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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural
+Illustration, Volume 01, No. 03, March 1895, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration, Volume 01, No. 03, March 1895
+       The Cloister at Monreale, Near Palermo, Sicily
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2006 [EBook #18852]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BROCHURE SERIES
+
+OF ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATION.
+
+
+VOL. I.    MARCH, 1895.    No. 3.
+
+
+THE CLOISTER AT MONREALE, NEAR PALERMO, SICILY.
+
+
+The island of Sicily, being in form nearly an equilateral triangle, with
+one side facing towards Italy, another towards Greece, and the third,
+towards Africa, was a tempting field for conquest to the various nations
+surrounding it. It was successively overrun by the Greeks,
+Carthaginians, and Romans, and later, after the Christian era, again
+successively by the Byzantines, the Moors, and the Normans. Almost all
+of the architectural remains of the older periods belong to the time of
+the Greeks, as neither the Carthaginians nor Romans left much to show
+for their occupation of the island. With the exception of occasional
+ruined examples surviving from the time of the Dorian Greeks who
+colonized Sicily, most of the monuments now existing belong to the
+Byzantine, Saracenic, and Romanesque periods. As would be natural to
+expect, the latter influences are not clearly separable one from another
+either in time or in locality. They overlap in all directions; but in
+general the Byzantine, which was the earliest and most powerful element,
+is found more strongly marked, and more frequently on the east coast. It
+however forms the groundwork and is the main ingredient of all that
+follows. The Saracenic work, which succeeds the Byzantine in date, found
+a stronger foothold in the South, on the coast nearest Africa; and the
+influence of the Normans appears in the North.
+
+Every new race of masters in this frequent recurrence of conquest found
+the island already occupied by a very numerous population of extremely
+various origin. The newcomers could do no more than add their own forms
+to those previously in use; the consequence being in every case a mixed
+style, containing elements derived from every portion of the
+inhabitants.
+
+Palermo, being on the northern coast, has felt the Norman influence
+strongly. Its architecture is principally Romanesque in form, with a
+generous admixture of Byzantine and Saracenic motives in detail and
+decoration. Exuberance of detail and wealth of color are the rule.
+
+Under the Norman conquerors the Sicilians built as they were directed.
+Their arts and their civilization were superior to those of their
+masters, and the Normans were apparently willing to make use of this
+superiority, and merely adapted the forms of decoration and methods of
+construction which they found here in use to their own needs and
+purposes. The polychromatic decoration of the buildings of this
+neighborhood, such as the interiors of the Capella Palatina and the
+cathedral at Monreale, ranks among the most successful, if it be not the
+most successful, work of its class now in existence. It is thoroughly
+Oriental in character, although applied to buildings intended for Roman
+ritual. On account of the great superiority of the Moors in art and
+civilization, not only to the Normans but to all the other inhabitants
+at the time of the Norman conquest, in the eleventh century, many of the
+buildings of this period show very little Norman influence. In fact the
+Oriental character is so extreme in some instances, such as the church
+of San Giovanni degli Eremiti, that there is very little to suggest that
+it was Norman and intended for Norman uses.
+
+The village of Monreale is situated on the steep mountain-side about
+five miles to the west of and overlooking the city of Palermo. The
+cathedral and the cloister-adjoining it on the south were both parts of
+a Benedictine convent, which is now mostly in ruins. They were erected
+by King William the Second, between the years 1174 and 1182, and richly
+endowed by him. The plan of the cathedral is that of a basilica.
+
+The famous cloister, with coupled columns and clusters of four in the
+corners, and with a charming fountain and a separate little square of
+cloisters around it, as it were, in one corner of the open space, is one
+of the most interesting relics of Palermo. In arrangement it follows the
+style universal in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, that
+is, consisting of a pointed arcade supported by small but elegant
+columns of Corinthian design, grouped in pairs; while in the North, in
+England, France, and Germany, a cloister is formed of a series of
+unglazed windows.
+
+The columns surrounding the fountain, which unfortunately cannot be seen
+in the general view given in Plate XX., show the richest decoration. The
+shafts are either plain, rusticated, or covered with patterns executed
+in relief or mosaic.
