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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue III. 
+March, 1864, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue III.  March, 1864
+       Devoted to Literature and National Policy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2006 [EBook #18848]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:
+
+DEVOTED TO
+
+LITERATURE AND NATIONAL POLICY
+
+VOL. V.--MARCH, 1864.--No. III.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.
+
+LETTER NO. III. OF HON. ROBERT J. WALKER.
+
+
+                          LONDON, 10 Half Moon Street, Piccadilly,
+                                          _December 3d_, 1863.
+
+It is generally believed, even when the American rebellion should be
+suppressed, that there would be a great loss of wealth and resources on
+the part of the United States. As an economical question the great truth
+is not disputed by me, that, as a general rule, wars by a waste of
+property, by large expenditures, and by the withdrawal of so much labor
+from the pursuits of industry, impair the material interests of the
+nation. The influence of such considerations in the United States is not
+denied; but there are in the cause of this contest, as well as in its
+effects and consequences, results which will more than compensate for
+such losses. Slavery was the sole cause of this rebellion, and the
+result will be the reconstruction of the Union, with slavery everywhere
+extinguished. On this assumption, the question is, whether the
+substitution of free for slave labor throughout every State and
+Territory of the Union will not, as a question of augmented wealth and
+invigorated industry, far more than compensate for the losses incurred
+in the contest. Reasoning inductively, it might well be supposed that
+the willing labor of educated and energetic freemen would be far more
+productive than the forced labor of ignorant, unwilling, and uneducated
+slaves. In the realm of science, as well as in the direction of labor,
+knowledge is power, education is wealth and progress; and that this is
+applicable to the masses who compose a community, and especially to the
+working classes, is demonstrated by our American official Census. In
+proof of this position, I will proceed by a reference to the official
+tables of our Census of 1860, to show not only in particular Slave
+States, as compared with other Free States, whether old or new, Eastern
+or Western, or making the comparison of the aggregate of all the Slave
+with the Free States, the annual product of the latter _per capita_ is
+more than double that of the Slave States. I begin with Maryland as
+compared with Massachusetts, because Maryland, in proportion to her
+area, has greater natural advantages than any one of the Slave or Free
+States; and if the comparison with the Free States is most unfavorable
+to her, it will be more so as to any other Southern State; as the Census
+shows that, from 1790 to 1860, as well as from 1850 to 1860, Maryland
+increased in population per square mile more rapidly than any other
+slaveholding State.
+
+We must consider the area, soil, climate, mines, hydraulic power,
+location, shore line, bays, sounds, and rivers, and such other causes as
+affect the advance of wealth and population.
+
+The relative progress of Maryland has been slow indeed. The population
+of the Union, by the Census of 1790, was 3,929,827, of which Maryland,
+containing then 319,728, constituted a twelfth part (12.29). In 1860,
+the Union numbered 31,445,080, and Maryland 687,034, constituting a
+forty-fifth part (45.76). In 1790, the Free States numbered 1,968,455,
+Maryland's population then being equal to one sixth (6.12); but, in
+1860, the population of the Free States was 18,920,078, Maryland's
+number then being equal to one twenty-seventh part (27.52). But, if
+Maryland had increased as rapidly from 1790 to 1860 as the whole Union,
+her proportion, one twelfth part, would have made her numbers in 1860,
+2,620,315; and if her proportional increase had equalled that of the
+Free States, her ratio, one sixth, would have made her population in
+1860, 3,153,392.
+
+I take the areas from the report (November 29, 1860) of the Commissioner
+of the General Land Office, where they are for the first time accurately
+given, 'excluding the water surface.' The population is taken from the
+Census Tables. I compare first Massachusetts and Maryland, because they
+are maritime and old States, and both in 1790 had nearly the same
+population, but, as will be shown hereafter, with vastly superior
+natural advantages in favor of Maryland.
+
+Area of Maryland, 11,124 square miles; shore lines, by tables of United
+States Coast Survey, viz.: main shore, including bays, sounds, etc., 503
+miles, islands 298, rivers to head of tide water 535; total, 1,336
+miles.
+
+Area of Massachusetts, 7,800 square miles; shore lines, by tables of
+United States Coast Survey, viz.: main shore, including bays, sounds,
+etc., 435 miles, islands 259, rivers to head of tide water 70; total,
+764 miles. When we mark the Potomac and its tributaries, the lower
+Susquehanna, the deep and numerous streams of the Chesapeake, the
+commercial advantages of Maryland over Massachusetts are vast indeed.
+Looking at the ocean shore of Maryland, and also at the Chesapeake Bay,
+the largest and finest estuary in the world, indented with numerous
+sounds and navigable inlets, three fourths of its length for both shores
+being within Maryland, and comparing this deep and tranquil and
+protected basin, almost one continuous harbor, with the rockbound coast
+of Massachusetts, lashed by the stormy Atlantic, the superiority of
+Maryland is striking.
+
+Mortality in Maryland, by the late Census, viz., deaths from 1st June,
+1859, to 31st May, 1860, 7,370 persons. Same time in Massachusetts,
+21,303; making the ratio of deaths to the number living in Maryland, one
+to every 92, and in Massachusetts one to every 57; and the percentage of
+deaths in Maryland 1.09, and in Massachusetts 1.76. This rate of
+mortality for Massachusetts is confirmed by the late official report of
+their Secretary of State to the Legislature.
+
+As to area, then, Maryland exceeds Massachusetts 43 per cent.; as to the
+shore line, that of Maryland is nearly double that of Massachusetts. As
+to climate, that of Maryland, we have seen, is far the most salubrious.
+This is a vast advantage, not only in augmented wealth and numbers, from
+fewer deaths, but also as attracting capital and immigration. This
+milder and more salubrious climate gives to Maryland longer periods for
+sowing, working, and harvesting crops, a more genial sun, larger
+products, and better and longer crop seasons, great advantages for
+stock, especially in winter, decreased consumption of fuel, a greater
+period for the use of hydraulic power, and of canals and navigable
+streams. The area of Maryland fit for profitable culture is more than
+double that of Massachusetts, the soil much more fertile, its mines of
+coal and iron, with the fluxes all adjacent, rich and inexhaustible;
+whereas Massachusetts has no coal, and no valuable mines of iron or
+fluxes. When we reflect that coal and iron are the great elements of
+modern progress, and build up mighty empires, this advantage of Maryland
+over Massachusetts is almost incalculable. The hydraulic power of
+Maryland also greatly exceeds that of Massachusetts. Such are the vast
+natural advantages of Maryland over Massachusetts. Now let us observe
+the results. Population of Maryland in 1790, 319,728; in 1860, 687,034;
+increase, 367,300. Population of Massachusetts in 1790, 378,717; in
+1860, 1,231,065; increase, 852,348; difference of increase in favor of
+Massachusetts, 485,048; excess of Massachusetts over Maryland in 1790,
+58,989, and in 1860, 544,031. This result is amazing, when we regard the
+far greater area of Maryland and her other vast natural advantages. The
+population of Maryland in 1790 was 28 to the square mile (28.74), and in
+1860, 61 to the square mile (61.76); whereas Massachusetts had 48 to the
+square mile in 1790 (48.55), and 157 to the square mile in 1860
+(157.82). Thus Massachusetts had only 20 more to the square mile in
+1790, and 96 more to the square mile in 1860. But if the area of
+Maryland and Massachusetts had been reversed, Massachusetts with the
+area of Maryland, and the population of Massachusetts of 1860 to the
+square mile, would have numbered then 1,755,661, and Maryland with the
+area of Massachusetts, and the population of Maryland of 1860 to the
+square mile, would have had then a population of only 481,728 upon that
+basis, leaving Massachusetts in 1860, 1,273,393 more people than
+Maryland.
+
+By the census of 1790, Massachusetts was the fourth in population of all
+the States, and Maryland the sixth; but in 1860, Massachusetts was the
+seventh, and Maryland the nineteenth; and if each of the thirty-four
+States increases in the same ratio from 1860 to 1870 as from 1850 to
+1860, Maryland will be only the twenty-fifth State.
+
+These facts all conclusively attest the terrible effects of slavery on
+Maryland, and this is only one of the dreadful sacrifices she has made
+in retaining the institution. As to wealth, power, and intellectual
+development, the loss cannot be overstated.
+
+Nor can manufactures account for the difference, as shown by the still
+greater increase of the agricultural Northwest. Besides, Maryland
+(omitting slavery) had far greater natural advantages for manufactures
+than Massachusetts. She had a more fertile soil, thus furnishing cheaper
+food to the working classes, a larger and more accessible coast, and
+nearly eight times the length of navigable rivers, greater hydraulic
+power, vast superiority in mines of coal and iron, a far more salubrious
+climate, cotton, the great staple of modern industry, much nearer to
+Maryland, her location far more central for trade with the whole Union,
+and Baltimore, her chief city, nearer than Boston to the great West,
+viz.: to the Ohio at Pittsburg and Cincinnati, the Mississippi at St.
+Louis, and the lakes at Cleveland, Toledo, and Chicago, by several
+hundred miles. Indeed, but for slavery, Maryland must have been
+a far greater manufacturing as well as commercial State than
+Massachusetts--and as to agriculture; there could be no comparison.
+
+But Massachusetts did not become a manufacturing State until after the
+tariff of 1824. That measure, as well as the whole protective policy,
+Massachusetts earnestly opposed in 1820 and 1824, and Daniel Webster, as
+her representative, denounced it as unconstitutional. From 1790 to 1820,
+Massachusetts was commercial, not manufacturing, and yet, from 1790 to
+1820, Massachusetts increased in numbers 144,442, and Maryland in the
+same time only 87,622. Yet, from 1790 to 1820, Massachusetts, the most
+commercial State, was far more injured by the embargo and the late war
+with England than any other State.
+
+It is clear, then, that the accusation of the secession leaders that the
+North was built up at the expense of the South, by the tariff, can have
+no application to the progress of Massachusetts and Maryland, because
+the advance of the former over the latter preceded by more than thirty
+years the adoption of the protective policy, and a comparison of the
+relative advance of the Free and Slave States, during the same period,
+exhibits the same results.
+
+There is one _invariable law_, whether we compare all the Slave States
+with all the Free States, small States with small, large with large, old
+with old, new with new, retarding the progress of the slaveholding
+States, ever operating, and differing in degree only.
+
+The area of the nine Free States enumerated in 1790, is 169,668 square
+miles, and of the eight slaveholding States, 300,580 square miles, while
+the population of the former in 1790 was 1,968,455, and of the latter,
+1,961,372; but, in 1860, these nine Free States had a population of
+10,594,168, and those eight Slave States only 7,414,684, making the
+difference in favor of these Free States in 1860 over those Slave
+States, 3,179,844, instead of 7,083 in 1790, or a positive gain to those
+Free States over those Slave States of 3,172,761. These Free States
+enumerated in 1790 and 1860, were the six New England States, New York,
+New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; and the Slave States were Delaware,
+Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and
+Kentucky: yet we have seen that the area of those Slave States was
+nearly double that of those Free States, the soil much more fertile, the
+climate more salubrious, as shown by the Census, that the shore line,
+including main shore, bays and sounds, islands and rivers, to head of
+tide water, was, for those Free States, 4,480 miles, and for those Slave
+States, 6,560 miles. Thus it is clear that the increase of population of
+these Slave States should have far exceeded that of those Free States.
+The population of these Slave States per square mile in 1790 was 6
+(6.52), and in 1860, 24 (24.66), and of those Free States in 1790, was
+11 per square mile (11.60), and in 1860, 62 per square mile (62.44).
+Thus, while the increase of those Slave States from 1790 to 1860 was
+only 18 per square mile, that of those Free States was nearly 51 per
+square mile (50.84), or in very nearly a triple ratio, while in wealth
+and education the proportionate progress was much greater.
+
+No cause except slavery can be assigned to this wonderful difference,
+for the colonists of Maryland were distinguished for education,
+intelligence, and gentle culture. Lord Baltimore was a statesman and
+philanthropist, and his colony was a free representative government,
+which was the first to repudiate the doctrine of taxation without
+representation, and the first to introduce religious toleration. While
+Maryland has produced many of the most eminent soldiers, statesmen, and
+jurists, her relative decline in power, wealth, and population has been
+deplorable, and is attributable exclusively to the paralyzing effect of
+slavery.
+
+While the advance of Massachusetts, with her limited area and sterile
+soil, especially in view of the thousands of her native sons who have
+emigrated to other States, is one of the wonders of the world, yet the
+relative increase of the population of New Jersey from 1790 to 1860,
+compared with that of Maryland, is still greater than that of
+Massachusetts. The law is inflexible wherever slavery disappears.
+Population of New Jersey in 1790, 184,139, in 1860, 672,035, being an
+increase of 264 per cent. (264.96) for New Jersey, of 225 per cent.
+(225.06) for Massachusetts, and for Maryland 114 percent. (114.88). The
+ratio of increase per square mile from 1790 to 1860 was: Massachusetts,
+48.55 in 1790, and 157.82 in 1860; Maryland, 28.74 in 1790, and 61.76 in
+1860; and New Jersey, 22.01 in 1790, and 80.70 in 1860. Thus, while
+Maryland from 1790 to 1860, little more than doubled her ratio of
+increase per square mile (28.74 to 61.76), and Massachusetts little more
+than tripled her ratio (48.55 to 157.82), New Jersey very nearly
+_quadrupled_ hers (22.01 to 80.70). It must be conceded, however, that
+the natural advantages of New Jersey are far greater than those of
+Massachusetts, whose material and intellectual progress, in defiance of
+such serious obstacles, now is, and most probably forever will be,
+_without a parallel_. Now the area of New Jersey is but 8,320 square
+miles; the soil of Maryland is far more fertile, the hydraulic power
+much greater, the shoreline much more than double, viz.: 531 for New
+Jersey, to 1,336 for Maryland; while New Jersey, with rich iron mines,
+has no coal, and one third of her area is south of the celebrated Mason
+and Dixon's line, the northern boundary of Maryland. While the Free
+States have accomplished these miracles of progress, they have peopled
+eleven vast Territories (soon by subdivision to become many more
+States), immigration to which has been almost exclusively from the North
+as compared with the South.
+
+The Slave State which has increased _most_ rapidly to the square mile of
+all of them from 1790 to 1860, has had a smaller augmentation per square
+mile than that Free State which has increased most _slowly_ per square
+mile during the same time of all the Free States, and the result is the
+same as to wealth and education also. Under the _best_ circumstances for
+the Slave States, and the _worst_ for the Free States, this result
+proves the uniformity of the rule (like the great law of gravitation),
+knowing no exception to the effect of slavery in depressing the progress
+of States in population, wealth, and education.
+
+The isothermals of the great Humboldt (differing so widely from
+parallels), which trace the lines of temperature on the earth's surface,
+prove, as to heat, the climate of the South (running a line from
+Charleston to Vicksburg) to be substantially the same as that of Greece
+and Italy-each, in its turn, the mistress of the world.
+
+The Census of 1860 exhibits our increase of population from 1790 to 1860
+at 35.59 per cent., and of our wealth 126.45. Now, if we would increase
+the wealth of the country only one tenth in the next ten years, by the
+gradual disappearance of slavery (far below the results of the Census),
+then our wealth being now $16,159,616,068, the effect of such increase
+would be to make our wealth in 1870, instead of $36,593,450,585, more
+than sixteen hundred millions greater, and in 1880, instead of
+$82,865,868,849, over three billions six hundred millions, or more than
+three times our present debt.
+
+Before the close of this letter, it will be shown that the difference,
+_per capita_, of the annual products of Massachusetts and Maryland
+exceeds $150. As to the other Southern States, the excess is much
+greater. Now, if the annual products of the South were increased $150
+each _per capita_ (still far below Massachusetts) by the exclusion of
+slavery, then multiplying the total population of the South, 12,229,727,
+by 150, the result would be an addition to the annual value of the
+products of the South of $1,834,456,050, and in the decade,
+$18,344,580,500. This change would not be immediate, but there can be no
+doubt that with the vastly greater natural advantages of the South, the
+superiority of free to slave labor, the immense immigration, especially
+from Europe to the South, aided by the Homestead Bill, and the
+conversion of large plantations into small farms, an addition of at
+least one billion of dollars would be made in a decade, by the
+exclusion of slavery, to the value of the products of the South.
+
+Having considered the relative progress in population of Massachusetts
+and Maryland, I will now examine their advance in wealth.
+
+By Tables 33 and 36, Census of 1860, the value of the products of
+Massachusetts that year was $287,000,000; and of Maryland, $66,000,000.
+Table 33 included domestic manufactories, mines, and fisheries (p. 59);
+and Table 36, agricultural products. Dividing these several aggregates
+by the total population of each State, the value of that year's product
+of Massachusetts was $235 _per capita_, and of Maryland, $96, making the
+average annual value of the labor of each person in the former greatly
+more than double that of the latter, and the gross product more than
+quadruple. This is an amazing result, but it is far below the reality.
+The earnings of commerce and navigation are omitted in the Census, which
+includes only the products of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, and
+fisheries. This was a most unfortunate omission, attributable to the
+secession leaders, who wished to confine the Census to a mere
+enumeration of population, and thus obliterate all the other great
+decennial monuments which mark the nation's progress in the pathway of
+empire.
+
+Some of these tables are given as follows:
+
+_First, as to Railroads._--The number of miles in Massachusetts in 1860
+(including city roads) was 1,340, and the cost of construction
+$61,857,203. (Table 38, pp. 230, 231.) The value of the freight of these
+roads in 1860 was $500,524,201. (P. 105.) The number of miles of
+railroad in Maryland at the same time was 380, the cost of construction
+$21,387,157, and the value of the freight (at the same average rate)
+$141,111,348, and the difference in favor of Massachusetts $359,412,883.
+The difference must have been much greater, because a much larger
+portion of the freight in Massachusetts consisted of domestic
+manufactures, worth $250 per ton, which is $100 a ton above the average
+value.
+
+The passengers' account, not given, would vastly swell the difference in
+favor of Massachusetts.
+
+The tonnage of vessels built in Massachusetts in 1860 was 34,460 tons,
+and in Maryland, 7,798 tons. (P. 107).
+
+The number of banks in Massachusetts in 1860 was 174; capital,
+$64,619,200; loans, $107,417,323. In Maryland the number was 31;
+capital, $12,568,962; loans, $20,898,762. (Table 34, p. 193.)
+
+The number of insurance companies in Massachusetts, 117; risks,
+$450,886,263. No statement given for Maryland, but comparatively very
+small, as the risks in Massachusetts were nearly one sixth of all in the
+Union.
