for residential purposes and its favorable situation, it
+does not seem ever to have been utilized.
+
+
+TUNNEL CAVE (22)
+
+A fourth of a mile from the Bat Cave is a natural tunnel or
+underground passage which has its beginning in a deep sink hole half a
+mile away on the farther side of the hill. Into this depression pours
+all the water that comes through a ravine more than 4 miles long,
+receiving several tributaries on the way; thus draining several
+hundred acres of steep hillsides from which storm water runs off
+almost as quickly as from a roof. From the sink hole it passes into
+the upper end of the tunnel, an opening 10 feet high and 20 feet wide.
+Trash and drift around this inlet show that the water rises above its
+top.
+
+The lower opening of the tunnel is a beautiful, regular arch, 100 feet
+wide and 50 feet high. For some distance in, the interior is so choked
+with huge rocks, which reach almost to the roof near one side at the
+front, that it resembles a great quarry. Gravel, sand, and driftwood,
+including a large log 15 feet long, are piled on these rocks to a
+height of 20 feet.
+
+
+BROOKS CAVE
+
+Brooks Cave, 11 miles southeast of Waynesville, has an entrance
+through a sink hole in a level field. It is small and dark for some
+distance back, and was never occupied.
+
+Openings of this character are never the original mouths of caverns;
+they are due to the roof falling in at a point where it has become
+thin by wearing away from below.
+
+
+RIDDLE CAVE
+
+Riddle Cave is on John W. Schord's farm, near Wildwood. The entrance
+is through a sink, similar to that at Brooks Cave, and is due to the
+same causes. It could never have been occupied.
+
+
+LANE'S CAVE
+
+Somewhat more than a mile north of Big Piney post office is a cave
+known as Lane's Cave. Near it is a smaller cave; also a rock shelter.
+They are all small, high up in the cliff, hard to reach, and
+unsuitable for living in.
+
+
+DRY CREEK CAVE
+
+A cave on Dry Creek, north of Lane's Cave, is small and almost
+inaccessible. Never used.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (23)
+
+There is a group of house mounds, about 100 in number, close to the
+site of the "Ranch House," which formerly stood near "The Falls" 4
+miles southwest from Big Piney. Two other groups, north of this one,
+carry the mounds for about 4 miles along a little valley, which
+extends north and south about midway between Big Piney and Bloodland.
+Most of the mounds, in all the groups, are on the slight slopes
+bordering either side of the little stream--which sometimes ceases to
+flow--but a few of them are on the narrow strip of level land along
+the banks.
+
+There is another group south of Bloodland. They were not learned of in
+time to visit them.
+
+
+RIDEN'S CAVE
+
+A mile southeast of the steel bridge across Big Piney, on the
+Edenville road, is Riden's Cave, in a small ravine opening into
+another ravine. The entrance is 25 feet wide and 8 feet high, and the
+front chamber extends 30 feet to an abrupt turn. There are large rocks
+on the floor near the mouth and some cave earth and a small amount of
+refuse at the front. Apparently it was never occupied except as a
+temporary camp.
+
+
+SALTPETER CAVE
+
+Near Miller's Spring, 21/2 miles northeast of Big Piney, in a high
+bluff, is a large cave whose name is derived from the quantity of
+saltpeter collected from it in the early settlement of the country.
+Earth for leaching was removed to such an extent that bedrock is now
+exposed near the entrance and at several places within. In addition
+many large rocks cumber the floor, consequently excavations would not
+yield satisfactory results, although refuse still to be seen in the
+cave and in front of it shows that it was a place of aboriginal
+habitation.
+
+
+MILLER'S CAVE (24)
+
+Three miles northeast of Big Piney is a cavern which from its
+position, formation, and surroundings is particularly adapted to the
+requirements of primitive people in search of a permanent shelter. It
+is situated in a bluff rising from the left bank of Big Piney River,
+200 feet above the level of that stream and half that distance below
+the summit of the hill of which the bluff forms the front. It lies in
+three different tracts of land, but the greater portion is on the farm
+of Daniel S. Miller, who lives a little more than half a mile away.
+For three generations it has been widely known as "Miller's Cave." It
+opens toward the southeast, the river at this point flowing north of
+east, and thus secures protection from the cold winds of winter,
+receives the greatest amount of light through the day, and has the
+advantage of sunshine at the season when this is most needed. Big
+Piney, like all streams in the Ozark region, is extremely crooked and
+its bed is a continuous succession of riffles and pools, or eddies as
+they are locally known. In front of the cave is one of these pools
+nearly a mile long and at lowest stages fully 15 feet deep in places;
+even now it yields an abundance of fish, turtles, frogs, and mussels,
+all of which are important items in the aboriginal dietary.
+
+A fourth of a mile above the cave Big Piney makes an abrupt turn,
+coming to this point from the southeast. Here it receives the outflow
+from a large spring located at the foot of the hill, a fourth of a
+mile to the southward, which boils up in a pool 40 feet across and at
+its lowest stage discharges several thousand gallons every hour. Its
+volume responds quickly to a heavy rainfall and to the succeeding
+period of fair weather, although its level never passes above or below
+certain fixed points. A singular feature of this spring, one which has
+given it a wide reputation, is its rhythmic ebb and flow. With
+absolute regularity, regardless of atmospheric conditions, it swells
+for six hours, then subsides for an equal period, stages of high and
+low water occurring at the same hours every day. The extreme range of
+level is about a foot. Intermittent springs are not uncommon; but the
+regularity of this one is remarkable, particularly so as its action is
+not affected by changes in the volume. A dam was built below this
+spring by the father of Mr. Miller to furnish power for a mill; when
+the mill was not running the noise of the falling water, reenforced by
+the echoes from the hills around, could be heard a long distance and
+gave it the title of Roaring Spring. The Indians had a name for it
+which was interpreted by the whites as "Blowing Spring;" but as there
+are no unusual currents of air in the vicinity it is probable the
+proper translation would be "Breathing Spring," on account of its
+recurrent motion. The branch from this spring, following a course
+along the foot of the hill, is wide and shallow, though swift, and is
+nearly filled with a dense growth of long, moss-like vegetation which
+was greedily devoured by deer, herds of them being frequently seen in
+the water by early settlers.
+
+From the mouth of the cave several hundred acres of fertile alluvial
+land can be seen along both banks of the river. In the bottom land
+lying nearest to the spring branch--which is itself entitled to be
+called a creek--and extending southward to Miller's residence, partly
+on an upper terrace, but mostly on the low land, was a village site on
+which were formerly many small mounds which from the description were
+undoubtedly house mounds. Mortars occur in numbers, while fragments of
+pottery and flint, as well as many unbroken implements, were formerly
+abundant to a depth of several inches. On the opposite side from the
+cavern, in the angle formed by the abrupt turn of the river, is
+another village site. A ditch, with an interior embankment about 6
+feet high, formerly extended in a curved line across the point. This
+fortification was about 600 feet long, coming to the river bank at
+either end. In the part thus protected were many low, small mounds
+placed close together but quite irregularly. These were probably house
+mounds. No trace of any of this artificial work is now apparent except
+that a difference in color may be seen here and there when the soil is
+freshly turned, all the earthworks having been plowed and dragged
+level as interfering with cultivation. A great amount of broken
+pottery, flint implements, and fragments of animal bones has been
+uncovered here. In fact, the field is known locally as "the place
+where the Indians made their pottery." This site seems to have been
+occupied within historic times; after an unusual freshet some years
+ago, many "round musket-balls, such as belonged to the old-fashioned
+muzzle loaders"--"hundreds," or "two gallons," of them is the usual
+version--were picked up where the loose soil had washed off. There is
+a local tradition, long antedating the discovery of the bullets, that
+a "battle" was fought here between the French and the Indians.
+
+On the hill over the cave are three cairns, but they have been so
+searched through that scarcely a stone remains in its proper place.
+There is also the site of a flint-working industry, a space 40 or 50
+feet across being strewn with spalls, flakes, and chips.
+
+When, in addition to the sustenance provided by deer and other large
+game, there is taken into consideration the great numbers of wild
+fowls which frequented the rugged hills and numerous streams; the
+multitude of small mammals which found security in the myriad cavities
+and crevices in the cliffs; the abundant food supply in the river; and
+the further fact that so many mortars and pestles meant the
+utilization of nuts and the cultivation of corn and no doubt of other
+foodstuffs as well; it is apparent that the problem of mere
+subsistence was one with which the natives had but little need to
+concern themselves. That full recognition was accorded to these
+advantages is amply attested by the great quantity of flints found
+everywhere in the vicinity, the numerous workshops on the hills and in
+the bottoms where the ground is thickly strewn with debris in every
+stage from the intact nodule or block to the finished implement, and
+the amount of refuse not only in this cavern, but in the Saltpeter
+Cave in the same bluff and in the Freeman or Ramsey Cave 3 miles down
+the river on the opposite side. Miller's Cave, however, possesses an
+additional advantage, one probably not to be found elsewhere. This is
+the absolute security of its inmates from the attack of an enemy. The
+mouth of the cave is in the face of a perpendicular bluff, the wall
+on either side so smooth that not even a squirrel can obtain a
+foothold. The upper stratum of the precipice projects to such an
+extent that a rope or a ladder let down from above would fall several
+feet beyond the outer edge of the floor. Below, there is a vertical
+drop of 30 feet to the top of the rough talus which is as steep as
+rocks and earth will lie. If an assailant, by approaching from either
+side, should reach the foot of this bluff he would offer a fair target
+for stones rolled or hurled down by defenders who are safely out of
+reach of missiles from any direction.
+
+The only means of entrance is a small opening in the west wall,
+communicating with another cave. This is so restricted in size as to
+permit the passage of only one person at a time, and he must assume a
+crawling or crouching posture. This opening, which for distinction
+will be called the doorway, has its top, sides, and bottom coated with
+stalagmite formation; so it may once have been somewhat larger than at
+present. The limited amount of the deposit over the natural rock at
+either end of the orifice is evidence, however, that it could never
+have been high enough for a man to walk through without stooping, or
+wide enough for two persons to pass each other; consequently one man
+armed with a club or other weapon could easily guard it against any
+number who might attempt to enter.
+
+The cavern from which this opening leads, and which will be called the
+outer cave, is close to and nearly parallel with the face of the
+bluff, and its course is therefore approximately east and west,
+forming nearly a right angle with the main cavern. It has a slight
+curve, so that the doorway is not visible to one who is approaching
+from the outside until he is within a few yards of it.
+
+The outer cave has its beginning at a point where the bluff bends
+toward the north; that is, where there is a shallow reentrant curve,
+formed by the face of the cliff breaking away at this part and rolling
+down the hill; a considerable portion of this cave itself has been
+thus destroyed, as shown by another entrance into the bluff beyond.
+Much talus has accumulated in this cave, over which there is at
+present a fairly easy though winding and zigzag path to the entrance
+from the top of the hill, and a rough and difficult way from the
+bottom. It is a natural presumption that dwellers in the cavern had
+well-constructed though necessarily devious pathways of easy grade to
+both the top and the bottom of the hill; but owing to the loose nature
+of the debris on the outside slopes all trace of these, when abandoned
+or no longer kept in repair, would soon be obliterated by surface
+wash, landslides, and the roots of trees.
+
+By the side of the upper trail, at the bottom of the sandstone ledge
+capping the hill, are many large blocks which have split off from this
+stratum. On the flat surface of two of these are about 25 figures,
+pecked into the stone apparently with a pointed flint implement. One
+of them measuring 61/2 by 30 inches, shown in figure 11, bears some
+resemblance to a flying bird. All the others are of uniform design, an
+oval or elliptical figure with a straight line or bar passing through
+an opening in one end. These vary from 4 to 18 inches in length; two
+of them are shown in figure 12. Owing to the rough weathering of the
+stones accurate tracings were not possible, but the illustrations give
+a fairly correct idea of the inscriptions as they originally appeared.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 11.--Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's
+  Cave.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 12.--Incised figures in sandstone near
+  Miller's Cave.]
+
+The front part of the outer cave is partially filled with large rocks,
+gravel, and clay, which have fallen or been washed in. A window-like
+opening on the right, or south, side admits additional light. Near the
+inner end the cave divides, one branch going to the southeast and
+opening in the face of the bluff, the other turning north and
+terminating abruptly near the doorway, which is worn through its rear
+wall. A rough diagram (fig. 13) with some measurements is appended to
+show this cavern's peculiar structure.
+
+                                                           Feet.
+  Width at mouth (A)                                         17
+  From mouth to "window" (B)                                 21
+  Width of window (B), which has a very irregular outline     3
+  From window to where cave divides (C)                      39
+  From corner of divide (c) to opposite corner (H)           13
+  From corner (H) to rear wall                               11
+  Greatest width, from (B) to (F)                            22
+  Width from (C) to (G)                                      10
+  From north wall near (G) to face of bluff (D)              28
+  Height at mouth from talus to roof                          8
+  Height from floor to roof between (C) and (G)              13
+  Lowest point in the cave (near C), below entrance (A)       7
+  Mouth, at (D), lower than floor at (C)                      4
+
+A small amount of refuse on the floor suggested use of the outer cave
+for residence or shelter; but excavations at several points uncovered
+bedrock, with very irregular surface, at depths of 6 inches to 2 feet,
+the earth containing very little refuse and no ashes. On the talus at
+the entrance, and also at the bottom of the bluff in which the caves
+open, is much refuse which the inmates threw out as rubbish.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 13.--Plan of Miller's Cave.]
+
+The front chamber of the main cavern is quite regular in form, going
+straight back like a vault for 80 feet, then turning abruptly westward
+with a width of 47 feet, the west wall making almost a right angle at
+the corner. The east wall abuts squarely against the rear; a narrow
+crevice leads eastward from their junction, but as this was filled
+with water and mud no exploration in it was attempted.
+
+The floor of the front chamber, from wall to wall, and from near the
+front to within 27 feet of the rear, was entirely of ashes, no earth
+being visible until the extremity of these at either end was reached.
+The floor of the western extension is covered with fine earth, washed
+in, which gradually increases in volume until it fills the cave to
+within a foot of the roof. It was not examined beyond this point.
+
+Measurements show these dimensions:
+
+ Width of cave at mouth                                 feet     64
+ Least width of cave, 24 feet from mouth                 do      45
+ Greatest width of cave, from doorway to branch in
+  cave in eastern wall                                  feet     74
+ Shortest distance from line of least width to line
+  of greatest width, as given above                     feet     18
+ From mouth of cave to doorway                           do      51
+ Height of doorway                                     inches    42
+ Width of doorway                                        do      33
+ Length of floor of doorway                              do      56 Sec.
+ From mouth of cave to top of slope of ashes at rear    feet     84
+ From top to bottom of slope of ashes at rear            do      16
+ From foot of ash slope to rear wall                     do      27
+ Extent of ashes in turn of cave along foot of wall
+  beyond corner of west wall                            feet     22
+ Width of these ashes, from foot of wall to the
+  pool of water                                          do      22
+ Width of cave from corner of west wall to east wall     do      56
+ From corner of west wall to rear of cave                do      47
+ Height of extreme front from floor at edge of bluff
+  to most projecting ledge above                        feet     35
+ Height from shelf or ledge near front of east wall
+  to general level of roof                              feet     14
+ Height from ashes to roof at middle of cave             do      10
+
+  Sec. This measure also represents the thinnest portion of the wall
+    separating the main cave from the outer cave.
+
+The walls were, as is usual in caverns, somewhat irregular, there
+being a narrow bench or shelf along each side near the front, while
+projections and indentations alternated from front to rear. There were
+numerous small holes and crevices, enlargements of seams and joints by
+percolating water at an early stage in the cave's history. These
+furnish homes for various wild animals, and nearly all of them contain
+bones, sticks, and trash taken in by ground hogs and wood rats which
+seem to find much pleasure in carrying such things from place to
+place.
+
+The work of excavation began at the extreme front of the cave, where
+the original bottom, a mixture of sand, clay, and chert gravel, had
+been exposed through removal of the ashes by winds and driving rain.
+Almost immediately rocks, large and small, fallen from walls and roof,
+were encountered and interfered greatly with the digging. In the upper
+foot of the clay were streaks of sand and ashes, among which a mussel
+shell and a flint chip were found; and the top of the clay was quite
+uneven, appearing as if carried and thrown here, as perhaps some of it
+was early in the occupancy of the cave, with the object of making a
+more even or level floor farther back. But this admixture was only
+superficial; below it, the material had all the appearance of a
+running water deposit.
+
+A ledge extended along the east wall for 40 feet, with a width of 12
+to 14 feet; at the inner end it was about 4 feet below the general
+level of the floor. At 8 feet below its top a second ledge projected
+from it, sloping toward the center, slightly for 8 feet then more
+rapidly for 10 feet farther, where it merged into the bedrock. Then
+came level, nearly smooth rock for 18 feet, to the foot of the slope
+of the west wall, 14 feet out from that side of the cave. This was
+probably the original drainage channel.
+
+By the gradual erosion of new channels through the limestone and the
+consequent abandonment of old ones, subterranean drainage is
+continually altering its direction and force. In this way caverns may
+be left entirely dry, with bare floors; or may, especially if they
+receive the drainage of sink holes, be partially or even entirely
+filled with debris thus carried in. Like others, Miller's Cave has
+undergone such changes. It was begun by clear water; enlarged by
+erosion and by breaking down of walls and roof; presently clay, sand,
+and gravel were carried in; finally the water no longer flowed through
+the front, but found its way out in some other direction. In time the
+deposits became sufficiently dry to afford a good site for camps and
+for permanent occupation. There is no way of ascertaining the rate at
+which these changes took place; it may have required many centuries to
+make an appreciable difference in appearance; or, on the other hand,
+the transition from one stage to the next may have been rapid.
+
+Along the foot of the ledge from the east wall the clay was only a few
+inches deep; farther out on the ledge, and on the projection extending
+from it, were layers of red sand. Occasionally a small patch of it
+appeared along the western side. Probably it was washed in among the
+last of the natural deposits.
+
+There was considerable chert gravel mixed with the clay, making
+excavation as difficult and laborious as digging up an old,
+much-traveled macadamized highway.
+
+The surface of the ashes sloped upward rather rapidly for a distance
+of 29 feet from the front. Kitchen refuse, found in them from the
+start, contained many mussel shells; bones, including those of bear,
+deer, panther, turkey, and other large fowls, tortoise, turtle, fish,
+and various small mammals and birds; potsherds; broken flints, with
+the debris of chipping work; mortars, pestles, hammers, and mullers.
+Near the west wall, 14 feet from the mouth, imbedded in the ashes and
+a foot below their surface, was a well-preserved cranium, shown in
+plate 17, e, f. There were no other bones, not even the lower jaw; it
+seems to have been thrown here and covered with the dumped ashes.
+
+At 18 feet from the mouth the rocks became larger and so numerous as
+to be almost in contact, projecting above the ashes and imbedded in
+the clay down to bedrock; they extended for 22 feet farther in and to
+within 14 feet of the west wall. The clay attained its highest level
+at the beginning of this pile of rocks, having an elevation of 9 feet
+above bedrock; it became lower toward the interior, with its surface
+everywhere rough and irregular.
+
+The rocks were too large to be either moved or broken up, and owing to
+the condition of the roof an attempt to reduce them by blasting would
+have been attended with great danger, so they were perforce left in
+place and as much as possible of the clay between and under them dug
+away. Beyond those near the front, others, not reaching the top, were
+found one after another buried in the clay; owing to their constantly
+increasing number, and to the inward slope of the east wall, the
+limits of the excavation gradually narrowed, hampering the movements
+of the workmen, and it was necessary to handle the earth two or even
+three times to get it out of the way. There was growing risk, too, of
+the projecting rocks splitting off or breaking out of the clay matrix.
+As some of them weighed several tons, the danger became too imminent,
+and efforts to continue along the bedrock had to cease.
+
+Two other attempts were made to get to the bottom; one at 40 feet from
+the mouth just beyond the large rocks on the surface, and one at 15
+feet farther in. The last one started on an area 8 by 15 feet, which
+would have been ample if the sides could have been carried down even
+approximately straight. Neither of these efforts met with success, for
+the same reason that led to the abandonment of the first one.
+
+From here to the end, examinations were confined to the deposit of
+ashes. The surface, except as it had been disturbed by relic hunters,
+was practically level from wall to wall, but the depth varied with the
+undulating top of the clay beneath. Where it was deepest, in the
+central portion about 50 to 75 feet from the mouth, the deposit had a
+thickness of 6 feet. From this it diminished to about 3 feet on the
+sides, with an occasional thinner patch on a narrow shelf formed by a
+ledge or a crevice. The average thickness was close to 41/2 feet, so the
+amount was not far from 800 cubic yards. This was composed entirely of
+ashes from small fires for cooking, heating, and lighting purposes,
+increased to a very limited extent by kitchen waste, and by discarded
+or mislaid wrought objects. It represented the combustion of many
+hundreds, perhaps of thousands, of cords of wood, all of which had to
+be carried in from the hilltop or slopes and passed through the
+constricted doorway. This labor would be a sufficient guarantee of
+economical use; we may be sure that no fuel was wasted. If proof were
+needed of such a self-evident proposition, it would be found in the
+almost complete absence of charcoal; here and there, but seldom, a
+small mass of it showed that a burning chunk, covered up, had
+smoldered until the inflammable portion was consumed. Bunches or
+handfuls of coarse grass or small weeds had undergone the same
+process. Perhaps these had been used as kindling.
+
+In all the deeper parts the ashes had been dumped promiscuously, from
+fires made at other points; no camping fires seem to have been made
+along the middle of the cave until the depressions in the clay had
+been at least partially filled. The ashes in the upper 4 feet of the
+ash beds where these were deepest, and in nearly all the shallower
+portions, were stratified and usually level, though at the front and
+rear the strata followed the natural incline of the slopes. The first
+impression was that the ashes had been carefully spread out, or
+dragged, to make their surface even; but it was discovered, when
+shoveling some of them for the second time, that ashes may assume this
+appearance no matter how carelessly thrown. The ashes at the top, to a
+depth of 3 or 4 inches, were as fine as flour, and when shoveled back
+hung in clouds for hours at a time, to the great discomfort of the
+excavators, whose eyes, throats, and nasal passages were in a state of
+constant irritation. The stratified or laminated, hard-packed
+condition below the loose surface means, perhaps, that they were
+occasionally sprinkled and trampled by the occupants to prevent this
+trouble. Possibly they were covered with mats, skins, weeds, or
+leaves, in the parts where the inmates congregated. The loose,
+incoherent condition of the lower portions, which "shoveled like
+snow," may denote that only a few persons dwelt here at first, who
+found ample room on the higher ground near the doorway. However, all
+such attempts at explanations are not much better than mere guesswork,
+and we must be content with accepting the facts as we find them.
+
+Where the ashes were white and packed hard, whether on the site of a
+fire or in thin layers where thrown, they contained very little
+extraneous material; whereas in the darker, more mixed material broken
+bones, potsherds, shells, and other refuse were abundant, while there
+was scarcely a cubic foot anywhere in which was not found a piece of
+flint or bone, sometimes several such objects, which had been
+intentionally altered from their natural condition.
+
+Near the center of the cave was a curving pile, 6 by 2 feet, and
+several inches thick, of mussel shells of every size from less than an
+inch to above 5 inches in length; more than half of them were over 3
+inches. None of them showed any marks of fire; some had both valves in
+position, as if they had never been opened, and a few of the larger of
+these had been filled with small shells and closed again. A few were
+broken, but most of them were entire. About 1,400 valves were in this
+pile, meaning that at least one-half of that number of mollusks were
+consumed.
+
+The first interment was found at 46 feet from the front, 14 feet from
+the east wall. The folded skeleton of a very old person lay on the
+right side, head east, in loose ashes, on a large flat rock whose top
+was 30 inches below the surface. This rock had not been placed here,
+but had fallen from the ceiling; probably its existence was not known
+until it was uncovered in digging the grave. The skull still retained
+its shape, in part, being held in place by the ashes, but fell in
+pieces when this support was removed. A portion of it was gone; two
+fragments were found, several feet away, not near each other, one of
+which fits in the skull, and the other probably belongs with it also.
+The frontal bone is nearly half an inch thick; the sutures partially
+obliterated; the teeth worn down to the necks, some of them nearly to
+the bone; the forehead is low and receding. A restoration is seen in
+plate 20, a, b. In addition to the missing portions of the skull, most
+of the ribs, half of the lower jaw, and nearly all the dorsal vertebrae
+were absent, probably having been dragged away by ground hogs. The
+bones are all light and fragile. Lying above the skull, in contact
+with it but supported by the ashes on both sides, was half of a large
+mortar hollowed on both sides. Above the skeleton, and extending for
+several feet on every side, was an undisturbed stratum of closely
+packed ashes, 17 inches thick at the middle, which broke off under the
+pick in large clods; these, of course, had accumulated after the body
+was interred.
+
+The spongy condition of these bones, in spite of the preservative
+action of the ashes, is evidence of the fact frequently noted, that
+with advancing age some change takes place which renders them less
+resistant to destructive influences. Bones of children only a few
+weeks old near this skeleton held their structure perfectly and were
+easily secured.
+
+Ten feet east from the pile of mussel shells, at a slightly lower
+level, was nearly half a gallon of snail shells which had been boiled,
+probably in soup. With them were a few pieces of bones.
+
+Scattered irregularly through the ashes were many cavities which
+somewhat resembled the "postholes" so common beneath the mounds in
+Ohio. Some were barely an inch in diameter and a foot deep; from this
+size they varied indefinitely to the largest, which was a little more
+than 3 feet deep, reaching from about a foot below the undisturbed
+layers just under the loose surface ashes to within about a foot of
+the bottom. "About" is used advisedly, because at this point neither
+the top nor the bottom of undisturbed material could be determined
+with certainty. The lower 2 feet of this cavity was uniformly 7 inches
+across; above this it slightly expanded, funnel-like, to a diameter of
+8 inches at the top. The sides of this, as of all of them, large or
+small, were as smooth and hard as if made with a posthole digger or a
+boring tool. Strata of ashes, not changing their level or appearance
+in the least, were continuous around the margin. But the holes were
+not always straight; some of them changed direction as if due to a
+crooked post or stick. Nearly all of them were rounded, even
+hemispherical at top or bottom, or both, like the bottom of a pot.
+They were not molds, for nothing could have been taken out of them
+without changing or destroying its form. If they had contained any
+solid substance like a post it must have stood unchanged until the
+layers of ashes surrounded and covered it, and then must have so
+completely disappeared as to leave no trace of its existence. They
+were not formed by driving any object down, because in that case the
+bottom would not have been so regularly rounded and the ashes around
+the sides would have been more or less displaced. They were not due to
+burrowing animals. In fact, if there be imagined a nearly cylindrical
+mass of ice, straight or slightly crooked, with rounded ends, placed
+upright and retaining its position unmelted until completely buried,
+the appearance of these cavities will best be understood. Some of them
+were filled to the top with fine loose ashes which occasionally
+contained fragments of bone, shell, and pottery; sometimes they were
+nearly empty, with traces of decayed wood at the bottom, mingled with
+a little ashes and charcoal. In one was found a long, perfect bone
+perforator, shown at a in plate 30; in another near the corner of the
+west wall was found the pipe shown in figure 14. About 45 feet from
+the front near the east wall were four of them of different diameters
+and depths but all in a straight line within a space 2 feet long;
+these were in front of a crevice under an overhanging ledge where a
+man could not stand upright. Wigwams may have been erected in the
+cave, or at least skins stretched to prevent drafts or to confine the
+heat of fires in winter and perhaps to insure some degree of privacy
+if this were desired; but there are no present indications of such
+shelters unless these holes were to secure them; otherwise their
+purpose or object is still unsolved. They would probably not contain
+posts for hanging things on when the walls afforded so many small
+crevices and holes into which poles better adapted for such purposes
+could be thrust.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 20
+  a, b, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County, Mo. (a, front; b,
+  profile). c, Part of skull of child from Miller's cave (front
+  view)]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 21
+  SKULL OF YOUNG WOMAN FROM MILLER'S CAVE a, Front; b, profile; c,
+  back]
+
+Other holes or depressions, shallow, saucer-shaped, or dish-shaped,
+some dug in the underlying clay, others at any level almost to the top
+of the ashes, were fire pits or cooking places, containing charcoal
+and ashes. Two such depressions were lined with a coating of gumbo
+half an inch thick, which, however, was not mixed with sand or shell.
+Pots may have been shaped in these. Occasionally a small mass of
+gumbo, never so much as a peck, sometimes as small as a pint measure,
+would be found loose in the ashes, seemingly thrown there at random.
+Two pieces were squeezed into a rough ball; one was patted or rolled
+into a flattened sphere with a rounded depression on one side. These
+were no doubt intended as material for making vessels, as was a
+roughly cylindrical mass of red clay and pounded shell as large as a
+quart cup--the "biscuit" of modern potters.
+
+About the middle of the cave a saucer-shaped depression, 4 feet across
+and 10 inches deep at the center, had been dug in the red clay; ashes
+had been deposited to a depth of 2 feet over this space before the
+excavation of the hole was begun, and streaks of red clay lay at about
+this level all around the pit. Many rocks, large and small, apparently
+thrown in, were in this basin and above it. No fire had been made in
+it; nothing buried; and the upper layers of ashes extended across it
+unbroken. It forms another of the unsolved problems.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 14.--Clay pipe from Miller's Cave.]
+
+In the den of a burrowing animal smaller than a ground hog was the
+frontal bone and upper portion of the face of a child of 8 or 10
+years; 12 teeth are cut and others can be seen. It is shown in plate
+20, c. Part of a cervical vertebra lay at the top of the skull, and
+there were fragments of a few other bones.
+
+The ulna of a child, broken off at the wrist, was near the doorway in
+a mass of refuse in a ground-hog burrow. For several feet in every
+direction around here the ashes were traversed by the tunnels and dens
+of these animals, some of them extending down into the clay.
+
+Twenty-five feet east of the doorway, a foot below the highest layer
+of unbroken ashes, was the top and back of a thin skull.
+
+Sixty feet from the front, 15 feet from the east wall, at a depth of
+14 inches, was a partial skeleton, lying on the back. The right arm,
+folded, lay by the side; the left forearm across the pelvis. All bones
+from the atlas to the sacrum, except some bones of the hands and
+wrists and the left ulna, lay in such position as to show they had
+been interred with the flesh on, or at least while the cartilages
+held them together; but no trace of the skull--which had lain toward
+the west--or of any part of the legs or feet was present. Fragments of
+coarse cloth were adhering to the pelvis. The bones, which were almost
+like punk, were those of a young person, the caps of the long bones
+being separate from the shafts; but they were of good size, the
+humerus being 13 inches long. The left ulna (at least a left ulna) lay
+above where the face should have been, but some inches away, with one
+end near the surface. It is quite probable that ground hogs are
+responsible for the condition of this skeleton, and that some of the
+bones found scattered in the ashes belonged to it. About a foot under
+the bones, but not connected with the burial in any way, were three
+large pieces of a large pot.
+
+Four feet east of this, a foot lower, was the skeleton of a baby, the
+humerus only 31/2 inches long. The bones rolled out with some loose
+ashes, and not all of them could be recovered.
+
+Thirteen feet from the east wall, 16 feet from top of rear slope of
+the ashes, 4 feet below the surface was part of a skeleton. The bones
+lay on a damp, close-packed bed of ashes 6 inches thick. They were
+closely folded, the femurs and lower leg bones being in contact; the
+skull, scapulae, right humerus, sacrum, and some of the vertebrae were
+missing. Such bones as remained were in their proper positions, except
+that the sternum lay in the pelvis and the elbows at the knees. All of
+them were in a space only 18 by 22 inches, measuring to the outermost
+points. The situation of such bones as remained indicated that part of
+a skeleton had been buried after the flesh had decayed, or had been
+removed, but while the joints were still united, and covered with
+loose ashes, whose settling had caused some sagging of the stratified
+ashes, a foot in thickness, which lay above them, there being no
+evidence that they had been disturbed since they were placed here. All
+were as light as cork and, except the left tibia, which was 151/2 inches
+long, fell to pieces when taken up.
+
+Eight feet east from the last skeleton was one of a very young infant,
+on left side, head toward the front of the cave. It was 21/2 feet below
+the surface, partly under a jutting portion of a large rock whose top
+was above the ashes. It lay on small angular rocks, with similar rocks
+over it.
+
+Two feet west of this was the ulna of a child 10 years old.
+
+Sixteen feet from the east wall, 10 feet from top of rear slope, 2
+feet under surface was another infant's skeleton, lying on the back,
+head toward the mouth of the cave. The femur was only 41/2 inches long.
+
+Fifteen feet from east wall, 8 feet from top of rear slope of ashes, a
+little more than a foot below the surface, was the closely folded
+skeleton of a woman between 20 and 25 years of age. It lay on the
+right side, with the head east. The bones were in perfect condition,
+even the coccyx being intact. All the teeth were present, solid, and
+symmetrically set. Unbroken strata of ashes a foot thick above this
+skeleton sagged somewhat owing to settling of loose ashes thrown
+around and over the body at time of burial. The skull is shown, front,
+profile, and back, in plate 21.
+
+A few inches below these bones, with ashes intervening, were piled
+some bones of a child of about 8 years. The caps of the joints were
+not adherent, and some of the teeth had not come through the bone. The
+skull, which was intact, lay on left side, vertex north, ribs, arm
+bones, and feet bones lay on the top, at the back, and at the vertex,
+in contact with the skull and with one another. As there was no
+evidence that they had ever been disturbed by animals, it would appear
+that only the bones mentioned had been deposited; even the lower jaw
+was absent. They lay in a mass of kitchen refuse, shells, burned
+bones, charcoal, and ashes, the upper layers of which were curved as
+if the bones had been laid on a level area of this mixed material and
+the rest of it piled over them. Their position, and the small number
+of them, indicates that the flesh had been used as food. The skull is
+shown in plate 22.
+
+Between this partial skeleton and the complete one above it,
+apparently thrown in with the refuse which covered and surrounded
+both, were fragments of two large pelvic bones which did not belong to
+either of them.
+
+Directly below these burials, 3 feet under the surface, was part of an
+infant's skeleton, with five shell disk beads among the bones; the
+only instance in which ornaments were found with human bones. The
+skull and some other bones were present, but most of the remains had
+disappeared into the runway of a burrower.
+
+At several places in the central parts of the cavern, at almost any
+level between the top and the bottom of the ashes, were human bones,
+singly or a few together, some of them apparently remains of
+interments, others carried to the points where found. Most of these
+scattered bones were of children or infants; but now and then larger
+ones were found, notably two large adult tibiae which were a foot
+apart. While a few of them may have been thrown in with the ashes,
+most of this confusion resulted from the activity of rodents, though
+some of it was due to desultory former investigations.
+
+At one point was the perfect lower jaw of a child 8 or 10 years old;
+with it were a scapula and some vertebrae which may have belonged to
+it, also some ribs, vertebrae, and arm bones of an infant. Two or three
+of them bore marks of fire, especially an ulna of a child which was
+completely charred.
+
+Four feet from east wall, 4 feet below surface, at the beginning of
+the slope to the rear, was the skeleton of a child less than 2 years
+old. It lay on left side, head east, legs bent, one arm folded with
+hand by head, the other along the body; just such a position as would
+be assumed by a sleeping infant. Some of the teeth were cut. All the
+bones were in place, though soft and brittle; above them was an
+unbroken stratum of ashes.
+
+Four feet west of this, 2 feet higher, was the skeleton of a still
+younger child.
+
+Sixteen feet from east wall, at the beginning of slope to rear, near
+the bottom of the ashes, was an adult's skeleton, extended on back,
+head west. Three rocks, weighing from 75 to 300 pounds, were placed
+over the body. Most of the bones had disappeared from decay; the
+middle third of one tibia was much enlarged by disease, as shown in
+plate 23.
+
+Eleven feet east of this, 4 feet below surface, was an adult skeleton,
+folded, on right side, head toward rear of the cave. The bones were
+spongy and soft. Portions of the feet and legs, most of the pelvis,
+the left arm, and some of the vertebrae were present, but there was no
+trace of right arm, skull, or shoulders. A slab weighing 100 pounds or
+more was set on edge just where the head should have been. One tibia,
+the only bone with both ends remaining, measured 141/2 inches.
+
+Near the wall, just beyond the break of the slope, was the entire
+skeleton of a dog so old that its teeth were rounded and smooth. It
+had been killed by a spear thrust entirely through its body, from the
+right side, both scapulae being penetrated; the holes are three-fourths
+of an inch in diameter. The skull of a fox was found near this, higher
+in the ashes.
+
+Fifteen feet from east wall, halfway down the slope, 18 inches under
+surface, was the skeleton of an infant only a few days old. No trace
+of pelvis or right leg remained, though all the other bones were well
+preserved.
+
+Twenty-four feet from east wall, at beginning of rear slope, was the
+complete skeleton of a young child, extended, on back, head toward
+rear of cave. The bones showed evidence of disease, as may be seen in
+plate 23. The skull is shown in plate 24.
+
+Nineteen feet from east wall, 13 feet from foot of slope, was a hole
+41/2 inches to 5 inches in diameter, 21 inches deep, extending into the
+loose dark earth underlying the ashes. The bottom of the hole was
+muddy, being at about the level of the standing water, and contained
+charred and decayed remains of oak wood. Ashes, in layers having the
+same slope as the surface, extended over it, proving the post (?) to
+have been burned some time before the cave was abandoned.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 22
+  SKULL OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S CAVE
+  a, Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 23
+  DISEASED TIBIA OF ADULT AND DISEASED BONES OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 24
+  SKULL OF CHILD FROM MILLER'S CAVE
+  a, Front; b, profile]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 25
+  CACHE OF FLINTS FROM ASH BED IN MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+West of the doorway a ledge, projecting from 4 to 6 feet, extended to
+the west corner. It was covered 2 feet deep, or less, with ashes
+containing the usual refuse. Large rocks lay on this, or had
+fallen over it to the clay lying against its lower part, or into
+the ashes on the clay.
+
+Near the west wall were four holes in an almost straight
+north-and-south line. The first (1), was 29 feet north of the doorway,
+18 inches deep and 7 inches in diameter. In it was the clay pipe shown
+in figure 14. Number (2), 5 feet from (1), was 24 by 9 inches; No. (3)
+2 feet from (2), was 26 by 7 inches; No. (4), 41/2 feet from (3), was 30
+by 5 inches. Fourteen inches northwest of No. (1) was another hole, 15
+by 3 inches. The description on a previous page as to character,
+appearance, and contents applies to all these holes; the ashes
+extended above all of them in continuous layers.
+
+A little to the west of No. (1) was a small pile of crumbling
+fragments of sandstone and limestone used in boiling food.
+
+Near No. (4), a foot under the surface, on the slope, 15 feet from the
+water, was a small pile of charcoal on which lay a human scapula, some
+vertebrae, fragments of ribs, most of a humerus, and most of a femur of
+a person not fully matured; they were of good size but the cap fell
+away from the humerus when it was moved. Some of them were without
+marks of fire, others were charred, while a few pieces were burned to
+cinder. As the mass was surrounded by clean ashes, it could not be
+determined whether the charcoal had been burned where found, or had
+been carried here. Whichever it was, the bones had been thrown on the
+pile.
+
+Thirteen feet just north from the corner of the west wall was a hole
+19 by 7 inches which differed from the others in that the bottom
+instead of being rounded was irregular, and deeper at one side; the
+top, however, showed the usual hemispherical contour.
+
+Two feet from corner of west wall, almost under a point projecting
+from it, 4 feet below surface, was a cranium from which the upper jaw,
+one orbit, and part of the right parietal were missing; with it were a
+lower jaw, a clavicle, a sternum, the bones of the left arm, and some
+phalanges, all in good condition, except the ulna, which was broken.
+No other bones were present. The skull lay on right side, face toward
+the wall; the arm bones were on it, and the other bones by it. With
+and around them were some deer bones. The entire lot had the
+appearance of being thrown together here at one time, and it would
+seem that the flesh of all of them had been eaten.
+
+Fourteen feet north from the corner, halfway down to the water, in the
+wet earth at the bottom, were human bones evidently placed here
+entire, but so decayed and broken that nothing could be ascertained
+except that it seemed a closely folded body or skeleton had been
+deposited. The teeth were worn down to the gums.
+
+The refuse behind the corner of the west wall was cleared away as far
+as the conditions would permit. The amount of water at the rear of
+the cave varies with the rainfall; sometimes it almost disappears,
+again it may be fully 2 feet deep; but at all times the earth and
+ashes near it are saturated above its lowest level. Consequently, on
+account of the mud, excavations could not be carried fully to the end
+in either direction. As scarcely anything was found in the last few
+feet, this omission was not important.
+
+The entire distance worked over, from the front margin to the line
+where no further advance could be made, at 14 feet from the water, was
+91 feet. No spot that could be reached throughout this length was left
+undug.
+
+The small openings in the west wall presented no features worthy of
+special mention; but those in the east wall yielded interesting
+results.
+
+First of these was a small cave 39 feet from the main entrance. At the
+front its width was 11 feet; 6 feet within it narrowed to 4 feet. A
+hole on the north side ended at a crevice that led to a chamber higher
+up, from which, in turn, another crevice extended. All this space,
+even beyond the point to which a man could worm his way, was filled
+with fine earth and ashes containing much refuse. Worked objects were
+found at the greatest distance which could be reached.
+
+A few feet within the entrance this minor cave divided into three
+parts. A crevice trending northward is too small to follow. The two
+others extend in a general easterly direction. The central branch, the
+left of the two, also closes within a few feet. Neither of these
+contained anything but natural earth. In the one to the right, 7 feet
+from the entrance, was a pocket on the south side, 18 inches wide, 30
+inches high, and 4 feet deep; it was filled with ashes containing bone
+and shell, but no worked object except a flake scraper. At intervals,
+within the next few feet, were two mortars, a much used pestle, some
+bone awls, and flints, all of them in places where it was scarcely
+possible for a man to sit erect, as the tunnel-like cavity,
+circumscribed by solid rock, was nowhere as much as 4 feet in
+diameter. At its narrowest part it measured only 3 feet high and 18
+inches wide.
+
+At 20 feet the cave opens into a well-like enlargement, 5 by 6 feet,
+and 5 feet high. Bone and shell in small amounts were found here, and
+among them the skiver shown at d in plate 36.
+
+From this well-like cavity three branches start; one continuing in a
+direct line east, one to the north, and one to the south. The east
+(middle) branch is only 24 inches high and 17 inches wide, with solid
+rock all around. It contained ashes, with a little refuse, as far as a
+man could reach.
+
+The branch to the north is entered through an opening 3 feet high and
+31 inches wide in a thin wall of the original rock, just within which
+it widens to nearly 7 feet, holding the same height of 3 feet. Within
+this doorway, on the red earth bottom, were a small mortar and a
+grinding stone worn by much use; both were stained with red paint. A
+foot farther in was part of a skiver; and 2 feet beyond this was a
+large knife of white chert almost as clear and compact as chalcedony,
+shown at a in plate 27. Ashes continued in the north tunnel for 26
+feet from the entrance, beyond which no further progress was possible.
+Before this point was reached, the refuse which had been continually
+decreasing in amount no longer appeared.
+
+The tunnel leading from the well toward the south is 19 inches high, 3
+feet 9 inches wide. At 3 feet it branches; one fork, 2 feet high and
+17 inches wide, turns eastward and curves to join the east branch from
+the well. The other branch continues south, but soon closes; in it
+were found a small piece of an adult's skull and the hip bone of a
+young child.
