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diff --git a/18852-8.txt b/18852-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..715327b --- /dev/null +++ b/18852-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1040 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, Volume 01, No. 03, March 1895, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration, Volume 01, No. 03, March 1895 + The Cloister at Monreale, Near Palermo, Sicily + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 17, 2006 [EBook #18852] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +THE BROCHURE SERIES + +OF ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATION. + + +VOL. I. MARCH, 1895. No. 3. + + +THE CLOISTER AT MONREALE, NEAR PALERMO, SICILY. + + +The island of Sicily, being in form nearly an equilateral triangle, with +one side facing towards Italy, another towards Greece, and the third, +towards Africa, was a tempting field for conquest to the various nations +surrounding it. It was successively overrun by the Greeks, +Carthaginians, and Romans, and later, after the Christian era, again +successively by the Byzantines, the Moors, and the Normans. Almost all +of the architectural remains of the older periods belong to the time of +the Greeks, as neither the Carthaginians nor Romans left much to show +for their occupation of the island. With the exception of occasional +ruined examples surviving from the time of the Dorian Greeks who +colonized Sicily, most of the monuments now existing belong to the +Byzantine, Saracenic, and Romanesque periods. As would be natural to +expect, the latter influences are not clearly separable one from another +either in time or in locality. They overlap in all directions; but in +general the Byzantine, which was the earliest and most powerful element, +is found more strongly marked, and more frequently on the east coast. It +however forms the groundwork and is the main ingredient of all that +follows. The Saracenic work, which succeeds the Byzantine in date, found +a stronger foothold in the South, on the coast nearest Africa; and the +influence of the Normans appears in the North. + +Every new race of masters in this frequent recurrence of conquest found +the island already occupied by a very numerous population of extremely +various origin. The newcomers could do no more than add their own forms +to those previously in use; the consequence being in every case a mixed +style, containing elements derived from every portion of the +inhabitants. + +Palermo, being on the northern coast, has felt the Norman influence +strongly. Its architecture is principally Romanesque in form, with a +generous admixture of Byzantine and Saracenic motives in detail and +decoration. Exuberance of detail and wealth of color are the rule. + +Under the Norman conquerors the Sicilians built as they were directed. +Their arts and their civilization were superior to those of their +masters, and the Normans were apparently willing to make use of this +superiority, and merely adapted the forms of decoration and methods of +construction which they found here in use to their own needs and +purposes. The polychromatic decoration of the buildings of this +neighborhood, such as the interiors of the Capella Palatina and the +cathedral at Monreale, ranks among the most successful, if it be not the +most successful, work of its class now in existence. It is thoroughly +Oriental in character, although applied to buildings intended for Roman +ritual. On account of the great superiority of the Moors in art and +civilization, not only to the Normans but to all the other inhabitants +at the time of the Norman conquest, in the eleventh century, many of the +buildings of this period show very little Norman influence. In fact the +Oriental character is so extreme in some instances, such as the church +of San Giovanni degli Eremiti, that there is very little to suggest that +it was Norman and intended for Norman uses. + +The village of Monreale is situated on the steep mountain-side about +five miles to the west of and overlooking the city of Palermo. The +cathedral and the cloister-adjoining it on the south were both parts of +a Benedictine convent, which is now mostly in ruins. They were erected +by King William the Second, between the years 1174 and 1182, and richly +endowed by him. The plan of the cathedral is that of a basilica. + +The famous cloister, with coupled columns and clusters of four in the +corners, and with a charming fountain and a separate little square of +cloisters around it, as it were, in one corner of the open space, is one +of the most interesting relics of Palermo. In arrangement it follows the +style universal in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, that +is, consisting of a pointed arcade supported by small but elegant +columns of Corinthian design, grouped in pairs; while in the North, in +England, France, and Germany, a cloister is formed of a series of +unglazed windows. + +The columns surrounding the fountain, which unfortunately cannot be seen +in the general view given in Plate XX., show the richest decoration. The +shafts are either plain, rusticated, or covered with patterns executed +in relief or mosaic. + +There appears to be some doubt as to the date of this work, as the +columns have evidently been inserted since the arches which spring from +them were built. The discrepancy will be seen in Plates XVIII., XIX., +and XX. The disproportion of the dainty columns and capitals to the +heavy arches which are entirely in keeping with the architecture of the +rest of the cathedral, but which manifestly do not fit the columns, +leads to the conclusion that the columns were a later addition, although +probably inserted soon after the other work was completed. + + + + +[Illustration: XVII. Capitals from the Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.] + + +XVII. + +CAPITALS FROM THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY. + +The hybrid character of this work will be perfectly evident at a glance. +It plainly belongs to none of the styles of the North, but nevertheless +has a distinct character and unmistakable charm. The use of mosaic +originally placed in the channels of the shafts added greatly to the +decorative effect and airiness of these columns. + + + + +[Illustration: XVIII. Capitals from the Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.] + + +XVIII. + +CAPITALS FROM THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY. + +A common device in most of the Romanesque cloisters for adding interest +to the long colonnade was the grouping of two columns of dissimilar +design. This plan is followed here in treating the mosaic inlay +vertically in one and horizontally in the other. + + + + +[Illustration: XIX. Capitals from the Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.] + + +XIX. + +CAPITALS FROM THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY. + +The design of the capitals shown in this plate follows the Corinthian +model very closely. + + + + +[Illustration: XX. The Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.] + + +XX. + +THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY. + +In a later number of THE BROCHURE SERIES another view of this most +charming building will be given. The portion surrounding the fountain, +with its groups of four clustered columns, is, in many respects, the +most beautiful portion of the structure This will be taken up later. + + + + +Ravenna Capitals. + + +With the reign of Constantine, and the introduction of Christianity as +the acknowledged religion of Rome, Byzantine art, as such, made its +appearance. The culture of Rome was transferred to Byzantium, henceforth +to be known as Constantinople. Governed alternately by Greek and by +Persian, it had received a strong Oriental character from the Eastern +nations, and had added to the Greek subtlety and delicacy of expression +the Oriental love of detail. When converted by Constantine into New +Rome, it became a perfect treasure house of Eastern and Grecian art. The +Byzantine work, which spread over the East in the sixth, seventh, and +eighth centuries, is therefore a union of the refinement of the Greek, +the desire for color and detail of the Oriental, and the vigor of +constructional invention and conception of mass and grandeur of the +Roman. A portion of it was transplanted to Ravenna during Justinian's +reign, and there is a glorious afterglow in the Venetian splendor of the +tenth and eleventh centuries. The three great centres of Byzantine art +work are Constantinople, Ravenna, and Venice; and the three most noted +examples, the churches of Sta. Sophia, S. Vitale, and St. Mark's. Apart +from these, the cathedral at Monreale, and the Capella Palatina in +Palermo, Sicily, represent a variation from the Byzantine type affected +by Moslem design. + +From the time of Constantine to that of Justinian, one hundred and fifty +years, is a period of formation. Under the reign of Justinian, Byzantine +art reached its height. Prominent among its factors is the use of +mosaic, the influence of which spread insidiously through its whole +system, until in the later work the cornices and entablatures of classic +design withered into long thin lines of moulding; projections which +disturbed the effect of color by the shadows they cast were discarded; +voussoirs disappeared under a mosaic veil; surfaces resolved themselves +into broad expanses of infinitely varied tones, bounded by narrow but +strongly contrasting bands and borders of marble. All ornament had +resolved itself into surface decoration, or as nearly that as possible. + +In 539 Belisarius took Ravenna in the name of the Emperor Justinian, and +to celebrate this event Justinian decided to erect a magnificent +monument in the city. He