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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/18897-8.txt b/18897-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e58c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/18897-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1905 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen Langdon + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Epic of Gilgamish + A Fragment of the Gilgamish Legend in Old-Babylonian Cuneiform + +Author: Stephen Langdon + +Release Date: July 23, 2006 [EBook #18897] + +Language: EN + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + + + + + The Epic of Gilgamish + + + by + + Stephen Langdon + + + University of Pennsylvania + The University Museum + Publications of the Babylonian Section + Vol. X No. 3 + + + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large +six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to +the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South +Babylonian version of the second book of the epic _sa nagba imuru_, +"He who has seen all things," commonly referred to as the Epic of +Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient +Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant +of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis +X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the +legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the +hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of +that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet +[1] mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at +Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia +near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech +contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda +[2] and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and +that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to +do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts +are disengaged only by conjecture. + +The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed into the realm +of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing +in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real +historic personages. [3] The name Gilgamish was originally written +_d_Gi-bil-aga-mis, and means "The fire god (_Gibil_) is a commander," +abbreviated to _d_Gi-bil-ga-mis, and _d_Gi(s)-bil-ga-mis, a form +which by full labialization of _b_ to _u_ was finally contracted to +_d_Gi-il-ga-mis. [4] Throughout the new text the name is written with +the abbreviation _d_Gi(s), [5] whereas the standard Assyrian text +has consistently the writing _d_GIS-TU [6]-BAR. The latter method of +writing the name is apparently cryptographic for _d_Gis-bar-aga-(mis); +the fire god _Gibil_ has also the title _Gis-bar_. + +A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was +published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed +that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in +diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same +period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text +in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the +new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text, [7] +where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun. [8] + +The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, +Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto +unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second +book. [9] + +At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of +Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The +harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, +while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In +these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition +concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him +in the conquest of Elam. + +Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe +himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When +he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread +and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The +harlot commands him to eat and drink also: + + + "It is the conformity of life, + Of the conditions and fate of the Land." + + +He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty +hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is +shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu. + +"Oh harlot, take away the man," says the lord of Erech. Once again +the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions +of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family +in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of +Erech assemble about him admiring his godlike appearance. Gilgamish +receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this +point the epic brings in a new and powerful _motif_, the renunciation +of woman's love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish +is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Ishara, and Enkidu, +fearing the effeminate effects of his friend's attachment, prevents +him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these +heroes ensues, [10] in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous +speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny. + +In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text [11] Enkidu rejects +his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic +reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, +probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which +carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man +redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II. + +The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which +supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for +seals. Obverse III 28-32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and +panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat +with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives +to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Ishara, is probably +depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, _Seal +Cylinders of Western Asia_, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the +struggling heroes. [12] This scene not improbably illustrates the +effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the +satyr stands between Gilgamish and Ishara(?) on the seal. + + + + +TRANSLITERATION + + + it-bi-e-ma iluGilgamis su-na-tam i-pa-as-sar. + iz-za-kar-am [13] a-na um-mi-su + um-mi i-na sa-a-at mu-si-ti-ia + sa-am-ha-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak + i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim + ib-ba-su-nim-ma ka-ka-'a [14] sa-ma-i + ki-?-?-rum [15] sa a-nim im-ku-ut a-na si-ri-ia + ás-si-su-ma ik-ta-bi-it [16] e-li-ia + ilam [17] is-su-ma nu-us-sa-su [18] u-ul el-ti-'i + ad-ki ma-tum pa-hi-ir [19] e-li-su + id-lu-tum ú-na-sa-ku si-pi-su + ú-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti + i-mi- du ia-ti + as-si-a-su-ma at-ba-la-ás-su a-na si-ri-ki + um-mi iluGilgamis mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis + mi-in-di iluGilgamish sa ki-ma ka-ti + i-na si-ri i-wa-li-id-ma + ú-ra-ab-bi-su sa-du-ú + ta-mar-su-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ha-ta at-ta + id-lu-tum ú-na-sa-ku si-pi-su [20] + te-it-ti-ra-su(?) ... su-ú-zu + ta-tar-ra-['a]-su a-na si-[ri-i]a + [is-(?)] ti-lam-ma [21] i-ta-mar sa-ni-tam + [su-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-su + [um-m]i a-ta-mar sa-ni-tam + [su-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im + [i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim [22] + ha-as-si-nu na-di-i-ma + e-li-su pa-ah- ru + ha-as-si-nu-um-ma sa-ni bu-nu-su + a-mur-su-ma ah-ta-ta a-na-ku + a-ra-am-su-ma ki-ma ás-sa-tim + a-ha-ap-pu-up el-su + el-ki-su-ma ás-ta-ka-an-su + a-na a-hi-ia + um-mi iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma + [iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamish] + ................................... + + +COL. II + + + as-sum us-[ta-] ma-ha-ru it-ti-ka. + iluGilgamish su-na-tam i-pa-sar + iluEn-ki-[dû w]a?-si-ib ma-har ha-ri-im-tim + UR [ ]-ha-mu DI-?-al-lu-un + [ ] im-ta-si a-sar i-wa-al-du + ûmê 6 [23] ù 7 mu-si- a-tim + iluEn-ki-dû te-bi- i-ma + sa-[am-ka-ta] ir- hi + ha-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-sa i-pu-sa-am-ma + iz-za-[kar-am] a-na iluEn-ki-dû [24] + a-na-tal-ka dEn-ki-dû ki-ma ili ta-ba-ás-si + am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-ás-te-e [25] + ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak si-ra-am + al-kam lu-ùr-di- ka + a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + a-na biti [el-]lim mu-sa-bi sa A-nim + dEn-ki-dû ti-bi lu-ru-ka + a-na É-[an-n]a mu-sa-bi sa A-nim + a-sar [iluGilgamis] it-[.........] ne-pi-si-tim(?) + ù at-[ ]-di [ -] ma + ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka + al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri + ma-a-a? [26] -ak ri-i-im + is-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gár ga-ba-sa + mi-il-kum sa sinnisti + im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-su + is-hu-ut li-ib-sa-am + is-ti-nam [ú]-la-ab-bi-is-su + li-ib- [sa-am] sa-ni-a-am + si-i it-ta-al-ba- ás + sa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu + ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-su + a-na gu-up-ri sa ri-i-im + a-s[ar ] tar-ba-si-im + i-na [ ]-hu-ru ri-ia-ú [27] + ............................. + + +(About two lines broken away.) + + +COL. III + + + si-iz-ba sa na-ma-ás-te-e + i-te-en- ni- ik + a-ka-lam is-ku-nu ma-har-su + ip-te-ik-ma i-na -at-tal [28] + ù ip-pa-al-la- as + u-ul i-di dEn-ki- dû + aklam a-na a-ka-lim + sikaram a-na sa-te-e-im + la-a lum-mu- ud + ha-ri-im-lum pi-sa i-pu-sa-am- ma + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-ki-dû + a-ku-ul ak-lam dEn-ki-dû + zi-ma-at ba-la-ti-im + bi-si-ti si-im-ti ma-ti + i-ku-ul a-ak-lam iluEn-ki-dû + a-di si-bi-e-su + sikaram is-ti-a-am + 7 as-sa-am-mi-im [29] + it-tap-sar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu + i-li-is libba- su- ma + pa-nu-su [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru [30] + ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i + su-hu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-su + sa-am-nam ip-ta-sa-ás-ma + a-we-li-is i-me + il-ba- ás li-ib-sa-am + ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-ás-si + il-ki ka-ak-ka-su + la-bi ú gi-ir- ri + is-sa-ak-pu sab-[si]-es mu-si-a-ti + ut- tap -pi-is sib-ba-ri [31] + la-bi uk-t[a ]-si-id + it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum + iluEn-ki-dû ma-as-sa-ar-su-nu + a-we-lum wa-ru-um + is-[te]-en id-lum + a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir + ........................... + + +(About five lines broken away.) + + +REVERSE I + + + .............................. + i-ip-pu-us ul-sa-am + is-si-ma i-ni-i-su + i-ta-mar a-we-lam + iz [32]-za-kar-am a-na harimti + sa-am-ka-at uk-ki-si [33] a-we-lam + a-na mi-nim il-li-kam + zi-ki-ir-su lu-us-su [34] + ha-ri-im-tum is-ta-si a-we-lam + i-ba-us-su-um-ma i-ta-mar-su + e-di-il [35] e-es-ta-hi-[ta-am] + mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-ah- [36] [ -]ma + e pi-su i-pu-sa-am-[ma] + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-[ki-dû] + bi-ti-is e-mu-tim [ ] + si-ma-a-at ni-si-i- ma + tu-sa [37]-ar pa-a-ta-tim [38] + a-na âli dup-sak-ki-i e si-en + UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi sa-a-a-ha-tim + a-na sarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pi-ti pu-uk epsi [39] a-na ha-a-a-ri + a-na iluGilgamis sarri sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pi-ti pu-uk epsi [40] + a-na ha-a-a-ri + ás-sa-at si-ma-tim i-ra-ah-hi + su-u pa-na-nu-um-ma + mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu + i-na mi-il-ki sa ili ga-bi-ma + i-na bi-ti-ik a-pu-un-na-ti-su [41] + si- ma- az- zum + a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im + i-ri-ku pa-nu-su + + + +REVERSE II + +............................................................ + +(About five lines broken away.) + + + i-il-la-ak- .......... + ù sa-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-su + i- ru- ub-ma [42] a-na [43] libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + ip-hur um-ma-nu-um i-na si-ri-su + iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im + sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pa-ah-ra-a-ma ni-su + i-ta-me-a i-na si-ri-su pi(?)-it-tam [44] + a-na mi-[ni] [45] iluGilgamis ma-si-il + la-nam sa- pi- il + e-si[ pu]-uk-ku-ul + i ? -ak-ta + i[- -]di i-si? + si-iz-ba sa[na-ma-]ás-[te]-e + i-te- en- ni- ik + ka-ia-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum [46] + id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu + sa-ki-in ip-sa- nu [47] + a-na idli sa i-tu-ru zi-mu-su + a-na iluGilgamis ki-ma i-li-im + sa-ki-is-sum [48] me-ih-rum + a-na ilatIs-ha-ra ma-ia-lum + na- [di]-i- ma + iluGilgamish id-[ ]na-an(?)... + i-na mu-si in-ni-[ -]id + i-na-ak [49]-sa-am- ma + it-ta-[ ]i-na zûki + ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tam + sa iluGilgamish + ........... da-na(?) ni-is-su + + + +COL. III [ERROR: unhandled comment start] SIC --> + + + ur-(?)ha ..................... + iluGilgamis ................ + i-na si-ri .................... + i-ha-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-su?] + it-bi-ma ... + a-na pa-ni- su + it-tam-ha-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti + iluEn-ki-dû ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik + i-na si-pi-su + iluGilgamis e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in + is-sa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im + i- lu- du [50] + zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu + i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu [51] + iluGilgamis ù iluEn-ki- dû + is-sa-ab-tu-ù- ma + ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du + zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu + i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu + ik-mi-is-ma iluGilgamis + i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri si-ip-su + ip-si-ih [52] us-sa-su- ma + i-ni-'i i-ra-az-zu + is-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-hu [53] + iluEn-ki-dû a-na sa-si-im + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis + ki-ma is-te-en-ma um-ma-ka + ú- li- id- ka + ri-im-tum sa zu- pu-ri + ilat-Nin- sun- na + ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-es-su + sar-ru-tam sa ni-si + i-si-im-kum iluEn-lil + + + + duppu 2 kam-ma + su-tu-ur e-li ... + 4 su-si [54] + + + +TRANSLATION + + + Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams, + addressing his mother. + "My mother! during my night + I, having become lusty, wandered about + in the midst of omens. + And there came out stars in the heavens, + Like a ... of heaven he fell upon me. + I bore him but he was too heavy for me. + He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. + I summoned the land to assemble unto him, + that heroes might kiss his feet. + He stood up before me [55] + and they stood over against me. + I lifted him and carried him away unto thee." + The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, + said unto Gilgamish:-- + "Truly oh Gilgamish he is + born [56] in the fields like thee. + The mountains have reared him. + Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?) + Heroes kiss _his_ feet. + Thou shalt spare him.... + Thou shalt lead him to me." + Again he dreamed and saw another dream + and reported it unto his mother. + "My mother, I have seen another + [dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street. + In Erech of the wide spaces [57] + he hurled the axe, + and they assembled about him. + Another axe seemed his visage. + I saw him and was astounded. + I loved him as a woman, + falling upon him in embrace. + I took him and made him + my brother." + The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things + [said unto Gilgamish:--] + ................................... + + +COL. II + + + that he may join with thee in endeavor." + (Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. + Enkidu sitting before the hierodule + + [ ] forgot where he was born. + Six days and seven nights + came forth Enkidu + and cohabited with the courtesan. + The hierodule opened her mouth + speaking unto Enkidu. + "I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. + Why with the animals + wanderest thou on the plain? + Come! I will lead thee + into the midst of Erech of the wide places, + even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu. + Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee + unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, + where Gilgamish [_oppresses_] the souls of men(?) + And as I ............ + thou shalt ........ thyself. + Come thou, arise from the ground + unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd." + He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. + The advice of the woman + fell upon his heart. + She tore off one garment + and clothed him with it. + With a second garment + she clothed herself. + She clasped his hand, + guiding him like .............. + unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, + unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds. + In ......... to shepherd + ............................. + + +(About two lines broken away.) + + +COL. III + + + Milk of the cattle + he drank. + Food they placed before him. + He broke bread [58] + gazing and looking. + But Enkidu understood not. + Bread to eat, + beer to drink, + he had not been taught. + The hierodule opened her mouth + and said unto Enkidu:-- + "Eat bread, oh Enkidu! + It is the conformity of life, + of the conditions and the fate of the land." + Enkidu ate bread, + until he was satiated. + Beer he drank + seven _times_(?). + His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. + His heart became joyful, + and his face glowed. + He stroked................. + _the hair of the head_. [59] His body + with oil he anointed. + He became like a man. + He attired himself with clothes + even as does a husband. + He seized his weapon, + which the panther and lion + fells in the night time cruelly. + He captured the wild mountain goats. + The panther he conquered. + Among the great _sheep for sacrifice_ + Enkidu was their guard. + A man, a leader, + A hero. + Unto .......... he elevated + ........................... + + +(About five lines broken away.) + + +REVERSE I + + + .............................. + And he made glad. + He lifted up his eyes, + and beheld the man, + and said unto the hierodule:-- + "Oh harlot, take away the man. + Wherefore did he come to me? + I would forget the memory of him." + The hierodule called unto the man + and came unto him beholding him. + She sorrowed and was astonished + how his ways were ............ + Behold she opened her mouth + saying unto Enkidu:-- + "At home with a family [_to dwell_??] + is the fate of mankind. + Thou shouldest design boundaries(??) + for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). + .... ......an abode of comfort. + For the king of Erech of the wide places + open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. + Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places + open, addressing thy speech + as unto a husband. + He cohabits with the wife decreed for him, + even he formerly. + But henceforth + in the counsel which god has spoken, + in the work of his presence + shall be his fate." + At the mention of the hero + his face became pale. + + +REVERSE II + +............................................................ + +(About five lines broken away.) + + + going ....................... + and the harlot ..... after him. + He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. + The artisans gathered about him. + And as he stood in the street + of Erech of the wide places, + the people assembled + disputing round about him:-- + "How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly? + In form he is shorter. + In ........ he is made powerful. + + + Milk of the cattle + he drank. + Continually in the midst of Erech weapons + the heroes purified. + A project was instituted. + Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away, + unto Gilgamish like a god + he became for him a fellow. + For Ishara a couch + was laid. + Gilgamish ................... + In the night he .............. + embracing her in sleep. + They ........ in the street + halting at the ................ + of Gilgamish. + .......... mightily(?) + + +COL. III + + + A road(?) .................... + Gilgamish ................... + in the plain .................. + his hair growing thickly like the corn. + He came forth ... + into his presence. + They met in the wide park of the land. + Enkidu held fast the door + with his foot, + and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. + They grappled with each other + goring like an ox. + The threshold they destroyed. + The wall they demolished. + Gilgamish and Enkidu + grappled with each other, + goring like an ox. + The threshold they destroyed. + The wall they demolished. + Gilgamish bowed + to the ground at his feet + and his javelin reposed. + He turned back his breast. + After he had turned back his breast, + Enkidu unto that one + spoke, even unto Gilgamish. + "Even as one [60] did thy mother + bear thee, + she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, + Ninsunna, + whose head she exalted more than a husband. + Royal power over the people + Enlil has decreed for thee." + + Second tablet. + Written upon ... + 240 (lines). + + + + + + + +INDEX TO PARTS 2 AND 3 + + +A. + +Adab, city, 123, 23. + +_addi_, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12. + +_ahu_, brother, 212, 36. + +Aja, goddess, 198, 9. + +_al (gis)_, _al-gar (gis)_, a musical instrument, 187-191. See also +No. 20 Rev. 7-12. _al-bi_, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 +(unpublished) _al-gar_, _al-gar-balag_ in list with _(gis)-á-lá_, +also an instrument of music. + +_alad_, protecting genius, 154, 18. + +_amelis_, like a man, 215, 25. + +Amurrû, god. Psalm to, 118; 119. + +_angubba_, sentinel, 180, 14. + +Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20. + +Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; +189, 21. + +Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2. + +_apunnatu,_ nostrils, _pitik, apunnati_, 217, 28. + +_assammim_ (?), 215, 18. + +Arallû, 132, 26; 134, 7. + +_aramu_, cover, 198 n. 2. + +_araku_, be pale, Prt. _iriku_, 217, 31. + +_arhis_, quickly, 199, 28. + +Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, +29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f. + +Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4. + +As-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. _ás_ omitted, No. 19, 2. + +_as-me_, disk, 133, 38. + +Assirgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7. + +Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38. + + +B. + +Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152. + +Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11. + +_badara_, see 200 n. 2. _badarani_, a weapon, 133, 36. + +_balag_, lyre, 138, 52. + +_bansur_, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3. + +Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10. + +_bisîtu_, condition, 215, 14. + +_bi'u_, cavern, 196, 29. + +_bulukku_, crab, 174, 5. + +_burgul_, engraver, 185, 8. + + +C. + +Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15. + + +D. + +Dada, god, 192, 6. + +Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21. + +Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7. + +Deification of kings, 106-9; 127 n. 1. + +_dêpu_, shatter, 195 n. 16. + +DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10. + +Dilbat, city, 167, 16. + +Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4. + +_dimgul_, _dimdul_, master workman, 150. + +_dingir-gal-gal-e-ne_, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; +149, 19. + +dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28. + +_dumu-sag_, title of Tasmet, 163, 12. + +Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136. + +_dupsakku_, trencher basket, 216, 17. + +Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11. + + +E. + +E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18. + +E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read +E-barra. + +E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133. + +_edelu_ = _ederu_, be gloomy, 216, 10. + +_é-dub_, house of learning, 117, 39. + +_é-gal_, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9. + +_é-gig_ = _kissu_, 191, 11. + +E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16. + +E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10. + +E-kisibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; +160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23. + +Emah, Esmah, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4. + +E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3. + +E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24. + +_en-a-nu-un_, _en-á-nun_, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2. + +Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5. + +E-ninnû, temple, 181, 22. + +_EN-HUL-tim-mu_, 194 n. 2. + +_EN-KA-KA, bêl dababi_, 194, 2. + +Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16. + +Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; +219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13. + +Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155-184. Regarded as god of light, 157, +1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; +136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33. + +Enul, god, 149, 16. + +Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3. + +_epsanu_, deeds, 218, 18. + +_epû_, be dark, I2 _itêpû_, 196, 29. + +Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech _ribîtim_, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217, +19:21; 217, 3:6. + +eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8. + +_erida_, title, 175, 1. + +Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13. + +Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11. + +_ersagtugmal_, penitential psalm, 118. + +E-sagila, temple, 152. + +E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4. + +_esendili_, a title, 177, 10. + +_eskar_, fixed tax, 188, 9. + +_es-lal_, a sacred place, 161, 14. + +E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25. + +E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20. + +E-zida, temple, 166, 12. + +Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9. + +Ezira, reading of the divine name _KA-DI_, 177, 11. + + +F. + +Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4. + + +G. + +_GAB_, baked bread, 200, 33. + +_GAB-LAL_, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35. + +_GAR-sunnu = episan-sunu_, 198, 13. + +_gasan-gula_, title of Ninâ, 119 n. 2. + +_gepar_, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18. + +Gibil, god, 197, 3. + +_gi-gál(gis)_,interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33. + +_gigunna_, 114, 23. + +Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, +21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation of name, +208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f. + +_gilsa_, a sacred relic, 132, 22. + +Girra, _Irra_, god, 174, 7; 177, 12. + +_girru_, lion, 215, 29. + +Girsu, city, 181, 23. + +Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18. + +Guedin, province, 129, 28. + +Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6. + +_gupru_, mighty, 214, 33. + +Gutium, land, 120 ff. + + +H. + +Hallab, city, 125; 141. + +_hanabu_, grow thickly, Prs. _ibannib_, 219, 4. + +_hapapu_, embrace, 212, 34. + +_hassinu_, axe, 212, 29:31. + +_harbatu_, waste place, 200, 39. + +Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42. + +_hûlu_, a bird, 199, 31. + +_hûku_, a bird, 199, 31. + + +I. + +Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2. + +_ibsi_, liturgical expression, 120, 5. + +Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6. + +_IGI-NAGIN-NA_, 194, 11. + +_imib_, weapon, 131, 8. _mi-ib_, ibid. n.3. + +_imin_, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18. + +Immer, god, 177, 8. + +Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3. + +Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash, +148, 4. Other references, 154, 21. + +_issur samê_, unclean birds, 195 n. 10. + +Ishara, goddess, 218, 22. + +Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4. + +Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143. + + +K. + +_KA-DIB-BI, sibit pî_, 194, 10. + +_KAK-DIG_, a weapon, 130, 4. + +_kakkitu_ (?), weapon. Pl. _kakkiatum_, 218, 16. + +_KAK-SIR_, a weapon (?), 130, 4. + +_kalama_, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154, +17; 177, 9. + +_kanami_=_kalama_, land, 120, 8. + +KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10. + +_kasû_, bind. I2 _liktisu_, 198, 20. + +Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166, +8; 169, 24. + +Kes, city, 115, 11; 123, 22. + +_kesda-azag_, a relic, 132, 27. + +_ki_, _kin_ for _gim_ = _kima_, 120, 6. + +KI-AG-MAL, _râmu_, 194 n. 4. + +Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145. + +_ki-malla_, to bend. _tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gí-gí_, "Thy neck wearies +not in bending," 168, 2. [Correct the translation.] + +_ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin_, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17. + +_KI-SAR, kakkara tasabbit_, 199, 29. + +Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. _é kis-(ki)-sú_, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8. + +Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1. + +_kunin, gunin_, reed basket, 150 n. 3. + +_kurgal_, "great mountain," title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114, +19; 182, 5. + +_KURUN-NA_, (_amelu_), 196, 34. + +_KUS-KU-MAL_, 194, 11. + + +L. + +_la'atu_, gore. Prt. _ilûdu_, 219, 12:17. + +_labu_, panther, 215, 29:32. + +Lagash, city, 181, 23:26. + +_Lahama_, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5. + +Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31. + +Libit-Ishtar, king, 141. + +_libsu_, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26. + +Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3. + +_lilazag_, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1. + +Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5. + +_limenu_, be evil. II1 _ulammenu-inni_, 197, 7. + +Lugal-dig, god, 197, 5. + +_lu'ûtu_, pollution, 195, 19. + + +M. + +Magan, land, 112, 2:5. + +_maialu_, couch, 218, 22. + +_malasu_, shear, 195, 20. + +Mamit, 200, 41. + +_mandatu_, form, 195, 21. + +_mal-gar_ (_gi_), a musical instrument, 191, 10. + +_mangu_, disease, 195, 19. + +Marduk, god, 151. + +_markasu_, leader, 150. + +_masû_, seize, 195 n. 5. + +_masû_, to forget, 216, 7. + +Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +_mehru_, fellow, 218, 21. + +Mehus, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Meluhha, land, 112, 6. + +Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15. + +_mesû_, a tree, 159, 23. + +_muk_, now, but now, 217, 26. + +Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18. + +Mulmul, gods, 142. + + +N. + +_nâdu_, water bottle, 198, 17. + +_nadîtu_, temple devotee, 188, 7. + +_nagû_, shout. Prs. _inangu_, 215, 19. + +_nâku_, embrace, 218, 26. + +_namastû_, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14. + +Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24. + +Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. + +Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2. + +Nergal, god, 131, 6. + +Nidaba, goddess, 191. + +_ni-gál_, cattle, 121, 6. + +_nimir = ligir_, 174, 4. + +_ninda_, linear measure, 133, 41. + +Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3. + +Ningiszida, god, 133, 34. + +Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15. + +Ninkasi, goddess, 144. + +Ninki, goddess, 149, 16. + +Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14. + +Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Ninmah, goddess, 116, 22. + +Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27. + +Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?). + +Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and +woman, 192. + +Ninul, goddess, 149, 16. + +Ninurasâ, god, 191, 12; 146, 12. + +Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13. + +Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18; +158, 7; 165, 16. + +_NI-SUR_ (_amelu_), 196, 35. + +Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10. + +_nugiganna_, epithet of Innini, 185, 2. + +_nûn apsi_, unclean fish, 195 n. 11. + +Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17. + +_nun-ùr_, epithet of Amurrû, 119, 3. + +Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13. + + +P. + +Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form +of Tammuz. + +_pananumma_, formerly, 217, 25. + +Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9. + +_pataku_, fashion, break, 214, 4. + +_paturru_, a weapon, 200, 37. + +Pleiades, 142. + + +R. + +_ratatu_, demolish, 219, 19. + +Rimat ilatNinsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29. + +Ruskisag, goddess, 132, 28. + +_RU-TIG_, an epithet, 141, 2. + + +S. + +_sa-bar; sa-sud-da_, liturgical note, 182, 31. + +_sabsis_, cruelly, 215, 30. + +Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11. + +_sahatu_, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic _sahita_. + +_saiahatu_, desire, comfort, 216, 18. + +_sakapu_, fell. I2 _issakpu_, 215, 30. + +_salûtu_, enmity, 199, 27. + +Samas, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31. + +Samas-sum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193-200; 199, 23. + +Samsuiluna, king, 151. + +_SAR-DI-DA_, a relic, 133, 37. + +Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12. + +Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30. + +Ship, in legend, 113, 2. + +Silsirsir, a chapel. + +Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19. + +_sippu_, threshold, 219, 13:18. + +_Sippar_, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19. + +_sirgidda_, long song, 140, 54. + +Siris, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Siriskas, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Siriskasgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +_sirsagga_, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48. + +_SU-AN = kat ili_, 194, 12. See also _SU-d_INNINI, 194, 12. + +_SU-NAM-ERIM-MA_, 194, 13. + +_SU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU_, 194, 13. + +_subura_, earth, 175, 3. + +_su-ud, sú-ud-ám_, epithet of goddess of Suruppak, 177, 10 and note 4. + +_suhuru_, hair (?), 215, 23. + +_sukkal-zid_, title of Nebo, 163, 10. + +Sulpae, god, No. 16 II 22. + +Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2. + +_sumugan_, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3. + + +T. + +Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3. + +Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126; +208; 131, 20. + +_tapasu_, seize, capture, II2 _uttappis_, 215, 31. + +_temeru_, cook, 196, 35. + +Tigris, river, 183, 12. + +Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10. + + +U. + +_ud_, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24. + +_ul-al-tar_, 191 n. 6. + +_ulinnu_, girdle cord, 195, 20. + +Ulmas, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3. + +Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references, +No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3. + +Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2. + +Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff. + +_urinu_, spear (?), 173, 3. + +_ursaggal_, epithet for Ninurasa, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5. + +_usumgal_, 117, 33. + + +Z. + +_zâbu_, flow. _li-zu-bu_, 198, 16. Cf. _gàm = za'ibu, mitirtu_, +words for canal, SAI. 691-3. + +_zag-sal_, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end. + +_za-am_, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56. + +_zênu_, be enraged, II1 _uzinu-inni_, 197, 6. + +_ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napisti_, 194 n. 6. + + + + +DESCRIPTION OF TABLETS + + +Number in this volume. 1 + +Museum number. 7771 + +Description. + +Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly +broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the +holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6 1/2; T. 1 1/2. Second tablet +of the Epic of Gilgamish. + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2. + +[2] The local Bêl of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here +he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun. + +[3] Tammuz is probably a real personage, although _Dumu-zi_, his +original name, is certainly later than the title _Ab-ú_, probably the +oldest epithet of this deity, see _Tammuz and Ishtar_, p. 8. _Dumu-zi_ +I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of +Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu. + +[4] See _ibid._, page 40. + +[5] Also Meissner's early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably +the same writing, see Dhorme, _Choix de Textes Religieux_, 298-303. + +[6] Sign whose gunufied form is read _aga_. + +[7] The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul +Haupt, _Das Babylonische Nimrodepos_, Leipzig, 1884. + +[8] The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read +_ri-mat ilat_Nin-lil, or _Rimat-Bêlit_, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, +30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that +_Nin-lil_ is an erroneous reading for _Nin-sun_. For _Ninsun_ as +mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. _Ri-mat +ilat_Nin-sun should be rendered "The wild cow Ninsun." + +[9] The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British +Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong to +later tablets, probably III or IV. + +[10] Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) +published in HAUPT, _ibid._, 81-4 preserves a defective text of this +part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book +IV, but it appears to be Book III. + +[11] K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, _ibid._, 16-19. + +[12] See also Ward, No. 199. + +[13] Here this late text includes both variants _pasaru_ and +_zakaru_. The earlier texts have only the one or the other. + +[14] For _kakabê_; _b_ becomes _u_ and then is reduced to the +breathing. + +[15] The variants have _kima kisri_; _ki-[ma]?-rum_ is a possible +reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject. + +[16] Var. _da-an_ + +[17] _SAM-KAK_ = _ilu_, net. The variant has _ultaprid ki-is-su-su_, +"he shook his murderous weapon." For _kissu_ see ZA. 9,220,4 = +CT. 12,14b 36, _gis-kud_ = _ki-is-su_. + +[18] Var. _nussu_ for _nus-su_ = _nussa-su_. The previous translations +of this passage are erroneous. + +[19] This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive +of this verb, _paheru_, not _paharu_. + +[20] Text _ma_? + +[21] _istanamma_ > _istilamma_. + +[22] Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in _Babyloniaca_ II 177. + +[23] Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21. + +[24] Cf. Dhorme _Choix de Textes Religieux_ 198, 33. + +[25] _namastû_ a late form which has followed the analogy of _restû_ +in assuming the feminine _t_ as part of the root. The long _û_ is +due to analogy with _namassû_ a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending. + +[26] Room for a small sign only, perhaps _A; maiak_? For _mâka_, +there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index. + +[27] Infinitive "to shepherd"; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I, +_ri-ia-ú_, _ri-te-ia-ú_. + +[28] The text has clearly _AD-RI_. + +[29] Or _azzammim_? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word +for cup, mug (??). + +[30] _it_ is uncertain and _ta_ more likely than _us_. One expects +_ittabriru_. Cf. _muttabrirru_, CT. 17, 15, 2; _littatabrar_, EBELING, +KTA. 69, 4. + +[31] For _sapparu_. Text and interpretation uncertain. _uttappis_ +II2 from _tapasu_, Hebrew _tapas_, seize. + +[32] Text _ta_! + +[33] On _ekesu_, drive away, see Zimmern, _Shurpu_, p. 56. Cf. _uk-kis +_ Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; _uk-ki-si_, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc. + +[34] The Hebrew cognate of _masû_, to forget, is _nasâ_, Arabic +_nasijia_, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also +Brockelman, _Vergleichende Grammatik_ 160 a. + +[35] Probably phonetic variant of _edir_. The preterite of _ederu_, +to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct +the preterite _edir_ is established. For the change _r_ > _l_ note also +_attalah_ < _attarah_, Harper, _Letters_ 88, 10, _bilku_ < _birku_, +RA. 9, 77 II 13; _uttakkalu_ < _uttakkaru_, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10. + +[36] Also _na_-'-[ -]_ma_ is possible. + +[37] The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My +reading is uncertain. + +[38] Text uncertain, _kal-lu-tim_ is possible. + +[39] _KAK-si_. + +[40] _KAK-si_. + +[41] Literally nostrils. _pitik apunnati-su_, work done in his +presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain. + +[42] Text _ZU_! + +[43] Text has erroneous form. + +[44] Text _PA-it-tam_ clearly! + +[45] Omitted by the scribe. + +[46] Sic! The plural of _kakku_, _kakkîtu_(?). + +[47] Cf. _e-pi-sa-an-su-nu libâru_, "May they see their doings," +_Maklu_ VII 17. + +[48] For _sakin-sum_. + +[49] On the verb _nâku_ see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs § 27. + +[50] The verb _la'atu_, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite _ilut_; +see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense which occurs here as _ilut_ +also. + +[51] Note _BUL(tu-ku)_ = _ratatu_ (falsely entered in Meissner, +SAI. 7993), and _irattutu_ in Zimmern, _Shurpu_, Index. + +[52] "For _ipsah_." + +[53] Sic! _hu_ reduced to the breathing _'u_; read _i-ni-'u_. + +[54] The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column, + +[55] Literally "he attained my front." + +[56] IV1 of _waladu_. + +[57] I.e., in the suburb of Erech. + +[58] _pataku_ has apparently the same sense originally as _bataku_, +although the one forms its preterite _iptik_, and the other +_ibtuk_. Cf. also _mahasu_ break, hammer and construct. + +[59] The passage is obscure. Here _suhuru_ is taken as a loan-word +from sugur = kimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II1 of _saharu_ +is philologically possible. + +[60] I.e., an ordinary man. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen Langdon + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + +***** This file should be named 18897-8.txt or 18897-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/9/18897/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Epic of Gilgamish + A Fragment of the Gilgamish Legend in Old-Babylonian Cuneiform + +Author: Stephen Langdon + +Release Date: July 23, 2006 [EBook #18897] + +Language: EN + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="frontmatter"><h1 class="docTitle">The Epic of Gilgamish</h1> +<h2 class="byline">by + +<span class="docAuthor">Stephen Langdon</span></h2> +<h2 class="docImprint">University of Pennsylvania<br> +The University Museum<br> +Publications of the Babylonian Section<br> +Vol. X No. 3 +</h2> +</div> +<div class="bodytext"><a id="d0e100"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e100">207</a>]</span><p class="div1"></p> +<h2>Introduction</h2> +<p>In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, +according to the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South Babylonian version of the second book of the +epic <i>ša nagba imuru</i>, “He who has seen all things,” commonly referred to as the Epic of Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, +ancient Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned +in Genesis X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated +at Erech and the hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved +on a Nippur tablet<a id="d0e109src" href="#d0e109" class="noteref">1</a> mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North +Babylonia near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech contains the names of two well known Sumerian +deities, Lugalbanda<a id="d0e115src" href="#d0e115" class="noteref">2</a> and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We +have to do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts are disengaged only by conjecture. + +</p> +<p>The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed <a id="d0e120"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e120">208</a>]</span>into the realm of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, +appear to have been real historic personages.<a id="d0e122src" href="#d0e122" class="noteref">3</a> The name Gilgamish was originally written <i><sup>d</sup>Gi-bil-aga-miš</i>, and means “The fire god (<i>Gibil</i>) is a commander,” abbreviated to <i><sup>d</sup>Gi-bil-ga-miš</i>, and <i><sup>d</sup>Gi(š)-bil-ga-miš</i>, a form which by full labialization of <i>b</i> to <i>u̯</i> was finally contracted to <i><sup>d</sup>Gi-il-ga-miš</i>.<a id="d0e166src" href="#d0e166" class="noteref">4</a> Throughout the new text the name is written with the abbreviation <i><sup>d</sup>Gi(š)</i>,<a id="d0e177src" href="#d0e177" class="noteref">5</a> whereas the standard Assyrian text has consistently the writing <i><sup>d</sup>GIŠ-ṬU<a id="d0e190src" href="#d0e190" class="noteref">6</a>-BAR</i>. The latter method of writing the name is apparently cryptographic for <i><sup>d</sup>Giš-bar-aga-(miš)</i>; the fire god <i>Gibil</i> has also the title <i>Giš-bar</i>. + +</p> +<p>A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which +showed that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which +belongs to the same period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text in the few lines where they duplicate +each other. The first line of the new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text,<a id="d0e210src" href="#d0e210" class="noteref">7</a> where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun.<a id="d0e219src" href="#d0e219" class="noteref">8</a> +<a id="d0e246"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e246">209</a>]</span></p> +<p>The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes +up a hitherto unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second book.<a id="d0e249src" href="#d0e249" class="noteref">9</a> + +</p> +<p>At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend +is as follows. The harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, while she relates to him the two dreams +of the king, Gilgamish. In these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition concerning the advent of the +satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him in the conquest of Elam. + +</p> +<p>Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. +When he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands +not. The harlot commands him to eat and drink also: + +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">“It is the conformity of life, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">Of the conditions and fate of the Land.”</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish +himself, who is shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu. + +</p> +<p>“Oh harlot, take away the man,” says the lord of Erech. Once again the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions +of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people +of Erech assemble about him admiring his <a id="d0e265"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e265">210</a>]</span>godlike appearance. Gilgamish receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this point the epic brings +in a new and powerful <i>motif</i>, the renunciation of woman’s love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish is enamoured of the beautiful virgin +goddess Išhara, and Enkidu, fearing the effeminate effects of his friend’s attachment, prevents him forcibly from entering +a house. A terrific combat between these heroes ensues,<a id="d0e270src" href="#d0e270" class="noteref">10</a> in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny. + +</p> +<p>In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text<a id="d0e278src" href="#d0e278" class="noteref">11</a> Enkidu rejects his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned +to the second book, probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which carries the portion related on +the new tablet has not been found. Man redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II. + +</p> +<p>The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects +for seals. Obverse III 28–32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent +Enkidu in combat with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives to rescue his friend from the fatal +charms of Išhara, is probably depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, <i>Seal Cylinders of Western Asia</i>, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the struggling heroes.<a id="d0e292src" href="#d0e292" class="noteref">12</a> This scene not improbably illustrates the effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the satyr stands +between Gilgamish and Išhara(?) on the seal. +<a id="d0e295"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e295">211</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e109" href="#d0e109src" class="noteref">1</a></span> Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e115" href="#d0e115src" class="noteref">2</a></span> The local Bêl of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e122" href="#d0e122src" class="noteref">3</a></span> Tammuz is probably a real personage, although <i>Dumu-zi</i>, his original name, is certainly later than the title <i>Ab-ú</i>, probably the oldest epithet of this deity, see <i>Tammuz and Ishtar</i>, p. 8. <i>Dumu-zi</i> I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e166" href="#d0e166src" class="noteref">4</a></span> See <i>ibid.</i>, page 40. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e177" href="#d0e177src" class="noteref">5</a></span> Also Meissner’s early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably the same writing, see Dhorme, <i>Choix de Textes Religieux</i>, 298–303. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e190" href="#d0e190src" class="noteref">6</a></span> Sign whose gunufied form is read <i>aga</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e210" href="#d0e210src" class="noteref">7</a></span> The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul Haupt, <i>Das Babylonische Nimrodepos</i>, Leipzig, 1884. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e219" href="#d0e219src" class="noteref">8</a></span> The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read <i>ri-mat <sup>ilat</sup>Nin-lil</i>, or <i>Rimat-Bêlit</i>, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, 30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that <i>Nin-lil</i> is an erroneous reading for <i>Nin-sun</i>. For <i>Ninsun</i> as mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. <i>Ri-mat <sup>ilat</sup>Nin-sun</i> should be rendered “The wild cow Ninsun.” +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e249" href="#d0e249src" class="noteref">9</a></span> The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong +to later tablets, probably III or IV. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e270" href="#d0e270src" class="noteref">10</a></span> Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) published in HAUPT, <i>ibid.</i>, 81–4 preserves a defective text of this part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book IV, but it appears +to be Book III. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e278" href="#d0e278src" class="noteref">11</a></span> K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, <i>ibid.</i>, 16–19. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e292" href="#d0e292src" class="noteref">12</a></span> See also Ward, No. 199. +</p> +</div> +<p class="div1"></p> +<h2>Transliteration</h2> +<p class="div2"></p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">it-bi-e-ma <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš šu-na-tam i-pa-aš-šar. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">iz-za-kar-am<a id="d0e308src" href="#d0e308" class="noteref">1</a> a-na um-mi-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">um-mi i-na ša-a-at mu-ši-ti-i̭a +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">ša-am-ḫa-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">ib-ba-šu-nim-ma ka-ka-’a<a id="d0e325src" href="#d0e325" class="noteref">2</a> ša-ma-i +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">ki-?-?-rum<a id="d0e339src" href="#d0e339" class="noteref">3</a> ša a-nim im-ku-ut a-na ṣi-ri-i̭a +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">áš-ši-šu-ma ik-ta-bi-it<a id="d0e350src" href="#d0e350" class="noteref">4</a> e-li-i̭a +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">ilam<a id="d0e357src" href="#d0e357" class="noteref">5</a> iš-šu-ma nu-uš-ša-šu<a id="d0e377src" href="#d0e377" class="noteref">6</a> u-ul el-ti-’i̭ +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">ad-ki ma-tum pa-ḫi-ir<a id="d0e391src" href="#d0e391" class="noteref">7</a> e-li-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">ú-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">i-mi- du i̭a-ti +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">aš-ši-a-šu-ma at-ba-la-áš-šu a-na ṣi-ri-ki +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">um-mi <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">iz-za-kar-am a-na <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš +<a id="d0e418"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e418">212</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">mi-in-di <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamish ša ki-ma ka-ti +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">i-na ṣi-ri i-wa-li-id-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">ú-ra-ab-bi-šu ša-du-ú +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">ta-mar-šu-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ḫa-ta at-ta +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu<a id="d0e432src" href="#d0e432" class="noteref">8</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">te-iṭ-ṭi-ra-šu(?) … šu-ú-zu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">ta-tar-ra-[’a]-šu a-na ṣi-[ri-i̭]a +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">[iš-(?)] ti-lam-ma<a id="d0e444src" href="#d0e444" class="noteref">9</a> i-ta-mar ša-ni-tam +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">[šu-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">[um-m]i a-ta-mar ša-ni-tam +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">[šu-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">[i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim<a id="d0e460src" href="#d0e460" class="noteref">10</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu na-di-i-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">e-li-šu pa-aḫ- ru +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu-um-ma ša-ni bu-nu-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">a-mur-šu-ma aḫ-ta-ta a-na-ku +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">a-ra-am-šu-ma ki-ma áš-ša-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">34</span><span class="poetryline">a-ḫa-ap-pu-up el-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">35</span><span class="poetryline">el-ki-šu-ma áš-ta-ka-an-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">36</span><span class="poetryline">a-na a-ḫi-i̭a +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">37</span><span class="poetryline">um-mi <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">38</span><span class="poetryline">[iz-za-kar-am a-na <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamish] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">...................................</span></p> +</div> +</div><a id="d0e500"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e500">213</a>]</span><p class="div2"></p> +<h3>COL. II</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">aš-šum uš-[ta-] ma-ḫa-ru it-ti-ka. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamish šu-na-tam i-pa-šar +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-[dû w]a?-ši-ib ma-ḫar ḫa-ri-im-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">UR [ ]-ḫa-mu DI-?-al-lu-un +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">[ ] im-ta-ši a-šar i-wa-al-du +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">ûmê 6<a id="d0e521src" href="#d0e521" class="noteref">11</a> ù 7 mu-ši- a-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-dû te-bi- i-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">ša-[am-ka-ta] ir- ḫi +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">ḫa-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-ša i-pu-ša-am-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">iz-za-[kar-am] a-na <sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-dû<a id="d0e537src" href="#d0e537" class="noteref">12</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">a-na-ṭal-ka <sup>d</sup>En-ki-dû ki-ma ili ta-ba-áš-ši +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-áš-te-e<a id="d0e553src" href="#d0e553" class="noteref">13</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak ṣi-ra-am +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">al-kam lu-ùr-di- ka +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">a-na biti [el-]lim mu-ša-bi ša A-nim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>d</sup>En-ki-dû ti-bi lu-ru-ka +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">a-na É-[an-n]a mu-ša-bi ša A-nim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">a-šar [<sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš] it-[.........] ne-pi-ši-tim(?) +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">ù at-[ ]-di [ -] ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka +<a id="d0e593"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e593">214</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">ma-a-a?<a id="d0e598src" href="#d0e598" class="noteref">14</a> -ak ri-i-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">iš-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gár ga-ba-ša +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">mi-il-kum ša sinništi +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">iš-ḫu-uṭ li-ib-ša-am +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">iš-ti-nam [ú]-la-ab-bi-iš-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">li-ib- [ša-am] ša-ni-a-am +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">ši-i it-ta-al-ba- áš +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">ṣa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">a-na gu-up-ri ša ri-i-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">34</span><span class="poetryline">a-š[ar ] tar-ba-ṣi-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">35</span><span class="poetryline">i-na [ ]-ḫu-ru ri-i̭a-ú<a id="d0e631src" href="#d0e631" class="noteref">15</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">36</span><span class="poetryline">.............................</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>(About two lines broken away.) + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>COL. III</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">ši-iz-ba ša na-ma-áš-te-e +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">i-te-en- ni- iḳ +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">a-ka-lam iš-ku-nu ma-ḫar-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">ip-te-iḳ-ma i-na -aṭ-ṭal<a id="d0e656src" href="#d0e656" class="noteref">16</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">ù ip-pa-al-la- as +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">u-ul i-di <sup>d</sup>En-ki- dû +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">aklam a-na a-ka-lim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">šikaram a-na ša-te-e-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">la-a lum-mu- ud +<a id="d0e675"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e675">215</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">ḫa-ri-im-lum pi-ša i-pu-ša-am- ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">iz-za-kar-am a-na <sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-dû +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">a-ku-ul ak-lam <sup>d</sup>En-ki-dû +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">zi-ma-at ba-la-ṭi-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">bi-ši-ti ši-im-ti ma-ti +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">i-ku-ul a-ak-lam <sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-dû +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">a-di ši-bi-e-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">šikaram iš-ti-a-am +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">7 aṣ-ṣa-am-mi-im<a id="d0e703src" href="#d0e703" class="noteref">17</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">it-tap-šar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">i-li-iṣ libba- šu- ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">pa-nu-šu [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru<a id="d0e715src" href="#d0e715" class="noteref">18</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">šu-ḫu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">ša-am-nam ip-ta-ša-áš-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">a-we-li-iš i-mē +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">il-ba- áš li-ib-ša-am +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-áš-ši +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">il-ki ka-ak-ka-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">la-bi ú gi-ir- ri +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">iš-sa-ak-pu šab-[ši]-eš mu-ši-a-ti +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">ut- tap -pi-iš šib-ba-ri<a id="d0e755src" href="#d0e755" class="noteref">19</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">la-bi uk-t[a ]-ši-id +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">34</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-dû ma-aṣ-ṣa-ar-šu-nu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">35</span><span class="poetryline">a-we-lum wa-ru-um +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">36</span><span class="poetryline">iš-[te]-en id-lum +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">37</span><span class="poetryline">a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">...........................