+
+The floors in all the branches of the small cave were covered from 3
+to 12 inches deep with a reddish mixture of sand and clay, on which
+were ashes filling the space above almost to the roof. In a few places
+refuse was found in this silt, of the same general character as that
+in the ashes, but in very small amount. This is not significant; such
+remains were dragged down by animals, which range everywhere. The two
+deposits are quite separated and distinct.
+
+The clay and sand on the rock bottom came from disintegrated rock on
+top of the ground outside, or at any rate from some level higher than
+that where they are found now; but how ashes, shells, broken bone, and
+especially how worked objects came to be in places too contracted for
+a man to creep, and where they could be neither carried nor pushed, is
+not to be explained except on the hypothesis of a chamber above,
+whence they may have worked or may have been thrown down; but at no
+place, either in the cave or in the outside surface, could there be
+found any evidence of such communication.
+
+Fifty-five feet from the mouth of the cave, in the east wall, is a
+crevice into whose lower portion extended the red clay of the cavern
+floor. It branched into various tortuous divisions, all of which were
+filled with ashes containing a large proportion of refuse. It appeared
+at first that all this had settled in, or been thrown in, from the
+main cavern; but one branch, having a very irregular outline, was in
+such situation and trended upward at such an angle that it could not
+have been filled from below. As in similar cases previously noted,
+however, no other opening to it was to be found. The smallest workman
+cleared it out to as great a distance as he could crawl and use a
+trowel, but did not succeed in reaching the end of the deposits.
+
+At the bottom of the crevice were ground-hog burrows extending between
+loose rocks, under ledges, and into the red clay. All these were
+followed as far as they could be, and found to contain quantities of
+refuse. There was also a considerable amount of fine dark earth in the
+burrows, showing they have another outlet somewhere. Occasionally a
+mass thrown out by a shovel or a trowel contained more refuse than
+ashes. There was nearly everything which was found elsewhere in the
+cave, and almost every shovelful contained something worth preserving.
+
+Near the rear of the cave erosion of the lower part of the eastern
+wall formed a rudely triangular recess or cavity 30 feet long by 7
+feet deep at the widest part. The upper margin of this was below the
+surface of the ashes, so that its existence was not suspected until
+these had been removed from in front of it. The roof was 5 feet above
+the rock bottom, the entire space being filled with loose material.
+The upper 2 feet of this was clean ashes in which were great
+quantities of refuse, so much that it had all the appearance of a
+general dumping ground. Below this depth, patches of fine dark earth
+were mingled with the ashes and refuse. The latter continually
+decreased in quantity, until at a foot above the bottom they ceased
+altogether, the lower portion of the deposit consisting of nothing but
+earth. The pure ashes were slightly damp; and the moisture increased
+with the depth until at a foot above the bottom the earth was
+saturated and could no longer be removed with tools.
+
+The refuse in the ashes consisted of animal bones, entire or in
+fragments; broken flints and pottery; mussel and snail shells; and
+numerous wrought objects. These continued, though in smaller amount,
+where the ashes were mingled with earth, though bones and shells were
+soft owing to the moisture, and could be removed only in fragments.
+Among them were the flint shown at a in plate 28, and the hematite ax,
+at a, plate 29. The latter was at the lowest level to which the ashes
+extended; perhaps its weight caused it to settle below the place at
+which it originally lay.
+
+Near the middle of this chamber, 2 feet from the rear wall, lying at
+the bottom of the mixed ashes and earth, were 12 entire and 3 broken
+leaf-shaped blades; they were not closely piled, or arranged in any
+order, but seem to have been hastily or carelessly laid or thrown on a
+small space. Another was found a foot away. They are shown in plate
+25.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 26 FLINTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 27 FLINTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 28 FLINTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 29 AXES AND PESTLES FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+Here and there among the refuse were found the upper jaw, with left
+orbit, of a young person; a fragment of an occiput, perhaps belonging
+with the above though not lying near it; fragments of the skull of a
+young child; half of an ulna of a child probably 12 years old; a small
+fragment of the lower jaw of an adult with one molar remaining in it,
+which has been burned until black. These fragments were all in such
+position and condition as to show they were not carried in by animals;
+were not disinterred from graves and placed here; were not in any
+way accidentally present; but had been gathered up with the refuse and
+thrown in as a part of it. The broken or burned condition of these, as
+well as of other human bones found at random among the ashes of the
+main cave, are presumptive evidence that dwellers here sometimes
+devoured the flesh of human beings; and the fact that a majority of
+such bones are those of children indicates that it was not eaten
+through a belief that the valor and skill of an enemy could be thus
+absorbed by the victor, but that it was used as food, like the flesh
+of any other animal. Such conclusion may not be justified; but the
+facts are not readily accounted for otherwise, except on the equally
+repulsive hypothesis that the inmates of the cave were brutally
+indifferent to the bodies or skeletal remains of their fellows.
+
+Omitting this question from consideration, however, there is still
+ample evidence that the inhabitants of Miller's Cave were in a low
+state of savagery, or, if the phrase be preferred, in a very primitive
+stage of culture. There was a remarkable paucity of articles used as
+ornaments or for personal decoration, and the few that were found were
+simple and crude, being only rubbed stones or rough pieces of bones
+which were possibly intended for beads or pendants. The pottery, while
+strong and serviceable, was plain in form and devoid of any
+ornamentation or design except that a few pieces showed impressions
+such as would be made by scratching or pressing with the end of a
+small stick or bone. Nearly all of it was cord-marked, though some was
+smooth, one red piece appearing almost glazed. It varied much in
+thickness, hardness, and color. Most of it was dark gray, some red,
+occasionally a piece yellowish or nearly white; due to the different
+clays of which it was made. So far as observed it was tempered with
+shell. The shards were small, as if when a pot was broken the
+fragments were still further demolished. The curvature showed there
+was a wide range in size, from about a pint to 2 gallons or more.
+
+Their mortars were natural blocks or slabs of sandstone, such as may
+be picked up by thousands in the immediate neighborhood, and showed no
+alteration of form beyond ordinary wear except that the rough faces of
+a few were pecked, apparently with a pointed flint tool, to make them
+less irregular. Some were flat and smooth from use with a muller or
+grinding stone; most of them were worked or hollowed on only one face;
+a few showed depressions on both sides; one had a few hemispherical
+indentations near the margin, like those observed in cup-stones.
+
+Only one pestle was dressed into any of the forms which we are
+accustomed to associate with the name, and this was a truncated cone
+with rounded top, shown at b in plate 29. All the others were
+cobblestones from ravines or the river shore. A few had undergone no
+change in form; most of them were battered on the perimeter; a few had
+pitted sides; some had been used as pestles, mullers, or grinding
+stones until the surface was more or less smooth. All such stones are
+classed as "pestles," for convenience; they could have also been used
+as hammers, bone crushers, and in various other ways.
+
+In all, 73 mortars were found; counting only those stones which bore
+marks of use as such. The largest one was at the bottom of the ashes,
+near the doorway. There were more than 100 pestles which bore evidence
+of much use; and probably as many more on which there was little or no
+sign of wear. As the cavern was not of sufficient size to provide
+living quarters for many families at any one time--10 or 12 at the
+most--the large number of these utensils may imply that the inmates
+would not use an object which had previously belonged to some one
+else.
+
+Among the flint implements there was a wide range in the character of
+stone, the shape, and the degree of finish, although the variation in
+size was quite limited. Very few of them may be classed as either
+large or small. The longest, shown at a in plate 28, measured 51/2
+inches; few were more than 4 or less than 2 inches. Tapering stems
+predominated. The principal forms are shown in plates 26-28. Only
+three arrowheads were found; but this was to be expected, as arrows
+would be used only out of doors. One of these of clear, fine-grained
+pink and white chert, shown at b in plate 28, so far surpasses in
+delicate finish any other specimen secured that it is probably exotic.
+The large number of cores, blocks, spalls, and flakes shows that many
+implements were made and repaired here. But, while a few specimens
+showed that their fabricators were masters of the chipping art, most
+of them were roughly finished. Some which are so little altered from
+the original form of the rough flake or spall that they would be
+classed as "rejects" if found about a flint workshop have a smoothness
+or "hand polish" which denotes much service. There is the possibility,
+of course, that hunting or traveling parties from some other part of
+the country may have availed themselves of the shelter, either when it
+was temporarily unoccupied, or as guests of those living in it; and
+that these, also, may have left some small articles when they
+departed. However this may have been, all the objects from the top to
+the bottom of the deposits, in dry ashes or in sticky mud, in crevices
+or branch caverns, on the red clay, the barren muck, or the
+bedrock--all, if we may except the few flints of superior
+workmanship--are identical in general character: That is to say, any
+object from any part of the deposited material had its practical
+duplicate at various other points on different levels.
+
+Only three grooved axes and three pestles were found. They are shown
+in plate 29, along with a cobblestone used as a pestle.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 30 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 31 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 32 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 33 BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 34 BONE AND ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S
+  CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 35 ANTLER IMPLEMENTS FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 36 SKIVERS, SHOWING STAGES OF MANUFACTURE,
+  FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 37 SHELL SPOONS, POTTERY DISKS, AND BROKEN
+  SPOON MADE OF A DEER'S SKULL, FROM MILLER'S CAVE]
+
+The cave was especially rich in objects wrought from bone and antler.
+A few of these are shown in plates 30-36 and figure 15.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 15.--Perforated bone object from Miller's
+  Cave.]
+
+Plate 36 illustrates four stages in the manufacture of skivers. It
+shows that instead of being always rubbed down from its natural form
+the bone was sometimes split by blows of a stone hammer until
+complete, subsequent smoothing probably resulting from use, as shown
+by the implement at c. When skivers were broken, the ends were dressed
+down for other uses; as observed in the upper row of plate 32.
+
+Shell spoons, knives, and scrapers were abundant. Some are shown in
+plate 37, along with perforated pottery disks and the bowl of a spoon
+made from the frontal bone of a deer.
+
+Figure 16 represents the only adz or gouge form implement found. It is
+made of gray chert, the edge highly polished. In figure 17 is shown a
+broken clay pipe, identical in form and material with that in figure
+14.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 16.--Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's
+  Cave.]
+
+The red clay which had formed the floor of the excavated area from the
+mouth of the cavern to well past the central portion suddenly dipped
+to the north and to the east shortly before reaching the corner of the
+west wall. Attempts to follow it downward were frustrated by black
+earth, which when dug with pick or shovel assumed the consistency of
+"hog-wallow mud."
+
+For a space of 4 or 5 feet inside the doorway, whose floor was about 3
+feet higher than the average surface level in the cave, the ashes were
+not more than a foot thick, the clay rising to this extent. It spread
+out fan shape, with a continuous slope for several yards in every
+direction, thus making an easy grade for entrance and exit.
+
+There are three ways in which this condition could have been brought
+about.
+
+First, the aborigines may have constructed a graded way; though it is
+not at all likely they would have piled the clay so far to each side.
+
+Secondly, it may have washed through the doorway from the outer cave
+when the main outlet of the latter in the face of the bluff toward D
+(fig. 13) was obstructed in some way. This is improbable.
+
+Thirdly, it may be due to material deposited in the eddy or swirl
+created by the corner of the west wall whenever a large volume of
+drainage water flowed from the westward in the main cave and was
+sharply deflected toward the south when it struck the east wall. This
+is no doubt the correct explanation.
+
+Whether or not these floods had any part in piling up the clay at the
+doorway, beyond doubt it was to them that the clay, gravel, and sand
+resting upon the floor of the main cave owe their origin. To them is
+likewise due the dark earth overlying the clay at the rear and
+covering the floor of the recess in the east wall. Clearly, there was
+at one time in the cave's history a current at intervals, which
+carried mud and small rocks from the interior of the cave, or from the
+outside surface through sink holes, and left at least a part of it
+where the velocity of the stream was checked. Later, much of this
+water found other drainage channels, and the coarser matter could no
+longer be carried into the cave; but at times of unusually heavy
+precipitation enough of the torrent followed the old course to bring
+in the dark earth. The last is due to top soil containing a large
+amount of humus from decaying vegetation. Finally, no more water came
+this way except as seepage, which is the condition at present.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--Clay pipe from Miller's Cave.]
+
+The pool at the rear may be entirely empty in dry seasons; and after
+heavy rains may contain a depth of 2 feet. This water now has a greasy
+looking scum and a sour, unpleasant odor.
+
+The cave was inhabited before the water had entirely ceased to flow
+through it; this is proven by the alternation of refuse and silt in
+the recess under the east wall. Kitchen waste would be thrown here,
+and when the water rose sediment would cover it. There was then dry
+ground near the doorway; and the water in the pool, having an outlet
+toward the east, through the crevice, was fit for use, except,
+perhaps, when turbid.
+
+On the rear slope, 18 feet from the water, the excavation was carried
+to the level of the bottom of the pool. The lower 2 feet was mud, and
+at the bottom water oozed in. Scattered through this muddy earth was
+much charcoal in small fragments; and for a short distance it also
+occurred for a few inches below the surface of the red clay. This
+charcoal was carried in by the water at the same time as the earth
+with which it was associated, and must be due to fires on the hill
+outside. At any rate, it did not come from any fires made within the
+cavern. No refuse or worked objects of any kind were found in this
+black earth, except in the recess in the east wall, as described, and
+in the upper portion immediately under the ashes. Such as existed
+outside the recess may have become mixed in the same way; that is, by
+being thrown on the top as it existed at the moment and being later
+covered by the water; or it may have worked in from the ashes above.
+Nor was there much refuse in the ashes on the rear slope, although
+these were quite regularly stratified.
+
+To entirely remove the rocks and clay and expose in a satisfactory
+manner the bedrock floor would require months of labor, the use of
+mechanical appliances, and complete drainage to the rear wall through
+the mouth of the cave.
+
+Without attempting to make a detailed list, there may be given a
+summary of the objects shipped to the National Museum:
+
+  12 skulls, most of them more or less broken.
+  10 partial skeletons, including those of children.
+  8 fragments of skulls from different individuals not included in the
+    above.
+  74 objects of shell.
+  711 worked flint objects; knives, scrapers, cores, etc.
+  10 grooved axes, tomahawks, and flint hammers.
+  10 mortars.
+  40 pestles, stone hammers, rubbing stones, etc.
+  413 wrought objects of bone and stag horn.
+  2 clay pipes.
+  1 box of pottery fragments.
+  A number of small objects, not classified.
+
+There were left in the cavern several hundred broken flints; more than
+60 mortars; probably 200 stones used as pestles, hammers, etc., and
+several large wagonloads of shell, bone, and broken pottery.
+
+There is no way in which the age of the deposits in either the Miller
+or the Sells Cave can be determined. The accumulation of ashes in the
+one and of talus at the front of the other would certainly imply the
+lapse of several centuries, perhaps a thousand years of continuous
+occupation. Intermittent habitation would lengthen this period.
+
+
+RAMSEY'S CAVE
+
+Ramsey's Cave, better known as Freeman's Cave, is in a bluff on the
+right bank of Big Piney River, 3 miles below Miller's Cave. It is
+about 150 feet above the level of the stream and the same below the
+summit of the hill behind it. Within a hundred yards to east and west
+are shallow ravines by which access is fairly easy to a ledge nearly
+on the same level as the cave; this is wide enough for one person to
+traverse, but in most places too narrow for two abreast. The talus in
+front is rough and steep but a crooked path with no difficult grades
+can be made to the water.
+
+Chambers on each side near the entrance, which are accessible only by
+means of a ladder, provide excellent living quarters and command
+approach from any direction, even along the foot of the cliff on
+either side.
+
+The entrance, which faces southwest, is a symmetrical arch 75 feet
+wide and 20 feet high.
+
+Bedrock shows just in front, covered with loose material washed over
+the cliff. The floor ascends and the roof descends toward the rear,
+until at 70 feet they approach within 6 feet of each other; beyond
+this the cave is choked with fallen rocks and with earth and gravel
+probably from a sink hole some distance back on top of the hill.
+
+Refuse shows about the entrance and for 40 feet toward the rear, where
+earth from the interior has worked down over it. The surface is strewn
+with rocks, large and small, so that excavations are possible only in
+small areas. Several holes were dug at intervals between the front and
+the rear; a considerable amount of ashes was found over the middle
+portion, thrown from still farther back. Very little was found in
+them. The rock bottom slopes upward slightly and was covered in some
+places with clay and gravel, on which lay the ashes and other refuse;
+these were nowhere more than 3 feet deep, and usually much thinner.
+
+The place was so difficult to work in and the returns were so scanty
+that systematic investigation did not seem warranted, and the work was
+not extended. The only objects secured were a bone perforator, part of
+another one, a snail shell, apparently a bead, a very small piece of
+sandstone used as a grinder or polisher for bones, a fragment of
+worked mussel shell, and nine rough flints. There were also a few
+small fragments of pottery.
+
+A man living near the cave reported that a few years ago he was
+digging in a narrow space between the east wall and a large fallen
+rock. He came upon the feet of two skeletons and took out the lower
+leg bones. Being assured by a friend that these were not bones of
+Indians because they were not "red," and so must be remains of white
+people, he replaced them and threw the earth back on them. He was
+certain the spot had never since been disturbed; but in this he was
+mistaken, for investigation revealed a pile of human bones lying in
+confusion, in which the frames of two individuals, as he had said,
+were mingled; but no trace of the skull or jaw of either. Evidently
+some one had come afterwards in search of the skulls. The femur of the
+larger individual was just 19 inches long; the other frame was much
+smaller; but all other bones were in such fragmentary condition they
+could not be measured.
+
+There is a rock shelter a short distance down the river from the
+Ramsey Cave and in the same ledge. It is 45 feet long, 15 feet deep,
+and 8 feet high in front, the roof coming down to the floor at the
+rear. There is nothing to show that it was ever used, even as a
+camping place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A fourth of a mile above this cave is another from which flows a
+never-failing spring. There is a pile of ashes near the front,
+containing some refuse, but these mark only the site of an occasional
+camp, as the place could not be occupied in wet weather.
+
+
+GRAHAM CAVE
+
+On Graham's land, high up in a bluff facing Big Piney, opposite the
+mouth of Spring Creek, is a small cave difficult to reach and not
+suitable for occupancy.
+
+
+PILLMAN'S OR SPRING CREEK, CAVE (25)
+
+At the mouth of Spring Creek, on land of John Pillman, near the top of
+the bluff, is a cave with an entrance 30 feet wide and 30 feet high. A
+steep rock ledge at the front offers an impassable obstacle to any
+stock except goats. The front chamber is well lighted for a distance
+of 80 feet, where it makes a turn. Bedrock is exposed near the
+entrance and rises toward the rear, showing here and there through the
+covering of earth, which is not more than 2 feet deep anywhere. Water
+cracks appear even in the highest spots, proving the floor to be
+saturated at times. There is considerable refuse inside the cave, but
+none in front, and it is reported that human skeletons have been found
+in it. If so they must have been on a ledge or in a crevice. Plate 2,
+a, shows the hill, from the west; plate 2, b, the entrance to the
+cave.
+
+Two large cairns stood on top of the bluff above the cave. So far as
+can be determined in their dilapidated condition, there seems to have
+been a row of stones inclosing a definite area, but it is impossible
+to ascertain with certainty whether this was the case.
+
+On a lower ridge, to the north, are three similar but smaller cairns.
+These are constructed entirely of sandstone slabs, and there was
+plainly some sort of system used in placing them; but, as in the case
+of the first, it can not now be determined whether there was a
+continuous wall, and, if so, whether it was more than one stone high.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A village site is reported in the river bottom on David Thomas's farm
+on the Big Piney, near Moab.
+
+There were cairns, now totally destroyed, at two places on the ridge
+over which passes the road from Devil's Elbow to Spring Creek.
+
+
+WOODLAND HOLLOW CAVE
+
+A minor ravine, known as Woodland Hollow, opens into a small unnamed
+creek a mile above its junction with Big Piney River at the Devil's
+Elbow. In the west slope of this ravine is a large cave, named from
+its location. Through the middle part the floor is muddy; along the
+wall on the left, dry cave earth, with a width of 20 to 30 feet,
+extends for 70 feet from the entrance, its surface 4 feet above the
+level of the wet floor. A smaller amount of dry earth lies along the
+opposite wall. The sides of the cavern recede at the bottom, the dry
+earth passing under them. No estimate can be made as to the total
+depth of the deposits. At the mouth of a ground-hog burrow were two
+bone perforators, potsherds, fragments of bones, and pieces of worked
+flint, including two knives, which had been thrown out by the animal.
+Two mortar stones were found on the margin of the dry earth.
+
+The cave belongs to Philip Becker, of St. Louis, who peremptorily
+refused to allow any examination whatever to be made; the only case in
+the whole region where cheerful permission was not given for any
+amount of excavation desired.
+
+Three cairns, all demolished, stood on the Stuart property, half a
+mile from Woodland Cave.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a cairn on top of Lost Hill, half a mile south of Blue, or
+Shanghai, Spring on Big Piney.
+
+
+WALLED GRAVES AT DEVIL'S ELBOW (26)
+
+Three miles above the point at which it passes out of the hills into
+the bottom lands on its way to the Gasconade, the Big Piney River
+doubles on itself with an abrupt curve, which raftsmen have named "The
+Devil's Elbow." For more than a mile above and below this bend the
+stream flows in opposite directions in nearly parallel east and west
+channels around the foot of a spur from the high land to the west.
+
+Into the Elbow, on its outer curve, three ravines from the east and
+southeast open within a fourth of a mile. They form the boundaries of
+two very narrow ridges or "hog-backs," which terminate in precipitous
+slopes near the river. For some distance back from the points the
+limestone bedrock crops out, a slight accumulation of earth in the
+crevices supporting a scanty covering of weeds but being insufficient
+to permit the growth of trees or bushes; hence the term "balds" by
+which they are locally known. The ridges have a gradual and nearly
+uniform slope toward the summit of the hill, which lies half a mile
+to the eastward. The sandstone capping the hill appears within a few
+hundred feet and is covered with an abundant growth. On the upland are
+many large trees.
+
+The ridge farthest south, on the farm of Joseph Ross, has five stone
+graves along the crest, numbered here in their order from the bluff.
+Number (1) is a few rods below the sandstone outcrop, and is
+constructed partly of weathered limestone blocks such as are now lying
+around it and partly of sandstone slabs carried from farther up the
+hill. All the other cairns, although (2) and (3) stand on the
+limestone bedrock, are built entirely of sandstone fragments ranging
+from the size of a brick or smaller to pieces weighing over 200
+pounds.
+
+At first sight the cairns appeared to be only piles of stones thrown
+together; but more careful inspection showed that each burial place
+was outlined by a wall, laid up with as much regularity as was
+practicable with the material at hand, and inclosing a space
+approximately square. Measuring from face to face of their walls, the
+spaces between these cairns were as follows: (1) to (2), 21 feet; (2)
+to (3), 19 feet; (3) to (4), 36 feet; (4) to (5), 34 feet.
+
+Not one of these walls was intact at the time of examination; hunters
+had torn away portions of all of them in pursuit of small animals
+which had sought refuge among the stones; and such parts as were not
+thus injured were more or less displaced by roots of trees penetrating
+in every direction the soil which had accumulated in the open spaces.
+
+So far as could be judged in their chaotic condition, the first step
+in their construction was to lay a row of slabs around the area
+required; then another row upon this; and the work was continued in
+this manner until the desired height was reached. As a rule, the
+stones were so laid as to break joints and to interlock at the
+corners, for greater stability; but in a few places this was not done.
+If a stone, once laid up, did not fit as it should, the builders
+apparently did not take the trouble to replace it with another better
+suited to the requirements. Seemingly, care was taken to build in such
+a manner that each outer face should be vertical, and in a straight
+line from corner to corner; but the inner side was left rough and
+irregular according to the shape and size of the blocks, no attempt
+being made to even it up. If timbers of any kind had been laid across
+the top, resting on the walls, there remained no indication of the
+fact. However, the bodies may have been protected at the time of
+interment by small vaults or pens constructed of poles, whose decay
+would allow the stones to settle, and of which no traces would now be
+left.
+
+The space inclosed by the walls was filled with loose stones lying in
+such disorder as to suggest that they had been carelessly or hastily
+thrown in to fill the interior and round up the top; but some of this
+confusion may have resulted from the same causes by which the walls
+were defaced.
+
+It does not appear that any stones had been piled against the outside
+of the walls to assist in retaining them in place; such as were found
+in this position were either thrown there by the present inhabitants
+or had fallen from the top.
+
+Two of the cairns, the second and the third in order, were so torn up
+and overgrown that no investigation of them was attempted; the three
+others were fully examined.
+
+
+CAIRN (1)
+
+In the first, that nearest the terminus of the ridge, all stones lying
+against the outside of the structure were thrown aside, bringing the
+outer face into plain view. The inclosure thus revealed resembled the
+rude foundation of a small building. Measuring from corner to corner
+the north wall was 14 feet long, the south wall 16 feet, the east wall
+14 feet, the west wall 13 feet. The walls were as straight and the
+corners as square as they could well be made with surface rocks not
+trimmed or dressed from their natural rough condition.
+
+The space within was next freed of stones; the topmost were 3 feet
+above the outside level, though no doubt higher when first piled. The
+inside measurements were: North wall 10 feet, south wall 10 feet, east
+wall 9 feet, west wall 9 feet; all measurements being approximate, as
+no definite boundaries could be determined.
+
+The south wall was practically destroyed; the others were not much
+injured, but no longer plumb, as they undoubtedly were when
+constructed. The east wall was in best condition; the outer face was
+nearly vertical; the top of the highest stone remaining in it was 28
+inches above the bottom of the lowest. The general appearance of the
+wall indicates that it was somewhat higher.
+
+After the stones were thrown out there remained a deposit of loose
+material, composed to some extent of very scanty soil and of humus
+from decayed weeds and leaves, but principally of disintegrated
+sandstone which had settled or washed in. Its thickness above bedrock
+was about 16 inches. All this was carefully examined.
+
+Near the center, a few inches above the natural bedrock, were some
+fragments of human bones which seemed to belong to two adults. Another
+adult body, or skeleton, bundled or closely folded, had been placed
+against the south wall, which had partially fallen in on it. Pieces of
+long bones, including heads of two femurs, the ends of the bones at an
+elbow, phalanges, and a fragment of rib were found in a space less
+than a foot across. Nothing more of them remained and nothing else was
+found.
+
+
+CAIRN (4)
+
+The fourth grave in order was worked out in the same manner as the
+first. On the outer face the north wall measured 14 feet, the south
+wall 151/2 feet, the east wall 16 feet, the west wall 14 feet. The
+interior lengths were: North wall 12 feet, south wall 111/2 feet, east
+wall 12 feet, west wall 11 feet.
+
+Near the center were a few fragments of bone, with a columella bead 4
+inches long, perforated lengthwise. It is shown in figure 18. To the
+east of these, also to the south, were other fragments, indicating, in
+all, at least three interments.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 18.--Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's
+  Elbow.]
+
+
+CAIRN (5)
+
+In grave No. 5 the walls on the north and the south were entirely torn
+out except some stones in the bottom row of each; the upper portions
+of the east and the west walls were also gone. For this reason the
+rocks lying outside the structure were not removed.
+
+The north wall, outside, was 15 feet long; the south wall, 14 feet;
+the east wall, 16 feet; the west wall, 141/2 feet. The corresponding
+inner measurements were, north wall, 10 feet; south wall, 10 feet;
+east wall, 12 feet; west wall, 12 feet. But as the position of the
+corners was uncertain these figures are no doubt somewhat in error in
+either direction.
+
+The central portion had never been disturbed, the stones lying as they
+were put originally, except for a possible settling due to their
+weight; the top of the rounded heap was about 4 feet high. This
+justified the hope that something might be discovered beneath them.
+But although the entire space within, up to the fairly defined inner
+faces of the walls, was thoroughly cleaned out down into the untouched
+gravelly subsoil, no trace of a bone or other indication of a burial
+was found. The only artificial object was a section 31/4 inches long of
+a columella perforated lengthwise, apparently lost by the wearer, as
+it lay on the natural surface. This is shown in figure 19.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 19.--Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's
+  Elbow.]
+
+
+CAIRNS ON HELM'S FARM
+
+To the north of the Ross farm, on the ridge which is owned by Daniel
+Helm, are three stone graves made of shapeless limestone blocks such
+as cover the surface around them. One of these is about 300 yards
+from the bluff, on a knoll capped with the sandstone; the others are
+at the break of the ridge. All have been opened, two of them
+practically demolished. Those on the end of the ridge are only 14 feet
+apart, measuring from their adjacent margins, and were about 16 and 20
+feet in diameter as built, both being somewhat widened now owing to
+the stones having been thrown outward from the central parts by
+hunters. Each was probably 3 feet high.
+
+The smaller, being least defaced and nearly free from timber, was
+entirely removed, except a small portion along one margin, and the
+earth beneath it examined down to the bedrock. There was no sign of a
+wall; but one that would stand could not be made with stones rounded
+by weathering.
+
+Remains of at least three bodies were found. One was laid in a
+crevice; only a few fragments of the long bones were left. With scraps
+of bone from another body were four teeth worn almost to the roots.
+They were not close together, but this was due to small burrowing
+animals which had scattered them. Of the third body, a few pieces of
+arm and leg bones remained. By itself, loose in the earth, was a
+single molar, not in the least worn, and with a very small root.
+
+So far as appearances go, it seems the bodies were laid on outcropping
+rock, or in crevices, and stones piled on them without any attempt at
+order or arrangement.
+
+The graves on the Helm farm are merely piles of stone, such as are
+found in various States. Those on the Ross place are of the same type
+as the cairns on Lost Hill at the mouth of Gourd Creek in Phelps
+County, but of a more advanced form. In both places flat stones were
+laid to inclose the burials. At Lost Hill, however, there was seldom
+more than a single layer, while at the Devil's Elbow a regular wall
+was built, seven superposed slabs being observed at one point with a
+certainty that others had been placed above these. They are not of the
+same class as the walled graves found in earth mounds along the
+Missouri River. In the latter, the inner face of the wall was as
+smooth and regular as it could be made, the outside being rough and
+upheld by stones and earth piled against them; while in those on Big
+Piney care was taken with the outer face which, it seems, was intended
+to be left exposed to view, while the inside was rough and hidden by
+stones thrown in. But no inference must be drawn from the different
+methods of filling or covering the vaults after they were completed.
+Along the Missouri, earth was abundant right at hand, but stones had,
+as a rule, to be carried some distance; while on the bluffs of the
+Gasconade and its tributaries the reverse was the case.
+
+Petroglyphs, 75 feet above the level of the river bottom, are reported
+to be cut in a bluff facing the Gasconade River on the east side, 2
+miles below the mouth of Big Piney.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A rock shelter not more than 15 feet wide and 10 feet deep is near the
+top of the bluff overlooking the Gasconade, almost opposite the mouth
+of Big Piney. It contains a quantity of ashes, but as it was
+frequently resorted to by bushwhackers during the Civil War, and is
+still much used by trappers and hunters who camp in it, these are
+probably not due to Indians.
+
+
+ASH CAVE
+
+So near to the county line that there is some uncertainty as to
+whether it lies in Pulaski or Phelps County is Ash Cave in a bluff
+over Baker's Lake, an artificial pond, 4 miles west of Arlington. The
+cave is small, and notwithstanding its name it contains no ashes or
+other remains of occupancy. The great number of large rocks on the
+floor makes examination impossible.
+
+
+CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE (27)
+
+At the head of a ravine opening into Clemmens Creek, about 4 miles
+south of Dixon, near the Piquet orchards, is a cavern with an entrance
+55 feet wide and 40 feet high. The depth is 110 feet to loose rocks
+and clay, partly from the sides and roof, partly washed in through
+side caves and crevices. There is a small amount of cave earth along
+one wall, but it is damp, moldy, and covered with a growth of minute
+green fungus. Most of the floor, however, is of clay strewn with loose
+rocks and swept over by water at times.
+
+There is no refuse, and the cave was never fit for habitation.
+
+
+CAMDEN COUNTY
+
+ALONG THE NIANGUA RIVER (28)
+
+It is widely known that many caverns exist along the Niangua River and
+its tributaries, in Camden County, especially in the vicinity of
+Hahatonka, or, as it is locally termed, "Tonky." This is one of the
+show places of Missouri. The name includes a post office; a store; a
+school; an immense spring coming out at the foot of a cliff; the creek
+formed by this spring; a lake of several hundred acres, made by
+damming the creek; a picturesque ruined mill with the usual
+accessories of such a building; numerous caves; and a magnificent, but
+unfinished, residence crowning one of the hills. This has already
+called for an expenditure of half a million dollars; and at least
+double that sum, additional, will be required to complete it in
+accordance with the original plans. Whether it be due to the national
+appreciation of architectural beauty or the national appreciation of
+ability to do things in a large way, the palace seems to impress most
+visitors more than the remarkable combination of natural features.
+
+The principal caves in the vicinity have distinctive names, as "Onyx"
+(there being two thus called), "Robbers'," "River" (this because there
+is a stream in it which can be crossed only in a boat), "Bridal," etc.
+Others are named for the owners of the land, or from some peculiarity,
+as "Dry," "Bunch," "Morgan," "Arnholdt." Many are not deemed of
+sufficient importance to have specific titles.
+
+All those named were visited, as well as a number of the others.
+
+A detailed description is not necessary. Not one of these caverns has
+ever been occupied unless as a temporary shelter. Some are flooded at
+intervals, either from the outside or by interior drainage; some have
+very restricted entrances and are dark at the front; some have rock
+floors or muddy bottoms; some can be entered only by clambering over
+talus to an opening at the bottom, or near the bottom, of a sink hole.
+Some shallow cavities, which under different conditions would be
+available as rock shelters, are in places difficult of access, remote
+from water, or otherwise unsuitable.
+
+Some of these caverns have wonderful deposits on ceilings, walls, and
+floors, rivaling in beauty and ornate patterns those of the most
+famous caves of the country; and if they were easily accessible or
+could be conveniently explored, would attract hosts of visitors. One
+in particular, the "Bridal Cave," so called from a mass of stalactite
+material fully 10 feet from side to side at the top, which hangs in
+delicate translucent loops and folds and convolutions, equals Luray or
+Wyandotte for beauty, though not for extent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was reported that two walled graves stand on a "bald" on the farm
+of Will Robert Eidson, on the divide between the Niangua and the
+Little Niangua Rivers, about 4 miles north of Roach post office. They
+were described as "rocks laid up in a regular wall about 4 feet high,
+and about 30 steps square, and filled up inside with rocks." A visit
+to the site disclosed two ordinary cairns, made by throwing weathered
+limestone boulders into a rounded heap. Both piles have been
+scattered, and as they now exist one is about 25 feet, the other about
+30 feet across. Such exaggerated, misleading descriptions are common,
+and result in much fruitless investigation.
+
+Several caves are reported in the vicinity of Toronto, in Camden and
+Miller Counties; especially the Cokely Cave, 4 miles from Brumley on
+the Linn Creek road. From the descriptions given by informants, none
+of them appear to be suitable for habitation.
+
+Many cairns exist on the ridges in this region, especially on high
+points overlooking valleys. All of them were built up with chert or
+limestone blocks, and all are more or less torn up. So far as could be
+learned there is no sign of a wall in any of them.
+
+In the present state of knowledge, Camden County offers no inducement
+for archeological research.
+
+
+A FOSSIL CAVE (29)
+
+The geological deposits in this region comprise three principal
+formations which are named in the State report as the Jefferson City
+limestone, the Roubidoux sandstone, and the Gasconade limestone. It is
+in the last (which is the lowest) that caverns are found.
+
+In various places erosion, either internal or superficial, or both,
+has formed crevices or sink holes through which the disintegrated
+sandstone finds its way into caverns below, where it accumulates and
+hardens until more resistant than when in its original condition.
+
+Further erosion has in several places carried away the limestone from
+around these intrusive masses, allowing them to project above the
+present surface. Sometimes, where the sand piled up, they resemble
+haystacks; but usually they are of indefinite form, having spread out
+on the floor of the cavern, as such material will do in a shallow
+stream.
+
+An interesting example of this action is the "Standing Rock," 4 miles
+west of Linn Creek, the county seat. Here was formerly a large cave
+with an eastward trend until near the mouth, when it turned sharply
+southward, the opening being in the direction of a little stream. The
+lower end of this cave became solidly filled with sand, and the water
+found an outlet farther back. All the limestone which formed the roof
+and walls of the middle portion of the cave is gone, a narrow ravine
+marking its course. The sandstone obstruction held its place, and now
+extends directly across the ridge between the two ravines. Its surface
+is an exact cast of the interior of the cave which it filled, and
+nodules of chert, remaining when the limestone dissolved, are still
+imbedded in its surface. The line of demarkation between the limestone
+matrix, where this still exists in part, and the siliceous filling is
+as distinct as that between the stone and brick in a building. The
+loose cave earth shows plainly under the sandstone near the former
+mouth of the cavern. Plan and section are shown in figures 20 and 21.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MILLER COUNTY
+
+WRIGHT CAVE (30)
+
+A mile and a half west of Brumley, near Glaize Creek, is Wright, or
+Brumley, Cave. The entrance is 15 feet high and 40 feet wide. At 20
+feet from the mouth the width contracts to 20 feet. The depth is 120
+feet in daylight to a stalagmite floor. Dry cave earth extends for 35
+feet from the entrance, at which distance it reaches tough, sticky
+clay; this continues to the stalagmite. Above the clay are growing
+stalactites.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 20.--Plan of Fossil Cave.]
+
+In front of the entrance were a few flint chips, but no indications of
+pottery or shell. A small implement, shown in figure 22, was found
+which is of interest because it was worked to a sharp point at one end
+of a narrow drill, while the other end widened into a squared form
+with a straight base which was dulled and polished from use as a
+cutting tool; the entire surface was polished from long service. An
+object of this kind would be highly suitable for mending moccasins and
+leggins. Finding this and nothing else strengthens the probability
+that this cave was used as a temporary camping place, but was never
+permanently occupied.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 21.--Section of Fossil Cave.]
+
+
+WILSON CAVE (31)
+
+Facing Barren Fork of Tavern Creek, on the farm of John R. Bond, 8
+miles northwest of Iberia and 12 miles southeast of Tuscumbia, is a
+cave celebrated by reason of a provision in the will of a former
+eccentric owner.
+
+There is a small cave which has an opening in the bluff, a few feet to
+one side of the larger cave. This can be reached only by means of
+ladders 60 feet long.
+
+Jack Wilson came from Ireland and settled on Tavern (or Cavern) Creek
+in 1822. For a number of years he lived in this cave, with his
+family. He died in 1855, leaving instructions that his body was to be
+packed in salt and placed in the small cave, "with a ten-gallon cask
+of good whisky," the entrance then to be sealed up. In order to carry
+out his last wishes, and at the same time to give him a "Christian
+burial," his wife had all his internal organs removed and interred in
+a cemetery; his body was filled with salt, and placed in a coffin,
+which, according to his wishes, was deposited in the cave, with the
+whisky. On the seventh anniversary of his death the whole community
+was to assemble to "eat, drink, and be merry." For many years
+residents in the vicinity had used the cave as a place for festive
+gatherings; but this occasion was to be on a scale beyond anything
+previously attempted. If necessary, Scriptural methods were to be
+employed; that is, messengers were to be sent out in all directions,
+urging every one to come. The floor was to be enlarged, and a platform
+erected on it. When all were assembled, the whisky and the coffin were
+to be brought from their resting place and set on the platform. Then
+certain famous fiddlers were to ascend the platform and play, while
+the guests danced. When the whisky was exhausted, and the fiddlers in
+the same condition, the picnic was over and the assembly would
+disperse. The coffin was then to be replaced in the little cave, which
+was to be again sealed up, not to be reopened until the Day of
+Judgment.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 22.--Perforator and knife from Wright Cave.]
+
+The preliminaries were carried out according to program, but when the
+time for the celebration came round the people were more concerned
+with the Civil War, and especially in the activities of the
+bushwhackers who infested that part of the country, than they were in
+picnics; and Wilson's resurrection was brought about by persons whose
+identity was never discovered. They got into his tomb in some manner,
+drank all the whisky, broke open the coffin, and threw Wilson's bones
+to the outside, where they were scattered down the slope. Horrified
+relatives gathered them up, replaced them in the cave, sealed it
+again, and Wilson is still there awaiting his final summons.
+
+The entrance is 20 feet high and 45 feet wide. Dry cave earth extends
+for 135 feet; from this point it continues, partially filled with
+fallen rock and stalagmite, 40 feet farther, or 175 feet in all, in
+plain daylight, at which distance the cave makes a turn; and the cave
+earth was followed in this to complete darkness without coming to its
+termination.
+
+Beginning 100 feet from the entrance and extending for 35 feet, a
+narrow row of loose rocks fallen from the outcrop of stratum along the
+center of the roof lies on the surface. The cavern here measures 35
+feet in width.
+
+There is a wet weather stream along one wall, but the amount of water
+passing out is never large.
+
+Solid bedrock, with patches of cave earth on it, is exposed, in
+slightly rising strata, for 10 feet from the little bluff at the
+mouth; within this it is hidden by the earth which gradually rises to
+a height of 6 feet; but some of this rise may be due to increased
+elevation of the rock floor. The entire cave can be easily cleared out
+to the stalagmite; and it would be advisable to remove at least
+portions of this in order to ascertain what may lie beneath it.
+
+Refuse appears in considerable quantity in the bottom of the little
+stream bed and under the receding walls; and likewise a small amount
+outside the entrance. But the bedrock crops out frequently in narrow
+ledges between the mouth of the cavern and the foot of the hill, so
+very little debris of any kind lies on the slope outside.
+
+Some alteration of the surface of the earth floor has taken place in
+consequence of the construction of platforms; but aside from this it
+has remained practically undisturbed.
+
+
+BAGNELL CAVE (32)
+
+A large cavern is near the top of the "Bagnell Hill" on the Bagnell
+and Linn Creek road, on the right (south) side of the Osage River, and
+about 3 miles from the town of Bagnell. On account of the "millions"
+of bats which shelter in it, the name of Bat Cave is applied to this
+as it is to many other caves in the region.
+
+The entrance is so small that the cavern can be entered only by
+crawling in; and as no traces of Indian remains have ever been
+observed in it, or around the front, no examination was deemed
+necessary.
+
+
+BODE CAVE (33)
+
+Half a mile south of St. Elizabeth is the Ben Bode Cave. The roof has
+fallen in near the front, leaving the original exterior standing as a
+natural bridge a few feet wide. The present entrance to the cavern is
+40 feet behind the bridge. It has a wet, rocky floor, and much water
+flows through it after a rain.
+
+
+LUCKENHOFF CAVE
+
+On John Luckenhoff's farm, three-fourths of a mile south of St.
+Elizabeth, facing Tavern Creek, is a small cave with a rocky floor.
+The entrance is nearly blocked with a mass of stalagmite, behind which
+the cave is dark.
+
+
+JURGGENMEYER CAVE
+
+It was reported that in a "cave" on the farm of Conrad Jurggenmeyer,
+21/2 miles east of St. Elizabeth, a human skull was discovered. The
+statement may be true; but instead of a cave there is only a tunnel a
+few rods in length. Beyond the upper arch is an open ravine.
+
+
+DAERHOFF CAVE
+
+On Ben Daerhoff's farm, 4 miles north of St. Elizabeth, is a cavern
+facing a narrow valley through which a small stream flows to Tavern
+Creek a mile and a half away. The entrance is 8 feet high and 55 feet
+wide. It is well lighted to a depth of 120 feet, where it makes a
+turn. Dry earth extends back for 55 feet; from there on it is muddy. A
+small stream flows along one wall, from the wet portion of the floor
+to the entrance; with a little ditching this could be made to drain
+off all the water, forming a dry bottom to the rear wall. No refuse of
+any kind could be found, and the owner says he has never observed any
+either in the cave or in front of it.
