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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Ducks at a Distance, by Robert W. Hines
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Ducks at a Distance
+       A Waterfowl Identification Guide
+
+
+Author: Robert W. Hines
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 21, 2006  [eBook #18884]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUCKS AT A DISTANCE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jason Isbell and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the numerous original illustrations.
+      See 18884-h.htm or 18884-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18884/18884-h/18884-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18884/18884-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+DUCKS AT A DISTANCE
+
+A Waterfowl Identification Guide
+
+by
+
+Bob Hines
+Department of the Interior
+U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
+
+Washington, D.C. 1978
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   Identification is Important
+   What to Look For
+   Eclipse Plumage
+   Species Identification:
+      Puddle Ducks
+      Mallard
+      Pintail
+      Gadwall
+      Wigeon
+      Shoveler
+      Blue-Winged Teal
+      Cinnamon Teal
+      Green-Winged Teal
+      Wood Duck
+      Black Duck
+      Diving Ducks
+      Canvasback
+      Redheads
+      Ringneck
+      Scaup
+      Goldeneye
+      Bufflehead
+      Ruddy
+      Red-Breasted Merganser
+      Common Merganser
+      Hooded Merganser
+      Whistling Ducks
+      White-Winged Scoter
+      Surf Scoter
+      Black Scoter
+      Common Eider
+      Oldsquaw
+      Harlequin
+      Swans
+      Canada Geese
+      Brant
+      Snow
+      White-Fronted Geese
+   At a Glance Guide
+   Comparative Sizes Of Waterfowl
+   Wetlands Attract Wildlife
+   Administrative Waterfowl Flyways
+
+
+
+
+Identification is Important
+
+
+Identifying waterfowl gives many hours of enjoyment to millions of
+people. This guide will help you recognize birds on the wing--it
+emphasizes their fall and winter plumage patterns as well as size,
+shape, and flight characteristics. It does not include local names.
+
+Recognizing the species of ducks and geese can be rewarding to
+birdwatchers and hunters--and the ducks.
+
+Hunters can contribute to their own sport by not firing at those species
+that are either protected or scarce, and needed as breeders to restore
+the flocks. It can add to their daily limit; when extra birds of certain
+species can be taken legally, hunters who know their ducks on the wing
+come out ahead.
+
+Knowing a mallard from a merganser has another side: gourmets prefer a
+corn-fed mallard to the fish duck.
+
+
+
+
+What to Look For
+
+
+Differences in size, shape, plumage patterns and colors, wing beat,
+flocking behavior, voice, and habitat--all help to distinguish one
+species from another.
+
+Flock maneuvers in the air are clues. Mallards, pintails, and wigeon
+form loose groups; teal and shovelers flash by in small, compact
+bunches; at a distance, canvasbacks shift from waving lines to temporary
+V's.
+
+Closer up, individual silhouettes are important. Variations of head
+shapes and sizes, lengths of wings and tails, and fat bodies or slim can
+be seen.
+
+Within shotgun range, color areas can be important. Light conditions
+might make them look different, but their size and location are positive
+keys. The sound of their wings can help as much as their calls. Flying
+goldeneyes make a whistling sound; wood ducks move with a swish;
+canvasbacks make a steady rushing sound. Not all ducks quack; many
+whistle, squeal, or grunt.
+
+Although not a hard and fast rule, different species tend to use
+different types of habitat. Puddle ducks like shallow marshes and creeks
+while divers prefer larger, deeper, and more open waters.
+
+
+
+
+Eclipse Plumage
+
+
+Most ducks shed their body feathers twice each year. Nearly all drakes
+lose their bright plumage after mating, and for a few weeks resemble
+females. This hen-like appearance is called the eclipse plumage. The
+return to breeding coloration varies in species and individuals of each
+species. Blue-winged teal and shovelers may retain the eclipse plumage
+until well into the winter.
+
+Wing feathers are shed only once a year; wing colors are always the
+same.
+
+
+
+
+Puddle Ducks
+
+
+Puddle ducks are typically birds of fresh, shallow marshes and rivers
+rather than of large lakes and bays. They are good divers, but usually
+feed by dabbling or tipping rather than submerging.
+
+The speculum, or colored wing patch, is generally iridescent and
+bright, and often a telltale field mark.
+
+Any duck feeding in croplands will likely be a puddle duck, for most of
+this group are sure-footed and can walk and run well on land. Their diet
+is mostly vegetable, and grain-fed mallards or pintails or
+acorn-fattened wood ducks are highly regarded as food.
+
+
+
+
+Mallard
+
+
+Length--24"
+Weight--2¾ lbs.
+
+The mallard is our most common duck, found in all flyways. The males are
+often called "greenheads." The main wintering area is the lower
+Mississippi basin, and along the gulf coast, but many stay as far north
+as open waters permits.
+
+Flocks often feed in early morning and late afternoon in nearby
+harvested fields, returning to marshes and creeks to spend the night.
+
+The flight is not particularly rapid. Hens have a loud _quack_; the
+drake's voice is a low-pitched _kwek-kwek_.
+
+
+
+
+Pintail
+
+
+Length--26"
+Weight--1¾ lbs.
+
+These ducks use all four flyways, but are most plentiful in the west.
+
+They are extremely graceful and fast fliers, fond of zig-zagging from
+great heights before leveling off to land.
+
+The long neck and tail make them appear longer than mallards, but in
+body size and weight they are smaller.
+
+They are agile on land and often feed in grain fields. The drakes
+whistle; the hens have a coarse _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Gadwall
+
+
+Length--21"
+Weight--2 lbs.
+
+Gadwalls are most numerous in the Central Flyway, but not too common
+anywhere. They are often called "gray mallards" or "gray ducks." They
+are one of the earliest migrants, seldom facing cold weather.
+
+They are the only puddle ducks with a white speculum.
+
+Small, compact flocks fly swiftly, usually in a direct line. Wingbeats
+are rapid.
+
+Drakes whistle and _kack-kack_; hens _quack_ like a mallard, but softer.
+
+
+
+
+Wigeon
+
+
+Length--21"
+Weight--1¾ lbs.
+
+These are nervous birds, quick to take alarm. Their flight is fast,
+irregular, with many twists and turns. In a bunched flock, their
+movements have been compared to those of pigeons.
+
+When open water is handy, wigeons often raft up offshore until late
+afternoon when they move to marshes and ponds to feed.
+
+The white belly and forewing are very showy in the air. Drakes whistle;
+hens have a loud _kaow_ and a lower _qua-awk_.
+
+
+
+
+Shoveler
+
+
+Length--19½"
+Weight--1½ lbs.
+
+Shovelers, 'spoonbills' to many, are early migrants, moving out at the
+first frost. The largest numbers are in the Central and Pacific flyways.
+
+The usual flight is steady and direct. When startled, the small flocks
+twist and turn in the air like teal.
+
+They are not highly regarded as table birds, because one third of the
+usual diet is animal matter.
+
+Drakes call _woh-woh_ and _took-took_; the hen's _quack_ is feeble.
+
+
+
+
+Blue-Winged Teal
+
+
+Length--16"
+Weight--15 oz.
+
+Their small size and twisting turning flight gives the illusion of great
+speed. The small, compact flocks commonly fly low over the marshes, and
+often take the hunter by surprise.
+
+They are more vocal than most ducks--their high-pitched peeping and
+nasal quacking is commonly heard in spring and to a lesser extent in
+fall.
+
+These teal are among the first ducks to migrate each fall, and one of
+the last in the spring.
+
+
+
+
+Cinnamon Teal
+
+
+In the Pacific Flyway, cinnamon teal are far more common than
+blue-wings. The hens look alike and the habits of both species are
+similar.
+
+The pale blue forewing patch is the best field mark, as drakes are
+usually in eclipse until January or longer.
+
+Drakes have a whistling _peep_; hens utter a low _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Green-Winged Teal
+
+
+Length--15 in.
+Weight--14 oz.
+
+Quite hardy--some birds stay as far north as open water is found.
+
+The smallest and one of the most common of our ducks. Their tiny size
+gives the impression of great speed, but mallards can fly faster. Their
+flight is often low, erratic, with the entire flock twisting and turning
+as one unit.
+
+They nest as far north as Alaska, and migrate in all four flyways. Early
+fall drakes are usually still in full eclipse plumage.
+
+Drakes whistle and twitter; hens have a slight _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Wood Duck
+
+
+Length--18½ in.
+Weight--1½ lbs.
+
+Found in all flyways; most numerous in the Atlantic and Mississippi
+flyways and fewest in the Central.
+
+They are early migrants; most of them have left the northern States by
+mid-November.
+
+Frequents wooded streams and ponds; perches in trees. Flies through
+thick timber with speed and ease and often feeds on acorns, berries, and
+grapes on the forest floors.
+
+Flight is swift and direct; flocks are usually small.
+
+In the air, their wings make a rustling, swishing sound. Drakes call
+_hoo-w-ett_, often in flight; hens have a _cr-r-ek_ when frightened.
+
+
+
+
+Black Duck
+
+
+Length--24 in.
+Weight--2¾ lbs.
+
+A bird of the eastern States, primarily the Atlantic Flyway and, to a
+lesser extent, the Mississippi.
+
+Shy and wary, regarded as the wariest of all ducks.
+
+Often seen in company of mallards, but along the Atlantic coast
+frequents the salt marshes and ocean much more than mallards.
+
+Flight is swift, usually in small flocks.
+
+White wing lining in contrast to very dark body plumage is a good
+identification clue.
+
+The hen's _quack_ and the drake's _kwek-kwek_ are duplicates of the
+mallards.
+
+
+
+
+Diving Ducks
+
+
+Diving ducks frequent the larger, deeper lakes and rivers, and coastal
+bays and inlets.
+
+The colored wing patches of these birds lack the brilliance of the
+speculums of puddle ducks. Since many of them have short tails, their
+huge, paddle feet may be used as rudders in flight, and are often
+visible on flying birds. When launching into flight, most of this group
+patter along the water before becoming airborne.
+
+They feed by diving, often to considerable depths. To escape danger,
+they can travel great distances underwater, emerging only enough to show
+their head before submerging again.
+
+Their diets of fish, shellfish, mollusks, and aquatic plants make them
+second choice, as a group, for sportsmen. Canvasbacks and redheads
+fattened on eel grass or wild celery are notable exceptions.
+
+Since their wings are smaller in proportion to the size and weight of
+their bodies, they have a more rapid wingbeat than puddle ducks.
+
+
+
+
+Canvasback
+
+
+Length--22 in.
+Weight--3 lbs.
+
+Normally late to start south, canvasbacks migrate in lines and irregular
+V's.
+
+In feeding areas, compact flocks fly in indefinite formations. Their
+wingbeat is rapid and noisy; their speed is the swiftest of all our
+ducks.
+
+Feeding behavior is highly variable. In some areas they feed at night
+and spend the day rafted up in open waters; in other areas they feed
+inshore mornings and evenings.
+
+On the water, body size and head shape distinguish them from scaups and
+redheads.
+
+Drakes _croak_, _peep_, and _growl_; hens have a mallard-like _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Redheads
+
+
+Length--20 in.
+Weight--2½ lbs.
+
+Range coast to coast, with the largest numbers in the Central Flyway.
+Migratory flocks travel in V's; move in irregular formations over
+feeding areas. Often found associating with canvasback.
+
+In the air, they give the impression of always being in a hurry.