+
+Our exports abroad, from Massachusetts, for the fiscal year ending 30th
+June, 1860, were of the value of $17,003,277, and the foreign imports
+$41,187,539; total of imports and exports, $58,190,816; the clearances,
+746,909 tons, the entries, 849,449; total entered and cleared, 1,596,458
+tons. In Maryland, exports, $9,001,600, foreign imports, $9,784,773;
+total imports and exports, $18,786,323; clearances, 174,000 tons;
+entries, 186,417; total of entries and clearances, 360,417. (Table 14,
+Register of Treasury.) Thus, the foreign imports and exports abroad, of
+Massachusetts, were much more than triple those of Maryland, and the
+entries and clearances very largely more than quadruple. The coastwise
+and internal trade are not given, as recommended by me when Secretary of
+the Treasury, but the tables of the railroad traffic indicate in part
+the immense superiority of Massachusetts.
+
+These statistics, however, prove that, if the earnings of commerce and
+navigation were added, the annual value of the products of Massachusetts
+_per capita_ would be at least $300, and three times that of Maryland.
+In estimating values _per capita_, we must find the earnings of
+commerce very large, as a single merchant, in his counting house,
+engaged in an immense trade, and employing only a few clerks, may earn
+as much as a great manufacturing corporation, employing hundreds of
+hands. Including commerce, the value, _per capita_, of the products and
+earnings of Massachusetts exceeds not only those of _any State in our
+Union_, BUT OF THE WORLD; and would, at the same rate, make the
+value of its annual products three hundred billions of dollars; and of
+our own country, upward of nine billions of dollars per annum. Such,
+under great natural disadvantages, is the grand result achieved in
+Massachusetts, by education, science, industry, free schools, free soil,
+free speech, _free labor_, free press, and free government. The facts
+prove that freedom is progress, that 'knowledge is power,' and that the
+best way to appreciate the value of property and augment wealth most
+rapidly, is to invest a large portion of it in schools, high schools,
+academies, colleges, universities, books, libraries, and the press, so
+as to make labor more productive, because more skilled, educated, and
+better directed. Massachusetts has achieved much in this respect; but
+when she shall have made high schools as free and universal as common
+schools, and the attendance on both compulsory, so as to qualify every
+voter for governing a State or nation, she will have made a still
+grander step in material and intellectual progress, and the results
+would be still more astounding.
+
+By Table 35 of the Census, p. 195, the whole value of all the property,
+real and personal, of Massachusetts, in 1860, was $815,237,433, and that
+of Maryland, $376,919,944. We have seen that the value of the products
+that year in Massachusetts was $287,000,000 (exclusive of commerce), and
+of Maryland, $66,000,000. As a question, then, of profit on capital,
+that of Massachusetts was 35 per cent., and of Maryland 17 per cent.
+Such is the progressive advance (more than two to one) of free as
+compared with slave labor. The same law obtains in comparing all the
+Free with all the Slave States. But the proof is still more complete.
+Thus, Delaware and Missouri (alone of all the Slave States) were ahead
+of Maryland in this rate of profit, because both had comparatively fewer
+slaves; and all the other Slave States, whose servile population was
+relatively larger than that of Maryland, were below her in the rate of
+profit. The law extends to _counties_, those having comparatively fewest
+slaves increasing far more rapidly in wealth and population. This, then,
+is the formula as to the rate of profit on capital. First, the Free
+States; next, the States and counties of the same State having the
+fewest relative number of slaves. The Census, then, is an evangel
+against slavery, and its tables are revelations proclaiming laws as
+divine as those written by the finger of God at Mount Sinai on the
+tables of stone.
+
+For seventy years we have had these Census Tables, announcing these
+great truths more and more clearly at each decade. They are the records
+of the nation's movement and condition, the decennial monuments marking
+her steps in the path of empire, the oracles of her destiny. They are
+prophecies, for each decade fulfils the predictions of its predecessor.
+They announce laws, not made by man, but the irrevocable ordinances of
+the Almighty. We cannot, with impunity, refuse to obey these laws. For
+every violation, they enforce their own penalties. From these there is
+no escape in the present or the past, nor for the future, except in
+conformity to their demands. These laws condemn slavery; and the
+punishment for disobedience is recorded in the result of every Census,
+and finally culminated in the rebellion. Slavery and freedom are
+antagonistic and discordant elements: the conflict between them is upon
+us; it admits of no neutrality or compromise, and one or the other
+system must perish.
+
+We have seen that slavery is hostile to the progress of wealth and
+population: let us now ascertain its influence on moral and intellectual
+development.
+
+By Table 15 of the Census of 1860, the result for that year was as
+follows: In Massachusetts, value of books printed, $397,500; jobs,
+$529,347; newspapers, $1,979,069; total, $2,905,916. Same year in
+Maryland, books printed, $58,000; jobs, $122,000; newspapers, $169,000;
+total, $350,155. By Table 37, Census of 1860, Massachusetts had 222
+newspapers and periodicals, of which 112 were political, 31 religious,
+51 literary, miscellaneous 28. Maryland had only 57, all political. The
+whole number of copies issued in Massachusetts in 1860 was 102,000,760,
+and in Maryland, 20,721,472. Of periodicals, Massachusetts has monthly,
+1 political, 10 religious, 18 literary, 7 miscellaneous; quarterly,
+religious 3, literary 2, miscellaneous 1, and 1 annual. Maryland had
+_none_. Not a religious, literary, scientific, or miscellaneous
+periodical or journal in the State! What terrible truths are unfolded in
+these statistics! None but a political party press in Maryland, all
+devoted, in 1860, to the maintenance, extension, and perpetuity of
+slavery, which had 57 advocates, and not one for science, religion, or
+literature.
+
+We have seen that the circulation in 1860 of the press in Massachusetts
+exceeded that of Maryland by more than eighty-one millions of copies.
+These facts all prove that slavery is hostile to knowledge and its
+diffusion, to science, literature, and religion, to the press, and to
+free government.
+
+For schools, colleges, libraries, and churches, I must take the Tables
+of the Census of 1850, those of 1860 not being yet published. There were
+in 1850 in Massachusetts, 3,679 public schools, 4,443 teachers, 176,475
+pupils; native adults who cannot read or write, 1,861. In Maryland, 907
+public schools, 1,005 teachers, 33,254 pupils; native adults who cannot
+read or write, 38,426, excluding slaves, to teach whom is criminal.
+
+Thus, then, slavery is hostile to schools, withholding instruction from
+the children of the poor.
+
+The number of public libraries in Massachusetts was 1,462, volumes
+684,015. In Maryland, 124, and 125,042 volumes. Value of churches in
+Massachusetts, $10,206,000. In Maryland, $3,947,884, of which $2,541,240
+is in Baltimore (which has very few slaves), and the remainder is mainly
+in the seven counties (from which slavery has nearly disappeared)
+adjoining Pennsylvania.
+
+As to schools, colleges, books, libraries, churches, newspapers, and
+periodicals, it thus appears that Massachusetts is greatly in advance of
+Maryland.
+
+Now, then, let us contrast loyal Maryland with rebel South Carolina, the
+author of secession, and assuming for many years to instruct the nation.
+By the Census of 1860, she had a population of 703,708, of whom 402,406
+were slaves; and Maryland, numbering 687,049, had 87,189 slaves. Now, by
+the Census of 1860, South Carolina had 45 journals and periodicals, and
+her annual circulation was 3,654,840 copies. The circulation therefore
+of Massachusetts exceeded that of South Carolina more than ninety-eight
+millions of copies, while Maryland exceeded South Carolina more than
+seventeen millions of copies. So much for South Carolina as a great
+political teacher. As to schools in 1850: South Carolina had 724 public
+schools, 739 teachers, 17,838 pupils. Massachusetts, then, had 158,637
+more pupils at public schools than South Carolina, and Maryland 15,416
+more pupils at public schools than South Carolina.
+
+The press of Massachusetts, we have seen, circulated in 1860 upward of
+one hundred and two millions of copies, equal to 279,454 per day,
+including journals and periodicals, each read, on an average, by at
+least two persons. This is independent of books and pamphlets, and of
+the very large circulation of papers from other States and from Europe.
+What a flood of light is thus shed daily and hourly upon the people of
+Massachusetts! This intellectual effulgence radiates by day and night.
+It is the sun in its meridian splendor, and the stars in an
+ever-unclouded firmament. It has a centre and a circumference, but no
+darkness. Ignorance vanishes before it; wealth follows in its train;
+labor rejoices in its association, and finds its products more than
+doubled; freedom hails its presence, and religion gives it a cordial
+welcome; churches, schools, academies, colleges, and universities
+acknowledge its mighty influence. Science penetrates the secrets of
+nature, and unfolds each new discovery for the benefit of man. Coal, the
+offspring of the sun, develops its latent energy, and water contributes
+its untiring hydraulic power. Machinery takes more and more the place of
+nerves and muscles, cheapens clothing and subsistence and all the
+necessaries of life, and opens new fields of industry, and more
+profitable employment for labor. Steam and lightning become the slaves
+of man. He performs the journey of a day in an hour, and converses in
+minutes around the globe. The strength of man may not have been much
+increased, but his power is augmented a thousand fold.
+
+His life may not have been materially lengthened, but, in the march of
+knowledge, a year now is as a century, compared with man's progress in
+the darkness of the middle ages. The eternal advance toward omniscience
+goes on, but is like that of the infinite approach of the asymptote,
+which never reaches the hyperbolic curve. The onward of science is in a
+geometrical ratio, so that in time, the intellectual progress of a day
+in the future, must exceed that of a century in the past. Knowledge is
+enthroned as king, and grand truths and new ideas are his ministers.
+Science takes the diameter of the earth's orbit as a base line and unit
+of measurement, and with it spans immensity, and triangulates the
+nebulous systems amid the shadowy verges of receding space. Its
+researches are cosmical upon the earth and the heavens, and all the
+elements minister to its progress. Sink to the lowest mine, or fathom
+the ocean's depth, or climb the loftiest mountains, or career through
+the heavens on silken wings, and it is there also. On--on--on;
+nearer--nearer--still nearer it moves forever and forever, with
+accelerated speed, toward the infinite eternal. Such are the triumphs of
+knowledge; and he who diffuses it among our race, or discovers and
+disseminates new truths, advances man nearer to his Creator; he exalts
+the whole race; he elevates it in the scale of being, and raises it into
+higher and still higher spheres.
+
+It is science that marks the speed of sound and light and lightning,
+calculates the eclipses, catalogues the stars, maps the heavens, and
+follows, for centuries of the past and the future, the comet's course.
+It explores the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms. With geology,
+it notes the earthquake upheaval of mountains, and, with mineralogy, the
+laws of crystallization. With chemistry, it analyzes, decomposes, and
+compounds the elements. If, like Canute, it cannot arrest the tidal
+wave, it is subjecting it to laws and formulas. Taking the sunbeam for
+its pencil, it heliographs man's own image, and the scenery of the earth
+and the heavens. Has science any limits or horizon? Can it ever
+penetrate the soul of man, and reveal the mystery of his existence and
+destiny? It is certainly exploring the facts of sociology, arranging and
+generalizing them, and deducing laws.
+
+Man, elevated by knowledge in the scale of being, controls the forces of
+nature with greater power and grander results, and accumulates wealth
+more rapidly. The educated free labor of Massachusetts, we have seen,
+doubles the products of toil, _per capita_, as compared with Maryland,
+and quadruples them (as the Census shows) compared with South Carolina.
+One day's labor of a man in Massachusetts is more than equal to two in
+Maryland, and four in South Carolina. So, if we take our savage tribes,
+with their huts and tents, their rude agriculture, their furs, their few
+and simple household manufactures, their hunting and fishing, the
+average product of their annual labor, at four cents a day each, would
+be $14.60 a year, or more than a fourth of that of South Carolina
+(56.91). So that Massachusetts, in material progress, is farther in
+advance of South Carolina than that State is of the savage Indians. Thus
+we have the successive steps and gradations of man: Massachusetts, with
+free labor and free schools, having reached the highest point of
+civilization: South Carolina, with slavery and ignorance (except the
+few), in a semi-barbarous stage; and the lowest savage condition, called
+barbarous, but nearer to South Carolina than that State to
+Massachusetts.
+
+Slavery, then, the Census proves, is hostile to the progress of wealth
+and population, to science, literature, and education, to schools,
+colleges, and universities, to books and libraries, to churches and
+religion, to the press, and therefore to free government; hostile to the
+poor, keeping them in want and ignorance; hostile to labor, reducing it
+to servitude, and decreasing two thirds the value of its products;
+hostile to morals, repudiating among slaves the marital and parental
+condition, classifying them by law as chattels, darkening the immortal
+soul, and making it a crime to teach millions of human beings to read or
+write. And shall labor and education, literature and science, religion
+and the press, sustain an institution which is their deadly foe?
+
+The discussion will be continued in my next letter.
+                                                R. J. WALKER.
+
+
+
+
+PALMER, THE AMERICAN SCULPTOR.
+
+
+Sculpture as an art is probably anterior to painting. Form being a
+simpler quality than color, the means of imitation were found in a
+conformity of shape rather than hue. The origin of sculpture is somewhat
+obscured in the thickening mists of antiquity, but it was no doubt one
+of the earliest symbols of ideas made use of by man. In fact, in its
+primitive development, there is considerable evidence to show that it
+was the first essay at a recorded language. The Egyptian hieroglyphics,
+those mysterious etchings upon the rock, representing animals, men, and
+nondescript characters, were unquestionably rude attempts to hand down
+to posterity some account of the great events of those forgotten ages.
+The next remove in the history of this art is its employment in the
+production of the images of idolatrous worship; and, when confined to
+this purpose, it never attained any appreciable excellence. The purely
+heathen mind was incapable of conceiving those forms of ideal beauty
+which are born of the contemplation of a divine and spiritual beauty
+revealed in the word of God and the teachings of his immaculate Son.
+
+The grotesque Egyptian images worshipped on the Nile before the building
+of the pyramids, are, judging from the best preserved antiquities, not
+very much inferior to the gilded deities to be seen to-day in the
+thousand pagodas of heathen lands.
+
+Take for example a Chinese idol of modern make: while it is less angular
+and more elaborately finished than the ancient monstrosities found in
+Egypt, still, so far as perfection of form or beauty of expression is
+concerned, there is little to choose between the two. Each is a fitting
+type of the degree of civilization and soul culture of the peoples that
+produced them. It must not be urged that the success of sculpture in
+Greece and Rome disproves the proposition that the art could not develop
+itself among a strictly idolatrous race.
+
+The splendid mythologies of the Greeks and Romans must not be considered
+as the highest forms even of the worship of idols or inanimate things.
+The gods and goddesses of these mythological systems were principally
+the powers that were supposed to preside over the different forces and
+elements of nature, and were invested with the celestial attributes of a
+higher order of beings. Neptune ruled the sea, Pluto was director of
+ceremonies in the infernal regions, while Jupiter was emperor of the sky
+and king of all the lesser gods.
+
+These deities were the invention of a cultivated intellect, a refined
+taste and polished civilization, and furnish a striking proof of man's
+longing after the Infinite, unguided by the star of revelation.
+
+The imaginative Greeks did not worship the statues of the gods _per se_,
+but only admired them as the fitting representations of those mysterious
+forces that hold sway over earth, air, fire, and water, or reverenced
+them as the symbols of noble sentiments or sublime passions. The thing
+itself, the cunning but lifeless figure, was only incidental, while the
+idea thus typified was the real incentive to worship. This was also the
+age that produced hero worship, and the great man who won the praise and
+admiration of the people by his exalted qualities, or his prowess in
+arms, was considered as a demigod, or one in favor with the tenants of
+Olympus, and his statue was accordingly erected, to stand beside that,
+perhaps, of Mars, Apollo, or Mercury.
+
+Thus we trace the history of sculpture in its steady progress from its
+use as a chronicler of events to its employment in the production of the
+objects of idolatry, and thence to the mythological period, when it
+became the medium of �sthetic expression, attaining its highest
+perfection in the palmy days of Greece.
+
+In no people of which the records of the past give any account, can we
+find such an active sense of the beautiful as that which permeated the
+minds of the polished Greeks. The admiration of physical beauty became
+an almost absorbing passion, and its attainment was sought after in
+every process which human ingenuity could devise.
+
+The Lacedemonian women were accustomed to place the statues of beautiful
+gods or goddesses in their rooms, to the end that the children they
+should give birth to, would, by nature's mysterious methods, assimilate
+the artistic graces of these celestial models. Perfection of form and
+manly strength were the pride of the wisest and most learned men of the
+nation, denoting that physical excellence was considered the necessary
+concomitant of moral or intellectual worth. Authentic annals tell us
+that Plato and Pythagoras appeared as wrestlers at the public games; and
+who shall say that these philosophical gymnasts did not derive much of
+their mental vigor from this exciting exercise? In this age it is easy
+to see that sculpture must have received every incentive to full
+development. In the people about him the artist saw the most excellent
+models for his chisel, while the national taste was educated to the
+highest degree in the beauties of form and the harmonies of proportion.
+
+But the grand conceptions of Phidias, full of majesty and of grandeur as
+they are--the matchless finish of the works of Apelles and Praxiteles,
+ravishing the senses with their carnal beauty, still lacked one element,
+without which art can never reveal itself in the full perfection of its
+latent capabilities.
+
+Mere physical beauty, which contains no spiritual element, no drawing of
+the immortal soul, no suggestion of purer and nobler sentiments
+struggling for expression in the cunning marble, can never satisfy the
+requirements of the Christianized taste of modern times.
+
+The Venus de Medici was undoubtedly the ideal type of womanly perfection
+in the age which produced it, but now the sex would hardly feel
+themselves flattered by so poor an interpretation. The form is all that
+could be desired, but the head and features are positively insipid, and
+a phrenologist would tell you by the development of the cranium that
+female education was not a part of the Grecian policy. There is in this
+statue a certain air of wantonness, a perceptible consciousness of being
+valued and admired solely for physical beauty, which just as plainly
+tells the estimate placed upon woman in those times as we can read the
+fact in history.
+
+Thus we perceive sculpture as a representative art has become a
+chronicler of the world's advancement, so that those who accept the
+theory of human progression would naturally look for purer and more
+spiritual conceptions in the artist's soul, with a corresponding
+nobility in the creations of his genius. The �sthetic principle in its
+higher manifestations is not the product of pagan mind, because ideal
+beauty and the rules governing its expression can only be conceived by
+him to whom Faith has opened the glorious possibilities of our existence
+beyond the grave. In no classic picture or statue is there anything akin
+to that divine affinity that is apparent in the Madonnas of the Italian
+masters of the sixteenth century, investing them with a charm that
+lingers like an autumn sunset In the recollection of long-departed
+years. Compare the loveliest of the Madonnas of Correggio and Raphael
+with the Venus of Cos, and we perceive the inferiority of mere physical
+perfection to that spiritual beauty that exalts the soul of the
+beholder, and awakens the slumber of his immortal longings.