+
+
+CAVE NEAR MOUTH OF TAVERN CREEK
+
+In the bluff facing Tavern Creek, half a mile above its junction with
+the Osage, is a cave with an entrance 10 feet high and the same in
+width. It has a depth of 45 feet in daylight. The floor is of clay and
+angular gravel, and so wet that puddles are found near the entrance.
+
+
+BAT CAVE (34)
+
+This is in a bluff facing the Osage, a mile south of the Rock Island
+Railway bridge. It is not accessible except by means of a ladder or
+stairway fully 60 feet long. The roof overhangs the entrance, and the
+floor projects over a shallow rock shelter which reaches for a few
+rods along the foot of the bluff. A small amount of water seeps from
+the entrance. Persons who explored the cavern years ago--there is no
+way to reach it at present--say it divides into three large chambers,
+mostly dry, and with floors of solid rock or of earth containing much
+rock.
+
+
+GRAVE AT MOUTH OF SALINE CREEK (35)
+
+Four miles below Tuscumbia, on the left bank of the Osage, is the
+mouth of Saline Creek which comes in from the north. On the lower
+(east) side of their junction, on the farm of Charles Tillman, is a
+low spur projecting toward the creek. On this is a pile of stones, all
+that remains of a vault or box grave which formerly existed there. Mr.
+Tillman says it was originally 35 or 40 feet across, a mound or
+rounded heap of stones, those about the top being larger than those
+nearer the base. Needing rock for various purposes, he procured them
+from this pile, beginning at the top to remove them and proceeding
+outward. In the course of this work he found that a wall had been
+built up to a height of about 4 feet, forming a practically square
+inclosure. The space within was filled and the structure entirely
+covered with rocks of various sizes. He removed the stones as he
+reached them, and consequently did not notice whether the outer face
+of the wall was straighter or smoother than the inner face, or whether
+there was any particular difference. In all, he took away not less
+than 40 wagon loads of stones.
+
+On the level top of the hill from which the spur extends is a village
+site, where mortars, pestles, quantities of flints, and much broken
+pottery have been found; but no shell.
+
+
+STARK'S CAVE (36)
+
+Six miles south of Eldon, on a farm now owned by George Irvin, is a
+cave which is continuous with a small ravine leading up to it. The
+entrance is 45 feet wide and 16 feet high; a small stream flows from
+it, along the foot of the left (northern) wall. This skirts a thin
+deposit of damp earth, which lies along the southern wall, gradually
+narrowing as it extends inward, until at 50 feet it runs out at the
+edge of a shallow pool reaching nearly across the cave. The bottom,
+except for the earth mentioned, is rocky.
+
+The cave was never fit for occupancy.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS
+
+In an old "History of Miller County" mention is made of a large group
+of small mounds on a certain man's farm, without giving the locality.
+It is believed by old residents that this man "lived at one time 2 or
+3 miles west of Ullman." If they existed, they were no doubt house
+mounds.
+
+
+CAIRNS
+
+Several graves, in a group, were formerly on John Tillman's land, 6
+miles south of Eugene. The stones have been entirely removed. When the
+ground was plowed bullets were found under the sites of the cairns.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MARIES COUNTY
+
+INDIAN FORD CAVE (37)
+
+This is a fourth of a mile up the river from the bridge crossing the
+Gasconade, 21/2 miles east of Vienna. It is near the top of the hill at
+the head of a shallow ravine. The entrance, 35 feet wide, can be
+reached conveniently only near one wall, as a pile of talus
+immediately in front completely closes the opening; behind it the roof
+is 7 feet above the floor. If this accumulated material, which has
+increased somewhat in height within the memory of men now living, were
+removed to the level of the floor, the main chamber would be amply
+lighted to its end, a distance of 150 feet. There is a gradual
+downward incline from front to rear, the floor sloping more rapidly
+than the roof. After hard rains some water runs into the cavern from
+the inner slope of the talus; otherwise the floor is perfectly dry for
+65 feet, then becomes wet, and near the rear wall there is standing
+water. It is apparent that a former drainage outlet in this direction
+is now choked with sediment, brought down perhaps through a branch
+opening. At 25 feet within the entrance the cavern is 25 feet wide; at
+65 feet the distance across is 35 feet, with both walls sloping away
+like a low-pitched roof and loose earth filling the space under them.
+At the rear wall the width between the two branches into which the
+cave divides is 40 to 50 feet. The floor here is clay, with numerous
+little puddles.
+
+Some pottery, bone, and much shell, but no flint chips, are scattered
+on the floor and for 50 or 60 feet down the slope outside.
+
+The cavern would make an excellent habitation and is well worth
+excavating.
+
+
+LACKAYE'S BLUFF CAVE (38)
+
+This is on the farm of Harrison Hutchinson, who lives 10 miles
+southeast of Freeburg, on the road to Paydown. It is near the top of a
+bluff facing the Gasconade. Talus has accumulated in the front part of
+the cavern until it rises within 2 feet of the roof; farther back the
+cavity is of sufficient height for a man to stand erect, although
+nowhere more than 10 feet wide. Owing to the talus the interior is in
+almost total darkness. Were this accumulation removed the roof at the
+entrance would be 8 or 9 feet above the floor. The cavern may have
+been occupied, but there are no indications of such fact, although the
+recent natural deposits may conceal some remains.
+
+
+HURRICANE BLUFF CAVE
+
+Half a mile below Lackaye Bluff, opposite the lower end of an island
+in the Gasconade, is a rock shelter 85 feet in length, 15 feet high in
+front, 6 feet high at the rear, and 15 feet deep along the middle
+portion, wedging out at either end. A large pile of talus in front
+forms a natural windbreak, and the depression is a favorite camping
+place with present-day hunters and fishermen. A small quantity of
+flint chips and many shells can be seen around the wall and for some
+distance down the slope in front. The site may repay investigation,
+though there is no great depth of earth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is reported that paintings of a deer or elk and other objects are
+to be seen on the face of a bluff near Paydown.
+
+
+STRATMAN CAVE (39)
+
+On the farm of Henry L. Stratman, 21/2 miles above the Rock Island
+Railway bridge across the Gasconade River, is a cave near the top of a
+bluff facing the Gasconade. The entrance is 33 feet wide and 35 feet
+high. Forty feet back the walls approach each other, forming a doorway
+or short passage 5 feet wide. Beyond this is a room 18 feet deep and 9
+feet across, with a rock ledge or shelf on each side several feet wide
+and elevated from a foot to 2 feet above the earth floor. This room is
+well lighted. The earth at the rear is 10 feet higher than at the main
+entrance. Behind this, in turn, nearly shut off by a large column of
+stalagmite, is a third room, 8 feet wide, whose earth floor rises
+rapidly. Were the stalagmite removed, there would be ample light for
+20 or 30 feet farther, or about 90 feet in all.
+
+Refuse, mostly shell, shows for 100 feet down the hill. There is some
+shell in the cave, along the walls; but most of the floor is a
+comparatively recent accumulation of roof dust and small fragments of
+rock, and is quite dry as far as light penetrates.
+
+The entrance is much more easily reached from the top of the hill than
+from the foot of the bluff.
+
+The trend and appearance of the reentrant side walls connecting the
+present entrance with the straight face of the cliff indicates that
+the earth in the cavern has a depth of 30 feet or more. Should this
+prove to be the case, here would be a most excellent place to search
+for evidence of occupation which, whether continuous or not, might
+bridge the time from the modern Indian to the earliest inhabitant.
+
+Certainly no other cave in Missouri offers such facilities or
+inducements for careful and thorough investigation with a view to
+determining the existence of an early "cave man" in this country.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+OSAGE COUNTY
+
+RIVER CAVE (40)
+
+This is at the foot of a bluff facing the Gasconade, 21/2 miles below
+Gascondy. It has a solid rock bottom, rising steeply for a few feet
+within the entrance, and a constantly flowing stream covers half the
+space between the walls.
+
+
+ROCK SHELTER
+
+There is an excellent rock shelter, 50 feet long, over which the cliff
+projects for 15 feet, in front and to one side of the entrance of
+River Cave. On this is a slight depth of earth in which were found
+some broken bones and shells. The site is an excellent one for camping
+parties, but has no evidence of other than temporary use.
+
+
+STEUFFER CAVE
+
+Four miles east of Freeburg, in a ravine, is a cavern popularly known
+as Beer Cave, being formerly used as a storage room for beer made in a
+brewery built just in front of it. The entrance is 8 feet wide and 12
+feet high. The front chamber, having practically the same dimensions,
+extends directly back for 50 feet, then makes a turn. The floor is a
+mixture of clay and angular gravel, with a continuous downward slope
+from front to rear. Water cracks show that it is sometimes flooded.
+
+The place was never fit for living in.
+
+
+CAIRNS
+
+At the Gasconade River bridge, on the Rich Fountain road, two creeks
+on the west side, Brush and Swan, separated only by a narrow ridge
+which terminates abruptly at either end, come in a fourth of a mile
+apart. Both rise in the same lake, 6 miles from the river, and flow
+through parallel valleys, thus draining an abandoned ox-bow curve of
+the stream.
+
+On the extreme eastern point of this ridge are two cairns. A fourth of
+a mile from these are two others; and farther back still more of them.
+All are now destroyed. They were the usual conical heaps of stone, 18
+to 20 feet across.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (41)
+
+A group of house mounds extends for half a mile eastward from Rich
+Fountain, along the valley of Brush Creek. They are fully 100 in
+number, and it is said there were formerly many more which are now
+leveled by cultivation. The ground is low, in some places swampy, so
+that water or mud surrounds many of them after a heavy rain.
+
+
+"INDIAN FORT" (42)
+
+This structure, also called the "Indian Lookout," is located on a
+bluff facing the Osage, half a mile below the "Painted Rock," and near
+the buildings of the Painted Rock Country Club, of Jefferson City.
+
+Except for a slight projection or offset at one side, which contains
+an opening or doorway, it was practically identical in appearance with
+the vault graves along the Missouri River bluffs, described in Bureau
+of American Ethnology Bulletin 37; or else with those on Big Piney
+River in Pulaski County. It is formed of sandstone slabs, once laid up
+in a wall but now scattered in confusion as if fallen or thrown down.
+Apparently it measured about 32 to 35 feet outside and 12 or 13 feet
+inside.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+COLE COUNTY
+
+NATURAL BRIDGE CAVE
+
+This is at the top of a bluff facing the Osage, one-half mile below
+the Rock Island bridge. It is only 10 feet wide and the same in
+height, and extends back 20 feet to a narrow passage which is almost
+closed by stalagmite. The site is difficult to reach, but disclosed a
+few fragments of pottery and some shell. The earth of the floor
+ascends rather steeply to the rear and contains many large rocks. It
+was only a camping place.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MORGAN COUNTY
+
+SPEERS CAVE
+
+On the Brown property, 7 miles southeast of Stover, is a reported
+cave, which proved to be a natural tunnel 400 feet long. The drainage
+from several farms passes through it from ravines above. The lower
+entrance is 40 feet wide and 50 feet high, the upper entrance 20 feet
+wide and 10 feet high.
+
+Natural bridges and tunnels of varying lengths and widths are rather
+common in this part of the Osage Valley.
+
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS (43)
+
+Southeast of Stover, beginning at the edge of the town, is a group of
+house mounds extending over an area having a very irregular outline,
+but fully half a mile across in any direction. They vary from 20 to 35
+feet in diameter and are scattered promiscuously at intervals of 25 to
+150 feet. The surface on which they are built reaches over a
+succession of small knolls and ridges with slopes of 4 or 5 degrees.
+Most of them are along the sides of a wide, shallow valley draining
+northward, and of two or three small tributary depressions coming into
+it from either side, though a number are also to be found beyond the
+slight watershed which separates this drainage area from that to the
+southward. They exist in woods, meadows, and cultivated ground, so
+that some of them retain their original form, others are flattened and
+widened, while still others are barely traceable. Probably some have
+been entirely effaced by plow and harrow.
+
+
+
+
+II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Certain conditions are to be taken into account in deciding whether a
+cave afforded a desirable permanent shelter to primitive man. It
+should be accessible; the floor should be dry, at least fairly level,
+and sufficiently free from large rocks to allow the inmates to move
+about freely; the entrance should be large enough to permit free
+passage and to light the interior to a distance that would insure
+protection from the elements. Temporary shelters or camping places
+might be deficient in some of these particulars and still be resorted
+to frequently; but if there were opportunity for choice, a man with
+intelligence to select a cave in which to live continually would, it
+is fair to assume, look for one possessing such features.
+
+If such conditions, once established, were free from the mutations of
+time, the explorer would have but little difficulty in deciding upon a
+suitable site for his labors. But limestone, more than any other solid
+rock, is subject to constant erosion, crumbling, and falling; while
+the soil and loose fragments resulting from such action move downward
+year by year over the slopes and into any cavities where they can find
+their way. In the course of centuries the entire aspect of a cave may
+be so altered as to bear no resemblance whatever to its original
+appearance. Consequently a careful study must be made of the immediate
+surroundings, in order to determine what topographical changes may
+have occurred since the earliest time within which it is probable that
+man may have existed in that locality. Should the floor, at present,
+be of solid rock; or covered with only a slight layer of earth; or
+have a stream flowing over it; or show by marks upon the walls that it
+is subject to inundation either from adjacent streams or by surface
+water which finds its way in through sink holes; or be in such
+situation as to make it apparent that the original bottom was thus
+flooded in comparatively modern times, even though such may not now be
+the case--in any such event excavation would be labor wasted. On the
+other hand, all the necessary requirements for a convenient residence
+may now be present, and yet result from causes which have begun to
+operate within the historic period. In other words, there are very few
+cases in which the present appearance of a cave is to be deemed a
+certain or even an approximate indication of its actual state a few
+thousand years ago. There is only one way to determine whether
+extended excavations may possibly result in satisfactory returns, and
+that is to sink shafts or run trenches in the superficial deposits.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+INDIANA
+
+The cave region of this State extends from Owen and Morgan Counties to
+the Ohio River. The caverns and sink holes gradually increase in
+number and size toward the south, until they culminate in Wyandotte
+Cave, second only to Mammoth Cave of Kentucky in extent, and in the
+so-called "valleys" of Harrison County which are in reality nothing
+but sink holes several square miles in extent. Some of the caverns are
+described in detail by W.S. Blatchley, the State geologist, in the
+Twenty-first Annual Report of the Survey (1896). Very few of those
+mentioned by him are at all suitable for permanent occupancy, though
+several would afford excellent shelter except in the rainy season, at
+which time most of them have the floors muddy or perhaps covered with
+water for weeks in succession. Such as were visited in these
+explorations will now be taken up in their order.
+
+
+LAWRENCE COUNTY
+
+ROCK LEDGE QUARRY.--Early in 1903 periodicals mentioned an interesting
+discovery made at this place. According to the report, workmen in
+excavating a cut for a railway found an old cave entirely filled with
+stalagmite matter. In this, 10 feet below the former top of the
+cave--the cut did not extend to the bottom of the stalagmite--were
+discovered some bones which were pronounced by "several physicians" to
+be those of a human being. Among them was a "jaw tooth" (molar) and
+part of a skull. Correspondence failing to elicit any satisfactory
+information, a visit was made to the site. The cave could not be
+traced in either direction from the railway cut; but it had plainly
+served as an outlet for several large sink holes on the hill above it.
+Nothing could be learned here regarding the matter except that the
+objects had been found and were then in the museum of the State
+University at Bloomington. This place was next visited and the
+specimens inspected. There were many fragments still imbedded in the
+matrix, which was travertine rather than stalagmite. No exact
+determination of them had been made, but only casual inspection was
+needed to see that none of them could be human. The "jaw tooth" was
+from a peccary, the "human skull" was the carapace of a tortoise.
+
+SHILOAH CAVE.--It was reported that, although the entrance to this
+cavern, 7 miles northwest of Bedford, was in a sink hole, the floor
+was level and accessible. The opening is almost at the bottom of the
+sink, whose slope is quite steep. After every rain the water runs in;
+and while the floor is level, as stated, it has a constant stream of
+water flowing over it and is in absolute darkness.
+
+DONNEHUE'S CAVE.--Although water flows continuously from the entrance,
+the amount of discharge was said to be small and the cave floor level
+and covered with earth, while the cave itself was large and well
+lighted. The approach, however, is quite difficult; the earth is
+nowhere more than 2 or 3 feet thick, and after a heavy rain the stream
+extends from wall to wall.
+
+Between Bedford and Donnehue's cave is one, unnamed, at the head of a
+ravine which was once an extension of the cavern. The opening is of
+fair size but the floor is of rock and the outflow of water is steady.
+
+Just outside the corporate limits of Bedford, to the south, is an
+opening in the cliff at the head of a deep ravine, more in the nature
+of a rock house than of a cave. It would make an excellent shelter for
+a few persons, being accessible, protected from winds, and close to
+water. While it may have been so used formerly, the deposit of earth
+and stone on the floor is very scanty and anything beneath could well
+be quite modern.
+
+Two caves were reported 2 miles south of Bedford. One is a small
+opening from which a stream issues, flows across a meadow, and enters
+the other cave, which is much larger. They are parts of one passage,
+the roof between these openings having broken down, and the stream is
+the same which finds its outlet at Donnehue's cave.
+
+Several other caves in the vicinity of Bedford were visited. They are
+all small and of no importance from an archeological standpoint.
+
+DONNELSON'S CAVE.--"The mouth of the cave is found at the head of a
+deep gorge worn through the limestone by a good-sized stream which
+flows from the cave and down the gorge to the broader valley beyond.
+Many centuries ago the cave extended the full length of the gorge, and
+the waters of the stream flowed directly from its mouth into the
+valley. The roof of the underground channel finally became so thin
+that it collapsed, the gorge was then started, and as the centuries
+went by grew in length, the cave becoming ever shorter by the
+continued falling of the roof.
+
+"Three passages open directly into the mouth of the cave. The right
+hand passage has the level of its floor about 5 feet above that of the
+entrance, while the opening on the left is 12 feet above the level of
+the stream and very difficult to enter without a ladder. The middle
+passage extends straight back from the common vestibule or main entry.
+The latter is 25 feet long, 21 feet high, and 18 feet wide, but at its
+farther end is reduced to the narrow middle passage between great
+masses of limestone. The water in this passage is waist deep and
+explorations must be made by wading or in a light canoe. One hundred
+feet within is a magnificent cascade, where the stream rushes and
+leaps down a narrow passage with such violence that the noise is
+plainly heard at the entrance.
+
+"The right-hand passage for the first 100 feet is about 10 feet high
+by 15 wide, with a clay bottom and a roof on a level with that of the
+vestibule. It then expands into a large room, 230 feet long and 40
+feet wide, which lies east and west at right angles to the entering
+passage. This narrows at the west end to 20 feet, and at one point the
+outer air flows in through a small opening in the roof. From near the
+small end of the room a narrow passage starts off to the southward and
+can be traveled for 200 feet, when it becomes too small for further
+advance. Along this passage a small stream flows, disappearing through
+a hole in the floor near the entrance to the larger room. Other than
+this, both right and left passages leaving the main entry are dry.
+
+"The passage at the left of the main entrance to the cave is about 150
+feet long by 20 broad, and contains no points of especial interest."
+[W.S. Blatchley.]
+
+It may be added to the above description that a heavy rain causes a
+rapid rise of several feet in the stream through the middle passage.
+
+The cavern is situated 31/2 miles east of Mitchell. It has been fitted
+up by the State University as an experiment station for the study of
+underground fauna and flora.
+
+The branch to the right is never entirely dry. Throughout the year
+water trickles or seeps over the stones and keeps the mud soft and
+sloppy, while after extremely heavy rains the water may be 2 or 3
+inches deep for a short time--enough to keep all the earth washed from
+the floor for 50 or 60 feet from the entrance.
+
+The northern or left branch presented a smooth, solid floor of rock at
+the beginning. The roof is about 13 feet above the floor, being a flat
+stratum broken by a joint-seam along which there is a slight fault. A
+ledge of friable sandstone 31/2 feet thick lies next below the roof. The
+disintegration of this gave a dry covering to the clayey earth which
+covered the floor almost to the extreme edge of the rock overhanging
+the stream and gradually rose toward the rear, where it entirely
+filled the space from floor to roof. The distance between the side
+walls is 8 feet at the mouth. They diverge slightly, and at 65 feet
+are about 12 feet apart. Here they separate more sharply, forming a
+chamber 30 feet in diameter, measuring on every side to the contact of
+the earth and the roof. At the extreme rear a slight wash or
+depression in the earth revealed the top of a vertical solid wall,
+thus marking the limit of the cave in that direction. It seems,
+however, to extend farther to the east and the west than it can now be
+followed; in fact, the indications are that at one time a considerable
+cross-cavern extended along this line.
+
+The work of clearing out this branch began at the entrance. The
+superincumbent earth was removed by a trench whose boundary was the
+solid rock on each side until the cave widened to more than 8 feet
+between the walls; then a width of 7 to 9 feet was excavated midway
+between the sides, the entire trench having a length of 92 feet, or
+reaching nearly to the vertical wall at the rear. For about 60 feet
+the earth was removed to the rock floor. At this distance the floor
+dipped. The bottom of the trench continued to follow the same level it
+had held to this point, in the belief that the dip in the floor was
+due to a crevice or slight erosion channel and would soon disappear,
+bringing the rock to its normal position. This was not the case;
+several holes were dug, the deepest one 3 feet, into the mingled clay
+and rock, without finding any evidence of a solid bottom. The
+conclusion seemed certain that the passage leading from the entrance
+of the cave to the large room at its farther end was only a tributary
+or branch of a cross-cave extending in an east and west direction, as
+intimated above. Prof. Eigenmann, of the State university, reached the
+same conclusion through surveys not connected with this work. Under
+the circumstances further digging seemed useless; for if this should
+be a cross-cave the bottom would probably, almost certainly, be on a
+level with the stream now flowing through the central passage, while
+if it should prove to be only a cellar-like deepening, it would not be
+utilized for a habitation.
+
+At 30 feet from the entrance the accumulated earth had a thickness of
+6 feet; from there it rose gradually to the roof at the end.
+
+At 37 feet, in a pocket of coarse sand on the rock floor, such as
+settles in a gentle current, were four fragments of bone. There is not
+enough of them to identify with certainty, but they seem to belong to
+a deer, a turkey, and some bird about the size of a quail.
+
+At 66 feet in, a foot lower than the surface of the bedrock (being 5
+or 6 feet beyond the above-mentioned dip), were small fragments or
+particles of charcoal, or what had every appearance of such. They were
+in earth that showed the lamination or stratification due to
+successive water deposits, and had been introduced in the same manner.
+The entire earth deposit below the sand capping showed this
+lamination, sometimes horizontal, sometimes curved, proving a long
+period of deposition. Further evidence of age is found in the
+travertine, 7 inches thick, that occurs on top of the earth at the
+back of the cave.
+
+In the absence of all other evidence the specks of charcoal can not be
+accepted as proof of human life in the vicinity at the time these
+deposits were forming.
+
+While the work was in progress three students from the university came
+through the central cave in a small boat, having entered through a
+sink hole 3 miles away in an air line. At some point of their course
+they lost their lanterns and made the remainder of the journey in
+absolute darkness, feeling their way along the walls, dragging or
+carrying the craft over shallows, and at one place lying flat in the
+bottom and propelling the boat by applying hands and feet to the roof,
+which was less than a foot above the water.
+
+
+MARTIN COUNTY
+
+Various caves are reported in the vicinity of Shoals. Those whose
+location was clearly given are merely "rock houses" or recesses in the
+Carboniferous conglomerate bluffs bordering the east fork of White
+River. Some of them would make fairly good shelters, but all which can
+now be examined are at so low a level that the river gets into them or
+very close to them in flood periods. Consequently there is no
+probability that ancient remains are to be found in them. Some of the
+shelters higher up on the cliffs may have been utilized, but the
+bottom of these is now covered with huge blocks, some weighing a
+hundred tons. It is true that such rock houses, in all parts of the
+country, were regular resorts for modern Indians, and they probably
+furnished shelter to the earliest inhabitants of this region, no
+matter how remote the period of occupation. But owing to their open
+front and the exposed situation of most of them, it is quite possible
+that the wind may remove the fine material falling from roof and sides
+almost as fast as it is deposited. At any rate the debris on the
+floors is seldom more than 3 or 4 feet deep, and articles very plainly
+of no great age are frequently found at all levels in it.
+
+In a few places along the river bluffs limestone crops out beneath the
+sandstone, and springs occasionally appear along the line of junction,
+eroding small cavities, but these are subject to overflow, and none of
+them has an opening large enough to enter without crawling.
+
+
+ORANGE COUNTY
+
+VICINITY OF PAOLI.--From this town six caves were visited, all that
+could be located by diligent inquiry. None of them has any particular
+designation except "Mill Cave," which is so named because the stream
+issuing from it furnishes power for a flour mill. The water covers the
+floor at all seasons.
+
+One, though quite small, could have been occupied at a former period,
+but the roof and front fell in some years ago, entirely closing it.
+
+A third has a small entrance on a hillside. A steep and rough descent
+was followed beyond reach of daylight without coming to a level
+bottom.
+
+The other three are very small with rock bottoms.
+
+FRENCH LICK SPRINGS.--Two or three miles from this place is "Star
+Cavern," which is advertised as being of great size and beauty. The
+immediate surroundings are quite romantic and deserve the praise
+accorded the spot by visitors. The cave itself, however, more
+resembles an artificial tunnel than a natural result of erosion. The
+floor is clean rock with a little brook flowing over it.
+
+Two other caves not far from Star Cave are dry, but with solid rock
+floors, so they were not visited.
+
+ORANGEVILLE.--Near this place are the so-called Gulfs of Lost River.
+The stream sinks a few miles east of Orleans, emerges at the "Gulfs"
+from one side of a very large sink hole with precipitous margin, and
+immediately goes out of sight again in a deep pool or chasm. It
+reappears a mile or so away at the foot of a cliff where, after heavy
+rains, it boils up like a gigantic fountain. Numerous small caves or
+sink holes exist in the neighborhood, three of which were reported as
+being dry, lighted, having good entrances, and well suited for
+habitancy. One of them is at the bottom of a sink hole on a hill. The
+descent is steep and rocky for 20 feet (it was not followed farther)
+and no doubt so continues to the level of the river which flows almost
+directly under it.
+
+The two others are in the principal "Gulf." They are open and of good
+size, but mud high on the walls shows they are filled with water in
+wet seasons.
+
+
+CRAWFORD COUNTY
+
+MARENGO CAVE.--This is growing famous as it becomes better known.
+Blatchley says that in it "are probably crowded more beautiful
+formations of crystalline limestone than in any other known cave of
+similar size in the United States." Visitors who have been in both say
+it surpasses Luray Cavern in the magnificence of its sheets and
+columns of deposited material.
+
+As it was not opened until 1883, and the bottom can be reached only by
+a stairway 60 feet high, it was of course unknown to the aborigines.
+
+A small cave near Marengo has an opening on a hillside, and can be
+directly entered from the outside; but it is at times a passageway for
+a strong current of water 3 feet deep and extending the full width of
+the cavity.
+
+MILLTOWN.--A mile north of the town is a large cave which would
+furnish an abode for scores of people. The entrance is in a slight
+depression on the level upland west of Blue River. The descent is down
+an easy slope of fallen rock and earth about 30 feet deep to a rock
+floor. Beyond the foot of the slope there is a slight thickness of
+earth, so that explorations could reveal nothing that had a certainty
+of antiquity.
+
+There is presented here a fine example of the manner in which caves of
+this character become exposed to the upper world. At first, there was
+an underground channel draining the adjacent country over a territory
+of varying extent, sometimes many square miles. At some point the roof
+fell in more rapidly than in other parts, until at last it became so
+thin as to give way entirely. If the debris was not sufficient in
+amount to extend above that part of the roof which remained intact on
+either side, so that it would be gradually carried away, the cave
+would remain open in both directions, as is the case at the "Gulfs"
+just described and at other caves statements of which appear in
+subsequent pages. Usually the debris quite chokes up one side and all
+the superficial drainage is turned into the other, which is thus kept
+open. In time, the slope around the depression becomes tolerably
+uniform except close to the entrance, and there is no outward
+indication that the cave ever extended farther than the spot where the
+new entrance is located. So the cave, as it is now open to
+examination, is only a portion of the original passage, and as the
+explorer pursues his way, he may be going toward either the former
+mouth or the source. In the former case, he comes out of a large
+opening, or what was formerly such, on some slope in the neighborhood,
+or descends until his way is obstructed by water. In the latter, he
+may find his way shut off by diminishing passages, or he may descend
+to lower levels through newer drainage channels cut by the streams
+which have been reversed and forced to carve other outlets for
+themselves.
+
+This change occurred in the Milltown Cave a very long time ago.
+Standing on the debris, several feet within the entrance and beneath a
+part of the roof now perfectly dry and showing no marks of percolating
+water, is a stalagmite 31 inches in diameter, which has weathered to a
+depth of 3 to 4 inches from atmospheric influences alone.
+
+WYANDOTTE CAVE.--So much has been printed concerning this celebrated
+cavern that no mention need be made of its interior features. The
+place seems excellently adapted as a habitation for primitive people.
+It is situated on a hill at whose foot is the bank of Blue River. Five
+miles away, as the road runs, is the Ohio. The backwater sometimes
+reaches up the tributary for more than 10 miles. The flint-bearing
+stratum of the Harrison County aboriginal quarries outcrops a short
+distance away and appears at several points within the cave. The
+country is extremely rugged, and good springs occur frequently. Game
+was formerly abundant in the hills, and Blue River still rewards the
+angler with various species of fish, many of them of large size.
+
+A former race, presumably the modern Indian, did much work within the
+cave. Tons of travertine or stalagmite, the so-called alabaster, have
+been quarried from some of the deposits, while a large number of flint
+nodules has been dug out of the cave-earth where they fell from the
+disintegrating limestone. Some of this labor was carried on more than
+a mile from daylight.
+
+The mouth of the cave was formerly almost closed by a mass of talus.
+About 10 feet has been removed from the top of this, so that one may
+now walk in without difficulty. On the inner side of the portion
+remaining there is a slope for 96 feet, to a vertical depth of a
+little more than 27 feet. The next 100 feet gives a descent of about 3
+feet; then another steep slope begins. The first point at which
+bedrock floor is found within the cave is 120 feet lower than the
+point of entry. It is supposed that the drainage to which the cave
+owes its origin was outward; if this was the case the floor must be
+more than 120 feet below the roof at the doorway. While this may be
+true, it is not indicated by the condition of the visible strata. For
+about 50 feet outward the side walls are nearly parallel and nowhere
+more than 30 feet apart. Then they terminate at an angle in the
+outcrop of the ledge along the hillside. The appearance and condition
+of the upper strata, together with this narrow separation of the side
+walls outside the cave, produce the impression that at a period not
+very remote the roof of the cavern reached to the outcropping ledge in
+which the walls end. Even though the rock floor should be at the great
+depth supposed there is a possibility that an earth floor could be
+found below the detritus which has accumulated since the roof fell in
+or has worn away.
+
+To test the matter a shaft was begun at a point 16 feet in front of
+the doorway. This was as near as such work could be done without
+interfering with the advent of visitors, and allowed a margin of 30
+feet toward the outer slope. The shaft, 6 feet in diameter, soon
+passed into a compact mass of red clay filled with rocks of various
+sizes. At 14 feet down this was broken by an irregular stratum
+averaging a foot in thickness, of coarse sand or fine gravel with a
+slight admixture of clay, such as would form in a running stream. Its
+slope was inward or toward the cave. As there are sandstone ledges on
+the hillside above, this sand may have come from them, but, if so, it
+is singular that none appeared elsewhere. At 18 feet down was a mass
+of travertine measuring nearly 3 feet across and from 6 to 12 inches
+thick. It had formed around the lower part of a stalagmite 18 inches
+long, and the bottom of the whole formation rested horizontally on
+clay. This gave the excavators hope that an earth floor had been
+reached, as the stalagmite was vertical and resembled in all respects
+stalagmites in the cave. But it was soon found to be a foreign
+inclusion, and the same confused mixture of clay and stone continued
+below as above. Various fragments of stalactites and stalagmites were
+found as part of the detritus. These, especially the vertical one,
+seem to confirm the supposition that the roof reached out this far at
+a period which is quite recent as compared with the age of the cave.
+
+To a depth of 25 or 26 feet the task of excavating was as tedious and
+difficult as digging up a much-traveled, rocky road, the earth being
+dry enough to scour the shovels. Then the earth grew moist and within
+2 feet was muddy. Cavities appeared, into some of which a switch could
+be thrust 3 or 4 feet. Where such a cavity extended under a large
+stone, stalactites were in process of formation. Soon the earth began
+to work into a soft mud under the feet of the workmen, and at 32 feet
+particles and small clods were noticed falling from the sides of the
+shaft. A foot lower this breaking away became more decided. It may
+have been due merely to the loose condition of the wet earth allowing
+unsupported portions to fall from the freshly exposed surface, but
+there was also the risk that the softer earth was sliding under the
+weight of that above. The workmen, two of whom were experienced well
+and cistern diggers, declared the risk too great and demanded to be
+brought to the surface.
+
+The depth reached by this shaft was at least 5 feet lower than at any
+point inside, within 200 feet of the mouth of the cave. The material,
+with the exception of the sand layer, was almost identical from top to
+bottom, there being no apparent difference other than increase of
+moisture in the lower part. The only explanation suggesting itself at
+present is that the chasm is filled with large loose rocks up to a
+point near the bottom of the shaft; that debris from the hillside
+above has covered these more rapidly than it could settle in the
+crevices and cavities among them; and that water which makes its way
+downward finds some obstruction to its free passage out at the bottom
+of the chasm.
+
+The only safe plan of excavation seems to require the removal of all
+the earth between the side walls to a depth below the mud. If the rock
+bottom, or any solid bottom, is at a depth of 120 feet, there is small
+chance that man lived in this region at a time when it was easily
+accessible.
+
+SALTPETER CAVE.--This is about 600 yards northwest of Wyandotte Cave.
+"The entrance, in a side of a ravine, is 5 feet high and 19 feet wide.
+Once within, a gigantic room expands, 220 feet long, 75 feet wide, and
+10 to 30 feet in height, with smooth flat ceiling and earthen floor,
+the latter descending and with its edges much encumbered with fallen
+rock." [W.S. Blatchley.]
+
+From the description given, this would seem an ideal site for
+research. Unfortunately, the bottom of the ravine is not more than 5
+feet lower than the top of the talus at the entrance. This slight
+elevation is the only barrier which keeps the surface water from
+flowing in, and while the ravine seldom has any water in it, there
+would be enough after a moderate rain to drown out the diggers who
+were working below its level if the bank were removed.
+
+LITTLE WYANDOTTE.--This, like three caves on Blue River above
+Wyandotte, four in the vicinity of Leavenworth, and one on the
+opposite side of the river in Meade County, Ky., has a small entrance
+in solid rock, with a steep and narrow passage to the foot of a slope
+which does not expand into a room of any size until at some distance
+beyond daylight.
+
+
+HARRISON COUNTY
+
+The only cave of any note in Harrison County is at the King quarries,
+5 miles east of Corydon. It has two outlets, one at the foot of a
+little cliff, through which a fine spring has an exit; the other in
+the face of the cliff, about 10 feet higher and a little to one side.
+The latter discharges more or less water after every rain. The
+drainage of several large sink holes is through the two openings. The
+owner says mud has accumulated to a depth of 3 feet on the floor
+within his remembrance, due to cultivation around the sink holes,
+which causes the soil to waste.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+MONROE COUNTY
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE.--The so-called "Mammoth Cave of Illinois" is near
+Burksville, in Monroe County. An opportunity was afforded to visit it
+while engaged in the cave work. It is very extensive, according to the
+owner's description, being "7 or 8 miles long." The mouth is at the
+bottom of a sink hole, and the cave is now reached by a narrow
+stairway 40 feet high. Formerly it was necessary to clamber down the
+walls, stepping from ledge to ledge with a foot and a hand on either
+side. Then a ladder was made, said to have been 50 feet long; and,
+with more frequent visitors, the stairway followed. The crevice is
+very short, a mere crack, apparently made by water working its way
+down from the bottom of the sink. All the drainage within the rim goes
+into the cave, and it accumulates in the rainy season until the floor
+is covered. A farmer living near says he has seen the water from the
+cave rise until it covered the bottom of the sink hole. As similar
+depressions are numerous in the vicinity, probably the combined inflow
+is greater than the cave can carry away. The floor has been leveled
+and a close pavement of large slabs laid over the muddy portions. No
+one has ever heard of human remains being found anywhere in the cave.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+Crossing the Ohio River from the southern Indiana cave region, the
+counties of Kentucky lying in the belt of lower Carboniferous
+limestone were next visited. No cave that seemed worth examining could
+be heard of above the extreme southern portion of Hardin County. The
+sections examined will be taken in their geographical order from north
+to south.
+
+
+HARDIN COUNTY
+
+HUTCHINS OR BRADLEY CAVE.--This is in the bluff bordering on the left
+bank of Nolin River, 2 miles west of Upton. It was reported that human
+remains had been found in it. The present owners, who have known the
+cave for a long time, never heard of any such finds. The entrance is
+low and narrow, so that access to the cave is to be had only by
+creeping several yards. The cavern then expands into a very large
+chamber, separated into three by curtains or partitions of stalactites
+and stalagmites. Very little of floor, roof, or walls is to be seen,
+being almost entirely covered by secondary deposits. Some of these are
+remarkable for size and beauty. There is no probability that the cave
+was ever inhabited.
+
+SALTPETER CAVE.--This is 3 miles southwest of Upton. It has a large
+entrance and an earth floor, but the dirt has all been worked over for
+making saltpeter, so there is nothing to search for.
+
+
+HART COUNTY
+
+LAIRD'S CAVE.--About 2 miles north of Northtown is a large, roomy
+cave, with a good entrance, but water drips from all parts of the
+ceiling, and the floor is muddy and rocky. The drainage from 3 or 4
+acres of hillside flows over the arch of the entrance and logs 6
+inches in diameter are carried into it by the surface floods.
+
+LOCK'S CAVE.--This is a mile east of Rowlett's Station, near the top
+of a ridge, and lying nearly parallel with its crest. It affords
+another instance of a cave which has come to light only after a
+portion of its roof has fallen in. The detritus entirely conceals the
+opening at one end. The other end is entered by going down the fallen
+rocks over a slope of 15 or 20 feet, which leads to a bottom strewn
+with rocks. In such cases there can be nothing under the loose
+material, because the cave had no entrance until this had fallen in.
+
+GARVIN CAVE.--This cavern, which is 3 miles southeast of Munfordville,
+has an opening at the bottom of a sink hole, requiring a rope or
+ladder for descent.
+
+HARLOW CAVE.--This is 31/2 miles southeast of Munfordville. It is a very
+large cave, apparently, as the slope down the debris is more than 40
+feet high, to a rocky shelf, beyond which the descent was followed
+some yards without finding any indications that a level bottom was
+near. It is another illustration of the fallen roof.
+
+WYNNE'S CAVE.--Three miles south of Rowlett's Station is a large sink
+hole. Stones thrown into the vertical shaft at the bottom can be heard
+striking the sides for three or four seconds before coming to rest.
+
+WASH. ROWLETT CAVE.--On "the old Lewis Martin place," 11/2 miles west of
+Rowlett's Station, a section of roof, 20 or 25 feet across, has
+dropped into a deep cavity. The sides are still insecure. The descent
+to a spring under what appears to be the original roof is somewhat
+more than 40 feet. The ceiling is not more than 6 feet high.
+
+STEFFY'S CAVE.--Four miles southwest of Munfordville between 200 and
+300 feet in length of the roof of a high and wide cave has fallen in.
+Ice remains in this cave until May or later every year.
+
+JOEL BUCKNER'S CAVE.--About 10 miles northeast of Munfordville is a
+large cave with the entrance on a hillside. The roof has evidently
+extended several rods farther out than at present. The front part of
+the cavern is wide and high, but is now nearly filled with debris. The
+roof slopes at about the same angle as loose material within, there
+being not more than 3 feet of space between the two at any place
+nearer than 30 feet from the present mouth. Rocks thrown back showed
+the same uniformity of slope to continue at least several yards and
+the depth there to be about 20 feet below the top of the detritus at
+the mouth. This cave was suitable as a habitation before the material
+now choking the mouth had accumulated, provided water was obtainable.
+The nearest spring now is more than a mile away. An exploration would
+require, as a preliminary, the removal of several hundred cubic yards
+of compacted rocks and clay.
+
+HARRY BUCKNER CAVE.--Half a mile north of the cavern last named is
+another with a very narrow entrance. The floor, which slopes downward,
+is solid rock in part, and the place is not adapted for occupancy.
+
+CUB RUN CAVE.--Cub Run is a little settlement 12 miles west of
+Munfordville, near the Edmonson County line and about equidistant from
+Green River and Nolin River. Two miles in a direct line south of the
+village is a cave or rock shelter which has much local notoriety from
+the fact that three skeletons were found in it. They were imbedded in
+mixed ashes and earth and accompanied with several pestles, bone
+perforators, three flint knives, a small celt, and part of a clay pipe
+stem. One of the skeletons was that of a child not more than 8 or 10
+years old. It has been pronounced the frame of a white child on
+account of the shape of the skull, but is more probably Indian, as the
+three were found together. Two of the bodies had been laid side by
+side; the other was near their feet at a right angle to them. In the
+back of the child's head is an incision somewhat over an inch long.
+The skull is slightly fractured downward from one end of this cut, and
+the corner or angle thus formed in the bone is pressed outward.
+
+A flint implement found almost in contact with the skull fits closely
+into the aperture and may have produced it, as the form of the wound
+could have been thus caused.
+
+The cavity or chamber of this cavern is about 100 feet across in each
+direction. There is a small opening near the back which has been
+examined to a distance of 75 or 80 feet, being there obstructed by
+large blocks of sandstone similar to those which fill the space from
+floor to ceiling along the back end of the shelter.
+
+There is another very large block just at the entrance, in which are
+one shallow and two deep circular depressions which were probably
+mortars. Bones of deer, bear, and other animals have been found within
+a foot or two of the surface both outside and inside of the cave.
+Contrary to what is usual in sandstone cavities of this sort, the
+outside earth slopes upward from the entrance and after heavy rains
+considerable water flows into the cave. This makes the earth on the
+floor quite sticky at times, although it is mainly sand, containing
+very little clay.
+
+The skeletons were found at a depth of about 16 inches, close to the
+side wall. A small trench dug where they were unearthed showed, in
+succession, a layer of ashes 4 or 5 inches thick and not more than 3
+feet across, a foot below the surface of the floor; a few inches of
+earth; a layer of ashes an inch thick, at two feet; below this,
+yellowish undisturbed sand, apparently fallen from the sandstone roof,
+and continuing to the rock floor, which was about 32 inches below the
+top.
+
+Another trench was dug about midway across the cave and the same
+distance from the front as the skeletons were found. This was on or
+close to the line of heaviest drainage into the cave and the earth was
+so wet as to be very sticky. A few little patches of what appeared to
+be ashes but which had not resulted from fires made on the spot, three
+or four broken mussel shells, and a chip of flint were found in the
+first 18 or 20 inches. More than this amount of earth could easily
+have washed in since they were left here by modern Indians. Below this
+level the earth contained not the slightest object of human origin, to
+the rock floor which was found at a depth of 6 feet. On the rock was
+nearly pure sand, probably the result of disintegration; some clay lay
+on this; then the mixed loam, sand, and clay composing the outside
+soil.