+
+Usually spend the day in large rafts in deep water; feed morning and
+evening in shallower sections.
+
+Drakes _purr_ and _meow_; hens have a loud _squak_, higher than a hen
+mallard's.
+
+
+
+
+Ringneck
+
+
+Length--17 in.
+Weight--2½ lbs.
+
+Similar in appearance to scaups, but more often found in fresh marshes
+and wooded ponds. In flight, the dark wings are different from the
+white-edged wings of scaup.
+
+Faint brown ring on drake's neck never shows in the field; light bands
+at tip and base of bill are conspicuous.
+
+Fly as small flocks in open formation; often land without circling.
+Drakes _purr_; hens are usually silent.
+
+
+
+
+Scaup
+
+
+Greater--Length--18½ in.
+         Weight--2 lbs.
+
+Lesser--Length--17 in.
+        Weight--1-7/8 lbs.
+
+Except for the wing marks, greater and lesser scaup appear nearly
+identical in the field.
+
+The light band near the trailing edges of the wings runs almost to the
+tip in the greater scaup, but only about half way in the lesser.
+
+Greater scaup prefer large open water areas; lesser scaup often use
+marshes and ponds.
+
+Both species migrate late, sometimes just before freezeup.
+
+Flock movements are rapid, often erratic, usually in compact groups.
+
+Hens are silent; drake lesser scaup _purr_; drake greater scaup have a
+discordant _scaup, scaup_.
+
+
+
+
+Goldeneye
+
+
+Common--Length--19 in.
+        Weight--2¼ lbs.
+
+Barrow's--Length--19 in.
+          Weight--2¾ lbs.
+
+These are active, strong-winged fliers moving singly or in small flocks,
+often high in the air. Distinctive wing-whistling sound in flight has
+earned the name of whistlers.
+
+Goldeneyes generally move south late in the season; most of them winter
+on coastal waters and the Great Lakes. Inland, they like rapids and fast
+water.
+
+Barrow's goldeneye, predominantly a Westerner, is less wary than the
+common goldeneye.
+
+Hens of both species are look-alikes.
+
+Drakes have a piercing _speer-speer_--hens a low _quack_. Both are
+usually quiet.
+
+
+
+
+Bufflehead
+
+
+Length--14½ in.
+Weight--1 lb.
+
+Stragglers migrate south in mid-fall, but the largest numbers move just
+ahead of freezeup. Most flocks in feeding areas are small--5 or 6 birds,
+with more hens and immatures than adult drakes.
+
+Very small size, bold black and white color pattern, and low, swift
+flight are field marks. Unlike most divers, they can fly straight up
+from a watery takeoff.
+
+Largest concentrations are on both seacoasts and along the Gulf of
+Mexico. Inland, they will remain as far north as open water permits.
+
+Usually silent. Drakes _squeak_ and have a guttural note; hens _quack_
+weakly.
+
+
+
+
+Ruddy
+
+
+Length--15½ in.
+Weight--1-1/3 lbs.
+
+The ruddy duck often dives or swims away from danger rather than flying.
+When flying, their small wings stroke so fast they resemble bumblebees.
+
+They are early to mid-fall migrants.
+
+Drakes often cock their tails upright at an angle, the only species to
+habitually do so.
+
+Both hens and drakes are silent in the fall.
+
+
+
+
+Red-Breasted Merganser
+
+
+Length--23 in.
+Weight--2½ lbs.
+
+These birds winter most abundantly in coastal waters, including the Gulf
+of Mexico, and to a lesser extent, the Great Lakes.
+
+Their flight, strong and direct, is usually low over the water. They are
+difficult to distinguish in flight from the common merganser.
+
+Voice: Seldom heard.
+
+
+
+
+Common Merganser
+
+
+Length--25½ in.
+Weight--2½ lbs.
+
+This species is larger than the red-breasted merganser, and is one of
+the largest of our ducks. It is one of the last to migrate south, and is
+more common than the red-breasted merganser on inland waters.
+
+Flocks move in "follow the leader" style, low over the water.
+
+The only call seems to be a startled _croak_.
+
+
+
+
+Hooded Merganser
+
+
+Length--18 in.
+Weight--1½ lbs.
+
+Often seen in pairs, or very small flocks. Short rapid wingstrokes
+create an impression of great speed.
+
+Winters in the inland waters of all coastal States; seldom goes to salt
+water.
+
+Voice: Seldom heard in fall.
+
+
+
+
+Whistling Ducks
+
+
+Length--18-19 in.
+Weight--1¾ lbs.
+
+The trailing legs and rounded wings of these slow flying ducks makes
+them look bigger than they are.
+
+Both species are primarily Mexican. In the U.S., the black-bellied is
+found only in south Texas and Louisiana. The fulvous also occurs there
+and in Florida with occasional stragglers further north along both
+coasts and the Mississippi Valley. The fulvous is the more common of the
+two species in the United States.
+
+Sexes are alike. Both species have shrill whistling calls.
+
+
+
+
+White-Winged Scoter
+
+
+Length--21½ in.
+Weight--3½ lbs.
+
+The three scoters on these two pages are sea ducks, wintering on open
+coastal waters. White-wings are among the heaviest and largest of all
+ducks.
+
+
+
+
+Surf Scoter
+
+
+Length--19½ in.
+Weight--2 lbs.
+
+Like all scoters, these birds move along our coasts in loose flocks,
+stringing into irregular, wavy lines. Drakes can be distinguished from
+other scoters by two white patches on their head and the bright color of
+the bill.
+
+Flight is strong, direct, usually close to the waves.
+
+
+
+
+Black Scoter
+
+
+Length--19½ in.
+Weight--2½ lbs.
+
+In flight, drakes appear all black except for the flash of the slight
+gray underwing and the bright yellow swelling at the base of the upper
+bill.
+
+Scoters feed on mollusks, crabs, and some fish and very little
+vegetation. They are locally known as "coots."
+
+
+
+
+Common Eider
+
+
+Length--23½ in.
+Weight--5 lbs.
+
+Thick-necked stocky birds, alternately flapping and sailing in flight;
+flocks string out in a line, close to the water. Occurs in the United
+States chiefly along New England coasts and occasionally south to New
+Jersey.
+
+Other eiders--king, spectacled and Stellar's--occur in Alaska and are
+not pictured in this guide. King eiders occasionally are found in north
+Atlantic coastal waters.
+
+
+
+
+Oldsquaw
+
+
+Length--20½ in.
+Weight--2 lbs.
+
+A slim, brightly plumaged sea duck. Smaller than the scoters or eiders.
+
+Flight is swift and low with constantly changing flock formations.
+Ranges along both coasts and the Great Lakes.
+
+One of the most vocal of ducks; drakes have a loud pleasant _caloo,
+caloo_, constantly heard.
+
+
+
+
+Harlequin
+
+
+Length--17 in.
+Weight--1½ lbs.
+
+Glossy slate-blue plumage enlivened by white stripes and spots give the
+adult male harlequin a striking appearance. The female resembles a small
+female scoter. At a distance, both sexes look black. Flight is swift,
+with abrupt turns. Flocks are small and compact. Ranges both coasts,
+north from New Jersey and San Francisco. Uncommon.
+
+
+
+
+Swans
+
+
+Trumpeter--Length--59 in.
+           Weight--28 lbs.
+
+Whistling--Length--52 in.
+           Weight--16 lbs.
+
+Once thought to be rare, trumpeter swans are slowly increasing in Alaska
+and on western refuges and parks.
+
+Whistling swans are common and increasing. They winter near Chesapeake
+Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound and Salton Sea. Occasionally found
+in fields.
+
+Both species are large with pure white plumage.
+
+
+
+
+Canada Geese
+
+
+Numerous and popular, Canada geese are often called "honkers." Includes
+several races varying in weight from 3 to over 12 pounds. All have black
+heads and necks, white cheeks, similar habitats and voices. Sexes are
+identical.
+
+
+
+
+Brant
+
+
+Length--24-25 in.
+Weight--3¼ - 3¾ lbs.
+
+These are sea geese, the blacks wintering south to Baja, California, in
+the Pacific. The Atlantic race winters from Virginia northward. Flight
+is swift, in irregular and changing flock patterns.
+
+
+
+
+Snow Geese
+
+
+Length--29-31 in.
+Weight--6½-7½ lbs.
+
+Two races of snow geese are recognized: greater snows along the Atlantic
+Coast, and lesser snows elsewhere on the continent. Blue geese are a
+color phase of the lesser snow.
+
+
+
+
+White-Fronted Geese
+
+
+Length--29 in.
+Weight--6¼ lbs.
+
+Migrates chiefly in the Central and Pacific flyways but also present in
+the Mississippi. Rare in the Atlantic Flyway. Appears brownish gray at a
+distance. Often called "specklebelly".
+
+Most distinctive characteristic of the V-shaped flocks is the high
+pitched call _kow-kow-kow-kow_.
+
+
+
+
+COMPARATIVE SIZES OF WATERFOWL
+
+
+All birds on these pages are drawn to the same scale.
+
+
+
+
+Wetlands Attract Wildlife
+
+
+There's more than just ducks in our marshes. Knowing and identifying
+other birds and animals add to the enjoyment of being in a blind.
+
+The same sources of food and shelter that draw waterfowl to ponds and
+marshes also attract other forms of wildlife.
+
+Protected species are sometimes more numerous than ducks or geese.
+
+Money from Duck Stamp sales is used exclusively to purchase wetlands,
+preserving areas for ducks, geese, and all wildlife for the enjoyment
+and pleasure of hunters and non-hunters alike.
+
+
+
+
+Administrative Waterfowl Flyways
+
+
+Waterfowl Flyways
+
+The term "flyway" has long been used to designate the migration routes
+of birds. For management purposes, four waterfowl flyways--Pacific,
+Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic--were established in the United
+States in 1948. To varying degrees the waterfowl populations using each
+of these flyways differ in abundance, species composition, migration
+pathways, and breeding ground origin. There are differences, also, in
+levels of shooting pressure and harvest.
+
+For the most part flyway boundaries follow State lines. However, the
+boundary between the Pacific and the Central flyway general follows the
+Continental Divide.
+
+There are some problems in matching waterfowl migration corridors with
+flyway boundaries because some species nest and winter in areas that do
+not occur along a north-south axis. These species cross flyway
+boundaries during migration. On balance, the present arrangement is
+useful in that it permits reasonable management of waterfowl. At some
+future time, it is possible that further rearrangement of boundaries may
+permit better management of the waterfowl resource.
+
+
+Flyway Councils
+
+In 1952, Flyway Councils were formed in each of the four flyways. The
+Council in each flyway is made up of representatives from the wildlife
+agencies of the States in that flyway--one representative from each
+State. The Councils study flyway problems, develop waterfowl management
+recommendations, and generally work closely with the U.S. Fish and
+Wildlife Service in implementing waterfowl management and research
+programs.