+
+Faultless finish, harmonious outlines, and voluptuous proportions are
+only the result of mechanical skill, that a good imitator or copyist can
+for the most part achieve by the aid of his master's model. But the
+sentiment, emotion, passion, the _character_, so to speak, of the
+statue, is the creation of the artist, the offspring of his quickened
+brain.
+
+It is to express the �sthetic idea struggling in the soul of genius,
+that the marble takes its form, the canvas its color, sweet sounds
+combine in melody, and language weaves itself into the wreath of song.
+The same divine impulse, the same grasping after a higher excellence
+inspires the sculptor, the painter, the composer, and the poet, but some
+chance bent of nature has decided them to choose different mediums of
+expression.
+
+Some critic has written, had Coles' 'Voyage of Life' been executed in
+verse, instead of a series of pictures, it would have ranked as one of
+the grandest poems of the age. High art, then, whatever its kind, is the
+language of the �sthetic feeling in man--it symbolizes the god-like
+element in his nature. Cumulative and progressive, it keeps even pace
+with an improving civilization, and should therefore furnish fairer
+products to-day than in any period of the past. It assimilates the
+spirit of the times in which it is exercised; for as Ralph Waldo Emerson
+remarks in his subtle, essay: 'No man can quite emancipate himself from
+his age and country, or produce a model in which the education, the
+religion, the politics, usages, and arts of his times shall have no
+share.'
+
+So we see from the very necessity of this truism, that if our painters
+and sculptors would not be mere imitators of the exponents of another
+age, there would be soon established a national school of art. We do not
+mean by this a mere conventional type in finish and mode of treatment,
+but certain marked, characteristic excellences and features that would
+identify it with the history of our country and the peculiarities of our
+people. There are a few native artists who have struggled to achieve
+this consummation, and pre�minent among these is Erastus D. Palmer, the
+American sculptor.
+
+The history of his career, his origin, his process of study, his choice
+of subjects in all his great works, his rise and triumph as an artist,
+all entitle him to this distinctive appellation. He commenced life as a
+carpenter and joiner, but, while practising his trade in Utica, N. Y.,
+his eye accidentally fell on a cameo likeness, and as the dropping of an
+apple suggested to Newton the laws of gravitation, so the sight of this
+little trifle was the talisman that revealed to Palmer the artistic
+capabilities of his genius. Being thus led to attempt the portrait of
+his wife upon a shell, he executed his task--which was in a twofold
+sense a labor of love--with such fidelity to nature, such bold outline,
+and delicacy of finish, that connoisseurs detected in it the hand of a
+master. Thus encouraged, he for two years made cameo cutting his
+business, and followed it with remarkable success, till, his eyes
+becoming affected by the exercise of this talent, he was obliged to
+relinquish it, with the expectation of returning to his old trade. But
+happily he was induced to try his skill at modelling in clay, and then
+he discovered what was in him. Taking his little girl for a model, he
+produced a bust, styled the 'Infant Ceres,' which, when finished in
+marble, immediately took rank as one of the gems of art. The sweet
+_na�vete_ of budding childhood, the timid eyes and dimpled cheek, all
+refined and sublimated by the ideal graces added by the magic wand of
+genius, combined to make this earliest bust of our sculptor one of the
+most felicitous products of his chisel.
+
+Soon after this satisfactory experiment, Palmer removed to the city of
+Albany, where he has since remained and won his well-deserved fame. His
+two allegorical pieces, 'Resignation' and 'Spring,' we cannot forbear to
+describe, familiar as they are to the _virtuoso_ of art, and well known
+even to the great public.
+
+The latter is a female bust, her hair bound with a fillet of grass and
+half-developed grain, her face wearing an expression of modest coquetry,
+quite in keeping with the capricious, 'celestial maid;' while the gently
+swelling bosom suggests the latent forces of nature which only reach
+their fulness in the summer sun. And about the eyes there is a look of
+joy and freshness in which you fancy you can see
+
+            'the flowers begin to spring,
+  The skies to brighten, and the birds to sing.'
+
+The 'Resignation' represents the refined voluptuousness of riper
+womanhood. The features are exquisitely cut, and represent a type of
+beauty fit for angelic spheres. The head, so finely proportioned, and
+crowned with luxuriant, waving hair, inclines gracefully to one side, as
+in submission to the chastenings of Providence. But in the downcast,
+sorrowful eyes, there is an expression of mingled hope and patient
+endurance such as Mary might have worn at the foot of the cross. The
+marble is eloquent of that Christian sentiment: 'He doeth all things
+well.' The religious feeling of the sixteenth century, which gave to art
+both its inspiration and theme, never found so fair a mould as in this
+bust of 'Resignation.'
+
+Both of these works are entirely free from all explanatory accessories,
+and interpret themselves to the most sluggish soul.
+
+Another of Palmer's compositions, and one of the most purely ideal, is
+the 'Dream of the Spirit's Flight.' This is a large bas-relief, executed
+in medallion style. To give any idea by mere words of the spirit of this
+performance is impossible. It is the half figure of a peri-like girl,
+with tresses swaying in the higher air, with butterfly wings, arms and
+drapery gracefully disposed, and all the parts uniting to impress you
+with a sense of upward, soaring motion! There is a divine beauty about
+the face reflected from a brighter world. Sculptured in pure white
+marble, it seems a very soul just escaped from its prison house of clay,
+and, listening to those 'sounds seraphic,' bearing away to the great
+Beyond.
+
+While gazing on this airy sprite, the beholder feels an exhilarating
+influence steal over him, and involuntarily there goes up from his
+heart, like incense, that yearning prayer:
+
+  'So grant me, God, from every care,
+    And stain of passion free,
+  Aloft through virtue's purer air
+    To hold my course to Thee!'
+
+We cannot speak separately of his 'Morning and Evening,' 'Immortality,'
+'Sleeping Peri,' his statue and bas-relief of 'Faith,' busts, and other
+works, which are grouped in odd companionship about his studio. But the
+'Indian Girl' and 'White Captive,' the crowning achievements of Palmer's
+genius, and the ones that give a thoroughly American character to his
+reputation, demand an elaborate consideration--not to explain their
+merits, but to show what materials for art exist in our history, when
+appropriated by the master's hand.
+
+Romance and poetry have not often been successful in treating of the
+character and customs of our aborigines, for the elements of true
+heroism in the savage nature are so exceptional and few, that the red
+man is a very poor subject for the higher manifestations of art. Cooper
+and Longfellow alone have come back from this field with the trophies of
+praise. But Palmer, with a striking originality and a subtle perception
+of spiritual influences, sees in the effect of Christianity on the
+'untutored mind' of the Indian, a theme to inspire his plastic clay. So
+from this idea he evolves the 'Indian Girl,' standing in an attitude of
+perfect repose, holding in her right hand a crucifix, on which her eyes
+are bent pensively in a sweet, absorbing reverie, which shuts out the
+consciousness of the external world. In the other hand, which hangs
+listlessly by her side, she barely touches rather than holds a bunch of
+feathers, evidently gathered to adorn her person, and which she forgets
+in the contemplation of the story of the Cross. The artist supposes she
+has found this crucifix, which the early Catholic missionaries were wont
+to attach to the forest trees, and having heard from some of these
+zealous teachers an exposition of Christ's mission, the better life has
+already begun to dawn in her soul, and her whole aspect tells that this
+mysterious influence is upon her.
+
+The features are Indian, fair and comely--we do not say beautiful,
+because this term expresses the highest excellence, and ought as a
+descriptive phrase to be more sparingly used. The face is idealized, as
+the rules of true art always require, but still preserves its fidelity
+to the natural type. The form is nude to the waist, the drapery arranged
+with unrivalled grace, the hair is clubbed so as to reveal the neck and
+shoulders, while the perfection of contour and the completeness of
+development satisfy the most critical eye for the study of detail. The
+'Indian Girl' forms one of the landmarks in the history of American
+sculpture.
+
+But Palmer's grand, characteristic work, in which his genius seems to
+have reached its noblest expression, is the 'White Captive,' which we
+believe to be one of the most perfect creations of ancient or modern
+art. It is something more than the nude figure of a surpassingly
+beautiful woman, bound to the stake, and defying the gaze of her
+barbarous captors--it is not merely an exciting incident in pioneer
+life, but it has a grand symbolical meaning that reaches beyond a
+literal interpretation of the situation.
+
+We see in this statue the contact of civilization with savage instinct,
+and in the expression of the 'White Captive,' peering through maiden
+timidity, and rising triumphant above physical fear in a look of
+intellectual and religious strength, before which the swarthy warrior
+feels himself in the presence of a superior power--a ruler! As we gaze
+on in mute admiration, we behold the race of the red man receding
+westward before that same power pictured in this wonderful face: now the
+Indian tribes pass the Rocky mountains, they come within the roar of the
+Pacific, and, growing less and less, they at last vanish away into the
+uncertain mists of the ocean--a lost people, who have served the purpose
+for which they were created, and disappeared from our continent to make
+room for a nobler humanity. It is this melancholy fate, this glorious
+triumph, that Palmer has recorded in a language more forcible than
+history, more eloquent than song, more ravishing than the lyre! To
+define how the statue spreads before you this great vision, eludes the
+acutest analysis; but there it is, told just as plainly as the Falls of
+Niagara or the eternal stars tell the omnipotence of God.
+
+The longer one studies this marvellous work, the more he sees to admire,
+to reflect upon. There is something in the general effect that makes the
+beholder forget the perfect nudity of the figure, which necessarily
+grows out of the circumstances of the case, and which is entirely unfelt
+by the captive in her terrible realization of the peril which surrounds
+her. Thus two great difficulties that embarrass the execution of
+undraped statuary are entirely overcome:
+
+1. The nudity is only incidental to the general effect, and the subject
+seems entirely unconscious of the fact.
+
+2. The nudity is accounted for by the situation--the captive is tied
+unclad to a tree, to be burned alive, according to Indian custom.
+
+Thus a criticism that has been frequently made (and not unjustly) on the
+_morale_ of certain works of art, has no application to this.
+
+Of the details of this ideal creation--its matchless finish, the
+graceful undulations of the perfect form, the firmness expressed in the
+clenched fingers, the instinctive shudder gathered on the fair brow, the
+lofty defiance of the eyes and half-parted lips, the radiant beauty of
+the face--we can only say they live in our memory, but too deep for
+words. We believe the truth of the artist's conception, that the
+revengeful savages acknowledged the divinity of her beauty and Christian
+reliance, and the 'White Captive' went free--the spirit of civilization
+triumphed!
+
+As a man's character is always more or less associated with his
+achievements, the reader may wish to learn something of Mr. Palmer as a
+man. In all kinds of soul-work, there is ever perceptible a certain
+flavor of the mind which produces it, and the things thus created
+usually suggest the qualities of the creator. So the works of the
+sculptor are to some degree the exponents of his character, the
+expressions of his inner life.
+
+Therefore in Mr. Palmer we should expect moral and intellectual worth of
+a high order, added to the purest and most exalted motives. He is in
+spirit a reformer, taking an interest in every measure for the
+improvement of our race, and sympathizing with every struggle of our
+aspiring manhood.
+
+The eccentricities, excuses, and conventional affectations of many real
+and pretended geniuses he entirely eschews, feeling himself one of the
+people, and laboring for their elevation.
+
+Neither does he deem it any part of genius to neglect his family, forget
+to pay his butcher's bill, and ignore the claim of his tailor. His ample
+house and neat atelier, at the north end of Eagle street, in the city of
+Albany, are the fruit of his patient and inspiring toil--his chisel has
+won him moderate fortune as well as world-wide fame.
+
+Photographs of the 'Palmer Marbles' are seen in the show windows of
+Paris, London, and Berlin, while in this country they help to fill the
+portfolios of the _virtuoso_, adorning the walls of the parlor and the
+private gallery.
+
+Though in youth Palmer did not receive an average common-school
+education, he converses like a man of liberal culture, showing that he
+belongs to the class of self-made men.
+
+He has never visited the interminable art palaces of Europe, nor
+studied, in the sense in which that term is used, the 'old masters;'
+still he has appropriated all the valuable hints to be obtained from the
+classic models, without regarding them as the _ne plus ultra_ of
+artistic execution, and therefore to be only imitated, to the exclusion
+of the higher ideals of an advanced civilization.
+
+He has an intelligible and correct theory in regard to the fidelity of
+art to nature. For instance, he insists that he should _represent_, not
+imitate; and in making a bust of a man, the sculptor should express the
+higher moods of his subject, and show him with his better qualities
+brought to the surface. So the forms of nature should be idealized in
+the direction of their primitive tendency, and thus art help to express
+that ineffable longing of the soul, that reaching upward for a
+perfection that is approximated on earth, but never attained. This
+idealization is like the humor of Dickens, something more than nature in
+its grotesqueness, yet a stimulated growth of the natural quality.
+Palmer always takes nature for his model, and then assimilates it to
+that ideal beauty which dwells in his imagination and sheds a spiritual
+halo over the creation of his chisel.
+
+Like every true disciple of genius, he feels that he has a mission to
+perform, and that he is responsible for the influence he exerts on the
+tastes and �sthetic culture of the people. As you chat with him in his
+studio, dressed in his blouse and cap, his dark eye glowing with
+enthusiasm for his art, or sparkling with playful humor, standing before
+you tall and vigorous, you see in him one of the earnest workers for the
+elevation of our humanity.
+
+The utilities of the world will take care of themselves: let us foster
+the beautiful, because, like all divine attributes, man reaches it
+through striving, and is made better by its contemplation.
+
+Palmer does not look older than forty, and has perhaps not yet attained
+the fulness of his powers, but has in him the elements of a healthy
+growth.
+
+Work on, thou almoner of sweetest joys, thou pilgrim in that fairy realm
+whence come the high ideals of life; work on, striver for the perfect
+type of beauty and of truth, and in thy progress let the people trace
+our human nature rising to diviner heights--expanding to sublimer
+bounds!
+
+
+
+
+CLOUDS.
+
+RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR GUYOT.
+
+
+  High and fathomless above us vaults the pure aerial sky,
+  Solemn bends its arch of Beauty round a world where all things die.
+
+  On the dome through which Earth's swinging, spun of palpitating air,
+  Angel artists fresco vapors into pictures passing fair.
+
+  No cold canvas of dead color has the Mighty Master given:
+  Trembles with His Infinity the azure vault of Heaven.
+
+  On and in the lucent background float the ever-changeful forms,
+  Sometimes glowing into glory, sometimes glooming into storms.
+
+  God's blest seal is on creation; signs and symbols throng the sky,
+  Though too dull to read their meaning droops the stolid human eye.
+
+  Over mountain, over valley throng the clouds to soothe the sight;
+  Through the dim walls of the city gleam they buoyant, fleeting, bright.
+
+  Gentle, dreadful, or fantastic--nearer, farther as we gaze;
+  Varied, spiritual, tender, forms and melts the surging haze.
+
+  'Heavenly secrets' breathe around us--lowly flowers on the sod,
+  Cloudland's curves and grading colors veil the Infinite of God.
+
+  The Infinite--we shudder! but wild longings through us steal
+  As we vainly strive to grasp It till our failing senses reel.
+
+  Ever longing, never grasping, though in tenderness It stoop
+  To shade the scented cups of flowers, to bend them as they droop.
+
+  For through infinite gradations pass the changeful hues of light,
+  That the infinite through color may send greetings to the sight.
+
+  Through ne'er-returning, endless curves, flowers, trees, clouds,
+      mountains pass,
+  That man may see the Infinite through nature's magic glass.
+
+  Oh, tender stooping! soothing! Infinite Love must be
+  The cause, aim, end, the burning heart of everything we see.
+
+  Earth may cover deep her dying, parted hearts chant weary dirge,
+  But we _feel death is but seeming_ in the Cloudland's evening surge.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _CIRRI._
+
+  Floating high above the mountains, in the fields of upper air,
+  Multitudinous throng the Cirri, ranged in order, heavenly fair.
+
+  Rank upon rank in glory lie the transverse, plumy bars;
+  Tranquil beauty rules the union which disorder never mars.
+
+  Perfect symmetry, obedience, mark their finely chiselled lines--
+  In the highest sphere of being flexile _grace_ with _law_ combines.
+
+  Now they break in fleecy ripples as innumerably they press;
+  Shines the blue of Heaven between them as they fly the Wind's caress.
+
+  Millions fleck the face of Heaven, but no two alike are ever:
+  Restless mirror of the Infinite, form seems exhausted never.
+
+  Are they lambs 'mid Heaven's blue pastures? are they swans with
+      downy breast
+  Floating through that azure ocean round the region of the Blest?
+
+  Are they snowy wings of Cherubs gathering round the Throne above,
+  As the vesper hymn of Heaven rises to the Eternal Love?
+
+  Gazing on their wavy ripples, they seem mingling with the sky,
+  Yet the heavenly little islets still innumerable lie.
+
+  How the fleecy cloudlets glitter as they sail so clear and high!
+  Is light curdling into snowflakes as it streams athwart the sky?
+
+  Freezing? No--warm and glowing, ambient, changeful, feathery, bright,
+  Rather seem the floating vapors melting into roseate light.
+
+  With the white flame in their bosoms, and the pure blue depths above,
+  When the sunset rays dart kisses, how they kindle into love!
+
+  See, with every shaft electric flash the bright hues deeper, higher,
+  Till the chaste and snowy cloudlets fleck the Blue of Heaven with fire.
+
+  How they flush and how they quiver! how the virgin drifts of snow
+  Drink the sunset's dying passion, catch his ardent parting glow!
+
+  Love weaves close in chords harmonic all the finely fretted dome,
+  Blue, white, purple, gold, and crimson, fringe, melt, ripple into foam.
+
+  Thus the angels drape God's footstool with soft vapor, wind, and sun:
+  Does His smile rest on the artists when their pleasant work is done?
+
+  Do they see Him bend the Heavens, riding swiftly on the clouds,
+  Heat His Heart, and Light the shadow which His inner Glory shrouds?
+
+  Seraphs, cherubs, thronging round Him, shall our hearts no raptures move?
+  Shall we prove dull links reluctant in the chain of endless love?
+
+  No. We feel the electric secret flashing through the Perfect Whole,
+  'Bliss eternal' telegraphing upon every faithful soul.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _CUMULI._
+
+  Leave we now the upper regions
+    With their wonders pure and high,
+  Gone the barred and fleecy Cirri--
+    Mountain Cumuli storm the sky.
+  High the calmness floats above us,
+    Tears and rain lie far below,
+  As we sail the middle Cloudland,
+    Where the vapors come and go.