+
+There appears to be some doubt as to the date of this work, as the
+columns have evidently been inserted since the arches which spring from
+them were built. The discrepancy will be seen in Plates XVIII., XIX.,
+and XX. The disproportion of the dainty columns and capitals to the
+heavy arches which are entirely in keeping with the architecture of the
+rest of the cathedral, but which manifestly do not fit the columns,
+leads to the conclusion that the columns were a later addition, although
+probably inserted soon after the other work was completed.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XVII. Capitals from the Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.]
+
+
+XVII.
+
+CAPITALS FROM THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY.
+
+The hybrid character of this work will be perfectly evident at a glance.
+It plainly belongs to none of the styles of the North, but nevertheless
+has a distinct character and unmistakable charm. The use of mosaic
+originally placed in the channels of the shafts added greatly to the
+decorative effect and airiness of these columns.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XVIII. Capitals from the Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.]
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+CAPITALS FROM THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY.
+
+A common device in most of the Romanesque cloisters for adding interest
+to the long colonnade was the grouping of two columns of dissimilar
+design. This plan is followed here in treating the mosaic inlay
+vertically in one and horizontally in the other.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XIX. Capitals from the Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.]
+
+
+XIX.
+
+CAPITALS FROM THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY.
+
+The design of the capitals shown in this plate follows the Corinthian
+model very closely.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XX. The Cloister of Monreale, Sicily.]
+
+
+XX.
+
+THE CLOISTER OF MONREALE, SICILY.
+
+In a later number of THE BROCHURE SERIES another view of this most
+charming building will be given. The portion surrounding the fountain,
+with its groups of four clustered columns, is, in many respects, the
+most beautiful portion of the structure This will be taken up later.
+
+
+
+
+Ravenna Capitals.
+
+
+With the reign of Constantine, and the introduction of Christianity as
+the acknowledged religion of Rome, Byzantine art, as such, made its
+appearance. The culture of Rome was transferred to Byzantium, henceforth
+to be known as Constantinople. Governed alternately by Greek and by
+Persian, it had received a strong Oriental character from the Eastern
+nations, and had added to the Greek subtlety and delicacy of expression
+the Oriental love of detail. When converted by Constantine into New
+Rome, it became a perfect treasure house of Eastern and Grecian art. The
+Byzantine work, which spread over the East in the sixth, seventh, and
+eighth centuries, is therefore a union of the refinement of the Greek,
+the desire for color and detail of the Oriental, and the vigor of
+constructional invention and conception of mass and grandeur of the
+Roman. A portion of it was transplanted to Ravenna during Justinian's
+reign, and there is a glorious afterglow in the Venetian splendor of the
+tenth and eleventh centuries. The three great centres of Byzantine art
+work are Constantinople, Ravenna, and Venice; and the three most noted
+examples, the churches of Sta. Sophia, S. Vitale, and St. Mark's. Apart
+from these, the cathedral at Monreale, and the Capella Palatina in
+Palermo, Sicily, represent a variation from the Byzantine type affected
+by Moslem design.
+
+From the time of Constantine to that of Justinian, one hundred and fifty
+years, is a period of formation. Under the reign of Justinian, Byzantine
+art reached its height. Prominent among its factors is the use of
+mosaic, the influence of which spread insidiously through its whole
+system, until in the later work the cornices and entablatures of classic
+design withered into long thin lines of moulding; projections which
+disturbed the effect of color by the shadows they cast were discarded;
+voussoirs disappeared under a mosaic veil; surfaces resolved themselves
+into broad expanses of infinitely varied tones, bounded by narrow but
+strongly contrasting bands and borders of marble. All ornament had
+resolved itself into surface decoration, or as nearly that as possible.
+
+In 539 Belisarius took Ravenna in the name of the Emperor Justinian, and
+to celebrate this event Justinian decided to erect a magnificent
+monument in the city. He chose to replace, by a more important
+structure, the small church dedicated to S. Vitale, and built by Neon in
+the reign of Theodoric.