+
+U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 O--247-777
+
+For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
+Office Washington, D.C. 20402
+
+Stock No. 024-010-00442-8
+
+
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+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ducks at a Distance, by Robert W. Hines</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Ducks at a Distance, by Robert W. Hines</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Ducks at a Distance</p>
+<p>       A Waterfowl Identification Guide</p>
+<p>Author: Robert W. Hines</p>
+<p>Release Date: July 21, 2006  [eBook #18884]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUCKS AT A DISTANCE***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Jason Isbell<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net/)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;">
+<img src="images/1.jpg" width="348" height="395" alt="Title Page: Flying Ducks" title="Title Page: Flying Ducks" />
+</div>
+
+<h1>Ducks at a Distance<br />
+A Waterfowl Identification Guide</h1>
+
+<h2>By Bob Hines</h2>
+<h3>Department of the Interior</h3>
+<h3>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</h3>
+<h4>Washington, D.C. 1978</h4>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 462px;">
+<img src="images/2a.jpg" width="462" height="529" alt="Title Page: Ducks in flight" title="Title Page: Ducks in flight" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 406px;">
+<img src="images/2b.jpg" width="406" height="214" alt="Title Page: Ducks in flight" title="Title Page: Ducks in flight" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="transnote"><p>[Transcribers Note: Table of Contents added by transcriber]</p>
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+<h1 style="text-align: left">Table of Contents</h1>
+<p>
+<a href="#Identification_is_Important"><b>Identification is Important</b></a><br />
+<a href="#What_to_Look_For"><b>What to Look For</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Eclipse_Plumage"><b>Eclipse Plumage</b></a><br />
+</p>
+
+<h3 style="text-align: left">Species Identification:</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+<a href="#Puddle_Ducks"><b>Puddle Ducks</b></a><br/>
+<a href="#Mallard"><b>Mallard</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Pintail"><b>Pintail</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Gadwall"><b>Gadwall</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Wigeon"><b>Wigeon</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Shoveler"><b>Shoveler</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Blue-Winged_Teal"><b>Blue-Winged Teal</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Cinnamon_Teal"><b>Cinnamon Teal</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Green-Winged_Teal"><b>Green-Winged Teal</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Wood_Duck"><b>Wood Duck</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Black_Duck"><b>Black Duck</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Diving_Ducks"><b>Diving Ducks</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Canvasback"><b>Canvasback</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Redheads"><b>Redheads</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Ringneck"><b>Ringneck</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Scaup"><b>Scaup</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Goldeneye"><b>Goldeneye</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Bufflehead"><b>Bufflehead</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Ruddy"><b>Ruddy</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Red-Breasted_Merganser"><b>Red-Breasted Merganser</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Common_Merganser"><b>Common Merganser</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Hooded_Merganser"><b>Hooded Merganser</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Whistling_Ducks"><b>Whistling Ducks</b></a><br />
+<a href="#White-Winged_Scoter"><b>White-Winged Scoter</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Surf_Scoter"><b>Surf Scoter</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Black_Scoter"><b>Black Scoter</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Common_Eider"><b>Common Eider</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Oldsquaw"><b>Oldsquaw</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Harlequin"><b>Harlequin</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Swans"><b>Swans</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Canada_Geese"><b>Canada Geese</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Brant"><b>Brant</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Snow"><b>Snow</b></a><br />
+<a href="#White-Fronted_Geese"><b>White-Fronted Geese</b></a><br/>
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+<a href="#At_a_glance"><b>At a Glance Guide</b></a><br/>
+<a href="#COMPARATIVE"><b>Comparative Sizes Of Waterfowl</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Wetlands_Attract_Wildlife"><b>Wetlands Attract Wildlife</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Administrative_Waterfowl_Flyways"><b>Administrative Waterfowl Flyways</b></a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Identification_is_Important" id="Identification_is_Important"></a>Identification is Important</h2>
+
+
+<p>Identifying waterfowl gives many hours of enjoyment
+to millions of people. This guide will help you
+recognize birds on the wing&mdash;it emphasizes their fall
+and winter plumage patterns as well as size,
+shape, and flight characteristics. It does not include
+local names.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizing the species of ducks and geese can be
+rewarding to birdwatchers and hunters&mdash;and the ducks.</p>
+
+<p>Hunters can contribute to their own sport by not
+firing at those species that are either protected or
+scarce, and needed as breeders to restore the flocks.
+It can add to their daily limit; when extra birds of
+certain species can be taken legally, hunters who
+know their ducks on the wing come out ahead.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing a mallard from a merganser has another
+side: gourmets prefer a corn-fed mallard to the fish
+duck.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;">
+<img src="images/3a.jpg" width="416" height="196" alt="Ducks taking off" title="Ducks taking off" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="What_to_Look_For" id="What_to_Look_For"></a>What to Look For</h2>
+
+
+<p>Differences in size, shape, plumage patterns and
+colors, wing beat, flocking behavior, voice, and habitat&mdash;all
+help to distinguish one species from another.</p>
+
+<p>Flock maneuvers in the air are clues. Mallards, pintails,
+and wigeon form loose groups; teal and shovelers
+flash by in small, compact bunches; at a distance,
+canvasbacks shift from waving lines to temporary V's.</p>
+
+<p>Closer up, individual silhouettes are important.
+Variations of head shapes and sizes, lengths of wings
+and tails, and fat bodies or slim can be seen.</p>
+
+<p>Within shotgun range, color areas can be important. Light
+conditions might make them look different, but their size
+and location are positive keys. The sound of their wings can
+help as much as their calls. Flying goldeneyes make a
+whistling sound; wood ducks move with a swish;
+canvasbacks make a steady rushing sound. Not all ducks
+quack; many whistle, squeal, or grunt.</p>
+
+<p>Although not a hard and fast rule, different species
+tend to use different types of habitat. Puddle ducks
+like shallow marshes and creeks while divers prefer
+larger, deeper, and more open waters.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span><img src="images/3b.jpg" width="130" height="159" alt="Flock Pattern" title="Flock Pattern" />
+</span>
+
+<span><img src="images/3c.jpg" width="118" height="123" alt="Silhouette" title="Silhouette" />
+</span>
+
+<span><img src="images/3d.jpg" width="77" height="83" alt="Color Areas" title="Color Areas" />
+</span>
+
+<span><img src="images/3e.jpg" width="109" height="131" alt="Sound" title="Sound" />
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="caption">Flock Pattern | Silhouette | Color Areas | Sound</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Eclipse_Plumage" id="Eclipse_Plumage"></a>Eclipse Plumage</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span>
+<img src="images/4a.jpg" width="184" height="172" alt="Drake: Spring Plumage" title="" />
+<span class="caption" style="position: relative; left: -170px; top: 1em">Drake: Spring Plumage</span>
+</span>
+
+<span><img src="images/4b.jpg" width="174" height="170" alt="Hen" title="Hen" />
+<span class="caption" style="position: relative; left: -160px; top: 1em">Hen</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/4c.jpg" width="184" height="166" alt="Drake: Full Eclipse" title="Drake: Full Eclipse" />
+<span class="caption">Drake: Full Eclipse</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 250px">
+<img src="images/4d.jpg" width="250" height="268" alt="Drakes Emerging from Eclipse" title="Drakes Emerging from Eclipse" />
+<span class="caption">Drakes Emerging from Eclipse</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Most ducks shed their body
+feathers twice each year.
+Nearly all drakes lose their
+bright plumage after mating, and for
+a few weeks resemble females. This
+hen-like appearance is called the
+eclipse plumage. The return to
+breeding coloration varies
+in species and individuals of each
+species. Blue-winged teal and shovelers may
+retain the eclipse plumage until
+well into the winter.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Wing feathers are shed only once
+a year; wing colors are always
+the same.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 178px;">
+<img src="images/4e.jpg" width="178" height="164" alt="Drake: Fall Plumage" title="Drake: Fall Plumage" />
+<span class="caption">Drake: Fall Plumage</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Puddle_Ducks" id="Puddle_Ducks"></a>Puddle Ducks</h2>
+
+
+<p>Puddle ducks are typically birds of fresh, shallow
+marshes and rivers rather than of large lakes and bays.
+They are good divers, but usually feed by dabbling
+or tipping rather than submerging.</p>
+
+<p>The speculum, or colored wing patch, is generally
+iridescent and bright, and often a telltale field mark.</p>
+
+<p>Any duck feeding in croplands will likely be a puddle
+duck, for most of this group are sure-footed and can
+walk and run well on land. Their diet is mostly
+vegetable, and grain-fed mallards or pintails or
+acorn-fattened wood ducks are highly regarded
+as food.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 457px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Feeding</span><span class="captionright">Takeoff</span>
+<img src="images/4f.jpg" width="457" height="301" alt="Feeding and Takeoff" title="Feeding and Takeoff" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Mallard" id="Mallard"></a>Mallard</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;24"<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2&frac34; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+<span class="caption">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/5a.jpg" width="362" height="386" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>The mallard is our most common duck, found in all
+flyways. The males are often called "greenheads." The
+main wintering area is the lower Mississippi basin,
+and along the gulf coast, but many stay as far north
+as open waters permits.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 456px;">
+<img src="images/5b.jpg" width="456" height="157" alt="Hen and Drake Wings" title="Hen and Drake Wings" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 376px;">
+<img src="images/5c.jpg" width="376" height="239" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 182px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/5d.jpg" width="182" height="165" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 182px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/5e.jpg" width="182" height="133" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Flocks often feed in early
+morning and late afternoon in
+nearby harvested fields,
+returning to marshes and
+creeks to spend the night.</p>
+
+<p>The flight is not particularly
+rapid. Hens have a loud <i>quack</i>;
+the drake's voice is a
+low-pitched <i>kwek-kwek</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 337px;">
+<img src="images/5f.jpg" width="337" height="160" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Pintail" id="Pintail"></a>Pintail</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;26"<br/>
+Weight&mdash;1&frac34; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 385px;">
+<span class="caption">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/6a.jpg" width="385" height="261" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These ducks use all four flyways, but are most
+plentiful in the west.</p>
+
+<p>They are extremely graceful and fast fliers, fond of
+zig-zagging from great heights before leveling
+off to land.</p>
+
+<p>The long neck and tail make them appear longer
+than mallards, but in body size and weight
+they are smaller.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;">
+<img src="images/6b.jpg" width="454" height="154" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<img src="images/6c.jpg" width="395" height="247" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 193px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/6d.jpg" width="193" height="198" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 131px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/6e.jpg" width="131" height="139" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They are agile on land and
+often feed in grain fields. The
+drakes whistle; the hens have
+a coarse <i>quack</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 271px;">
+<img src="images/6f.jpg" width="271" height="126" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gadwall" id="Gadwall"></a>Gadwall</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;21"<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;">
+<span class="caption">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/7a.jpg" width="348" height="257" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Gadwalls are most numerous in the Central Flyway,
+but not too common anywhere. They are often called
+"gray mallards" or "gray ducks." They are one of the
+earliest migrants, seldom facing cold weather.</p>
+
+<p>They are the only puddle ducks with a white
+speculum.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 437px;">
+<img src="images/7b.jpg" width="437" height="175" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 349px;">
+<img src="images/7c.jpg" width="349" height="198" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 167px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/7d.jpg" width="167" height="179" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 138px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/7e.jpg" width="138" height="143" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Small, compact flocks fly
+swiftly, usually in a direct line.
