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diff --git a/18884.txt b/18884.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..939c55d --- /dev/null +++ b/18884.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1278 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Ducks at a Distance, by Robert W. Hines + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Ducks at a Distance + A Waterfowl Identification Guide + + +Author: Robert W. Hines + + + +Release Date: July 21, 2006 [eBook #18884] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUCKS AT A DISTANCE*** + + +E-text prepared by Jason Isbell and the Project Gutenberg Online +Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the numerous original illustrations. + See 18884-h.htm or 18884-h.zip: + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18884/18884-h/18884-h.htm) + or + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18884/18884-h.zip) + + + + + +DUCKS AT A DISTANCE + +A Waterfowl Identification Guide + +by + +Bob Hines +Department of the Interior +U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service + +Washington, D.C. 1978 + + + + + + + +Table of Contents + + Identification is Important + What to Look For + Eclipse Plumage + Species Identification: + Puddle Ducks + Mallard + Pintail + Gadwall + Wigeon + Shoveler + Blue-Winged Teal + Cinnamon Teal + Green-Winged Teal + Wood Duck + Black Duck + Diving Ducks + Canvasback + Redheads + Ringneck + Scaup + Goldeneye + Bufflehead + Ruddy + Red-Breasted Merganser + Common Merganser + Hooded Merganser + Whistling Ducks + White-Winged Scoter + Surf Scoter + Black Scoter + Common Eider + Oldsquaw + Harlequin + Swans + Canada Geese + Brant + Snow + White-Fronted Geese + At a Glance Guide + Comparative Sizes Of Waterfowl + Wetlands Attract Wildlife + Administrative Waterfowl Flyways + + + + +Identification is Important + + +Identifying waterfowl gives many hours of enjoyment to millions of +people. This guide will help you recognize birds on the wing--it +emphasizes their fall and winter plumage patterns as well as size, +shape, and flight characteristics. It does not include local names. + +Recognizing the species of ducks and geese can be rewarding to +birdwatchers and hunters--and the ducks. + +Hunters can contribute to their own sport by not firing at those species +that are either protected or scarce, and needed as breeders to restore +the flocks. It can add to their daily limit; when extra birds of certain +species can be taken legally, hunters who know their ducks on the wing +come out ahead. + +Knowing a mallard from a merganser has another side: gourmets prefer a +corn-fed mallard to the fish duck. + + + + +What to Look For + + +Differences in size, shape, plumage patterns and colors, wing beat, +flocking behavior, voice, and habitat--all help to distinguish one +species from another. + +Flock maneuvers in the air are clues. Mallards, pintails, and wigeon +form loose groups; teal and shovelers flash by in small, compact +bunches; at a distance, canvasbacks shift from waving lines to temporary +V's. + +Closer up, individual silhouettes are important. Variations of head +shapes and sizes, lengths of wings and tails, and fat bodies or slim can +be seen. + +Within shotgun range, color areas can be important. Light conditions +might make them look different, but their size and location are positive +keys. The sound of their wings can help as much as their calls. Flying +goldeneyes make a whistling sound; wood ducks move with a swish; +canvasbacks make a steady rushing sound. Not all ducks quack; many +whistle, squeal, or grunt. + +Although not a hard and fast rule, different species tend to use +different types of habitat. Puddle ducks like shallow marshes and creeks +while divers prefer larger, deeper, and more open waters. + + + + +Eclipse Plumage + + +Most ducks shed their body feathers twice each year. Nearly all drakes +lose their bright plumage after mating, and for a few weeks resemble +females. This hen-like appearance is called the eclipse plumage. The +return to breeding coloration varies in species and individuals of each +species. Blue-winged teal and shovelers may retain the eclipse plumage +until well into the winter. + +Wing feathers are shed only once a year; wing colors are always the +same. + + + + +Puddle Ducks + + +Puddle ducks are typically birds of fresh, shallow marshes and rivers +rather than of large lakes and bays. They are good divers, but usually +feed by dabbling or tipping rather than submerging. + +The speculum, or colored wing patch, is generally iridescent and +bright, and often a telltale field mark. + +Any duck feeding in croplands will likely be a puddle duck, for