+
+The wonderful basilica of Sta. Sophia at Constantinople was just
+completed, and the novelty of its plan and immense effect Produced by
+its dome, a method of construction entirely novel in Roman architecture,
+doubtless excited the admiration of the Emperor and led to the adoption
+of a similar plan for S. Vitale. S. Vitale 18 by no means a copy of Sta.
+Sophia, but unquestionably was strongly influenced by it.
+
+It was founded in 540, and consecrated in 547. It is octagonal in plan,
+with an inner structure of eight large piers, arranged in a circle,
+connected by arches which support a pendentive dome. Following the
+custom then in vogue, its interior is incrusted throughout with
+elaborate mosaics in a wealth of color. The most elaborate design and
+richest color is used in the apse, which was the centre of display in
+all Byzantine churches.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XXI. Capital from the Apse of the Church of S. Vitale,
+Ravenna, Italy.]
+
+
+XXI.
+
+CAPITAL FROM THE APSE OF THE CHURCH OF S. VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY.
+
+This is one of the most beautiful and most characteristic capitals of
+the Byzantine style. Its form and decoration are both typical of the
+style. The flat treatment of the interlace of the vine motive is very
+generally used, and can be seen in great variety in S. Vitale and
+elsewhere. The ornament is here enriched with gold and color. In the
+double capitals of Ravenna the upper member, or cushion, is usually
+ornamented with symbolic designs drawn from various sources, both Pagan
+and Christian.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XXII. Capital from the Church of S. Vitale, Ravenna,
+Italy.]
+
+
+XXII.
+
+CAPITAL FROM THE CHURCH OF S. VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY.
+
+Here again is the rhomboidal double capital of a much more severe design
+than that of the preceding plate, but with a remarkable delicacy and
+refinement of treatment.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XXIII. Capital from the Church of S. Vitale, Ravenna,
+Italy.]
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+CAPITAL FROM THE CHURCH OF S. VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY.
+
+This is a mean between the two extreme types shown in Plates XXI. and
+XXII.
+
+In all these examples the treatment of the angles should be noted.
+Strong confining lines, with a distinct upward tendency of the ornament,
+contrasted with the flat sides, contribute much to the good effect of
+these capitals as constructive members.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: XXIV. Capital in the Museum of the Accademia di Belle
+Arti, Ravenna, Italy.]
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+CAPITAL IN THE MUSEUM OF THE ACCADEMIA DI BELLE ARTI, RAVENNA, ITALY.
+
+Whether this capital was originally intended for S. Vitale or some of
+the other churches of Ravenna we cannot state, but at all events it is a
+fitting companion for the others illustrated in this number.
+
+
+
+
+The Brochure Series
+
+of Architectural Illustration.
+
+PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY
+
+BATES & GUILD,
+
+6 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+Subscription Rates per year 50 cents, in advance. Special Club Rate for
+five subscriptions $2.00.
+
+Entered at the Boston Post Office as Second-class Matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An illustrated catalogue has come to be one of the important features of
+exhibitions of architectural drawings, and these catalogues are now
+exceedingly valuable records of recent progress in architecture. The
+contributions of the present year to this department of an architect's
+library are especially notable. Of the catalogues which have come to our
+notice, that of the architectural exhibition at the Academy of Fine Arts
+in Philadelphia is in point of illustration the most complete, and shows
+the most judicious selection of material. In this there was a marked
+endeavor to give as large a number of geometrical drawings as possible,
+and it is unquestionably a move in the right direction. The desire for
+the picturesque, which has been until recently the ruling motive with
+American architects, has had its day, and trained and conservative
+designers have gradually taken the place of the pyrotechnic draughtsman
+of the past. The change has been working gradually to be sure, but scale
+and detail drawings both in the exhibitions, which of necessity are
+intended to appeal to a more or less popular taste, and in the
+professional journals are from year to year growing more prominent. In
+their recognition of this tendency, the Philadelphia catalogue committee
+are to be highly commended.
+
+The same trend may be observed in a little less marked degree in the
+Architectural League catalogue. The exhibitions of the League have for
+years been the models by which minor exhibitions have been ruled, and
+its catalogue has been a guide to all others. As usual there is a great
+deal of valuable and interesting material presented in its
+illustrations.