+Wingbeats are rapid.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes whistle and <i>kack-kack</i>;
+hens <i>quack</i> like a mallard, but
+softer.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 217px;">
+<img src="images/7f.jpg" width="217" height="120" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Wigeon" id="Wigeon"></a>Wigeon</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;21"<br/>
+Weight&mdash;1&frac34; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;">
+<span class="caption">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/8a.jpg" width="389" height="413" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These are nervous birds, quick to take alarm. Their
+flight is fast, irregular, with many twists and turns. In
+a bunched flock, their movements have been
+compared to those of pigeons.</p>
+
+<p>When open water is handy, wigeons often
+raft up offshore until late afternoon when they
+move to marshes and ponds to feed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+<img src="images/8b.jpg" width="395" height="137" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<img src="images/8c.jpg" width="395" height="328" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 155px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/8d.jpg" width="155" height="162" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 144px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/8e.jpg" width="144" height="160" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The white belly and forewing
+are very showy in the air.
+Drakes whistle; hens have a
+loud <i>kaow</i> and a lower
+<i>qua-awk</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 307px;">
+<img src="images/8f.jpg" width="307" height="122" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Shoveler" id="Shoveler"></a>Shoveler</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;19&frac12;"<br/>
+Weight&mdash;1&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 388px;">
+<span class="caption">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/9a.jpg" width="388" height="331" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Shovelers, 'spoonbills' to many, are early migrants, moving
+out at the first frost. The largest numbers are in the Central
+and Pacific flyways.</p>
+
+<p>The usual flight is steady and direct. When startled,
+the small flocks twist and turn in the air like teal.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;">
+<img src="images/9b.jpg" width="421" height="156" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;">
+<img src="images/9c.jpg" width="415" height="292" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 155px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/9d.jpg" width="155" height="161" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 166px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/9e.jpg" width="166" height="137" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They are not highly regarded
+as table birds, because one
+third of the usual diet is
+animal matter.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes call <i>woh-woh</i> and
+<i>took-took</i>; the hen's <i>quack</i>
+is feeble.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/9f.jpg" width="332" height="132" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Blue-Winged_Teal" id="Blue-Winged_Teal"></a>Blue-Winged Teal</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;16"<br/>
+Weight&mdash;15 oz.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 420px;">
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+<img src="images/10a.jpg" width="420" height="214" alt="Hen and Eclipse Drake" title="Hen and Eclipse Drake" />
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+</div>
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 112px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/10b.jpg" width="112" height="132" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 82px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/10c.jpg" width="82" height="100" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Their small size and twisting
+turning flight gives the
+illusion of great speed. The
+small, compact flocks
+commonly fly low over the
+marshes, and often take the
+hunter by surprise.</p>
+
+<p>They are more vocal than most
+ducks&mdash;their high-pitched
+peeping and nasal quacking is
+commonly heard in spring and
+to a lesser extent in fall.</p>
+
+<p>These teal are among the first
+ducks to migrate each fall, and
+one of the last in the spring.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;">
+<img src="images/10d.jpg" width="419" height="127" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Cinnamon_Teal" id="Cinnamon_Teal"></a>Cinnamon Teal</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;">
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/10e.jpg" width="421" height="178" alt="Eclipse Drake and Drake" title="Eclipse Drake and Drake" />
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 275px;">
+<img src="images/10f.jpg" width="275" height="147" alt="Blue-Winged Drake" title="Blue-Winged Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Blue-Winged Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 94px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/10g.jpg" width="94" height="107" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 80px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/10h.jpg" width="80" height="108" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Pacific Flyway, cinnamon
+teal are far more common than
+blue-wings. The hens look
+alike and the habits of both
+species are similar.</p>
+
+<p>The pale blue forewing patch
+is the best field mark, as drakes
+are usually in eclipse until
+January or longer.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes have a whistling <i>peep</i>;
+hens utter a low <i>quack</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 265px;">
+<img src="images/10i.jpg" width="265" height="131" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Green-Winged_Teal" id="Green-Winged_Teal"></a>Green-Winged Teal</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;15 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;14 oz.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 420px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/11a.jpg" width="420" height="181" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">Quite hardy&mdash;some birds stay as far north as open
+water is found.</p>
+
+<p>The smallest and one of the most common of our
+ducks. Their tiny size gives the impression of great
+speed, but mallards can fly faster. Their flight is often
+low, erratic, with the entire flock twisting and turning
+as one unit.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 442px;">
+<img src="images/11b.jpg" width="442" height="168" alt="Hen and Drake" title="Hen and Drake" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 262px;">
+<img src="images/11c.jpg" width="262" height="162" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 125px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/11d.jpg" width="125" height="142" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 94px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/11e.jpg" width="94" height="134" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They nest as far north as Alaska,
+and migrate in all four
+flyways. Early fall drakes are
+usually still in full eclipse
+plumage.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes whistle and twitter;
+hens have a slight <i>quack</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 206px;">
+<img src="images/11f.jpg" width="206" height="143" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Wood_Duck" id="Wood_Duck"></a>Wood Duck</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;18&frac12; in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;1&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 373px;">
+<span class="caption">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/12a.jpg" width="373" height="337" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Found in all flyways; most numerous in the Atlantic
+and Mississippi flyways and fewest in the Central.</p>
+
+<p>They are early migrants; most of them have left the
+northern States by mid-November.</p>
+
+<p>Frequents wooded streams and ponds; perches in
+trees. Flies through thick timber with speed and ease
+and often feeds on acorns, berries, and grapes on the
+forest floors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 444px;">
+<img src="images/12b.jpg" width="444" height="175" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;">
+<img src="images/12c.jpg" width="399" height="251" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 185px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/12d.jpg" width="185" height="212" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 166px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/12e.jpg" width="166" height="163" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Flight is swift and direct;
+flocks are usually small.</p>
+
+<p>In the air, their wings make a
+rustling, swishing sound.
+Drakes call <i>hoo-w-ett</i>, often in
+flight; hens have a <i>cr-r-ek</i>
+when frightened.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 287px;">
+<img src="images/12f.jpg" width="287" height="129" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Black_Duck" id="Black_Duck"></a>Black Duck</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;24 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2&frac34; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 406px;">
+<span class="caption">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<span class="caption" style="position: relative; left:110px; top: 150px">Hen</span>
+<img src="images/13a.jpg" width="406" height="287" alt="Eclipse Drake, Hen and Drake" title="Eclipse Drake, Hen and Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 102px;">
+<img src="images/13b.jpg" width="102" height="144" alt="Similar Sexes" title="Similar Sexes" />
+<span class="caption">Similar Sexes</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 110px;">
+<img src="images/13c.jpg" width="110" height="123" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A bird of the eastern States,
+primarily the Atlantic Flyway and,
+to a lesser extent, the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>Shy and wary, regarded as the
+wariest of all ducks.</p>
+
+<p>Often seen in company of
+mallards, but along the Atlantic
+coast frequents the salt marshes
+and ocean much more than mallards.</p>
+
+<p>Flight is swift, usually in
+small flocks.</p>
+
+<p>White wing lining in contrast to
+very dark body plumage is a good
+identification clue.</p>
+
+<p>The hen's <i>quack</i> and the drake's
+<i>kwek-kwek</i> are duplicates of the
+mallards.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;">
+<img src="images/13d.jpg" width="454" height="147" alt="Hen and Drake" title="Hen and Drake" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Diving_Ducks" id="Diving_Ducks"></a>Diving Ducks</h2>
+
+
+<p>Diving ducks frequent the larger, deeper lakes and
+rivers, and coastal bays and inlets.</p>
+
+<p>The colored wing patches of these birds lack the
+brilliance of the speculums of puddle ducks. Since
+many of them have short tails, their huge, paddle feet
+may be used as rudders in flight, and are often
+visible on flying birds. When launching into flight,
+most of this group patter along the water before
+becoming airborne.</p>
+
+<p>They feed by diving, often to considerable depths. To
+escape danger, they can travel great distances
+underwater, emerging only enough to show their
+head before submerging again.</p>
+
+<p>Their diets of fish, shellfish, mollusks, and aquatic
+plants make them second choice, as a group, for
+sportsmen. Canvasbacks and redheads fattened on
+eel grass or wild celery are notable exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>Since their wings are smaller in proportion to the size
+and weight of their bodies, they have a more rapid
+wingbeat than puddle ducks.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 454px;">
+<span class="caption">Takeoff</span>
+<img src="images/13e.jpg" width="454" height="248" alt="Takeoff, Feeding and Landing" title="Takeoff, Feeding and Landing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Feeding</span>
+<span class="captionright">Landing</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Canvasback" id="Canvasback"></a>Canvasback</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;22 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;3 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 384px;">
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+<img src="images/14a.jpg" width="384" height="178" alt="Hen and Eclipse Drake" title="Hen and Eclipse Drake" />
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">Normally late to start south, canvasbacks migrate in
+lines and irregular V's.</p>
+
+<p>In feeding areas, compact flocks fly in indefinite
+formations. Their wingbeat is rapid and noisy; their
+speed is the swiftest of all our ducks.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;">
+<img src="images/14b.jpg" width="424" height="139" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 269px;">
+<img src="images/14c.jpg" width="269" height="250" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 139px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/14d.jpg" width="139" height="190" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 131px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/14e.jpg" width="131" height="148" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Feeding behavior is highly
+variable. In some areas they
+feed at night and spend the day
+rafted up in open waters; in
+other areas they feed inshore
+mornings and evenings.</p>
+
+<p>On the water, body size and
+head shape distinguish them
+from scaups and redheads.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes <i>croak</i>, <i>peep</i>, and
+<i>growl</i>; hens have a mallard-like
+<i>quack</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;">
+<img src="images/14f.jpg" width="276" height="114" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Redheads" id="Redheads"></a>Redheads</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;20 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/15a.jpg" width="368" height="239" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p style="clear:both">Range coast to coast, with the largest numbers in the
+Central Flyway. Migratory flocks travel in V's; move
+in irregular formations over feeding areas. Often
+found associating with canvasback.</p>
+
+<p>In the air, they give the impression of always being in
+a hurry.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 403px;">
+<img src="images/15b.jpg" width="403" height="157" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 294px;">
+<img src="images/15c.jpg" width="294" height="169" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 134px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/15d.jpg" width="134" height="232" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 122px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/15e.jpg" width="122" height="145" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Usually spend the day in large
+rafts in deep water; feed
+morning and evening in
+shallower sections.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes <i>purr</i> and <i>meow</i>; hens
+have a loud <i>squak</i>, higher than
+a hen mallard's.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 287px;">
+<img src="images/15f.jpg" width="287" height="109" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ringneck" id="Ringneck"></a>Ringneck</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;17 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/16a.jpg" width="378" height="210" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">Similar in appearance to scaups, but more often found
+in fresh marshes and wooded ponds. In flight, the
+dark wings are different from the white-edged wings
+of scaup.</p>
+
+<p>Faint brown ring on drake's neck never shows in the
+field; light bands at tip and base of bill are
+conspicuous.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 393px;">
+<img src="images/16b.jpg" width="393" height="130" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 261px;">
+<img src="images/16c.jpg" width="261" height="162" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 153px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/16d.jpg" width="153" height="209" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 95px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/16e.jpg" width="95" height="159" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Fly as small flocks in open
+formation; often land without
+circling. Drakes <i>purr</i>; hens are
+usually silent.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 294px;">
+<img src="images/16f.jpg" width="294" height="120" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Scaup" id="Scaup"></a>Scaup</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Greater&mdash;Length&mdash;18&frac12; in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2 lbs.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Lesser&mdash;Length&mdash;17 in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;1-7/8 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 385px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/17a.jpg" width="385" height="238" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 172px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Lesser</span>
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+<img src="images/17b.jpg" width="172" height="152" alt="Lesser Hen and Drake Wing" title="Lesser Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 167px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Greater</span>
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+<img src="images/17c.jpg" width="167" height="140" alt="Greater Hen and Drake Wing" title="Greater Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Except for the wing marks, greater and lesser scaup
+appear nearly identical in the field.</p>
+