chose to replace, by a more important +structure, the small church dedicated to S. Vitale, and built by Néon in +the reign of Theodoric. + +The wonderful basilica of Sta. Sophia at Constantinople was just +completed, and the novelty of its plan and immense effect Produced by +its dome, a method of construction entirely novel in Roman architecture, +doubtless excited the admiration of the Emperor and led to the adoption +of a similar plan for S. Vitale. S. Vitale 18 by no means a copy of Sta. +Sophia, but unquestionably was strongly influenced by it. + +It was founded in 540, and consecrated in 547. It is octagonal in plan, +with an inner structure of eight large piers, arranged in a circle, +connected by arches which support a pendentive dome. Following the +custom then in vogue, its interior is incrusted throughout with +elaborate mosaics in a wealth of color. The most elaborate design and +richest color is used in the apse, which was the centre of display in +all Byzantine churches. + + + + +[Illustration: XXI. Capital from the Apse of the Church of S. Vitale, +Ravenna, Italy.] + + +XXI. + +CAPITAL FROM THE APSE OF THE CHURCH OF S. VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY. + +This is one of the most beautiful and most characteristic capitals of +the Byzantine style. Its form and decoration are both typical of the +style. The flat treatment of the interlace of the vine motive is very +generally used, and can be seen in great variety in S. Vitale and +elsewhere. The ornament is here enriched with gold and color. In the +double capitals of Ravenna the upper member, or cushion, is usually +ornamented with symbolic designs drawn from various sources, both Pagan +and Christian. + + + + +[Illustration: XXII. Capital from the Church of S. Vitale, Ravenna, +Italy.] + + +XXII. + +CAPITAL FROM THE CHURCH OF S. VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY. + +Here again is the rhomboidal double capital of a much more severe design +than that of the preceding plate, but with a remarkable delicacy and +refinement of treatment. + + + + +[Illustration: XXIII. Capital from the Church of S. Vitale, Ravenna, +Italy.] + + +XXIII. + +CAPITAL FROM THE CHURCH OF S. VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY. + +This is a mean between the two extreme types shown in Plates XXI. and +XXII. + +In all these examples the treatment of the angles should be noted. +Strong confining lines, with a distinct upward tendency of the ornament, +contrasted with the flat sides, contribute much to the good effect of +these capitals as constructive members. + + + + +[Illustration: XXIV. Capital in the Museum of the Accademia di Belle +Arti, Ravenna, Italy.] + + +XXIV. + +CAPITAL IN THE MUSEUM OF THE ACCADEMIA DI BELLE ARTI, RAVENNA, ITALY. + +Whether this capital was originally intended for S. Vitale or some of +the other churches of Ravenna we cannot state, but at all events it is a +fitting companion for the others illustrated in this number. + + + + +The Brochure Series + +of Architectural Illustration. + +PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY + +BATES & GUILD, + +6 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. + + +Subscription Rates per year 50 cents, in advance. Special Club Rate for +five subscriptions $2.00. + +Entered at the Boston Post Office as Second-class Matter. + + * * * * * + +An illustrated catalogue has come to be one of the important features of +exhibitions of architectural drawings, and these catalogues are now +exceedingly valuable records of recent progress in architecture. The +contributions of the present year to this department of an architect's +library are especially notable. Of the catalogues which have come to our +notice, that of the architectural exhibition at the Academy of Fine Arts +in Philadelphia is in point of illustration the most complete, and shows +the most judicious selection of material. In this there was a marked +endeavor to give as large a number of geometrical drawings as possible, +and it is unquestionably a move in the right direction. The desire for +the picturesque, which has been until recently the ruling motive with +American architects, has had its day, and trained and conservative +designers have gradually taken the place of the pyrotechnic draughtsman +of the past. The change has been working gradually to be sure, but scale +and detail drawings both in the exhibitions, which of necessity are +intended to appeal to a more or less popular taste, and in the +professional journals are from year to year growing more prominent. In +their recognition of this tendency, the Philadelphia catalogue committee +are to be highly commended. + +The same trend may be observed in a little less marked degree in the +Architectural League catalogue. The exhibitions of the League have for +years been the models by which minor exhibitions have been ruled, and +its catalogue has