+
+The Catalogue Committee of the St. Louis exhibition have made a
+departure from the general rule, and increased the size of their pages,
+allowing the use of much larger plates. In some of the drawings this is
+a distinct advantage, and their catalogue gains in consequence.
+
+The Boston Society of Architects and the Boston Architectural Club will
+hold a joint exhibition in April, and their catalogue now promises to be
+a very creditable publication.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the recent draughtsmen's competitions, Boston has been more than
+ordinarily fortunate. The medal in both the competitions of the Society
+of Beaux-Arts Architects has come to Mr. F. M. Mann, of the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a number of the first and
+second mentions have also come to Boston. In fact, nearly if not quite
+all the designs sent from Boston have received some recognition at the
+hands of the jury.
+
+A complimentary dinner has been arranged for by the M. I. T.
+Architectural Society in honor of the winners of the last competition.
+
+The annual competition for the Architectural League gold medal, which
+was awarded to Mr. A. H. Wright, also resulted in adding another victory
+to the credit of Boston draughtsmen.
+
+Interest in these contests is not purely local, however, for
+Philadelphia, Rochester, and several other cities have furnished
+contributors and shared the honors. Mr. H. L. Duhring, Jr., of
+Philadelphia, was awarded the Architectural League silver medal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fulfilling the bequest of the late Arthur Rotch leaving $5,000 to the
+Boston Architectural Club, this sum has been paid to the treasurer of
+the club by the executors of Mr. Rotch's estate. The income only is to
+be expended in the purchase of books to form an architectural library.
+This is only one of many indications that the architectural clubs of the
+country are recognized as permanent and established institutions. With
+the spread of this feeling their influence will grow in importance, and
+as the working foundation of the profession they deserve all the
+encouragement that can be given them.
+
+
+
+
+The Cleveland Architectural Club.
+
+
+There are none of the now numerous architectural associations of the
+country which can more deservingly congratulate themselves upon the
+early success of their first few months of existence than the Cleveland
+Architectural Club, which was organized on the 22d of last November, and
+is now only four months old.
+
+Its original members, fifteen in number, met in the office of Messrs.
+Coburn & Barnum, and here the meetings for the few succeeding weeks were
+also held.
+
+It soon became evident that a wide field of usefulness was open to the
+new organization, and a permanent location of its own would become
+necessary. Such a location in the heart of the city, with all necessary
+conveniences, was found in the Garfield Building, and the new rooms have
+been properly fitted up for the use of the club.
+
+With the purpose of making the influence of its work as far-reaching as
+possible, the restriction which has commonly been applied in other
+similar clubs, limiting the membership to architects and draughtsmen, or
+at least limiting the number of non professional members, has been
+entirely done away with, and any one who may have an interest in
+architecture or the "allied arts" is eligible for membership. What will
+be the effect of this arrangement it remains for the future to decide.
+In some of the older clubs it has been found by experience that the
+professional membership was overbalanced and its work impeded by a too
+large non-professional element, and the professional lines have been
+closely drawn in consequence.
+
+The work thus far entered upon is modest but of an important character,
+and if pursued with the earnest purpose which has marked the first few
+months will lead to a fruitful future.
+
+Of the monthly competitions in design the one for March, the subject of
+which is a scheme for the public buildings of Cleveland, has attracted
+considerable attention, and the public exhibition of the designs will
+doubtless lead to profitable discussion outside the club. A plan which
+we believe has not been adopted here, but which has been the means of
+awakening considerable interest in the study of design in the clubs of
+New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, might possibly be followed to
+advantage. In the January number of THE BROCHURE SERIES the competitions
+instituted by the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects were outlined. Of
+course with all the numberless calls upon his time, the average
+draughtsman does not have the leisure to properly study and render the
+drawings required in these competitions; but by the joining of forces
+four or five, or even more, men can easily work out such a problem, and
+in some respects the advantages to be gained are greater than is the
+case when an individual works alone. Several large tables can be
+provided in the club-rooms, and the problem worked up as a club design.