+
+It would appear that this cave was utilized as a place of shelter at
+irregular intervals by Indians in tolerably recent times; that at
+least one of those found, perhaps all three, had died or been killed
+during a somewhat protracted sojourn; and that only a slight covering
+of earth, if any at all, had been placed over them.
+
+Two similar caves are within 8 or 10 miles, but were not visited.
+
+
+EDMONSON COUNTY
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE.--For miles from the entrance saltpeter workers have dug
+down to a level where the amount of loose rock rendered further
+excavation too expensive. In many places walls of stone are piled
+against the sides of the cavern. They were among the earth that was
+removed and have been so piled to get them out of the way.
+
+As far back as "Chief City," 3 miles from the mouth of the cave, the
+floor is littered with fragments of canes (reeds) and saplings, which,
+from the appearance of the ends, were broken, twisted, or bruised off
+with blunt tools like stone hatchets. Most of those remaining are
+lying on massive loose rocks now forming the floor, though the ends of
+some are seen projecting from beneath stones much larger than two men
+can lift. It is possible the latter have recently slid or slipped from
+higher up the slopes, but the indications are that they have dropped
+from the roof since the time of these early explorers. If this be the
+case, it points to a considerable antiquity for the remains, because
+no such downfalls are known to have occurred since the cave was first
+explored by white men.
+
+So much work has been done about the entrance of late years for
+improving the approaches that excavation would be useless, even if
+allowed, unless carried to a depth of more than 20 feet. Such work
+would greatly interfere with the plans of the management.
+
+WHITE'S CAVE.--This is about three-fourths of a mile from Mammoth
+Cave. The entrance, quite small, is near the crest of a ridge, and the
+floor descends abruptly. Only a narrow chamber exists within reach of
+daylight, and the cave is wet all the time a short distance back.
+
+COLOSSAL CAVE.--It is said to be 4 miles from Mammoth Cave, but is
+really only a little more than 2 miles. The present entrance is
+entirely artificial, the descent to the floor being about 120 feet.
+The original entrance was in a crevice which explorers descended by
+means of ropes. It is said that another entrance is known to one man
+who, however, has to crawl a long distance.
+
+SALT CAVE.--This is 4 miles from Mammoth Cave, though belonging to the
+same company. The entrance is at the bottom of a conical sink hole
+draining about an acre. Not much water runs into the cave from this
+cause, as the surface slopes outward from the margin except on one
+side, where a ridge leads to the hills. A spring which comes out near
+the top of the sink falls over a ledge at the bottom into the
+entrance to the cave. It is said that this water soaks into the ground
+within a few rods and that just beyond are large, dry rooms, well
+adapted for habitation, which formerly contained many evidences of
+aboriginal occupation. Exploration is impossible now, as the entrance
+was effectually closed some years ago by throwing in logs, brush,
+rocks, and earth, in order to protect the formations from relic
+hunters. The water from the spring falls directly on and flows into
+this, and can not now be turned aside. Even if it could, all excavated
+material would have to be carried up a steep slope and deposited in
+the field surrounding the sink hole.
+
+DIXON'S CAVE.--It is supposed, with good reason, that this was at one
+time connected with Mammoth Cave. It can be easily entered, through a
+large crevice, where the surface rock has fallen in. Approach to the
+bottom is down a steep and rugged slope of about 60 feet vertically.
+Within, no earth is visible, it having been entirely removed by
+saltpeter miners, who left the rocks piled in great rows from side to
+side across the cavern.
+
+MAMMAL CAVE.--This is so named because a tusk was formerly exhibited
+at the hotel which was reported to have come from here. It was
+afterwards learned that the specimen was imported from another State.
+The cave is small and damp, not suitable for living or even for
+stopping in.
+
+PROCTOR'S CAVE.--This is 6 miles from Mammoth Cave. The present
+entrance is artificial and so far as could be learned the cave is a
+recent discovery.
+
+HAUNTED CAVE.--The name is given to commemorate the fact that human
+bones were found in it. Physicians, it is said, pronounced them bones
+of a white person. The cave, which is on Green River, some miles below
+Mammoth Cave, was not visited, as the entrance is described as a
+crevice through which a man has difficulty in squeezing his way, while
+the interior is nowhere more than 8 feet wide. The cave soon connects
+with another narrow vertical crevice which reaches the surface at the
+top of a ridge.
+
+BRIGGS'S CAVE.--About 6 miles west of Cave City, and 4 miles west of
+north from Glasgow Junction, is a cave on land of Ike Briggs, which
+was described as fit for habitation. Its entrance is in a small sink
+hole, on a hillside. The approach is easy, and entry not difficult;
+but the cave receives the drainage of several acres and the floor is
+always muddy.
+
+POYNER'S CAVE.--This is a mile east of Briggs's. While a large cave,
+the entrance is at the foot of a sink hole an acre in area. It is
+necessary to stoop for some distance on entering, and the bottom here
+is rough and wet. Farther in it is dry and roomy--so much so, that
+people in the neighborhood use one chamber as a "ballroom." This part
+is some distance beyond daylight. As in all caves which are entered
+from a sink, it would be very difficult to dispose of any excavated
+earth, as it would have to be carried up the steep slope to the
+outside.
+
+SHORT CAVE.--Chaumont is a station on the road to Mammoth Cave, 3
+miles from the Glasgow Junction. The cavern, which is so named from
+its limited extent as compared with Mammoth, is a mile from the
+station. The entrance, reached by a winding way along the ridges, is
+on one side of an irregular depression comprising 3 or 4 acres. At
+present there is a heavy bank of earth, several feet high, across the
+entrance, nearly closing it to the top, except at the middle where a
+wagon road has been cut through to allow fertilizers for mushroom beds
+to be hauled in. This earth, so it is stated, was not there when the
+cave was discovered, but has been carried from the interior partly by
+saltpeter workers, and partly by the present owner in order to cover
+up some rocks and to make the floor smooth and level. In front of the
+cave and of the earth piled at the entrance is a level space of 25 or
+30 feet to a deep sink hole. Some water and mud, in time of wet
+weather, runs into the front part of the cave but its effect is not
+noticeable for more than 30 or 40 feet. Beyond this is a reach of more
+than 200 feet of perfectly dry level floor. It was not so smooth
+before some grading was done for the mushroom beds, but was at no time
+rugged or difficult to travel over. At 300 feet from the entrance is a
+slope about 20 feet high, at the foot of which begins another floor so
+dry as to be dusty in places. Whether this apparent thickness of 20
+feet is of earth, or earth and stone mixed, or is indicative of a dip
+in the rock floor, is not known, as no excavation has ever been made
+except for the plant beds. There is a slight descent, not more than 3
+or 4 feet, from the entrance to the point where the flood water seems
+to reach. This is seemingly due altogether to the wash. The width of
+the cave is about 50 feet, and notwithstanding the partial closure of
+the entrance there is sufficient light as far back as 200 feet to
+enable one to read ordinary print. So there is ample room within reach
+of daylight for several hundred people to gather without
+inconvenience.
+
+The owner, Capt. J.B. Briggs, who lives in Russellville, has granted
+permission to make any excavations desired, provided the floor be left
+in good shape when done. It is evident that any satisfactory
+examination will demand a large expenditure. If only a preliminary
+trench were made, the necessary slope would require a considerable
+width at top, while if anything should be disclosed that called for
+extensive research, the earth must be wheeled or otherwise removed to
+the sink hole in front, and the whole floor brought to a nearly
+uniform level.
+
+So far as appearances go, this cavern is better adapted for occupancy
+than any other which has been examined. The depth of earth shows it to
+have been open for a long period. If nothing can be found here,
+denoting extreme antiquity of man, it would seem useless to make
+further search in central or western Kentucky.
+
+BEAR CREEK.--A very large rock house is on the right bank of Bear
+Creek, 3 miles above its mouth. It would afford good shelter to a
+large number of people, except in rainy seasons when they were most in
+need of it. After heavy storms the creek covers the entire floor.
+
+Other rock-shelters exist along Green River above and below Bear
+Creek. They are not worth investigating. Some are flooded; others
+difficult of access; still others become muddy after rains; while in
+none of them is there any great depth of earth.
+
+
+WARREN COUNTY
+
+CRUMP'S CAVE.--A mile north of Smith's Grove is a large sink hole,
+from one side of which extends a cave nearly a mile long. There is
+abundant room and a good light near the front, and it is reported that
+quantities of ashes were formerly to be seen on the earth a short
+distance in. A considerable outside area drains into the cave, and the
+floor at the present time is everywhere so wet as to be quite muddy.
+Much water also falls from the roof. A hydraulic ram, not far from the
+entrance, formerly forced water from one of these falls to the farm
+residence. A descent of 6 feet, over large rocks and wet earth, brings
+one to the nearly level floor, 40 feet from the mouth. The amount of
+flood water running into the cave is indicated by a gully 4 feet deep
+and the same in width, while trash and driftwood litter the floor from
+wall to wall for more than a hundred yards.
+
+THOMAS CAVE.--This is a mile north of Bowling Green. The roof of a
+cavern has fallen in and forms a high mound of rocky debris, down
+which a path winds on each side, giving access toward either end of
+the cavern. There is scarcely a possibility that it was ever occupied.
+
+MILL CAVE.--Three miles south of Bowling Green a stream emerges from
+the foot of a slope, flows a hundred yards through a canyon-like open
+channel, and disappears under a cliff. This is another instance of an
+open cave due to a falling roof. The open end is large and forms an
+excellent shelter for cattle. On either side of the stream, under the
+cliff, is a shelf or projecting ledge, covered with loose stones.
+Neither is 2 feet higher than the water level in a wet season.
+
+
+BARREN COUNTY
+
+PAYNE CAVE.--This, also known as Saltpeter Cave, is near Temple Hill,
+9 miles southeast of Glasgow. The bluff in which it is situated is a
+conglomerate limestone, rising from the waters of Skagg's Creek. The
+cave has three different entrances, 100 feet or more apart, and each
+entrance is broken into three or four by columns or masses of stone
+that have resisted erosion. None of the entrances is large, or opens
+into spacious chambers within daylight. Flood marks are visible in
+all, and it is said that after prolonged or heavy spring rains the
+water covers the floors.
+
+BEN SMITH'S CAVE.--This was discovered while digging out a fox den. It
+is a tunnel-like cavity, not more than 6 feet high or wide, and not
+suitable for habitation. It lies a mile and a half south of Temple
+Hill.
+
+FORD'S CAVE.--This is between Freedom and Mount Hermon, about 14 miles
+southeast of Glasgow. Originally the entrance was about 8 feet high
+and 20 feet wide, and opened into a well-lighted chamber probably 40
+feet wide and 60 feet long. The floor was of earth and level, with
+ample space between it and the roof, as shown by marks on the walls,
+for people to move about readily in any part of the room. The entrance
+is now artificially closed by earth and stone, except for a space 4
+feet square in which a door is hung. Old men in the neighborhood claim
+they can remember when the floor was 20 feet lower than at present; a
+manifest impossibility, for that measure would bring it several feet
+lower than the bed of Mill Creek just in front of the cave. They also
+claim that blocks of conglomerate and travertine 5 to 10 feet in each
+dimension have formed from "drip" within their recollection; which, if
+true, would prove these persons to be almost contemporaneous with the
+cave men. The more probable statement is also made by them that in
+early days saltpeter workers dug up and leached all the earth in the
+cave, filling the entrance and the narrow space before it with the
+leached earth from the front part of the cave and throwing that from
+farther back into the cavities and pits left by the prior workings.
+Inside the cave, near the entrance, is a never-failing spring whose
+waters flow through a short, narrow crevice at one side. While easily
+accessible, the water does not reach any of the earth floor.
+
+This would have been an excellent site for aboriginal residence, but
+there is now no undisturbed earth within daylight nor for some
+distance beyond, and no one can remember that anything of an
+artificial nature was ever exhumed.
+
+THE ESMITH CAVES.--Two caves situated on Peters Creek near Dry Fork
+post office, 14 miles southeast of Glasgow, were reported to be
+admirably suited for shelter purposes. The smaller is not more than a
+foot high, from floor to roof, and is filled with flood water after
+every heavy rain. The larger is above flood line, but the entrance is
+not over 2 feet high, and the "cave" is scarcely sufficient for a
+sheep shelter. If the floor were cleared off to a depth of 4 feet from
+its present level, it would be covered whenever the creek reached
+high-water mark.
+
+BONE CAVE.--Five miles east of Glasgow human bones were found in a
+cavern. Particulars could not be obtained. The cave is on a hillside
+and is entered through a narrow crevice by straddling the walls or
+going down a ladder. Rocks and trash form a mound in this, the top
+being 15 feet below the outside surface. On either side of this mound
+one can make his way continuously downward to darkness, and a rock
+thrown ahead can be heard going on down some distance over loose
+stones. If human bones were ever found in here, either they were
+thrown in or some person fell in and was unable to escape.
+
+SLICK ROCK CAVE.--This is near the post office of Slick Rock, 7 miles
+east of Glasgow. The entrance is in a narrow crevice at the brow of a
+low hill. The descent is steep and rugged to beyond daylight.
+
+LOVE'S CAVE.--This is located on Dr. Love's farm, 3 miles north of
+Slick Rock. It is now used for storing apples and potatoes. The
+entrance is through a large sink hole, formed by the falling in of the
+roof of a cave which was at least 50 feet wide at this point. As is
+usual, the debris has blocked the cave in one direction. Descent is
+regular, though steep, along the slope into the other end of the cave.
+The floor is wet and muddy the entire year on account of the drip from
+roof and overhanging rock at the mouth. The vertical distance from top
+of the debris to the level floor is about 30 feet, and from the top to
+the outer surface about 20 feet more. Any attempt at excavation would
+be difficult and costly, and conditions are such as to make it
+probably fruitless.
+
+
+MONROE COUNTY
+
+Four caves in this county were represented as being worth
+investigation. All are north of Tompkinsville, the county seat.
+
+(1) A rock house in the conglomerate sandstone on the land of Dr. E.E.
+Palmer, 7 miles north of Tompkinsville, shows smoke stains on the
+ceiling, and some flint chips among the gravel and earth in front
+where they have been exposed by water dripping over the face of the
+cliff. There is, however, only 2 to 4 feet of space between the earth
+floor and the roof, across the cave from side to side, a distance of
+20 feet, and from the front to a point 10 feet back. From this rear
+portion the earth slopes downward, parallel with the roof of the cave,
+to the wall behind. The amount of descent could not be accurately
+ascertained owing to the cramped space, but seems to be 5 or 6 feet.
+At about that level on the outside a ledge was found on both sides of
+the entrance and appears to continue across. If so, the earth covers
+the part immediately in front of the cave. Neither tools nor men could
+be found to do any trenching, but it is not probable the shelter was
+ever high enough for a man to stand erect in, because most, or all, of
+the floor earth must have come from the ceiling.
+
+(2) A mile north of Dr. Palmer's is the McCreary Cave. The entrance is
+from 60 to 70 feet across and the cavern reaches back fully a hundred
+feet without any diminution of breadth. Two branches then start under
+the hill. Each has been explored more than a mile. From each branch
+flows a considerable brook. They unite near the entrance, sink into
+the floor, and reappear as a strong spring 30 feet lower in the ravine
+leading from the cave. The earth is not more than 3 feet deep near the
+front. It becomes greater in amount farther back, but is wet
+everywhere below the level of the running water, consequently no
+excavation was practicable. Flood marks show that the whole floor,
+except in places a strip along the side walls, is completely submerged
+at times. On one side a rock ledge or shelf above reach of the water
+is covered with dry loose earth from 1 to 3 feet deep. This has been
+dug up in nearly every part by treasure seekers, but nothing of human
+workmanship has ever been found.
+
+(3) The Belcher Cave is 7 miles northwest of Tompkinsville. It is also
+called Mill Cave, because a gristmill near the foot of the hill below
+it is run by the outflowing stream. The entrance is wide and high; the
+front chamber or vault is fully a hundred feet across each way. But
+the bedrock is exposed in places and the earth is not more than 2 feet
+thick anywhere. Water from the brook percolating through this keeps
+the lower portion saturated.
+
+(4) On John Black Tuley's land, on Meshach Creek, 6 miles northeast of
+Tompkinsville, two human skeletons were found in a small opening,
+which has since been known as the Bone Cave. It is a room not over 10
+feet across at any part, in a limestone conglomerate, and may be of
+quite recent origin. Being inconvenient of access, it is not in a
+position for residence purposes. The skeletons, which were less than 2
+feet below the surface, were probably those of Indian hunters. The
+material in which the little cave is formed will crumble easily in
+cold weather, being rather wet from the soil water soaking through the
+hill above it.
+
+There are other caves in this county, but from the descriptions they
+do not seem at all suited even for temporary camping needs.
+
+
+LOGAN COUNTY
+
+Very little limestone appears in Logan County, the surface rock being
+mostly conglomerate. A reconnoissance was made here, however, from
+Russellville to Diamond Springs, to investigate "a broad valley" which
+was reported to extend in a general north and south direction from the
+Ohio, near Brandenburg, toward the Cumberland. It was also claimed
+that beds of drift gravel exist at a considerable elevation above the
+little creek now flowing through the valley and that rock shelters are
+numerous at various levels.
+
+As there is an abandoned drainage system, different from the present,
+somewhere in this part of Kentucky, which has never been traced, the
+place seemed worth a visit. The result was disappointing.
+
+The valley is due entirely to causes now at work. The gravel beds
+result from weathering of lower Coal Measure conglomerates. The rock
+shelters are shallow, or with a thin covering of earth on the floor,
+or subject to overflow. None was found that offered any incentive for
+examination.
+
+
+TODD COUNTY
+
+On the farm of Mr. Robert Glover, 31/2 miles southwest of Trenton, is a
+cave known generally as "Bell's Cave," from a former owner. This forms
+the outlet of a large sink hole, all the rainfall of 6 or 8 acres
+draining out through it. The entrance is wide and deep, with an easy
+descent to the level floor. It was for a long time a shelter for
+Indians, for there is a layer of ashes more than 6 feet in depth, 50
+or 60 feet long, and about 15 or 20 feet wide. These represent the
+probable original dimensions, but the top has been leveled for a
+dancing floor, and the drainage water has cut away a large part of it,
+depositing the material farther back in the cave. Six feet of vertical
+face is exposed at one place by the water, but the ashes extend still
+deeper. It is said that bone needles, animal bones, antlers, mussel
+shells ("different from any in the creek now"), burnt rock, and much
+broken pottery were found in leveling the top. A very fine polished
+flint celt 12 inches or more in length is also reported. One human
+skeleton has been found, either at the edge of the ash bed or a few
+feet away from the edge. The floor is covered, where the earth is
+washed off, with flint nodules and fragments, and the slopes outside
+have considerable on the surface. The gullies washed along the slope
+are paved with nodules like a macadamized road, and in a few places
+the streams have cut into them so as to show a foot or more at the
+lower part of the bank so filled and packed with nodules that a knife
+blade could not be thrust in more than 2 or 3 inches. But there is no
+evidence of aboriginal quarrying. Probably the Indians dug nodules
+out of the gullies, for chips are found above and on each side of the
+mouth of the cave.
+
+To the west, on top of the hill in which the sink hole occurs, and
+beginning at its edge, is an aboriginal cemetery. There are two small
+mounds and numerous graves. Scores of the latter have been opened.
+They are all alike; flat stones form bottom, ends, sides, and top.
+Many have only one skeleton; others more. The greatest number yet
+found in one was six. Few are more than a foot deep or much over 5
+feet long. About one in ten contains relics of some sort--in two or
+three entire pots, beads, arrowheads, and gorgets occurred.
+
+I opened three; two contained one body each. The face of one was down,
+but all the other bones of this and all the bones in the second grave
+were so decayed that no statement of their position can be made. In
+the third grave, which was 21/2 feet deep--the deepest yet found--were
+three bodies. Two lay with faces north; the other, behind these, with
+face south. The grave was 24 inches wide and less than 6 feet long.
+Most skeletons (it is reported) were doubled up; often the graves were
+not over 3 feet long and 10 to 16 inches wide. In some the bones
+denoted skeleton burial. One skull had been perforated by a ball; at
+least there was a round hole on each side exactly such as would have
+been produced by a bullet.
+
+Another large cemetery is on the farm of Mr. G.S. Wood, next north of
+Glover's. Mr. Wood has opened 50 or more graves and found some relics.
+
+Flint arrows, spears, knives, drills, hoes, spades, and celts, not to
+mention unfinished pieces, have been found by the thousand on the
+surface within a mile radius of these cemeteries.
+
+It would seem useless to make any further examination of the level
+limestone region of central or southern Kentucky. Nearly all the minor
+drainage is underground, and most of the caves have inlets through
+sink holes or in small crevices. The water supply is scanty except
+along streams, and in such situations the caves are usually, for
+various reasons, of such character as to preclude a continuous
+occupation, or one extending to a very ancient date. Search is more
+likely to be rewarded in the mountains where an ample water supply is
+always at hand.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+
+MONTGOMERY COUNTY
+
+DUNBAR'S CAVE.--Three miles east of Clarksville a large cave has been
+fitted up as a summer resort. The earth has been leveled around the
+entrance, both inside and outside, floors laid for picnics and other
+gatherings, booths, refreshment stands, and places of amusement
+erected and the surrounding grounds somewhat improved. On account of
+all this, the place has become quite noted. At present there is from
+15 to 20 feet of loose stones and earth on the solid rock floor, and a
+strong stream makes its way beneath them. It could never have been
+occupied in prehistoric times until the debris had practically reached
+the stage at which it was found by the whites.
+
+INDIAN MOUND CAVE.--A report was received to the effect that the mouth
+of a cave on the Stewart County line, about 18 miles west of
+Clarksville, had been closed by a rock wall, and earth piled against
+the outside of the wall; also, that tool marks are quite distinct in a
+chamber which is plainly of artificial origin.
+
+The rock wall is the stratified rock, in place; the earth in front has
+washed down from the hillside; the tool marks are water channelings;
+and other remarkable things mentioned in the report are equally
+natural. The entrance is a narrow crevice.
+
+
+SULLIVAN COUNTY
+
+LINVILLE CAVE.--This is 4 miles almost directly west of Bluff City.
+Apparently it is of great extent, for large sink holes connected with
+it are scattered over an area of several hundred acres. There are
+three principal openings. The largest is near the top of a knoll or
+low hill, and is due to the falling in of the roof. The sunken part
+has an area of about 30 by 60 feet. Usually, in such cases, the debris
+entirely fills one end of the cavity thus made, obscuring that part of
+the cavern, the other end being kept open by surface drainage. In this
+case, owing to the dip of the strata--some 8 or 10 degrees--and to a
+change in direction of the cavern at this point, both ends may be
+entered from the fallen rocks and earth. At one side the descent is
+precipitous and winding, over and among large fallen rocks. No level
+place is reached in daylight. At the other side the descent follows
+the natural dip of the strata and no level space can be found from
+which the entrance is visible. This part, also, is filled with rocks,
+large and small, from the roof and sides, and was never habitable.
+
+Fifty yards from the main entrance is another much smaller cave, on
+the slope of the knoll. It is at the bottom of a crevice 10 feet deep.
+The floor is level, but only a few square yards in extent, the sloping
+roof reaching it within 10 feet. As there is considerable drainage
+into the cavity from the hillside, it is probable that this floor, at
+least the upper portion, is of recent origin, and that the earth
+extends downward indefinitely toward the subterranean stream.
+
+West of the knoll on which these openings are found is a valley 2 or 3
+miles long. Timber shuts off the view toward its head. This is
+drained by a constant stream which after winding from side to side of
+the little vale flows under the knoll. The hole where it disappears is
+small, but as no rock floor is visible it may lead into a large
+cavern, and there is no doubt that all the sink holes in the vicinity
+as well as the two openings above described eventually have the same
+outlet. Excavations would be difficult and useless.
+
+THOMAS CAVE.--In the face of a steep hillside, near the south (left)
+bank of the Holston, 3 miles east of Bluff City, is a room with a
+nearly level floor 10 by 18 feet in the longest measurements. A narrow
+passage, high enough for a man to walk in, branches off to the right
+but soon begins to diminish in size and at 100 feet becomes too small
+to crawl through. The debris in front of the cave is piled to a height
+of 16 feet above the present floor, and the highest floods of the
+river reach to about the same level on the outside. The rapid
+disappearance of the surface water which finds its way in indicates an
+underground passage to the river, so that a solid floor would not
+probably be reached above the ordinary water level.
+
+ARKLOW CAVE.--This is a mile and a half southeast of Bluff City. It
+was reported to have a level earth floor, not more than 4 feet below
+the accumulation outside. While this was formerly the case,
+cultivation of the hills around now causes a great amount of surface
+water to flow over the little bluff into which the cave opens, and
+this has carried nearly all of the loose earth away through some
+underground channel. The descent for upward of 30 feet is steep and
+rugged; it was not traced farther.
+
+MORRELL CAVE.--On the south side of the Holston River, 21/2 miles east
+of Bluff City, lies the farm of E.S. Worley. Except for a narrow strip
+of river bottom land, the surface is broken and rocky, the highest
+point being some 400 feet above the stream. Beginning near the brow of
+the river hill the central portion of the farm is in a depression
+whose very irregular rim or watershed surrounds an area of more than
+100 acres. All the water that falls within this space drains into a
+sink hole the bottom of which is but little above flood stage of the
+Holston. On the south side of this sink is a vertical bluff 120 feet
+high, from whose foot emerges a stream that after a winding course of
+50 or 60 yards disappears in a small opening on the east side of the
+sink hole, and finally comes to the surface at the foot of the hill,
+near the river. Its volume is sufficient, even in time of severest
+drought, to turn the undershot wheel of a large mill. The course of
+the stream above the point where it is first visible is through a cave
+which has been traced to the foot of the Holston Mountains, 3 miles
+away, and there are many unexplored branches. Chambers are known with
+a cross measure of 100 feet or more, and some of them have a height
+nearly as great. Stalactites and stalagmites, some of them possessing
+unusual size and beauty, are abundant.
+
+The sink hole is due to the falling in of the roof of the cave, which
+could no doubt be followed to the river if it were free from
+obstructions in this direction.
+
+North of west from the mouth of the cave is another opening, partly in
+the same strata but 40 feet higher, the dip of the rock being 10 or 12
+degrees to the southeast. This was so blocked with talus which had
+fallen from the cliff and washed down the side of the sink hole that
+it was necessary to creep nearly 40 feet from the entrance, down a
+moderate slope, before coming to a point where it was possible to
+stand upright. From here progress to the junction of the two caves,
+about half a mile from the entrance, is easy except where fallen rocks
+interfere somewhat.
+
+Early in the Civil War a large amount of saltpeter was manufactured
+here. A dam was constructed just within the mouth of the main cave,
+and in the pool thus formed boats were used to transport the material
+from the interior. The workmen not required for handling the craft
+usually preferred to walk through the upper cave to the place where
+the earth was procured.
+
+The combination of natural features at this place is unusually
+favorable to aboriginal habitation. The main cave is excluded from
+consideration by reason of the stream filling it from wall to wall
+after very heavy rains. The upper cave, however, showed, beyond the
+debris choking the entrance, a level floor, cumbered, it is true, by
+fallen rocks, but apparently quite suitable for a dwelling place were
+these removed. Although opening toward the north, its position so far
+below the summits of the surrounding hills protects it from winter
+winds. The creek assures an ample supply of clear cold water.
+Mountains, refuge for game, are in sight in various directions, while
+the Holston River is less than a quarter of a mile away.
+
+In order to remove the debris a point 3 feet below the lowest spot on
+the floor was selected on the slope outside. From here a trench was
+carried in on a level, the additional depth being taken to facilitate
+clearing away all material that had accumulated inside the cavern in
+comparatively recent time, and thus lighten the task of deeper
+excavations should these be required. The trench needed to be only
+wide enough at the bottom to allow room for running a wheelbarrow, but
+owing to the great amount of broken rock, loosely held together by a
+small quantity of earth, the sides continually gave way, so that by
+the time it was safe to pass through the trench was 25 feet wide at
+the top and 24 feet deep at the mouth of the cave. The rocks were of
+every size from small pebbles to blocks weighing more than a ton each.
+
+Nothing whatever of artificial character, not even a flint chip or
+fragment of charcoal, was unearthed until at a point 4 feet inside the
+farthest projecting stratum of the roof. Here was found a prehistoric
+stone wall whose outer side and top had been entirely concealed by
+debris. On the inner side the upper portion was visible, owing to the
+fact that the owner had gathered a quantity of loose stones to
+construct a wall farther down the slope. Previous to this the ancient
+wall was entirely covered by the detritus, and even after this partial
+exposure its true nature was not suspected. It was about 6 feet high,
+built up of rocks of various sizes and shapes loosely fitted together,
+earth from the outside surface being used to level up in places where
+the stones would not bind properly. The largest rock in the top layer
+weighed about 800 pounds.
+
+The horizontal distance between the top of the wall as it was when
+cleared off and the corresponding portion of the cave roof was 4 feet;
+to the roof directly above it, about 2 feet. Apparently it had at one
+time entirely closed the entrance; at the western end where it abutted
+against the solid rock the upper portion was firmly consolidated by
+travertine. Directly above it, nearly 2 feet higher, a slab and some
+small irregular fragments were securely attached to the side and roof
+by the same agency. A crevice in the bedrock just at the end of the
+artificial wall contained several wagonloads of small rocks which had
+been thrown into it. These also were united into a solid mass by the
+travertine, all of which had been deposited by water flowing through
+the crevice. It does not follow that the wall was ever higher toward
+the opposite end than at this time. In the centuries that have elapsed
+since it was put up, the roof at the front of the cave, being rather
+thin-bedded, may have disintegrated. It was not possible to uncover
+the wall in shape for illustrating; portions of it continually
+crumbled as the looser material piled against it was removed.
+
+From the wall inward the foreign material piled against the west side
+of the cave was composed almost entirely of small rocks, with scarcely
+any earth, and so compactly bound with travertine and stalagmite as to
+resist all attempts to remove it by ordinary means. On the east
+side--the left as the cave is entered--there was a great variation in
+the size of the stones; they were intermixed with much loose dry
+earth, and there was scarcely any "drip-formation" in the mass. The
+removal of all this disclosed a projection of solid rock forming a
+shelf from 8 to 12 feet wide, whose top was about 2 feet higher than
+the bottom of our trench. About 20 feet from the ancient wall the
+trench reached the original bottom of the cave as the latter was left
+by the stream to which its origin was due. This was the tough red or
+yellow clay, filled with water-worn stones such as appear in all
+gullies or ravines in this region. It contained a small quantity of
+stalagmitic material here and there and gradually rose until at 20
+feet farther, or 40 feet from the old wall, it terminated against
+solid bedrock, reaching across the cave, the entire width of which at
+this point was 26 feet. The shelf on the left belonged to the same
+stratum.
+
+This brought the work to the terminus that had been the aim from the
+first, namely, the lowest level of the floor, which was thus shown to
+be only a foot above the solid rock instead of at least 10 or 12 feet
+as the general appearance of the entrance and its surroundings had
+indicated. It was completely cleaned off as far as this was possible,
+but within 3 feet of the end of the trench began a mass several feet
+in thickness of fragmentary rocks of every size up to 20 tons or more
+which had fallen from the roof and were bound together by stalagmite.
+
+Altogether, more than 300 cubic yards of material were removed. The
+workmen had been carefully instructed as to what the search was for,
+and kept a close lookout, as evidenced by the very small objects they
+were continually offering for inspection. It is safe to say that not a
+spadeful of earth missed scrutiny; but, aside from the artificial
+wall, the only traces of human presence were three valves of mussels,
+a turkey bone rudely pointed for use as a perforator, and three or
+four bones which seem to have been subjected to fire. Not a chip of
+flint or other stone showing work, no ashes or charcoal, not a piece
+of pottery, were discovered. If aboriginal burials were made in the
+cave--and the wall is almost definite proof of such fact--they are
+either on the floor under stalagmite or in crevices now concealed by
+fallen rocks.
+
+Numerous small fragments of animal bones were found scattered singly
+at all depths in the material removed. Nearly every one showed marks
+of the teeth of rodents. According to Prof. F.A. Lucas, of the
+National Museum, they all belong to modern species except one tooth,
+which is that of the cave tapir, and (possibly) the jaw of an otter.
+
+
+BLEDSOE COUNTY
+
+COLLEGE CAVE.--About three-fourths of a mile west from the old
+Sequatchie College is a cave which was described as the largest in the
+county, and as the only one in which people might ever have lived. The
+opening is about 5 feet wide and 4 feet high; and from it comes a
+stream sufficient to run a mill.
+
+No other caves could be located in this county or in the Sequatchie
+Valley north of it.
+
+
+SEQUATCHIE COUNTY
+
+LAKEY'S CAVE.--In the foothills of the Cumberland Plateau, about 5
+miles southeast of Dunlap, the county seat, is the largest cave in the
+county. A great quantity of earth and rock has accumulated in front of
+the entrance, washed from the mountain side over an area of several
+acres. Formerly most of the surface drainage carrying this down flowed
+into the cave, thus keeping a passageway open through which a man
+could crawl. Ditches have recently been cut to turn away the water,
+the entrance walled up, a solid door hung, and the cave is now used
+for a storeroom. It was never habitable.
+
+A mile north of the above-mentioned cave, toward Dunlap, is a cave
+with a very large entrance: a sort of rock-house or half dome. The
+floor is covered with huge rocks and a constant stream flows out. It
+is said that a party once entered Lakey's Cave and emerged at this
+one. There is no dry place in it.
+
+PICKETT'S CAVE.--Seven miles southwest of Dunlap is a cave, described
+as having an ample entrance, with much room inside, perfectly dry, and
+opening in a cliff 20 or 30 feet above a large, never-failing spring.
+The description is correct as to location, but not as to size. The
+opening is about 4 feet across each way, with a slight covering of
+earth on the floor. The cave winds like a flattened corkscrew. At no
+place near enough to the mouth for a glimmer of light to penetrate is
+the roof more than 5 feet above the floor or the side walls more than
+5 feet apart.
+
+There are two recesses in the cliff on the opposite side of the little
+creek formed by the spring. They are 40 to 50 feet above the water,
+each with an irregular floor of 20 by 30 feet under shelter of the
+rock. No solid rock is visible in front of them, but a projecting
+ledge, which seems continuous, appears on either side about 6 feet
+below the present average level of the floor; and this is probably the
+depth of accumulation at the front. It may be less toward the rear.
+The cavities are in a stratum which is somewhat shelly and crumbles
+easily.
+
+HIXSON'S CAVE.--Six miles northeast of Dunlap is a cave said to be
+large, accessible, dry, and well suited for occupancy. It is on the
+side of Walden's ridge, 400 feet or more above the base, a mile from
+water, and with an opening in the solid rock that can not be entered
+except on hands and knees. By the time one can straighten up he is in
+absolute darkness.
+
+LAND COMPANY'S CAVE.--This is 7 miles northeast of Dunlap. To enter,
+one must crawl between the rock front and the detritus, descending 10
+or 12 feet. The floor is fairly level, where it can be found, but is
+nearly hidden from sight by rocks of all sizes, over and between which
+it is necessary to scramble almost from the starting point.
+
+HENSON'S CAVE.--This cave, 9 or 10 miles northeast from Dunlap, and
+perhaps in Bledsoe County, is somewhere on Raccoon Mountains, near the
+head of a valley up which a mountain road winds along in the bed of a
+stream. It is said to have a dry dirt floor, with an entrance through
+which one must crawl. After driving until the horses were tired out
+and being assured at several scattered cabins that it was "jest a
+leetle mite furder up thar," search for it was abandoned.
+
+
+GRUNDY COUNTY
+
+HUBLIN'S OR BAT CAVE.--Numerous caves and rock-shelters are reported
+in the region about Beersheba Springs. The shelters seem to be shallow
+with comparatively little earth on the floor. Of the caves, the
+description given of all but the one named was such as to show them
+not worth visiting. It is about 10 miles northwest of the springs. Its
+course is approximately parallel with the mountain ridge, passing
+under two low foothills or spurs separated by a ravine. When the
+stream flowing through the latter had cut its channel down to the top
+of the cave it poured into the hole it had worn. Frost and the natural
+erosion have made an opening more than 60 feet long. Both parts of the
+cave remain open, being too large at this point to become choked by
+the small amount of material which the brook had left as a roof. In
+some places, so far as it was examined, the ceiling is 50 feet or more
+above the rocks covering the floor; and one end, that into which the
+ravine drains, has a continuous and rather steep descent, along the
+natural dip, as far as it could be followed. Where the exploration
+ended logs, drift, brush, etc., piled 10 or 12 feet high against huge
+rocks that had tumbled down, proved a current strong enough to wash
+away any deposits that may ever have existed; consequently the only
+earth in this end was that brought by floods.
+
+The other end of the cave is large, with an entrance of such size that
+small print could easily be read 100 feet from the front if the broad
+fence across it were removed. This fence was made to close the cave
+against changes of temperature and also against marauders, it having
+been used until lately as a storage room for fruit, potatoes, etc.
+
+During the Civil War it was worked for saltpeter. All the earth, down
+to the rock floor, was removed, even in crevices only wide enough for
+a man to squeeze through. An incline was built so that horses could be
+brought into the cave, and no earth now remains within reach of
+daylight. The rock floor is almost as clean as if swept.
+
+Their exhaustive digging extended for about 200 yards from the
+entrance. The "face" of the earth is here about 15 feet high; for some
+reason, which could not be learned, the miners continued their work
+from here by means of a tunnel 4 or 5 feet high and wide, leaving a
+floor of earth, and a covering of the same nearly 6 feet thick. This
+tunnel was not followed.
+
+Near the entrance a crevice barely wide enough for a man to walk in
+and in some places only 4 feet high turns off toward the left and
+holds practically the same size for about 100 yards. Here it becomes
+larger and higher. Earth has been carried out of this and its narrow
+branches wherever there is room to use a shovel. In a large chamber
+200 yards from the front, at the end of the crevice, much digging was
+done; the "face" left is 13 or 14 feet high.
+
+As far as the diggers went, there is nothing left to explore. Beyond
+that it is not probable any remains can be found, as it is totally
+dark long before any remaining earth is reached.
+
+
+FRANKLIN COUNTY
+
+Several caves were reported in the vicinity of Sewanee and Monteagle.
+They are objects of curiosity to students and summer residents who
+frequently visit and make tours through them. They have thus acquired
+a fame much beyond what is justified by their real interest. They seem
+to be wet, or with contracted entrances and front chambers, or
+difficult of access, and, so far as could be judged by the
+descriptions given, none of them is worth examining.
+
+
+MARION COUNTY
+
+ACCOUNT'S CAVES.--There are two of these, both with high and large
+openings, on the right bank of the Tennessee, 2 miles above Shellmound
+or Nickajack. One is in the face of the bluff, the entrance 50 feet
+above the river bottom land. Huge rocks lie in front and over nearly
+all the floor. Surface water flows in at the entrance and after
+winding its crooked way among the rocks sinks at a point 25 or 30 feet
+below the top of the debris in front of the entrance. This indicates
+an open way to the river, so the bottom of the cave is probably down
+nearly or quite to the water level.
+
+The second cave is 100 yards above the first. A little stream, whose
+head is in a valley, nearly a mile away, flows around the foot of the
+bluff and into the mouth of the cave. When the Tennessee rises to
+flood height the backwater comes into the bed of this stream through
+the cave before submerging the low ridge between it and the river.
+
+CALDWELL'S CAVE.--This is on the right bank of the Sequatchie River, a
+mile above its junction with the Tennessee. It is said that formerly a
+man could walk into it easily for 20 or 30 feet and then crawl 50 or
+60 feet farther. This is probably an error of memory. By stooping one
+can now go in about 10 feet from the edge of the roof, and with a pole
+feel where the floor and roof come together, nowhere more than 10 or
+12 feet beyond. It is said, also, that this accumulation results from
+throwing in earth to prevent foxes from having a den in the cave. A
+small hole might thus be closed, but it is too much to believe that
+the people now living around here would carry in many hundred cubic
+yards of earth for any such purpose.
+
+Human bones are reported unearthed near the surface; at least bones of
+some sort were found which the discoverers supposed were human.
+
+The entrance to the cave is more than 25 feet in width, and about 25
+feet above the flood plain of the Sequatchie, or only 15 feet above
+extreme high water. It is in the only exposure of rock for nearly half
+a mile along the bluff. On either side of the opening the walls are
+solid, down to the alluvial earth, but in front of the cavity only
+detritus can be seen from top to bottom. For this reason it is
+improbable that any solid bottom could be found above the level of the
+river. Much of the stone weathers out in small fragments, and the
+process of disintegration is going on continually, as shown by the
+fresh appearance of the sheltered fragments. How rapid or how regular
+it may have been in former time is impossible to guess, so that
+excavation, to be of any value, would have to begin at the bottom of
+the slope, with the knowledge that the original floor of the cave may
+be still lower.
+
+NICKAJACK CAVE.--This is the largest and most widely known cave in
+Tennessee. It is half a mile from and within plain sight of the
+railway station of Shellmound, 20 miles west of Chattanooga. The
+entrance is fully 100 feet wide and 40 feet high; a short distance
+within the cave enlarges, a little farther it contracts somewhat.
+Daylight penetrates, in spite of curves and immense piles of debris,
+for more than 500 feet. It has been a resort from time out of mind;
+first, for Indians and pioneers, then for refugees, now for various
+social gatherings.
+
+All the earth in sight has been worked for saltpeter, leached, and
+thrown aside. A vastly greater quantity than now remains has been
+washed out of the cave by Nickajack Creek, which always has some
+flowing water and in wet weather rises 5 or 6 feet. Long bridges are
+required where the highway and railroad cross it.
+
+It takes its name from the Nickajack Indians, who once dwelt here. The
+field in front is strewn with flint chips and other indications of
+aboriginal settlement.
+
+There is nothing in the cave to dig for. The saltpeter miners moved
+all the earth they could reach, while the immense rocks and the creek
+make any further excavations impossible.
+
+
+HAMILTON COUNTY
+
+There are many caves in the vicinity of Chattanooga, but all that were
+visited possess some feature which makes examination appear useless.
+Most of them have small, inconvenient entrances; others are subject to
+overflow or have running water in them. None could be heard of in
+which conditions were better.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+LAUDERDALE COUNTY
+
+SMITHSONIA.--There is a noted cave at Smithsonia, near Cheatham's
+Ferry, 15 miles west of Florence. It was reported as suitable for a
+dwelling, but at the entrance the roof is not more than 4 feet high,
+and a stream a foot deep reaches to the wall on either side.
+
+KEY'S CAVE.--On the Buck Key farm, 6 miles west of Florence, is a cave
+which may have afforded shelter to the earliest man in the region.
+There are two entrances or antechambers, separated by a solid rock
+partition a few yards thick. One is partially filled with huge solid
+blocks, some of them several hundred cubic feet in size; the other has
+in it and in front of it a mass of earth and loose rock whose crest is
+fully 20 feet above the highest part of the inside floor a few feet
+back from the front margin of the roof. From here an additional
+descent of 10 feet leads to the floor behind the first-mentioned
+entrance, and there is about the same descent to a nearly level floor
+in the cave a short distance beyond. The way is partially blocked by
+large rocks which, it is said, have fallen within a few years. For
+this reason persons in the neighborhood are afraid to venture in.
+There is a rumor that the corpse of a woman, coated with stalagmite,
+can be seen in this cave; also several bodies (sex apparently
+indeterminate) lying like spokes in a wheel, with heads at the center.
+No one could be persuaded to go in and point out the place where they
+lie.