been a guide to all others. As usual there is a great +deal of valuable and interesting material presented in its +illustrations. + +The Catalogue Committee of the St. Louis exhibition have made a +departure from the general rule, and increased the size of their pages, +allowing the use of much larger plates. In some of the drawings this is +a distinct advantage, and their catalogue gains in consequence. + +The Boston Society of Architects and the Boston Architectural Club will +hold a joint exhibition in April, and their catalogue now promises to be +a very creditable publication. + + * * * * * + +In the recent draughtsmen's competitions, Boston has been more than +ordinarily fortunate. The medal in both the competitions of the Society +of Beaux-Arts Architects has come to Mr. F. M. Mann, of the +Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a number of the first and +second mentions have also come to Boston. In fact, nearly if not quite +all the designs sent from Boston have received some recognition at the +hands of the jury. + +A complimentary dinner has been arranged for by the M. I. T. +Architectural Society in honor of the winners of the last competition. + +The annual competition for the Architectural League gold medal, which +was awarded to Mr. A. H. Wright, also resulted in adding another victory +to the credit of Boston draughtsmen. + +Interest in these contests is not purely local, however, for +Philadelphia, Rochester, and several other cities have furnished +contributors and shared the honors. Mr. H. L. Duhring, Jr., of +Philadelphia, was awarded the Architectural League silver medal. + + * * * * * + +Fulfilling the bequest of the late Arthur Rotch leaving $5,000 to the +Boston Architectural Club, this sum has been paid to the treasurer of +the club by the executors of Mr. Rotch's estate. The income only is to +be expended in the purchase of books to form an architectural library. +This is only one of many indications that the architectural clubs of the +country are recognized as permanent and established institutions. With +the spread of this feeling their influence will grow in importance, and +as the working foundation of the profession they deserve all the +encouragement that can be given them. + + + + +The Cleveland Architectural Club. + + +There are none of the now numerous architectural associations of the +country which can more deservingly congratulate themselves upon the +early success of their first few months of existence than the Cleveland +Architectural Club, which was organized on the 22d of last November, and +is now only four months old. + +Its original members, fifteen in number, met in the office of Messrs. +Coburn & Barnum, and here the meetings for the few succeeding weeks were +also held. + +It soon became evident that a wide field of usefulness was open to the +new organization, and a permanent location of its own would become +necessary. Such a location in the heart of the city, with all necessary +conveniences, was found in the Garfield Building, and the new rooms have +been properly fitted up for the use of the club. + +With the purpose of making the influence of its work as far-reaching as +possible, the restriction which has commonly been applied in other +similar clubs, limiting the membership to architects and draughtsmen, or +at least limiting the number of non professional members, has been +entirely done away with, and any one who may have an interest in +architecture or the "allied arts" is eligible for membership. What will +be the effect of this arrangement it remains for the future to decide. +In some of the older clubs it has been found by experience that the +professional membership was overbalanced and its work impeded by a too +large non-professional element, and the professional lines have been +closely drawn in consequence. + +The work thus far entered upon is modest but of an important character, +and if pursued with the earnest purpose which has marked the first few +months will lead to a fruitful future. + +Of the monthly competitions in design the one for March, the subject of +which is a scheme for the public buildings of Cleveland, has attracted +considerable attention, and the public exhibition of the designs will +doubtless lead to profitable discussion outside the club. A plan which +we believe has not been adopted here, but which has been the means of +awakening considerable interest in the study of design in the clubs of +New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, might possibly be followed to +advantage. In the January number of THE BROCHURE SERIES the competitions +instituted by the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects were outlined. Of +course with all the numberless calls upon his time, the average +draughtsman does not have the leisure to properly study and render the +drawings required in these competitions; but by the joining