+This plan has been followed in the Boston Architectural Club with great
+success.
+
+The study of academic design is of the utmost importance to the young
+architect, and unfortunately the opportunities for such study in the
+usual routine of office practice are not very extensive. The working out
+each season of two or three such designs as those required by the
+Beaux-Arts Society will be of material benefit to the older men who are
+already familiar with the academic methods of design, and of much more
+benefit to the younger men whose opportunities have been more limited.
+The criticism and suggestion of the older men in the profession is
+easily obtained while the work is in progress. Nothing could be better
+calculated to foster a certain _esprit de corps_, which is certainly a
+desirable quality in any club.
+
+The personnel of the Cleveland Club is as follows: Benj. S. Hubbell,
+president; Harry S. Nelson, vice-president; Herbert B. Briggs,
+secretary; Perley H. Griffin, librarian; E. E. Noble, treasurer; W. D.
+Benes and Wilbur M. Hall, members of the executive board. The officers
+and Robert Allen, Frederick Baird, J. W. Russell, G. B. Bohm, Williard
+Hirsh, Ray Rice, Albert E. Skeel, and C. S. Schneider constitute the
+charter membership.
+
+
+
+
+Books.
+
+
+_Church of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople_: A Study of Byzantine
+Building. By W. R. Lethaby and Harold Swainson. Macmillan & Co. 1894.
+307 pages with illustrations. $6.50.
+
+It seems especially fitting that a notice of Mr. Lethaby's work on the
+church of Sta. Sophia, or as he calls it Sancta Sophia, should appear in
+the same issue with the beautiful Byzantine capitals from Ravenna, which
+we publish this month. In the description of this work from Ravenna, on
+another page, the connection is pointed out between Constantinople, the
+capital of the Roman Empire in the East, and Ravenna, then the Western
+capital.
+
+The work before us is an important and exhaustive study, both
+architecturally and historically, of this beautiful building, which Mr.
+Van Brunt has called "the central building of the world." Nothing has
+ever been done in enriching interiors which approaches in splendor the
+best work of the Byzantine builders, and Sta. Sophia, by general
+consent, is the most beautiful of the Byzantine churches; but its
+exterior is by no means without faults, and its claim for distinction
+would fall if supported only by this.
+
+The book takes up in order the history of Sta. Sophia, with citations of
+various authorities for statements concerning its early history;
+accounts of the various vicissitudes through which it has passed; its
+construction, lighting, details, mosaics, etc., all carefully and
+conscientiously described, the descriptive portion based on a
+painstaking study of the building itself. The illustrations which
+accompany the text are numerous and excellent; there is no attempt to
+furnish illustrations at large scale, which are already accessible in
+Salzenberg.
+
+The monumental work of Salzenberg, which has been the architect's
+reference book for Sta. Sophia, is referred to and largely quoted from.
+
+The two articles by Mr. Henry Van Brunt and Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin,
+published in _The Architectural Review_, Vol. II., No. 5, and Vol. III.,
+No. 2, will be found of considerable interest in connection with Mr.
+Lethaby's book.
+
+
+
+
+Club Notes.
+
+
+When in our January issue it was announced that we should devote a
+certain amount of space and attention to the architectural clubs of the
+country, we had no idea of the extent to which these organizations had
+developed within the last year or two. The work of a few of the older
+clubs was familiar to us, but it is a surprise to find that nearly every
+city of importance in the United States has an active and flourishing
+society of draughtsmen and young architects. It may be well to suggest
+right here that any city which has not such an organization should look
+to its laurels.
+
+Among the newer accessions to the ranks is the Baltimore Architectural
+Club. It is fortunate in being able to start with a strong, if limited
+membership. It is holding weekly meetings, and has already instituted a
+series of monthly competitions in design, for which a small cash prize
+is offered.
+
+The list of officers is the best evidence of its seriousness of purpose
+and ability to accomplish an unlimited amount of good work.
+
+The officers are: president, J. E. Sperry; vice-president, J. B. N.