+
+  Throbs a wilder pulse of passion,
+    Stronger individual life,
+  Rapid, energetic motion
+    Tells of elemental strife.
+  Nearer seem they to the human,
+    Rearing dizzy forms on high,
+  Than the order-loving Cirri
+    Barring the translucent sky.
+
+  Lovingly they crest our mountains,
+    Hovering o'er them all the day,
+  Copying all the soaring outlines
+    In artistic, skilful play;
+  Following close on the horizon,
+    Dip, break, gap, and lofty peak,
+  As to build Earth into Heaven
+    Would the haunting vapors seek.
+
+  Drifting swiftly through the azure,
+    Chase they shadows over Earth:
+  Flying footsteps, soft and silent,
+    Flit o'er grassy graves in mirth.
+  Shudder not--the bearded harvest
+    Quivers not, so light the tread:
+  Let it glide o'er moss and violet--
+    Would its touch could wake our dead!
+
+  Piling now, the tossing vapors,
+    With a wild exultant power,
+  Rise in turrets, towers, mountains,
+    Changing with the changing hour.
+  Glittering, gleaming, dazzling, snowy,
+    Heart-tossed shadows in them lie;
+  Broken, scattered, wind-torn, foamy,
+    Haunt they through Earth's panting sky.
+
+  Luminous jets of boiling vapor
+    Topple into sudden rifts,
+  Open into yawning chasms,
+    Break in tortured whirling drifts,
+  Panting, surging, rocking, reeling,
+    Cradling in their hearts the storm,
+  Spirit, power, passion flashing,
+    Lightning bares each secret form.
+
+  Banding now in groups colossal,
+    Piling o'er the mountain crest,
+  Sweeping down his rocky summit,
+    Crashing through his wooded breast,
+  Shattering fall his pines and larches,
+    Rain, hail, tumult onward swell,
+  Lightning scathes the shuddering forest,
+    Thunder frights the leafy dell.
+
+  Sunset fires the whirling vapors,
+    Now they sway and rock in light,
+  Toppling crests fling back the radiance,
+    Through the rifts it glitters bright,
+  Gloomy clouds are ruby kindling,
+    Rippling fringed with molten gold,
+  Rosy streams of color pouring,
+    Through the tempest's blackness rolled.
+
+  Surging weird in fitful beauty,
+    Every moment fraught with change,
+  Every break and mystic chasm
+    Opening up a Heaven-range:
+  Now the eastern peaks are kindling
+    Glow as though the Morning's heart
+  Throbbed against them, while the formless
+    Clouds to phantom being start.
+
+  Thus through storm-tost human bosoms
+    God oft sends His rays divine;
+  Passionate errors, when forgiven,
+    Lead us on to trust sublime.
+  God rays light through moral tempests,
+    Brings repentance out of crime;
+  'Much forgiven' ploughs the spirit,
+    Former faults as beacons shine.
+
+  Through our ruins Love is gleaming,
+    Rippling o'er in molten gold,
+  Rosy streams of life are pouring
+    Through our tempest's blackness rolled.
+  Glittering thus in growing beauty,
+    Every moment fraught with change,
+  Through each rift and shattered chasm
+    We may see the Heaven-range.
+
+  Thus the angels build the pictures
+    In the vext or tranquil skies,
+  Of our changeful human passions,
+    Stormful fall and heaven-won rise.
+  Thus they write in love and pity,
+    Radiant with their heaven-dyes,
+  Lessons for the lost, the erring,
+    Hope for weary, dying eyes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  _RAIN CLOUDS._
+
+  High float the Cirri,
+    Passionless, pure;
+  Wild pile the Cumuli,
+    Never secure;
+  Low sweep the Rain Clouds
+    Over the sky,
+  Glooming the sunshine,
+    Slow trailing by.
+
+  Mystical region
+    Typifies Earth--
+  Light in the bosom
+    Of darkness has birth;
+  Magical mingling
+    Of beauty and gloom,
+  Calm follows tempest
+    As Heaven the tomb.
+
+  Shrouding the distance,
+    Legions of mist
+  Glide down the river
+    Joining the list
+  Of the shadowy army
+    Hurrying on
+  Over wide waters
+    To welcome the sun.
+
+  Catching his gleaming,
+    Faster they run,
+  Roseate surging,
+    Roll into one;
+  Filling the valley,
+    Luminous haze,
+  Heavenward soaring,
+    Rocks as we gaze;
+
+  Lifting strange columns
+    Of light in the air,
+  Weaves golden sunshine
+    Fitful and fair
+  Through the cloud pillars
+    Thrown to the sky,
+  Like the Dream-ladder
+    Jacob slept by.
+
+  Trailing o'er treetops,
+    Shadowing graves,
+  Gloomily weeping
+    While the wind raves,
+  Blurring the landscape
+    Rain clouds press on,
+  Lowering on nature
+    With leaden-hued frown.
+
+  Sulphurous, lurid,
+    Thunder is near;
+  Sobbings and mutterings
+    Fill us with fear.
+  Palls with wild fringes
+    Stream on behind--
+  Death may be riding
+    The wings of the wind.
+
+  Jagged clouds hanging
+    Formless and black,
+  Hurtle the whirlwind
+    Fast o'er their track;
+  Fiery flashes
+    Scathe the green plain;
+  Cataracts falling
+    In torrents of rain.
+
+  Thunder and lightning
+    Crash through the sky;
+  Whirlwinds are carding
+    The clouds as they fly!
+  Nature is reeling,
+    Sin at our heart,
+  Heaven is angered--
+    Well may we start!
+
+  God throws His shadow
+    Into the gloom;
+  The raindrops have caught it,
+    And break into bloom!
+  His light on Earth's teardrops
+    Gems Bliss on her clouds,
+  His rainbow of color
+    Paints Hope on her shrouds.
+
+  Tender and lovely,
+    Luminous, fair,
+  Infinite Beauty
+    Is bending through air,
+  Breathing through color,
+    Through Order, through Form,
+  That infinite Love
+    Rules the heart of the storm.
+
+  Caught in soft meshes,
+    Fractions the light,
+  Gold, green, or ruby,
+    Tremblingly bright.
+  Through the torn chasms
+    Smiles the lost blue--
+  The wilder the drifting,
+    The deeper the hue.
+
+  Beauty above us,
+    Beauty around,
+  Clouds, stars gem the heavens,
+    Trees, flowers paint the ground.
+  Rapturous meaning
+    Illumines the whole:
+  God gives us Beauty,
+    For Love is His Soul!
+
+  High-floating Cirri,
+    Passionless, pure;
+  Wild-piling Cumuli,
+    Never secure;
+  Low-trailing Rain Clouds
+    With rainbow-lit pall--
+  Softly ye whisper
+    That Love ruleth all!
+
+
+
+
+SKETCHES OF AMERICAN LIFE AND SCENERY.
+
+II.--THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS.
+
+
+Who, in ascending the Hudson River, has not watched for the first
+glimpse of the Catskills, and followed with delight their gradual
+development of peak and clove, until, near Hudson, they stood fully
+revealed, flooded with sunshine, flecked with shadows, or crowned by
+storm-laden clouds?
+
+This region is noteworthy, not alone from its beauty and incalculable
+utility, but also from the associations clustering around it through the
+pen of poets and writers of romance, the brush of the artist, and the
+memories of thousands of tourists, who have found health and strength
+for both body and mind upon its craggy heights or beside its numberless
+wild and beautiful mountain torrents. It comprises the whole of Greene
+County, a portion of Delaware, and the neighboring borders of Ulster,
+Schoharie, and Albany. It truly deserves the appellation of 'many
+fountained,' giving rise to great rivers, such as the Delaware, and one
+of the main branches of the Susquehanna, and to manifold smaller
+watercourses, as the Schoharie, Catskill, and Esopus. Unlike the
+Highlands of Northern New Jersey and Southern New York, and the region
+of the Adirondacs, its lakes are few and very small. The best known are
+the twin lakes near the Mountain House, and Shue's Lake, not far from
+the summit of Overlook Mountain. These are all at a height,
+approximately, of two thousand feet above the river, and add greatly to
+the variety and interest of the landscape in their vicinity.
+
+Names among these hills are a commodity so scarce that their paucity
+presents a serious obstacle to intelligible description. Round Tops and
+High Peaks are innumerable. We hope, when Professor Guyot completes his
+cursory survey of heights, made eighteen months ago, he will strive to
+do as in North Carolina, and supply the deficiency. Nomenclature is a
+difficult matter, and requires a poet, a poetic man of science, or the
+imaginative intuitions of a primitive people.
+
+The main range of the Catskills finds its southerly corner in Overlook
+Mountain, not far from Woodstock, and about seven miles (more or less)
+west of the Hudson. One ridge extends northerly (a little east, parallel
+with the river) from twelve to fourteen miles, and then, at the North
+Mountain, making an obtuse angle, turns to the northwest, and passes
+through Windham into Schoharie County: the other ridge, starting from
+Overlook, runs in a westerly direction along the southern border of
+Greene County, and finally in Delaware sinks into broken hill ranges of
+less elevation. The space intermediate between these two main ridges is
+at first narrow, but gradually widens as they diverge from the starting
+point; its interior (northwesterly) slope is drained by the Schoharie (a
+branch of the Mohawk) and its tributaries, the East, the West, and
+Batavia Kills. Singular gaps or cloves intersect the range, affording
+easy communication with the lowlands bordering its base. Each clove has
+its own stream, and in the main ones on the river front are found the
+countless and beautiful waterfalls which constitute the chief
+characteristic of Catskill scenery. The more primitive rocks of the
+Highlands, the Adirondacs, and the White Mountains do not offer such
+numerous and picturesque sheets of falling water as the red sandstone of
+the Catskills.
+
+Starting from Overlook Mountain, whence the view is said to be
+magnificent, and proceeding northward, we first reach the Plattekill
+Clove, up whose steep and wooded cleft winds a wild road, chiefly used
+for quarrying purposes, and down whose abrupt declivity the Plattekill
+leaps from crag to crag in a series of fine falls and cascades. The
+quantity of water during the summer months, except after considerable
+rain, is small, but the rock formations are very interesting, reminding
+the traveller of wild passes in the Tyrol. This is perhaps the grandest
+of all the Catskill clefts, but human ingenuity has here afforded no aid
+to the sightseer, and strong heads and agile limbs are needed for the
+enjoyment of its hidden beauties.
+
+The mountain to the north of the Plattekill Clove has two crests, known
+as High Peak and Round Top. It was long thought to be the loftiest
+summit of the Catskills, but must now yield to the Windham High Peak or
+Black Head, 3,926 feet high, and perhaps to other elevations in the same
+range. Professor Guyot gives its height at 3,684 feet, and that of the
+Mountain House as 2,245 feet. This mountain has frequently been
+ascended, although there is no regular path leading to the summit, but
+the thick growth of wood on the top greatly hinders the satisfactoriness
+of the view. Between Round Top and the nearest mountain to the north
+lies the Kauterskill Clove, known pre�minently as _The Clove_, the home
+of artists and the theme of poets. Its springs are drained by the
+Kauterskill Creek, a branch of the Catskill, and it is one of the
+loveliest spots in America. The road through this clove is one of the
+main arteries to the back mountain country, and, from the summit of the
+clove, near Haines's sawmill, winds for about three miles to the base,
+by the side of streams offering fifteen fine falls and cascades in a
+distance of five miles, and between steep and wooded mountain slopes or
+rocky crags lifted high in air, now swelling out into the sunlight, and
+anon curving back into amphitheatres of shadow. The main Kauterskill
+flows from the twin lakes already mentioned, and just below the Laurel
+House falls over a precipice of 175 feet, which, with another dash of 80
+feet, makes the entire depth of the stream's first grand plunge into the
+wild ravine 255 feet. A short distance below is the Bastion Fall, and,
+immediately following, the Terrace Cascade, the united height of the two
+being certainly not less than 100 feet. These four fine falls are found
+in an easy walk of three quarters of a mile leading down the ravine from
+the Laurel House to the Clove road.
+
+The Little Kauterskill flows into the main stream at a short distance
+below the bridge where the Clove road first crosses that torrent. The
+ravine through which it flows is incomparably beautiful, with the grand
+plunge (Haines's Fall or Fawn's Leap) at the head, and the seven
+graceful cascades, all visible from one projecting table rock, soon
+after following. Below the above-mentioned bridge are the Dog Fall, the
+cascade at Moore's Bridge, and the Dog Hole, with its steep cliffs and
+foaming rapids. At the mouth of the Clove is Palensville, a little
+manufacturing village, where town-wearied denizens find fresh air and
+pleasant walks and drives during the summer months. To our taste,
+however, the summer climate at the various sojourning places, about two
+thousand feet above the sea level, is far preferable to that at the base
+of the mountain.
+
+Rising to the north of the Clove is the South Mountain, from whose
+beetling crags are obtained some of the finest views offered by the
+Catskills; then follows the Pine Orchard, where are the well-known
+Mountain House, the twin lakes, and the Laurel House at the head of the
+Kauterskill Falls; and finally, the North Mountain, which looks down
+upon a graceful spur to the east, Kiskatom Round Top, and then sweeps
+away to the northwest. Beyond the North Mountain is a considerable
+depression, down which passes an execrable road, leading from East
+Jewett, within the mountain range, to Cairo, at its foot. Finally, we
+reach Windham High Peak,[1] and the fine road crossing the mountains
+from Catskill to Delhi, and passing through Windham and Prattsville.
+
+On the southern side of the range, west of Overlook, are two wild and
+beautiful clefts, the one known as the Stony Clove, and the other as
+West Kill or Bushnell Clove. The first begins as a narrow gorge with
+lofty hemlock and moss-clad mountain sides, and gradually opens out, at
+Phoenicia, upon the hills of Ulster and Esopus Creek. It is watered by
+a trout stream, and its few but cosey farm cottages offer shelter
+sufficient for amateur fishermen and artists, bewitched by its fairy
+recesses and fine forest growth. In the narrow portion of this clove are
+ice caves, where ice may be found at all seasons of the year, and whence
+issue cooling winds appreciable in the warmest summer days.
+
+The West Kill, or Bushnell Clove, is said to be still finer and more
+alpine than the Stony Clove. The last-mentioned gap and that of the
+Plattekill join the main or Kauterskill Clove between Tannersville and
+Hunter, while the Bushnell Clove does not intersect the valley of the
+Schoharie until the West Kill flows into that stream near the charming
+village of Lexington, six miles south, a little west of Prattsville.
+
+These geographical details may seem uninteresting, but if the writer had
+possessed them eight years ago, when first making the near acquaintance
+of the Catskills, many a mystification might have been avoided, and many
+a pleasant excursion, now only known to the fancy, have been found
+practicable. One great attraction of the Catskills is, that the greater
+number of the spots chiefly interesting are within walking or driving
+distance from the chief points of sojourn. Visitors in general confine
+themselves to the Mountain House and its immediate vicinity, and hence
+see but little of the beauties hidden among the cliffs and ravines of
+the inner peaks. The view from the Mountain House plateau is extensive,
+but tame and monotonous in character; the horizon is not interesting,
+and the cloud scenery is far more impressive than that of the land
+beneath. The views from the very easily ascended North or South
+Mountains, where, in addition to the river valley, the eye embraces the
+lakes, the opening of the Clove, and the distant mountains toward
+Lexington, are far superior. Clum's Hill, a terraced eminence, visible
+from many points among the Catskills, and the Parker Mountain, east of
+Tannersville, both offer peculiar and interesting prospects; but the
+king of views is that obtained from the cliffs of the South Mountain
+overhanging the Clove. This vista has furnished sketches for two
+remarkable pictures painted by that rare artist and genuine son of
+Helios, S. R. Gifford. Looking toward the west is the rolling plateau of
+the Clove, with the far-away mountains beyond Hunter, the Parker and
+North Mountains, the openings to the Stony and Plattekill Cloves, Clum's
+Hill, and the silver thread of Haines's Fall. At the foot of the cliffs,
+more than a thousand feet below, lie Brockett's (classic ground for
+artists), the Clove road, Moore's Bridge, the Dog Fall, and the brawling
+Kauterskill. Directly opposite stands the wooded crest of Round Top. The
+entire mountain side is visible, and the cleft is so narrow that the
+trees can almost be counted as they rise one above another to a height
+of 2,500 feet above the roaring stream, which here receives two slender
+cascades that have threaded their way through the tangled forest. Toward
+the east, the river is visible, and the sloping mountain declivities
+frame a lovely picture of lowland country and far-away Connecticut or
+Massachusetts hills. The effects of light and shadow are such as we have
+never seen surpassed. This earth there seems made of gold or crimson
+lights, of gray seas of mist, or of every imaginable combination of
+beautiful hues.
+
+These cliffs are reached by a charming walk through a beech wood, and
+are distant about a mile from the Laurel House. A longer and still
+somewhat rough path was opened thither last summer from the Mountain
+House. But we should never end were we to characterize all the beautiful
+spots, the entrancing walks and drives to be found amid these cool and
+healthful slopes and plateaus. A difference of at least ten degrees is
+felt between the mountain resorts and the villages on the river bank,
+and the air is inexpressibly fresh and invigorating.
+
+These mountains have also a very interesting flora. The oak, beech,
+birch, chestnut, hickory, maple, ash, hemlock--pines, black, white, and
+yellow--spruces, fir, and balsam, are among the most widely spread
+trees; and of fruits, the blackberry, gooseberry, raspberry,
+whortleberry or blueberry, and strawberry, grow in profusion and of fine
+flavor. Violets, anemones, liverworts, the fairy bells of the Linnea
+Borealis, the fragrant stars of the Mitchella or partridge berry, the
+trailing arbutus, Houstonia, the laurel, honeysuckle, sarsaparilla,
+wintergreen, bottle gentian, white and blue, purple orchids, willow
+herb, golden rod, immortelles, asters in every variety, St. John's wort,
+wild turnip, Solomon's seals, wild lilies of the vale, fire lilies,
+Indian pipe, with other flowers, ground pines, and varieties of moss and
+ferns innumerable, border the winding woodpaths and secluded roads.
+There are many regions in America more grand than that of the Catskills,
+but none, we think, more easily and gratefully compensatory to a careful
+survey.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Within Gethsemane's Garden kneeling,
+    Bends the Lord His sacred head,
+  His soul, each human sorrow feeling,
+    Quivers with keen shafts, sin-sped,
+      Every human misery knows,
+      Bears the burden of our woes.
+
+  Perchance not men alone His sinking,
+    Bleeding heart to weep is fain,
+  But poor dumb creatures sees He drinking
+    Deep the bitter cup of pain,
+      Hears the wailing, anguished cry,
+      Hears but curse and blow reply!
+
+                                   L. D. P.
+
+
+
+
+THE ISSUES OF THE WAR.