+<p>The light band near the trailing edges of the wings
+runs almost to the tip in the greater scaup, but only
+about half way in the lesser.</p>
+
+<p>Greater scaup prefer large open water areas; lesser
+scaup often use marshes and ponds.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 379px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Greater Scaup Drake</span>
+<img src="images/17d.jpg" width="379" height="247" alt="Lesser Scaup Drake and Greater Scaup Drake" title="Lesser Scaup Drake and Greater Scaup Drake" />
+<span class="captionright">Lesser Scaup Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 127px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Lesser</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/17e.jpg" width="127" height="164" alt="Lesser Drake and Hen" title="Lesser Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 141px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Greater</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/17f.jpg" width="141" height="190" alt="Greater Drake and Hen" title="Greater Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 111px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Lesser</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/17g.jpg" width="111" height="156" alt="Lesser Drake and Hen" title="Lesser Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Both species migrate late,
+sometimes just before freezeup.</p>
+
+<p>Flock movements are rapid,
+often erratic, usually in
+compact groups.</p>
+
+<p>Hens are silent; drake lesser
+scaup <i>purr</i>; drake greater scaup
+have a discordant <i>scaup, scaup</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/17h.jpg" width="248" height="107" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Goldeneye" id="Goldeneye"></a>Goldeneye</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Common&mdash;Length&mdash;19 in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;2&frac14; lbs.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Barrow's&mdash;Length&mdash;19 in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;2&frac34; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Hen Both Species</span>
+<img src="images/18a.jpg" width="395" height="235" alt="Hen Both Species and Common Eclipse Drake" title="Hen Both Species and Common Eclipse Drake" />
+<span class="captionright">Common Eclipse Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear: both">These are active, strong-winged fliers moving singly
+or in small flocks, often high in the air. Distinctive
+wing-whistling sound in flight has earned the name
+of whistlers.</p>
+
+<p>Goldeneyes generally move south late in the season;
+most of them winter on coastal waters and the Great
+Lakes. Inland, they like rapids and fast water.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 428px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Barrow&#39;s</span>
+<span class="captionright">Common</span>
+<img src="images/18b.jpg" width="428" height="131" alt="Barrow&#39;s Hen and Drake and Common Hen and Drake" title="Barrow&#39;s Hen and Drake and Common Hen and Drake" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen | Drake</span>
+<span class="captionright">Hen | Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Barrow&#39;s Drake</span>
+<img src="images/18c.jpg" width="391" height="275" alt="Barrow&#39;s Drake and Common Drake" title="Barrow&#39;s Drake and Common Drake" />
+<span class="captionright">Common Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 127px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/18d.jpg" width="127" height="168" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 102px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/18e.jpg" width="102" height="178" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Barrow's goldeneye,
+predominantly a Westerner, is
+less wary than the common
+goldeneye.</p>
+
+<p>Hens of both species are
+look-alikes.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes have a piercing
+<i>speer-speer</i>&mdash;hens a low
+<i>quack</i>. Both are usually quiet.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 205px;">
+<img src="images/18f.jpg" width="205" height="102" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Bufflehead" id="Bufflehead"></a>Bufflehead</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;14&frac12; in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;1 lb.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;">
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+<img src="images/19a.jpg" width="378" height="149" alt="Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Stragglers migrate south in mid-fall, but the largest
+numbers move just ahead of freezeup. Most flocks in
+feeding areas are small&mdash;5 or 6 birds, with more hens
+and immatures than adult drakes.</p>
+
+<p>Very small size, bold black and white color pattern,
+and low, swift flight are field marks. Unlike most
+divers, they can fly straight up from a watery takeoff.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 364px;">
+<img src="images/19b.jpg" width="364" height="132" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 267px;">
+<img src="images/19c.jpg" width="267" height="168" alt="Drake" title="Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 131px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/19d.jpg" width="131" height="240" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 91px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/19e.jpg" width="91" height="154" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Largest concentrations are on
+both seacoasts and along the
+Gulf of Mexico. Inland, they
+will remain as far north as open
+water permits.</p>
+
+<p>Usually silent. Drakes <i>squeak</i>
+and have a guttural note; hens
+<i>quack</i> weakly.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 286px;">
+<img src="images/19f.jpg" width="286" height="113" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ruddy" id="Ruddy"></a>Ruddy</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;15&frac12; in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;1-1/3 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 396px;">
+<img src="images/20a.jpg" width="396" height="197" alt="Winter Drake and Hen" title="Winter Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionleft">Winter Drake</span>
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The ruddy duck often dives or swims away
+from danger rather than flying. When flying, their
+small wings stroke so fast they resemble
+bumblebees.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;">
+<img src="images/20b.jpg" width="408" height="150" alt="Sexes Similar" title="Sexes Similar" />
+<span class="captionleft">Sexes Similar</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 346px;">
+<img src="images/20c.jpg" width="346" height="209" alt="Summer Drake" title="Summer Drake" />
+<span class="caption">Summer Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 123px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/20d.jpg" width="123" height="218" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 101px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/20e.jpg" width="101" height="142" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They are early to mid-fall
+migrants.</p>
+
+<p>Drakes often cock their tails
+upright at an angle, the only
+species to habitually do so.</p>
+
+<p>Both hens and drakes are
+silent in the fall.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;">
+<img src="images/20f.jpg" width="298" height="184" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Red-Breasted_Merganser" id="Red-Breasted_Merganser"></a>Red-Breasted Merganser</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;23 in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;2&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/21a.jpg" width="400" height="190" alt="Eclipse Drake, Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake, Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 306px;">
+<img src="images/21f.jpg" width="306" height="123" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 111px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/21b.jpg" width="111" height="164" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 99px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/21c.jpg" width="99" height="91" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These birds winter most
+abundantly in coastal waters,
+including the Gulf of Mexico,
+and to a lesser extent, the
+Great Lakes.</p>
+
+<p>Their flight, strong and direct,
+is usually low over the water.
+They are difficult to distinguish
+in flight from the common
+merganser.</p>
+
+<p>Voice: Seldom heard.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px;">
+<img src="images/21e.jpg" width="283" height="63" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Common_Merganser" id="Common_Merganser"></a>Common Merganser</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;25&frac12; in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;2&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 422px;">
+<span class="captionright">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<span class="captionleft">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/21g.jpg" width="422" height="219" alt="Eclipse Drake, Drake and Hen" title="Eclipse Drake, Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 101px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/21h.jpg" width="101" height="180" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 88px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/21i.jpg" width="88" height="127" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This species is larger than the
+red-breasted merganser, and is
+one of the largest of our
+ducks. It is one of the last to
+migrate south, and is more
+common than the red-breasted
+merganser on inland waters.</p>
+
+<p>Flocks move in "follow the
+leader" style, low over the
+water.</p>
+
+<p>The only call seems to be a
+startled <i>croak</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;">
+<img src="images/21j.jpg" width="281" height="63" alt="Typical Flock Pattern" title="Typical Flock Pattern" />
+<span class="caption">Typical Flock Pattern</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 310px;">
+<img src="images/21k.jpg" width="310" height="123" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="caption">Hen and Drake Wing</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hooded_Merganser" id="Hooded_Merganser"></a>Hooded Merganser</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;18 in.<br />
+Weight&mdash;1&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/22a.jpg" width="400" height="215" alt="Eclipse Drake, Drake and Hen" title="" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 118px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/22b.jpg" width="118" height="157" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 113px;">
+<span class="caption">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/22b1.jpg" width="113" height="119" alt="Drake and Hen" title="Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Often seen in pairs, or very
+small flocks. Short rapid
+wingstrokes create an
+impression of great speed.</p>
+
+<p>Winters in the inland waters of
+all coastal States; seldom goes
+to salt water.</p>
+
+<p>Voice: Seldom heard in fall.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;">
+<img src="images/22c.jpg" width="365" height="121" alt="Hen and Drake Wing" title="Hen and Drake Wing" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Whistling_Ducks" id="Whistling_Ducks"></a>Whistling Ducks</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;18-19 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;1&frac34; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 346px;">
+<span class="caption">Fulvous</span>
+<img src="images/22d.jpg" width="346" height="236" alt="Fulvous and Black-Bellied" title="Fulvous and Black-Bellied" />
+<span class="caption">Black-Bellied</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 116px;">
+<img src="images/22e.jpg" width="116" height="152" alt="Fulvous" title="Fulvous" />
+<span class="caption">Fulvous</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 116px;">
+<img src="images/22f.jpg" width="116" height="163" alt="Black-Bellied" title="Black-Bellied" />
+<span class="caption">Black-Bellied</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The trailing legs and rounded
+wings of these slow flying
+ducks makes them look bigger
+than they are.</p>
+
+<p>Both species are primarily
+Mexican. In the U.S., the
+black-bellied is found only in
+south Texas and Louisiana. The
+fulvous also occurs there and
+in Florida with occasional
+stragglers further north along
+both coasts and the Mississippi
+Valley. The fulvous is the more
+common of the two species in
+the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Sexes are alike. Both species
+have shrill whistling calls.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 385px;">
+<img src="images/22g.jpg" width="385" height="125" alt="Fulvous and Black-Bellied Wing" title="Fulvous and Black-Bellied Wing" />
+<span class="caption">Fulvous</span>
+<span class="caption">Black-Bellied</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="White-Winged_Scoter" id="White-Winged_Scoter"></a>White-Winged Scoter</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;21&frac12; in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;3&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;">
+<span class="captionright">Immature</span>
+<span class="captionleft">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/23a.jpg" width="418" height="257" alt="Immature, Drake and Hen" title="Immature, Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The three scoters on these two pages are sea ducks,
+wintering on open coastal waters. White-wings are
+among the heaviest and largest of all ducks.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Surf_Scoter" id="Surf_Scoter"></a>Surf Scoter</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;19&frac12; in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 426px;">
+<span class="captionright">Immature</span>
+<span class="captionleft">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/23b.jpg" width="426" height="214" alt="Immature, Drake and Hen" title="Immature, Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="caption">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Like all scoters, these birds move along our coasts in
+loose flocks, stringing into irregular, wavy lines. Drakes
+can be distinguished from other scoters by two white
+patches on their head and the bright color of the bill.</p>
+
+<p>Flight is strong, direct, usually close to the waves.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Black_Scoter" id="Black_Scoter"></a>Black Scoter</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;19&frac12; in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 393px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Immature</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/23c.jpg" width="393" height="241" alt="Drake, Immature and Hen" title="Drake, Immature and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In flight, drakes appear all black except for the flash
+of the slight gray underwing and the bright yellow
+swelling at the base of the upper bill.</p>
+
+<p>Scoters feed on mollusks, crabs, and some fish and
+very little vegetation. They are locally known as "coots."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Common_Eider" id="Common_Eider"></a>Common Eider</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;23&frac12; in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;5 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 413px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<span class="captionright">Drake</span>
+<img src="images/23d.jpg" width="413" height="247" alt="Drake, Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Drake, Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionright">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Thick-necked stocky birds, alternately flapping and
+sailing in flight; flocks string out in a line, close to the
+water. Occurs in the United States chiefly along New
+England coasts and occasionally south to New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>Other eiders&mdash;king, spectacled and Stellar's&mdash;occur in
+Alaska and are not pictured in this guide. King eiders
+occasionally are found in north Atlantic coastal waters.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Oldsquaw" id="Oldsquaw"></a>Oldsquaw</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;20&frac12; in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;2 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;">
+<span class="captionright">Summer Drake</span>
+<span class="captionleft">Winter Drake</span>
+<img src="images/24a.jpg" width="392" height="244" alt="Summer Drake, Winter Drake and Winter Hen" title="Summer Drake, Winter Drake and Winter Hen" />
+<span class="captionleft">Winter Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A slim, brightly plumaged sea duck. Smaller than the
+scoters or eiders.</p>
+
+<p>Flight is swift and low with constantly changing flock
+formations. Ranges along both coasts and the Great
+Lakes.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most vocal of ducks; drakes have a loud
+pleasant <i>caloo, caloo</i>, constantly heard.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Harlequin" id="Harlequin"></a>Harlequin</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;17 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;1&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Drake</span>
+<span class="captionright">Eclipse Drake</span>
+<img src="images/24b.jpg" width="387" height="192" alt="Drake, Eclipse Drake and Hen" title="Drake, Eclipse Drake and Hen" />
+<span class="captionleft">Hen</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Glossy slate-blue plumage enlivened by white stripes
+and spots give the adult male harlequin a striking
+appearance. The female resembles a small female
+scoter. At a distance, both sexes look black. Flight is
+swift, with abrupt turns. Flocks are small and compact.