+
+From its position, high in a bluff but easy to reach, not more than
+one-fourth of a mile from the Tennessee River and the same distance
+from a clear creek, with a strip of bottom land between it and the
+streams, this cave seems worthy of exploration. At least a month of
+work by several laborers would be required to clean away the fallen
+material so that excavations would be practicable.
+
+COLYER'S CAVE.--This is about 5 miles west of Florence. It faces a
+ravine that leads into the creek discharging near Key's Cave. Human
+bones were found in it many years ago. The entrance is a round hole,
+through which one must creep a few yards, then by means of a pole or
+ladder descend 6 feet. From here the cave is nearly level, with
+several branches. In some places the floor is solid rock; in other
+parts it is covered with a thin layer of earth. The "human bones"
+consisted of one skeleton, lying on a rock floor, fully a fourth of a
+mile from the mouth of the cave.
+
+COFFEE CAVE.--This cave, 4 miles west of Florence, is said to be "like
+the Colyer cave, but smaller in every way." It was not visited.
+
+SHOAL CREEK.--A cave is reported on Shoal Creek "3 or 4 miles above
+its mouth." No one could be found who knew its location more
+definitely or was able to give a clear description of it.
+
+BLUEWATER CAVE.--Bluewater Creek comes in several miles above Lock No.
+6 of the Mussel Shoals Canal. A cave is reported to be near its mouth,
+but the only caves anywhere in that vicinity, so far as anyone living
+or working there knows, are a small hole a mile below on the canal,
+into which a man can crawl, and one some 3 miles up the creek, reached
+by climbing down a sink hole in a field. The opening to the latter
+results from fallen rock.
+
+
+COLBERT COUNTY
+
+NEWSOM SPRINGS.--Numerous caves, most of them small, are reported in
+the county. The best known is at Newsom Springs, 8 miles south of
+Barton, on the Southern Railway. It is locally known as the
+"three-story cave." The lower "story" is a cave from which water
+always flows. The second "story" is directly above the first. The two
+have no connection, unless far back in the hill. The floor of the
+upper cave is mostly rock. It is now fitted up by some people in the
+neighborhood as a camping place, where they spend a part of each
+summer. The third "story" is an excavation for a cellar under a house
+recently erected.
+
+MURRELL'S CAVE.--Tradition has it that this cave was one of the hiding
+places of a famous desperado and horse thief whose gang operated over
+all this country in early days. The only entry is by means of a ladder
+in a narrow crevice 20 feet deep. The place may have been a refuge,
+but never a residence. It is one-fourth of a mile from Bear Creek, not
+far above the mouth.
+
+Two other holes or crevices within a few hundred yards, difficult to
+crawl through, reach small caves. Possibly all these are connected.
+
+BAT CAVE.--One-fourth of a mile from Murrell's Cave is a small cavern,
+the roof not more than 4 feet above the floor. It has been inhabited
+from time immemorial by myriads of bats. Several tons of guano have
+been taken out for fertilizing purposes, but no evidence has been
+discovered that it was ever a habitation for humans.
+
+PRIDE'S CAVE.--In the river bluff a mile from Pride Station is a cave
+in which a fisherman has made his home for several years. There is a
+rather thin deposit of earth on the floor which may have recently
+accumulated.
+
+CHEATHAM'S FERRY.--Near the landing some boys, while hunting a few
+years ago, discovered a stone wall across the mouth of a small cave.
+Tearing it away, they found within some human bones, flints, pipes,
+including one "with a lot of stem holes," and fragments of pottery.
+All these were on top of the earth or only a few inches below it.
+Various excavators or relic hunters have failed to find anything more.
+The cavity is quite small and difficult to reach, and is undoubtedly a
+burial place for modern Indians.
+
+On both sides of the river here are immense shell heaps. The shell is
+mingled with earth near the top, but below 2 or 3 feet the mass is of
+clean shell to a depth, as exposed by the river, of at least 10 feet.
+The bottom of the deposit is not visible, being concealed by mud piled
+against it in high water. The old ferryman says it is 20 feet deep.
+Although the shell piles are built up higher than the bottom lands to
+the rear or on either side, they are submerged several feet in great
+freshets. It is impossible to explain this fact otherwise than by the
+assumption that the bed of the river has been elevated in recent
+times, although there are no other indications apparent that such is
+the case.
+
+SHEFFIELDS.--In the river bluff 2 miles above the Sheffield end of the
+railway bridge is a crevice or joint which has been widened to 10 feet
+at the outlet by water percolating from the top of the bluff. When
+discovered, a rock wall was piled across it near the entrance. Behind
+this human bones were found with "pieces of pottery and other things."
+They were close to the surface. Subsequent explorations have revealed
+nothing below them. It is plainly a burial cave for Indians. The river
+now reaches at flood tide to within 10 feet of the floor. The earth
+covering the bones may have washed over them, as there is some
+evidence farther back in the crevice that surface material is still
+carried in from the rear, in very small amounts, during rainy seasons.
+
+ROCK SHELTERS.--Several very large rock houses exist on the southern
+slope of the hill or "mountain" lying a mile to 2 miles south of
+Pride, 7 miles west of Tuscumbia. Water drips from the roofs, keeping
+the floors wet all the year and collecting in pools to which stock
+resorts when the little creeks or brooks in the ravines become dry.
+
+It is useless to search in this part of Alabama for caves presenting
+indications that they may have been habitable, or the reverse, in ages
+past. The native rock is a cherty or flinty limestone, crumbling
+easily, and readily susceptible to changes from atmospheric
+influences, and especially so to the action of water. New subterranean
+channels are continually developing, with consequent changes in the
+interior of any cavern near them.
+
+
+JACKSON COUNTY
+
+ISBOLL CAVES.--It was reported that habitable caves with spacious
+rooms occur on the Isboll farms, near Limrock. They have entrances
+and front chambers of ample size to move about in, though not more
+than 15 feet wide. There are broader expansions back some distance
+beyond daylight. In both caves rocks up to 15 or 20 tons in weight
+strew the floor, until only narrow passageways exist between them. In
+addition, water flows from them in rainy seasons, being frequently 2
+feet or more in depth.
+
+BLOWING CAVE.--This takes its name from an outward current of cold air
+which is so strong as to distinctly modify the temperature of the
+atmosphere at least 100 yards from the entrance. The opening and the
+front chamber are nearly 40 feet across, but the distance from the
+roof to the muddy floor strewn with large rocks is not more than 5
+feet at any point. A creek flows across the cave 200 or 300 yards from
+the mouth, and there is evidence in the way of drift and mud to prove
+the statement by the owner that after very heavy rains the overflow
+comes out the front of the cave in such amount as to fill it to the
+ceiling, and with a velocity that will roll stones larger than a man
+can lift.
+
+CULVER'S CAVE.--This is somewhere on the side of a mountain about 4
+miles from the station of Limrock. Owing to destruction of forests and
+subsequent growth of brush, the guide was unable to locate it. He
+described it as a room in which a man could walk about and reached by
+going in through an opening like a sink hole, which, however, is only
+about 5 feet deep. The locality, a rugged, barren hillside, near the
+head of a cove, is not one in which it is probable a cave would be
+used for any purpose.
+
+HARRISON'S CAVE.--This is 21/2 miles west of Limrock. It has a large,
+high opening, an easy approach, and is quite accessible, being at the
+foot of a mountain with level bottom land in front. A stream flows
+directly across it some 30 feet from the entrance, emerging at the
+foot of one wall and disappearing under the other. The earth bank on
+each side of the stream is about 5 feet high, indicating at least that
+depth of deposit on the rock floor; as the latter is not visible the
+amount may be much greater. This earth is soft and wet. In rainy
+weather water from the interior flows along the floor into the little
+stream. Sometimes this can not dispose of the surplus, and the
+overflow rises until it makes its exit through the mouth of the cave.
+When this happens all the earth within is covered from 2 to 5 feet
+deep.
+
+SALTPETER CAVE.--This lies 4 miles south of the railway, between
+Limrock and Larkinsville. It is described as being dry, with a large,
+high entrance, and "plenty of room inside right at the front." But it
+was thoroughly worked during the war by saltpeter miners who took out
+all the dirt they could easily reach, going back "200 or 300 yards."
+For this reason it was not visited.
+
+
+DEKALB COUNTY
+
+FORT PAYNE CAVE.--A mile south of Fort Payne is a cave in Lookout
+Mountain, which, a "boom" company some years ago converted into a
+summer resort. The detritus in front of the entrance was leveled off,
+steps constructed to the top, and a heavy stone wall built across the
+mouth, leaving an entrance a little less than 7 feet in width which
+was closed by gates. Inside the barrier the floor, now made tolerably
+level, extends about 30 feet toward the rear, to the natural rock
+wall, and is 50 feet from side to side, with a roof from 6 to 15 feet
+high. In the wall at the rear are two small openings through which
+explorers can pass to large chambers farther within. To the right of
+the front chamber is a branch cave which is high and wide at the
+beginning but soon becomes impassable from the accumulated rocks and
+earth rising to the roof. The left side of the front chamber is
+continued in another branch going directly back into the mountain. The
+roof and floor have an equal slope downward to a point some rods from
+the beginning, the clear space between them being not more than 4
+feet. Beyond here the roof is high and there are some large
+expansions. A creek flows from the rear of the cave to a point
+estimated as 200 yards from the doorway, where it sinks into the
+earth. The noise of its fall is distinct throughout the front part of
+the cavern. There is considerable drip, and though dry stalactites and
+stalagmites occur in some places, over most of the front chamber their
+formation is still in progress. Outside of the doorway the solid rock
+walls show on each side, nowhere less than 25 feet apart. At a depth
+of 30 feet water flows from the rock and earth between these side
+walls, but there is no sign of solid bottom, so the depth of the cave
+is probably more than 30 feet below the present floor.
+
+Under existing conditions the cave would form an excellent shelter,
+being accessible, roomy, and with an abundant supply of fresh water.
+The drip from the ceiling could be avoided. But it does not follow
+that such was the case in the remote past. It is apparent that at one
+time the creek had its outlet through the mouth and down the gorge in
+front, the right branch of the cave being then open. From some cause,
+probably the formation of a sink hole above, water from the surface or
+near the surface found a way through this branch, carrying mud and
+rocks sufficient to fill the front chamber to its present floor,
+diverting the flow of the stream, and finally filling the cave through
+which it came. While the creek was flowing, occupation would be
+impossible, or at least inconvenient. When the mud began to settle in,
+the front portion would be shut off. This condition would hold until
+the stream found its new outlet and the branch cave had become
+entirely filled; and when these processes were completed the floor of
+the cave would be practically at its present level. Under the
+circumstances exploration would probably, almost certainly, be
+fruitless. The company which owns the cave would also wish it restored
+to something like its present state.
+
+ELLIS CAVE.--On the estate of Dr. Ellis, 19 miles north of Fort Payne
+and 3 miles from Sulphur Springs, are two caves known locally as
+Big-mouth and Little-mouth. The smaller is closed by a locked gate.
+The larger has a rather imposing appearance from the outside. From a
+ledge of rock, in place, in front of it, one looks down a steep slope
+in which rocks up to 40 or 50 tons weight are imbedded. At a vertical
+depth of 30 feet is a level space not more than 8 or 10 square yards
+in area. From this a narrow crevice goes to the right. Within a few
+yards it reaches a hole which can be descended only by means of a rope
+or ladder. Persons have, however, gone several hundred yards in it.
+
+On the left of the level space and bounded on each side by solid rock
+walls is a pit 10 feet deep, caused by inflowing storm waters which
+have created this depression in seeking a small outlet, also toward
+the left. The height from the bottom of this sink to the roof of the
+cave is nearly 50 feet.
+
+Crossing this pit on a foot log, which rests on loose rock and earth
+at its farther end, a crevice varying from 6 to 10 feet wide goes
+inward for 50 feet. Earth covers the loose rock at the level of the
+foot log almost at once, and this earth has a steep ascent toward the
+rear. The crevice widens beyond the distance mentioned, though
+irregularly, being in some places 25 feet from side to side. So far as
+progress is concerned, the cave terminates 150 feet from the doorway
+in a blank wall. It may be that if the earth were out of the way
+further progress would be possible.
+
+Considerable digging has been done for saltpeter, but except near the
+front it has been only superficial.
+
+The top of the earth at the extreme rear of the cave is almost or
+quite as high as the roof at the front, which means that, if the
+bottom should be level, the thickness of this accumulated deposit is
+not less than 35 feet. As the dip is toward the rear and quite sharp,
+about 10 or 12 degrees, the earth here may well be much thicker than
+indicated.
+
+Excavation would be tedious and costly, as it would be impossible to
+dispose of the dirt except by blasting a deep trench through the rock
+in front to make room for wheeling it out.
+
+KILLIAN CAVES.--There are two of these, both on the west slope of
+Lookout Mountain. One is near Brandon, 6 miles south of Fort Payne.
+The entrance is a large sink hole on the side of the mountain, descent
+into which is difficult owing to the steepness and large rocks. At the
+bottom the water which flows in over the muddy floor from the slope
+above--several acres in extent--rushes into a hole choked with loose
+stones and disappears.
+
+The second cave is about 3 miles northeast of Collinsville. Debris
+from the mountain has formed a wall across the entrance, which is
+naturally wide and high and opening out on a little flat in front.
+Some digging has been done for saltpeter at the front part of the
+cave, reaching about 30 feet back from the inner foot of the
+accumulation. In the pit thus formed water stands after every rain
+until it soaks away. Where it ends the "face" is about 5 feet high. On
+top, farther in, there is much travertine or stalagmite; in some
+places it extends entirely across the floor. In other places the floor
+is bare. There is constant drip, and in one room there is a little
+gully, where surface water in wet weather, entering from a small
+branch cave on one side, has cut an exit through the earth at the foot
+of the wall on the other side. The hole in which it disappears extends
+beyond the rays of a lamp, and a stone thrown in goes down a slope
+several feet in length. Very little working is needed to reduce any of
+the earth to soft, slippery mud, hence no excavation was possible.
+
+
+MARSHALL COUNTY
+
+FEARIN CAVE.--This is in a bluff on the right bank of the Tennessee
+River, 10 miles below Guntersville. It has three divisions. Shortly
+after passing the spacious entrance a branch turns to the right. In a
+few feet a wall is reached which can be scaled only with a ladder.
+Climbing this, a large chamber is reached, totally dark, and the home
+of innumerable bats whose "guano" covers the floor and fills the air
+with a stifling odor. This branch comes to light again more than a
+mile away on the side of the mountain.
+
+Returning to the lower chamber and going back about 100 feet from the
+main entrance, a wall similar to the first is reached, above which is
+another large cave. Bats never inhabit this, and the floor is of loose
+dry earth. But no ray of daylight penetrates it, and as a great amount
+of saltpeter was made here during the War of 1812 scarcely any of the
+earth retains its original position. During the Civil War the floor of
+the lower or main cave was also dug up for making saltpeter and much
+of the leached earth piled in front of the cave. This acts as a dam
+against encroachment of the river except in the highest floods. There
+seems, however, to be a passage between the cavern and a spring under
+the river bank, for water appears on the floor as soon as it reaches
+the same height outside and the two surfaces maintain a constant level
+until the freshet subsides. On account of these facts no excavations
+were made.
+
+HARDIN'S CAVE.--Nine miles below Guntersville, on the right bank of
+the Tennessee, is a ferry known as Honey Landing. It is at the lower
+end of a steep bluff which forms the river front of a high hill or
+mountain, as such elevations are called here. A few feet above
+high-water mark a narrow ledge or shelf projects, which can be reached
+only from a point on the side of the hill just above the ferry. About
+100 yards from here the ledge reaches a cave, which has a high and
+wide entrance, with ample space for several families to live on a
+fairly level, well lighted floor. If the cave were dry, it would be an
+ideal primitive home. But water continually seeps down the hill above
+and falls over the roof at the entrance, while a gully through the
+cave and several minor washes, as well as the mud spread over the
+floor, show that a large amount of water flows through the cave in wet
+seasons and covers all the floor except an area some 15 feet in
+diameter. This is dry on top, but would be muddy at a depth of 3 or 4
+feet, the level of the bottom of the gully, so no exploration was
+attempted.
+
+WELBURN'S CAVE.--Six miles northeast of Guntersville is a cave in
+which many human bones have been found. It is only a burial place and
+could never have been used as a dwelling. The entrance, barely large
+enough to crawl into, is at one side of the bottom of a large sink
+hole due to the falling in of a cave roof. It receives all the
+rainfall of more than an acre and is nearly choked with mud and
+driftwood. It may have been somewhat larger at one time, as there is a
+tradition that a deer was chased through the cave, coming out at
+Bailey's Cave, a mile away. Within a few rods the water sinks into the
+earth, and the floor of the cave, rising beyond this point, is dry. It
+was on this dry earth, not in it, that the skeletons were found. The
+floor is uneven, at some places permitting a man to stand, and at
+others rising to within 3 feet of the roof. Explorations can not be
+made, as there is no method of disposing of the removed earth.
+
+BAILEY'S CAVE.--This cave is 7 miles northeast of Guntersville. The
+entrance is high and wide and there is a large, well-lighted area
+within; but the cave is flooded every time Town Creek gets out of its
+banks. Bailey's Cave is the other end of Welburn's Cave, as persons
+have gone through the hill from one to the other.
+
+BARNARD CAVE.--This cave, which is also called Alford's and is still
+more commonly known as Saltpeter Cave, is on the left bank of the
+Tennessee 10 miles below Guntersville and opposite the Fearin
+property. The entrance is at the foot of a bluff overlooking a strip
+of bottom land a fourth of a mile wide, but the opening is above any
+flood that has occurred since the country was settled. At the foot of
+the slope is a bayou filled with Tupelo gums. Between this and the
+river the ground can be cultivated.
+
+The cave is so straight and the walls so smooth as to look like an
+artificial tunnel. The entrance is in plain view from a point 380
+feet back, and the change of direction, even at that distance, is very
+slight. The saltpeter miners started at the entrance and removed all
+the earth lying from 3 to 6 feet higher than the present floor, which
+is nearly level. They carried their work along the surface of a
+stratum of gravel, sand, and clay, which is so compact as to be
+difficult to remove with a pick, and seems to belong to the stream
+which carved out the cavern. The "face" where they quit work is 5 feet
+high, and the earth is quite dry, breaking down in angular fragments
+and separating from the walls so freely as to leave no residue on
+them. Its original depth at any point, however, may be very easily
+ascertained by noting the different tints or shading of the wall rock,
+the lower part, which was protected by earth, being distinctly lighter
+in color than that above, which was exposed to atmospheric weathering
+and, for a time, to the smoky torches and candles of the workmen.
+
+The distinct lamination of the saltpeter earth, as shown in the
+"face," proves it to have been laid down slowly and intermittently in
+still water. It could not be determined whether this was due to the
+river in flood periods, or to a gentle stream from the interior whose
+volume varied in accordance with weather conditions. There is also a
+small channel along the top of the earth, filled with gravel and sand,
+as if the overflow of a stream far back in the mountain had been
+diverted in this direction after the laminated deposits had become dry
+and settled.
+
+The walls are 10 feet apart near the entrance, but are not more than 8
+feet elsewhere and in some places the width narrows to less than 3
+feet. They also have an inward slope at the bottom, so the cave is
+either shallow or else so narrow at no great depth as to be
+uninhabitable. This fact, and the character of the material deposited
+by the ancient drainage stream, make it hopeless to expect result from
+exploration.
+
+MCDERMENT'S CAVES.--There are two caves 100 yards apart, in Brown's
+Valley, 11 miles southwest from Guntersville. The larger has a descent
+of 21 feet from the front to the general level of the first floor. All
+this part is well lighted. The drainage from several acres of the
+mountain side above pours over the roof at the entrance and runs down
+the inner slope. It has worn a gully, and the first level it reaches
+is quite muddy. Leaves and trash 3 or 4 inches deep are piled on and
+against the loose stones toward the side where the water seeks an
+outlet. It has worn a crooked channel along this side of the chamber,
+and falls into a hole which at a depth of 10 or 11 feet below the
+floor makes a turn and passes from sight. So it is certain that soft
+wet clay extends more than 30 feet below the level of the entrance.
+The drier deposits of this room have been extensively worked for
+saltpeter, and a much greater quantity of earth would have been
+removed but for the fact that masses of stalagmite, too thick to break
+off with a sledge hammer, and scores of columns, some of them 6 or 8
+feet in diameter and many tons in weight, cover a considerable part of
+it. The first room is succeeded by several others, all of which are
+dry and of large size, but in total darkness, and the floors in all
+have been more or less disturbed in the search for niter. The general
+direction of the bottom is downward. The last floor is probably 50 or
+60 feet lower than the entrance, and is reached by a slope on which it
+is difficult to retain a footing. In nearly every part the earth is
+covered by stalagmite, much of it so heavy that the miners could not
+remove it, but were compelled to dig under it as far as they could
+reach; and in no place is a rock floor to be seen.
+
+The thickness of stalagmite on the floor, and the great size of the
+columns, is proof of their antiquity, while the depth of earth beneath
+must have been thousands of years in accumulating before the deposits
+began to cover them.
+
+Excavations here, while quite desirable, would be very expensive. Much
+stalagmite would have to be blasted; upward of a thousand yards of
+earth moved, and all of it taken out of the cave, because there is no
+room for it inside. As a man can not push a wheelbarrow up such an
+incline, a trench must be cut through to the exterior slope; and as
+solid rock lies not more than 5 feet below the surface at any point,
+blasting would be necessary the rest of the way. The task is equal to
+opening a stone quarry.
+
+The second cave on McDerment's place has a good opening. A trench 4
+feet wide and 6 feet deep where the rock is thickest has been blasted
+out to make a level approach to the entrance. Masses of stalagmite on
+each side, sloping like solid rock from the walls, leave barely room
+for a man to walk for the first 30 feet. Here the walls recede
+somewhat, and a pit nearly 15 feet deep yawns before the explorer.
+After continuing for some distance with this depth, there is another
+drop of 10 feet which holds until the end of the cave is reached. This
+entire depression is due to the removal of earth for making saltpeter.
+It is evident that a vast amount of material has been carried out.
+
+As in the first cave, excavation would be very difficult and
+expensive. All rock and earth would have to be carried up a steep
+grade, or a deep cut made to wheel it out. As the light is very dim at
+the first widening of the walls, it is not probable the space farther
+back would be occupied unless as a refuge.
+
+Both caves were eroded by water running _into_ the hill, and the end
+of each is abrupt, the roof being higher and the walls farther apart
+than at any point nearer the entrance. The original outlets are now
+filled with earth, and apparently have been so for ages.
+
+FORT DEPOSIT CAVE.--Six miles below Guntersville the highway to
+Huntsville crosses the Tennessee River at Fort Deposit Ferry and
+passes out through a narrow valley between two bluffs. Less than 100
+yards above the landing, on the north, or right, bank, is a large cave
+from which the spot takes its name; there being a tradition that it
+was used by General Jackson as a storage room for supplies during the
+Creek Indian war. On either side the bluff is vertical to the water's
+edge, making the cave now inaccessible except by boat. In front of the
+entrance the rock is worn in ledges which can be easily ascended.
+
+The opening or mouth of the cave is oval in form, about 18 feet high
+and 15 feet wide. The sides are uneven, there being a projecting shelf
+on each side near the floor. At 40 feet from the opening these
+disappear, owing to the narrowing of the cavern. There is a gradual
+ascent of the floor toward the rear, the rise being about 2 feet in
+the first 60 and more rapid from that point onward. A thin deposit of
+dried mud on each side, where it escapes the feet of visitors, shows
+that the river enters the cave at times, but not to a depth that
+carries it back more than 25 feet. The present ferryman says the flood
+of 1867 is the only one which has reached so far within that period.
+
+After clearing away the earth, roots, and rocks at the front, a
+straight vertical face at a distance of 18 feet from the entrance
+measured 91/2 feet at top and 5 feet at the bottom between the solid
+rock wall on each side, and was 4 feet 4 inches high. The floor was
+not of solid rock entirely across, there being a crevice less than 4
+feet wide which was not cleaned out, because no one could have lived
+in it. About the middle of this bank (vertically) streaks of red
+earth, burned elsewhere, extended 31/2 feet out from the right wall;
+there was very little ashes and no charcoal mixed with it. Above this
+red the earth was dark like garden soil and contained a few shells and
+fragments of pottery, with a little charcoal and ashes; it had all
+been disturbed and apparently resulted from scraping the debris away
+from camp fires. Below this, the line of demarcation being very
+distinct, the earth was yellow and sandy, like river bottom land, and
+contained no foreign matter except roots of trees growing outside.
+Figure 23 shows a section on this line; the crevice is omitted from
+this and the subsequent illustrations.
+
+At 20 feet in, a foot below the top of the dark earth, was some
+charred corn. The yellow earth became irregular, thinner, and higher
+against the side walls than at the center. (See fig. 24.)
+
+At 22 feet the yellow earth had nearly run out, there being only a
+small amount against either wall, while the darker earth reached down
+into the crevice that opened in the narrow strip of rock floor. In
+the lower portion were mingled a few shells, pebbles, and specks of
+charcoal, as if it had been thrown there. Across the upper portion of
+the deposit extended fire beds, burned earth, ashes, shells, broken
+pottery, and occasionally a fragment of bone. (See fig. 25.)
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 23.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18
+  feet.]
+
+At 24 feet it was found that what had been taken for a solid floor in
+the last section represented was only a large flat rock which had
+fallen into the crevice and wedged tightly. When this was passed the
+yellow earth reappeared, at a slightly lower level.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 24.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20
+  feet.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 25.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22
+  feet.]
+
+At 26 feet the yellow earth became mixed with red. It was excavated to
+a depth of 5 feet in the endeavor to discover the reason for this. As
+there was not the slightest trace of ashes or charcoal, the red
+admixture must be a natural result of staining by iron in some form
+and not due to heat. Above the yellow was the usual stratum of dark
+earth, containing culinary debris. In the central portion of this was
+a mass, sufficient to fill a wheelbarrow, of angular, unburnt
+fragments of limestone from 3 to 15 pounds in weight. On the surface
+of the dark earth were some ten or twelve fire beds, reaching from
+wall to wall, the edges overlapping and interlacing in so confusing a
+manner that the exact number could not be made out. (See fig. 26.) At
+this stage it appeared that the crevice, or at least its upper part,
+had been filled by river floods and a slight ridge of sand thrown
+across the mouth of the cave. The Indians, it seems, occupied both
+this ridge and the lower area behind it, throwing debris to the rear
+to fill up the depression instead of carrying it all to the outside.
+It is equally possible, however, that this waste was brought from
+points farther back and thrown here to fill and level the floor. These
+heavy fire beds came to an end at about 28 feet on the right and 29
+feet on the left. A section at 28 feet is given in figure 27. At their
+inner margin, among the ordinary refuse characteristic of such
+deposits, were many fragments of human bones, including ulnas of two
+individuals, one much larger than the other. They plainly indicated
+cannibalism, as they were broken when thrown here. Besides the ulnas,
+there are pieces of ribs, scapula, tibia, and feet.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 26.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26
+  feet.]
+
+At 29 feet the underlying yellow earth became comparatively level
+across its upper surface, again closely resembling a river deposit.
+The darker earth above it contained a greater amount than heretofore
+of ashes, bones in small pieces, potsherds, mussel, snail, and
+periwinkle shells, and the like. More charred corn was found along
+here.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 27.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28
+  feet.]
+
+At 30 feet the yellow earth began to rise, and at 32 feet it was very
+little more than 3 feet lower than the top of the highest ashes. A
+section at this point is shown in figure 28. At 35 feet the strata
+became quite regular and uniform from wall to wall. The dark earth,
+next above the yellow, measured 3 feet in thickness at the center, and
+while showing by its admixture of ashes, etc., that it had been thrown
+here, had evidently formed the floor for a considerable time. The
+upper foot was burned red or dark from long-continued fires, the ashes
+above it being from 6 to 8 inches thick, and forming the present floor
+of the cave at this place. The dark earth contained much less of
+refuse than nearer the entrance; such shells and ashes as appeared
+were promiscuously distributed and not in little piles or masses as
+before. A section at 351/2 feet appears in figure 29. It may be remarked
+here that this is the only sketch in which the upper line coincides
+with the surface of the deposits. In the others a thin covering, less
+than 6 inches at any point, of disintegrated material from walls and
+roof covers the ashes left by aboriginal fires. This is omitted from
+the drawings.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 28.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30
+  feet.]
+
+At 38 feet the yellow earth had risen until it was within 3 feet of
+the top of the entire overlying deposit. The latter contained little
+of the dark earth, being mostly composed of ashes and burned earth,
+some of which resulted from fires made on the spot, but the greater
+part being thrown from other points. The rise of the yellow earth,
+consequently, is more rapid than the rise of the material covering it.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 29.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 351/2
+  feet.]
+
+At 40 feet there was a dip in the yellow earth, extending for 4 or 5
+feet and descending 2 feet at the deepest point. This may be due to
+drainage at a lower level.
+
+At 471/2 feet a pocket of the dark earth extended a few inches into the
+underlying yellow earth. A hole seems to have been dug into the
+latter. There was no more of foreign material in this hole than
+elsewhere in the dark earth above and around it. It is shown in figure
+30.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 30.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 471/2
+  feet.]
+
+The amount of shells, pottery, etc., had been decreasing for several
+feet before this point was reached; indeed, from 40 feet onward there
+was very little of it--enough, however, to show that all the dark
+earth had been disturbed and thoroughly mixed. The fire beds, too,
+while holding their depth of about a foot, contained more earth
+between the successive layers of ashes, showing as great age,
+probably, as those nearer the entrance, but less continuous
+occupation. This condition prevailed to about 60 feet from the
+entrance, at which point the yellow earth, now mixed with sand and
+gravel, was only 3 feet below the surface of the floor. The appearance
+of this line is sketched in figure 31.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 31.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60
+  feet.]
+
+At 62 feet there was a dip in the yellow earth, extending to 67 feet
+and 2 feet deep at its lowest point; it then rose to the usual level.
+
+At 70 feet ashes appeared in greater quantities; at 73 feet the dark
+earth was only a foot thick, the ashes and burned earth being 2 feet
+thick and apparently all dumped, as there was no definite arrangement
+of the various parts. (See fig. 32.) A small perforated disk and a
+double-pointed bone needle were found here.
+
+The fire beds now began to thin out rapidly, the dark earth also
+diminishing in quantity, until at 80 feet, from which point the
+entrance was no longer visible owing to curvature of the walls, there
+was only 5 or 6 inches of them in all, resting directly on the yellow
+earth, which contained much more clay than farther toward the front.
+The walls began to diverge here, forming a room whose greatest width
+was 11 feet 6 inches at 95 feet. At 100 feet a reverse curve brought
+the cavern on a course parallel to that which it had held up to 60
+feet.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 32.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70
+  feet.]
+
+At 90 feet there was evidence of fire at one side, the ashes and
+burned earth being 5 inches thick at the wall, and thinning out to a
+feather edge within 4 feet. This was the last fireplace discovered
+which may not with certainty be attributed to white men. The yellow
+earth, presenting no evidence of having been disturbed since
+originally deposited, reached from the superficial layer of loose dry
+earth to the bottom of the trench, a depth of 4 feet 8 inches. Below
+this point the walls were less than 4 feet apart, and the space filled
+with gravel, as shown in figure 33. This gravel had exactly the
+appearance of that in gullies on the hills outside, and plainly dates
+back to the period at which the cave was formed. The stream which
+aided in the erosion, or which flowed through from some sink hole or
+other outside opening, carried this gravel into the crevice.
+Consequently, even if the space between the walls had been ample for
+dwelling purposes, an attempt to live here when the gravel was being
+carried in would result in the intending settler having his effects
+washed out into the river.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 33.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90
+  feet.]
+
+At 93 feet the side walls confining the yellow clay narrowed to a
+little less than 5 feet apart. The upper portion of the one to the
+left has been eroded into a recess or cavity, forming the chamber
+above mentioned. The earth on the rock floor in this recess is
+nowhere more than a foot deep. A section is presented in figure 34.
+
+At 100 feet the room came to an end. The space between the walls was
+71/2 feet at the floor level and 4 feet at a depth of 4 feet. At 105
+feet the nearly vertical walls were only 5 feet apart on the floor; at
+112 feet the space increased to 7 feet. A section showed about a foot
+of loose earth mixed with ashes; 3 feet of yellow clayey earth, rather
+compact; then gravel and sand. The latter was dug into for a foot, at
+which level the walls were converging and it was useless to go any
+deeper. Enough was done, however, to verify the supposition that this
+stratum was due to the action of running water seeking its outlet at
+the mouth of the cave.
+
+At 103 feet, at the bottom of the yellow clay and on top of the
+gravel, was a chalcedony pebble about 21/2 inches in diameter. The
+material is foreign to this locality. It had plainly been used as a
+hammer stone, and is the only object of human origin found anywhere
+below the dark earth. There was not the slightest evidence of any
+disturbance of the clay in which it rested.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 34.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93
+  feet.]
+
+At 120 feet the side walls were only 5 feet apart. At 125 feet they
+again diverged slightly, and a recess on the left forms a chamber 12
+feet across. At 150 feet they had drawn in to 8 feet at the widest
+interval. A section showed loose dry earth, some of it cemented by
+drip from the roof until about as hard as lump chalk; then compact
+clayey earth, also with travertine in small lumps; below this the
+gravel and sand. The latter, at this point, seems to have been
+deposited in the last stages of the formation of the cave.
+Occasionally, along here, a small patch appeared that seemed to be
+ashes; but none of it was more than 6 inches below the top of the
+ground, and the substance may not have been ashes at all, but the fine
+white limestone dust that wears off from the stone. There was nothing
+in the trench, at any depth, after the chalcedony pebble, that could
+possibly be due to human intervention, except these small patches of
+ashes, if ashes they are.
+
+At 165 feet from the entrance the cave made its fourth turn and
+expanded into a chamber about 15 feet wide. Along the sides of this
+and in the various crevices opening from it were great quantities of
+clean ashes, plainly enough thrown there from fires made in the
+central part. The gravel came to within 3 to 5 feet of the top, being
+quite irregular. On the gravel was dry clay, seamed and fissured in
+all directions so that it fell out under the pick in clods like
+angular pebbles from an inch to 3 or 4 inches across. This was clearly
+the result of muddy water settling in a hole and thoroughly
+evaporating. There was also some travertine in small lumps here and
+there through the clay, and above it was a mass fully 2 feet thick at
+one side of the trench but running out before it reached the other
+side. It was porous, almost spongy, and seemed to be the lime dust
+from the roof and sides cemented by dripping water. Above all this, so
+far as the trench extended toward the sides of the cave, was an inch
+to 4 inches of loose, dry, dark earth, which on the left dipped down
+to the clay, thus replacing the travertine.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 35.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175
+  feet.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 36.--Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180
+  feet.]
+
+At 175 feet the gravel had leveled down and was more or less mixed
+with clay and sand. Above this was another "mudhole deposit" of clay
+which had thoroughly dried out and become checked and cracked in all
+directions. On the right this was covered with travertine slightly
+mixed with earth and clay; on the left, above it and also at one place
+within it, was a coarse gritty earth fallen from the roof but not
+converted into a compact travertine. The section appears in figure 35.
+At 180 feet the trench was carried to a depth of 6 feet. This exposed
+a fine clay and sand, or silt, like that deposited in the eddies of
+streams. Above this was another deposit of "mudhole" material which
+had thoroughly dried out, checked and cracked in all directions so
+that it formed angular masses of various sizes, and had then become
+wet again so that it was now soft and sticky. To the left of this, on
+the silt also, was a small amount of the gravel. It had the appearance
+common to a bank of such material on the side of a little stream which
+has undermined and carried away part of it. Clearly, these three
+formations were of an age that witnessed the erosion of the cave. Next
+above them was a stratum of loose dark earth similar to that noticed
+in the front part of the cavern; but here were found no traces
+whatever of man's presence. Into the right side of this stratum
+projected the wedge-like edge of a mass of travertine, which was not
+traced to a termination. Over all lay a deposit 3 or 4 inches thick of
+dark, nearly black earth, mixed with ashes. This is quite modern. The
+section appears in figure 36.
+
+During the Civil War the cave was continuously resorted to by
+deserters, refugees, moonshiners, fugitives, and "food for powder,
+dodging the conscript." All these sought shelter in this chamber and
+behind it, in order that their fires might not be visible from the
+river. The piles of ashes in the crevices and corners were thrown
+there by these hiders-out, to get them out of the way. Similar but
+smaller piles of ashes are to be seen all along as far as the spring,
+200 yards from the entrance.
+
+The presence of pottery of a type common to this region in fields and
+shell heaps, and of maize, denotes that all the fire beds, etc., are
+the results of habitation by the modern Indian. Where these ceased
+nothing else was found. In or below the yellow earth, clay, or gravel,
+nothing can be found; for until these were laid down and the stream of
+the cave had sought another outlet, there was no dry place in which to
+live.
+
+It may be worth recording that a dead mulberry tree stood about 20
+feet in front of the entrance to the cave. Under it was a narrow
+crevice filled with earth, but all around it was bare rock. A root,
+larger than the tree, grew into the cave and followed along one side
+wall as if fastened there for a distance of some 60 feet. Here the
+earth floor of the cave came high enough to cover it. This root was
+exposed for 160 feet in the trench, or 180 feet from the tree; at this
+point it was 3 inches in diameter and turned aside into a crevice. As
+the root could not have grown in the open air, it furnished proof that
+much deposited material has been carried out of the front portion of
+the cavern and away from the ledge since this tree was a sprout.
+
+
+
+
+III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND
+NEBRASKA
+
+
+VICINITY OF WHITE CLOUD, KANSAS
+
+
+About 4 miles southeast of White Cloud, Kansas, is the "Taylor Mound,"
+from which Mark E. Zimmerman and William Park took 56 skeletons, or
+portions of skeletons, in a space not more than 6 by 20 feet. This was
+clearly an intrusive communal burial of skeletons carried from some
+other point and interred in the mound which owed its origin to persons
+who had piled it up at some previous time. The bones, which were not
+arranged in any order, were 30 inches beneath the present surface of
+the mound, but this does not mean they were no deeper originally, as
+the mound has been plowed for many years and is in a situation where
+it will easily wear down when cultivated.
+
+A few feet away, at a depth of 7 feet, other bones, or fragments of
+bones, were found in a mass of burned clay. A cremation had taken
+place at some point away from the mound, and the resultant burned
+earth, with so much of the bone matter as was not destroyed by the
+fire, was carried here and buried. The depth in this instance is not
+significant; the earth is loose and very easily dug; besides, the
+grave pit was near the margin of the mound and earth had washed down
+over it from above.
+
+Some stones, carried from neighboring ravines, have been exposed by
+the wear due to erosion from natural causes and from cultivation. The
+main portion of the structure is still intact, and it is probable that
+no deposits belonging to it at the time of its construction have been
+unearthed. A systematic exploration, showing the original construction
+as well as the alterations resulting from later burials, is much to be
+desired.
+
+While this is the largest mound in the vicinity, and is claimed to be
+the largest mound in Kansas, it is not different except in size from
+many others within a few miles. All of them are made of the same earth
+as that which lies around them--a light, sandy loess which is easily
+removed with a shovel, requiring no picking or other loosening. In
+fact, it is almost as easy to dig as loose sand would be. Sometimes
+there are flat limestones in or around the graves; similar slabs are
+found not far away in the ravines.
+
+Not far from this mound is a large lodge site, one of the so-called
+"buffalo wallows" as they are commonly known. These are the ruins of
+aboriginal houses. The general construction is the same, the only
+practical difference being that some are square in outline, others
+round. This difference is not always apparent prior to the excavation.
+In the making, a pit was dug, square or round as desired, and the
+earth thrown out on every side. Posts were then set around the margin
+of the excavation, and the house built in the same manner as those
+with which we are familiar from accounts of early travelers. Many of
+them have been examined by Zimmerman and Park, who found masses of
+hard-burned earth in which are cavities and depressions due to the
+burning of straw, grass, twigs, and poles, used in the construction of
+the houses. This results from the destruction of the houses by fire.
+Sometimes the floor has a layer of this burned material which is
+evidently due to the falling in of the roof. Most of these are on the
+hilltops, but some of them are on narrow ridges leading from the high
+land to the creek or river bottoms. In the latter event there is
+always a village site on the low ground bordering the stream. The
+relics gathered up on these village sites are in no wise different
+from those found when the lodge sites are excavated; and also are of
+the same character as those picked up on what are no doubt modern
+village sites in the vicinity. This fact militates against the idea
+that the lodge sites are extremely ancient.
+
+
+IOWA POINT
+
+On a low hill, cut off on every side by steep ravines, is a small
+mound containing a cist grave. The bottom of this, which was dug
+slightly below the natural surface, was covered with a pavement of
+limestone slabs. The grave was roughly oval or triangular in outline,
+measuring about 7 by 9 feet. Around it was a wall of similar stones,
+set in contact and sloping outward at an angle of about 40 degrees
+from the vertical. There was nothing whatever in this grave.
+
+At the edge of the mound was a box grave 51/2 by 21/2 by 21/2 feet, the
+longer axis on a radial line. It was made of small flat stones built
+up like a wall, the only grave of which I could learn that had any
+resemblance to the vault graves farther down the Missouri. In the
+grave were two skulls and some other bones, all bunched in the
+northern end.
+
+
+NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE NEMAHA RIVER
+
+Lewis and Clark, in their journal, mention that when camped near the
+mouth of the Nemaha, one or both of them went to an Indian village
+about 2 miles up the stream. He, or they, climbed a low ridge near the
+river and stood on a mound which commanded a fine view of the
+surrounding country. There is a dispute as to the site of this mound;
+but the journal plainly says it was on the lower (east) side of a
+little creek which comes in here. Two miles farther up is a larger
+mound on higher ground which is generally supposed to be the one meant
+by the explorer; but this is on the other side of the creek and at
+some distance from the Pawnee village which was located near the mouth
+of the creek, on the lower side. The ground where this village stood
+is covered over a space of several acres with the ordinary debris of
+an Indian settlement; and it is significant that all the relics found
+are so similar to those which are called "ancient" when found in the
+lodge sites, that no one could determine from inspection which kind
+came from which place. Unless it may exist in the markings in the
+pottery, no distinction can be made between these specimens and
+similar ones from other localities.
+
+The Pawnees lived here until 1837, when the Iowas and Otoes made a
+sortie upon the unsuspecting inhabitants and killed all of them they
+could overcome. Two women of the Iowa tribe who were living on the
+reservation in 1914 remember seeing dead bodies lying around wherever
+the invaders could find and kill a resident.
+
+A short distance below the explorers carved their names on a rock
+which projected into the stream. Accounts as to this spot differ; it
+is generally stated that in making a road around here, the rock
+containing the names was blasted away; but a man in the neighborhood
+who claims to know the exact spot says the blasting did not extend
+quite so far and that the names are covered by a mass of earth and
+rock which slid from the bluff many years ago. If this be true, a
+thrill awaits the man who finds the names some centuries from now,
+when the river has washed away all this accumulated material.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+VICINITY OF TROY, KANSAS
+
+Near the mouth of Wolf River is a village site on which Dr. R.S.
+Dinsmore, of Troy, has counted 125 tipi sites. Relics are very
+abundant here, especially the small chert "thumb-scrapers," which
+outnumber all other specimens.