+
+
+The life of the soldier is one of constant anxiety and suspense. He
+never knows with any certainty to-day what he shall have to do
+to-morrow. Upon seemingly the greatest calm may suddenly burst the most
+terrific storm. There is little incentive to thought, except of that
+practical kind which directs the activities of the soldier's perilous
+life. Here we are, thousands of us, an acting mass rather than an
+assemblage of thinking individuals. Indeed, it is not strictly military
+to think; implicit and unquestioning obedience is the law. When the
+order was finally given on Monday night (September 21st) for the whole
+army to fell back on Chattanooga, the writer remarked:
+
+'Well, if we shall not have to go any farther--if we can hold
+Chattanooga, we are not defeated;--it is even a victory, and we have won
+Chattanooga at the battle of Chickamauga.'
+
+'We want none of your speculations,' retorted our Prussian commander;
+'it is a soldier's business to obey, and not to think.'
+
+But, it is hardly natural for an American soldier to execute a movement
+without inquiring the wherefore. And if we are marched over mountains,
+and down the Lookout at Alpine Pass, within a few miles of Rome; and
+then marched back again, up the perilous steep, and northward to
+Stevens's Gap, and down again;--why, even common soldiers, without the
+evidence of brains which there is, or ought to be, in shoulder straps,
+inquire of each other for the strategic value there may be in all this
+marching and countermarching, and find it hard to believe that it was
+all provided for in the original programme.
+
+But in a still higher sense is the American soldier given to thinking.
+He is quite likely to have an opinion as to the origin and cause of the
+war--as to the issues involved therein, and the results which it is
+likely to bring about. There is, moreover, a multiplicity of views, and
+not the unanimity of dulness.
+
+The causes, the issues, the results of the war--momentous themes! and
+likely to be thoroughly canvassed by those whom they so vitally
+concern--the American citizen and our citizen soldiery.
+
+The causes, issues, and results of the war are so intimately related
+that we can scarcely think of one without also thinking of the others.
+The causes are more especially a thing of the past--they already belong
+to history: the results belong more particularly to the future; the
+issues pertain to the present. It is these with which we have more
+immediately to do, and which it behooves us, as intelligent actors in
+the great drama, to understand. We should not be indifferent to results,
+and we are not; but if there are real issues of right and wrong involved
+in the contest, and we are in the right, we may rest assured that the
+results of a successful prosecution of the war will be worthy of all our
+sacrifices, and honorable to us as a people and nation.
+
+In the midst of a beleaguered camp, with no notes of former reading, or
+books of reference, it is a poor place for the elaboration of one's
+ideas;--the writer, nevertheless, proposes to make a brief inquiry into
+the issues involved in this terrible war.
+
+The fact exists that there is a war between the North and South, brought
+about, as we believe, by unwarranted and aggressive acts of the Slave
+Power. This slave oligarchy of the South either had, or affected to
+have, a profound contempt for what they supposed was the want of spirit
+in the Northern people. It was a current swagger that we should barely
+furnish them with an opportunity to show their superior military
+prowess. 'This war shall be waged on Northern soil,' they said. Events
+have shown that they miscalculated; but the raids of Jackson, Lee,
+Morgan & Co. show how great their will has been to carry out their
+threats of invasion. When the rebel guns opened upon Sumter, there was
+no alternative left us but fight now, or soon. Had we hesitated and
+compromised then, the arrogant spirit of the insurgents would have been
+still further flattered and puffed up, and their contempt for the
+submissive North made genuine, whatever it may have been before. A
+compromise then would have made no lasting peace; the South would soon
+have become tired of being merely 'let alone;' her exactions and
+aggressions would have become more and more insolent and intolerable,
+till warlike resistance or ignoble submission and slavery would have
+been our only alternative. This war is, therefore, on our part and in
+one sense, a war in self-defence; and this may be regarded as one of its
+issues.
+
+Every loyal soldier is fighting for the security of our Northern homes;
+and the issue resolves itself into this: The resistance of invasion; the
+vindication of our manliness as a people; the protection of our own
+firesides--else be overrun, outraged, desolated, enslaved by the minions
+of a Southern oligarchy, which indulges the insane conceit that it is
+born to rule.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Unfortunately for our country, it embraces two distinct forms of
+society, of dissimilar, if not of antagonistic character. It is a
+heritage from our ancestors; but none the less an evil for its prestige
+from the sanctities of time; and we are now reaping its bitter fruits in
+the manifold and hideous forms of a great civil war. Taking human nature
+as it is, there appears to be no escape from this cruel ordeal. We of
+the North claim that we have transcended that type of society whose
+vital and informing element is chattel slavery. There is natural and
+irrepressible antagonism between the two forms of society; they cannot
+subsist in peace and good feeling by the side of each other, and still
+less under the same Government. Conflict was inevitable, and it came.
+
+At this stage of the war and of elucidation respecting its cause and
+origin, this may be only commonplace, yet necessary to fulness of
+statement.
+
+Slavery felt the necessity of efforts to save herself from impending
+ruin; she became taunting and aggressive in her manners and acts, and
+resorted at length to violence, reminding one of the oft-repeated
+proverb, 'Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad.' History has
+no readings for the comfort of slavery. There is a progress in human
+affairs, and the tide of that progress is against her. Threatening
+attitudes and impetuous dashes do not appear to come with salvation; and
+the promise--of glory for freedom, and doom for her--now is that, as a
+turbulent and rebellious power, she will be completely overthrown; a
+sudden and deserved judgment, the legitimate consequence of her own
+violence and desperation.
+
+This struggle between a progressive and triumphant civilization, on the
+one hand, and a crude, unprogressive, and waning one on the other--if
+civilization it can be called--is another of the issues of this war. It
+is but the ultimate, the closing catastrophe of the 'irrepressible
+conflict.'
+
+Involved in this feature of the war, there is much beside the naked
+issue of freedom and slavery.
+
+Slavery has no respect for the affections, as is evinced by the
+mercilessness with which she sunders every family tie. The refining
+culture of growth in civilization demands respect for the domestic
+loves, even of an inferior race. Where chattel slavery exists, labor is
+not held in honor, and just in proportion to the depth to which one
+class sinks by industrial oppression, does the other sink through
+enervating indolence and exhausting indulgence. Where there is chattel
+slavery, there cannot be free speech: the utterance of truth may indeed
+be incendiary, and the rickety, combustible institution standing out of
+its time, must needs protect itself. There must not be free education or
+free inquiry. It would never do to teach the slaves; and it is likewise
+the interest of this form of society to retain the lower strata of the
+nominally free population in ignorance equally dense and impenetrable. A
+cringing servility must be generated and maintained on the one side, and
+a haughty and exacting superciliousness on the other.
+
+All these may be regarded as constituting minor issues, which are
+dependent for their vitality on that which is greater; and when the fate
+of the issue between chattel slavery and its antagonist shall have been
+determined, there will be no further trouble with the collaterals. When
+the main trunk is torn up by the root, the branches will all die.
+
+But while the issue between slavery and freedom thus comprehends within
+itself a class of issues which are subordinate, may there not be a still
+greater issue which dwarfs that of slavery and freedom into a secondary,
+and comprehends within itself this and other issues of equal magnitude
+and importance?
+
+Our Government has never given out that its object in the prosecution of
+the war is the extinction of slavery. It claims to have adopted
+emancipation only as a war measure; the great purpose of the war being
+avowedly the recovery of Governmental possessions and the restoration of
+the Union. Many moralists, failing, as we believe, to see the real
+significance of the idea of political unity, have looked upon the
+proposed object of the Government as a low and unworthy one; but have,
+nevertheless, rejoiced that the hand of Providence is in the work, and
+overruling it to bring out of these meaner aims a great and noble
+result.
+
+It may be well to recollect in this connection that it is not always
+when great moral ends are the real aim and purpose of a movement that
+the greatest good has been accomplished. The greatest moral results have
+often followed when the movement proposed no moral end whatever; while
+efforts having a direct moral aim have resulted in signal failure, and
+sometimes in disaster even to the very end proposed. Well-meant efforts
+to save the heathen in a spiritual way have sometimes resulted in their
+physical destruction, through the stealthy obtrusion of the pests of
+civilization.
+
+It is by no means as yet a settled question that emancipation will
+enhance the happiness of our negro population, or that it may not be the
+beginning of a series of disasters to the race which will eventuate in
+its extinction on this continent. The settlement of the slave question
+may be the beginning of the negro question; and the end of one
+difficulty the beginning of another.
+
+It may be that sympathy for the negro is seeking to put in train a
+series of changes which would terribly revulse those same sympathies, if
+the end could be seen from the beginning. Yet these sympathies, even if
+mistaken in their direct object, may be working to a great and desirable
+end, which they do not as yet recognize. The Crusaders aimed at what
+they considered a good, but, failing in that, accomplished a real good
+of which they had no conception. They did not make themselves permanent
+masters of the Holy Land, but through their intercourse with each other
+and with the more cultivated people of the East, they nourished the
+germs of a forthcoming civilization in the West.
+
+In the natural history of the world we discover that certain tribes of
+sentient beings prey upon certain other tribes; and this seems, on a
+cursory view, to be very shocking to the finer sensibilities of our
+nature; yet it is an arrangement which results in a larger amount of
+sentient enjoyment than could otherwise obtain among these lower
+denizens of our inexplicable world. The most vigorous--that which
+embodies within itself the greatest and the most various elements of
+vitality and power--the most vigorous, I say, prevails; and if the negro
+race of our continent should begin to wane and finally go as the 'poor
+Indian' has done--a fate which I do not here predict for him--the field
+thus vacated will not be lost, but occupied at once, and in time to its
+fullest extent, by a race of greater capabilities for culture, progress,
+and enjoyment. The physical world has attained to its present advanced
+geological condition through much of violence and pain; the same is true
+in a moral sense of mankind at large; and there may be still quite a
+great deal of this same career to run.
+
+Sympathy of itself is blind, and may 'kill with kindness.' It has often
+done so. But it is a noble emotion: let it play its role, since, in the
+working out of destiny, 'the will may be taken for the deed,' and a good
+accomplished which was not intended or foreseen.
+
+Governments may not be greatly at fault for not proposing 'high moral
+aims.' We need only recall the names of Watt, Fulton, Stevenson, Morse,
+and others of that class, to perceive that great moral changes are
+brought about when no moral purpose is intended. It is not affirmed that
+these benefactors of mankind never thought of the moral consequences
+which their purely physical labors would produce, but only that the
+moral consequences were not the incentive to the mechanical achievement.
+The genius of invention had to work out its legitimate results through
+the innate force of its own peculiar constitution. The impetus was that
+of essential genius, not of moral calculation.
+
+The same thing is true of the cultivation of science for its own sake.
+The stargazer with his telescope, the chemist with crucible and retort,
+the physiologist with his chemical and optical aids, the purely
+scientific thinker--all who prosecute science for the love of it--have
+wrought out results which are breaking as light of the clear morning sun
+upon the history of nations, thus enabling us to avail ourselves of the
+past in order to comprehend the status of the present and the
+possibilities of the future.
+
+Great social and political results have thus been attained without
+consciously intending them, or seeing how they were to be brought about.
+Our Government, without professing great moral purposes, may yet
+accomplish more in that direction, and this, too, by the relentless and
+bloody hand of war, than has ever been the result of purely moral design
+by the most approved moral means, on the part of any combination of
+mankind. It may be a crisis in history, and the ushering in of a new
+era.
+
+Our Government proposes to recover lost possessions, and restore the
+integrity of the Union. Wherefore? Ours is the most beneficent
+Government upon the earth, blessing the most human beings, and it should
+be sustained. The whole nation has contributed to the acquisition of
+Southern territory, and it is not meet that the Northern people should
+surrender their interest in the same. The Mississippi River belongs as
+naturally to the great West as to the South, and it should be under the
+control of the same sovereign power, to be used for the good of one
+great people. There is no natural division line between the North and
+South, and it would be fatal to the future peace and prosperity of this
+continent to attempt to make one.
+
+These are some of the reasons ordinarily given for the prosecution of
+this war--for our great effort to re�stablish the Union. They are
+practical, readily comprehended, and to urge them is well--enough,
+really, for present practical purposes; but may there not be in the idea
+of political unity a meaning--a philosophical significance, if you
+please, which these practical and obvious considerations do not reveal?
+
+It is the confirmed conviction of the Northern people, with certain
+unnatural exceptions, that it is our true policy to maintain the
+integrity of the Union at any cost, however great; the people of the
+South evidently take a different view of it; the political thinkers of
+Europe appear to be divided in their sympathies between the North and
+South.
+
+An article appears in a British quarterly to prove that it is the fate
+of great empires to fall to pieces; and that China, Turkey, Russia, and
+the United States show signs of approaching dissolution. It is observed
+that French writers of authority in the Government have issued pamphlets
+to prove that the peace and stability of nations require the
+dismemberment of the United States. The 'fire eaters' of the South are
+not the only people who would like to see the United States in
+fragments. We have such even in the North; and in Europe, especially
+near the thrones, 'their name is legion.'
+
+The thinking world has not yet settled into the conviction that a great
+continental policy, preserving internal peace, and enduring for an
+indefinite period into the far-off future, is a possible thing. The fate
+of nations and empires, as revealed in history, is apparently against
+such an idea. Many empires have already appeared, risen to power, fallen
+into decay, and become dismembered, having run their course and
+disappeared. May it not be so with our own great confederacy of States?
+The authority against a great, practical, enduring political unity is
+respectable. May we not be fighting for an illusion? What guarantee have
+we in history, science, and common sense, that our Federal Union will
+not crumble as the empires of the past have done, and as the political
+prophets of Europe, casting the horoscope of nations in the shadows of
+their own political fragmentarism, have predicted for us? Even should
+the rebels South be chastised, and the Union restored for the present,
+have we solid reasons for believing in the permanency of our
+institutions? What is the warrant for our faith that American destiny
+comprehends the principle of American unity?
+
+People contract habits of thought in a great measure from the nature of
+the institutions which surround them. Europe could think nothing but
+feudalism at one time; she had no conception of religion outside the
+Church of Rome. The Turk thinks by the standard of political absolutism
+and the Moslem faith. The reflections of every people are cast in the
+national mould; it is so the world over, and has been so in all times.
+Europe, or at least a very influential portion thereof, thinks that the
+'balance of power' system will yet be inaugurated among the family of
+nations yet to spring up on this continent. Her people think balance of
+power, and the London _Times_ and like organs of the existing polity
+write balance of power for our edification, and for the future of
+America. They cannot conceive that there is any other way to get along
+for any considerable length of time. In like manner is it
+concluded--keeping up the old trains of thought--that if nations once
+fell into fragments when shaken, they will do just so again.
+
+Now, perhaps we have contracted habits of thought from the character of
+our country and her institutions, and are deceiving ourselves with hopes
+which have no real foundation. These, we believe, are considerations
+which have engaged the attention of every reflecting man; and it
+behooves us, as intelligent Americans and members of a young nation of
+hitherto unexampled prosperity and promise, to be able to give a reason
+for the faith that is in us.
+
+There are changes and crises in the course and destiny of political
+systems. The conditions of one period of time are different from the
+conditions of another period. Different conditions necessitate different
+political systems. Feudalism did not last always; European diplomacy is
+only three hundred years old. If Europe, out of her peculiar situation,
+originated the doctrine of balance of power, thus innovating upon the
+past, may not we, owing to the novelty of our situation, originate a
+continental system which will endure to the remotest periods of time, or
+so long as political systems shall have place on the earth?
+
+One empire may fall into fragments to-day; while another may not only
+not suffer dissolution, but really grow stronger, and appropriate, in a
+most legitimate manner, parts of the dismembered empire.
+
+We must allow, not only for the difference of conditions with reference
+to time, but, also, for the different situations at the same time of
+different political structures. To assume, because nations have been
+ground to atoms, or have fallen to pieces of their own weight, that
+therefore Russia and the United States are about to go in the same way,
+is a species of reasoning which is hardly warranted by scientific
+methods. It may be that the empire of Great Britain is itself doomed to
+dissolution at no very distant day; but it does not follow that the
+United States are, therefore, liable to the same fate, now or ever. So
+far from this, it is possible, if not highly probable, that as the
+remote provinces of the British empire shall fall away, the central
+political system of this continent may very naturally absorb at least
+one of the fragments, and thereby become stronger as a Government, and
+more potent for good to the people of an entire world.
+
+There are laws of dissolution, and laws of segregation and combination
+in the political as in the natural world. Great Britain may fall into
+fragments because her geographical and political conditions render her
+amenable to the laws of dissolution; while the United States may go on
+enlarging their boundaries and becoming more stable and powerful from
+the fact that their political status and local surroundings render them
+the legitimate subject of the laws of political growth and geographical
+enlargement. The British possessions are geographically too remote; they
+may not be united together by the necessary bonds of political union.
+The weakness of Great Britain may now be what the weakness of the
+Spanish empire once was. Her geography is against her. The day is
+gradually passing away when arbitrary power may hold distant regions in
+subjection to a central despotism; the day is at hand which demands that
+the bonds of union shall be natural and just, not arbitrary--bonds which
+forever assert their own inherent power to unite and grow stronger, not
+weaker, with the inevitable changes constantly being wrought out by the
+busy hand of time.
+
+Man's social and political life depends much on the physical conditions
+by which he is surrounded. We have only to instance a mountain and
+valley population. The former is isolated and out of the way, and the
+people simple, uncouth, and uncultivated--contented, it is true, but,
+nevertheless, enjoying but little of the abundance and variety in which
+people of culture luxuriate. The valley population have a city,
+villages, rich lands, trade, and commerce; they are wealthy, cultivated,
+and realize far more the legitimate fruition of our entire nature.
+
+Even missionaries, whose prejudices may be presumed to have been in
+favor of purely moral means, tell us that that heathen can only be
+permanently Christianized through changes in their physical conditions
+which commerce alone can bring about.
+
+Physical conditions affect the destiny of nations, and go far to
+determine the extent and character of political organizations. It makes
+a great difference whether a country has or has not the means of ready
+communication and transportation from one section to another. While the
+great body of Europe was comparatively uncultivated, with only the
+natural channels of commerce, and these unimproved, there could be
+little communication between the different sections of country; and
+Europe had no political or social unity. The people of the entire
+continent were in a fragmentary and disorganized mass, comparatively
+isolated, and independent of each other. The jurisdictions of the great
+barons and of the cities became at length united into kingdoms. The
+increase of commerce brought these kingdoms into relations with each
+other, and diplomacy grew out of national necessities. As the countries
+improved and the facilities and occasions for intercommunication and
+commerce increased, the principle of political unity must needs
+comprehend a wider range. At first, it took in only the component parts
+of kingdoms, and then the kingdoms in the form of great national leagues
+of more or less permanence. This form of political unity may be very
+imperfect, but it is nevertheless unity consummated in the best possible
+manner which the system of separate thrones would permit. Changes in the
+conditions and relations of peoples render changes in their political
+forms an absolute necessity. The facilities for education,
+intercommunication, travel, and commerce, are the great unitizers of
+peoples and nations.