+Ranges both coasts, north from New Jersey and San
+Francisco. Uncommon.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Swans" id="Swans"></a>Swans</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Trumpeter&mdash;Length&mdash;59 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;28 lbs.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Whistling&mdash;Length&mdash;52 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;16 lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 373px;">
+<span class="caption" style="position:relative;left: -150px; top:100px">Trumpeter</span>
+<span class="captionleft" style="position:relative;left: -50px; top:200px">Immature: Both Species</span>
+<img src="images/24c.jpg" width="373" height="470" alt="Trumpeter, Immature: Both Species and Whistling" title="Trumpeter, Immature: Both Species and Whistling" />
+<span class="caption" style="position:relative;left: -150px; top:-100px">Whistling</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">Once thought to be rare, trumpeter swans are slowly
+increasing in Alaska and on western refuges and parks.</p>
+
+<p>Whistling swans are common and increasing. They
+winter near Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget
+Sound and Salton Sea. Occasionally found in fields.</p>
+
+<p>Both species are large with pure white plumage.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Canada_Geese" id="Canada_Geese"></a>Canada Geese</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;">
+<img src="images/25a.jpg" width="352" height="309" alt="Canada Geese" title="Canada Geese" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Numerous and popular, Canada
+geese are often called "honkers."
+Includes several races varying in
+weight from 3 to over 12 pounds.
+All have black heads and necks, white cheeks,
+similar habitats and voices. Sexes are identical.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Brant" id="Brant"></a>Brant</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;24-25 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;3&frac14; - 3&frac34; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 253px;">
+<span class="caption">Black Brant</span>
+<img src="images/25b.jpg" width="253" height="277" alt="Black Brant and Brant" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Brant</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These are sea geese, the blacks
+wintering south to Baja,
+California, in the Pacific.
+The Atlantic race winters from Virginia northward.
+Flight is swift, in irregular and changing flock patterns.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Snow" id="Snow"></a>Snow Geese</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;29-31 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;6&frac12;-7&frac12; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 316px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Immature</span>
+<span class="captionright" style="position:relative; top:100px; left:20px">Adult</span>
+<img src="images/25c.jpg" width="316" height="390" alt="Immature, Adult, Immature Blue and Adult Blue" title="Immature, Adult, Immature Blue and Adult Blue" />
+<span class="captionleft" style="position:relative; top:-150px; left:-70px">Immature Blue</span>
+<span class="captionright">Adult Blue</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">Two races
+of snow geese are
+recognized: greater snows
+along the Atlantic Coast, and
+lesser snows elsewhere on the
+continent. Blue geese are a
+color phase of the lesser snow.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="White-Fronted_Geese" id="White-Fronted_Geese"></a>White-Fronted Geese</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">Length&mdash;29 in.<br/>
+Weight&mdash;6&frac14; lbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 236px;">
+<span class="caption">Immature</span>
+<img src="images/25d.jpg" width="236" height="238" alt="Immature and Adult" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Adult</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">Migrates chiefly in the Central and Pacific
+flyways but also present in the Mississippi.
+Rare in the Atlantic Flyway. Appears brownish
+gray at a distance. Often called "specklebelly".</p>
+
+<p>Most distinctive characteristic of the V-shaped
+flocks is the high pitched call <i>kow-kow-kow-kow</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="At_a_glance" id="At_a_glance"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 464px;">
+<img src="images/26a.jpg" width="464" height="735" alt="Pintail, Mallard, Black Duck, Gadwall, Wigeon, Shoveler, Wood Duck,
+Cinnamon Teal, Blue-Winged Teal, Green-Winged Teal, Bufflehead, Ruddy, Ringneck,
+Lesser Scaup, Greater Scaup, Goldeneye, Redhead, Canvasback, Hooded Merganser,
+Red-Breasted Merganser and Common Merganser" title="Pintail, Mallard, Black Duck, Gadwall, Wigeon, Shoveler, Wood Duck,
+Cinnamon Teal, Blue-Winged Teal, Green-Winged Teal, Bufflehead, Ruddy, Ringneck,
+Lesser Scaup, Greater Scaup, Goldeneye, Redhead, Canvasback, Hooded Merganser,
+Red-Breasted Merganser and Common Merganser" />
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="COMPARATIVE" id="COMPARATIVE"></a>Comparative Sizes Of Waterfowl</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">All birds on
+these pages
+are drawn to
+the same scale.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 502px;">
+<img src="images/26b.jpg" width="502" height="776" alt="Trumpeter Swan, Whistling Swan, Canada Goose, Greater Snow Goose,
+White-Fronted Goose, Lesser Canada Goose, Lesser Snow Goose, Emperor Goose,
+Black Brant, Brant, Cackling Goose, Ross&#39; Goose, Harlequin, Oldsquaw,
+Whistling Ducks, Surf Scoter, Common Scoter, White-Winged Scoter and Common Eider" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="Wetlands_Attract_Wildlife" id="Wetlands_Attract_Wildlife"></a>Wetlands Attract Wildlife</h2>
+
+
+<p>There's more than just ducks in our marshes.
+Knowing and identifying other birds and animals add
+to the enjoyment of being in a blind.</p>
+
+<p>The same sources of food and shelter that draw
+waterfowl to ponds and marshes also attract other
+forms of wildlife.</p>
+
+<p>Protected species are sometimes more numerous than
+ducks or geese.</p>
+
+<p>Money from Duck Stamp sales is used exclusively to
+purchase wetlands, preserving areas for ducks, geese,
+and all wildlife for the enjoyment and pleasure of
+hunters and non-hunters alike.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 426px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Great Blue Heron</span>
+<span class="captionright">Blackbird</span>
+<img src="images/27a.jpg" width="426" height="354" alt="Great Blue Heron, Blackbird, Egret and Ibis" title="" />
+<span class="captionleft">Ibis</span>
+<span class="captionright">Egret</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;">
+<span class="caption">Cormorant</span>
+<span class="captionleft" style="position:relative;top:170px; left:-40px">White Pelican</span>
+<img src="images/27b.jpg" width="367" height="445" alt="Cormorant, White Pelican, Black Tern, Common Tern and Marsh Hawk" title="Cormorant, White Pelican, Black Tern, Common Tern and Marsh Hawk" />
+<span class="captionleft" style="position:relative;top:-210px; left:-80px">Black Tern</span>
+<span class="captionright" style="position:relative;top:-200px; left:20px">Common Tern</span>
+<span class="caption">Marsh Hawk</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 393px;">
+<span class="captionleft">Yellowlegs</span>
+<span class="captionright">Herring&nbsp;Gull</span>
+<img src="images/27c.jpg" width="393" height="325" alt="Yellowlegs, Herring Gull, Dowitcher, Grebe and Short-Eared Owl" title="Yellowlegs, Herring Gull, Dowitcher, Grebe and Short-Eared Owl" />
+<span class="captionleft">Grebe</span>
+<span class="captionleft" style="position:relative;top:-190px; left:-80px">Dowitcher</span>
+<span class="captionright">Short-Eared&nbsp;Owl</span>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear:both">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Administrative_Waterfowl_Flyways" id="Administrative_Waterfowl_Flyways"></a>Administrative Waterfowl Flyways</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 373px;">
+<img src="images/28a.jpg" width="373" height="323" alt="Pacific and Central" title="Pacific and Central" />
+<span class="captionleft">Pacific</span>
+<span class="captionright">Central</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 316px;">
+<img src="images/28b.jpg" width="316" height="325" alt="Mississippi and Atlantic" title="Mississippi and Atlantic" />
+<span class="captionleft">Mississippi</span>
+<span class="captionright">Atlantic</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Waterfowl Flyways</p>
+
+<p>The term "flyway" has long been
+used to designate the migration routes of
+birds. For management purposes, four
+waterfowl flyways&mdash;Pacific, Central,
+Mississippi, and Atlantic&mdash;were established in the
+United States in 1948. To varying degrees the
+waterfowl populations using each of these flyways
+differ in abundance, species composition, migration
+pathways, and breeding ground origin. There are
+differences, also, in levels of shooting pressure and
+harvest.</p>
+
+<p>For the most part flyway boundaries follow State lines.
+However, the boundary between the Pacific and the
+Central flyway general follows the Continental Divide.</p>
+
+<p>There are some problems in matching waterfowl
+migration corridors with flyway boundaries because
+some species nest and winter in areas that do not
+occur along a north-south axis. These species cross
+flyway boundaries during migration. On balance, the
+present arrangement is useful in that it permits
+reasonable management of waterfowl. At some future
+time, it is possible that further rearrangement of
+boundaries may permit better management of the
+waterfowl resource.</p>
+
+
+<p>Flyway Councils</p>
+
+<p>In 1952, Flyway Councils were formed in each of the
+four flyways. The Council in each flyway is made up
+of representatives from the wildlife agencies of the
+States in that flyway&mdash;one representative from each
+State. The Councils study flyway problems, develop
+waterfowl management recommendations, and
+generally work closely with the U.S. Fish and
+Wildlife Service in implementing waterfowl
+management and research programs.</p>
+
+<p>U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 O&mdash;247-777</p>
+
+<p>For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
+Washington, D.C. 20402</p>
+
+<p>Stock No. 024-010-00442-8</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 94px;">
+<img src="images/29.jpg" width="94" height="196" alt="Department of the Interior-U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service" title="Department of the Interior-U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior&mdash;America's
+Department of Natural Resources&mdash;is concerned with the management,
+conservation, and development of the Nation's water,
+fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational
+resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and
+Territorial affairs.</p>
+
+<p>As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department
+works to assure that nonrenewable resources are developed
+and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are conserved
+for the future, and that renewable resources make their
+full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the
+United States&mdash;now and in the future.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Ducks at a Distance, by Robert W. Hines
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Ducks at a Distance
+       A Waterfowl Identification Guide
+
+
+Author: Robert W. Hines
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 21, 2006  [eBook #18884]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUCKS AT A DISTANCE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jason Isbell and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the numerous original illustrations.