most of +this group are sure-footed and can walk and run well on land. Their diet +is mostly vegetable, and grain-fed mallards or pintails or +acorn-fattened wood ducks are highly regarded as food. + + + + +Mallard + + +Length--24" +Weight--2-3/4 lbs. + +The mallard is our most common duck, found in all flyways. The males are +often called "greenheads." The main wintering area is the lower +Mississippi basin, and along the gulf coast, but many stay as far north +as open waters permits. + +Flocks often feed in early morning and late afternoon in nearby +harvested fields, returning to marshes and creeks to spend the night. + +The flight is not particularly rapid. Hens have a loud _quack_; the +drake's voice is a low-pitched _kwek-kwek_. + + + + +Pintail + + +Length--26" +Weight--1-3/4 lbs. + +These ducks use all four flyways, but are most plentiful in the west. + +They are extremely graceful and fast fliers, fond of zig-zagging from +great heights before leveling off to land. + +The long neck and tail make them appear longer than mallards, but in +body size and weight they are smaller. + +They are agile on land and often feed in grain fields. The drakes +whistle; the hens have a coarse _quack_. + + + + +Gadwall + + +Length--21" +Weight--2 lbs. + +Gadwalls are most numerous in the Central Flyway, but not too common +anywhere. They are often called "gray mallards" or "gray ducks." They +are one of the earliest migrants, seldom facing cold weather. + +They are the only puddle ducks with a white speculum. + +Small, compact flocks fly swiftly, usually in a direct line. Wingbeats +are rapid. + +Drakes whistle and _kack-kack_; hens _quack_ like a mallard, but softer. + + + + +Wigeon + + +Length--21" +Weight--1-3/4 lbs. + +These are nervous birds, quick to take alarm. Their flight is fast, +irregular, with many twists and turns. In a bunched flock, their +movements have been compared to those of pigeons. + +When open water is handy, wigeons often raft up offshore until late +afternoon when they move to marshes and ponds to feed. + +The white belly and forewing are very showy in the air. Drakes whistle; +hens have a loud _kaow_ and a lower _qua-awk_. + + + + +Shoveler + + +Length--19-1/2" +Weight--1-1/2 lbs. + +Shovelers, 'spoonbills' to many, are early migrants, moving out at the +first frost. The largest numbers are in the Central and Pacific flyways. + +The usual flight is steady and direct. When startled, the small flocks +twist and turn in the air like teal. + +They are not highly regarded as table birds, because one third of the +usual diet is animal matter. + +Drakes call _woh-woh_ and _took-took_; the hen's _quack_ is feeble. + + + + +Blue-Winged Teal + + +Length--16" +Weight--15 oz. + +Their small size and twisting turning flight gives the illusion of great +speed. The small, compact flocks commonly fly low over the marshes, and +often take the hunter by surprise. + +They are more vocal than most ducks--their high-pitched peeping and +nasal quacking is commonly heard in spring and to a lesser extent in +fall. + +These teal are among the first ducks to migrate each fall, and one of +the last in the spring. + + + + +Cinnamon Teal + + +In the Pacific Flyway, cinnamon teal are far more common than +blue-wings. The hens look alike and the habits of both species are +similar. + +The pale blue forewing patch is the best field mark, as drakes are +usually in eclipse until January or longer. + +Drakes have a whistling _peep_; hens utter a low _quack_. + + + + +Green-Winged Teal + + +Length--15 in. +Weight--14 oz. + +Quite hardy--some birds stay as far north as open water is found. + +The smallest and one of the most common of our ducks. Their tiny size +gives the impression of great speed, but mallards can fly faster. Their +flight is often low, erratic, with the entire flock twisting and turning +as one unit. + +They nest as far north as Alaska, and migrate in all four flyways. Early +fall drakes are usually still in full eclipse plumage. + +Drakes whistle and twitter; hens have a slight _quack_. + + + + +Wood Duck + + +Length--18-1/2 in. +Weight--1-1/2 lbs. + +Found in all flyways; most numerous in the Atlantic and Mississippi +flyways and fewest in the Central. + +They are early migrants; most of them have left the northern States by +mid-November. + +Frequents wooded streams and ponds; perches in trees. Flies through +thick timber with speed and ease and often feeds on acorns, berries, and +grapes on the forest floors. + +Flight is swift and direct; flocks are usually small. + +In the air, their wings make a rustling, swishing sound. Drakes call +_hoo-w-ett_, often in flight; hens have a _cr-r-ek_ when frightened. + + + + +Black Duck + + +Length--24 