+Wyatt; secretary, Louis E. Simon; and E. F. Baldwin, George Worthington,
+J. W. Case, and W. G. Keimig, together with the officers, constitute the
+Board of Control.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sketch Club of New York is following the lead of the Chicago
+Architectural Club in delegating to one or two of its members the office
+of Entertainment Committee for one evening, when these members act as
+hosts and provide for the entertainment of the club. This plan has
+resulted in an increased attendance at the meetings, and is giving
+general satisfaction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An outgrowth of the Boston Architectural Club which has shown a great
+deal of vitality and in many ways justified its claim to a separate
+existence is the little club of twelve members known as the "P. D's."
+Without organization and with only the mutual desire for a sort of
+Bohemian companionship, these congenial spirits have worked together and
+amused each other for the last two years.
+
+They are all members of the Architectural Club and among its most
+zealous supporters.
+
+The mystic monogram of the club, the initials P and D contained in a
+circle, which was placed on their designs submitted in the two
+Beaux-Arts competitions, has probably set more than one interested
+person guessing its significance. Its primary meaning is said to be
+"Poor Draughtsmen."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Preceding the last regular meeting of the Philadelphia T Square Club an
+informal supper was held at "Bohemia," a charming rathsheller recently
+designed by Wilson Eyre, Jr., a member of the executive committee of the
+club. The president, Walter Cope, presided, while the fifty-four members
+present lubricated their supper with 158 steins of old musty ale.
+
+The meeting which followed was of unusual interest, as the double
+programme brought forth a great many designs.
+
+In the competition for a chapel located on the terrace of a wealthy
+gentleman's country house, Albert Kelsey, who submitted two sets of
+drawings, was fortunate enough to win both first and second mentions,
+while E. S. Powers was voted third place.
+
+The competition for a pedestal for a monument was well contested, but
+the winner of the first place failed to claim his design. Mr. A. C.
+Munoz, a former winner of the McKim Travelling Scholarship, won second
+place; and Chas. Z. Klauder, third.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the list of Architectural Clubs contained in our February issue
+should be added the following:--
+
+Baltimore Architectural Club; secretary, Louis E. Simon, Builders'
+Exchange Building.
+
+Cincinnati Architectural Club; secretary, John E. Zettel, 227 Main St.
+
+
+
+
+Society of Beaux-Arts Architects.
+
+
+The Committee on Education proposes as the subject for its third
+competition.
+
+    A LARGE CITY CHURCH
+
+for an Episcopal parish.
+
+The wealth of the congregation has been lavished upon this building to
+give it a special character of devotion and beauty, to which the
+richness of material and the sedate spirit of its classic architecture
+alike contribute.
+
+In addition to the vast body of the church, which is to be so arranged
+as to give an impression of amplitude and splendor, provision should be
+made for vestry, sacristy, and choir-room, conveniently situated for the
+service of the sanctuary. Two small chapels for the celebration of minor
+services will be situated so as to be accessible both from the exterior
+and from the interior of the church proper.
+
+The plot of ground secured for the building is rectangular, and measures
+two hundred feet by four hundred feet, open to streets on all sides.
+
+Sketches of plan, elevation, and section, at a scale of one
+thirty-second inch to the foot, will be required of all students wishing
+to compete; these sketches should be made on opaque drawing paper, not
+tracing paper, and forwarded not later than 22d April, 1895, to Mr. John
+E. Howe, 140 West 34th Street, New York City.
+
+For the finished drawings the plan will be rendered at a scale of one
+sixteenth inch to the foot, the elevation and section at twice that
+scale, and a detail at a quarter of the size of execution. The finished
+drawings should in every case be mounted on stretchers. The address to
+which they are to be forwarded will be announced later. All drawings
+must be sent on or before 24th June, 1895.
+
+(Signed) ERNEST FLAGG, _Chairman_,
+         JOHN M. CARRERE,
+         JOHN G. HOWARD,
+         THOMAS HASTINGS,
+         WHITNEY WARREN,
+         JOHN E. HOWE, _Secretary, Committee on Education_.
+
+This competition is open to all students of architecture. Conditions of
+judgment and jury to be arranged by the committee.
+
+1st April, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural
+Illustration, Volume 01, No. 03, March 1895, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF ***
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