</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>(About five lines broken away.) +<a id="d0e788"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e788">216</a>]</span></p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>REVERSE I</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">.............................. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">i-ip-pu-uš ul-ṣa-am +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">iš-ši-ma i-ni-i-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">i-ta-mar a-we-lam +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">iz<a id="d0e803src" href="#d0e803" class="noteref">20</a>-za-kar-am a-na ḫarimti +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">ša-am-ka-at uk-ki-ši<a id="d0e811src" href="#d0e811" class="noteref">21</a> a-we-lam +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">a-na mi-nim il-li-kam +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">zi-ki-ir-šu lu-uš-šu<a id="d0e833src" href="#d0e833" class="noteref">22</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">ḫa-ri-im-tum iš-ta-si a-we-lam +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">i-ba-uš-šu-um-ma i-ta-mar-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">e-di-il<a id="d0e857src" href="#d0e857" class="noteref">23</a> e-eš-ta-ḫi-[ṭa-am] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-aḫ-<a id="d0e898src" href="#d0e898" class="noteref">24</a> [ -]ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">e pi-šu i-pu-ša-am-[ma] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">iz-za-kar-am a-na <sup>ilu</sup>En-[ki-dû] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">bi-ti-iš e-mu-tim [ ] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">ši-ma-a-at ni-ši-i- ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">tu-ṣa<a id="d0e920src" href="#d0e920" class="noteref">25</a>-ar pa-a-ta-tim<a id="d0e923src" href="#d0e923" class="noteref">26</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">a-na âli dup-šak-ki-i e ṣi-en +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi ṣa-a-a-ḫa-tim +<a id="d0e933"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e933">217</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">a-na šarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">pi-ti pu-uk epši<a id="d0e938src" href="#d0e938" class="noteref">27</a> a-na ḫa-a-a-ri +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">a-na <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš šarri ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">pi-ti pu-uk epši<a id="d0e950src" href="#d0e950" class="noteref">28</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">a-na ha-a-a-ri +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">áš-ša-at ši-ma-tim i-ra-aḫ-ḫi +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">šu-u pa-na-nu-um-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">i-na mi-il-ki ša ili ga-bi-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">i-na bi-ti-iḳ a-pu-un-na-ti-šu<a id="d0e967src" href="#d0e967" class="noteref">29</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">ši- ma- az- zum +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">i-ri-ku pa-nu-šu</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>REVERSE II</h3> +<p>............................................................ + +</p> +<p>(About five lines broken away.) + +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">i-il-la-ak- .......... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">ù ša-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">i- ru- ub-ma<a id="d0e993src" href="#d0e993" class="noteref">30</a> a-na<a id="d0e999src" href="#d0e999" class="noteref">31</a> libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">ip-ḫur um-ma-nu-um i-na ṣi-ri-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">pa-aḫ-ra-a-ma ni-šu +<a id="d0e1010"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1010">218</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">i-ta-mē-a i-na ṣi-ri-šu pi(?)-it-tam<a id="d0e1013src" href="#d0e1013" class="noteref">32</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">a-na mi-[ni]<a id="d0e1021src" href="#d0e1021" class="noteref">33</a> <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš ma-ši-il +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">la-nam ša- pi- il +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">e-ṣi[ pu]-uk-ku-ul +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline"> i ? -ak-ta +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">i[- -]di i-ši? +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">ši-iz-ba ša[na-ma-]áš-[te]-e +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">i-te- en- ni- iḳ +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">ka-i̭ā-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum<a id="d0e1041src" href="#d0e1041" class="noteref">34</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">ša-ki-in ip-ša- nu<a id="d0e1054src" href="#d0e1054" class="noteref">35</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">a-na idli ša i-tu-ru zi-mu-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">a-na <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš ki-ma i-li-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">ša-ki-iš-šum<a id="d0e1072src" href="#d0e1072" class="noteref">36</a> me-iḫ-rum +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">a-na <sup>ilat</sup>Iš-ḫa-ra ma-i̭ā-lum +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">na- [di]-i- ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamish id-[ ]na-an(?)... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">i-na mu-ši in-ni-[ -]id +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">i-na-ak<a id="d0e1093src" href="#d0e1093" class="noteref">37</a>-ša-am- ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">it-ta-[ ]i-na zûki +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tām +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">ša <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamish +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">........... da-na(?) ni-iš-šu</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>COL. III</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">ur-(?)ḫa ..................... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš ................ +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">i-na ṣi-ri .................... +<a id="d0e1126"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1126">219</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">i-ḫa-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-šu?] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">it-bi-ma ... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">a-na pa-ni- šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">it-tam-ḫa-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-dû ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">i-na ši-pi-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">i- lu- du<a id="d0e1149src" href="#d0e1149" class="noteref">38</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū<a id="d0e1165src" href="#d0e1165" class="noteref">39</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš ù <sup>ilu</sup>En-ki- dû +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ù- ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">ik-mi-is-ma <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri ši-ip-šu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">ip-ši-iḫ<a id="d0e1204src" href="#d0e1204" class="noteref">40</a> uṣ-ṣa-šu- ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">i-ni-’i i-ra-az-zu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">iš-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-ḫu<a id="d0e1214src" href="#d0e1214" class="noteref">41</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilu</sup>En-ki-dû a-na ša-ši-im +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">iz-za-kar-am a-na <sup>ilu</sup>Gilgamiš +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">ki-ma iš-te-en-ma um-ma-ka +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">ú- li- id- ka +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">ri-im-tum ša zu- pu-ri +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline"><sup>ilat</sup>-Nin- sun- na +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-eš-su +<a id="d0e1247"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1247">220</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">šar-ru-tam ša ni-ši +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">i-ši-im-kum <sup>ilu</sup>En-lil</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">duppu 2 kam-ma +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">šu-tu-ur e-li … +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">4 šu-ši<a id="d0e1262src" href="#d0e1262" class="noteref">42</a></span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e308" href="#d0e308src" class="noteref">1</a></span> Here this late text includes both variants <i>pašāru</i> and <i>zakāru</i>. The earlier texts have only the one or the other. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e325" href="#d0e325src" class="noteref">2</a></span> For <i>kakabê</i>; <i>b</i> becomes <i>u̯</i> and then is reduced to the breathing. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e339" href="#d0e339src" class="noteref">3</a></span> The variants have <i>kima kiṣri</i>; <i>ki-[ma]?-rum</i> is a possible reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e350" href="#d0e350src" class="noteref">4</a></span> Var. <i>da-an</i></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e357" href="#d0e357src" class="noteref">5</a></span> <i>ŠAM-KAK</i> = <i>ilu</i>, net. The variant has <i>ultaprid ki-is-su-šu</i>, “he shook his murderous weapon.” For <i>kissu</i> see ZA. 9,220,4 = CT. 12,14b 36, <i>giš-kud</i> = <i>ki-is-su</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e377" href="#d0e377src" class="noteref">6</a></span> Var. <i>nussu</i> for <i>nuš-šu</i> = <i>nušša-šu</i>. The previous translations of this passage are erroneous. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e391" href="#d0e391src" class="noteref">7</a></span> This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive of this verb, <i>paḫēru</i>, not <i>paḫāru</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e432" href="#d0e432src" class="noteref">8</a></span> Text <i>ma</i>? +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e444" href="#d0e444src" class="noteref">9</a></span> <i>ištanamma</i> > <i>ištilamma</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e460" href="#d0e460src" class="noteref">10</a></span> Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in <i>Babyloniaca</i> II 177. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e521" href="#d0e521src" class="noteref">11</a></span> Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e537" href="#d0e537src" class="noteref">12</a></span> Cf. Dhorme <i>Choix de Textes Religieux</i> 198, 33. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e553" href="#d0e553src" class="noteref">13</a></span> <i>namaštû</i> a late form which has followed the analogy of <i>reštû</i> in assuming the feminine <i>t</i> as part of the root. The long <i>û</i> is due to analogy with <i>namaššû</i> a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e598" href="#d0e598src" class="noteref">14</a></span> Room for a small sign only, perhaps <i>A; māi̭āk</i>? For <i>mâka</i>, there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e631" href="#d0e631src" class="noteref">15</a></span> Infinitive “to shepherd”; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I, <i>ri-i̭a-ú</i>, <i>ri-te-i̭a-ú</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e656" href="#d0e656src" class="noteref">16</a></span> The text has clearly <i>AD-RI</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e703" href="#d0e703src" class="noteref">17</a></span> Or <i>azzammim</i>? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word for cup, mug (??). +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e715" href="#d0e715src" class="noteref">18</a></span> <i>it</i> is uncertain and <i>ta</i> more likely than <i>uš</i>. One expects <i>ittabriru</i>. Cf. <i>muttabrirru</i>, CT. 17, 15, 2; <i>littatabrar</i>, EBELING, KTA. 69, 4. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e755" href="#d0e755src" class="noteref">19</a></span> For <i>šapparu</i>. Text and interpretation uncertain. <i>uttappiš</i> II² from <i>tapāšu</i>, Hebrew <i>tāpaś</i>, seize. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e803" href="#d0e803src" class="noteref">20</a></span> Text <i>ta</i>! +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e811" href="#d0e811src" class="noteref">21</a></span> On <i>ekēšu</i>, drive away, see Zimmern, <i>Shurpu</i>, p. 56. Cf. <i>uk-kiš </i> Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; <i>uk-ki-ši</i>, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e833" href="#d0e833src" class="noteref">22</a></span> The Hebrew cognate of <i>mašû</i>, to forget, is <i>našâ</i>, Arabic <i>nasijia</i>, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also Brockelman, <i>Vergleichende Grammatik</i> 160 a. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e857" href="#d0e857src" class="noteref">23</a></span> Probably phonetic variant of <i>edir</i>. The preterite of <i>edēru</i>, to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct the preterite <i>edir</i> is established. For the change <i>r</i> > <i>l</i> note also <i>attalaḫ</i> < <i>attaraḫ</i>, Harper, <i>Letters</i> 88, 10, <i>bilku</i> < <i>birku</i>, RA. 9, 77 II 13; <i>uttakkalu</i> < <i>uttakkaru</i>, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e898" href="#d0e898src" class="noteref">24</a></span> Also <i>na</i>-’-[ -]<i>ma</i> is possible. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e920" href="#d0e920src" class="noteref">25</a></span> The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My reading is uncertain. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e923" href="#d0e923src" class="noteref">26</a></span> Text uncertain, <i>kal-lu-tim</i> is possible. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e938" href="#d0e938src" class="noteref">27</a></span> <i>KAK-ši</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e950" href="#d0e950src" class="noteref">28</a></span> <i>KAK-ši</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e967" href="#d0e967src" class="noteref">29</a></span> Literally nostrils. <i>pitik apunnati-šu</i>, work done in his presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e993" href="#d0e993src" class="noteref">30</a></span> Text <i>ZU</i>! +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e999" href="#d0e999src" class="noteref">31</a></span> Text has erroneous form. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1013" href="#d0e1013src" class="noteref">32</a></span> Text <i>PA-it-tam</i> clearly! +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1021" href="#d0e1021src" class="noteref">33</a></span> Omitted by the scribe. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1041" href="#d0e1041src" class="noteref">34</a></span> Sic! The plural of <i>kakku</i>, <i>kakkîtu</i>(?). +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1054" href="#d0e1054src" class="noteref">35</a></span> Cf. <i>e-pi-ša-an-šu-nu libâru</i>, “May they see their doings,” <i>Maḳlu</i> VII 17. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1072" href="#d0e1072src" class="noteref">36</a></span> For <i>šakin-šum</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1093" href="#d0e1093src" class="noteref">37</a></span> On the verb <i>nâku</i> see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs § 27. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1149" href="#d0e1149src" class="noteref">38</a></span> The verb <i>la’āṭu</i>, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite <i>iluṭ</i>; see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense which occurs here as <i>iluṭ</i> also. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1165" href="#d0e1165src" class="noteref">39</a></span> Note <i>BUL(tu-ku)</i> = <i>ratātu</i> (falsely entered in Meissner, SAI. 7993), and <i>irattutu</i> in Zimmern, <i>Shurpu</i>, Index. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1204" href="#d0e1204src" class="noteref">40</a></span> “For <i>ipšaḫ</i>.” +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1214" href="#d0e1214src" class="noteref">41</a></span> Sic! <i>ḫu</i> reduced to the breathing <i>’u</i>; read <i>i-ni-’u</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1262" href="#d0e1262src" class="noteref">42</a></span> The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column, +</p> +</div> +<p class="div1"></p> +<h2>Translation</h2> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">addressing his mother. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">“My mother! during my night +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">I, having become lusty, wandered about +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">in the midst of omens. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">And there came out stars in the heavens, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">Like a … of heaven he fell upon me. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">I bore him but he was too heavy for me. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">I summoned the land to assemble unto him, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">that heroes might kiss his feet. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">He stood up before me<a id="d0e1292src" href="#d0e1292" class="noteref">1</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">and they stood over against me. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">I lifted him and carried him away unto thee.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">said unto Gilgamish:— +<a id="d0e1303"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1303">212</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">“Truly oh Gilgamish he is +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">born<a id="d0e1308src" href="#d0e1308" class="noteref">2</a> in the fields like thee. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">The mountains have reared him. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?) +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">Heroes kiss <i>his</i> feet. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">Thou shalt spare him…. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">Thou shalt lead him to me.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">Again he dreamed and saw another dream +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">and reported it unto his mother. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">“My mother, I have seen another +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">[dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">In Erech of the wide spaces<a id="d0e1337src" href="#d0e1337" class="noteref">3</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">he hurled the axe, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">and they assembled about him. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">Another axe seemed his visage. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">I saw him and was astounded. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">I loved him as a woman, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">34</span><span class="poetryline">falling upon him in embrace. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">35</span><span class="poetryline">I took him and made him +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">36</span><span class="poetryline">my brother.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">37</span><span class="poetryline">The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">38</span><span class="poetryline">[said unto Gilgamish:—] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">...................................</span></p> +</div> +</div><a id="d0e1362"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1362">213</a>]</span><p class="div2"></p> +<h3>COL. II</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">that he may join with thee in endeavor.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">(Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">Enkidu sitting before the hierodule +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline"> </span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">[ ] forgot where he was born. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">Six days and seven nights +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">came forth Enkidu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">and cohabited with the courtesan. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">The hierodule opened her mouth +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">speaking unto Enkidu. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">“I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">Why with the animals +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">wanderest thou on the plain? +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">Come! I will lead thee +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">into the midst of Erech of the wide places, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">where Gilgamish [<i>oppresses</i>] the souls of men(?) +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">And as I ............ +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">thou shalt ........ thyself. +<a id="d0e1412"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1412">214</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">Come thou, arise from the ground +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">The advice of the woman +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">fell upon his heart. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">She tore off one garment +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">and clothed him with it. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">With a second garment +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">she clothed herself. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">She clasped his hand, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">guiding him like .............. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">34</span><span class="poetryline">unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">35</span><span class="poetryline">In ......... to shepherd +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">36</span><span class="poetryline">.............................</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>(About two lines broken away.) + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>COL. III</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">Milk of the cattle +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">he drank. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">Food they placed before him. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">He broke bread<a id="d0e1457src" href="#d0e1457" class="noteref">4</a> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">gazing and looking. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">But Enkidu understood not. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">Bread to eat, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">beer to drink, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">he had not been taught. +<a id="d0e1484"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1484">215</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">The hierodule opened her mouth +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">and said unto Enkidu:— +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">“Eat bread, oh Enkidu! +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">It is the conformity of life, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">of the conditions and the fate of the land.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">Enkidu ate bread, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">until he was satiated. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">Beer he drank +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">seven <i>times</i>(?). +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">His heart became joyful, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">and his face glowed. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">He stroked................. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline"><i>the hair of the head</i>.<a id="d0e1518src" href="#d0e1518" class="noteref">5</a> His body +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">with oil he anointed. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">He became like a man. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">He attired himself with clothes +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">even as does a husband. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">He seized his weapon, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">which the panther and lion +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">fells in the night time cruelly. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">He captured the wild mountain goats. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">The panther he conquered. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">Among the great <i>sheep for sacrifice</i> +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">34</span><span class="poetryline">Enkidu was their guard. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">35</span><span class="poetryline">A man, a leader, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">36</span><span class="poetryline">A hero. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">37</span><span class="poetryline">Unto .......... he elevated +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">...........................</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>(About five lines broken away.) +<a id="d0e1562"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1562">216</a>]</span></p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>REVERSE I</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">.............................. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">And he made glad. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">He lifted up his eyes, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">and beheld the man, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">and said unto the hierodule:— +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">“Oh harlot, take away the man. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">Wherefore did he come to me? +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">I would forget the memory of him.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">The hierodule called unto the man +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">and came unto him beholding him. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">She sorrowed and was astonished +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">how his ways were ............ +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">Behold she opened her mouth +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">saying unto Enkidu:— +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">“At home with a family [<i>to dwell</i>??] +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">is the fate of mankind. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">Thou shouldest design boundaries(??) +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">.... ......an abode of comfort. +<a id="d0e1608"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1608">217</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">For the king of Erech of the wide places +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">open, addressing thy speech +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">as unto a husband. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">He cohabits with the wife decreed for him, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">even he formerly. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">But henceforth +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">in the counsel which god has spoken, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">in the work of his presence +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">shall be his fate.” +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">At the mention of the hero +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">his face became pale.</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>REVERSE II</h3> +<p>............................................................ + +</p> +<p>(About five lines broken away.) + +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">going ....................... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">and the harlot ..... after him. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">The artisans gathered about him. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">And as he stood in the street +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">of Erech of the wide places, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">the people assembled +<a id="d0e1657"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1657">218</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">disputing round about him:— +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">“How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly? +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">In form he is shorter. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">In ........ he is made powerful. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline"> </span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline"> </span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">Milk of the cattle +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">he drank. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">Continually in the midst of Erech weapons +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">the heroes purified. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">A project was instituted. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">unto Gilgamish like a god +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">he became for him a fellow. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">For Išhara a couch +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">was laid. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">Gilgamish ................... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">In the night he .............. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">embracing her in sleep. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">They ........ in the street +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">halting at the ................ +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">of Gilgamish. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">.......... mightily(?)</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>COL. III</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">1</span><span class="poetryline">A road(?) .................... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">2</span><span class="poetryline">Gilgamish ................... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">3</span><span class="poetryline">in the plain .................. +<a id="d0e1715"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1715">219</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">4</span><span class="poetryline">his hair growing thickly like the corn. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">5</span><span class="poetryline">He came forth ... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">6</span><span class="poetryline">into his presence. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">7</span><span class="poetryline">They met in the wide park of the land. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">8</span><span class="poetryline">Enkidu held fast the door +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">9</span><span class="poetryline">with his foot, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">10</span><span class="poetryline">and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">11</span><span class="poetryline">They grappled with each other +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">12</span><span class="poetryline">goring like an ox. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">13</span><span class="poetryline">The threshold they destroyed. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">14</span><span class="poetryline">The wall they demolished. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">15</span><span class="poetryline">Gilgamish and Enkidu +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">16</span><span class="poetryline">grappled with each other, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">17</span><span class="poetryline">goring like an ox. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">18</span><span class="poetryline">The threshold they destroyed. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">19</span><span class="poetryline">The wall they demolished. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">20</span><span class="poetryline">Gilgamish bowed +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">21</span><span class="poetryline">to the ground at his feet +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">22</span><span class="poetryline">and his javelin reposed. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">23</span><span class="poetryline">He turned back his breast. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">24</span><span class="poetryline">After he had turned back his breast, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">25</span><span class="poetryline">Enkidu unto that one +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">26</span><span class="poetryline">spoke, even unto Gilgamish. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">27</span><span class="poetryline">“Even as one<a id="d0e1764src" href="#d0e1764" class="noteref">6</a> did thy mother +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">28</span><span class="poetryline">bear thee, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">29</span><span class="poetryline">she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">30</span><span class="poetryline">Ninsunna, +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">31</span><span class="poetryline">whose head she exalted more than a husband. +<a id="d0e1775"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1775">220</a>]</span></span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">32</span><span class="poetryline">Royal power over the people +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="linenum">33</span><span class="poetryline">Enlil has decreed for thee.”</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">Second tablet. +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">Written upon ... +</span></p> +<p class="line" style=""><span class="poetryline">240 (lines).</span></p> +</div> +</div><a id="d0e1787"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1787">221</a>]</span><div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1292" href="#d0e1292src" class="noteref">1</a></span> Literally “he attained my front.” +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1308" href="#d0e1308src" class="noteref">2</a></span> IV¹ of <i>walādu</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1337" href="#d0e1337src" class="noteref">3</a></span> I.e., in the suburb of Erech. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1457" href="#d0e1457src" class="noteref">4</a></span> <i>patāḳu</i> has apparently the same sense originally as <i>batāḳu</i>, although the one forms its preterite <i>iptiḳ</i>, and the other <i>ibtuḳ</i>. Cf. also <i>maḫāṣu</i> break, hammer and construct. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1518" href="#d0e1518src" class="noteref">5</a></span> The passage is obscure. Here <i>šuḫuru</i> is taken as a loan-word from suģur = ḳimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II¹ of <i>saḫāru</i> is philologically possible. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1764" href="#d0e1764src" class="noteref">6</a></span> I.e., an ordinary man. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="backmatter"> +<p class="div1"></p> +<h2>Index to Parts 2 and 3</h2> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>A.</h3> +<p>Adab, city, 123, 23. + +</p> +<p><i>addi</i>, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12. + +</p> +<p><i>aḫu</i>, brother, 212, 36. + +</p> +<p>Aja, goddess, 198, 9. + +</p> +<p><i>al (giš)</i>, <i>al-gar (giš)</i>, a musical instrument, 187–191. See also No. 20 Rev. 7–12. <i>al-bi</i>, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 (unpublished) <i>al-gar</i>, <i>al-gar-balag</i> in list with <i>(giš)-á-lá</i>, also an instrument of music. + +</p> +<p><i>alad</i>, protecting genius, 154, 18. + +</p> +<p><i>ameliš</i>, like a man, 215, 25. + +</p> +<p>Amurrû, god. Psalm to, 118; 119. + +</p> +<p><i>angubba</i>, sentinel, 180, 14. + +</p> +<p>Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20. + +</p> +<p>Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; 189, 21. + +</p> +<p>Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2. + +</p> +<p><i>apunnatu,</i> nostrils, <i>pitiḳ, apunnāti</i>, 217, 28. + +</p> +<p><i>aṣṣammim</i> (?), 215, 18. + +</p> +<p>Arallû, 132, 26; 134, 7. + +</p> +<p><i>arāmu</i>, cover, 198 n. 2. + +</p> +<p><i>arāḳu</i>, be pale, Prt. <i>iriku</i>, 217, 31. + +</p> +<p><i>arḫiš</i>, quickly, 199, 28. + +</p> +<p>Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, 29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f. + +</p> +<p>Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4. + +</p> +<p>Aš-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. <i>áš</i> omitted, No. 19, 2. + +</p> +<p><i>aš-me</i>, disk, 133, 38. + +</p> +<p>Ašširgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7. + +</p> +<p>Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>B.</h3> +<p>Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152. + +</p> +<p>Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11. + +</p> +<p><i>badara</i>, see 200 n. 2. <i>badarani</i>, a weapon, 133, 36. + +</p> +<p><i>balag</i>, lyre, 138, 52. + +</p> +<p><i>bansur</i>, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3. + +</p> +<p>Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10. + +</p> +<p><i>bišîtu</i>, condition, 215, 14. + +</p> +<p><i>bi’u</i>, cavern, 196, 29. + +</p> +<p><i>bulukku</i>, crab, 174, 5. + +</p> +<p><i>burgul</i>, engraver, 185, 8. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>C.</h3> +<p>Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>D.