+      See 18884-h.htm or 18884-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18884/18884-h/18884-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18884/18884-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+DUCKS AT A DISTANCE
+
+A Waterfowl Identification Guide
+
+by
+
+Bob Hines
+Department of the Interior
+U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
+
+Washington, D.C. 1978
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   Identification is Important
+   What to Look For
+   Eclipse Plumage
+   Species Identification:
+      Puddle Ducks
+      Mallard
+      Pintail
+      Gadwall
+      Wigeon
+      Shoveler
+      Blue-Winged Teal
+      Cinnamon Teal
+      Green-Winged Teal
+      Wood Duck
+      Black Duck
+      Diving Ducks
+      Canvasback
+      Redheads
+      Ringneck
+      Scaup
+      Goldeneye
+      Bufflehead
+      Ruddy
+      Red-Breasted Merganser
+      Common Merganser
+      Hooded Merganser
+      Whistling Ducks
+      White-Winged Scoter
+      Surf Scoter
+      Black Scoter
+      Common Eider
+      Oldsquaw
+      Harlequin
+      Swans
+      Canada Geese
+      Brant
+      Snow
+      White-Fronted Geese
+   At a Glance Guide
+   Comparative Sizes Of Waterfowl
+   Wetlands Attract Wildlife
+   Administrative Waterfowl Flyways
+
+
+
+
+Identification is Important
+
+
+Identifying waterfowl gives many hours of enjoyment to millions of
+people. This guide will help you recognize birds on the wing--it
+emphasizes their fall and winter plumage patterns as well as size,
+shape, and flight characteristics. It does not include local names.
+
+Recognizing the species of ducks and geese can be rewarding to
+birdwatchers and hunters--and the ducks.
+
+Hunters can contribute to their own sport by not firing at those species
+that are either protected or scarce, and needed as breeders to restore
+the flocks. It can add to their daily limit; when extra birds of certain
+species can be taken legally, hunters who know their ducks on the wing
+come out ahead.
+
+Knowing a mallard from a merganser has another side: gourmets prefer a
+corn-fed mallard to the fish duck.
+
+
+
+
+What to Look For
+
+
+Differences in size, shape, plumage patterns and colors, wing beat,
+flocking behavior, voice, and habitat--all help to distinguish one
+species from another.
+
+Flock maneuvers in the air are clues. Mallards, pintails, and wigeon
+form loose groups; teal and shovelers flash by in small, compact
+bunches; at a distance, canvasbacks shift from waving lines to temporary
+V's.
+
+Closer up, individual silhouettes are important. Variations of head
+shapes and sizes, lengths of wings and tails, and fat bodies or slim can
+be seen.
+
+Within shotgun range, color areas can be important. Light conditions
+might make them look different, but their size and location are positive
+keys. The sound of their wings can help as much as their calls. Flying
+goldeneyes make a whistling sound; wood ducks move with a swish;
+canvasbacks make a steady rushing sound. Not all ducks quack; many
+whistle, squeal, or grunt.
+
+Although not a hard and fast rule, different species tend to use
+different types of habitat. Puddle ducks like shallow marshes and creeks
+while divers prefer larger, deeper, and more open waters.
+
+
+
+
+Eclipse Plumage
+
+
+Most ducks shed their body feathers twice each year. Nearly all drakes
+lose their bright plumage after mating, and for a few weeks resemble
+females. This hen-like appearance is called the eclipse plumage. The
+return to breeding coloration varies in species and individuals of each
+species. Blue-winged teal and shovelers may retain the eclipse plumage
+until well into the winter.
+
+Wing feathers are shed only once a year; wing colors are always the
+same.
+
+
+
+
+Puddle Ducks
+
+
+Puddle ducks are typically birds of fresh, shallow marshes and rivers
+rather than of large lakes and bays. They are good divers, but usually
+feed by dabbling or tipping rather than submerging.
+
+The speculum, or colored wing patch, is generally iridescent and
+bright, and often a telltale field mark.
+
+Any duck feeding in croplands will likely be a puddle duck, for most of
+this group are sure-footed and can walk and run well on land. Their diet
+is mostly vegetable, and grain-fed mallards or pintails or
+acorn-fattened wood ducks are highly regarded as food.
+
+
+
+
+Mallard
+
+
+Length--24"
+Weight--2-3/4 lbs.
+
+The mallard is our most common duck, found in all flyways. The males are
+often called "greenheads." The main wintering area is the lower
+Mississippi basin, and along the gulf coast, but many stay as far north
+as open waters permits.
+
+Flocks often feed in early morning and late afternoon in nearby
+harvested fields, returning to marshes and creeks to spend the night.
+
+The flight is not particularly rapid. Hens have a loud _quack_; the
+drake's voice is a low-pitched _kwek-kwek_.
+
+
+
+
+Pintail
+
+
+Length--26"
+Weight--1-3/4 lbs.
+
+These ducks use all four flyways, but are most plentiful in the west.
+
+They are extremely graceful and fast fliers, fond of zig-zagging from
+great heights before leveling off to land.
+
+The long neck and tail make them appear longer than mallards, but in
+body size and weight they are smaller.
+
+They are agile on land and often feed in grain fields. The drakes
+whistle; the hens have a coarse _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Gadwall
+
+
+Length--21"
+Weight--2 lbs.
+
+Gadwalls are most numerous in the Central Flyway, but not too common
+anywhere. They are often called "gray mallards" or "gray ducks." They
+are one of the earliest migrants, seldom facing cold weather.
+
+They are the only puddle ducks with a white speculum.
+
+Small, compact flocks fly swiftly, usually in a direct line. Wingbeats
+are rapid.
+
+Drakes whistle and _kack-kack_; hens _quack_ like a mallard, but softer.
+
+
+
+
+Wigeon
+
+
+Length--21"
+Weight--1-3/4 lbs.
+
+These are nervous birds, quick to take alarm. Their flight is fast,
+irregular, with many twists and turns. In a bunched flock, their
+movements have been compared to those of pigeons.
+
+When open water is handy, wigeons often raft up offshore until late
+afternoon when they move to marshes and ponds to feed.
+
+The white belly and forewing are very showy in the air. Drakes whistle;
+hens have a loud _kaow_ and a lower _qua-awk_.
+
+
+
+
+Shoveler
+
+
+Length--19-1/2"
+Weight--1-1/2 lbs.
+
+Shovelers, 'spoonbills' to many, are early migrants, moving out at the
+first frost. The largest numbers are in the Central and Pacific flyways.
+
+The usual flight is steady and direct. When startled, the small flocks
+twist and turn in the air like teal.
+
+They are not highly regarded as table birds, because one third of the
+usual diet is animal matter.
+
+Drakes call _woh-woh_ and _took-took_; the hen's _quack_ is feeble.
+
+
+
+
+Blue-Winged Teal
+
+
+Length--16"
+Weight--15 oz.
+
+Their small size and twisting turning flight gives the illusion of great
+speed. The small, compact flocks commonly fly low over the marshes, and
+often take the hunter by surprise.
+
+They are more vocal than most ducks--their high-pitched peeping and
+nasal quacking is commonly heard in spring and to a lesser extent in
+fall.
+
+These teal are among the first ducks to migrate each fall, and one of
+the last in the spring.
+
+
+
+
+Cinnamon Teal
+
+
+In the Pacific Flyway, cinnamon teal are far more common than
+blue-wings. The hens look alike and the habits of both species are
+similar.
+
+The pale blue forewing patch is the best field mark, as drakes are
+usually in eclipse until January or longer.
+
+Drakes have a whistling _peep_; hens utter a low _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Green-Winged Teal
+
+
+Length--15 in.
+Weight--14 oz.
+
+Quite hardy--some birds stay as far north as open water is found.
+
+The smallest and one of the most common of our ducks. Their tiny size
+gives the impression of great speed, but mallards can fly faster. Their
+flight is often low, erratic, with the entire flock twisting and turning
+as one unit.
+
+They nest as far north as Alaska, and migrate in all four flyways. Early
+fall drakes are usually still in full eclipse plumage.
+
+Drakes whistle and twitter; hens have a slight _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Wood Duck
+
+
+Length--18-1/2 in.
+Weight--1-1/2 lbs.
+
+Found in all flyways; most numerous in the Atlantic and Mississippi
+flyways and fewest in the Central.
+
+They are early migrants; most of them have left the northern States by
+mid-November.
+
+Frequents wooded streams and ponds; perches in trees. Flies through
+thick timber with speed and ease and often feeds on acorns, berries, and
+grapes on the forest floors.
+
+Flight is swift and direct; flocks are usually small.
+
+In the air, their wings make a rustling, swishing sound. Drakes call
+_hoo-w-ett_, often in flight; hens have a _cr-r-ek_ when frightened.
+
+
+
+
+Black Duck
+
+
+Length--24 in.
+Weight--2-3/4 lbs.
+
+A bird of the eastern States, primarily the Atlantic Flyway and, to a
+lesser extent, the Mississippi.
+
+Shy and wary, regarded as the wariest of all ducks.
+
+Often seen in company of mallards, but along the Atlantic coast
+frequents the salt marshes and ocean much more than mallards.
+
+Flight is swift, usually in small flocks.
+
+White wing lining in contrast to very dark body plumage is a good
+identification clue.
+
+The hen's _quack_ and the drake's _kwek-kwek_ are duplicates of the
+mallards.
+
+
+
+
+Diving Ducks
+
+
+Diving ducks frequent the larger, deeper lakes and rivers, and coastal
+bays and inlets.
+
+The colored wing patches of these birds lack the brilliance of the
+speculums of puddle ducks. Since many of them have short tails, their
+huge, paddle feet may be used as rudders in flight, and are often
+visible on flying birds. When launching into flight, most of this group
+patter along the water before becoming airborne.
+
+They feed by diving, often to considerable depths. To escape danger,
+they can travel great distances underwater, emerging only enough to show
+their head before submerging again.
+
+Their diets of fish, shellfish, mollusks, and aquatic plants make them
+second choice, as a group, for sportsmen. Canvasbacks and redheads
+fattened on eel grass or wild celery are notable exceptions.
+
+Since their wings are smaller in proportion to the size and weight of
+their bodies, they have a more rapid wingbeat than puddle ducks.
+
+
+
+
+Canvasback
+
+
+Length--22 in.
+Weight--3 lbs.
+
+Normally late to start south, canvasbacks migrate in lines and irregular
+V's.
+
+In feeding areas, compact flocks fly in indefinite formations. Their
+wingbeat is rapid and noisy; their speed is the swiftest of all our
+ducks.
+
+Feeding behavior is highly variable. In some areas they feed at night
+and spend the day rafted up in open waters; in other areas they feed
+inshore mornings and evenings.
+
+On the water, body size and head shape distinguish them from scaups and
+redheads.
+
+Drakes _croak_, _peep_, and _growl_; hens have a mallard-like _quack_.
+
+
+
+
+Redheads
+
+
+Length--20 in.
+Weight--2-1/2 lbs.
+
+Range coast to coast, with the largest numbers in the Central Flyway.
+Migratory flocks travel in V's; move in irregular formations over
+feeding areas. Often found associating with canvasback.
+
+In the air, they give the impression of always being in a hurry.
+
+Usually spend the day in large rafts in deep water; feed morning and
+evening in shallower sections.