in. +Weight--2-3/4 lbs. + +A bird of the eastern States, primarily the Atlantic Flyway and, to a +lesser extent, the Mississippi. + +Shy and wary, regarded as the wariest of all ducks. + +Often seen in company of mallards, but along the Atlantic coast +frequents the salt marshes and ocean much more than mallards. + +Flight is swift, usually in small flocks. + +White wing lining in contrast to very dark body plumage is a good +identification clue. + +The hen's _quack_ and the drake's _kwek-kwek_ are duplicates of the +mallards. + + + + +Diving Ducks + + +Diving ducks frequent the larger, deeper lakes and rivers, and coastal +bays and inlets. + +The colored wing patches of these birds lack the brilliance of the +speculums of puddle ducks. Since many of them have short tails, their +huge, paddle feet may be used as rudders in flight, and are often +visible on flying birds. When launching into flight, most of this group +patter along the water before becoming airborne. + +They feed by diving, often to considerable depths. To escape danger, +they can travel great distances underwater, emerging only enough to show +their head before submerging again. + +Their diets of fish, shellfish, mollusks, and aquatic plants make them +second choice, as a group, for sportsmen. Canvasbacks and redheads +fattened on eel grass or wild celery are notable exceptions. + +Since their wings are smaller in proportion to the size and weight of +their bodies, they have a more rapid wingbeat than puddle ducks. + + + + +Canvasback + + +Length--22 in. +Weight--3 lbs. + +Normally late to start south, canvasbacks migrate in lines and irregular +V's. + +In feeding areas, compact flocks fly in indefinite formations. Their +wingbeat is rapid and noisy; their speed is the swiftest of all our +ducks. + +Feeding behavior is highly variable. In some areas they feed at night +and spend the day rafted up in open waters; in other areas they feed +inshore mornings and evenings. + +On the water, body size and head shape distinguish them from scaups and +redheads. + +Drakes _croak_, _peep_, and _growl_; hens have a mallard-like _quack_. + + + + +Redheads + + +Length--20 in. +Weight--2-1/2 lbs. + +Range coast to coast, with the largest numbers in the Central Flyway. +Migratory flocks travel in V's; move in irregular formations over +feeding areas. Often found associating with canvasback. + +In the air, they give the impression of always being in a hurry. + +Usually spend the day in large rafts in deep water; feed morning and +evening in shallower sections. + +Drakes _purr_ and _meow_; hens have a loud _squak_, higher than a hen +mallard's. + + + + +Ringneck + + +Length--17 in. +Weight--2-1/2 lbs. + +Similar in appearance to scaups, but more often found in fresh marshes +and wooded ponds. In flight, the dark wings are different from the +white-edged wings of scaup. + +Faint brown ring on drake's neck never shows in the field; light bands +at tip and base of bill are conspicuous. + +Fly as small flocks in open formation; often land without circling. +Drakes _purr_; hens are usually silent. + + + + +Scaup + + +Greater--Length--18-1/2 in. + Weight--2 lbs. + +Lesser--Length--17 in. + Weight--1-7/8 lbs. + +Except for the wing marks, greater and lesser scaup appear nearly +identical in the field. + +The light band near the trailing edges of the wings runs almost to the +tip in the greater scaup, but only about half way in the lesser. + +Greater scaup prefer large open water areas; lesser scaup often use +marshes and ponds. + +Both species migrate late, sometimes just before freezeup. + +Flock movements are rapid, often erratic, usually in compact groups. + +Hens are silent; drake lesser scaup _purr_; drake greater scaup have a +discordant _scaup, scaup_. + + + + +Goldeneye + + +Common--Length--19 in. + Weight--2-1/4 lbs. + +Barrow's--Length--19 in. + Weight--2-3/4 lbs. + +These are active, strong-winged fliers moving singly or in small flocks, +often high in the air. Distinctive wing-whistling sound in flight has +earned the name of whistlers. + +Goldeneyes generally move south late in the season; most of them winter +on coastal waters and the Great Lakes. Inland, they like rapids and fast +water. + +Barrow's goldeneye, predominantly a Westerner, is less wary than the +common goldeneye. + +Hens of both species are look-alikes. + +Drakes have a piercing _speer-speer_--hens a low _quack_. Both are +usually quiet. + + + + +Bufflehead + + +Length--14-1/2 in. +Weight--1 lb. + +Stragglers migrate south in mid-fall, but the largest numbers move just +ahead of freezeup. Most flocks in feeding areas are small--5 or 6 birds, +with more hens and immatures than adult drakes. + +Very small size, bold black and