</h3> +<p>Dada, god, 192, 6. + +</p> +<p>Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21. + +</p> +<p>Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7. + +</p> +<p>Deification of kings, 106–9; 127 n. 1. + +</p> +<p><i>dêpu</i>, shatter, 195 n. 16. +<a id="d0e1951"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1951">222</a>]</span></p> +<p>DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10. + +</p> +<p>Dilbat, city, 167, 16. + +</p> +<p>Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4. + +</p> +<p><i>dimgul</i>, <i>dimdul</i>, master workman, 150. + +</p> +<p><i>dingir-gal-gal-e-ne</i>, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; 149, 19. + +</p> +<p>dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28. + +</p> +<p><i>dumu-sag</i>, title of Tašmet, 163, 12. + +</p> +<p>Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136. + +</p> +<p><i>dupšakku</i>, trencher basket, 216, 17. + +</p> +<p>Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>E.</h3> +<p>E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18. + +</p> +<p>E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read E-barra. + +</p> +<p>E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133. + +</p> +<p><i>edēlu</i> = <i>edēru</i>, be gloomy, 216, 10. + +</p> +<p><i>é-dub</i>, house of learning, 117, 39. + +</p> +<p><i>é-gal</i>, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9. + +</p> +<p><i>é-gig</i> = <i>ḳiṣṣu</i>, 191, 11. + +</p> +<p>E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16. + +</p> +<p>E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10. + +</p> +<p>E-kišibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +</p> +<p>E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; 160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23. + +</p> +<p>Emaḫ, Ešmaḫ, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4. + +</p> +<p>E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3. + +</p> +<p>E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p>E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +</p> +<p>E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24. + +</p> +<p><i>en-a-nu-un</i>, <i>en-á-nun</i>, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2. + +</p> +<p>Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5. + +</p> +<p>E-ninnû, temple, 181, 22. + +</p> +<p><i>EN-ḪUL-tim-mu</i>, 194 n. 2. + +</p> +<p><i>EN-KA-KA, bêl dabābi</i>, 194, 2. + +</p> +<p>Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16. + +</p> +<p>Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; 219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13. + +</p> +<p>Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155–184. Regarded as god of light, 157, 1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; +131, 6; 136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33. + +</p> +<p>Enul, god, 149, 16. + +</p> +<p>Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3. + +</p> +<p><i>epšānu</i>, deeds, 218, 18. + +</p> +<p><i>epû</i>, be dark, I² <i>itêpû</i>, 196, 29. + +</p> +<p>Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech <i>ribîtim</i>, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217, 19:21; 217, 3:6. + +</p> +<p>eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8. + +</p> +<p><i>erida</i>, title, 175, 1. + +</p> +<p>Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13. + +</p> +<p>Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11. + +</p> +<p><i>eršagtugmal</i>, penitential psalm, 118. + +</p> +<p>E-sagila, temple, 152. + +</p> +<p>E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4. + +</p> +<p><i>ešendili</i>, a title, 177, 10. +<a id="d0e2099"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2099">223</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>eškar</i>, fixed tax, 188, 9. + +</p> +<p><i>eš-lal</i>, a sacred place, 161, 14. + +</p> +<p>E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25. + +</p> +<p>E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +</p> +<p>Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20. + +</p> +<p>E-zida, temple, 166, 12. + +</p> +<p>Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9. + +</p> +<p>Ezira, reading of the divine name <i>KA-DI</i>, 177, 11. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>F.</h3> +<p>Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>G.</h3> +<p><i>GAB</i>, baked bread, 200, 33. + +</p> +<p><i>GAB-LAL</i>, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35. + +</p> +<p><i>GAR-šunnu = epišan-šunu</i>, 198, 13. + +</p> +<p><i>gašan-gula</i>, title of Ninâ, 119 n. 2. + +</p> +<p><i>gepar</i>, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18. + +</p> +<p>Gibil, god, 197, 3. + +</p> +<p><i>gi-gál(giš)</i>,interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33. + +</p> +<p><i>gigunna</i>, 114, 23. + +</p> +<p>Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, 21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation +of name, 208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f. + +</p> +<p><i>gilsa</i>, a sacred relic, 132, 22. + +</p> +<p>Girra, <i>Irra</i>, god, 174, 7; 177, 12. + +</p> +<p><i>girru</i>, lion, 215, 29. + +</p> +<p>Girsu, city, 181, 23. + +</p> +<p>Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18. + +</p> +<p>Guedin, province, 129, 28. + +</p> +<p>Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6. + +</p> +<p><i>gupru</i>, mighty, 214, 33. + +</p> +<p>Gutium, land, 120 ff. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>H.</h3> +<p>Hallab, city, 125; 141. + +</p> +<p><i>ḫanābu</i>, grow thickly, Prs. <i>ibannib</i>, 219, 4. + +</p> +<p><i>ḫapāpu</i>, embrace, 212, 34. + +</p> +<p><i>ḫaṣṣinu</i>, axe, 212, 29:31. + +</p> +<p><i>ḫarbatu</i>, waste place, 200, 39. + +</p> +<p>Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +</p> +<p>Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42. + +</p> +<p><i>ḫûlu</i>, a bird, 199, 31. + +</p> +<p><i>ḫûḳu</i>, a bird, 199, 31. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>I.</h3> +<p>Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2. + +</p> +<p><i>ibsi</i>, liturgical expression, 120, 5. + +</p> +<p>Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6. + +</p> +<p><i>IGI-NAGIN-NA</i>, 194, 11. + +</p> +<p><i>imib</i>, weapon, 131, 8. <i>mi-ib</i>, ibid. n.3. + +</p> +<p><i>imin</i>, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18. + +</p> +<p>Immer, god, 177, 8. + +</p> +<p>Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3. + +</p> +<p>Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash, 148, 4. Other references, 154, 21. + +</p> +<p><i>iṣṣur šamê</i>, unclean birds, 195 n. 10. + +</p> +<p>Išhara, goddess, 218, 22. + +</p> +<p>Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4. + +</p> +<p>Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>K.</h3> +<p><i>KA-DIB-BI, sibit pî</i>, 194, 10. + +</p> +<p><i>KAK-DIG</i>, a weapon, 130, 4. + +</p> +<p><i>kakkitu</i> (?), weapon. Pl. <i>kakkiatum</i>, 218, 16. + +</p> +<p><i>KAK-SIR</i>, a weapon (?), 130, 4. +<a id="d0e2290"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2290">121</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>kalama</i>, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154, 17; 177, 9. + +</p> +<p><i>kanami</i>=<i>kalama</i>, land, 120, 8. + +</p> +<p>KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10. + +</p> +<p><i>kasû</i>, bind. I² <i>liktisu</i>, 198, 20. + +</p> +<p>Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166, 8; 169, 24. + +</p> +<p>Keš, city, 115, 11; 123, 22. + +</p> +<p><i>kešda-azag</i>, a relic, 132, 27. + +</p> +<p><i>ki</i>, <i>kin</i> for <i>gim</i> = <i>kima</i>, 120, 6. + +</p> +<p>KI-AG-MAL, <i>râmu</i>, 194 n. 4. + +</p> +<p>Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145. + +</p> +<p><i>ki-malla</i>, to bend. <i>tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gí-gí</i>, “Thy neck wearies not in bending,” 168, 2. [Correct the translation.] + +</p> +<p><i>ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin</i>, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17. + +</p> +<p><i>KI-SAR, ḳaḳḳara tašabbiṭ</i>, 199, 29. + +</p> +<p>Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. <i>é kiš-(ki)-šú</i>, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8. + +</p> +<p>Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1. + +</p> +<p><i>kunin, gunin</i>, reed basket, 150 n. 3. + +</p> +<p><i>kurgal</i>, “great mountain,” title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114, 19; 182, 5. + +</p> +<p><i>KURUN-NA</i>, (<i>amelu</i>), 196, 34. + +</p> +<p><i>KUŠ-KU-MAL</i>, 194, 11. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>L.</h3> +<p><i>la’aṭu</i>, gore. Prt. <i>ilûdu</i>, 219, 12:17. + +</p> +<p><i>labu</i>, panther, 215, 29:32. + +</p> +<p>Lagash, city, 181, 23:26. + +</p> +<p><i>Laḫama</i>, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5. + +</p> +<p>Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31. + +</p> +<p>Libit-Ishtar, king, 141. + +</p> +<p><i>libšu</i>, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26. + +</p> +<p>Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3. + +</p> +<p><i>lilazag</i>, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1. + +</p> +<p>Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5. + +</p> +<p><i>limēnu</i>, be evil. II¹ <i>ulammenu-inni</i>, 197, 7. + +</p> +<p>Lugal-dīg, god, 197, 5. + +</p> +<p><i>lu’ûtu</i>, pollution, 195, 19. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>M.</h3> +<p>Magan, land, 112, 2:5. + +</p> +<p><i>mai̭ālu</i>, couch, 218, 22. + +</p> +<p><i>malāšu</i>, shear, 195, 20. + +</p> +<p>Mamit, 200, 41. + +</p> +<p><i>mandatu</i>, form, 195, 21. + +</p> +<p><i>mal-gar</i> (<i>gi</i>), a musical instrument, 191, 10. + +</p> +<p><i>mangu</i>, disease, 195, 19. + +</p> +<p>Marduk, god, 151. + +</p> +<p><i>markasu</i>, leader, 150. + +</p> +<p><i>masû</i>, seize, 195 n. 5. + +</p> +<p><i>mašû</i>, to forget, 216, 7. + +</p> +<p>Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p><i>meḫru</i>, fellow, 218, 21. + +</p> +<p>Meḫuš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p>Meluḫḫa, land, 112, 6. + +</p> +<p>Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15. + +</p> +<p><i>mesû</i>, a tree, 159, 23. + +</p> +<p><i>muk</i>, now, but now, 217, 26. + +</p> +<p>Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18. + +</p> +<p>Mulmul, gods, 142. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>N.</h3> +<p><i>nâdu</i>, water bottle, 198, 17. + +</p> +<p><i>nadîtu</i>, temple devotee, 188, 7. + +</p> +<p><i>nagû</i>, shout. Prs. <i>inangu</i>, 215, 19. + +</p> +<p><i>nâku</i>, embrace, 218, 26. + +</p> +<p><i>namaštû</i>, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14. + +</p> +<p>Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24. + +</p> +<p>Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. +<a id="d0e2527"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2527">225</a>]</span></p> +<p>Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2. + +</p> +<p>Nergal, god, 131, 6. + +</p> +<p>Nidaba, goddess, 191. + +</p> +<p><i>ni-gál</i>, cattle, 121, 6. + +</p> +<p><i>nimir = ligir</i>, 174, 4. + +</p> +<p><i>ninda</i>, linear measure, 133, 41. + +</p> +<p>Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3. + +</p> +<p>Ningišzida, god, 133, 34. + +</p> +<p>Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15. + +</p> +<p>Ninkasi, goddess, 144. + +</p> +<p>Ninki, goddess, 149, 16. + +</p> +<p>Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14. + +</p> +<p>Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p>Ninmaḫ, goddess, 116, 22. + +</p> +<p>Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27. + +</p> +<p>Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?). + +</p> +<p>Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and woman, 192. + +</p> +<p>Ninul, goddess, 149, 16. + +</p> +<p>Ninurašâ, god, 191, 12; 146, 12. + +</p> +<p>Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13. + +</p> +<p>Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18; 158, 7; 165, 16. + +</p> +<p><i>NI-SUR</i> (<i>amelu</i>), 196, 35. + +</p> +<p>Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10. + +</p> +<p><i>nugiganna</i>, epithet of Innini, 185, 2. + +</p> +<p><i>nûn apsi</i>, unclean fish, 195 n. 11. + +</p> +<p>Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17. + +</p> +<p><i>nun-ùr</i>, epithet of Amurrû, 119, 3. + +</p> +<p>Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p>Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>P.</h3> +<p>Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form of Tammuz. + +</p> +<p><i>pananumma</i>, formerly, 217, 25. + +</p> +<p>Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9. + +</p> +<p><i>patāḳu</i>, fashion, break, 214, 4. + +</p> +<p><i>paturru</i>, a weapon, 200, 37. + +</p> +<p>Pleiades, 142. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>R.</h3> +<p><i>ratātu</i>, demolish, 219, 19. + +</p> +<p>Rimat <sup>ilat</sup>Ninsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29. + +</p> +<p>Ruškišag, goddess, 132, 28. + +</p> +<p><i>RU-TIG</i>, an epithet, 141, 2. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>S.</h3> +<p><i>sa-bar; sa-sud-da</i>, liturgical note, 182, 31. + +</p> +<p><i>šabšiš</i>, cruelly, 215, 30. + +</p> +<p>Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11. + +</p> +<p><i>šaḫātu</i>, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic <i>saḫiṭa</i>. + +</p> +<p><i>ṣai̭āḫatu</i>, desire, comfort, 216, 18. + +</p> +<p><i>šakāpu</i>, fell. I² <i>išsakpu</i>, 215, 30. + +</p> +<p><i>ṣalûtu</i>, enmity, 199, 27. + +</p> +<p>Šamaš, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31. + +</p> +<p>Šamaš-šum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193–200; 199, 23. + +</p> +<p>Samsuiluna, king, 151. + +</p> +<p><i>SAR-DI-DA</i>, a relic, 133, 37. + +</p> +<p>Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12. + +</p> +<p>Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30. + +</p> +<p>Ship, in legend, 113, 2. + +</p> +<p>Silsirsir, a chapel. + +</p> +<p>Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19. + +</p> +<p><i>sippu</i>, threshold, 219, 13:18. +<a id="d0e2701"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2701">226</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>Sippar</i>, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19. + +</p> +<p><i>sirgidda</i>, long song, 140, 54. + +</p> +<p>Siriš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p>Siriškaš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p>Siriškašgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +</p> +<p><i>sirsagga</i>, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48. + +</p> +<p><i>ŠU-AN = kat ili</i>, 194, 12. See also <i>ŠU-<sup>d</sup>INNINI</i>, 194, 12. + +</p> +<p><i>ŠU-NAM-ERIM-MA</i>, 194, 13. + +</p> +<p><i>ŠU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU</i>, 194, 13. + +</p> +<p><i>subura</i>, earth, 175, 3. + +</p> +<p><i>su-ud, sú-ud-ám</i>, epithet of goddess of Šuruppak, 177, 10 and note 4. + +</p> +<p><i>šuḫuru</i>, hair (?), 215, 23. + +</p> +<p><i>sukkal-zid</i>, title of Nebo, 163, 10. + +</p> +<p>Šulpae, god, No. 16 II 22. + +</p> +<p>Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2. + +</p> +<p><i>sumugan</i>, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>T.</h3> +<p>Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3. + +</p> +<p>Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126; 208; 131, 20. + +</p> +<p><i>tapāšu</i>, seize, capture, II² <i>uttappiš</i>, 215, 31. + +</p> +<p><i>temēru</i>, cook, 196, 35. + +</p> +<p>Tigris, river, 183, 12. + +</p> +<p>Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>U.</h3> +<p><i>ud</i>, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24. + +</p> +<p><i>ul-al-tar</i>, 191 n. 6. + +</p> +<p><i>ulinnu</i>, girdle cord, 195, 20. + +</p> +<p>Ulmaš, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3. + +</p> +<p>Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references, No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3. + +</p> +<p>Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2. + +</p> +<p>Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff. + +</p> +<p><i>urinu</i>, spear (?), 173, 3. + +</p> +<p><i>ursaggal</i>, epithet for Ninurašā, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5. + +</p> +<p><i>ušumgal</i>, 117, 33. + +</p> +<p class="div2"></p> +<h3>Z.</h3> +<p><i>zâbu</i>, flow. <i>li-zu-bu</i>, 198, 16. Cf. <i>gàm = za’ibu, miṭirtu</i>, words for canal, SAI. 691–3. + +</p> +<p><i>zag-sal</i>, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end. + +</p> +<p><i>za-am</i>, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56. + +</p> +<p><i>zênu</i>, be enraged, II¹ <i>uzinu-inni</i>, 197, 6. + +</p> +<p><i>ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napišti</i>, 194 n. 6. + +<a id="d0e2851"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2851">124</a>]</span></p> +<p class="div1"></p> +<h2>Description of Tablets</h2> +<p>Number in this volume. 1 + +</p> +<p>Museum number. 7771 + +</p> +<p>Description. + +</p> +<p>Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate +the holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6½; T. 1½. Second tablet of the Epic of Gilgamish. +<a id="d0e2863"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2863">125</a>]</span></p> +<p class="div1"></p> +<h2>Autograph Plates</h2> +<p></p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXIII. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-63.gif" alt=""></p> +</div><p> +</p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXIV. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-64.gif" alt=""></p> +</div><p> +</p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXV. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-65.gif" alt=""></p> +</div><p> +</p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXVI. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-66.gif" alt=""></p> +</div><p> +</p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXVII. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-67.gif" alt=""></p> +</div><p> +</p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXVIII. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-68.gif" alt=""></p> +</div><p> +</p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXIX. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-69.jpg" alt="Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Obverse)"></p> +<p class="figureHead">Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Obverse)</p> +</div><p> +</p> +<div class="divFigure"> +<h3>Plate LXX. + +</h3> +<p class="legend"><img border="0" src="images/plate-70.jpg" alt="Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Reverse)"></p> +<p class="figureHead">Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Reverse)</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen Langdon + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + +***** This file should be named 18897-h.htm or 18897-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/9/18897/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Epic of Gilgamish + A Fragment of the Gilgamish Legend in Old-Babylonian Cuneiform + +Author: Stephen Langdon + +Release Date: July 23, 2006 [EBook #18897] + +Language: EN + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + + + + + The Epic of Gilgamish + + + by + + Stephen Langdon + + + University of Pennsylvania + The University Museum + Publications of the Babylonian Section + Vol. X No. 3 + + + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large +six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to +the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South +Babylonian version of the second book of the epic _sa nagba imuru_, +"He who has seen all things," commonly referred to as the Epic of +Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient +Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant +of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis +X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the +legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the +hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of +that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet +[1] mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at +Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia +near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech +contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda +[2] and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and +that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to +do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts +are disengaged only by conjecture. + +The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed into the realm +of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing +in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real +historic personages. [3] The name Gilgamish was originally written +_d_Gi-bil-aga-mis, and means "The fire god (_Gibil_) is a commander," +abbreviated to _d_Gi-bil-ga-mis, and _d_Gi(s)-bil-ga-mis, a form +which by full labialization of _b_ to _u_ was finally contracted to +_d_Gi-il-ga-mis. [4] Throughout the new text the name is written with +the abbreviation _d_Gi(s), [5] whereas the standard Assyrian text +has consistently the writing _d_GIS-TU [6]-BAR. The latter method of +writing the name is apparently cryptographic for _d_Gis-bar-aga-(mis); +the fire god _Gibil_ has also the title _Gis-bar_. + +A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was +published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed +that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in +diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same +period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text +in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the +new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text, [7] +where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun. [8] + +The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, +Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto +unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second +book. [9] + +At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of +Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The +harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, +while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In +these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition +concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him +in the conquest of Elam. + +Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe +himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When +he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread +and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The +harlot commands him to eat and drink also: + + + "It is the conformity of life, + Of the conditions and fate of the Land." + + +He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty +hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is +shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu. + +"Oh harlot, take away the man," says the lord of Erech. Once again +the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions +of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family +in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of +Erech assemble about him admiring his godlike appearance. Gilgamish +receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this +point the epic brings in a new and powerful _motif_, the renunciation +of woman's love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish +is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Ishara, and Enkidu, +fearing the effeminate effects of his friend's attachment, prevents +him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these +heroes ensues, [10] in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous +speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny. + +In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text [11] Enkidu rejects +his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic +reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, +probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which +carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man +redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II. + +The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which +supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for +seals. Obverse III 28-32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and +panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat +with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives +to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Ishara, is probably +depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, _Seal +Cylinders of Western Asia_, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the +struggling heroes. [12] This scene not improbably illustrates the +effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the +satyr stands between Gilgamish and Ishara(?) on the seal. + + + + +TRANSLITERATION + + + it-bi-e-ma iluGilgamis su-na-tam i-pa-as-sar. + iz-za-kar-am [13] a-na um-mi-su + um-mi i-na sa-a-at mu-si-ti-ia + sa-am-ha-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak + i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim + ib-ba-su-nim-ma ka-ka-'a [14] sa-ma-i + ki-?-?-rum [15] sa a-nim im-ku-ut a-na si-ri-ia + as-si-su-ma ik-ta-bi-it [16] e-li-ia + ilam [17] is-su-ma nu-us-sa-su [18] u-ul el-ti-'i + ad-ki ma-tum pa-hi-ir [19] e-li-su + id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su + u-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti + i-mi- du ia-ti + as-si-a-su-ma at-ba-la-as-su a-na si-ri-ki + um-mi iluGilgamis mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis + mi-in-di iluGilgamish sa ki-ma ka-ti + i-na si-ri i-wa-li-id-ma + u-ra-ab-bi-su sa-du-u + ta-mar-su-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ha-ta at-ta + id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su [20] + te-it-ti-ra-su(?) ... su-u-zu + ta-tar-ra-['a]-su a-na si-[ri-i]a + [is-(?)] ti-lam-ma [21] i-ta-mar sa-ni-tam + [su-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-su + [um-m]i a-ta-mar sa-ni-tam + [su-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im + [i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim [22] + ha-as-si-nu na-di-i-ma + e-li-su pa-ah- ru + ha-as-si-nu-um-ma sa-ni bu-nu-su + a-mur-su-ma ah-ta-ta a-na-ku + a-ra-am-su-ma ki-ma as-sa-tim + a-ha-ap-pu-up el-su + el-ki-su-ma as-ta-ka-an-su + a-na a-hi-ia + um-mi iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma + [iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamish] + ................................... + + +COL. II + + + as-sum us-[ta-] ma-ha-ru it-ti-ka. + iluGilgamish su-na-tam i-pa-sar + iluEn-ki-[du w]a?-si-ib ma-har ha-ri-im-tim + UR [ ]-ha-mu DI-?-al-lu-un + [ ] im-ta-si a-sar i-wa-al-du + ume 6 [23] u 7 mu-si- a-tim + iluEn-ki-du te-bi- i-ma + sa-[am-ka-ta] ir- hi + ha-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-sa i-pu-sa-am-ma + iz-za-[kar-am] a-na iluEn-ki-du [24] + a-na-tal-ka dEn-ki-du ki-ma ili ta-ba-as-si + am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-as-te-e [25] + ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak si-ra-am + al-kam lu-ur-di- ka + a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + a-na biti [el-]lim mu-sa-bi sa A-nim + dEn-ki-du ti-bi lu-ru-ka + a-na E-[an-n]a mu-sa-bi sa A-nim + a-sar [iluGilgamis] it-[.........] ne-pi-si-tim(?) + u at-[ ]-di [ -] ma + ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka + al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri + ma-a-a? [26] -ak ri-i-im + is-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gar ga-ba-sa + mi-il-kum sa sinnisti + im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-su + is-hu-ut li-ib-sa-am + is-ti-nam [u]-la-ab-bi-is-su + li-ib- [sa-am] sa-ni-a-am + si-i it-ta-al-ba- as + sa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu + ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-su + a-na gu-up-ri sa ri-i-im + a-s[ar ] tar-ba-si-im + i-na [ ]-hu-ru ri-ia-u [27] + ............................. + + +(About two lines broken away.) + + +COL. III + + + si-iz-ba sa na-ma-as-te-e + i-te-en- ni- ik + a-ka-lam is-ku-nu ma-har-su + ip-te-ik-ma i-na -at-tal [28] + u ip-pa-al-la- as + u-ul i-di dEn-ki- du + aklam a-na a-ka-lim + sikaram a-na sa-te-e-im + la-a lum-mu- ud + ha-ri-im-lum pi-sa i-pu-sa-am- ma + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-ki-du + a-ku-ul ak-lam dEn-ki-du + zi-ma-at ba-la-ti-im + bi-si-ti si-im-ti ma-ti + i-ku-ul a-ak-lam iluEn-ki-du + a-di si-bi-e-su + sikaram is-ti-a-am + 7 as-sa-am-mi-im [29] + it-tap-sar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu + i-li-is libba- su- ma + pa-nu-su [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru [30] + ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i + su-hu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-su + sa-am-nam ip-ta-sa-as-ma + a-we-li-is i-me + il-ba- as li-ib-sa-am + ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-as-si + il-ki ka-ak-ka-su + la-bi u gi-ir- ri + is-sa-ak-pu sab-[si]-es mu-si-a-ti + ut- tap -pi-is sib-ba-ri [31] + la-bi uk-t[a ]-si-id + it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum + iluEn-ki-du ma-as-sa-ar-su-nu + a-we-lum wa-ru-um + is-[te]-en id-lum + a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir + ........................... + + +(About five lines broken away.) + + +REVERSE I + + + .............................. + i-ip-pu-us ul-sa-am + is-si-ma i-ni-i-su + i-ta-mar a-we-lam + iz [32]-za-kar-am a-na harimti + sa-am-ka-at uk-ki-si [33] a-we-lam + a-na mi-nim il-li-kam + zi-ki-ir-su lu-us-su [34] + ha-ri-im-tum is-ta-si a-we-lam + i-ba-us-su-um-ma i-ta-mar-su + e-di-il [35] e-es-ta-hi-[ta-am] + mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-ah- [36] [ -]ma + e pi-su i-pu-sa-am-[ma] + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-[ki-du] + bi-ti-is e-mu-tim [ ] + si-ma-a-at ni-si-i- ma + tu-sa [37]-ar pa-a-ta-tim [38] + a-na ali dup-sak-ki-i e si-en + UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi sa-a-a-ha-tim + a-na sarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pi-ti pu-uk epsi [39] a-na ha-a-a-ri + a-na iluGilgamis sarri sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pi-ti pu-uk epsi [40] + a-na ha-a-a-ri + as-sa-at si-ma-tim i-ra-ah-hi + su-u pa-na-nu-um-ma + mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu + i-na mi-il-ki sa ili ga-bi-ma + i-na bi-ti-ik a-pu-un-na-ti-su [41] + si- ma- az- zum + a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im + i-ri-ku pa-nu-su + + + +REVERSE II + +............................................................ + +(About five lines broken away.) + + + i-il-la-ak- .......... + u sa-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-su + i- ru- ub-ma [42] a-na [43] libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + ip-hur um-ma-nu-um i-na si-ri-su + iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im + sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pa-ah-ra-a-ma ni-su + i-ta-me-a i-na si-ri-su pi(?)-it-tam [44] + a-na mi-[ni] [45] iluGilgamis ma-si-il + la-nam sa- pi- il + e-si[ pu]-uk-ku-ul + i ? -ak-ta + i[- -]di i-si? + si-iz-ba sa[na-ma-]as-[te]-e + i-te- en- ni- ik + ka-ia-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum [46] + id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu + sa-ki-in ip-sa- nu [47] + a-na idli sa i-tu-ru zi-mu-su + a-na iluGilgamis ki-ma i-li-im + sa-ki-is-sum [48] me-ih-rum + a-na ilatIs-ha-ra ma-ia-lum + na- [di]-i- ma + iluGilgamish id-[ ]na-an(?)... + i-na mu-si in-ni-[ -]id + i-na-ak [49]-sa-am- ma + it-ta-[ ]i-na zuki + ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tam + sa iluGilgamish + ........... da-na(?) ni-is-su + + + +COL. III [ERROR: unhandled comment start] SIC --> + + + ur-(?)ha ..................... + iluGilgamis ................ + i-na si-ri .................... + i-ha-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-su?] + it-bi-ma ... + a-na pa-ni- su + it-tam-ha-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti + iluEn-ki-du ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik + i-na si-pi-su + iluGilgamis e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in + is-sa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im + i- lu- du [50] + zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu + i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu [51] + iluGilgamis u iluEn-ki- du + is-sa-ab-tu-u- ma + ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du + zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu + i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu + ik-mi-is-ma iluGilgamis + i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri si-ip-su + ip-si-ih [52] us-sa-su- ma + i-ni-'i i-ra-az-zu + is-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-hu [53] + iluEn-ki-du a-na sa-si-im + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis + ki-ma is-te-en-ma um-ma-ka + u- li- id- ka + ri-im-tum sa zu- pu-ri + ilat-Nin- sun- na + ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-es-su + sar-ru-tam sa ni-si + i-si-im-kum iluEn-lil + + + + duppu 2 kam-ma + su-tu-ur e-li ... + 4 su-si [54] + + + +TRANSLATION + + + Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams, + addressing his mother. + "My mother! during my night + I, having become lusty, wandered about + in the midst of omens. + And there came out stars in the heavens, + Like a ... of heaven he fell upon me. + I bore him but he was too heavy for me. + He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. + I summoned the land to assemble unto him, + that heroes might kiss his feet. + He stood up before me [55] + and they stood over against me. + I lifted him and carried him away unto thee." + The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, + said unto Gilgamish:-- + "Truly oh Gilgamish he is + born [56] in the fields like thee. + The mountains have reared him. + Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?) + Heroes kiss _his_ feet. + Thou shalt spare him.... + Thou shalt lead him to me." + Again he dreamed and saw another dream + and reported it unto his mother. + "My mother, I have seen another + [dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street. + In Erech of the wide spaces [57] + he hurled the axe, + and they assembled about him. + Another axe seemed his visage. + I saw him and was astounded. + I loved him as a woman, + falling upon him in embrace. + I took him and made him + my brother." + The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things + [said unto Gilgamish:--] + ................................... + + +COL. II + + + that he may join with thee in endeavor." + (Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. + Enkidu sitting before the hierodule + + [ ] forgot where he was born. + Six days and seven nights + came forth Enkidu + and cohabited with the courtesan. + The hierodule opened her mouth + speaking unto Enkidu. + "I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. + Why with the animals + wanderest thou on the plain? + Come! I will lead thee + into the midst of Erech of the wide places, + even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu. + Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee + unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, + where Gilgamish [_oppresses_] the souls of men(?) + And as I ............ + thou shalt ........ thyself. + Come thou, arise from the ground + unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd." + He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. + The advice of the woman + fell upon his heart. + She tore off one garment + and clothed him with it. + With a second garment + she clothed herself. + She clasped his hand, + guiding him like .............. + unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, + unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds. + In ......... to shepherd + ............................. + + +(About two lines broken away.) + + +COL. III + + + Milk of the cattle + he drank. + Food they placed before him. + He broke bread [58] + gazing and looking. + But Enkidu understood not. + Bread to eat, + beer to drink, + he had not been taught. + The hierodule opened her mouth + and said unto Enkidu:-- + "Eat bread, oh Enkidu! + It is the conformity of life, + of the conditions and the fate of the land." + Enkidu ate bread, + until he was satiated. + Beer he drank + seven _times_(?). + His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. + His heart became joyful, + and his face glowed. + He stroked................. + _the hair of the head_. [59] His body + with oil he anointed. + He became like a man. + He attired himself with clothes + even as does a husband. + He seized his weapon, + which the panther and lion + fells in the night time cruelly. + He captured the wild mountain goats. + The panther he conquered. + Among the great _sheep for sacrifice_ + Enkidu was their guard. + A man, a leader, + A hero. + Unto .......... he elevated + ........................... + + +(About five lines broken away.) + + +REVERSE I + + + .............................. + And he made glad. + He lifted up his eyes, + and beheld the man, + and said unto the hierodule:-- + "Oh harlot, take away the man. + Wherefore did he come to me? + I would forget the memory of him." + The hierodule called unto the man + and came unto him beholding him. + She sorrowed and was astonished + how his ways were ............ + Behold she opened her mouth + saying unto Enkidu:-- + "At home with a family [_to dwell_??] + is the fate of mankind. + Thou shouldest design boundaries(??) + for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). + .... ......an abode of comfort. + For the king of Erech of the wide places + open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. + Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places + open, addressing thy speech + as unto a husband. + He cohabits with the wife decreed for him, + even he formerly. + But henceforth + in the counsel which god has spoken, + in the work of his presence + shall be his fate." + At the mention of the hero + his face became pale. + + +REVERSE II + +............................................................ + +(About five lines broken away.) + + + going ....................... + and the harlot ..... after him. + He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. + The artisans gathered about him. + And as he stood in the street + of Erech of the wide places, + the people assembled + disputing round about him:-- + "How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly? + In form he is shorter. + In ........ he is made powerful. + + + Milk of the cattle + he drank. + Continually in the midst of Erech weapons + the heroes purified. + A project was instituted. + Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away, + unto Gilgamish like a god + he became for him a fellow. + For Ishara a couch + was laid. + Gilgamish ................... + In the night he .............. + embracing her in sleep. + They ........ in the street + halting at the ................ + of Gilgamish. + .......... mightily(?) + + +COL. III + + + A road(?) .................... + Gilgamish ................... + in the plain .................. + his hair growing thickly like the corn. + He came forth ... + into his presence. + They met in the wide park of the land. + Enkidu held fast the door + with his foot, + and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. + They grappled with each other + goring like an ox. + The threshold they destroyed. + The wall they demolished. + Gilgamish and Enkidu + grappled with each other, + goring like an ox. + The threshold they destroyed. + The wall they demolished. + Gilgamish bowed + to the ground at his feet + and his javelin reposed. + He turned back his breast. + After he had turned back his breast, + Enkidu unto that one + spoke, even unto Gilgamish. + "Even as one [60] did thy mother + bear thee, + she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, + Ninsunna, + whose head she exalted more than a husband. + Royal power over the people + Enlil has decreed for thee." + + Second tablet. + Written upon ... + 240 (lines). + + + + + + + +INDEX TO PARTS 2 AND 3 + + +A. + +Adab, city, 123, 23. + +_addi_, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12. + +_ahu_, brother, 212, 36. + +Aja, goddess, 198, 9. + +_al (gis)_, _al-gar (gis)_, a musical instrument, 187-191. See also +No. 20 Rev. 7-12. _al-bi_, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 +(unpublished) _al-gar_, _al-gar-balag_ in list with _(gis)-a-la_, +also an instrument of music. + +_alad_, protecting genius, 154, 18. + +_amelis_, like a man, 215, 25. + +Amurru, god. Psalm to, 118; 119. + +_angubba_, sentinel, 180, 14. + +Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20. + +Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; +189, 21. + +Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2. + +_apunnatu,_ nostrils, _pitik, apunnati_, 217, 28. + +_assammim_ (?), 215, 18. + +Arallu, 132, 26; 134, 7. + +_aramu_, cover, 198 n. 2. + +_araku_, be pale, Prt. _iriku_, 217, 31. + +_arhis_, quickly, 199, 28. + +Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, +29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f. + +Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4. + +As-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. _as_ omitted, No. 19, 2. + +_as-me_, disk, 133, 38. + +Assirgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7. + +Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38. + + +B. + +Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152. + +Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11. + +_badara_, see 200 n. 2. _badarani_, a weapon, 133, 36. + +_balag_, lyre, 138, 52. + +_bansur_, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3. + +Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10. + +_bisitu_, condition, 215, 14. + +_bi'u_, cavern, 196, 29. + +_bulukku_, crab, 174, 5. + +_burgul_, engraver, 185, 8. + + +C. + +Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15. + + +D. + +Dada, god, 192, 6. + +Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21. + +Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7. + +Deification of kings, 106-9; 127 n. 1. + +_depu_, shatter, 195 n. 16. + +DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10. + +Dilbat, city, 167, 16. + +Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4. + +_dimgul_, _dimdul_, master workman, 150. + +_dingir-gal-gal-e-ne_, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; +149, 19. + +dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28. + +_dumu-sag_, title of Tasmet, 163, 12. + +Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136. + +_dupsakku_, trencher basket, 216, 17. + +Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11. + + +E. + +E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18. + +E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read +E-barra. + +E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133. + +_edelu_ = _ederu_, be gloomy, 216, 10. + +_e-dub_, house of learning, 117, 39. + +_e-gal_, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9. + +_e-gig_ = _kissu_, 191, 11. + +E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16. + +E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10. + +E-kisibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; +160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23. + +Emah, Esmah, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4. + +E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3. + +E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24. + +_en-a-nu-un_, _en-a-nun_, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2. + +Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5. + +E-ninnu, temple, 181, 22. + +_EN-HUL-tim-mu_, 194 n. 2. + +_EN-KA-KA, bel dababi_, 194, 2. + +Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16. + +Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; +219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13. + +Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155-184. Regarded as god of light, 157, +1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; +136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33. + +Enul, god, 149, 16. + +Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3. + +_epsanu_, deeds, 218, 18. + +_epu_, be dark, I2 _itepu_, 196, 29. + +Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech _ribitim_, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217, +19:21; 217, 3:6. + +eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8. + +_erida_, title, 175, 1. + +Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13. + +Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11. + +_ersagtugmal_, penitential psalm, 118. + +E-sagila, temple, 152. + +E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4. + +_esendili_, a title, 177, 10. + +_eskar_, fixed tax, 188, 9. + +_es-lal_, a sacred place, 161, 14. + +E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25. + +E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20. + +E-zida, temple, 166, 12. + +Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9. + +Ezira, reading of the divine name _KA-DI_, 177, 11. + + +F. + +Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4. + + +G. + +_GAB_, baked bread, 200, 33. + +_GAB-LAL_, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35. + +_GAR-sunnu = episan-sunu_, 198, 13. + +_gasan-gula_, title of Nina, 119 n. 2. + +_gepar_, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18. + +Gibil, god, 197, 3. + +_gi-gal(gis)_,interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33. + +_gigunna_, 114, 23. + +Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, +21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation of name, +208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f. + +_gilsa_, a sacred relic, 132, 22. + +Girra, _Irra_, god, 174, 7; 177, 12. + +_girru_, lion, 215, 29. + +Girsu, city, 181, 23. + +Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18. + +Guedin, province, 129, 28. + +Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6. + +_gupru_, mighty, 214, 33. + +Gutium, land, 120 ff. + + +H. + +Hallab, city, 125; 141. + +_hanabu_, grow thickly, Prs. _ibannib_, 219, 4. + +_hapapu_, embrace, 212, 34. + +_hassinu_, axe, 212, 29:31. + +_harbatu_, waste place, 200, 39. + +Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42. + +_hulu_, a bird, 199, 31. + +_huku_, a bird, 199, 31. + + +I. + +Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2. + +_ibsi_, liturgical expression, 120, 5. + +Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6. + +_IGI-NAGIN-NA_, 194, 11. + +_imib_, weapon, 131, 8. _mi-ib_, ibid. n.3. + +_imin_, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18. + +Immer, god, 177, 8. + +Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3. + +Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash, +148, 4. Other references, 154, 21. + +_issur same_, unclean birds, 195 n. 10. + +Ishara, goddess, 218, 22. + +Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4. + +Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143. + + +K. + +_KA-DIB-BI, sibit pi_, 194, 10. + +_KAK-DIG_, a weapon, 130, 4. + +_kakkitu_ (?), weapon. Pl. _kakkiatum_, 218, 16. + +_KAK-SIR_, a weapon (?), 130, 4. + +_kalama_, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154, +17; 177, 9. + +_kanami_=_kalama_, land, 120, 8. + +KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10. + +_kasu_, bind. I2 _liktisu_, 198, 20. + +Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166, +8; 169, 24. + +Kes, city, 115, 11; 123, 22. + +_kesda-azag_, a relic, 132, 27. + +_ki_, _kin_ for _gim_ = _kima_, 120, 6. + +KI-AG-MAL, _ramu_, 194 n. 4. + +Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145. + +_ki-malla_, to bend. _tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gi-gi_, "Thy neck wearies +not in bending," 168, 2. [Correct the translation.] + +_ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin_, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17. + +_KI-SAR, kakkara tasabbit_, 199, 29. + +Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. _e kis-(ki)-su_, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8. + +Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1. + +_kunin, gunin_, reed basket, 150 n. 3. + +_kurgal_, "great mountain," title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114, +19; 182, 5. + +_KURUN-NA_, (_amelu_), 196, 34. + +_KUS-KU-MAL_, 194, 11. + + +L. + +_la'atu_, gore. Prt. _iludu_, 219, 12:17. + +_labu_, panther, 215, 29:32. + +Lagash, city, 181, 23:26. + +_Lahama_, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5. + +Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31. + +Libit-Ishtar, king, 141. + +_libsu_, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26. + +Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3. + +_lilazag_, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1. + +Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5. + +_limenu_, be evil. II1 _ulammenu-inni_, 197, 7. + +Lugal-dig, god, 197, 5. + +_lu'utu_, pollution, 195, 19. + + +M. + +Magan, land, 112, 2:5. + +_maialu_, couch, 218, 22. + +_malasu_, shear, 195, 20. + +Mamit, 200, 41. + +_mandatu_, form, 195, 21. + +_mal-gar_ (_gi_), a musical instrument, 191, 10. + +_mangu_, disease, 195, 19. + +Marduk, god, 151. + +_markasu_, leader, 150. + +_masu_, seize, 195 n. 5. + +_masu_, to forget, 216, 7. + +Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +_mehru_, fellow, 218, 21. + +Mehus, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Meluhha, land, 112, 6. + +Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15. + +_mesu_, a tree, 159, 23. + +_muk_, now, but now, 217, 26. + +Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18. + +Mulmul, gods, 142. + + +N. + +_nadu_, water bottle, 198, 17. + +_naditu_, temple devotee, 188, 7. + +_nagu_, shout. Prs. _inangu_, 215, 19. + +_naku_, embrace, 218, 26. + +_namastu_, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14. + +Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24. + +Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. + +Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2. + +Nergal, god, 131, 6. + +Nidaba, goddess, 191. + +_ni-gal_, cattle, 121, 6. + +_nimir = ligir_, 174, 4. + +_ninda_, linear measure, 133, 41. + +Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3. + +Ningiszida, god, 133, 34. + +Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15. + +Ninkasi, goddess, 144. + +Ninki, goddess, 149, 16. + +Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14. + +Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Ninmah, goddess, 116, 22. + +Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27. + +Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?). + +Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and +woman, 192. + +Ninul, goddess, 149, 16. + +Ninurasa, god, 191, 12; 146, 12. + +Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13. + +Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18; +158, 7; 165, 16. + +_NI-SUR_ (_amelu_), 196, 35. + +Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10. + +_nugiganna_, epithet of Innini, 185, 2. + +_nun apsi_, unclean fish, 195 n. 11. + +Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17. + +_nun-ur_, epithet of Amurru, 119, 3. + +Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13. + + +P. + +Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form +of Tammuz. + +_pananumma_, formerly, 217, 25. + +Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9. + +_pataku_, fashion, break, 214, 4. + +_paturru_, a weapon, 200, 37. + +Pleiades, 142. + + +R. + +_ratatu_, demolish, 219, 19. + +Rimat ilatNinsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29. + +Ruskisag, goddess, 132, 28. + +_RU-TIG_, an epithet, 141, 2. + + +S. + +_sa-bar; sa-sud-da_, liturgical note, 182, 31. + +_sabsis_, cruelly, 215, 30. + +Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11. + +_sahatu_, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic _sahita_. + +_saiahatu_, desire, comfort, 216, 18. + +_sakapu_, fell. I2 _issakpu_, 215, 30. + +_salutu_, enmity, 199, 27. + +Samas, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31. + +Samas-sum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193-200; 199, 23. + +Samsuiluna, king, 151. + +_SAR-DI-DA_, a relic, 133, 37. + +Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12. + +Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30. + +Ship, in legend, 113, 2. + +Silsirsir, a chapel. + +Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19. + +_sippu_, threshold, 219, 13:18. + +_Sippar_, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19. + +_sirgidda_, long song, 140, 54. + +Siris, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Siriskas, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Siriskasgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +_sirsagga_, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48. + +_SU-AN = kat ili_, 194, 12. See also _SU-d_INNINI, 194, 12. + +_SU-NAM-ERIM-MA_, 194, 13. + +_SU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU_, 194, 13. + +_subura_, earth, 175, 3. + +_su-ud, su-ud-am_, epithet of goddess of Suruppak, 177, 10 and note 4. + +_suhuru_, hair (?), 215, 23. + +_sukkal-zid_, title of Nebo, 163, 10. + +Sulpae, god, No. 16 II 22. + +Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2. + +_sumugan_, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3. + + +T. + +Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3. + +Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126; +208; 131, 20. + +_tapasu_, seize, capture, II2 _uttappis_, 215, 31. + +_temeru_, cook, 196, 35. + +Tigris, river, 183, 12. + +Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10. + + +U. + +_ud_, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24. + +_ul-al-tar_, 191 n. 6. + +_ulinnu_, girdle cord, 195, 20. + +Ulmas, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3. + +Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references, +No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3. + +Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2. + +Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff. + +_urinu_, spear (?), 173, 3. + +_ursaggal_, epithet for Ninurasa, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5. + +_usumgal_, 117, 33. + + +Z. + +_zabu_, flow. _li-zu-bu_, 198, 16. Cf. _gam = za'ibu, mitirtu_, +words for canal, SAI. 691-3. + +_zag-sal_, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end. + +_za-am_, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56. + +_zenu_, be enraged, II1 _uzinu-inni_, 197, 6. + +_ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napisti_, 194 n. 6. + + + + +DESCRIPTION OF TABLETS + + +Number in this volume. 1 + +Museum number. 7771 + +Description. + +Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly +broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the +holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6 1/2; T. 1 1/2. Second tablet +of the Epic of Gilgamish. + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2. + +[2] The local Bel of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here +he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun. + +[3] Tammuz is probably a real personage, although _Dumu-zi_, his +original name, is certainly later than the title _Ab-u_, probably the +oldest epithet of this deity, see _Tammuz and Ishtar_, p. 8. _Dumu-zi_ +I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of +Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu. + +[4] See _ibid._, page 40. + +[5] Also Meissner's early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably +the same writing, see Dhorme, _Choix de Textes Religieux_, 298-303. + +[6] Sign whose gunufied form is read _aga_. + +[7] The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul +Haupt, _Das Babylonische Nimrodepos_, Leipzig, 1884. + +[8] The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read +_ri-mat ilat_Nin-lil, or _Rimat-Belit_, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, +30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that +_Nin-lil_ is an erroneous reading for _Nin-sun_. For _Ninsun_ as +mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. _Ri-mat +ilat_Nin-sun should be rendered "The wild cow Ninsun." + +[9] The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British +Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong to +later tablets, probably III or IV. + +[10] Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) +published in HAUPT, _ibid._, 81-4 preserves a defective text of this +part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book +IV, but it appears to be Book III. + +[11] K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, _ibid._, 16-19. + +[12] See also Ward, No. 199. + +[13] Here this late text includes both variants _pasaru_ and +_zakaru_. The earlier texts have only the one or the other. + +[14] For _kakabe_; _b_ becomes _u_ and then is reduced to the +breathing. + +[15] The variants have _kima kisri_; _ki-[ma]?-rum_ is a possible +reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject. + +[16] Var. _da-an_ + +[17] _SAM-KAK_ = _ilu_, net. The variant has _ultaprid ki-is-su-su_, +"he shook his murderous weapon." For _kissu_ see ZA. 9,220,4 = +CT. 12,14b 36, _gis-kud_ = _ki-is-su_. + +[18] Var. _nussu_ for _nus-su_ = _nussa-su_. The previous translations +of this passage are erroneous. + +[19] This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive +of this verb, _paheru_, not _paharu_. + +[20] Text _ma_? + +[21] _istanamma_ > _istilamma_. + +[22] Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in _Babyloniaca_ II 177. + +[23] Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21. + +[24] Cf. Dhorme _Choix de Textes Religieux_ 198, 33. + +[25] _namastu_ a late form which has followed the analogy of _restu_ +in assuming the feminine _t_ as part of the root. The long _u_ is +due to analogy with _namassu_ a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending. + +[26] Room for a small sign only, perhaps _A; maiak_? For _maka_, +there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index. + +[27] Infinitive "to shepherd"; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I, +_ri-ia-u_, _ri-te-ia-u_. + +[28] The text has clearly _AD-RI_. + +[29] Or _azzammim_? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word +for cup, mug (??). + +[30] _it_ is uncertain and _ta_ more likely than _us_. One expects +_ittabriru_. Cf. _muttabrirru_, CT. 17, 15, 2; _littatabrar_, EBELING, +KTA. 69, 4. + +[31] For _sapparu_. Text and interpretation uncertain. _uttappis_ +II2 from _tapasu_, Hebrew _tapas_, seize. + +[32] Text _ta_! + +[33] On _ekesu_, drive away, see Zimmern, _Shurpu_, p. 56. Cf. _uk-kis +_ Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; _uk-ki-si_, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc. + +[34] The Hebrew cognate of _masu_, to forget, is _nasa_, Arabic +_nasijia_, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also +Brockelman, _Vergleichende Grammatik_ 160 a. + +[35] Probably phonetic variant of _edir_. The preterite of _ederu_, +to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct +the preterite _edir_ is established. For the change _r_ > _l_ note also +_attalah_ < _attarah_, Harper, _Letters_ 88, 10, _bilku_ < _birku_, +RA. 9, 77 II 13; _uttakkalu_ < _uttakkaru_, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10. + +[36] Also _na_-'-[ -]_ma_ is possible. + +[37] The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My +reading is uncertain. + +[38] Text uncertain, _kal-lu-tim_ is possible. + +[39] _KAK-si_. + +[40] _KAK-si_. + +[41] Literally nostrils. _pitik apunnati-su_, work done in his +presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain. + +[42] Text _ZU_! + +[43] Text has erroneous form. + +[44] Text _PA-it-tam_ clearly! + +[45] Omitted by the scribe. + +[46] Sic! The plural of _kakku_, _kakkitu_(?). + +[47] Cf. _e-pi-sa-an-su-nu libaru_, "May they see their doings," +_Maklu_ VII 17. + +[48] For _sakin-sum_. + +[49] On the verb _naku_ see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs Sec. 27. + +[50] The verb _la'atu_, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite _ilut_; +see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense which occurs here as _ilut_ +also. + +[51] Note _BUL(tu-ku)_ = _ratatu_ (falsely entered in Meissner, +SAI. 7993), and _irattutu_ in Zimmern, _Shurpu_, Index. + +[52] "For _ipsah_." + +[53] Sic! _hu_ reduced to the breathing _'u_; read _i-ni-'u_. + +[54] The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column, + +[55] Literally "he attained my front." + +[56] IV1 of _waladu_. + +[57] I.e., in the suburb of Erech. + +[58] _pataku_ has apparently the same sense originally as _bataku_, +although the one forms its preterite _iptik_, and the other +_ibtuk_. Cf. also _mahasu_ break, hammer and construct. + +[59] The passage is obscure. Here _suhuru_ is taken as a loan-word +from sugur = kimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II1 of _saharu_ +is philologically possible. + +[60] I.e., an ordinary man. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen Langdon + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + +***** This file should be named 18897.txt or 18897.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/9/18897/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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