+
+A great, overgrown empire, which has been built up by arbitrary power,
+may fall to pieces, because it is not bound together by the ligaments
+which an ubiquitous commerce affords. Another, because thus interlaced
+and woven together, cannot be sundered. The dependence of part on part
+and the facilities of transportation from one section to another, render
+such an empire a really vital organism, which cannot be divided without
+destroying the whole; but since nations, as individuals, are tenacious
+of life, the whole cannot be destroyed, and the empire cannot be
+divided. There is no place for division, and none can be made. This
+principle, we believe, applies to our own country.
+
+Lines for the transmission of intelligence, the highways of travel, the
+channels of intercommunication and commerce--these connect remote
+sections with each other, and, in connection with the specialization of
+industry, cause them to become mutually dependent, and thus form a web
+of unity knitting the many into one. The Mississippi River has been
+characterized by some one as a great original Unionist. It is so.
+
+The channels and highways of commerce are of two kinds: natural and
+artificial. The natural are the seas, lakes, rivers; and these only
+become the means of political union according to the extent of the use
+which is made of them. The improvement of harbors and of rivers, and the
+modern revolutions in the art of navigation, have greatly increased
+their power to make one section necessary to another, and bind people to
+people. Were not steam applied to locomotion, the great rivers of North
+America would afford far less of promise for American unity than they
+now do.
+
+Since whatever facilitates communication and transportation makes one
+class of people dependent on another, through the mutual exchange of
+social opportunity and of industrial productions, and binds them more
+firmly together; hence, also, the political and social values of the
+artificial channels of commercial intercourse. Wagon roads, canals,
+railroads, telegraphs, are all so many political unitizers; but the
+railroad, with its accompaniment, the telegraph, may be regarded as the
+chief of all.
+
+Let us notice for a moment the political value of our rivers, with the
+improved navigation of the same, and of our railroads, in the
+suppression of the existing rebellion.
+
+Had there been no navigable rivers and no railroads uniting the North
+and South, the chances for the local division of our country would be
+far greater than they are under existing circumstances. The South would
+have been comparatively isolated from the North, and our armies could
+not have reached her territory with the facility they now do. Prolonged
+for years, as the war must have been under such circumstances, the North
+would have grown weary of prosecuting it; the chances for intervention
+would have been greater, and the establishment of a Southern nation by
+no means an impossible thing.
+
+With facilities for penetrating the country, it may be easier to reduce
+a dozen rebel States than one quarter of the territory if held by
+uncivilized Indians. We were longer subjugating the Seminole Indians
+than we are likely to be in putting down the rebellion. The facilities
+of transportation in the one case, and their absence in the other, make
+part of the difference. Besides, these same facilities and their
+accompaniments render Southern society a really vital and sensitive
+thing, so that a wound in some vital part, as Vicksburg or Chattanooga,
+is felt to the remotest ends of Secessia. It will not require
+extermination of all the members; a few mere such wounds, and the
+rebellious creature will have to yield.
+
+The Tennessee River enabled us to drive the enemy out of Western
+Tennessee and Northern Mississippi and Alabama. By means of the
+Mississippi River we have cut away a considerable limb of the
+'confederacy,' and we believe it can never be restored. Nashville has
+become a depot of supplies for the army of the Cumberland, because of
+the Cumberland River and the railroad to the Ohio River.
+
+When we advanced from Murfreesboro', on the 24th of June last, the rains
+fell almost incessantly, and the roads became at length really
+impassable. We were at Tullahoma and beyond it, on short rations. Had
+there been no means of transportation other than the army wagon and the
+common road, it is doubtful whether, under the circumstances, General
+Rosecrans could have held his advanced position so easily won. When some
+of the teams could not draw empty wagons back to Murfreesboro', it is
+not likely that such means of transportation would have been sufficient
+for the subsistence of our army in and around Tullahoma. But in less
+than ten days the joyful whistle of the locomotive was heard, and the
+army was soon abundantly supplied.
+
+Take our present situation. Had there been no railroad from Nashville to
+the Tennessee River, the campaign of last fall could not have been
+undertaken with any prospect of success. But allow that it had been
+undertaken, and the result of the battle of Chickamauga what it was:
+could our army have terminated its retreat at Chattanooga, and held this
+important military position? By no means: it would have recrossed the
+mountains, a broken, discouraged, and almost demoralized host. The
+trains have run almost constantly from Nashville to Stevenson and
+Bridgeport, and the army has been on half rations for nearly two months.
+If wagons could not bring supplies fifty miles, much less one hundred
+and fifty. And now (November 15th) that the distance for teams has, for
+some days, been reduced to six or seven miles, we are still very short
+of supplies.
+
+Let the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad receive due credit for the
+part it has played in promoting the success of the campaign and 'saving
+the Army of the Cumberland.' Railroads and all other channels of
+commerce contribute most efficiently to the success of the great effort
+of our Government to restore the integrity of the Union: let them
+receive due credit, and be rightly remembered when the great conflict
+is ended.
+
+These facts may serve to suggest the value of the various commercial
+facilities as means of political unitization. A country without the
+means of travel and transportation may readily separate into independent
+fragments whenever any arbitrary institution, as that of slavery,
+develops antagonism between different geographical sections; and in that
+case the arbitrary institution would triumph, and civilization would be
+thrown backward. But in a country which speaks the same language, and is
+checkered all over by the pathways of commercial and social
+intercourse--since there is no place for division except by the rupture
+of innumerable ligaments--the integrity of its oneness will maintain
+itself; and if necessary to this end, the arbitrary institution, or
+cause of attempted rupture, whatever It may be, will be swept out of
+existence.
+
+The vindication of national unity is the great issue; the abasement of
+slavery a subordinate one.
+
+Here, then, may we perceive some reasons why our labor and sacrifice for
+the restoration of the Union are not given in vain; that we are not
+struggling to sustain a structure which will be liable at any time to
+pass into the history of the 'fall of empires.' We have the
+encouragement of new conditions--of conditions which give a warrant,
+wherever they obtain, for the permanence of political unity. Subdue the
+present rebellion, reinstate the Union, multiply the facilities for
+social intercourse and the mutual exchange of products, especially
+railroads, wherever there is sufficient promise of a need; and our
+country, thus knit together and united, has nothing to fear from the
+madness of local factions. Permeate the body politic in all its members
+by the nerves, veins, and arteries of a vital circulation, and it
+becomes an organized unity which is not susceptible of division into
+upper or lower, right or left, except by the destruction of the entire
+organism.
+
+But admitting that continental unity is to obtain some day, still the
+question as to whether now is or is not the time for it to assume a more
+distinct form, brings us by a rational necessity to a brief notice of
+the influence of European diplomacy and the contingency of foreign
+intervention.
+
+It is very clear that the 'balance of power' system of Europe, and the
+continental system which this war is waged on our part to sustain, are
+very unlike, if not antagonistic systems. The tone, all through the war,
+of a large portion of the British daily press, and of much of her
+weightier literature; the intrigues of Napoleon and the outspeaking of
+his minions, together with the measures which have been clandestinely
+taken by persons of power and influence to advance the interests of
+secession, show that there are influential classes in Western Europe,
+allied by interest to her fragmentary political organizations, who would
+gladly see the United States broken to pieces under the shock of
+rebellion. Their sympathies have been with the rebellion all through the
+war; and that they have not interfered more actively than they have, is
+not to be attributed to their sincere love for justice and neutrality,
+but to their own weakness--to the complicated nature of their own
+diplomacy, and its critical status just now, when there is danger of
+bursting volcanoes in their own midst.
+
+It is a law of history that any political system of some degree of
+prevalence seeks to extend itself; indeed, this is a law of all
+movement, whether physical, chemical, social, or political. There is a
+political leaven which permeates the whole mass, and brings it into the
+same condition. It resulted once in the general prevalence of feudalism;
+it afterward touched the cities of civilizing Europe, and they became
+independent, and leagued together for a common purpose. It operated
+again, and governments of organized and more orderly character came
+into existence all over what was once feudal Europe. The prevailing
+system, or that which is animated by the strongest and most active
+principle, necessitates whatever is unlike it to become of the same
+character with itself, even though it might seem like the surrender of
+the better for the worse. This is very aptly shown by the fact that
+under feudalism allodial titles were voluntarily surrendered for feudal
+ones. This system subordinated even the church.
+
+The question is legitimate: Have we nothing to fear from the leaven of
+political fragmentarism in Europe? Is there not vitality enough in the
+little-monarchy and balance-of-power system of Middle and Western Europe
+to extend its influence into this country, contributing effectually to
+the overthrow of American unity; and, by the operation of this political
+'induction,' making the political system of America like the political
+system of Europe? Or, has the time come for the more permanent
+inauguration of the policy of continental unity--a system of very
+different genius from that which prevails in the former centres of
+civilization? We believe that there are the most rational grounds for
+encouragement.
+
+Political fragmentarism is comparatively a primitive condition. Europe
+has bean growing out of it for hundreds of years. The grasp of political
+unity has gradually taken hold of the nations, and brought them
+organization and order out of isolation and anarchy. Even European
+diplomacy is an expression of the unitizing tendency, since it seeks to
+bind the nations together in leagues, making them as completely a unit
+as may be consistent with the pride and interests of separate and
+distinct sovereignties. Unitization is therefore in the line of
+political development; it has gained strength with the march of
+civilization and the growth of intelligence and freedom among the
+people. Our struggle, therefore, would seem to be a spontaneous uprising
+of the people for the security of a cardinal principle--a great torrent
+of human movement, surging forward with the stream of political
+development. History is, in its deepest heart, upon the side of unity,
+and ours is a sure faith that victory will crown our efforts.
+
+We are led further to hope that the time has come for unity, by the fact
+that the European system has not as yet felt itself strong enough to
+meddle in any direct manner in our affairs to the detriment of our
+cause.
+
+The fact that the political system of Europe is at present so completely
+busied with its own complications, together with the fact that our own
+country is so intersected by the natural and artificial channels of
+commerce and general intercourse, and by the interrelation and
+overlapping of interests, that there is no definite line for a fracture
+to be found, while, at the same time, our armies can readily penetrate
+into the enemy's country, and advance their base of supplies by means of
+the great thoroughfares of trade; these are sources of encouragement,
+and give us good reason to believe that the time has indeed come for the
+ushering in of a new political era by the successful vindication of
+American unity.
+
+We repeat, this is the great issue of the war. Slavery has only sprung
+upon us; and if slavery stands in the way of national unity and
+political harmony, unity and harmony can only be secured by
+subordinating the power of slavery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As to the importance and full significance of the principle of political
+unity, it is not proposed to enter into a detailed discussion here; the
+theme is too vast. A few suggestions must suffice in this connection.
+
+One of the consequences of the want of political unity is national
+dissensions and frequent wars, by which the resources of nations are
+drained, property destroyed, countries devastated, the arm of industry
+weakened, commerce crippled, and progress in the means of civilization
+generally retarded. Political unity would do away with national
+quarrels, so disastrous to human well-being; while the emulation of
+states and sections will furnish all the incentive that is necessary to
+urge a people on to honorable achievements.
+
+It does not promise well for the pacific character of unity, that we
+have a great civil war; but wherefore? An antiquated and misplaced
+institution--a relic of a more primitive and barbarous form of
+society--has led to the development of antagonism between two local
+divisions of our country. The war grew out of this antagonism: destroy
+the cause of sectional misunderstanding, and this cause of war will
+never more give us trouble.
+
+But a difficulty is suggested: Our people will never become alike, never
+a homogeneous people; the differences of country and climate will
+forever prevent this. Very good; we don't want sameness throughout the
+society of a great empire. This is a distinctly marked feature of
+primitive society. The more unlike as to industrial pursuits, the more
+variety in the tastes and wants of the people of different sections, the
+more dependent may these different sections become upon each other; and
+with facilities for intercourse, the more intimately do they become
+related. Unity develops itself through the specialization of parts and
+functions. This specializing process, as in the gradual formation of the
+vital organs in fetal development, is the very creation of unlikeness;
+and unity is the mutual dependence and necessary co�peration of these
+dissimilar organs. The more diversity the more complete the unity. It is
+antagonism--a very different thing--that does the mischief. It is not
+desirable that a people should be homogeneous; that would be a falling
+back into barbarous conditions. Unity demands that the people shall be
+heterogeneous and diversified, with heterogeneous and diversified
+occupations, tastes, and habits; and then, with proper facilities for
+mental intercommunication, travel, and transportation, they become a
+co�perative and coalescent people. It is coalescence we want, and not
+homogeneity.
+
+If such be the conditions of unity, then surely it is not to be feared,
+because New England manufactures, the Middle States mine, the Western
+States farm, and the Southern States plant, that, therefore, they must
+needs be under separate and distinct governments. This very
+dissimilarity of soil, climate, occupation, and production enables the
+sections to contribute to each other's welfare, and is a condition of
+their unity. The heart, liver, lungs, stomach, brain, and nerves cannot
+dispense with each other in the vital economy; it is the very dependence
+of one special part upon another through the channels of circulation,
+that renders the superior animal organism so completely a unit. It
+cannot be repeated too often that it is not sameness of function, but
+heterogeneity of function, that unity requires. Hence, through the
+specialization of industries--one kind of manufactures here, and another
+there; mining in one locality, and farming in another; the growing of a
+certain product in one section, and the growing of a different product
+in a different section--all these, together with, the increasing
+facilities for correspondence and transportation, are preparing society
+for larger, more complete, and inevitable unity.
+
+There need be no fear of confirmed hostility of feeling between the
+North and South when the war is over, should it end in the
+re�stablishment of the Union. Southern journalists say:
+
+     'If the North is successful in its mad scheme of conquest, we shall
+     look upon ourselves as a subjugated people, and there never can be
+     cordial union between the people of the two sections.'
+
+Nonsense. With the coming of peace, there will also come a very
+different spirit over the dream of the entire South. The great mass of
+her people have been cruelly duped, and not less cruelly coerced; and
+once the war is over, these people will become undeceived, and at once
+relieved from the gyves of a remorseless conscription. There will be a
+violent reaction in Southern sentiment, and a storm of indignation will
+be hurled against the instigators of rebellion for all the torture and
+agony and ruin they have brought to the millions of a once happy nation.
+The war for the Union will yet find an altar in every Southern home; it
+will become as truly appreciated there as here; the Southern people will
+one day glory as greatly in its magnificent results. There will be no
+longer a few thousand aristocrats, calling themselves 'the South,' and
+teaching hatred to freedom and progress. This class will be shorn of
+power and influence, as one of the consequences of the war; and being no
+longer competent for good or mischief, they may, indeed, nurse their
+gloom, and torture their lives to the bitter end with the wail, 'We are
+a subjugated people.' But it will be the wail of selfishness for the
+sceptre which has departed forever from their hands. There is nothing to
+fear from these. Very soon after the Government shall have vindicated
+its competence and extended its jurisdiction over the rebel States, will
+the most influential and active of their people range themselves on the
+side of the 'powers that be'--such is the charm of power, the magic of
+interest, the welcome of peace. All the antagonism generated and
+cherished by slavery will have totally disappeared; and the South will
+soon be on the side of all freedom. There will be cordial co�peration
+under free labor and free trade, between her people and our people; and
+though diversified as to occupations, habits, and tastes, they will
+constitute essentially one great political brotherhood.
+
+When slavery, the cause of the present unhappy strife, is extinguished,
+our country has little to fear, except, perhaps, from the Rocky
+Mountains, which interpose so formidable a barrier between the Atlantic
+and Pacific States of our great Federal Union. This mountain barrier and
+the great distance by water may one day afford an occasion for the
+encouragement of ambitious men to repeat the experiment of secession.
+The antidote to this possible evil is the reduction of the most
+formidable features of the barrier, and the shortening of the forbidding
+interval. Span the mountains and intervening valleys with railroads and
+lines of telegraph, and every wire and rail assumes the dignity of a
+social and political power in the bonds of an indissoluble unity.
+
+If there be so little to create apprehension for the future, may we not
+rationally hope that the diminution of war, if not its ultimate
+extinction, is one of the promises of political unity?
+
+Great, strong, noble men--those who are great and noble in all the
+elements of their nature--such are never pugilists, and never fight: it
+is those of distorted and defective development--those who have not
+completeness and integrality within themselves, that are turbulent and
+break the peace.
+
+Another value of comprehensive unity is that only in great co�perative
+combinations of mankind can the _individual man_ find the fullest
+expression for all the faculties of his nature. There is no unity
+proper--no organization--in savage society; and life there is very
+simple, with little variety of expression and little enjoyment. As man
+becomes cultivated his wants increase, and he becomes a more social
+being. His happiness becomes more and more dependent on others; hence
+arise societies and organizations of various kinds. The more cultivated
+any people and the more diversified their wants, the more various do
+their relations become, and the more extensive their combinations. This
+is given merely as a fact of history. The truly philosophic eye, we
+believe, cannot be long in discerning that these larger combinations
+and more comprehensive unities are only a necessary outgrowth of an
+improving civilization, and indispensable to the fullest measure of
+happiness; since in them only can the life of a cultured people find the
+means of its best expression. The growth of unity, as revealed in
+history, is not an arbitrary thing incident to a chance concurrence of
+causes, but naturally growing out of the needs of a steady progress in
+the education and freedom of the people.
+
+To say that it is through great social and political institutions that
+the individual finds the most ample means for the culture and
+satisfaction of the faculties and wants of his nature, is but another
+way of saying that it is through such institutions that he finds the
+widest range for individual liberty. A very little observation of
+history will show that as political unity has enlarged and political
+organization become more distinctly marked, the radii of individual
+freedom have at the same time swept a wider field.
+
+Despotism curtails enterprise, and prevents the specialization of parts
+and functions as the genuine condition of unity. The free play of
+intelligence and interest is necessary to develop the diversity upon
+which unity depends. Let the bare statement suffice. It must come to
+every careful observer and clear thinker with the authority of a
+self-evident proposition. Unity and individual freedom are necessary to
+each other; they act and react, and one implies the other. They go hand
+in hand; and national unity cannot be violated and broken, without, at
+the same time, necessitating despotism, and curtailing the individual in
+the exercise of his legitimate rights. Unity and liberty are mutually
+dependent and forever inseparable. Hence the inestimable value of unity,
+the leading issue of the war.
+
+The issues of the war might be symbolized by the picture of a great
+river; the smaller branches forming still larger ones, and these putting
+into the main stream--unity--itself, as it descends, widening into the
+great ocean of the future.