white color pattern, and low, swift +flight are field marks. Unlike most divers, they can fly straight up +from a watery takeoff. + +Largest concentrations are on both seacoasts and along the Gulf of +Mexico. Inland, they will remain as far north as open water permits. + +Usually silent. Drakes _squeak_ and have a guttural note; hens _quack_ +weakly. + + + + +Ruddy + + +Length--15-1/2 in. +Weight--1-1/3 lbs. + +The ruddy duck often dives or swims away from danger rather than flying. +When flying, their small wings stroke so fast they resemble bumblebees. + +They are early to mid-fall migrants. + +Drakes often cock their tails upright at an angle, the only species to +habitually do so. + +Both hens and drakes are silent in the fall. + + + + +Red-Breasted Merganser + + +Length--23 in. +Weight--21-1/2 lbs. + +These birds winter most abundantly in coastal waters, including the Gulf +of Mexico, and to a lesser extent, the Great Lakes. + +Their flight, strong and direct, is usually low over the water. They are +difficult to distinguish in flight from the common merganser. + +Voice: Seldom heard. + + + + +Common Merganser + + +Length--25-1/2 in. +Weight--2-1/2 lbs. + +This species is larger than the red-breasted merganser, and is one of +the largest of our ducks. It is one of the last to migrate south, and is +more common than the red-breasted merganser on inland waters. + +Flocks move in "follow the leader" style, low over the water. + +The only call seems to be a startled _croak_. + + + + +Hooded Merganser + + +Length--18 in. +Weight--1-1/2 lbs. + +Often seen in pairs, or very small flocks. Short rapid wingstrokes +create an impression of great speed. + +Winters in the inland waters of all coastal States; seldom goes to salt +water. + +Voice: Seldom heard in fall. + + + + +Whistling Ducks + + +Length--18-19 in. +Weight--1-3/4 lbs. + +The trailing legs and rounded wings of these slow flying ducks makes +them look bigger than they are. + +Both species are primarily Mexican. In the U.S., the black-bellied is +found only in south Texas and Louisiana. The fulvous also occurs there +and in Florida with occasional stragglers further north along both +coasts and the Mississippi Valley. The fulvous is the more common of the +two species in the United States. + +Sexes are alike. Both species have shrill whistling calls. + + + + +White-Winged Scoter + + +Length--21-1/2 in. +Weight--3-1/2 lbs. + +The three scoters on these two pages are sea ducks, wintering on open +coastal waters. White-wings are among the heaviest and largest of all +ducks. + + + + +Surf Scoter + + +Length--19-1/2 in. +Weight--2 lbs. + +Like all scoters, these birds move along our coasts in loose flocks, +stringing into irregular, wavy lines. Drakes can be distinguished from +other scoters by two white patches on their head and the bright color of +the bill. + +Flight is strong, direct, usually close to the waves. + + + + +Black Scoter + + +Length--19-1/2 in. +Weight--2-1/2 lbs. + +In flight, drakes appear all black except for the flash of the slight +gray underwing and the bright yellow swelling at the base of the upper +bill. + +Scoters feed on mollusks, crabs, and some fish and very little +vegetation. They are locally known as "coots." + + + + +Common Eider + + +Length--23-1/2 in. +Weight--5 lbs. + +Thick-necked stocky birds, alternately flapping and sailing in flight; +flocks string out in a line, close to the water. Occurs in the United +States chiefly along New England coasts and occasionally south to New +Jersey. + +Other eiders--king, spectacled and Stellar's--occur in Alaska and are +not pictured in this guide. King eiders occasionally are found in north +Atlantic coastal waters. + + + + +Oldsquaw + + +Length--20-1/2 in. +Weight--2 lbs. + +A slim, brightly plumaged sea duck. Smaller than the scoters or eiders. + +Flight is swift and low with constantly changing flock formations. +Ranges along both coasts and the Great Lakes. + +One of the most vocal of ducks; drakes have a loud pleasant _caloo, +caloo_, constantly heard. + + + + +Harlequin + + +Length--17 in. +Weight--1-1/2 lbs. + +Glossy slate-blue plumage enlivened by white stripes and spots give the +adult male harlequin a striking appearance. The female resembles a small +female scoter. At a distance, both sexes look black. Flight is swift, +with abrupt turns. Flocks are small and compact. Ranges both coasts, +north from New Jersey and San Francisco. Uncommon. + + + + +Swans + + +Trumpeter--Length--59 in. + Weight--28 lbs. + +Whistling--Length--52 in. + Weight--16 lbs. + +Once thought to be rare, trumpeter swans are slowly increasing in Alaska +and on western refuges and parks. + +Whistling swans are common and increasing. They