+
+
+MOUTH OF MOSQUITO CREEK
+
+Four miles east of Troy, on a ridge so steep that its top is
+inaccessible from either side, and so narrow that a wagon would make a
+track on each slope, is a little mound worn down until its true nature
+would not be suspected. Dr. Dinsmore was on this ridge one day and
+noticed a flat limestone rock. Knowing that it had no place in the
+loess, he began digging to ascertain the reason for it being there. At
+a depth of a few inches he found bones, and soon unearthed a number of
+skulls, with only his hands or a stick. Coming back later with tools,
+he found, in all, 56 skulls. Afterwards he found others, and persons
+in the neighborhood have exhumed many more. The deposit represents a
+communal burial, from a village which probably stood on the level
+creek bottom not far away. A few skeletons showed an attempt at
+orderly arrangement. These were probably of individuals who had not
+been dead long at the time of the general burial. Most of the bones,
+however, skulls and others, were piled in the smallest possible area,
+as if gathered up in sacks or baskets from previous burials and
+carried here for reinterment. The soil is so loose as to be easily dug
+with the hands, like sand; but at the same time so fine and close
+packed as to shed water almost like a roof. Owing to the steep slope
+at every point, except toward the summit of the ridge, there must be
+some erosion, and consequently the age of the burials can not be
+great. Yet, the same conditions prevail in other places where a great
+antiquity is claimed for the remains. Frost necessarily disintegrates
+the soil to some extent; the wind or rain carries away the loosened
+portions; and this process is continuous. The shape of the mound shows
+that when the burials were made the ridge was essentially identical in
+form with its present aspect. The bones also are comparatively fresh
+in appearance, and it may be considered certain that they can not date
+back many generations.
+
+On the top of a hill rising from the opposite side of Mosquito Creek
+Dr. Dinsmore found a low mound, which, like that just described, would
+not have been suspected as such but for a stone projecting from the
+surface. Under this stone, with 8 inches of earth intervening, was a
+skull so completely mineralized that it appears to be carved from a
+block of limestone. No other portions of the body to which it belonged
+remained, though traces in the surrounding earth showed that at least
+the larger bones and perhaps the entire skeleton had been deposited.
+Bones in other parts of the mound were in their natural condition;
+that is, they were not altered from their ordinary appearance,
+although only in fragments. It is remarkable that this entire cranium
+should thus change while all the other bones, even the jaw, had
+disappeared. The description of this find is from Dr. Dinsmore, who
+has the skull in his office. Possibly he may be in error in stating
+that traces were found of other bones belonging with it. These may
+have belonged to another individual. The soil is ordinary sandy loess,
+containing lime but not in such quantity as to account for this
+alteration. Perhaps the skull may be from an older burial somewhere,
+the petrifaction having taken place before it was buried here.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+RULO, NEBRASKA
+
+Particular attention was paid to conditions a mile north of Rulo,
+where it is reported that human skeletons were found in the Kansan
+drift. It was not the intention of the discoverer to have it
+understood that these remains were in undisturbed drift, but such is
+the impression that has gained credence.
+
+At the settlement of the country by whites the road constructed across
+a ravine here, on the section line nearest the river about
+three-eighths of a mile away, followed the natural contour and the
+crossing was made without difficulty. Since then a deep washout has
+worked its way to some distance above this point, making a long bridge
+necessary. From the head of the washout to the Missouri River the
+banks are vertical, or nearly so, on each side of the little stream.
+It was in the bank on the south side that the bones were found. It is
+stated they were 7 feet under the surface; if so there must have been
+a mound above them, for the lowest excavation does not reach over 5
+feet below the present level of the ground, and at that extends
+slightly below the bottom of the grave.
+
+Within 40 years the Missouri River, which is now more than a mile away
+toward the Missouri shore, flowed at the foot of a slight bluff
+terminating the slope from the high land toward the west; there was
+formerly a steamboat landing on the upper side of the ravine. On the
+lower side is a triangular area of about an acre, bounded by the
+bluff, the river bank, and the ravine. This was an excellent location
+for an Indian village or camp. A narrow level strip extends from the
+mouth of the ravine to a point near the bridge, some distance above
+where the remains were found. It is quite clear that the skeletons
+were the remains of individuals who had died at the camp on the
+river's bank and had been carried here for burial. This may have
+occurred within the last hundred years or in fact at any time while
+the Indians were still living in this vicinity.
+
+The flood level of the Missouri is not more than 15 feet lower than
+the level space along the sides of the ravine. The little intermittent
+stream has cut down this depth through a deposit which is composed of
+river sediment, wash from the hills on each side, and material carried
+from higher levels by the brook itself in rainy seasons. At only one
+point is there a real glacial deposit, and this does not extend for
+more than 50 feet horizontally, and does not reach to the top of the
+bank. It is at some distance from the graves, and may be due to a lobe
+of the ice or to an iceberg. However formed or deposited here it has
+no relation whatever to the skeletons. In a sense, the material in
+which they were buried is "Kansan drift"; but it is drift which has
+been redistributed and has come into its present position within a few
+centuries at the most.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+NEAR HOWE, NEBRASKA
+
+Mr. Sam P. Hughes, who lives near Howe, has done considerable
+excavating in that vicinity. He is an intelligent man and an ardent
+student, but his ideas in regard to the age of his discoveries need
+much revision downward. His chief work has been done north of Howe at
+a place 9 miles from the nearest point on the Missouri River. Here is
+a small level area at the end of a ridge sloping away in every
+direction except at the narrow isthmus connecting it with the fields
+beyond, which are at a level only slightly higher. Thus there is no
+chance for any accumulation from the adjacent surface. On this ridge
+are a few lodge sites which Hughes has excavated. In every respect
+they are similar to lodge sites reported from other localities in this
+region. The walls, the depression, the floor, the fireplace, are all
+the same. The depressions are filled with earth to a depth of 18 to 22
+inches above the level of the old floor; and Hughes reports that
+wherever he has dug on this ridge he has found flint chips, charcoal,
+fragments of pottery, and scraps of bone to about the same depth. Next
+below the soil is the Kansan glacial drift; but the assertion that
+objects found at this depth are of the same age as the drift is not
+necessarily or even presumably correct.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PERU, NEBRASKA
+
+On various hills in the vicinity of Peru are lodge sites, some of them
+circular, some rectangular, some with straight sides and rounded
+corners. Most of them have been dug in at random; in every case after
+a certain depth of accumulated earth and trash is passed through,
+there is a layer of clay which formed the roof, and beneath this the
+hard earth floor with fireplace usually in the center but sometimes a
+little toward one side.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+PAPILLION, NEBRASKA
+
+At the time of my visit, Dr. Frederick H. Sterns, of the Peabody
+Museum, was working near here. He described himself as "the man who is
+extremely anxious to find a glacial or other very ancient man, but so
+far has not succeeded in getting track of him." Dr. Sterns did not
+claim a period antedating the Indian for anything he had then
+unearthed--meaning the known Indian tribes.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+VICINITY OF OMAHA, NEBRASKA
+
+To the southward of Omaha are many lodge sites of varying depths and
+diameters. The deepest one reported had a depth of 9 feet below the
+surrounding surface, and at the bottom of this was a pit (or "cache,"
+as they are locally known) with an additional depth of 4 feet, or 13
+feet of excavation in all. This was near the so-called "cannibal
+house," where 14 human frontal bones were found under conditions which
+indicate they had belonged to individuals who were eaten by other
+inmates of the lodge.
+
+A short distance from these sites, across a ravine, is a bare, narrow
+ridge, very steep on each side, so that erosion would readily act. On
+the sloping summit of this are three small mounds which cover communal
+burials. From one of these, the one farthest from the summit of the
+hill, more than 80 skulls were taken and boys in the neighborhood have
+since taken many more. They are all of the ordinary Indian type, and
+can not have been buried more than a few generations ago; but this
+fact has not prevented an age of "twenty thousand years" being
+assigned to them. There is absolutely no reason for fixing this or any
+other date. There is nothing whatever to indicate the age, but 200
+years would probably not be far from the mark, because erosion has
+been slight since the mounds were piled up.
+
+
+LONG'S HILL
+
+This ridge has attained some notoriety as the site of Gilder's
+discovery of the "Nebraska Man." The claim is made that human bones
+were found at a depth of 14 feet in absolutely undisturbed loess. The
+hill is a narrow ridge, facing the river on one side and a deep ravine
+on the other. It is somewhat winding in its course and is connected
+with the more level land in the rear at about half a mile from its
+end. A wagon road up the point, from the river bottom to the hilltop,
+shows undisturbed loess the entire distance. There is no possibility
+of accumulation by wash or in any other manner except decaying
+vegetation on any part of this ridge.
+
+Along the crest are several small mounds. Some of these, as shown by
+excavation, cover graves, and the presumption is that all of them mark
+burial places.
+
+It is needless to make any resume of Gilder's report, as it is so well
+known, further than to say that he found burials and fragmentary human
+bones at various levels from 21/2 to 14 feet. At 41/2 feet were burned
+bones lying upon burned earth and mingled with it. This layer, burned
+hard as a brick, served to prevent water from penetrating the earth
+immediately below; and it is in this earth that the deepest remains
+were found.
+
+There are three ways, and only three, in which they could get there:
+
+1. They were washed in when the loess was deposited, as claimed by the
+discoverers and by some of the Nebraska geologists.
+
+In support of this view is the assertion that the bones were
+water-worn. On this point I can not venture any opinion, as I have not
+seen them. But I have found bones in mounds and in other situations
+where such wear was impossible and yet having the smoothed and rounded
+appearance characteristic of such action by water or the elements.
+
+In support of this theory, too, is the positive statement of Nebraska
+geologists who have had ample opportunity to become familiar with
+loess in all its phases; and they claim the deposit is the original
+and has not been disturbed.
+
+It is necessary for these advocates, however, to tell where such
+fragments of bones could have come from and how they could have been
+washed to the place where found, when all these bluffs were covered
+with water, as they had to be at that time.
+
+2. The bones could have been carried by rodents into their burrows or
+runways, as Hrdlicka suggests. In this case the material in contact
+with the bones would have to be somewhat different in appearance and
+consistency from that which lay a few inches, or perhaps only an inch,
+away. The Nebraska men say this was not the case.
+
+3. There may have been an excavation or pit similar to that in which
+the Hurons buried their dead. But as no such burial pits have been
+discovered in this part of the country, this supposition must be
+excluded.
+
+A corollary to the last is that a deep but small pit similar to the
+so-called "caches" in the lodge sites may have been dug here and the
+bones thrown in. There is no indication whatever of a lodge site or
+any other form of habitation at this point, but I have found such pits
+in the vicinity of Indian houses, though not just on their site. The
+deepest one I have ever found was 101/2 feet and less than 6 feet in
+diameter. There would be no difficulty in digging into this loose
+material as far as an excavator cared to go, until he had reached a
+depth at which he could no longer get the loosened earth to the
+surface of the ground. As mentioned above, a pit south of Omaha had a
+depth of 13 feet, or only 1 foot less than is claimed for this--or
+rather for the greatest depth at which it is claimed fragments of bone
+were found.
+
+The objection made to this theory is that the earth thrown out of the
+hole was unmixed, presenting throughout the appearance and consistency
+of loess as it occurs where exposed in ravines or on slopes in the
+vicinity. It is contended that if any previous excavation had been
+made here and filled up afterwards the mixed earth would be easily
+distinguished from that which was not removed, and that the line of
+demarcation would be easily discernible.
+
+As a rule, this is true; but when dry loose earth of homogeneous
+consistency is thrown out of a pit and then thrown in again without
+becoming mixed with any other it is sometimes impossible to
+distinguish it at a later excavation. This is especially true of earth
+free from vegetable matter, as ordinary sand; or composed largely of
+vegetable mold, as the soil in overflow lands which have built up
+mainly from floods carrying uniform soil sediment. The line of
+demarcation between the dug and the undug earth in such conditions may
+become indistinguishable except when a vertical face is made which
+shall show a clear section of both in contact.
+
+It is now too late to learn anything about the matter from the site
+itself. So many persons have been digging that it would be impossible to
+know when the limit is reached between the original excavation--assuming
+it to have been made--when the bodies were interred, and that resulting
+from the modern researches. The question of age hinges upon the
+appearance of the earth in which the bones were found; and the only way
+in which we can now learn anything about it is to trench across the hill
+at some of the other burial places, in the hope of finding bones at a
+similar level, and determining from the conditions in which these are
+found how they came there.
+
+It is beyond question that any soil, humus, or other discolored matter
+thrown into an excavation with ordinary soil or subsoil will be
+apparent for an indefinite time afterwards. But on some of these high
+points and ridges there is even now not a trace of soil. Frost and
+wind have worn bare spots where nothing grows or has grown for a long
+time. As this region was a prairie devoid of even brush when the
+whites settled here, it is evident that such slight protection as
+grass or weeds afford would not be sufficient to hold the earth in
+place in winter, and when the ground is once swept bare such humble
+forms of growth may not get a foothold in future. Anyone who has
+studied surface geology knows these facts.
+
+So at present the whole question of the age of these bones resolves
+itself into a statement of one party that they were found in
+undisturbed loess, as reported; and of the inability of another party
+to show that there may have been an error of observation or a mistaken
+interpretation.
+
+There need be no such doubt in regard to the age of the mounds or the
+lodge sites. It would not take many centuries for mounds upon these
+sharp, exposed ridges to be entirely washed away, in spite of the fact
+that the fine loess is almost impermeable. Rain may not reduce them to
+an appreciable extent, but frost and wind will gradually wear them
+down. As to the lodge sites, their similarity to modern Indian houses
+is so pronounced that we are fully justified in attributing them to
+the same degree of culture as that of the Indians of a century ago.
+The only point of difference is that the latter dwellings have not
+such deep excavations, but the incursion of war-like tribes, or the
+restlessness that impels a primitive community to be frequently on the
+move, seems a simpler explanation of the difference than to suppose
+that identical types are separated by a great period of time.
+
+Three points must be taken into consideration in fixing a definite age
+for these remains:
+
+1. The relics found in and around the lodge sites, except for the
+markings on some of the pottery, are in no wise different from those
+picked up on the sites of villages which were occupied when Lewis and
+Clark came through here.
+
+2. Fairly solid bones of animals, and occasionally of humans, are
+found in the bottoms of the lodge sites, even where these are damp
+most of the year. In the pits, where such remains are preserved by
+ashes, this would not mean much; but where they are found in clayey
+earth it is evident that "thousands of years" is a meaningless term to
+apply to them.
+
+3. Persons who claim these "thousands of years" for pretty much
+everything they find in the ground must explain why it is that while
+the bones and implements of these assumed "ancients" are found in such
+quantities and in such good preservation, those of later Indians
+should have entirely disappeared.
+
+The only tenable theory of age is the amount of accumulation in the
+depressions of the lodge sites. Above the clay which formed the roof,
+and is next to the floor now, is a depth of material sometimes (it is
+said) as much as 20 or even 22 inches of mingled silt, decayed
+vegetation, and soil from the surrounding wall. It is used as an
+argument of age that as these sites are on hilltops where there can be
+no inwash, this depth must indicate a very remote period for their
+construction. But a large amount of the earth thrown out into the
+surrounding ring or wall will find its way back into the depression.
+The water will stand in them a good part of the year, and the soil
+remain damp even in prolonged drought; vegetation is thus more
+luxuriant than on the outside, and its decay will fill up rather
+rapidly. In addition, much sand blows from the prairies as well as
+from the bottom lands, and whatever finds its way into the pit will
+stay there; it will not blow away again as it would in open ground.
+The weeds, also, will catch and retain much of this dust which would
+pass over a dry surface. Consequently the allowance of an inch in a
+century, which is the most that advocates of great age will allow for
+accumulation, is much too small.
+
+The topography of the region was essentially the same when these
+remains were constructed as it is now. The hills and valleys were as
+they now exist; the erosion has been very slight as compared with what
+has taken place since the loess was brought above the water, to which
+it owes its origin. This statement is fully proven by the position of
+the mounds and lodge sites. Any estimate of age must be only a guess
+at the best, but it is a safe guess that no earthwork, mound, lodge
+site, or human bone along this part of the Missouri River has been
+here as long as 10 centuries.
+
+
+
+
+IV. ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS
+
+
+The small, low, flattened mounds of the lower Mississippi Valley are a
+problem to archeologists. They have been studied principally near the
+Mississippi River, in Arkansas and Missouri, and for many years it was
+thought that in the latter State they are confined entirely to the
+southeastern portion. Recently they have been found much farther to
+the north and the west than they were supposed to exist.
+
+A group, rather limited as to number and to the area covered, is at
+the head of a narrow valley trending northward from Granite Mountain
+in Iron County.
+
+"Near Iron Mountain, in St. Francois County, more than 500 of these
+small mounds, arranged in parallel rows following the direction of the
+watercourses, were counted within a radius of 3 miles."[1]
+
+The next group known north of this is on the right bank of Plattin
+Creek in Jefferson County, about 12 miles from the Mississippi.
+
+"A group of some 50 similar mounds is situated on the right bank of
+the Meramec, about 6 miles above its mouth, in Jefferson County."[2]
+
+The most northern group so far observed is near Ferguson in St. Louis
+County, Missouri, where 46 are located on a narrow ridge which has the
+same general elevation as the table-land. The ridge extends around the
+head of a ravine, and the mounds are placed along its crest or on the
+gentle slopes near the top. There are 10 or 12 at the southern edge of
+Ferguson, on an overflow bottom bordering a small creek.
+
+Toward the west from the swamp region a small group is in a broad
+valley near Alton in Oregon County, which borders on Arkansas. They
+are scattered along a gentle slope which has a little stream at the
+foot.
+
+In Dent County four groups are known. One is on the infirmary farm
+south of the town of Salem. Most of these are but slightly changed
+from their natural condition. Another group is 6 miles east of Salem.
+These also are largely intact. A third is on the road from Salem to
+Short Bend. The fourth is at the edge of Salem, on the Rolla road.
+
+"On the high plateau of Dallas County, north of the Niangua ... within
+an area smaller than 10 square miles, 860 were counted."[3]
+
+Three groups are well marked in Phelps County. A mile east of Rolla
+they begin at the line of the Frisco Railway and extend southward in a
+shallow valley or "draw." Some are on the overflow flat bordering the
+little stream, but most of them are on the slopes to either side.
+
+South of Dillon they extend for a mile in a slight depression.
+
+Beginning at the Soldier's Home in St. James, the largest number yet
+found out of the swamp region lie for 21/2 miles on both sides of a
+small creek running eastward north of the Frisco Railway. These reach
+from low land subject to overflow to an elevation of fully 50 feet up
+the hillsides.
+
+Several groups occur in Pulaski County. Four miles southwest of Big
+Piney post office, near the site of what is known as "The Ranch
+House," is a little wet-weather stream along both banks of which are
+probably a hundred of these structures. Farther up this stream are two
+other groups, the three including a distance of about 4 miles in
+length between their outer limits. West of these and south of
+Bloodland is a fourth group belonging with these.
+
+In the level bottom between Big Piney River and the branch flowing
+from the Miller Spring 2 miles from Big Piney post office a number of
+these mounds formerly existed; and on the opposite side of the Big
+Piney, in an extensive bottom, were many of them. All these have now
+disappeared under cultivation.
+
+On the outer bend of the Devil's Elbow, on Big Piney 3 miles above its
+mouth, some of these mounds stood. They are described as being from 2
+to 3 feet high; the number was not stated, but there is not room for
+many in the narrow strip where they were located.
+
+In the extreme western part of Morgan County, at Stover, is a group
+scattered over an area at least half a mile across in any direction.
+The distance between the mounds varies from 25 to 150 feet. They are
+mostly on gentle slopes, though some are on the crest of the ridges.
+Many of these are well preserved, some of them having never been under
+cultivation.
+
+In Osage County there are more than a hundred at the eastern edge of
+Rich Fountain. They are in low flat ground which is muddy or even
+boggy in wet weather.
+
+It will be noticed that all those from Alton westward and
+north-westward are in line with the route from southeastern Missouri
+to the plains of Kansas and Nebraska.
+
+Practically, however, the northern limit of this type, in great
+numbers, is in St. Francois County, near Farmington. From here they
+extend almost continuously into Louisiana and Texas.
+
+In nearly every part of southern Missouri east of the Iron Mountain
+Railway they occur in closely connected groups, reaching sometimes for
+miles except where the continuity is broken by a slough or other
+unfavorable condition. They are found everywhere--on high,
+well-drained levels; on sloping ground, sometimes so steep that it may
+well be called a hillside; in low "crawfish land"; in swamps where, in
+the driest weather, even after a prolonged drought, they can be
+reached only by wading through water or muck. The last, however, may
+have been more easily accessible when built, their present condition
+being due to the general subsidence of this region during the
+earthquake period of 1811. The existing sloughs and sluggish bayous
+are the widenings and extensions of streams which at the time these
+mounds were constructed were no doubt bordered by banks above ordinary
+overflow and readily reached by canoes. Manifestly the country was
+well populated, and therefore presumably practically timberless;
+consequently the flood water would rapidly pass away and the streams
+not be choked by drift and other debris as is the case at present.
+
+Various theories, most of them advanced by persons who are but
+slightly, if at all, familiar with the country, have been propounded
+to account for mounds of this character. Their vast number has led
+some writers to believe that they can not be artificial but must be
+due to natural phenomena; as, for instance, that these, as indeed all
+mounds, were piled up by floods, Noachic, glacial, or local; or that
+they result from the industry and energy of burrowing animals, such as
+foxes, badgers, ground hogs, rabbits, prairie dogs, gophers,
+chipmunks, or even ants; the character of the assumed flood or the
+species of the supposed burrower depending to some extent upon
+locality, but principally upon the theorizer's insufficient knowledge
+of animal industry or of the action of torrential waters. Others are
+convinced they are formed by the piling up of earth around a bush,
+clump of grass, stone, or other object acting as a nucleus about which
+wind-borne material may accumulate--overlooking the fact that clay,
+gravel, or gumbo soil can not be carried by wind, and that lighter
+soil or sand will form elongated instead of circular masses. Another
+supposition is that they are due to stream erosion; flood waters
+washing away the soil between them and thus leaving the earth
+composing the mound in its original position. The same objection
+applies to this as to the wind-blown theory, namely, that we can not
+imagine water acting with such mathematical regularity and intelligent
+discrimination, especially upon slopes which lie at all sorts of
+angles with the trend of the current.
+
+Persons who recognize their human origin have suggested that they were
+erected as stands for hunters, from which they could detect game at a
+greater distance, or could take better aim as the animal passed; or
+perhaps as camping places while waiting; but in many places more than
+half the area of the ground over several acres is occupied by such
+piles of earth, promiscuously distributed. This implies more hunters
+than animals.
+
+For a long time it was supposed that they were burial mounds, like so
+many such structures found over the country; but this idea has been
+dispelled by the failure to discover in them any evidences of such
+purpose; no human bones nor any of the artificial objects commonly
+placed with the dead have ever been found in them unless under such
+conditions as to show their presence was accidental.
+
+Two very plausible theories have found general acceptance: That they
+were the sites of dwellings, placed on them to be out of the mud in
+wet weather; and that they were in the nature of garden beds, thus
+elevated for growing any food products which needed a comparatively
+dry soil, or might be injured by temporary accumulation of water from
+excessive rainfall.
+
+But they were not "residence mounds" or "house sites" in the sense
+that they furnished a base or foundation for structures which were
+used as dwellings; for there has never been found on their surface or
+in the earth immediately around them any of the debris invariably
+accompanying Indian huts or houses, such as fireplaces, ash beds,
+burned rocks, broken implements, or fragments of bones and pottery.
+These considerations also interfere with a full acceptance of the
+hypothesis that they are remains of houses built of wood and covered
+with earth. It is true that such evidence is very frequently found in
+other localities; but to establish the fact that they were residence
+sites, refuse of this kind should be found wherever the mounds occur.
+
+J.B. Thoburn arrived at this conclusion from the resemblance of some
+of them in their outlines to the grass-covered houses of the Pawnees;
+and it is believed that this tribe in its migration from the south
+followed approximately the route along which these small elevations
+are found. When the Pawnees--assuming they were the builders--passed
+on westward they could not procure timbers of sufficient strength to
+hold up the earth, so they used light frames and covered them with
+grass.
+
+Bushnell arrived earlier at the same conclusion. He says, concerning a
+few mounds of this character in Forest Park, St. Louis: "In the case
+of the seven mounds on the elevated grounds, the finding of potsherds,
+pieces of chipped chert, and the indication of fire, all on what
+appeared to have been the original surface, would point strongly to
+their having been the remains or ruins of earth-covered lodges." He
+gives citations from early explorers in support of this theory, and
+adds, "But in other mounds these indications did not occur."[4]
+
+Such an explanation finds support in the vast number of these
+structures. In building, the aborigines naturally chose the sort of
+timber which was soft and light, consequently easy to cut and to
+handle, such as willow or cottonwood. This soon decays. But no matter
+what variety of wood was utilized, not many years would be required,
+under the conditions supposed, to weaken its fiber until it could no
+longer uphold the weight of earth on the roof, and a new house must be
+erected. Several such renewals would be needed in the course of a
+century; so that the ruins of an ordinary village might create the
+impression that a large settlement had existed on its site.
+
+The explanation of "agricultural use" is probably correct in some
+instances, for frequently the mounds are made of earth gathered up
+around their base, and so not only would be of value in a wet season,
+but would afford a much greater depth of fertile soil for sustenance
+of plants. In some localities modern farmers find that on such mounds
+crops are much better than on the low spaces between them. On the
+other hand, a majority of the small mounds in the lower counties of
+southeastern Missouri are composed either of the hard, reddish, sandy
+clay which forms the subsoil of the land above overflow; or of the
+tough, waxy, black "gumbo" of the swampy or flat lowlands. In either
+case they are almost invariably sterile, so that in a cultivated field
+the position of a mound is easily determined even from a considerable
+distance by the feebler growth on its surface. Moreover, in many
+places, hundreds of them occurring within an area of a few square
+miles are built on clay lowlands where crawfish abound, within a few
+rods of sandy, well-drained ridges whose soil is never muddy more than
+a few hours after the hardest rain, and produces as fine corn and
+wheat as can be raised in any part of the State.
+
+In short, no matter what suggestion has been offered as to their
+purpose or uses, objections to it can be brought and sustained. It is
+not improbable that, in the end, it will be found the difficulty lies
+in trying to place in a hard and fast category a variety of structures
+which are similar in appearance but which were intended for various
+uses. With more comprehensive study, it may be that a classification
+is possible which will interpret what is now obscure. Instead of
+uniformity, there was probably great diversity of motives, ideas, and
+beliefs which led to the building of these as well as of other mounds;
+and when the key is once obtained the explanation which will account
+for one may be very different from that which as clearly accounts for
+another.
+
+A few of these mounds have been explored by the writer, but no
+discoveries were made upon which can be based a definite statement as
+to their probable purpose.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+NEW MADRID COUNTY
+
+On the farm of A.B. Hunter, 7 miles north of New Madrid, more than 60
+of these mounds, irregularly placed, extend for half a mile along the
+west bank of St. John's Bayou, the extreme width of the group being
+about 200 yards. The largest mound, standing on the edge of the
+terrace, was 6 feet high and 75 feet across. On the original surface,
+over a small area at the central part, were decayed fragments of human
+bones; so this was probably erected as a tumulus. The others were much
+smaller; from a foot to 3 feet high, and 30 to 50 feet in diameter.
+Six of these, varying in size from the largest to the smallest, were
+thoroughly excavated within the original margin and down to the
+undisturbed earth beneath them. No artificial object was found in any
+of them except here and there a fragment of pottery or a small amount
+of ashes or a piece of charcoal, not intentionally deposited but
+gathered up and carried in with the earth in the course of
+construction. There were no distinct fire-beds or ash piles at the
+bottom, or in any part of the mound; nor were there any holes in which
+posts may have stood.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY
+
+Nearly 2 miles south of Farmington, on Quesnel's land, are about 30
+very small, low mounds, none more than 18 inches high or 25 feet
+across. They are on the general level, some of them on a gentle slope,
+of the first upland above the St. Francois River and a mile from that
+stream at its nearest point.
+
+Half a mile to the south of these is a group of similar mounds on the
+farm of Isaac Hopkins, on a gently sloping hillside, and from 30 to 40
+feet above the level of the overflow bottom land. One of these has
+been gradually worn away by the encroachment of a gully until more
+than half of it has disappeared. While the curvature of its surface is
+very apparent, and the remnant of its margin sufficiently distinct to
+show its regularity of outline, careful inspection of the face formed
+by the erosion fails to reveal any trace of stratification, or line of
+demarcation between the bottom of the mound and the original surface.
+There is precisely the same uniformity of change from the grass roots
+to the underlying gravelly soil that exists in the exposed bank at any
+point to either side of the mound. Mr. Hopkins, desirous of knowing
+what might be in the mound, or why it was built, has noted the
+appearance of the earth from the time the gully reached its margin. At
+no time has its appearance differed in the least from what it presents
+now.
+
+On the river bottom portion of Mr. Hopkins's farm, and on the
+adjoining Goings and Townshend farms to the southward, are many mounds
+lying along both sides of the Belmont division of the Iron Mountain
+Railway. Fully 100 were observed within a distance of a mile; and they
+are said to continue both up and down the river. They are all above
+flood stage, except in time of extreme high water. They range from a
+foot to 3 feet high, and from 20 to 40 feet across; but some of them
+have been lowered and broadened by cultivation. They are of the same
+earth as the ground around them. Mr. Hopkins says crops are much
+better on the mounds than on the area between them. This is no doubt
+due to the greater amount of productive soil in the one case, and to
+the excess of moisture in the other; the railway embankment impeding
+drainage in the lower part. Oak trees 4 feet in diameter grew on the
+mounds before they were cleared off.
+
+Two of these mounds were completely removed, down into the subsoil.
+The first was 18 inches high and 35 by 40 feet across; the variation
+in breadth resulting from continual cultivation in one direction. It
+contained nothing whatever of artificial character, not even a scrap
+of pottery. There were no post holes, no indications of a fire bed, no
+trace of a distinction between the mound and the soil below it. In
+fact, except for the greater thickness of the superficial dark earth
+there was no difference between the appearance of the face of the
+excavation and that of a hole dug at random in the field.
+
+The second mound was somewhat larger than the first, being 2 feet high
+and 40 feet across, and at a little higher level toward the edge of
+the field. It was the largest which could be excavated of this group.
+As in the first mound opened, there was no worked object, if a small
+flint flake be excepted; no ashes; no fire bed; no trace of
+demarcation between the mound and the original surface of the ground,
+though in each mound the excavation over the entire area was carried
+down into the gravelly, hard-packed subsoil. Its artificial origin is
+clearly proven, however, by four holes dug into the earth beneath it
+before its construction. Nine feet a little north of the center, which
+was assumed to be the highest point of the mound, was a hole (A) 12 by
+14 inches and 14 inches deep, with a flat bottom, the sides as regular
+as could be expected in hard soil dug out in primitive manner. Nine
+feet west of the center was a hole (B) a foot across, 10 inches deep,
+with a solid though somewhat irregular bottom. Near the center was a
+conical hole (C) a foot deep and the same across the top. Four feet
+from it, west of north, was another (D) of about the same size and
+shape. The measures given are of course only approximate, as the sides
+of all the holes were somewhat uneven, but they are practically
+correct. The depth was measured from the top of the gravelly subsoil.
+Fourteen feet east of south from the center was an irregular hole (E)
+about 2 feet deep to the bottom of the loose dirt in it. This had not
+been dug, but was due to the decay of a tree which grew here before
+the mound was made. At the top of the dirt filling this hole was a
+piece of decayed bark, apparently oak, which had grown in the air; and
+farther down fragments of root bark. Eight feet east of the center was
+a hole (F), similar to the last, 10 inches deep and averaging 2 feet
+across. This, also, resulted from the decay of a stump.
+
+A plan of the holes is given in figure 37. The dotted lines are merely
+to show direction and distance.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 37.--Plan of House Mound in St. Francois
+  County, Mo.]
+
+This mound offers confirmation of the belief that such structures, or
+some of them at least, mark the sites of dwellings. With the two
+trees, E and F, the posts, A and B, would form the corners of an
+irregular quadrangle; the two posts, C and D, would support the inner
+ends of roof timbers. While no trace of posts or roof timbers
+remained, it is difficult to imagine for what other purpose these
+holes would be dug; and in this heavy, wet earth all traces of wood
+must in time disappear. Conversely, the total absence of a fireplace,
+potsherds or other remains, and of any sign of a floor, would serve to
+dispel the assumption that this spot was ever inhabited even for a
+short time. The evidence is as strong one way as it is the other.
+
+In short, the limited observations above recorded leave the question
+of origin and purpose just where it was.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some years ago one of the mounds at Ferguson, St. Louis County, was
+opened. No remains of any sort were discovered, according to the
+report of the excavators; but on the original surface, at the center
+of the mound, was a fire bed in and about which were ashes, charcoal,
+and fragments of rude pottery.
+
+No excavations have ever been made in the mounds near Granite
+Mountain; but a tortuous little stream has undercut several of them,
+thus making vertical sections as in the case of the mound at Hunter's,
+near Farmington. In some mounds only a small portion near the margin
+has been removed; in others the erosion has progressed to such an
+extent that observations were possible at varying distances, to and
+beyond the center. In every instance a monotonous uniformity of
+appearance prevails from the top of the mound into the underlying
+gravel. At no level is there a sign of a floor, fire bed, or other
+evidence of human work; and no difference can be detected between the
+earth upon which the mound rests and that on either side. Yet the
+mounds are indubitably artificial.
+
+Exactly the same remarks apply to several mounds on the County Farm,
+near Salem. A little creek and a drainage ditch have cut away varying
+portions of them, and they merge insensibly into the soil and gravel
+on either side.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In further support of the theory that these mounds are the remains of
+earth-covered houses, a few extracts relating to the area under
+discussion will be given from Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the Twelfth Annual
+Report of the Bureau of Ethnology:
+
+Near "Beckwith's Fort," in Mississippi County, Missouri, are (p.
+189)--
+
+   Low, flattish, circular mounds * * * [which] appear to belong to
+   two classes, those used for dwelling sites and those used for
+   burial purposes, the former being the higher and the color of the
+   surface layer darker than that of the other class. This darker
+   color of the surface layer is probably due to the fact that
+   immediately below it are found fire-beds with burnt earth,
+   charcoal, ashes, and the bones of animals, (mostly split). There
+   are seldom any human skeletons or entire vessels of pottery in
+   the mounds of this class though the earth is filled with
+   fragments of broken vessels.
+
+In describing mound excavations in Crittenden County, Arkansas, the
+explorer states (p. 227):
+
+   As an almost universal rule, after removing a foot or two of top
+   soil, a layer of burnt clay in a broken or fragmentary condition
+   would be found, sometimes with impressions of grass or twigs,
+   which easily crumbled but was often hard and stamped apparently
+   with an implement made of split reeds of comparatively large
+   size. This layer was in places a foot thick and frequently burned
+   to a brick red or even to clinkers.
+
+   Below this, at a depth of 3 to 5 feet from the surface, were more
+   or less ashes, and often 6 inches of charred grass, immediately
+   covering skeletons. The latter were found lying in all
+   directions, some with the face up, others with it down, and
+   others on the side. With these were vessels of clay, in some
+   cases one, sometimes more.
+
+The positions of the skeletons in this mound would indicate that while
+the inmates of the house were asleep the roof fell and killed them. It
+was customary among some southern Indians to bury the dead under the
+floors of the houses; but the text clearly shows that these skeletons
+were lying on the floor. It would be supposed from most reports, not
+only in the volume quoted, but from various other sources as well,
+that only the walls of these houses were plastered with mud, the roof
+being of thatch alone. It seems to be overlooked that the tops of the
+houses would have even more need of such protection than the sides.
+The marks indicating that the clay was "stamped apparently with an
+implement made of split reeds" are only the impressions of the reeds
+or saplings by which the clay was supported; the "brick like" or
+"clinker like" condition of the clay being due, of course, to the
+destruction of the house by fire.
+
+Adair, in his History of the Southern Indians, says they daub their
+houses with tough mortar mixed with dry grass; that they build winter
+or hot houses after the manner of Dutch ovens, covered with clay.
+Again:
+
+   They are lathed with cane and plastered with mud from bottom to
+   top, within and without, with a good covering of straw.
+
+This seems to mean that the entire building was plastered with mud,
+and then covered with grass to shed the rainfall.
+
+In a mound in Arkansas County, Arkansas (Twelfth Ann. Rept. Bur.
+Ethn., p. 231)--
+
+   About 2 feet under the surface was a thick layer of burnt clay,
+   which probably formed the roof. In tracing out the circumference
+   a hard clay floor was found beneath, and between the two several
+   inches of ashes, but no skeletons. There were a great many pieces
+   of broken dishes so situated as to lead one to believe they were
+   on top of the house at the time it was burned.
+
+The fact that no skeletons or utensils were discovered on the floor
+finds its most reasonable explanation in the supposition that the
+inmates, finding their abode to be unsafe, moved out and took their
+possessions with them. This would account, also, for the absence of
+such remains in similar mounds farther north. The abundance of pottery
+fragments found in this case, and in many others, may mean only that
+these were worked in as a part of the clay roofing. They would be of
+some service in holding the clay in place in wet weather.
+
+It is quite probable that the continuous, though fragmentary, layer of
+burned clay on the floor so often noted is due in part at least to the
+material forming the roof. The walls would be more apt to fall outward
+than inward, and would be more liable to crumble than to fall as an
+intact mass. In fact, this is clearly shown by the statement (p. 229)
+that in certain house sites in St. Francis County, Arkansas,
+
+   The edges are all higher and have a thicker layer of this
+   [burned] material than the inner areas.
+
+Further, in describing explorations of certain "hut rings" at
+"Beckwith's Fort" in Mississippi County, Missouri (p. 187), the report
+states that they are
+
+   from 30 to 50 feet in diameter, measuring to the tops of their
+   rims, which are raised slightly above the natural level. The
+   depth of the depression at the center is from 2 to 3 feet. Near
+   the center, somewhat covered with earth, are usually found the
+   baked earth, charcoal, and ashes of ancient fires, and around
+   these and beneath the rims [that is, the surrounding ring or
+   embankment] split bones and fresh-water shells. Often mingled
+   with this refuse material are rude stone implements and fragments
+   of pottery.
+
+Note is made of
+
+   the similarity in the size, form, and general appearance of these
+   depressions and earthen rings to those of the earth lodges of the
+   abandoned Mandan towns along the Missouri River.
+
+It appears, too, that certain sites were occupied for long periods,
+new houses being constructed when necessary. In describing mounds in
+Poinsett County, Arkansas, the same writer says (p. 205) that
+
+   The positions and relations of these beds * * * make it evident
+   that upon the site of one burned dwelling another was usually
+   constructed, not infrequently a third, and sometimes even a
+   fourth, the remains of each being underlaid and usually overlaid
+   in part by very dark, adhesive clay or muck. * * *
+
+   The peculiar black color of these beds is chiefly in consequence
+   of the large proportion of charcoal with which they are mixed,
+   some of it doubtless the fine particles of burned grass and reed
+   matting with which the cabins appear to have been thatched.
+
+These layers of "very dark" material undoubtedly are remains of mud
+from the adjacent swamps, which was mixed with or plastered over the
+grass roofs. It is difficult to understand how they could have become
+mixed after the burning.
+
+As showing the extent to which this prolonged occupancy was carried,
+we are informed (p. 254) that in Coahoma County, Mississippi, a mound
+was--
+
+   oval and rounded on top, 210 feet long, 150 broad at the base,
+   and 16 feet high. This mound and several smaller ones near it are
+   so nearly masses of fire beds, burnt clay, fragments of stone and
+   pottery, together with more or less charcoal and ashes, as to
+   indicate clearly that they are the sites of ancient dwellings
+   thus elevated by accumulation of material during long continued
+   occupancy.
+
+In still other portions of the country besides those already mentioned
+are evidences of similar houses whose sites are now marked by mounds.
+In southern Ohio, especially, records of excavations contain numerous
+references to post holes under mounds both large and small. In the
+case of the former, so far as we may judge from the reports, the
+houses were destroyed before the mounds were built, and it does not
+appear that they were ever covered with earth. In the small, low, flat
+mounds, under which such holes existed, no thought was taken that
+these may mark the position of posts used to support a roof; all
+mounds were explored with the idea that they were for burial purposes,
+consequently no attention was paid to these features.
+
+The Mandan houses, as described by Lewis and Clark, Catlin, and
+others, when fallen into ruins would leave exactly such mounds or hut
+rings as those found in Missouri and Arkansas.
+
+It is now generally conceded that the wall or embankment at Aztalan,
+Wisconsin, concerning which so many wild theories have been
+promulgated, was simply a series of such house sites connected by a
+low ridge. The evidences of mysterious sacrificial altars seem to be
+due only to the destruction of such houses by fire.
+
+In Wisconsin, also, and in Minnesota, are many small mounds apparently
+of this character which are due to an extinct tribe known to the Sioux
+and Chippewas as "The Ground House Indians."
+
+In 1887 I became acquainted, at Munising, Michigan, with Mr. William
+Cameron. He was of the Scotch clan of Camerons, a nephew of a former
+Governor of Canada. Educated for a profession, he made a visit to
+relatives in Canada in early manhood, and the attractions of the
+wilderness proved so great that he never returned to his home. At the
+time I met him he was 84 years of age, in full possession of his
+mental faculties. For more than 60 years he had traversed the Lake
+region, his fur trading and trapping expeditions having carried him
+over all the country from Montreal to the mouth of the Mackenzie
+River. Much of his life had been spent among the Indians, especially
+the Sioux and Chippewas. He learned from them all they could tell him
+of their tribal history and former methods of living. The Chippewas
+told him that when they first came into the country they found the
+Sioux in possession, but finally, obtaining arms from the French, they
+drove the Sioux westward.
+
+The "old men" of the Sioux corroborated this tradition and told
+Cameron that as they went westward they came to a race of people who
+lived in mounds which they piled up. These people were large and
+strong, but cowardly. "If they had been as brave as they were big,"
+said the Sioux, "between them and the Chippewas we would have been
+destroyed; but they were great cowards and we easily drove them away."
+
+Mr. B.G. Armstrong, of Ashland, Wisconsin, told me that he had taken
+great pains to investigate this tradition. From all that he could
+gather by much inquiry among the Indians and from his own
+observations, he was satisfied of its correctness. These people, whom
+the Sioux called Ground House Indians, built houses of logs and posts,
+over and around which they piled earth until it formed a conical mass
+several feet thick above the roof. Their territory extended from Lake
+Eau Claire, about 30 miles south of Lake Superior, to the Wisconsin
+River near Wausau or Stevens Point; down the Wisconsin a short
+distance; thence west into Minnesota, but how far he could not say;
+then around north of Yellow Lake back to the Eau Claire region. The
+Sioux exterminated the tribe, the last survivors being an old man and
+a woman who had married a Sioux. They were taken to the present site
+of Superior, near Duluth, and "died about 200 years ago"--that is, in
+the last quarter of the seventeenth century.
+
+Gordon, an intelligent Indian living at the town of the same name, a
+short distance south of Superior, was familiar with this tradition, as
+were other Indians with whom I talked, and who accepted it as a
+well-known fact. Gordon related that he had heard "the old men" say
+these Indians erected their houses of wood and piled several feet of
+dirt over them; and they buried their dead in little mounds out in
+front of their houses and a few hundred feet away. He told of a mound
+that was opened near Yellow Lake in which the position and condition
+of the skeletons, two or three of children being among them, showed
+"as plainly as anything could" that they had been sitting or lounging
+around the fire, when the roof fell in and crushed them.