of forces +four or five, or even more, men can easily work out such a problem, and +in some respects the advantages to be gained are greater than is the +case when an individual works alone. Several large tables can be +provided in the club-rooms, and the problem worked up as a club design. +This plan has been followed in the Boston Architectural Club with great +success. + +The study of academic design is of the utmost importance to the young +architect, and unfortunately the opportunities for such study in the +usual routine of office practice are not very extensive. The working out +each season of two or three such designs as those required by the +Beaux-Arts Society will be of material benefit to the older men who are +already familiar with the academic methods of design, and of much more +benefit to the younger men whose opportunities have been more limited. +The criticism and suggestion of the older men in the profession is +easily obtained while the work is in progress. Nothing could be better +calculated to foster a certain _esprit de corps_, which is certainly a +desirable quality in any club. + +The personnel of the Cleveland Club is as follows: Benj. S. Hubbell, +president; Harry S. Nelson, vice-president; Herbert B. Briggs, +secretary; Perley H. Griffin, librarian; E. E. Noble, treasurer; W. D. +Benes and Wilbur M. Hall, members of the executive board. The officers +and Robert Allen, Frederick Baird, J. W. Russell, G. B. Bohm, Williard +Hirsh, Ray Rice, Albert E. Skeel, and C. S. Schneider constitute the +charter membership. + + + + +Books. + + +_Church of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople_: A Study of Byzantine +Building. By W. R. Lethaby and Harold Swainson. Macmillan & Co. 1894. +307 pages with illustrations. $6.50. + +It seems especially fitting that a notice of Mr. Lethaby's work on the +church of Sta. Sophia, or as he calls it Sancta Sophia, should appear in +the same issue with the beautiful Byzantine capitals from Ravenna, which +we publish this month. In the description of this work from Ravenna, on +another page, the connection is pointed out between Constantinople, the +capital of the Roman Empire in the East, and Ravenna, then the Western +capital. + +The work before us is an important and exhaustive study, both +architecturally and historically, of this beautiful building, which Mr. +Van Brunt has called "the central building of the world." Nothing has +ever been done in enriching interiors which approaches in splendor the +best work of the Byzantine builders, and Sta. Sophia, by general +consent, is the most beautiful of the Byzantine churches; but its +exterior is by no means without faults, and its claim for distinction +would fall if supported only by this. + +The book takes up in order the history of Sta. Sophia, with citations of +various authorities for statements concerning its early history; +accounts of the various vicissitudes through which it has passed; its +construction, lighting, details, mosaics, etc., all carefully and +conscientiously described, the descriptive portion based on a +painstaking study of the building itself. The illustrations which +accompany the text are numerous and excellent; there is no attempt to +furnish illustrations at large scale, which are already accessible in +Salzenberg. + +The monumental work of Salzenberg, which has been the architect's +reference book for Sta. Sophia, is referred to and largely quoted from. + +The two articles by Mr. Henry Van Brunt and Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin, +published in _The Architectural Review_, Vol. II., No. 5, and Vol. III., +No. 2, will be found of considerable interest in connection with Mr. +Lethaby's book. + + + + +Club Notes. + + +When in our January issue it was announced that we should devote a +certain amount of space and attention to the architectural clubs of the +country, we had no idea of the extent to which these organizations had +developed within the last year or two. The work of a few of the older +clubs was familiar to us, but it is a surprise to find that nearly every +city of importance in the United States has an active and flourishing +society of draughtsmen and young architects. It may be well to suggest +right here that any city which has not such an organization should look +to its laurels. + +Among the newer accessions to the ranks is the Baltimore Architectural +Club. It is fortunate in being able to start with a strong, if limited +membership. It is holding weekly meetings, and has already instituted a +series of monthly competitions in design, for which a small cash prize +is offered. + +The list of officers is the best evidence of its seriousness of purpose +and ability to accomplish an unlimited amount of good work. + +The officers are: president, J. E. Sperry; vice-president, J. B. N. +Wyatt; secretary, Louis E. Simon; and E. F. Baldwin, George