winter near Chesapeake +Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound and Salton Sea. Occasionally found +in fields. + +Both species are large with pure white plumage. + + + + +Canada Geese + + +Numerous and popular, Canada geese are often called "honkers." Includes +several races varying in weight from 3 to over 12 pounds. All have black +heads and necks, white cheeks, similar habitats and voices. Sexes are +identical. + + + + +Brant + + +Length--24-25 in. +Weight--3-1/4 - 3-3/4 lbs. + +These are sea geese, the blacks wintering south to Baja, California, in +the Pacific. The Atlantic race winters from Virginia northward. Flight +is swift, in irregular and changing flock patterns. + + + + +Snow Geese + + +Length--29-31 in. +Weight--6-1/2 - 7-1/2 lbs. + +Two races of snow geese are recognized: greater snows along the Atlantic +Coast, and lesser snows elsewhere on the continent. Blue geese are a +color phase of the lesser snow. + + + + +White-Fronted Geese + + +Length--29 in. +Weight--6-1/4 lbs. + +Migrates chiefly in the Central and Pacific flyways but also present in +the Mississippi. Rare in the Atlantic Flyway. Appears brownish gray at a +distance. Often called "specklebelly". + +Most distinctive characteristic of the V-shaped flocks is the high +pitched call _kow-kow-kow-kow_. + + + + +COMPARATIVE SIZES OF WATERFOWL + + +All birds on these pages are drawn to the same scale. + + + + +Wetlands Attract Wildlife + + +There's more than just ducks in our marshes. Knowing and identifying +other birds and animals add to the enjoyment of being in a blind. + +The same sources of food and shelter that draw waterfowl to ponds and +marshes also attract other forms of wildlife. + +Protected species are sometimes more numerous than ducks or geese. + +Money from Duck Stamp sales is used exclusively to purchase wetlands, +preserving areas for ducks, geese, and all wildlife for the enjoyment +and pleasure of hunters and non-hunters alike. + + + + +Administrative Waterfowl Flyways + + +Waterfowl Flyways + +The term "flyway" has long been used to designate the migration routes +of birds. For management purposes, four waterfowl flyways--Pacific, +Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic--were established in the United +States in 1948. To varying degrees the waterfowl populations using each +of these flyways differ in abundance, species composition, migration +pathways, and breeding ground origin. There are differences, also, in +levels of shooting pressure and harvest. + +For the most part flyway boundaries follow State lines. However, the +boundary between the Pacific and the Central flyway general follows the +Continental Divide. + +There are some problems in matching waterfowl migration corridors with +flyway boundaries because some species nest and winter in areas that do +not occur along a north-south axis. These species cross flyway +boundaries during migration. On balance, the present arrangement is +useful in that it permits reasonable management of waterfowl. At some +future time, it is possible that further rearrangement of boundaries may +permit better management of the waterfowl resource. + + +Flyway Councils + +In 1952, Flyway Councils were formed in each of the four flyways. The +Council in each flyway is made up of representatives from the wildlife +agencies of the States in that flyway--one representative from each +State. The Councils study flyway problems, develop waterfowl management +recommendations, and generally work closely with the U.S. Fish and +Wildlife Service in implementing waterfowl management and research +programs. + +U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 O--247-777 + +For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing +Office Washington, D.C. 20402 + +Stock No. 024-010-00442-8 + + + + +Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--America's Department of +Natural Resources--is concerned with the management, conservation, and +development of the Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and +park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for +Indian and Territorial affairs. + +As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department works to +assure that nonrenewable resources are developed and used wisely, that +park and recreational resources are conserved for the future, and that +renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, +prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUCKS AT A DISTANCE*** + + +******* This file should be named 18884.txt or 18884.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18884 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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