+
+These issues might, also, be exhibited in a kind of formula. The
+following is no doubt very imperfect, but it may be somewhat suggestive.
+The first includes the second, the second the third:
+
+    I.   Political unity _vs._ secession:
+
+       { A progressive civilization _vs._ a stagnant one;
+       { A republican form of government _vs._ an aristocratic one;
+   II. { Personal freedom _vs._ chattel slavery;
+       { General peace _vs._ diplomatic intrigue and war;
+       { An enlarged individual freedom _vs._ espionage, censure,
+       {  and restriction:
+
+       { Common schools and general intelligence _vs._ partial
+       {  culture and general ignorance;
+       { Free inquiry _vs._ conventional stultification;
+       { Free speech and a free press _vs._ the surveillance
+       {  of a mercenary police;
+       { The political equality of classes _vs._ the inequality of
+       {  ruling, servile, and disfranchised classes;
+       { Respect for the affections _vs._ disregard for ties of
+       {  home and family;
+       { Wages labor _vs._ compulsory labor;
+  III. { The dignity of labor _vs._ the opprobrium and servility
+       {  of labor;
+       { A healthy industrial activity _vs._ indolence and
+       {  crushing toil;
+       { The continual specialization of industry _vs._ industrial
+       {  sameness;
+       { Incentives to invention and improvement _vs._ mechanical
+       {  inactivity;
+       { A constantly renewed soil _vs._ an exhausted one;
+       { A great navy and flourishing commerce _vs._ general
+       {  commercial apathy;
+       { Great industrial prosperity _vs._ industrial
+       {  stagnation;
+       { Greater variety and versatility in life _vs._ a narrow
+       {  and bigoted uniformity.
+
+As I close the preparation of this article for the press (November
+26th), it becomes positively known that General Bragg is in full
+retreat. This is a great victory, and splendidly won. There has been no
+'straggling to the rear,' no faltering, no serious reverse; the entire
+three days' conflict, from first to last, has gone right on. A noble
+victory, and worthy of a noble cause! Soldiers from every great section
+of the Union--from every State almost--have stood by the side of each
+other in the perilous conflict. Many have fallen a sacrifice to their
+country's great cause, unity. Let homage and gratitude from the
+deep-stirred heart of the nation be theirs; may they long be remembered;
+and may those who survive, long live to enjoy the fruits of their
+victory!
+
+The South could ill afford to lose such a battle, here and now. Not long
+can she hold out in her unnatural struggle against destiny. The tide of
+a progressive civilization will roll over her, though for a time it must
+needs be crimsoned with the blood of martyrs.
+
+
+
+
+�NONE:
+
+A TALE OF SLAVE LIFE IN ROME.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+When, in the second year of Titus Vespasian, the Roman general Sergius
+Vanno returned from his armed expedition in the East, and asked for
+public honors, there were some in the senate who made objection. It was
+not fitting, they argued, that formal tokens of national commendation
+should be too readily bestowed. It had not been so in the time of their
+fathers. Long years of noble, self-sacrificing zeal and arduous service,
+crowned with conquests of supreme importance, had then been the only
+acknowledged title to the prize. It was scarcely proper that the same
+distinctions which had hitherto been awarded for the acquisition of the
+most valuable provinces should be granted for the annexation of a mere
+strip of worthless territory upon the extreme borders of the
+empire--wild, rugged, and inhospitable, and inhabited by nomadic tribes,
+who could only be brought under a nominal authority, and who would never
+prove otherwise than turbulent and unprofitable subjects. Nor was it a
+matter to be mentioned with especial laudation that Sergius Vanno had
+succeeded in repressing, with overwhelming force, a revolt in a few of
+the �gean islands. If exploits such as these were to be so liberally
+recompensed, what honors could there be left to bestow upon deeds of
+acknowledged brilliancy and importance?
+
+So, with cautious discrimination, spoke some of the senators; and so, in
+the secrecy of their hearts, most of them thought. But against all this
+were brought to bear, not only the influence which Sergius naturally
+commanded as a patrician of the highest rank, but also the far more
+powerful pressure of popular clamor. Sergius was a favorite with the
+people. His noble birth and lineage entitled him to their respect. He
+was of a rare type of manly beauty--was wealthy, and used his gold with
+liberality--gave abundant largesses to the poorer classes--was lavish in
+his expenditure upon the arts--did not disdain, at times, to descend
+from his natural station and associate with his inferiors, thereby
+pleasing the fancy of the masses for social equality--patronized poets
+and actors, who, in return, sang or spouted his praise, and thus still
+further added to his fame--and was noted for a bold, frank, out-spoken
+demeanor, which tended to conciliate all classes with him. These were
+virtues not always to be found combined in one person. Moreover, he was
+impulsively brave; and, though still young, was gifted with more than
+ordinary military genius, and had carried on his campaign with that
+rashly daring energy which, when rewarded with success, never fails to
+commend its possessor to popular adulation. In addition to all this,
+other considerations of a less personal character exerted their
+influence. Many months had elapsed since Rome had enjoyed any great
+civic festivity, and the people had begun to long for a new stimulant.
+The completion of the colossal Flavian amphitheatre had been delayed
+beyond public expectation; and though its speedy inauguration had been
+announced, there was serious doubt whether the lower and more turbulent
+orders of the populace, so long restrained, would possess themselves
+with sufficient patience to await the occasion with proper calmness. In
+fact, some outlet must be given to their excited appetite for novelty;
+and therefore, after much solemn consideration, the senate yielded to
+the public clamor, and voted an ovation.
+
+As a token of national appreciation, therefore, the honor thus bestowed
+upon Sergius Vanno was not one of the first order; nor were such
+pageants a novelty to the Roman people. Several times before, within the
+memory of that generation, victorious generals had entered the city with
+myrtle wreaths upon their brows, and had exhibited to applauding throngs
+the gathered wealth of conquered provinces. Nor had many years elapsed
+since the present emperor--then prince--crowned with the richer and more
+lavish glories of a triumph, had ridden through the Via Sacra, greeted
+with welcoming acclamations as the destroyer of the Jewish
+capital--displaying before him the spoils of the sacred temple, and
+bringing in his train such thousands upon thousands of captives, that it
+had seemed as though all Palestine was being emptied into Rome. Compared
+with such exploits, those of Sergius were of trifling importance. But it
+now entered little into the minds of the people to make these
+comparisons. Whatever had been done in past time by other commanders,
+was not worth considering at present. Whoever might have been renowned
+before, Sergius Vanno was the hero of to-day. To him should be all the
+honor which tens of thousands of ringing voices and applauding hands
+could lavish. And therefore, once more, as in the days of the past, the
+balconies of the palaces and villas lining the broad Sacra Via were
+gorgeous with rich gold and purple tapestries--the Forum glowed bright
+and resplendent with statues and decorated arches--altars smoked with
+sacrifice in front of columned temples--and the walls and slopes of the
+Palatine Hill were joyous with triumphal tokens, while, upon the summit,
+the house of the C�sars glittered with banners and brave devices, and
+such costly adornments as were best fitted to grace the festivity and do
+honor to the exploits of a much-esteemed subject.
+
+We know the scene. At first--in the full blaze of the noonday
+sun--standing silent and nearly deserted, except by a few workmen and
+artisans, who here and there lingered to complete the festive
+preparations, or by scattered parties of the pr�torian guard, who, in
+holiday armor, moved slowly to and fro, to watch that order was
+maintained. Later--when the shadows deepened, and the air grew
+cooler--the avenues and prominent positions along the established route
+of the ovation beginning to fill with that great concourse of varied
+nationalities and conditions which only the imperial city could display.
+In the open streets a disorderly rabble of slaves and bondmen--pouring
+in steady streams from their kennels behind the palaces and from the
+unhealthy purlieus of such quarters as had been spared from the
+architectural encroachments of the wealthy, and allowed to fester in
+their own neglected corruption. Gathered together in close fraternity,
+the Briton, the Goth, the African, and the Jew--each bearing his badge
+of life-long servitude, some even wearing marks of recent chastisement,
+but almost all awaiting the approaching spectacle with pleased and
+animated countenances, and in seeming forgetfulness that so many of
+their own number had graced former displays, and, by their degradation,
+had afforded amusement to other equally unsympathetic concourses. Among
+them, the lesser Romans--citizens in name, indeed, but, from their
+poverty and the overbearing exactions of the patricians, almost as much
+in slavery as those around them--disdainfully asserting their free
+birth, and in turn contemned by the slaves themselves, as men to whom
+liberty was but another title for slow starvation, and who would not
+dare to resent the vilest insults heaped upon them by noble-owned and
+protected menials--and now equally with the common herd obliged to
+submit to the strong argument of sword and lance, as, every little
+while, the soldiers along the line drove the whole writhing crowd,
+without distinction, into smaller and more confined compass. Here and
+there, knights and soldiers of high rank--riding up on horseback, and
+pushing through the struggling mass of slaves to the front, or more
+leisurely, but to equal purpose, waiting until their own menials had
+gone before, and, with mingled threats and blows, had cleared out a
+vacant space for them. Other crowds, standing in favorable positions
+upon housetops and upon hastily constructed stagings; and more
+especially upon the great amphitheatre, whose arches were blackened with
+clusters of spectators, and whose summit, in place of the last few
+layers of stone, so soon to be adjusted, had its deep human fringe. Upon
+palace balconies, patricians and noble ladies, displaying a dazzling
+array of gold and purple and rare jewelry, and attended by Ethiopian
+slaves, who, in glittering armlets, stood behind, holding feathered
+canopies to shield their mistresses from the sun. All this confusing
+concourse of wealth and poverty each moment increasing in breadth, and
+density, as every avenue emptied new swarms into the packed arena, until
+it seemed as though not only all Rome, but half the empire had gathered
+there.
+
+Later yet, the music of flutes and hautboys--which, for a time, had been
+only indistinctly heard--breaking upon the ear with a clearer sound, and
+the van of the procession suddenly emerging into full view from behind
+the Circus Maximus, and, accompanied by the ringing shout of thousands
+spreading abroad new and louder welcomes, beginning to file past with
+rapid steps. First in order, the magistrates in full official robes; the
+spoils of war; the white sheep dressed for the sacrifice, and the
+priests bearing the holy vessels of the altar; gay trappings, flaunting
+standards, and all that could most readily inspire the heart with
+elation and enthusiasm. After these, and guarded on either side by
+detached parties of troops, the captives, of barbaric and Grecian origin
+mostly, but here and there interspersed with men of other races--Jews,
+Syrians, and Huns--who, through contiguity of place or love of arms or
+self-interest, or a kindred hatred of the Roman rule, had been drawn
+into the battle--and who, having bravely stood their ground, striving
+for success, and with hearts well prepared for the consequences of
+failure, had been overtaken by the usual defeat, and dragged into utter
+and hopeless slavery. Among them, men of the Ethiopian race, also--who,
+having been slaves in Greece, had fought, not for principle or for
+freedom, but simply at their owners' bidding, and had thereby, upon
+being overcome, merely changed one class of masters for another--owners
+and slaves now knowing no difference in position, but standing involved
+in the same common fate. Some appearing defiant, others downcast and
+sullen, a few excited and curious, most of them walking with unfettered
+limbs, but here and there one heavily chained, betokening a fierce and
+unsubdued nature, upon which it was still necessary to put restraint.
+All marching or being dragged along at an equal pace; sometimes with an
+approximation to military exactness--at other points breaking into a
+confused mass, as women and children clung despairingly together and
+prevented the maintenance of any regular order. Around them, the
+spectators closely pressing, with morbid curiosity, discussing with loud
+approval the value of whatever of strength or beauty met their eyes, and
+occasionally greeting some undersized and misshapen victim with jeers of
+derision. And closing up the straggling line, more soldiers, marching in
+well-formed ranks, poising aloft myrtle-decked lances, and, while
+interchanging salutations with the eddying crowd, singing in measured
+cadence their songs of victory.
+
+And at last, as the sun sank yet lower toward the horizon, a yet
+brighter brilliancy investing the scene, as far down the line new shouts
+arose, and the struggling throng caught up the loud acclaim and carried
+it onward like a great wave, betokening the speedy approach of the most
+distinguished feature of the procession--the conqueror himself--hailed
+Imperator by his troops--with his most noble friends clustered about
+him, the myrtle wreath encircling his brow, and his earnest gaze fixed
+upon the Capitol, the honorable termination of his route.
+
+In every respect, indeed--except in the display of those few distinctive
+formalities required to mark, as with a legal stamp, the actual and
+comparative value of the honor--the same old familiar story, so often
+hitherto rehearsed upon that line of Sacra Via and of Forum: incense
+burning upon the altars, which had blazed for other heroes; garlands
+hanging from the arches which had graced past festivities; and surging
+crowds, heedful only of the present glory, and, with the customary
+popular fickleness, ready to forget it all as soon as the fleeting
+pageant should be over, now with indiscriminating zeal cheering the
+march of Sergius Vanno as frantically as in other days they had greeted
+the triumphal cars of C�sar and of Vespasian.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Gradually the sun approached and dipped below the blue line of extended
+plain which lay between the city and the sea; the long shadows of
+afternoon began to blend into the one deeper shade of evening; the
+groups of distant buildings became more and more indistinct; the arches
+of the Colosseum softly faded away, leaving but a broad mass of unbroken
+wall; upon the Palatine Hill the great house of the C�sars shone less
+and less gloriously as the sky darkened behind the pile of decorated
+roofs; here and there a light gleamed from some distant quarter; here
+and there stars began to glisten in the sky.
+
+Then the concourse of people, who had waited so long and patiently,
+began to break apart. The pageant was not yet entirely over, for fresh
+battalions of soldiers still marched past at rapid pace, tuning their
+steady tramp to the cadence of their songs of triumph. But the great
+feature of the occasion--the conqueror himself--had ridden by; and what
+yet remained was but a faint recapitulation of the glories which had
+gone before. Therefore the patricians retired from their balconies, the
+horsemen abandoned their stations and plunged down the many streets
+which led out from the Forum, and the crowd of slaves and menial
+citizens, already rendered so indistinct in the fading light as to
+resemble one writhing, struggling monster rather than separate beings,
+began to stretch out its long arms into the narrow lanes and byways, and
+so gradually to melt away.
+
+Withdrawing from the front balcony of the Vanno palace, where, shielded
+from the sun, she had sat and watched the procession pass by, �none, the
+young and fair wife of the conqueror, now sought rest and retirement in
+an inner apartment. Thither one of her women had preceded her, and had
+drawn forward a cushioned lounge, had beaten up the silken pillows, had
+placed a table near at hand, with a light repast spread upon it, had
+trimmed and filled with fresh olive oil the large bronze lamp which
+swung from the ceiling, and now stood by awaiting further orders.
+
+Throwing herself upon the lounge, �none covered her face with her hands.
+What unbidden thought was it that came creeping into her heart to
+trouble her? Why was it that something of the bright joyousness of
+spirit with which she looked forward to that day had vanished? Surely
+nothing had occurred which of itself could bring to her either sorrow or
+repining. All things had happened as she had anticipated. She had seen
+her honored lord pass by with the myrtle wreath upon his brow, his most
+worthy officers at his side, and his bravest guards around him. She had
+seen that he was strong and without wound, as he had departed from her.
+She had heard the shouts of applause which had welcomed his approach as
+though he were a god; and, with her heart generously and unselfishly
+alive only to his honor, and unable to realize that all this frantic joy
+and adulation were not the passion of the nation's life, but were merely
+one single, careless throb of its fevered pulse, she had rejoiced with
+him, believing that he had indeed done what had made him the greatest of
+all living men. And, better than all, amid this scene of triumph, he had
+not seemed unmindful of her, for he had looked up and waved to her a
+salute, which the responsive crowd had joined in and carried along with
+redoubled acclamations, and he had sent to her his most trusty slave
+with a loving message. What, then, could she ask more?
+
+Nothing that she could name, or that if she named, to others, would have
+seemed a reasonable desire. And yet at her heart there was a certain
+dim, indistinct foreboding of evil, which she could not entirely
+repress. Was it that, in his glance, as he rode by and beheld her
+awaiting him, there was less of longing love than of gratified pride? Or
+did that flush upon his bronzed face indicate too surely his enjoyment
+of this pageant for its own sake rather than for the pleasure which he
+might have supposed that she would derive from it? Was it from
+forgetfulness of her that, after he had ridden past, he did not again
+look back to wave one more recognition, but rather seemed to gaze
+eagerly forward to where the assembled senators stood ready to greet
+him? Or, on the contrary, were all these merely vague and empty
+imaginings arising from the exhaustion and wearisomeness of long,
+impatient waiting?
+
+At length, raising her head, she saw her attendant bondwoman standing at
+the distance of a few paces, with her hands crossed upon her breast. The
+steady tramp of marching troops outside had ceased, for the last
+battalion had passed; and now the only sound was the silver bubbling and
+plashing of a little fountain that adorned the courtyard upon which the
+window of the apartment looked out.
+
+'The pageant is over now,' said �none, 'and he will soon be here. Let me
+know as soon as my lord returns.'
+
+The woman bowed her head in silence; and then, feeling that nothing more
+was wanted of her, slowly turned to depart. As she did so, a new comer
+entered the room--a male slave of Gallic birth, who, by reason of his
+lofty stature as well as wonderful strength, had been promoted from the
+lowest order of servitude to become Sergius Vanno's armor bearer and
+chief attendant. In that capacity he had fought through the late
+campaign, and had now returned, bearing among his fellows his own share
+of honor for successful and daring exploits. He had been released from
+personal attendance only a few moments before, and was now carrying back
+his master's sword and buckler, to hang them up in their accustomed
+place, and himself subside into well-earned idleness. Being the first
+time, for many months, that he had seen his mistress, he muttered some
+rough ejaculations expressive of servile devotion, and then stood in
+lazy attitude awaiting her permission to speak further.
+
+'Your master, Drumo?'
+
+'Will not return to-night,' the man responded. 'The emperor demands his
+presence.'
+
+'And that will detain him--'
+
+'He knows not how long. But immediately after that there is to be a
+brave feast at the house of the poet Emilius, and it will doubtless be
+morning before they separate.'
+
+'He bade you tell me this?'
+
+The giant nodded.
+
+'It is well. That is all; you can go. You may both go, for I would be
+alone.'
+
+The armor bearer turned upon his heel and strode away, the sword and
+buckler, together with his own rougher trappings, rattling at his back
+as he passed down the hall; and behind him slowly crept away the
+bondwoman. And �none, once more leaning back upon the lounge, gave
+herself up to sombre reflection.