+
+Drakes _purr_ and _meow_; hens have a loud _squak_, higher than a hen
+mallard's.
+
+
+
+
+Ringneck
+
+
+Length--17 in.
+Weight--2-1/2 lbs.
+
+Similar in appearance to scaups, but more often found in fresh marshes
+and wooded ponds. In flight, the dark wings are different from the
+white-edged wings of scaup.
+
+Faint brown ring on drake's neck never shows in the field; light bands
+at tip and base of bill are conspicuous.
+
+Fly as small flocks in open formation; often land without circling.
+Drakes _purr_; hens are usually silent.
+
+
+
+
+Scaup
+
+
+Greater--Length--18-1/2 in.
+         Weight--2 lbs.
+
+Lesser--Length--17 in.
+        Weight--1-7/8 lbs.
+
+Except for the wing marks, greater and lesser scaup appear nearly
+identical in the field.
+
+The light band near the trailing edges of the wings runs almost to the
+tip in the greater scaup, but only about half way in the lesser.
+
+Greater scaup prefer large open water areas; lesser scaup often use
+marshes and ponds.
+
+Both species migrate late, sometimes just before freezeup.
+
+Flock movements are rapid, often erratic, usually in compact groups.
+
+Hens are silent; drake lesser scaup _purr_; drake greater scaup have a
+discordant _scaup, scaup_.
+
+
+
+
+Goldeneye
+
+
+Common--Length--19 in.
+        Weight--2-1/4 lbs.
+
+Barrow's--Length--19 in.
+          Weight--2-3/4 lbs.
+
+These are active, strong-winged fliers moving singly or in small flocks,
+often high in the air. Distinctive wing-whistling sound in flight has
+earned the name of whistlers.
+
+Goldeneyes generally move south late in the season; most of them winter
+on coastal waters and the Great Lakes. Inland, they like rapids and fast
+water.
+
+Barrow's goldeneye, predominantly a Westerner, is less wary than the
+common goldeneye.
+
+Hens of both species are look-alikes.
+
+Drakes have a piercing _speer-speer_--hens a low _quack_. Both are
+usually quiet.
+
+
+
+
+Bufflehead
+
+
+Length--14-1/2 in.
+Weight--1 lb.
+
+Stragglers migrate south in mid-fall, but the largest numbers move just
+ahead of freezeup. Most flocks in feeding areas are small--5 or 6 birds,
+with more hens and immatures than adult drakes.
+
+Very small size, bold black and white color pattern, and low, swift
+flight are field marks. Unlike most divers, they can fly straight up
+from a watery takeoff.
+
+Largest concentrations are on both seacoasts and along the Gulf of
+Mexico. Inland, they will remain as far north as open water permits.
+
+Usually silent. Drakes _squeak_ and have a guttural note; hens _quack_
+weakly.
+
+
+
+
+Ruddy
+
+
+Length--15-1/2 in.
+Weight--1-1/3 lbs.
+
+The ruddy duck often dives or swims away from danger rather than flying.
+When flying, their small wings stroke so fast they resemble bumblebees.
+
+They are early to mid-fall migrants.
+
+Drakes often cock their tails upright at an angle, the only species to
+habitually do so.
+
+Both hens and drakes are silent in the fall.
+
+
+
+
+Red-Breasted Merganser
+
+
+Length--23 in.
+Weight--21-1/2 lbs.
+
+These birds winter most abundantly in coastal waters, including the Gulf
+of Mexico, and to a lesser extent, the Great Lakes.
+
+Their flight, strong and direct, is usually low over the water. They are
+difficult to distinguish in flight from the common merganser.
+
+Voice: Seldom heard.
+
+
+
+
+Common Merganser
+
+
+Length--25-1/2 in.
+Weight--2-1/2 lbs.
+
+This species is larger than the red-breasted merganser, and is one of
+the largest of our ducks. It is one of the last to migrate south, and is
+more common than the red-breasted merganser on inland waters.
+
+Flocks move in "follow the leader" style, low over the water.
+
+The only call seems to be a startled _croak_.
+
+
+
+
+Hooded Merganser
+
+
+Length--18 in.
+Weight--1-1/2 lbs.
+
+Often seen in pairs, or very small flocks. Short rapid wingstrokes
+create an impression of great speed.
+
+Winters in the inland waters of all coastal States; seldom goes to salt
+water.
+
+Voice: Seldom heard in fall.
+
+
+
+
+Whistling Ducks
+
+
+Length--18-19 in.
+Weight--1-3/4 lbs.
+
+The trailing legs and rounded wings of these slow flying ducks makes
+them look bigger than they are.
+
+Both species are primarily Mexican. In the U.S., the black-bellied is
+found only in south Texas and Louisiana. The fulvous also occurs there
+and in Florida with occasional stragglers further north along both
+coasts and the Mississippi Valley. The fulvous is the more common of the
+two species in the United States.
+
+Sexes are alike. Both species have shrill whistling calls.
+
+
+
+
+White-Winged Scoter
+
+
+Length--21-1/2 in.
+Weight--3-1/2 lbs.
+
+The three scoters on these two pages are sea ducks, wintering on open
+coastal waters. White-wings are among the heaviest and largest of all
+ducks.
+
+
+
+
+Surf Scoter
+
+
+Length--19-1/2 in.
+Weight--2 lbs.
+
+Like all scoters, these birds move along our coasts in loose flocks,
+stringing into irregular, wavy lines. Drakes can be distinguished from
+other scoters by two white patches on their head and the bright color of
+the bill.
+
+Flight is strong, direct, usually close to the waves.
+
+
+
+
+Black Scoter
+
+
+Length--19-1/2 in.
+Weight--2-1/2 lbs.
+
+In flight, drakes appear all black except for the flash of the slight
+gray underwing and the bright yellow swelling at the base of the upper
+bill.
+
+Scoters feed on mollusks, crabs, and some fish and very little
+vegetation. They are locally known as "coots."
+
+
+
+
+Common Eider
+
+
+Length--23-1/2 in.
+Weight--5 lbs.
+
+Thick-necked stocky birds, alternately flapping and sailing in flight;
+flocks string out in a line, close to the water. Occurs in the United
+States chiefly along New England coasts and occasionally south to New
+Jersey.
+
+Other eiders--king, spectacled and Stellar's--occur in Alaska and are
+not pictured in this guide. King eiders occasionally are found in north
+Atlantic coastal waters.
+
+
+
+
+Oldsquaw
+
+
+Length--20-1/2 in.
+Weight--2 lbs.
+
+A slim, brightly plumaged sea duck. Smaller than the scoters or eiders.
+
+Flight is swift and low with constantly changing flock formations.
+Ranges along both coasts and the Great Lakes.
+
+One of the most vocal of ducks; drakes have a loud pleasant _caloo,
+caloo_, constantly heard.
+
+
+
+
+Harlequin
+
+
+Length--17 in.
+Weight--1-1/2 lbs.
+
+Glossy slate-blue plumage enlivened by white stripes and spots give the
+adult male harlequin a striking appearance. The female resembles a small
+female scoter. At a distance, both sexes look black. Flight is swift,
+with abrupt turns. Flocks are small and compact. Ranges both coasts,
+north from New Jersey and San Francisco. Uncommon.
+
+
+
+
+Swans
+
+
+Trumpeter--Length--59 in.
+           Weight--28 lbs.
+
+Whistling--Length--52 in.
+           Weight--16 lbs.
+
+Once thought to be rare, trumpeter swans are slowly increasing in Alaska
+and on western refuges and parks.
+
+Whistling swans are common and increasing. They winter near Chesapeake
+Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound and Salton Sea. Occasionally found
+in fields.
+
+Both species are large with pure white plumage.
+
+
+
+
+Canada Geese
+
+
+Numerous and popular, Canada geese are often called "honkers." Includes
+several races varying in weight from 3 to over 12 pounds. All have black
+heads and necks, white cheeks, similar habitats and voices. Sexes are
+identical.
+
+
+
+
+Brant
+
+
+Length--24-25 in.
+Weight--3-1/4 - 3-3/4 lbs.
+
+These are sea geese, the blacks wintering south to Baja, California, in
+the Pacific. The Atlantic race winters from Virginia northward. Flight
+is swift, in irregular and changing flock patterns.
+
+
+
+
+Snow Geese
+
+
+Length--29-31 in.
+Weight--6-1/2 - 7-1/2 lbs.
+
+Two races of snow geese are recognized: greater snows along the Atlantic
+Coast, and lesser snows elsewhere on the continent. Blue geese are a
+color phase of the lesser snow.
+
+
+
+
+White-Fronted Geese
+
+
+Length--29 in.
+Weight--6-1/4 lbs.
+
+Migrates chiefly in the Central and Pacific flyways but also present in
+the Mississippi. Rare in the Atlantic Flyway. Appears brownish gray at a
+distance. Often called "specklebelly".
+
+Most distinctive characteristic of the V-shaped flocks is the high
+pitched call _kow-kow-kow-kow_.
+
+
+
+
+COMPARATIVE SIZES OF WATERFOWL
+
+
+All birds on these pages are drawn to the same scale.
+
+
+
+
+Wetlands Attract Wildlife
+
+
+There's more than just ducks in our marshes. Knowing and identifying
+other birds and animals add to the enjoyment of being in a blind.
+
+The same sources of food and shelter that draw waterfowl to ponds and
+marshes also attract other forms of wildlife.
+
+Protected species are sometimes more numerous than ducks or geese.
+
+Money from Duck Stamp sales is used exclusively to purchase wetlands,
+preserving areas for ducks, geese, and all wildlife for the enjoyment
+and pleasure of hunters and non-hunters alike.
+
+
+
+
+Administrative Waterfowl Flyways
+
+
+Waterfowl Flyways
+
+The term "flyway" has long been used to designate the migration routes
+of birds. For management purposes, four waterfowl flyways--Pacific,
+Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic--were established in the United
+States in 1948. To varying degrees the waterfowl populations using each
+of these flyways differ in abundance, species composition, migration
+pathways, and breeding ground origin. There are differences, also, in
+levels of shooting pressure and harvest.
+
+For the most part flyway boundaries follow State lines. However, the
+boundary between the Pacific and the Central flyway general follows the
+Continental Divide.
+
+There are some problems in matching waterfowl migration corridors with
+flyway boundaries because some species nest and winter in areas that do
+not occur along a north-south axis. These species cross flyway
+boundaries during migration. On balance, the present arrangement is
+useful in that it permits reasonable management of waterfowl. At some
+future time, it is possible that further rearrangement of boundaries may
+permit better management of the waterfowl resource.
+
+
+Flyway Councils
+
+In 1952, Flyway Councils were formed in each of the four flyways. The
+Council in each flyway is made up of representatives from the wildlife
+agencies of the States in that flyway--one representative from each
+State. The Councils study flyway problems, develop waterfowl management
+recommendations, and generally work closely with the U.S. Fish and
+Wildlife Service in implementing waterfowl management and research
+programs.
+
+U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 O--247-777
+
+For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
+Office Washington, D.C. 20402
+
+Stock No. 024-010-00442-8
+
+
+
+
+Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--America's Department of
+Natural Resources--is concerned with the management, conservation, and
+development of the Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and
+park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for
+Indian and Territorial affairs.
+
+As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department works to
+assure that nonrenewable resources are developed and used wisely, that
+park and recreational resources are conserved for the future, and that
+renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress,
+prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DUCKS AT A DISTANCE***
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