+
+There is a "Ground House River" in eastern Minnesota, which probably
+derives its name from this people.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [Footnote 1: Bushnell, D.I., jr., Archeology of the Ozark region
+  of Missouri. Amer. Anthrop., n.s. vol. 6, no. 2, p. 298.]
+
+  [Footnote 2: Bushnell, D.I., jr., Archeology of the Ozark region
+  of Missouri. Amer. Anthrop., n.s. vol. 6, no. 2, p. 298.]
+
+  [Footnote 3: Ibid., p. 297.]
+
+  [Footnote 4: Papers Peabody Museum, vol. III, no. 1, p. 16.]
+
+
+
+
+V. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The ethnologist or archeologist desiring to conduct explorations on
+the Hawaiian Islands will find it necessary to begin his labors at the
+Bishop Museum in Honolulu. This museum contains an extensive
+collection of articles, classified, arranged, and labeled,
+illustrating every phase of native life as it has existed since the
+islands have been known to white men, as well as many of the
+implements and objects pertaining to agriculture, fisheries, and
+domestic occupations of earlier times. Models or casts of houses, and
+of individuals engaged in various lines of industry, give the visitor
+a clear idea as to the routine of ordinary daily life. A careful study
+of all these things enlightens him in regard to what he may expect to
+find and to the meaning of such discoveries as he may make.
+
+The extensive library which belongs to the museum contains every
+publication relating not alone to the islands but to all the
+archipelagoes of the southern Pacific that it is possible to procure;
+and among the most valuable of the volumes are the reports and memoirs
+of the museum itself, in which are set forth the observations and
+deductions of numerous investigators who, either in behalf of the
+museum or under its auspices, have endeavored to find a solution for
+the many problems involved.
+
+Equally valuable to the student are the information, interpretations,
+and instruction freely placed at his disposal by those connected with
+the museum, especially by Dr. Brigham, the former director, whose long
+and busy life has been devoted almost entirely to a study of the
+Polynesian groups; by Professor Gregory, the present director, who
+with tireless energy is the impelling force behind various lines of
+scientific research; by Mr. Stokes, curator of the ethnological
+department, who for more than a score of years has been surveying,
+photographing, and collecting in every part of the islands; by Mr.
+Thomas G. Thrum, of Honolulu, who has completed, in manuscript, a
+volume containing a list and description of more than 500 heiaus on
+the islands; and by various other men who, in private life, have
+devoted much time and close attention to whatever may pertain to
+native life and customs.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MOLOKAI ISLAND
+
+Following the advice of those whose knowledge gave them authority to
+speak decisively, the initial base of research was the island of
+Molokai, which presents the best conditions for study. It lies off the
+usual lines of travel, offers no inducement to tourists who wish to
+have the benefit of good roads and comfortable hotels, and
+consequently is seldom visited except by those who are called on
+business or who go as the guests of the few residents there.
+
+Mr. George Cooke, one of the owners of a large cattle and sheep ranch
+on the island, and greatly interested in its aboriginal history, gave
+most generous aid in a reconnoissance of such parts as he had time to
+visit. He placed his beautiful summer residence at the disposal of
+Prof. Gregory and the writer, and conducted the explorers to nearly
+all the places of interest which could be approached by automobile.
+Mr. James Munro, manager of the ranch, also rendered valuable
+assistance. Owing to his long residence here he has become thoroughly
+familiar with every noteworthy feature, and pointed out many remains
+which, without his guidance, would have been missed altogether. Fully
+acquainted with the life of the Hawaiian people, he made clear the
+origin and purpose of many things that, lacking his intelligent
+explanation, would have been without significance.
+
+Although there are now comparatively few Hawaiians on Molokai, it is
+evident that the island at one time supported a dense population.
+Along the southern, or leeward, coast are numerous fish ponds formed
+by building a stone wall across an inlet or, more frequently, by
+constructing it with the ends on shore and carrying it around a
+section of the open sea. The walls are strong enough to resist the
+waves, well above the level of high tide, and surround spaces of
+various areas up to 70 acres. These ponds were stocked with numerous
+kinds of fish which, thus protected from their natural enemies,
+increased rapidly and formed an unfailing food supply. The antiquity
+of these ponds is denoted by the amount of silt partially filling
+them, brought down from the mountains by erosion of the soil. They are
+still used to some extent by Hawaiians as well as by other residents.
+
+Inland, low walls of stone or earth, or both, surround hundreds of old
+taro patches, one variety of these plants requiring an abundant supply
+of water during its growth. The poi made from taro was the principal
+vegetable food of the inhabitants. Sweet potatoes were also a leading
+article of diet. The fields in which they were grown may still be
+identified here and there by the little ridges heaped up. All these,
+with the addition of migratory birds and fowls which at certain
+seasons swarmed on the different islands, supplemented by various nuts
+and fruits growing spontaneously, provided a varied and ample food
+supply. Mammals, except the pig, dog, and rat (really a large mouse),
+which came in with the early natives, were unknown prior to the advent
+of the whites. There were no land reptiles and few indigenous noxious
+insects; although mosquitoes, not to mention certain domestic pests,
+abound in a few places, and there are some scorpions and centipedes;
+but these, like measles, smallpox, tuberculosis, and worse diseases,
+are adjuncts of an enforced civilization. The mongoose, brought in to
+destroy rats, and the myna bird, to devour insects, are themselves now
+beginning to be detrimental.
+
+Along the coasts, on the headlands and lower hills, and to a less
+extent farther inland, are village sites, foundations of temples and
+houses, garden patches inclosed by stone walls, and long rows of
+stones, some of which are borders of roads or trails, others being for
+purposes which are undetermined. Among these, taro beds and sweet
+potato patches may still be traced.
+
+The most remarkable among the remains are the great temple site on
+Senator Cooke's ranch, toward the east end of the island, and the
+"paved trail" 10 miles down the coast from Kaunakakai, the principal
+village and harbor. The former is rectangular in outline, built on
+irregular ground, of stones large and small, to form a level platform
+on which a thousand persons could assemble without being hampered for
+lack of room. The outer faces of the walls vary from 3 to 20 feet in
+height; and except at the lowest parts there are terraces or steps all
+around, about 5 feet in height and of differing width. Surrounding
+this platform, extending for half a mile up the little valley of which
+it marks the entrance, on the slopes to either side, and on the nearly
+level area reaching down to the sea in front, are all the indications
+of a populous settlement.
+
+It is said that the ruins were formerly much more numerous and
+extensive, the larger part of them being swept out of existence by a
+great rush of water from the mountains "a long time ago."
+
+The "paved trail" is a causeway of large stones. Some parts of it are
+obliterated by slides and encroaching ravines; other parts preserve
+the original condition and appearance. The width is not quite uniform,
+as the stones are of different sizes, but it departs very little
+either way from 6 feet. So far as can be judged in its present
+overgrown state, it extends in a straight line for about 2 miles, from
+the beach to a point on the hill at an altitude of fully 1,000 feet.
+To what it led, or why it was built, are questions awaiting an answer.
+
+All of these places are now abandoned except a few villages along the
+coast. The people are not here to occupy them, and even if they were
+the conditions have become so changed that residence about them is no
+longer feasible. At the temple site, for example, the extent of the
+old taro beds predicates an abundance of water; at present, the one
+family living near by must carry it in a dry season from the well or
+spring of a neighbor. There is no steady water supply within miles of
+the "paved trail."
+
+Clearly, extensive changes have taken place in recent times in climate
+and perhaps in topography. Fifty years ago forests of large trees grew
+over hundreds of square miles on the southern slopes of Molokai where
+at the present time there is only grass, or where algaroba trees,
+similar to the mesquite of the southwestern United States, are now
+spreading. This deforestation is still going on; dead or dying trees
+fringe the timber still standing. The cause of this progressive
+barrenness has not, so far, been, fully ascertained; there is
+undoubtedly a connection between it and the diminished water supply,
+though which is cause and which is effect, or whether both are due in
+common to some atmospheric phenomenon, is unknown. One result,
+however, is apparent. The roots of the forest trees do not extend deep
+into the earth, but spread out over the surface like those of pine
+trees. Thus much of the rainfall was prevented from escaping rapidly
+and such as was not absorbed by the roots made its way into the ground
+beneath the upper soil, whence it percolated downward to feed the
+springs. Now the greater part of the water runs off and is lost. For
+this reason large areas once well populated are no longer habitable.
+
+Molokai, like other islands of the group, contains no stone except of
+volcanic or coral formation. There is no chert or similar material
+from which chipped implements can be made; nor, as would naturally be
+expected, is there any obsidian suitable for such manufacture. It may
+occasionally be seen on the sites of villages, but always in small
+angular fragments seldom more than half an inch in any dimension,
+always coarse-grained, even porous, and never of a quality which can
+be flaked into definite forms. No doubt its only use was as an
+abrasive, after being pounded fine. Rarely, quartz or chalcedony is
+found; it resembles the deposit around hot springs or in fissures,
+and, like the obsidian, is in fragments too small to be utilized
+except as a grinding or polishing material for smoothing wrought
+objects.
+
+Manufactured stone specimens are confined principally to three general
+classes: Adzes, for working in wood; pestles, for pounding the taro
+root; and discoids, for games. The last are exactly similar to the
+chunkey stones so abundant in the States, except that none of them
+have concave or hollowed faces, and they are used in the same way.
+There were three forms of the game: To hurl or roll a disk farther
+than an opponent; to strike a pole or other mark set up; and to test
+the inherent magical powers of the stones by rolling them in such a
+way that they would collide, the object in this case being to see
+which one might prove victorious by breaking the other or forcing it
+out of its course. A suitable arena for the contest was prepared by
+carefully leveling and smoothing a straight, narrow strip of ground to
+any length desired, a slight wall being thrown up along each margin.
+
+Pottery was unknown, there being no clay suitable for making it.
+Calabashes or gourds and wooden trays served as receptacles, though
+stone dishes or bowls are sometimes found. Along the coast occur
+sinkers, either plummet-shaped or half-ovoid like an egg divided
+lengthwise. This form has a groove around the longer diameter,
+crossing the flat face, and was tied to a white shell as a sinker in
+catching squids or cuttlefish, a hook being attached to the line.
+Coral was much used as files or rasps. There are a few objects whose
+purpose is problematical; and some highly polished black disks which,
+laid flat and covered with a film of water, make excellent mirrors;
+but aside from what is here mentioned, not much worked stone is found.
+Wood, bone, and shell served as the raw material for nearly all other
+needs.
+
+Graves, or what are supposed to be graves, marked by cairns 3 or 4
+feet high, or perhaps by only one or two layers of stones, are found,
+though rare. Many so-called caves--which are merely "tunnels,"
+"bubbles," or "blow-holes" in the lava--were utilized as burial
+vaults. The natives vigorously protested against an attempt to
+excavate any of these, claiming that their ancestors or members of
+their families are buried in them and must not be disturbed. In the
+dunes human skeletons are frequently exposed by the shifting of the
+sands by the high wind. The natives seem to have little regard for
+these. Perhaps they are of the "common people," while cairns cover the
+chiefs or priests. There is a tradition that in "the old times" most
+of the dead were cast into the ocean as an offering to the Shark God.
+
+There are no mounds or other structures of earth; everything was built
+of stone. All structures began at the surface of the ground. No
+evidence has been found of an occupation earlier than that of the
+present Hawaiian people. At no point examined in ravines or cliffs was
+there the slightest hint of human life at a period antedating that
+beginning with the race discovered by Captain Cook. Consequently no
+extended excavations were attempted. The results of some examinations
+made in three different places will be presented.
+
+About 10 miles in an air line from Kaunakakai and the same distance
+from Mr. Cooke's home, on a mountain known as Mauna Loa, is a narrow,
+sharp ridge extending nearly south and terminating abruptly at the
+junction of two deep ravines. On the end of this are two house sites,
+or heiaus, which had never been disturbed. They are as nearly
+rectangular as the irregular stones of which they are built will
+permit. The larger (A) has its south wall at the edge of the low
+cliff, with its sides nearly on the cardinal lines. Omitting inches
+from the measurements, its outer dimensions are: North wall 38 feet,
+south wall 32 feet, east wall 33 feet, west wall 32 feet. The
+corresponding inside measurements are 21 feet, 19 feet, 21 feet, and
+22 feet. Thirteen feet north from the north wall is a stone pile 13
+feet north and south by 10 feet east and west, 18 inches high. Ten
+feet west of this is a single layer of stones covering an area 7 feet
+east and west by 4 feet north and south. At 9 feet out from the middle
+of the west wall is a platform 7 by 7 feet, its west edge on large
+stones in place. At the west end of the north wall are three large
+flat stones, one of them forming the corner, the two others west of
+this, the three being up-edged and in a continuous line.
+
+Within the inclosure, at the southern end, is a closely laid pavement
+formed of a single stratum of loose stones, laid on the earth, and
+covering a space 20 feet east and west by 10 feet north and south.
+Along the inside of the wall, at the northeast corner, is a similar
+pavement 12 feet north and south by 4 feet 6 inches east and west, and
+a foot high. Both of these pavements were probably intended for seats
+and beds. On the larger pavement, 5 feet from the south wall, 9 feet
+from the east corner, was a boulder, its diameters 11, 12, and 15
+inches, whose largest surface lay uppermost and was hollowed out to
+form, a deep saucer-shaped depression like a mortar; but as there was
+nothing to grind, it was probably to crack or pound nuts in. At the
+middle of the southeast quarter of the inclosure was a pile of stones
+31/2 feet across and 1 foot high; there was nothing under them. Seven
+feet from the north wall, 10 feet from the east wall, was a fireplace
+formed of two slabs on the east and west sides and a flattened boulder
+on the south side, all upedged, the north side being left open. Its
+bottom was undisturbed earth, a foot lower than the level of the
+platforms. It would seem, though this is uncertain, that the platforms
+or pavements were on the original surface level, the unpaved space
+being cleared out to the level of the bottom of the fireplace, and
+that this space had been filled with earth blown in by the winds after
+the spot was abandoned. From outside to outside the upedged stones
+measured 26 by 28 inches; the space inside 18 by 20 inches. On the
+west edge was a large grinding stone, the amount of wear on its
+surface indicating much use. A pavement 4 feet wide reached from the
+open side of the fireplace to the north wall.
+
+In the cavity was about half a bushel of small stones, most of them
+burned. When meat was to be baked, a fire was made in the pit and as
+many of the stones as required were heated; they were placed in the
+body cavity, in the mouth, and in slits cut in the skin of the animal,
+which was then deposited in the pit, closely covered, and left until
+thoroughly cooked. Similar ovens or barbecue holes, and the same
+method of cooking, are still in use among the natives in their
+villages.
+
+Views of this house site and of the fireplace, taken from various
+directions, are shown in plates 38-40.
+
+Nearly north of the house site (A), at a distance of 91 feet, is the
+similar structure (B). The ground on which this is built is 6 feet
+lower than at (A). Its measurements are 23 by 24 feet outside, 13 by
+18 feet inside, longest north and south. The entire interior is paved.
+For a space of 8 feet from the north end the pavement is a foot higher
+than in the south end. Beginning at the foot of the south wall, on the
+outer side, and extending for 29 feet toward (A), there is a closely
+laid stone pavement 10 feet wide at the wall and gradually diminishing
+to a width of 5 feet; its termination is nearly square, the slight
+curve being apparently not intentional. The west edge of this pavement
+is in a straight line, the east edge being curved.
+
+Partial views are given in plate 41.
+
+Neither (A) nor (B) has any opening for a doorway, nor is there any
+apparent method of easy entrance, though a slight platform on the
+north side of (A) may have supported steps of wood.
+
+These walls, as in all other heavy structures observed, were made by
+carefully laying up two rows of large stones at a little distance
+apart and filling the space between them with stones of any convenient
+size, thrown in at random. Timbers set in them formed the skeleton
+structure of a house which was completed of poles and smaller growth,
+the sides and roof being thatched. The weight of the stones held the
+main timbers against the force of the wind even in severe storms.
+
+The surface over hundreds of acres around these ruins is covered with
+house sites, long straight rows of stones, and garden lots surrounded
+by stone walls. Shop refuse, mostly chips and spalls from adz making,
+sea shells broken to extract the mollusks, coral for abrading, adzes
+in all stages of finish, and many "olimaikis" (chunkey stones) are
+found. A mile away is a chunkey yard or bowling alley about 600 feet
+long on the crest of a ridge which overlooks the ocean on both sides
+of the island.
+
+
+THE RAIN HEIAU
+
+A mile from the Cooke residence is a peculiar structure, said to be
+the only one of its kind in the entire Hawaiian group. Native
+tradition has it that "a long time ago" a rain wizard who was angered
+by the people of this district sent such rains that everything was on
+the point of being washed out to sea. Another wizard told the people
+to make a heiau (temple, or sacred building) with many small
+compartments which were to be left uncovered in order that the
+raindrops, each of which was as large as a man's head, could be caught
+and held in them, and burned. The rain would cease when the first
+wizard learned that he was being circumvented.
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 38
+  a, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west
+  b, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north
+  c, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 39
+  a, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south
+  b, Platform in Heiau A, looking southeast
+  c, Paved way in Heiau A, looking southwest]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 40
+  a, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north
+  b, Fireplace in Heiau A]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 41
+  a, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest
+  b, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking northeast]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 42
+  a, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west
+  b, The "Rain Heiau," looking south]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 43
+  a, The "Rain Heiau," looking north
+  b, The "Rain Heiau," looking southwest]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 44
+  a, The "Sacrifice Stones" on Molokai Island; looking southwest
+  b, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking west]
+
+  [Illustration: PLATE 45
+  a, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest
+  b, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking south]
+
+As it now remains, this heiau consists of flat stones placed on edge
+to make an inclosure 301/2 by 201/2 feet across the center, the length of
+the walls being 271/2 feet on the north, 311/2 feet on the south, 19 feet
+on the east, and 231/2 feet on the west. At the middle is a minor
+inclosure, similarly formed, 5 feet 8 inches by 3 feet 8 inches,
+longest north and south. This is a kind of "altar" or "praying place."
+From it a narrow passage, 12 to 18 inches wide, extends to the middle
+of each side. In each of the four divisions thus formed other stones
+were placed to form box-like spaces of diverse shapes and dimensions
+from 9 by 15 to 20 by 28 and 15 by 45 inches. All the stones were set
+on the surface, braced against one another; no excavation was made to
+hold them. They have been somewhat displaced so that the exact number
+of the boxes can not now be ascertained, but there are somewhere
+between 110 and 120 of them.
+
+Partial views are shown in plates 42 and 43.
+
+
+THE SACRIFICE STONES
+
+On the south side of a ravine with steep slopes and bowlder-strewn
+bottom, half a mile from the "Rain Heiau," is a pile of stones, most
+of them the natural outcrop, but some of them intentionally placed.
+The entire mass measures about 27 feet across each way. The highest
+stone is a weather-worn slab, with the upper surface somewhat convex,
+6 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet 3 inches wide on the bottom, 1 foot 3
+inches wide on top, 1 foot 4 inches thick. It lies nearly east and
+west, the upper end on the ground, the lower end on a large bowlder,
+beyond which it projects for 28 inches. Beneath this, with a space of
+8 inches between them, is another stone, 5 feet long, 2 feet 4 inches
+wide, and 10 inches thick. Its upper surface is concave, the entire
+margin being higher than the central portion. It lies north and south,
+the southern end being supported by three small superposed slabs.
+
+These two are supposed to be sacrificial stones, on which victims were
+extended at full length, face downward. In this position they were
+easily slain by being decapitated or the neck or head being broken
+with a club or a stone. That they were utilized for some definite
+purpose is evident from the fact that the projecting ends of both have
+been broken off square, the spalls splitting back along the
+under-surface.
+
+Views are given in plates 44 and 45.
+
+On the opposite slope of the ravine from the sacrifice stones are two
+old dancing platforms, made by digging the earth down on the hillside
+to form a level area, the lower margin of which is supported by a high
+wall of heavy stones. Near the platforms, on the steep slope, is a
+space of a fourth of an acre surrounded by a stone wall; and a row of
+stones marks and preserves a trail or path from them to the bottom of
+the ravine, terminating at what seems to be a small reservoir
+surrounded by stones and earth, with a dam above and to one side of it
+to shut out storm water.
+
+One hundred and fifty yards up the ravine from the dance platforms are
+two large artificial depressions in weathered bowlders. They have the
+appearance of mortars or nut-crushing holes, but are supposed to be
+for catching water during rains, as it is known that the natives made
+these miniature reservoirs or catch basins, the water being dipped out
+into vessels as it accumulated.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+HAWAII ISLAND
+
+There are reports of former heiaus, house sites, etc., in and around
+Hilo, and there are numerous so-called "caves," many of which were
+used by the earlier natives as receptacles for their dead. The term
+"cave" is not to be taken in its usual meaning of a cavity due to
+erosion by water, or the small recesses due to wind scouring. In the
+Hawaiian Islands it means a tube or tunnel; a hollow space due to gas
+expansion; or a hole formed by gas or steam expansion or explosion in
+the lava while it is still soft or flowing; and which is now
+accessible where the top has fallen in or where it has reached the
+face of a cliff. These still exist practically as they were at the
+time of their formation.
+
+Of remains upon the surface, the clearing-up processes necessary for
+cultivation, and the improvements in and around the towns and
+villages, have either entirely destroyed them or so defaced them that
+they are now only shapeless ruins. Most or all of the near-by caves
+are in lava flows of comparatively recent origin and no reports of
+interments in them could be definitely verified. Human bones were
+found in three caves near Olaa, 10 miles from Hilo, but no objects of
+any sort were with them. The condition of the bones showed they had
+not been long deposited; in fact, with one skeleton were hobnailed
+leather shoes, with the bones of the feet still in them.
+
+Three skeletons were discovered in a small cave near the dock in
+making an excavation for a railway cut. An old man living in the
+vicinity protested vigorously against any disturbance of them, saying
+they had been his friends and he had helped bury them. In deference to
+his sentiment the line of the track was deflected so as not to disturb
+the spot.
+
+Nearly all of the bones mentioned above were soft and decayed, owing
+to the water which had percolated through the roof and dripped on
+them.
+
+
+KILAUEA
+
+It seemed probable that burials, or places where religious rites had
+been performed, might be found in the vicinity of the volcano. A
+number of caves were visited, but no evidence could be found to
+indicate that bodies were ever deposited in them, and persons living
+in that region had never heard of anything of the sort being found. A
+few of the caves were dry, but most of them were wet or have become
+obstructed by falling in of the sides or roof. Ledges and terraces
+within the ancient crater may contain graves, but lava flows and ash
+deposits have obliterated all traces of such if they ever existed.
+
+
+WAIMEA
+
+From 2 to 4 miles west of Waimea, on both sides of the road to
+Kawaihae, are numerous stone walls, house sites, garden inclosures,
+taro terraces, and other forms, of uncertain use and purpose. The
+remains extend over many hundreds of acres. It is said that up to
+about 1840 this was an important town, containing at one period about
+17,000 inhabitants.
+
+
+QUARRY ON MAUNA KEA
+
+Waimea is the point from which to start for the quarries where the
+ancients obtained the hard black stone for making adzes. A great
+amount of work was done there, and refuse is abundant. It is 48 miles
+from Waimea to the quarries, part of the way by cattle trail through
+rough country, and they are at an elevation of more than 10,000 feet,
+considerably above the winter snow line. An examination was not
+attempted, as a visit to them involved securing a camping outfit and
+hiring guides and helpers at exorbitant wages.
+
+
+KAWAIHAE
+
+The "Great Temple" built by King Kamehameha I is on a bluff 100 feet
+high, separated from the beach by a low level space 100 yards wide.
+This flat contains many stone structures, but their number, design,
+and character can not be ascertained on account of the almost
+impenetrable growth of algaroba. One of them is a rectangle about 50
+by 150 feet, the walls high and thick; probably it is an older temple.
+There is some modern work here, because in one place a wall is
+cemented, perhaps by ranchmen.
+
+The "Great Temple" measures 80 by 200 feet on the outside, 50 by 150
+feet inside, longest north and south. The two ends and the side toward
+the land are nearly intact and from 10 to 20 feet high according to
+the surface of the ground. At the north end, inside, is a platform 80
+feet north and south by 45 feet east and west, the four walls
+carefully and regularly laid up, the space within them filled with
+large stones, and the surface leveled with beach pebbles. It ends 4
+feet within the wall next the sea, the top of this wall being on a
+level with the bottom of the platform. At the south end is another
+platform 40 feet east and west by 20 feet north and south, abutting
+against the east and south walls. A step or terrace 6 feet wide
+extends the full length of its north side. It has a less finished
+appearance than the platform at the north end. The central space,
+between the two, is paved with large stones which apparently pass
+under both platforms and extend from the foot of the east wall nearly
+to the west wall, a slight ditch separating it from the latter. The
+west wall stands below the top of the slope, and its outer face is
+from 10 to 20 feet high, in three platforms each 8 feet wide. On the
+slope below are several structures a few feet square formed by two
+parallel rows of stones with a cross wall at the lower ends, the
+cellar-like space thus inclosed being filled with pebbles to a level
+with the top of the walls.
+
+From the northeast and northwest corners long walls extend northwest
+and southwest toward the beach. Their outer ends are lost in the
+thicket.
+
+
+EAST POINT DISTRICT
+
+From Kapoho southward to Kalapana and beyond many remains are
+reported, but residents say they are of rather modern date, some of
+them having been occupied since white people came into the country to
+live. Lava flows of recent date have covered a few.
+
+
+NAPOOPOO
+
+The large heiau at which Captain Cook made his landing, and where he
+allowed himself to be worshipped as a god, is about in its original
+condition, having been repaired in recent years. When Captain Cook
+attempted to seize the King as a prisoner, the natives naturally
+rallied to the King's defense. A stone or other missile struck Cook on
+the head.
+
+Early in the last century an old Hawaiian who as a small boy witnessed
+the affray told Rev. Mr. Paris (as related by his daughter) that if
+Cook had been the god he pretended to be, the blow would not have hurt
+him; but when he fell with a loud groan the people knew he was only a
+man like themselves and, enraged at the deception practiced on them,
+quickly made an end of him.
+
+
+HONAUNAU
+
+The wall of the City of Refuge is nearly intact, as is that of the
+large heiau. Another heiau was destroyed by a tidal wave. The place is
+now a public park. Stokes, of the Bishop Museum, has done much work
+here and at Napoopoo. The result of his labors will be published.
+
+
+KEAUHOU
+
+The "Slide," made here in the time of King Kamehameha I, consists of
+two stone walls from 50 to 75 feet apart, the space between them being
+filled with stones to provide a level surface from side to side and to
+equalize the slope from top to bottom. It begins a mile from the foot
+of the hill, and its terminus was on a level area near the coast. The
+lower end is now so displaced and overgrown for a fourth of a mile
+that it can no longer be traced; the remainder of it is practically
+intact. The slope is not uniform, being somewhat determined by the
+natural surface, so that it is steeper in some parts than in others.
+Near the upper end some short stretches are quite steep, presenting
+from below the appearance of terraces. In places, flat stones are laid
+pavement fashion from side to side, or rows of stones which seem to be
+the tops of walls extend across. These were probably to prevent
+crawling of the smaller material used as a leveler. The slide,
+according to an old Hawaiian, was covered with one variety of grass,
+on which was laid another variety; but he could not say whether the
+two layers had their stems parallel or crosswise. Kukui-nut oil was
+used plentifully to act as a binder and to give a slick surface. The
+"sliders," as well as he could remember the description of them, were
+like sleds with runners; not flat boards like a toboggan. Small
+depressions here and there, either basin-shaped or well-shaped, have
+led to excavations in the hope of finding something; but they are due
+only to falling-in of tubes, tunnels, or bubbles in the lava.
+
+A somewhat similar but very much smaller slide is said to be on the
+coast 40 miles south of this one. At present it can be reached only
+from the shore, making a canoe voyage necessary.
+
+Two ruined and overgrown heiaus are near the water line a mile from
+the slide. Both are built on bare lava, and at very high tides waves
+dash over them. Possibly the shore has sunk since they were built.
+Near by, on the flat lava, covered by every tide, are rock carvings
+rudely resembling the outlines of human figures. They must be of
+rather recent origin, as the stone is constantly subject to wear by
+the shingle. Stokes has copied them.
+
+
+MOOKINI
+
+At the extreme northwest corner of the island of Hawaii is a heiau in
+excellent preservation, there being but few fallen stones. The ground
+around is entirely free of growth except for grass and a few weeds,
+which may explain its appearance of newness; it has a very modern
+aspect, though it seems to antedate the discovery. It measures 120 by
+275 feet, longest east and west. The east wall is 11 feet high with a
+narrow terrace from end to end about midway the height. The north wall
+is 18 feet high. The south wall, which is in a somewhat irregular
+line, is 5 to 6 feet high. On the outside of the south wall, which
+forms one side of each, are two inclosures. One, near the east corner,
+measures 65 feet east and west and 15 feet wide, with its west wall at
+the edge of an opening which gives access to the interior of the
+heiau. The wall of this inclosure is 4 feet high. The other inclosure
+measures 21 feet east and west by 28 feet north and south, the west
+end flush with the west end of the temple. Its wall is 3 feet high.
+
+The main west wall is 12 feet high. A platform 2 to 4 feet wide,
+probably a seat or bench, extends along the inside of the south wall.
+An interior wall 4 feet high, not straight but approximately parallel
+with the north wall, with a space 10 to 15 feet wide separating them,
+has one end against the east wall, the other end coming near enough to
+the west wall to leave only a narrow passageway.
+
+The entire space inside is paved with large stones; on these, as a
+floor, are several walls whose purpose is not clear; they run in
+various directions. Near the west end are some small inclosures, also
+a raised platform in which are 13 "wells," said to be intended to
+"hold the blood of those offered up as a sacrifice." Possibly the
+bodies or bones of victims were placed in them, though it is more
+probable that they held posts or idols.
+
+On the outside, 20 feet from the west wall, is a "sacrifice stone," 6
+by 8 feet, averaging 15 inches thick. It is somewhat dished, with a
+natural depression 12 inches deep.
+
+The heiau is about 200 yards from the ocean. Walls, like fallen
+fences, extend diagonally from the corners at the west end; the
+northern one terminates 200 yards away on an outcrop of lava; the
+southern one has about the same length and ends 50 feet from a similar
+wall that reaches in a rude semicircle, convex uphill, for 300 yards
+to the top of a cliff over the ocean. On the opposite side of a small
+cove within the farther end of this wall is a stone which is known to
+the natives as the "Shark" or the "Shark God." It is 81/2 feet long, 32
+inches across at the widest part, averages 14 inches thick, and has
+somewhat the shape of a coffin with narrowed ends. Lying just on the
+break of the slope, it inclines slightly down the bank. The end toward
+the water is carved in a fairly good representation of a turtle's
+head; on the opposite end are nine artificial cup-like depressions
+from 11/2 to 3 inches in diameter with a depth rather less than half the
+width; three are on top, three on the end, three on the lower side.
+Like any long stone supported at the center with the ends free, it
+gives a metallic note when struck with a knife or other small piece
+of metal. It is already defaced by curious experimenters, and will
+probably be broken up some day in search of the "treasure" inside, or
+to "see where the music comes from."
+
+For nearly a mile south of the heiau, covering the space between the
+ocean cliff and a line approximately parallel to it a fourth of a mile
+up the hill, are many inclosures and long walls. Low walls surround
+spaces 10 to 15 feet across, filled level with earth, which are either
+house sites or burial places. Some inclosures, still smaller, with no
+break in the wall, are supposed to be graves; and graves may also be
+marked by the many small piles of stones. Other stone heaps, some
+straight, some crescent-shaped, from 10 to 20 feet long, all the
+curved ones convex to the windward, were wind shelters. Some of them
+are known to be made by modern hunters as blinds in plover shooting.
+
+In at least two places are long parallel rows of large stones placed
+singly, 1 foot to 3 feet apart, the rows separated by a space of from
+4 to 6 feet. One set has a dozen or more rows.
+
+Inside of one of the inclosures, directly up the hill from the old
+landing, is a large stone with an artificial depression of 2 gallons
+capacity. It was intended as a mortar for pounding nuts.
+
+
+LAUPAHOEHOE
+
+An old lava flow has pushed out into the ocean in a shape somewhat
+resembling "a leaf floating on the water," which is the meaning of the
+word. It forms a nearly level area of 12 or 13 acres, only a few feet
+above tide. Toward the outer end are numerous walls and inclosures,
+mostly in ruins and overgrown with trees and bushes. Some of them are
+clearly modern; others are ancient. Near the lighthouse are the
+remnants of a heiau; only a part of its walls can be traced.
+
+A wall 3 feet high, beginning at a large stone at one corner, incloses
+a space 26 by 27 feet, outside measurement; the interior is filled
+with earth and small stones to a level with the top of the walls. At
+the end toward the ocean, is a platform 20 feet wide, terminating 50
+feet from the sea. On this platform is a space 7 by 12 feet, outlined
+by large rocks. Halfway between the platform and the water is a wall
+which may be recent.
+
+Near this inclosure is one hexagonal in outline, the walls 2 feet
+high, and the space inside, 11 by 17 feet, filled with earth to a foot
+above the top of the wall.
+
+On top of the bluff, 350 feet above tide level, is a heiau the west
+wall of which was removed in making a deep cut for the railway. The
+inside dimensions are 70 feet east and west, 115 feet north and south.
+The interior area, originally irregular, was somewhat leveled, and
+covered with a pavement of cobblestones which were carried up from the
+beach, as were many of the large stones in the wall. The pavement has
+been torn up in cultivating the ground. The wall is from 4 to 6 feet
+high inside. This is a little more than the original height, as it was
+repaired and raised for use as a corral. Along the outside of the
+north wall, at the west end, is a heavy wall which, with the main
+wall, forms a "well," nearly filled with rocks. There are no
+supporting platforms outside, but along the north and east walls are
+revetments reaching halfway up the face. The southeast corner is
+rounded and braced or buttressed. These forms of support have been
+noticed in only one other place. There is a house site within, at the
+northeast corner. On the wall, placed there in adding to its height,
+were a broken taro pestle and a very dense siliceous rock, of high
+specific gravity, and filled with olivines. It weighs about 75 pounds.
+The ends have been chipped off to give it an ellipsoidal form,
+otherwise the wave-worn surface is unworked, except that one of its
+larger faces is rubbed smooth, almost polished, by use as a grinding
+stone, for which purpose it is excellently adapted by reason of its
+unusual abrasive quality.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+MAUI ISLAND
+
+There are not many aboriginal structures on Maui, but among those
+which can be found are some of extreme interest on account of their
+size and complicated arrangement.
+
+
+KAUPO, OR MOKULAU
+
+A mile and a half from the coast at Kaupo, or Mokulau landing, at the
+eastern end of the island, are two large heiaus. As it would have
+required a week's time and a considerable outlay of money to reach
+them, by reason of the distance and lack of roads, they were not
+visited.
+
+
+WAILUKU
+
+At the mouth of the Iao Valley, a mile north of Wailuku, is a sand
+dune having a nearly level area of about an acre at each end,
+connected by a curved ridge whose sharp crest is lowered about 20 feet
+by erosion. On each extremity is a stone inclosure, with several walls
+on the slopes below them except on the eastern side, toward the ocean.
+Here a stream has encroached upon the bottom of the dune to such an
+extent that only a portion of the inclosure nearer town is still
+remaining, one side and part of each end having fallen into the
+ravine. The wall along the opposite, or western, side is buried in the
+sand, only the highest stones still projecting. From the north wall a
+facing of large stones extending down the surface of the dune for a
+vertical distance of 15 feet has prevented erosion by the winds. No
+protection was necessary below this point as the action of rain water
+on the lime from disintegrated coral rock contained in the deposit has
+caused the sand to "set" or harden.
+
+The other heiau, at the north end of the dune, is apparently
+unfinished. None of it has disappeared, but the plan is difficult to
+make out. At its northern end is a protecting layer of stones reaching
+25 to 30 feet down the slope, in three separate terraces. Similar
+terraces are on the slope below the southern end of the east wall.
+Here and there within the structure are well-like spaces filled with
+stones. The purpose of these is unknown. Stones of varying sizes,
+mostly small, within the walls indicate a pavement or floor, but the
+dense growth of lantana brush and the accumulated sand preclude any
+careful examination or accurate description of these remains.
+
+
+WAIHEE
+
+Southward from the mouth of the Waihee Valley, 5 miles north of
+Wailuku, is a range of sand dunes from 200 to 300 feet high, extending
+for half a mile or more in a wide curve, with the concave side facing
+the ocean. The level space thus bounded is about a fourth of a mile in
+its greatest width and contains 50 or 60 acres. Approximately parallel
+with the windings of the shore line, at an average distance of 200
+feet from it, is a strong stone wall, built at an unknown date but
+prior to the advent of the whites. The plain purpose of this wall was
+to protect from high tides the low land lying behind it and reaching
+nearly to the foot of the dunes. This area is now cultivated in a
+variety of crops, mainly rice. Formerly it was a great taro patch of a
+Hawaiian settlement. A modern flume, which follows closely the line of
+an ancient ditch, brings down the necessary water from Waihee Creek.
+
+In front of the wall a space of 5 or 6 acres is covered with a stone
+pavement on which are the walls of old houses and inclosures. They are
+protected on the seaward side by thousands of cubic yards of
+water-worn stones, piled up like a revetment or riprap, which
+terminate abruptly at the southern end but extend to the mouth of the
+creek at the north. The dunes show many angular rocks of the same
+general material, in their lower portion, so they all probably belong
+to a spur or projection from the mountain, washed clean at the front
+by waves, and covered at the rear by the dunes. Some of the stones
+along the water front were rolled by tides and wave-currents from the
+debris carried down by the creek from the mountains. At high tides
+waves surmount this natural breakwater, but spread out over the level
+pavement and sink between the stones, so that dwellers upon the site
+were not disturbed by their action.
+
+At its northern extremity the high wall connects with a rear corner of
+an extensive heiau, which was either never completed or has been
+partially demolished. The unfinished appearance of this, as of all
+similar remains, is explained by the natives as being due to the
+interrupted efforts at their construction by "the little people"
+(fairies), thousands of whom took part in the work. They must complete
+their task in one night; at the first gleam of dawn they must
+instantly disappear, leaving their work as it was at the moment, and
+could never gather at that spot again.
+
+The highest part of the heiau wall still upright is about 10 feet; but
+some of the stones within, promiscuously heaped, are 2 to 3 feet
+higher. The structure is about 100 by 250 feet, longest on the line
+from water to hill. A cross wall, possibly somewhat modified in recent
+times, divides it into two unequal parts, the seaward portion being
+nearly square and 5 feet higher than the part at the rear. On the
+latter are small inclosures of stone, the space within them paved with
+gravel. If of the same age as the remainder of the structure they may
+have been for priestly seclusion or preparation, though they may be
+houses of later natives who took advantage of the foundation made by
+their ancestors.
+
+Measurements or clear descriptions of these remains are not possible,
+owing to overgrowth. A satisfactory study, to distinguish between
+ancient and modern parts, or between undisturbed stones and those not
+in their original position, would require careful survey with transit
+and level after the brush is cleared away; and this must be followed
+up with considerable excavation as well as removal of loose rock; all
+of which would demand the labor of a dozen men for three months. Even
+at that, there is no certainty that definite knowledge would be
+gained; but it is not to be had in any other way.
+
+
+BURIAL PLACES
+
+Near the top of a remnant of a crater rising from the shore line of
+the ocean, 11 miles from Wailuku on the road to Kahakuloa, is a stone
+wall built on the leeward slope, the only place on which it could be
+constructed, as much the larger part of the crater has been blown out
+into the sea. Between the wall and the summit are at least a dozen
+stone-covered graves; possibly there are others not seen, as much of
+the brush is impenetrable. Some of them are sunken; others appear
+quite recent.
+
+Many such graves are found on the dunes. They are all modern, some of
+them still surrounded by the original wooden fences.
+
+
+IN THE IAO VALLEY
+
+The deepest valley on Maui is that of the Iao River. The sides, nearly
+vertical in places, have an elevation of about 3,000 feet. About 2
+miles above the town of Wailuku, well within the mountain, are walls
+made of stones of varying sizes up to half a ton or more. They extend
+over several acres of land and their structure is quite complicated.
+Mostly, they are borders of taro patches, though some of them mark
+house sites or garden inclosures. One wall, supporting a terrace, is 8
+to 10 feet high and contains very heavy stones.
+
+Near the head of the Iao Valley there are fully 40 acres of taro beds.
+A trail formerly led from this spot to the south shore of the island,
+near Lahaina. It can not now be traced, being obliterated by slides.
+
+Residents of Wailuku say these places were in use only 50 or 60 years
+ago.
+
+Many evidences of former occupation have been destroyed in operating
+the extensive sugar plantations.
+
+                    *    *    *
+
+
+KAUAI ISLAND
+
+There seems to be less evidence of Hawaiian occupancy on Kauai than on
+any other of the five principal islands. Comparatively few heiaus are
+reported. Some of those which were in existence when the whites came
+have been destroyed or defaced to such a degree in establishing sugar
+plantations that their original form is uncertain; while others are so
+covered with vegetation, either natural or due to cultivation, that
+nothing definite can be ascertained as to their size or structure.
+
+The site which might be considered as possessing the greatest interest
+is an aboriginal quarry and workshop where material for stone
+implements was obtained and shaped into desired forms. There can be no
+doubt as to the existence of such a place; but no one now knows its
+location, unless it be some of the older Hawaiians, who, however,
+profess entire ignorance in regard to it. Mr. William H. Rice, of
+Lihue, once induced some natives to conduct him to the spot. He
+believes that if he alone had gone his guides would have fulfilled
+their promise; but unfortunately several other men joined him, and the
+natives, either suspicious of their intentions, or not wishing the
+premises to become publicly known, pursued a devious and wearisome
+journey through the jungle, crossing gulches and clambering up and
+down cliffs until the white men were thoroughly bewildered and
+exhausted; then announced that they "couldn't find it," and led the
+party home.
+
+
+LIHUE
+
+At Niumahu, 2 miles from Lihue, on the road leading south and west
+from the harbor of Nawiliwili, is a fish pond known as Alakoka. It is
+a short distance above the mouth of the river, where the little valley
+widens in a half-moon shape, the stream flowing close to the bluff on
+the right. The bottom land on the other side is so low as to be
+swampy. Along the river bank on this side is a heavy wall of stone and
+earth, reaching the higher land at each end, thus forming a pond of 15
+or 20 acres in which the ancient Hawaiians kept their surplus catch of
+fish. The wall has been raised and strengthened by its present owner,
+a Chinese, who raises ducks instead of fish.
+
+
+WAILUA
+
+Near the mouth of the Wailua River, 6 miles from Lihue, is the former
+abode of the royal family. The place is so overgrown, except in the
+few cultivated spots, that no examination of it can be made. No traces
+of the residences are apparent, although the stone boundary walls of
+the grounds are still standing. The site of the royal cemetery is set
+aside as public property. There is nothing now to indicate that any
+interments were ever made in it. The "Birthstone," on or by which all
+prospective heirs to the throne must be born in order to insure their
+right to the succession, still lies in the brush near the foot of a
+little cliff. In case of a dispute among the claimants to the throne
+this stone had the power, by some means of which the knowledge has now
+been lost, to determine which, if any, of the contestants was entitled
+to possession.
+
+The "Sacrifice Stone," also, is in its original place, being so large
+that it can not be easily removed. Formerly this had a grass roof over
+it, supported by high poles. When the victim's life was extinct his
+body was suspended to a rafter or crossbeam at the top of the
+structure and left there until the flesh had decayed. The bones were
+then interred on top of the bluff in the rear. It is said that the
+corpses of chiefs and others of high rank were wrapped in banana
+leaves and steamed until the flesh fell away. The skeletons were then
+buried.