Worthington, +J. W. Case, and W. G. Keimig, together with the officers, constitute the +Board of Control. + + * * * * * + +The Sketch Club of New York is following the lead of the Chicago +Architectural Club in delegating to one or two of its members the office +of Entertainment Committee for one evening, when these members act as +hosts and provide for the entertainment of the club. This plan has +resulted in an increased attendance at the meetings, and is giving +general satisfaction. + + * * * * * + +An outgrowth of the Boston Architectural Club which has shown a great +deal of vitality and in many ways justified its claim to a separate +existence is the little club of twelve members known as the "P. D's." +Without organization and with only the mutual desire for a sort of +Bohemian companionship, these congenial spirits have worked together and +amused each other for the last two years. + +They are all members of the Architectural Club and among its most +zealous supporters. + +The mystic monogram of the club, the initials P and D contained in a +circle, which was placed on their designs submitted in the two +Beaux-Arts competitions, has probably set more than one interested +person guessing its significance. Its primary meaning is said to be +"Poor Draughtsmen." + + * * * * * + +Preceding the last regular meeting of the Philadelphia T Square Club an +informal supper was held at "Bohemia," a charming rathsheller recently +designed by Wilson Eyre, Jr., a member of the executive committee of the +club. The president, Walter Cope, presided, while the fifty-four members +present lubricated their supper with 158 steins of old musty ale. + +The meeting which followed was of unusual interest, as the double +programme brought forth a great many designs. + +In the competition for a chapel located on the terrace of a wealthy +gentleman's country house, Albert Kelsey, who submitted two sets of +drawings, was fortunate enough to win both first and second mentions, +while E. S. Powers was voted third place. + +The competition for a pedestal for a monument was well contested, but +the winner of the first place failed to claim his design. Mr. A. C. +Munoz, a former winner of the McKim Travelling Scholarship, won second +place; and Chas. Z. Klauder, third. + + * * * * * + +To the list of Architectural Clubs contained in our February issue +should be added the following:-- + +Baltimore Architectural Club; secretary, Louis E. Simon, Builders' +Exchange Building. + +Cincinnati Architectural Club; secretary, John E. Zettel, 227 Main St. + + + + +Society of Beaux-Arts Architects. + + +The Committee on Education proposes as the subject for its third +competition. + + A LARGE CITY CHURCH + +for an Episcopal parish. + +The wealth of the congregation has been lavished upon this building to +give it a special character of devotion and beauty, to which the +richness of material and the sedate spirit of its classic architecture +alike contribute. + +In addition to the vast body of the church, which is to be so arranged +as to give an impression of amplitude and splendor, provision should be +made for vestry, sacristy, and choir-room, conveniently situated for the +service of the sanctuary. Two small chapels for the celebration of minor +services will be situated so as to be accessible both from the exterior +and from the interior of the church proper. + +The plot of ground secured for the building is rectangular, and measures +two hundred feet by four hundred feet, open to streets on all sides. + +Sketches of plan, elevation, and section, at a scale of one +thirty-second inch to the foot, will be required of all students wishing +to compete; these sketches should be made on opaque drawing paper, not +tracing paper, and forwarded not later than 22d April, 1895, to Mr. John +E. Howe, 140 West 34th Street, New York City. + +For the finished drawings the plan will be rendered at a scale of one +sixteenth inch to the foot, the elevation and section at twice that +scale, and a detail at a quarter of the size of execution. The finished +drawings should in every case be mounted on stretchers. The address to +which they are to be forwarded will be announced later. All drawings +must be sent on or before 24th June, 1895. + +(Signed) ERNEST FLAGG, _Chairman_, + JOHN M. CARRERE, + JOHN G. HOWARD, + THOMAS HASTINGS, + WHITNEY WARREN, + JOHN E. HOWE, _Secretary, Committee on Education_. + +This competition is open to all students of architecture. Conditions of +judgment and jury to be arranged by the committee. + +1st April, 1895. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, Volume 01, No. 03, March 1895, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF *** + +***** This file should be named 18852-8.txt or 18852-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/5/18852/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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