+
+A mile from the mouth of the Wailua River, on a narrow plateau between
+it and a small tributary, the summit level being about 200 feet above
+the water, is a heiau in fairly good condition. It is one of the large
+structures of its kind, but is so overgrown that measurements or close
+description are not possible. It is supposed to be the one which was
+sacred to the devotions of the highest priesthood. The common people
+were not allowed to venture near it, and even the king could not visit
+it without special permission involving the most complicated
+ceremonies. It has passed into possession of the county and will be
+restored as nearly as can be to its pristine state and thus preserved.
+
+On a mass of loose rocks, resulting from disintegration of an old lava
+flow, projecting into the ocean half a mile east from the mouth of the
+Wailua River, and near the race track, is a heiau of irregular
+construction. The extreme measurements are 80 feet north and south by
+200 feet east and west. The wall on the side toward the sea is higher
+and wider along the central half than it is nearer the ends. Small
+inclosures, bounded by single rows of stones, probably mark the sites
+of houses for priests and attendants. Along the inner side of the wall
+next to the water are four depressions, remains of partially filled
+well-like or cistern-like excavations; similar hollows, obscured by
+brush, are also next to the inner foot of the opposite wall. A large
+rock in the form of a triangular prism, standing upright, with one end
+firmly imbedded in the ground, was no doubt a "god" of some kind; it
+has a slight hollow or "cup" pecked in the flat top. There are several
+irregular rows of stones outside of the inclosure. Dense growth
+prevents the examination necessary for a closer description.
+
+
+DUNE BURIALS
+
+Four miles east of Lihue a spur of the plantation railway was run into
+the dunes to procure sand for making fills. In the course of this work
+human bones were found, the remains of one individual in one spot and
+of at least two others not far away. None of these bones seemed to
+have been long underground. Search in the vicinity, over bare spots
+among the ridges whose upper portions have been carried away by the
+winds, revealed indications of burials in at least six other places.
+Such bones as were found were decayed or in fragments. Among them was
+part of the skull of a very young infant. A quantity of cooking
+stones, some coral rasps or files, and a much weathered fragment of a
+wooden bowl, denoted that camps had been made on the dunes. As the
+beach is smooth, firm, and extensive, providing an excellent place for
+landing canoes or dragging seines, these remains probably pertain to
+parties or families who maintained fishing camps here.
+
+At the mouth of the Wailua River, on the east side, was a "City of
+Refuge." It is now partially destroyed, many of the stones having been
+taken away to make a fill in the road. It was rectangular in form, 360
+feet east and west, 60 feet north and south, made of large stones,
+some of them weighing a ton or even more. The eastern portion of the
+interior is artificially made a foot higher than the western. The
+structure is 300 feet from the water. Midway down the gentle slope in
+front, opposite the western end, is a slightly crooked row, 100 feet
+long, of very large stones. A similar row is near the water on the
+side between the inclosure and the river.
+
+
+WAIMEA
+
+There were formerly several heiaus within a few miles of Waimea. Some
+of them have been destroyed by cultivation, while others are difficult
+to find and impossible to examine in the cane fields or dense brush.
+
+At the east foot of a rocky peak 13 miles by road from Waimea, at an
+elevation of more than 3,600 feet, is a small heiau almost on the
+brink of the canyon. Within the walls it is 30 feet across each way.
+On the south line are three large stones in line, one at each corner,
+the third about midway between them. No doubt their position
+determined the location of the structure. It stands on a slight slope.
+The west wall is 2 feet high inside, the earth having washed down
+level with its top outside. The north wall is a foot higher than the
+floor at the west end, and is completely buried at the east, as are
+the south and west walls along their entire length except for a
+protruding stone here and there. In fact, the whole interior seems to
+have received a heavy deposit of earth, carried in from the outside by
+wind and rain. All these features give an appearance of antiquity to
+the ruin.
+
+Directly below it, well toward the bottom of the canyon, which is said
+to be 3,000 feet deep, is a long, narrow, curved ridge with rounded
+top and almost vertical sides. The upper part, apparently an old lava
+flow, is darker in color than the surrounding precipices, its surface
+checkered and seamed by weathering and erosion, so that it has an
+almost startling resemblance to a huge serpent crawling out of the
+side of the mountain and, with head laid flat on the extreme point of
+the cliff, watching something in the stream bed a thousand feet below.
+If the old Hawaiians had been familiar with ophidians, as were the
+American Indians, this "Snake God" would no doubt have held high rank
+among their divinities.
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+As intimated above, much additional information regarding antiquities
+in the Hawaiian Islands can be found in publications of the Bishop
+Museum in Honolulu. Descriptions, with illustrations, of a number of
+heiaus are given by Mr. Thrum in the "Hawaiian Annual" for 1906 to
+1910, inclusive; and his forthcoming volume will completely cover this
+branch of archeology. The Bishop Museum has undertaken to make a
+complete survey and report of all the ancient remains, while Dr.
+Brigham has almost finished for publication an exhaustive treatise
+which will include all his observations and deductions along the same
+lines. With these tasks ended, there will be nothing for anyone else
+to do, except to take measures for the restoration and care of the
+principal structures.
+
+All the aboriginal remains on the islands are the work of the present
+Hawaiian race. When the earliest of these people came here they found
+the islands without inhabitants. There are no evidences of any
+prehistoric population nor any indications whatever of underground
+remains. Consequently, so far as can be ascertained, excavations would
+not result in the discovery of any prehistoric objects or of anything
+essentially different from what can be seen on the surface or found
+slightly covered by very recent natural accumulation. At the same
+time, all the remains are well worthy of study and preservation. These
+conclusions meet the full approval and indorsement of both Mr. Thrum
+and Dr. Brigham.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+                                                        Page.
+
+ACCOUNT'S CAVES                                          131
+
+ADAIR, quoted on construction of houses                  170
+
+ADZES--
+  chert, from Miller's Cave                               79
+  stone, in Molokai                                      177
+
+AKERS POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of                    18
+
+ALABAMA, explorations in                             133-150
+
+ALABASTER--
+  from Wyandotte Cave                                108-109
+  _See_ Stalagmite; Travertine.
+
+ALFORD'S CAVE                                            140
+
+ALLEN, VALENTINE, acknowledgment to                       29
+
+ALTARS, SUPPOSED SACRIFICIAL, origin of                  172
+  _See_ SACRIFICIAL STONES.
+
+ALTON, house mounds near                                 161
+
+ANIMALS--
+  bones of, found in cave                                 33
+  of Molokai                                             176
+
+ANTLER, OBJECTS OF, from Sell Cave                        48
+
+ARKANSAS COUNTY, ARK., excavation of mound in            170
+
+ARKLOW CAVE                                              125
+
+ARLINGTON--
+  cairns in vicinity of                                   40
+  caves in vicinity of                                34, 35
+
+ARMSTRONG, B.G., tradition investigated by               172
+
+ARNHOLDT CAVE                                             90
+
+ARROWHEADS discovered in caves                        31, 39
+
+ASH CAVE                                                  89
+
+ASHES--
+  beds of, in caves                           31, 32, 33, 38
+  curious cavities in                                  67-68
+  deposit of, in Miller's Cave                         65-66
+
+ASHLEY CREEK, cave on                                     19
+
+AWLS--
+  bone, in Miller's Cave                                  74
+  from Goat Bluff Cave                                    37
+
+AXES--
+  from Miller's Cave                                      78
+  grooved, found in cave                              39, 40
+
+AZTALAN, WIS., theory concerning wall at                 172
+
+
+BAGNELL HILL, cave on                                     94
+
+BAILEY'S CAVE                                            140
+
+BAKER'S LAKE, cave on                                     89
+
+"BALLROOM" of Bates Cave                                  23
+
+BARNARD CAVE                                         140-141
+
+BARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in                      119
+
+BAT CAVE--
+  in Colbert County                                      134
+  in Shannon County                                       18
+  near Crocker                                            55
+  on the Osage River                                      95
+
+BATES CAVE                                             22-23
+
+BATTLE GROUND near Miller's Cave                          59
+
+BEADS--
+  columella, from cairn                                   87
+  shell, found in cairn                                   28
+  stone, in cave                                          31
+
+BEAR CREEK, rock house on                                118
+
+BECKER, PHILIP, examination of cave refuse by             84
+
+"BECKWITH'S FORT," mounds near                           169
+
+BEDFORD, caves in vicinity of                       103, 104
+
+BEER CAVE, popular name for Steuffer Cave                 99
+
+BELCHER CAVE                                             121
+
+BELL, ROBERT A., cave on farm of                          51
+
+BELL'S CAVE                                              122
+
+BEN SMITH'S CAVE                                         119
+
+BERRY, GEORGE, cave on land of                            43
+
+BIG CREEK CAVE                                            18
+
+BIG-MOUTH CAVE                                           138
+
+BIG PINEY--
+  caves in vicinity of                                57, 81
+  house mounds on                                        162
+
+BIG PINEY POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of                56
+
+BIRTHSTONE of Kauai Island                               192
+
+BISHOP MUSEUM, value of, to students                     174
+
+BLATCHLEY, W.S.--
+  caverns described by                                   102
+  quoted                                   103-104, 107, 110
+
+BLEDSOE COUNTY, TENN., cave in                           128
+
+BLOODLAND, house mounds near                              57
+
+BLOWING CAVE                                             136
+
+BLUE RIVER, caves on                                     111
+
+BLUE SPRING CAVE                                          18
+
+BLUEWATER CAVE                                           134
+
+BLUFF CITY, caves in vicinity of                    124, 125
+
+BODE CAVE                                                 94
+
+BOILING SPRING OF THE GASCONADE, cave near                34
+
+BOND, JOHN R., cave on farm of                            92
+
+BONE CAVE                                                120
+
+BONES, ANIMAL, in caves                       33, 37, 72, 73
+
+BONES, HUMAN--
+  in Bell's Cave                                          51
+  in cairn at Devil's Elbow                            86-87
+  in cairns on Helm's farm                                88
+  in Caldwell's Cave                                     132
+  in cave on Meshach Creek                               121
+  in Colyer's Cave                                       133
+  in Cub Run Cave                                        113
+  in dune burials                                        193
+  in Goat Bluff Cave                          36, 37, 38, 39
+  in Gourd Creek Cave                                     34
+  in Haunted Cave                                        116
+  in Hawaiian caves                                      182
+  in Miller's Cave                         67, 69-72, 73, 76
+  in mound                                               151
+  in Ramsey's Cave                                        82
+  in Sell Cave                                         47-49
+  _See_ Skeletons; Skulls.
+
+BOWLING GREEN, caves near                                118
+
+BRADLEY CAVE                                             112
+
+BRANDON, cave near                                       138
+
+BRIDAL CAVE, beauty of                                    90
+
+BRIGGS, CAPT. J.B., cave owned by                        117
+
+BRIGGS, IKE, cave on land of                             116
+
+BRIGGS'S CAVE                                            116
+
+BRIGHAM, DR., work of                               174, 194
+
+BROOKS CAVE                                               56
+
+BRUMLEY, cave in vicinity of                              91
+
+BRYANT'S BLUFF, rock shelters in                          40
+
+BUCHER CAVE                                               51
+
+BUCKNER CAVE. _See_ Harry Buckner Cave; Joel Buckner Cave.
+
+BUFFALO WALLOWS, so-called                               152
+
+BUNCH CAVE                                                90
+
+BURIAL CAVE near Sheffields                              135
+
+BURIAL CUSTOMS in Hawaii                                 192
+
+BURIAL PLACES on Maui Island                             190
+
+BURIALS--
+  communal                                     151, 153, 157
+  dune                                               193-194
+  in Goat Bluff Cave                                      36
+  in Gourd Creek Cave                                     30
+  inclosed in flat stones                                 88
+  on Lost Hill                                            27
+  _See_ Cairns; Graves.
+
+BURKSVILLE, cave near                                    111
+
+BUSHNELL, D.I., JR.--
+  conclusion of, regarding house mounds                  164
+  quoted on house mounds                                 161
+
+
+CAIRNS--
+  at Miller's Cave                                        59
+  at Sugar Tree camp                                      40
+  containing double burial                                19
+  in vicinity of Eugene, Mo.                              96
+  near Pillman's Cave                                     83
+  near Woodland Cave                                      84
+  of common occurrence                                    17
+  on Helm's farm                                       87-89
+  on Lost Hill                                     24-28, 84
+  on the Gasconade                                    40, 99
+  _See_ Burials; Graves.
+
+CALDWELL'S CAVE                                      131-132
+
+CAMDEN COUNTY, MO.--
+  explorations in                                      89-91
+  geological formations in                                91
+
+CAMERON, WILLIAM, tradition obtained by                  172
+
+CAMP-GROUND CAVE                                          51
+
+CANNIBAL HOUSE, so-called, near Omaha                    156
+
+CANNIBALISM, discoveries indicating                       77
+
+CAVE, meaning of term, in Hawaii                         182
+
+CAVE EARTH, composition of                                16
+
+CAVE EXPLORATION, conditions considered in               101
+
+CAVE MAN, no trace of, in Ozark Hills                     15
+
+CAVES. _See_ CAVERNS.
+
+CAVERNS--
+  air of                                               14-15
+  as habitations                                          14
+  development of                                       13-14
+  floors of                                               14
+  method of measuring                                     17
+  proper examination of                                   16
+
+CAVITIES IN ASH-BED                                67-68, 73
+
+CEDAR GROVE, cave in vicinity of                          18
+
+CHATTANOOGA, caves in vicinity of                        132
+
+CHAUMONT STATION, cave near                              117
+
+CHEATHAM'S FERRY, cave near                              134
+
+CHIPPEWAS, Sioux driven westward by                      172
+
+CHUNKEY STONES in Molokai                           177, 180
+
+CITY OF REFUGE--
+  at mouth of Wailua River                               193
+  wall of                                                184
+
+CIVIL WAR, caves as shelters during                       23
+
+CLARKSVILLE, cave in vicinity of                         123
+
+CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE                                       89
+
+COAHOMA COUNTY, MISS., large mound in                    171
+
+COAL PIT HOLLOW, mention of                               24
+
+COFFEE CAVE                                              134
+
+COKELY CAVE                                               90
+
+COLBERT COUNTY, ALA., caves of                      134, 135
+
+COLE COUNTY, MO., explorations in                        100
+
+COLLEGE CAVE                                             128
+
+COLLINSVILLE, cave in vicinity of                        139
+
+COLOSSAL CAVE                                            115
+
+COLYER'S CAVE                                            133
+
+COMMUNAL BURIAL. _See_ Burials, communal.
+
+COOK, CAPTAIN, death of                                  184
+
+COOKE, GEORGE, acknowledgment to                         175
+
+COOKING, method of, in Molokai                           179
+
+COOKVILLE, caves in vicinity of                           42
+
+CRAWFORD COUNTY, IND., explorations in                   107
+
+CRITTENDEN COUNTY, ARK., mound excavations in            169
+
+CRUMP'S CAVE                                             118
+
+CUB RUN CAVE                                         113-115
+
+CULVER'S CAVE                                            136
+
+CURRENT RIVER, caves of                                   18
+
+
+DAERHOFF, BEN, cave on farm of                            95
+
+DALLAS COUNTY, MO., house mounds in                      161
+
+DANCING PLATFORMS in Molokai                         181-182
+
+DAVIS, J.W., caves on farm of                             42
+
+DAYLIGHT IN CAVES, use of term                            16
+
+DEKALB COUNTY, ALA., caves of                        137-139
+
+DENT COUNTY, MO., caves of                             20-22
+
+DEVIL'S ELBOW--
+  burials at                                              88
+  house mounds at                                        162
+  walled graves at                                        84
+
+DILLON, house mounds near                            42, 162
+
+DINSMORE, DR. R.S., excavations made by              153-154
+
+DISCOIDS, STONE, in Molokai                              177
+
+DIXON, cave in vicinity of                                89
+
+DIXON'S CAVE                                             116
+
+DONNEHUE'S CAVE                                          103
+
+DONNELSON'S CAVE                                     103-106
+
+DOUBLE CAVE                                            54-55
+
+DRIP ROCK--
+  deposits of, in Berry Cave                              43
+  meaning of the term                                     16
+  _See_ Stalactite; Stalagmite.
+
+DRY CAVE                                                  90
+
+DRY CREEK, cave on                                        56
+
+DRY FORK POST OFFICE, caves near                         119
+
+DUNBAR'S CAVE                                        123-124
+
+DUNES, BURIALS IN                                        193
+
+DUNLAP, caves in vicinity of                         128-129
+
+
+EDENVILLE ROAD, cave on                                   57
+
+EDGAR SPRINGS, cave in vicinity of                        23
+
+EDMONSON COUNTY, KY., caves of                       115-118
+
+EIDSON, WILL ROBERT, cairns on farm of                    90
+
+EIGENMANN, PROFESSOR, conclusions of                     105
+
+ELDON, cave in vicinity of                                96
+
+ELLIS CAVE                                               138
+
+EMINENCE, supposed cave near                              20
+
+ESMITH CAVES                                         119-120
+
+EUGENE, graves in vicinity of                             96
+
+
+FARMINGTON, mounds near                             162, 166
+
+FEARIN CAVE                                              139
+
+FERGUSON, MO.--
+  excavation of mound near                               168
+  house mounds near                                      161
+
+FISH, eyeless                                             18
+
+FISHING CAVE                                              18
+
+FISHPONDS--
+  at Niumahu                                             192
+  of Molokai                                             175
+
+FLINTWORKING SITE                                         59
+
+FOOD SUPPLY of Molokai                                   175
+
+FOOTE, A.L., cave on land of                              44
+
+FORD'S CAVE                                              119
+
+FORT DEPOSIT CAVE--
+  cross sections of                                  144-149
+  description of                                     143-150
+
+FORT PAYNE CAVE                                      137-138
+
+FORTIFICATION, INDIAN, near Miller's Cave                 59
+
+FOSSIL CAVE--                                             91
+  plan of                                                 92
+  section of                                              92
+
+FRANKLIN COUNTY, TENN., caves of                         131
+
+FREEBURG, caves in vicinity of                        97, 99
+
+FREEMAN'S CAVE                                         81-83
+
+FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, cavern near                         107
+
+
+GAME played in Molokai                                   177
+
+GARVIN CAVE                                              112
+
+GASCONADE RIVER, caves on                     96, 97, 98, 99
+
+GASCONDY, cave in vicinity of                             98
+
+GILDER'S DISCOVERY                                       157
+
+GILL, DE LANCEY--
+  observations of                                         48
+  theory of                                               17
+
+GLAIZE CREEK, cave near                                   91
+
+GLASS FRAGMENT, from Goat Bluff Cave                      37
+
+GLOVER, ROBERT, cave on farm of                          122
+
+GOAT BLUFF CAVE, description of                        35-39
+
+GODS, STONE                                         186, 193
+
+GOLD IN CAVES, beliefs concerning                     21, 30
+
+GORDON, tradition related by                             173
+
+GOUGE, from Miller's Cave                                 79
+
+GOURD CREEK--
+  cairns at mouth of                                   24-25
+  village site on                                         34
+
+GOURD CREEK CAVE--
+  description of                                          29
+  exploration of                                       28-34
+
+GRAHAM CAVE                                               83
+
+GRANITE MOUNTAIN, mounds near                            168
+
+GRAVEL in caves                                           16
+
+GRAVES--
+  cist, at Iowa Point                                    152
+  near Bell's Cave                                       123
+  near McKennan's                                         52
+  of Molokai                                             178
+  on Laughlin's ranch                                     44
+  on Saline Creek                                         95
+  walled, at Devil's Elbow                             84-87
+  _See_ Cairns; Burials.
+
+"GREAT TEMPLE" of Hawaii                             183-184
+
+GREEN RIVER, rock shelters on                            118
+
+GREGORY, PROFESSOR--
+  mention of                                             175
+  work of                                                174
+
+"GROUND HOUSE INDIANS," mounds made by                   172
+
+GROUND HOUSE RIVER, probable origin of name              173
+
+GRUNDY COUNTY, TENN., caves of                           130
+
+GULFS, formation of                                      108
+
+GULFS OF LOST RIVER                                      107
+
+GUMBO for making vessels                                  69
+
+GUNTERSVILLE, caves in vicinity of                  139, 140
+
+GUTHOERL, PETER--
+  cave on farm of                                         20
+  mounds on farm of                                       22
+
+
+HA-HA-TON-KA, caves in vicinity of                        89
+
+HAMILTON COUNTY, TENN., caves of                         132
+
+HAMMERS found in cave                                     39
+
+HARDIN COUNTY, KY., caves of                             112
+
+HARDIN'S CAVE                                        139-140
+
+HARLOW CAVE                                              112
+
+HARRISON COUNTY, IND., explorations in                   111
+
+HARRISON'S CAVE                                          136
+
+HARRY BUCKNER CAVE                                       113
+
+HART COUNTY, KY., explorations in                        112
+
+HAUNTED CAVE                                             116
+
+HAWAII, archeological work in                        174-195
+
+HEIAUS--
+  at Kaupo                                               188
+  at Napoopoo                                            184
+  described by Mr. Thrum                                 194
+  of Hawaii Island                                   185-187
+  of Wailua                                          192-193
+  of Waimea                                              194
+  on Maui Island                                         190
+  on Mauna Loa                                       178-180
+  sacred to priesthood                                   192
+
+HELM, DANIEL, cairns on farm of                           87
+
+HENSON'S CAVE                                            129
+
+HILO, archeological work in vicinity of                  182
+
+HIXSON'S CAVE                                            129
+
+HOLMES, W.H., suggestion made by                          15
+
+HOLSTON RIVER, cave on                                   125
+
+HONAUNAU, work of Stokes at                          184-185
+
+HONEY LANDING, cave at                                   139
+
+HOPKINS, ISAAC, mounds on farm of                    166-167
+
+HOUSE MOUNDS--
+  defined                                                 17
+  in Dent County                                          22
+  in Miller County                                        96
+  in St. Francois County, Mo., plan of                   168
+  near Dillon                                             42
+  near Ranch House                                     56-57
+  near Rolla                                              41
+  near St. James                                          42
+  near Stover                                            100
+  of the lower Mississippi Valley                        161
+  on Brush Creek                                          99
+  theories concerning origin of                      163-165
+  _See_ Village sites.
+
+HOUSE SITES. _See_ Heiaus.
+
+HOWE, NEBR., excavations near                            155
+
+HRDLI[VC]KA, DR. ALE[VS], reference to                         158
+
+HUBLIN'S CAVE                                            130
+
+HUGHES, SAM P., work of                              155-156
+
+HUNTER, A.B., mounds on farm of                          166
+
+HURRICANE BLUFF CAVE                                      97
+
+HUT RINGS--
+  at Beckwith's Fort                                     170
+  similar to ruins of Mandan houses                      171
+
+HUTCHINS CAVE                                            112
+
+HUTCHINSON, HARRISON, cave on farm of                     97
+
+
+IAO VALLEY, remains in                                   191
+
+ILLINOIS, explorations in                                111
+
+IMPLEMENTS--
+  found in cave                                          113
+  found in Molokai                                       177
+  found near cemeteries                                  123
+  from Sell Cave                                          46
+
+INDIAN FORD CAVE                                       96-97
+
+INDIAN FORT, on the Osage River                           99
+
+INDIAN MOUND CAVE                                        124
+
+INDIANA--
+  cave region of                                         102
+  explorations in                                    102-111
+
+IOWA POINT, grave at                                     152
+
+IRON MOUNTAIN, house mounds near                         161
+
+IRON MOUNTAIN RAILWAY, mounds along                      167
+
+IRVIN, GEORGE, cave on farm of                            96
+
+ISBOLL CAVES                                             135
+
+
+JACKSON, GENERAL, cave used by, as storage room          143
+
+JACKSON COUNTY, ALA., caves of                           135
+
+JEROME, rock shelters in vicinity of                      40
+
+JOEL BUCKNER CAVE                                        113
+
+JONES FARM, cave on                                       24
+
+JURGGENMEYER, CONRAD, cave on farm of                     94
+
+
+KAMEHAMEHA I, KING--
+  "slide" made in time of                                185
+  temple built by                                        183
+
+KANSAN DRIFT, skeletons reported found in                155
+
+KAUAI ISLAND, investigations in                      191-194
+
+KENTUCKY, explorations in                            112-123
+
+KERR'S MILL, cave near                                    44
+
+KEY, BUCK, cave on farm of                               133
+
+KEY ROCKS                                                 24
+
+KEY'S CAVE                                               133
+
+KILAUEA, investigations near                             183
+
+KILLIAN CAVES                                        138-139
+
+KNIVES--
+  discovered in cave                                      31
+  flint, found in cave                                    39
+  found in cairn                                          27
+
+
+LACKAYE'S BLUFF CAVE                                      97
+
+LAIRD'S CAVE                                             112
+
+LAKEY'S CAVE                                         128-129
+
+LAND COMPANY'S CAVE                                      129
+
+LANE, GEORGE, mound on farm of                            24
+
+LANE'S CAVE                                               56
+
+LAUDERDALE COUNTY, ALA., caves of                    133-134
+
+LAUGHLIN RANCH, cairns on                                 44
+
+LAUPAHOEHOE, ruins at                                    187
+
+LAWRENCE COUNTY, IND., explorations in               102-106
+
+LEAVENWORTH, caves in vicinity of                        111
+
+LEWIS AND CLARK--
+  mound mentioned by                                     152
+  names of, carved on rock                               153
+
+LIBRARY OF BISHOP MUSEUM, contents of                    174
+
+LIHUE, fishpond near                                     192
+
+LIMROCK, caves near                                 135, 136
+
+LINN CREEK, cave formerly near                            91
+
+LINNVILLE CAVE                                           124
+
+LITTLE-MOUTH CAVE                                        138
+
+LITTLE PINEY--
+  cave near                                               40
+  cave on                                             23, 34
+  mound on                                                24
+  village site on                                         34
+
+LITTLE WYANDOTTE CAVE                                    111
+
+LOCK'S CAVE                                              112
+
+LODGE SITES on Long's Hill                           159-160
+
+LOGAN COUNTY, KY., reconnoissance in                     122
+
+LONG'S HILL, the site of Gilder's discovery              157
+
+LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, Caves on west slope of                 138
+
+LOST HILL--
+  cairn on                                                84
+  described                                               25
+
+LOVE'S CAVE                                              120
+
+LUCAS, F.A., expert on animal bones                      128
+
+LUCKENHOFF, JOHN, cave on farm of                         94
+
+
+MCCREARY CAVE                                            121
+
+MCDERMENT'S CAVES                                    141-142
+
+MCWILLIAMS FARM, cave on                                  42
+
+MAMMAL CAVE                                              116
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE, KY.                                        115
+  caves near                                         115-117
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE, MO., rumors of, not verified                20
+
+MAMMOTH CAVE OF ILLINOIS                                 111
+
+MARENGO CAVE                                             107
+
+MARIES COUNTY, MO., explorations in                    96-98
+
+MARION COUNTY, TENN., caves of                       131-132
+
+MARSH, HENRY, cave on farm of                             23
+
+MARSHALL COUNTY, ALA., explorations in               139-150
+
+MARTIN COUNTY, IND., caves of                            106
+
+MARTIN, LEWIS, cave on place of                          113
+
+MAUI ISLAND, aboriginal structures on                188-191
+
+MAUNA KEA, quarry on                                     183
+
+MAXEY'S CAVE, described                                   43
+
+MERAMEC RIVER, house mounds on                           161
+
+MERAMEC VALLEY, relics seldom found in                    22
+
+MESHACH CREEK, caves on                                  121
+
+MILL CAVE                                      106, 118, 121
+
+MILLER, DANIEL S., cave on farm of                        57
+
+MILLER, WALTER, cave on farm of                           54
+
+MILLER COUNTY, MO., explorations in                    91-96
+
+MILLER'S CAVE--
+  description of                                       57-81
+  measurements of                                  61-62, 63
+  plan of                                                 62
+  shells in                                            66-67
+
+MILLTOWN, cave near                                      107
+
+MILLTOWN CAVE, change in                                 108
+
+MISSOURI RIVER, explorations along                   151-160
+
+MITCHELL, cave in vicinity of                            104
+
+MIX CAVE                                               53-54
+
+MOAB, village site near                                   83
+
+MOLOKAI--
+  deforestation of                                       177
+  former population of                                   175
+  investigations in                                  175-182
+  kind of stone found in                                 177
+
+MONEY CAVE                                                21
+
+MONROE COUNTY, ILL., explorations in                     111
+
+MONROE COUNTY, KY., explorations in                  120-121
+
+MONTAUK, cave in vicinity of                              19
+
+MONTEAGLE, caves in vicinity of                          131
+
+MONTGOMERY COUNTY, TENN., explorations in            123-124
+
+MORGAN CAVE                                               90
+
+MORGAN COUNTY, explorations in                           100
+
+MORRELL CAVE                                         125-128
+
+MORTARS--
+  found in caves                              39, 74, 77, 78
+  large stone used as                                    187
+
+MOSQUITO CREEK, communal burial on                       153
+
+MOUNDS--
+  mentioned by Lewis and Clark                           152
+  not found in Molokai                                   178
+  _See_ House mounds; Lodge sites; Village sites.
+
+MUNFORDVILLE, KY., caves in vicinity of              112-113
+
+MUNRO, JAMES, acknowledgment To                          175
+
+MURRELL'S CAVE                                           134
+
+
+NAPOOPOO, investigations at                              184
+
+NATIONAL MUSEUM, objects shipped to                       81
+
+NATURAL BRIDGE CAVE                                      100
+
+"NEBRASKA MAN," theories regarding                   157-158
+
+NEMAHA RIVER, mound on, mentioned by Lewis and Clark     152
+
+NEW MADRID COUNTY, MO., mounds of                        166
+
+NEWBURG, cave in vicinity of                              41
+
+NEWSOM SPRINGS, caves near                               134
+
+NIANGUA RIVER, caverns on                                 89
+
+NICKAJACK, caves near                                    131
+
+NICKAJACK CAVE                                           132
+
+NILES, cave near                                          19
+
+NORTHTOWN, cave in vicinity of                           112
+
+
+OLAA, bones in caves near                                182
+
+OMAHA, investigations in vicinity of                     156
+
+ONYX CAVES                                     22, 34-35, 90
+
+ORANGE COUNTY, IND., explorations in                 106-107
+
+ORANGEVILLE, caves in vicinity of                        107
+
+OSAGE COUNTY, MO., explorations in                        98
+
+OZARK REGION, explorations in                         13-100
+
+
+PAGE, ROBERT, cave on land of                             55
+
+PALMER, DR. E.E., rock house on land of                  120
+
+PAOLI, caves in vicinity of                              106
+
+PAPILLION, NEBR., work near                              156
+
+PARIS, REV. MR., story of Captain Cook related to        184
+
+PARK, WILLIAM--
+  buffalo wallows examined by                            152
+  skeletons exhumed by                                   151
+
+"PAVED TRAIL" in Molokai                                 176
+
+PAWNEE VILLAGE SITE                                      153
+
+PAYNE CAVE                                               119
+
+PERFORATOR AND KNIFE from Wright Cave                     93
+
+PERFORATORS, BONE, in cave                                31
+
+PERU, NEBR., lodge sites near                            156
+
+PESTLE AND GRINDING STONE found at Laupahoehoe           188
+
+PESTLES--
+  found in caves                              39, 74, 77, 78
+  in Molokai                                             177
+
+PETERS CREEK, caves on                               119-120
+
+PETROGLYPHS--
+  near Miller's Cave                                   60-61
+  on Gasconade River                                      89
+  _See_ Pictographs.
+
+PHELPS, JAMES, cave on farm of                            24
+
+PHELPS COUNTY, MO.--
+  caves of                                             22-42
+  house mounds in                                        162
+
+PHILLIPS CAVE                                             51
+
+PICKETT'S CAVE                                           129
+
+PICTOGRAPHS--
+  reported near Paydown                                   97
+  _See_ Petroglyphs.
+
+PILLMAN, JOHN, cave on land of                            83
+
+PIPES--
+  fragment of, in cave                                    31
+  from cairn                                              27
+  from Miller's Cave                                  69, 80
+
+PIQUET ORCHARDS, cave near                                89
+
+PLATTIN CREEK, house mounds on                           161
+
+POINSETT COUNTY, ARK., mounds in                         171
+
+POLISHING STONES. _See_ Rubbing stones.
+
+POOL HOLLOW, cave in                                      41
+
+POT from Goat Bluff Cave                               38-39
+
+POTTERY--
+  from Miller's Cave                                      77
+  from Sell Cave                                       46-47
+  of Gourd Creek Cave                                     31
+  place where made                                        59
+  unknown in Molokai                                     178
+
+POYNER'S CAVE                                        116-117
+
+PRIDE'S CAVE                                             134
+
+PROCTOR'S CAVE                                           116
+
+PULASKI COUNTY, MO.--
+  caves of                                             42-89
+  house mounds in                                        162
+
+
+QUARRIES--
+  in Hawaii                                              183
+  on Kauai Island                                        191
+
+
+RAILROAD CAVE                                             55
+
+RAIN HEIAU of Molokai                                180-181
+
+RAMSEY'S CAVE                                          81-83
+
+RANCH HOUSE, house mounds near                            56
+
+REFUSE, meaning of the term                               16
+
+RENAUD CAVE                                               23
+
+RICE, WILLIAM H., investigations of                      191
+
+RICH FOUNTAIN, house mounds in vicinity of           99, 162
+
+RICHLAND CAVE                                             52
+
+RIDDLE CAVE                                               56
+
+RIDEN, J.W., cave on farm of                              22
+
+RIDEN'S CAVE                                              57
+
+RIVER CAVE                                            90, 98
+
+ROARING SPRING, description of                            58
+
+ROBBERS' CAVE                                             90
+
+ROCK LEDGES QUARRY, discovery at                         102
+
+ROCK SHELTERS                                             24
+  defined                                              16-17
+  in Bryant's Bluff                                       40
+  of Colbert County, Ala.                                134
+  on Big Piney                                            89
+
+ROLLA, house mounds near                                  41
+
+ROLLA ROAD, house mounds on                               22
+
+ROLLINS, SAM T., cave on farm of                       52-53
+
+ROOF DUST, use of the term                                16
+
+ROSS, JOSEPH, cairns on farm of                       85, 88
+
+ROUBIDOUX CAVE                                            52
+
+ROUBIDOUX CREEK, caves on             42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52
+
+ROWLETT CAVE                                             113
+
+ROWLETT'S STATION, caves in vicinity of             112, 113
+
+ROYAL FAMILY OF HAWAII, former abode of                  192
+
+RUBBING STONE from Sell Cave                              48
+
+RULO, NEBR., investigations near                         154
+
+
+SACRIFICIAL ALTARS. _See_ Altars; Sacrificial stones.
+
+SACRIFICIAL STONES in Hawaiian Islands         181, 186, 192
+
+ST. ELIZABETH, caves near                              94-95
+
+ST. FRANCIS COUNTY, ARK., house mounds in                170
+
+ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY, MO., mounds of                      166
+
+ST. JAMES, house mounds near                         42, 162
+
+ST. JOHN'S BAYOU, mounds along                           166
+
+SALEM, MO.--
+  caves in vicinity of                                    20
+  house mounds near                                  22, 161
+
+SALINE CREEK, grave on                                    95
+
+SALT CAVE                                            115-116
+
+SALTPETER--
+  Hublin's Cave worked for                               130
+  made in Fearin Cave                                    139
+  manufactured in Morrell Cave                           126
+  mining for, in Barnard Cave                        140-141
+
+SALTPETER CAVE--
+  in Barren County, Ky.                                  119
+  in Crawford County, Ind.                           110-111
+  in Dent County, Mo.                                     21
+  in Hardin County, Ky.                                  112
+  in Jackson County, Ala.                                136
+  in Marshall County, Ala.                               140
+  in Phelps County, Mo.                                   41
+  in Pulaski County, Mo.                                  57
+  in Texas County, Mo.                                 19-20
+
+SCHORD, JOHN W., cave on farm of                          56
+
+SELL, DR. W.J., cave on farm of                           45
+
+SELL CAVE, described                                   45-51
+
+SEQUATCHIE COLLEGE, cave near                            128
+
+SEQUATCHIE COUNTY, TENN., caves of                       128
+
+SEQUATCHIE RIVER, cave on                                131
+
+SERPENT, ridge in form of                                194
+
+SEWANEE, cave in vicinity of                             131
+
+SHANNON COUNTY, MO., caves of                          18-19
+
+SHARK GOD--
+  stone known as                                         186
+  tradition concerning                                   178
+
+SHEFFIELDS, cave at                                      135
+
+SHELL, objects of, from Miller's Cave                     79
+
+SHELL HEAPS in Colbert County, Ala.                      135
+
+SHELLMOUND, caves in vicinity of                         131
+
+SHELLS, accumulation of, in Miller's Cave                 66
+
+SHELTER CAVE, defined                                  16-17
+
+SHILOAH CAVE                                             102
+
+SHOAL CREEK, cave on                                     134
+
+SHOALS, caves in vicinity of                             106
+
+SHORT BEND CAVE                                        20-21
+
+SHORT BEND POST OFFICE, caves near                    20, 21
+
+SHORT BEND ROAD, house mounds on                          22
+
+SHORT CAVE                                           117-118
+
+SINK HOLES near Onyx Cave                                 35
+
+SINKERS, found in Molokai                                178
+
+SINKIN CREEK, caves near mouth of                         18
+
+SIOUX, driven westward by Chippewas                      172
+
+SKELETONS--
+  communal burial of                                     151
+  found near Rulo                                        154
+  in mound in Crittenden County                          169
+  _See_ Bones, human; Skulls.
+
+SKIVERS, from Miller's Cave                               79
+
+SKULLS--
+  found at Lost Hill                              26, 27, 28
+  petrified                                              154
+  _See_ Bones, human; Skulls.
+
+SLABS, stone, used in vault                            26-27
+
+SLICK ROCK CAVE                                          120
+
+"SLIDES" of Hawaii                                       185
+
+SMITH, JAMES I., caves on land of                         19
+
+SMITH CAVES                                               19
+
+SMITH'S CAVE. _See_ Ben Smith's Cave.
+
+SMITH'S GROVE, cave near                                 118
+
+SMITHSONIA, cave at                                      133
+
+SPEARHEADS discovered in cave                             31
+
+SPECIMENS FROM CAVES, where found                         17
+
+SPEERS CAVE                                              100
+
+SPRING CREEK CAVE                                         83
+
+SPRING CHEEK VALLEY, house mounds in                      22
+
+STALACTITES--
+  abundant in Morrell Cave                               125
+  beauty of, in Bridal Cave                               90
+  _See_ Stalagmite.
+
+STALAGMITE--
+  abundance of, in Morrell Cave                          126
+  in Killian Cave                                        139
+  in Luckenhoff Cave                                      94
+  in Onyx Cave                                            35
+  masses of, in McDerment's Cave                         142
+  _See_ Alabaster; Drip rock; Onyx; Travertine.
+
+STANDING ROCK, near Linn Creek                            91
+
+STAR CAVE                                                107
+
+STARK'S CAVE                                              96
+
+STEFFY'S CAVE                                            113
+
+STERNS, DR. FREDERICK H., work of                        156
+
+STEUFFER CAVE                                             99
+
+STOKES, MR., work of                                     174
+
+STOVER, house mounds near                           100, 162
+
+STRATMAN, HENRY L., cave on farm of                       98
+
+"STRAWHORN'S" HOLLOW, cave in                             41
+
+STUDENTS, journey through cave by                    105-106
+
+SUGAR TREE CAMP, cairns at                                40
+
+SULLIVAN COUNTY, TENN., explorations in              124-128
+
+
+TAVERN CREEK, cave on                                     95
+
+TAYLOR MOUND                                             151
+
+TEETH, deductions from wear of                        48, 49
+
+TEMPLE. _See_ Great Temple.
+
+TEMPLE HILL, cave near                                   119
+
+TEMPLE SITE on Senator Cooke's ranch                     176
+
+TENNESSEE, explorations in                           123-133
+
+TENNESSEE RIVER, caves on                                139
+
+TERRELL LAND, cave on                                     18
+
+TEXAS COUNTY, MO., caves of                            19-20
+
+THOBURN, J.B., conclusion of, regarding house mounds     164
+
+THOMAS, DAVID, village site on farm of                    83
+
+THOMAS CAVE                                         118, 125
+
+THRUM, THOMAS G., work of                           174, 194
+
+THUMB-SCRAPERS, abundant on village site                 153
+
+TICK CREEK CAVE                                           41
+
+TILLMAN, CHARLES, Grave on Land of                        95
+
+TILLMAN, JOHN, graves on land of                          96
+
+TODD COUNTY, KY., explorations in                    122-123
+
+TOMPKINSVILLE, caves in vicinity of                      121
+
+"TONKY," caves in vicinity of                             89
+
+TORONTO, caves in vicinity of                             90
+
+TRADITION--
+  concerning the Shark God                               178
+  of the "Ground House Indians"                          172
+
+TRAVERTINE--
+  from Wyandotte Cave                                    108
+   _See_ Alabaster; Onyx; Stalagmite.
+
+TROY, KANSAS, explorations in vicinity of            153-154
+
+TULEY, JOHN BLACK, cave on land of                       121
+
+TUNNEL CAVE                                               56
+
+TURKEY-PEN SLOUGH, village site at mouth of               40
+
+TUSCUMBIA, MO., village site in vicinity of            95-96
+
+TWIN CAVES                                                22
+
+
+VIENNA, cave in vicinity of                               96
+
+VILLAGE SITES--
+  in vicinity of Arlington, Mo.                           40
+  on Big Piney                                            83
+  on Gourd Creek                                          34
+  on Saline Creek                                         96
+  on Wolf River                                          153
+  Pawnee                                                 153
+  _See_ House mounds; Hut rings; Lodge sites; Mounds.
+
+
+WAIHEE, remains at                                   189-190
+
+WAILUA, investigations at                            192-193
+
+WAILUKU, heiaus at                                   188-189
+
+WAIMEA, remains near                                183, 194
+
+WARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in                      118
+
+WATSON CAVE                                               22
+
+WAYNESVILLE--
+  cairns in vicinity of                                   44
+  caves in vicinity of                        43, 51, 52, 56
+
+WELBURN'S CAVE                                           140
+
+WELCH'S CAVE                                              18
+
+WHITE CLOUD, KANS., explorations in vicinity of      151-153
+
+WHITE'S CAVE                                             115
+
+WIDENER, CHARLES E., cave on farm of                      23
+
+WILD-HOG CAVE                                             23
+
+WILSON, JACK, remarkable will of                       92-93
+
+WILSON CAVE                                            92-94
+
+WOLF RIVER, village site on                              153
+
+WOOD, G.S., Indian cemetery on farm of                   123
+
+WOODLAND HOLLOW, cave in                                  84
+
+WORLEY, E.S., cave on farm of                            125
+
+WRIGHT CAVE                                            91-92
+  perforator from                                         93
+
+WYANDOTTE CAVE                                       108-110
+  size of                                                102
+
+WYNNE'S CAVE                                             113
+
+
+YANCY MILLS, caves in vicinity of                     23, 24
+
+YELLOW LAKE, mound opened near                           172
+
+YOARK, MARTHA, home of                                    44
+
+YOARK CAVE, described                                  43-44
+
+
+ZIMMERMAN, MARK E.--
+  buffalo wallows examined by                            152
+  skeletons exhumed by                                   151
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                      |
+    |                                                              |
+    | Page  55: deposists replaced with deposits                   |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Archeological Investigations, by Gerard Fowke
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