+
+It was of course no more than proper, she mused, that her lord should
+obey the behests of the emperor and wait upon him. Perhaps new honors
+would then be showered down; and, at the least, it was no light
+privilege to stand in the presence of the ruler of the world, and there
+give personal narration of his exploits. But when that interview was
+over, what need to join the revels of another household, instead of
+hurrying back to place his newly won garlands at her feet?
+
+She pondered upon the dubious reputation which attached to the house of
+the poet Emilius, and recalled the terrible stories which, from time to
+time, she had heard regarding it. What might be the realities of the
+scenes there enacted, none could truly tell, except the few most
+intimate frequenters of the place; but report gave no flattering
+description of them. Even among the Roman ladies with whom she was
+associated, and whose information was confined to such stray bits of
+gossip as they had picked up from slaves and menials, and who, standing
+in unconscious awe of her simple purity of heart, often forebore to
+speak with her as freely and unguardedly as with each other, she had
+occasionally heard such startling tales of the wild dissipations there
+enacted, as surpassed conception, and left her horrified senses no calm
+refuge except in unbelief. The gorgeous feasts, the night-long
+libations, the social intimacy with dancing girls and gladiators, the
+mockery of all that was pure and holy, the derisive insults to the gods
+themselves--these were practices which the public voice connected with
+the house of Emilius, not as occasional outbreaks of wild frivolity, but
+as the fixed habits of his daily life. And if these things were true,
+what claim of pride or policy could such a place advance to distract her
+lord from the allegiance due to his own home alone?
+
+But possibly these things might not be true. She reflected that the poet
+was wealthy; and as long as the world continues to be envious, riches
+will seldom fail to bring false report upon their possessor. He was a
+man of genius, also; and all such can scarcely fail to find rivals who
+will turn satirists and attack them in their homes and daily life.
+Certainly, it is not difficult for slander to magnify the genial
+gatherings of kindred spirits into scenes of wild debauchery. And it
+was also true, that if mere outside appearance is of any value as an
+index of what is hidden, the slight figure, the pale and almost girlish
+face, and the winning and courteous demeanor of the poet were far from
+indicating a man of low and debasing inclinations. Moreover, his
+writings as surely spoke the contrary; and as she thus reasoned, �none
+lifted from its case a vellum roll with which Emilius himself had
+presented her, containing many of his poems, exquisitely engrossed.
+These poems treated not upon the pleasures of wine and love--those
+fruitful and ever-varying subjects of the Horatian school. Instead of
+this, they pursued, in deep-sounding and majestically rolling dactyls,
+the less favorite and trodden track of Socrates and Plato, and
+discoursed upon temperance and honor--upon the satisfaction derived from
+a well-spent life, and the delights attending a peaceful death--upon the
+immateriality of the soul, and the reward bestowed by the gods upon
+those who have honored them by leading a virtuous career. As �none
+slowly turned over leaf after leaf of the parchment roll, she felt her
+heart perplexed within her. She could scarcely believe that none of
+those tales of reckless dissipation were true, for she remembered that
+some of them had reached her ear attended by evidence so circumstantial
+that it was impossible to reject them; but, if true, how account for
+these grand maxims of lofty morality? What object could their author
+have in thus uselessly playing the hypocrite, when amatory and
+bacchanalian choruses would not only have been more consonant with his
+own feelings, but doubtless more acceptable to the world? She had not
+yet learned what it often takes the wisest man a lifetime to
+discover--that every inconsistency of conduct is not hypocrisy, but that
+it is one of the most common idiosyncrasies of the mind to write and
+believe one thing, and as self-approvingly to feel and act the reverse.
+
+With a sigh she closed the volume, and restored it to its place within
+the case. Why ponder upon such things as these? The real character of
+the poet Emilius was, after all, a matter of but little consequence to
+her. Whether the meeting at his house was a wild, reckless orgy, or a
+mere intellectual gathering of literary genius, it was none the less
+certain that her lord was tarrying there, away from her side. But
+perhaps, indeed, even this was a duty which he owed to his fame and
+station; and her face brightened up with new hope as the suggestion
+flashed upon her. It might be that at this feast there would be present
+some poet of lofty epic powers, or historian of wondrous descriptive
+talent, ranking as the brightest star of Roman literature; and either of
+these, if properly conciliated, would doubtless celebrate her lord's
+exploits so grandly that in future ages his campaign would shine with
+far greater lustre than if simply committed to parchment in the dry
+detail of unadorned fact, and so filed away in the national archives. It
+was most fitting, therefore, that he should not permit his impatient
+love for her to allow him to neglect the opportunity of cultivating, by
+a wise and condescending courtesy, the world-renowned talents of these
+men, and thereby redoubling the resplendence of his own bright fame.
+
+Easily satisfying her mind with this pleasing reasoning, she retired for
+the night into the innermost apartment--a retreat adorned with every
+luxury which could gratify pride and administer to a cultivated taste.
+The floor was covered with tesselated marbles of different shades and
+arranged in ingenious and novel patterns. The ceiling was resplendent
+with allegorical frescoes by the most celebrated masters of the day.
+There were glowing paintings upon the walls, rich tapestries in the
+windows, embroidered hangings upon the bed. Beside the tables stood
+bronze figures holding forth lamps ready trimmed and lighted; fresh
+flowers had been placed in their allotted vases, and weighed down the
+air with perfume; and in a deep recess stood the bath ready filled, and
+scented with carefully plucked rose leaves floating upon the water. But
+all this display of magnificent luxury and elaborate taste, if regarded
+by her at all, now seemed to affect her with weariness rather than with
+pleasure.
+
+Why, as she lay down upon her couch, and prepared to yield herself up to
+pleasant slumber, did her thoughts wander back to the time when poverty
+instead of luxury had been her lot? Why did those olden memories of the
+past so strongly haunt her? They were, perhaps, never entirely absent
+from her heart; but now they thronged about her with a force that would
+not bear repression. Perhaps it was that the very magnificence and pomp
+of power of which she was now the centre, recalled the memory of the
+distant past, by virtue of strong contrast alone; perhaps that the
+unsatisfied longing and vague foreboding of her soul necessarily
+impressed upon her the consciousness that wealth and honor alone cannot
+give perfect happiness, and thereby naturally led her thoughts back to
+the time when she had found true content in poverty and loneliness.
+However that might be, now, as she closed her eyes and shut out the view
+of the costly adornments around her, more vividly than ever before were
+pictured before her mind the scenes of her childhood: her father's
+cottage on the outskirts of Ostia--the olive grove upon the slope
+behind--the roadside well, where the villagers would sometimes gather
+about some invalided soldier from the German army, and listen to his
+tales of the last campaign--and in front, the bay, sparkling in the
+bright glare of the sun and laden with the corn-freighted ships of
+Alexandria.
+
+And there, too, was the old wave-worn rock--the scene of her life's only
+romance--where, stealing out from her father's cabin at the evening
+hour, and seating herself so close to the waterline that the spray of
+the tideless sea would dash up and bathe her naked feet, she would wait
+in all innocence for the coming of the young sailor from Samos. How
+rapidly those hours used to pass! How pleadingly, on the last evening,
+he had knelt beside her, with his arm resting upon her knee, and there,
+gazing up into her face, had asked her for one long tress of hair! How
+foolish she had been to give it to him; and how earnestly he had vowed
+that he would come back some day, no longer poor and forlorn, but in his
+own two-masted vessel, with full banks of oars, manned by the slaves
+whom he would capture, and would then bear her away unto his own home!
+And how, like a silly girl, she had believed him, as though wandering
+sailor boys ever did come back to seek the loving hearts which had
+trusted them! And so the year had passed away, and, as she might well
+have known from the first, he had not returned. Nor was it to her
+regret; for but a little afterward the youthful patrician, already
+flushed with budding honors, had chanced to meet her; had loved her with
+a generous passion, lifting him above all sordid calculation about
+wealth or social differences, and had taught her in turn to bestow upon
+him an affection more true and absorbing than she had yet believed her
+heart was able to contain. And so her first romantic dream had ended, as
+all such childish dreams are apt to end. Let it go. Her heart had found
+its true bourne; she could well look back upon the past without regret,
+and smile at the youthful fancies connected with it.
+
+One prayer to the gods--a further special invocation to her favorite
+goddess, who, at the foot of the couch, stretched forth marble arms
+lovingly toward her--and then the silver tinkling of the little
+courtyard fountain lulled her softly to sleep.
+
+
+
+
+CARL FRIEDRICH NEUMANN, THE GERMAN HISTORIAN OF OUR COUNTRY.
+
+
+The first volume of a history of the United States by Carl Friedrich
+Neumann, of Berlin,[2] has just been announced as the first history of
+our country ever written originally in the German language. The
+appearance of such a work at this juncture in our national existence, is
+a noteworthy event, and the man who takes so unique an interest in our
+affairs should be introduced to our people. Having known him personally
+and intimately for many years, I shall attempt such sketch, making much
+of it anecdotal, for which purpose material is not wanting.
+
+Dr. Neumann, born near Bamberg, in the kingdom of Bavaria, of Jewish
+parents, is now about sixty-five years of age, was educated at
+Heidelberg, passed over to the Protestant church at Munich, afterward
+attended lectures at G�ttingen, and soon after became rector of the
+gymnasium at Speyer, but was dismissed from this place on account of the
+freedom with which he expressed himself on some religious topics in his
+historical teachings. He gave private lessons for a time in Munich, and
+then went to learn in a Benedictine monastery in Venice the Armenian
+language. This was in 1827. In 1829 he studied the Chinese language in
+Paris, went over to London, and sailed thence to visit India and China.
+He collected for himself about ten thousand volumes of Chinese works,
+embracing every department of the literature of this language, and
+bought for the Royal Library at Berlin two thousand four hundred
+volumes. Such collections had been till then unknown in Europe, and
+hence this was quite an event. Returning in 1831 from India, he made a
+present of all his Chinese books to the Royal Library at Munich, and was
+appointed conservator of this collection, and professor of Chinese and
+Armenian in the university of that capital.
+
+Of Dr. Neumann's attainments in Oriental literature I know only what
+fame says, nor does it concern us much in this sketch. I once, however,
+sat with him in a retiring room of the Munich Museum (a great reading
+room), when Baron Tautphoeus, whose accomplished wife is so well known
+in this country as authoress of the 'Initials' and 'Quits,' entered, and
+asked if we had seen the notice of Dr. Neumann in the last number of the
+London _Times_. The doctor had read it; I had not, but immediately did
+so. It made him the equal of the greatest orientalists of the past and
+present ages, comparing him particularly with Klaproth. The _Times_, it
+is true, had a motive for this notice, as always, both in its praises
+and its lampoons. It had found views of Dr. Neumann on British India
+which it desired to commend, but even in our view this would not cancel
+the eulogy. His authorship in connection with Chinese and Armenian
+philosophy and history is very considerable, and outside of this field
+he won, in 1847, a prize offered by the French Institute for the best
+work on the 'Historical Development of the Peoples of Southern Russia.'
+
+What was to be done in the university in Chinese and Armenian, he of
+course did; but his lectures took a much wider range, embracing general
+history and ethnography. His powers of elocution were of a high order,
+and crowds of students were drawn to his lecture room. That freedom of
+utterance which cost him the rectorship at Speyer, was like Dr. Watts's
+or Pope's instinct for making rhymes--it was his nature, and could not
+be whipped out of him; and it was equally natural that it should assume
+the form of wit and humor.
+
+There are not a few anecdotes in the popular mouth illustrating this
+trait. He seems to have had no great liking to that race of men called
+kings, and it is said that he once alluded to them, in a lecture, in the
+not very respectful remark that 'they were numbered, like the hacks in
+our streets.' The reader's apprehension of the point of another
+anecdote, in which Dr. Neumann appears in an attitude not very
+respectful to his own sovereign, Louis II of Bavaria, will depend upon
+his knowing something of the situation and history of the university
+buildings in Munich. The king, among the many things he did for the
+architectural adorning of the city, built a street to be called by his
+name. It is all outside of the old wall, and its outer end is closed by
+a triumphal arch. Next to this, and outside of the city as it _then_
+was, the king purchased ground, perhaps because it was cheap, and built
+the present university edifice. As much farther out of the then city
+proper lies the miserable little town of Schwabing. Professors and
+students disliked to be taken so far from their lodgings and their
+beerhouses, and the old university had been quite within the city. When
+the removal took place, Dr. Neumann sketched the history of the
+institution in a lecture, referring to its original establishment at
+Ingolstadt, its removal thence to Landschut, and thence to Munich, and
+then added, that _'his Majesty King Louis II had now been pleased to
+remove it to Schwabing_.' We can imagine the sensation which such a
+sally would produce among students already stirred up for its
+appreciation, by having to walk from a half mile to a mile from those
+depots of beer barrels from which so many of them sucked their sluggish
+life and inspiration. But such jokes were not treason, or contempt of
+majesty, or anything else against law.
+
+It should be added in this connection, for Dr. Neumann's benefit, that
+these stories, and many of the kind, are floating around, and are just
+like him, but I have never had any confirmation of them from him, and in
+all our intercourse, which was frequent and intimate for six years,
+while he spoke much and freely in favor of democratical and against
+monarchical institutions, I never found him indulging in coarse and
+clamorous denunciations of his king or Government.
+
+When the great revolutionary movement of 1848 broke upon the land, the
+sovereigns of Germany saw and accepted their condition. The popular mind
+was so penetrated by this unrest, and the revolutionary leaders were so
+substantial in character, that resistance was folly, and the monarchs
+yielded, waiting the time when some change would enable them to divide
+the revolutionists and turn them against each other. They allowed and
+even encouraged the formation at Frankfort of a provisional Parliament,
+called the Fore-Parliament, which looked toward a permanent central
+Government at that place for united Germany. Of this body Dr. Neumann
+was a member. It was a fine field for the display of his free and
+liberal instincts, and we cannot conceive of his passing through its
+debates without making large drafts upon his exhaustless fund of humor
+and sarcasm. It would be strange, indeed, if he could witness the dawn
+of that freedom which he loved without showing signs of exultation,
+accompanied with occasional taunts at the regime which was passing away
+and seemed already beyond recovery.
+
+But, although a regular Parliament followed--although a quasi emperor
+was elected in the person of the Archduke John of Austria, and
+his way, as he proceeded to Frankfort, was a perfect triumphal
+procession--although he selected his ministers, set them to work, and
+Parliament was progressing with its constitution, and this continued for
+almost a year, still, that which the shrewd ministers of some of the
+sovereigns had doubtless foreseen and waited for, came. Radicals outran
+their wiser and more rational brethren, and took up arms. They would
+demolish at once those sovereignties which would have died by the slow
+action of time, had the central Government been fully established and
+wisely administered. But this new Government rather deliberated than
+acted. That which more than all else arouses the German mind--the
+Schleswig-Holstein question, identified as it is with the great question
+of the unity of the Teutonic race--was not taken up by the Government at
+Frankfort, but by that at Berlin. In the mean time the several
+Governments of Bavaria, Prussia, and Austria had gained the mastery over
+their own domestic revolutions, so that they could act more freely.
+Austria called home its archduke and its members in the Frankfort
+Parliament, and finally the whole movement subsided into the old order
+of things.
+
+The various Governments were now in a position in which they could
+punish those disturbers of their peace who had endangered their very
+existence. Of these Dr. Neumann was one, and in 1852 he was notified
+that his lectures were no longer needed in the university of Munich. It
+was doubtless thought that he would make some slight formal concessions,
+and be permitted to continue his active duties, as others had done. But
+he felt too independent. He had means to live upon. His retiring pension
+could not be withheld. He could now, moreover, give his individual
+powers to authorship, without feeling hampered by the thought that he
+had a Government to please. He has persevered in this course,
+notwithstanding the express wish of the philosophical faculty for his
+return to active duty in the university.
+
+He had been occupied with a history of the British empire in India. To
+this he gave increased attention, and published it some years ago; but
+the Indian rebellion breaking out soon after its publication, he was led
+to sketch its history as an appendix. His investigations in the East
+brought him in contact with the peculiar history of the Japanese empire,
+and he threw off by the way a brief history of Japan, devoting a chapter
+to the results of the American expedition thither.
+
+It was while prosecuting his inquiries into the history of Eastern Asia,
+that he met with such evidences of the commercial enterprise of the
+United States, and obtained such views of the future of our country, as
+to conceive the thought of writing its history for the German people,
+commencing with the war of 1812, the point at which he considered our
+wonderful growth and expansion to have begun; and long before finishing
+his history of British India, he was collecting material for this work.
+He found, however, that he could not begin at the point he had chosen
+without striking upon roots and rudely severing them, which had struck
+deeply into the soil of all the earlier periods of our existence. His
+plan was therefore enlarged.
+
+The breaking out of the rebellion was a sad blow to him--it could not
+have been more so to an American. It was likely not only to spoil _our_
+country, but _his_ history of it. It either cut off or dimmed or
+confused that prospect of growth and expansion which had been stretched
+out interminably before him. He read the daily London _Times_--he had
+for years taken the New York _Herald_, and his reliance upon this sheet
+had been rather too implicit. Years before the breaking out of the
+rebellion, I had suggested this, and introduced to him the New York
+_Times_ and _Evening Post_, one of which he has taken ever since, not,
+however, without occasional intervals of sighing for his old companion
+the _Herald_, much as his ancestors, after having left Egypt, sighed
+for its leeks and onions. Although he coupled the _Herald_ and London
+_Times_--_par nobile fratrum_--as joint sharers of a favorite epithet of
+his--_great liars_--he still liked to read them.
+
+Dr. Neumann had been a Democrat in his politics--for he was familiar
+with our distinctions in this country--but since the outbreak of the
+rebellion he has scarcely known where to place himself. He had made the
+personal acquaintance of Buchanan, when that 'old public functionary'
+was our Minister in London, and felt, as was quite natural, a little
+vain of this acquaintance when Buchanan became the head of the
+Government of that unseen land of his most enthusiastic admiration. The
+man, however, was less than the country, and he could drop him; but he
+still desired to see him succeeded by a Democrat. We often had little
+spats, in which I took the ground that such had been the extravagant
+demands of the South, made through the platforms of that party, that
+with the strongest predilections for some of its men and its earlier
+antecedents, I should have felt bound to vote for both Fremont and
+Lincoln, if I had been in the country. He would generally end the matter
+by a pleasant and jocular dissent, calling himself a Democrat and me a
+Republican. But _after the rebellion_, his friends never knew what he
+was, except that he was for the Union and the putting down of the
+rebels. No American could have felt in deeper sympathy with our cause.
+In that land, where a thousand volunteers could not be raised to save a
+throne, how did his heart swell with just pride when the President
+called for seventy-five thousand, and afterward in succession for
+hundreds of thousands, and they came forth at the call! How depressed at
+instances of want of skill or decision in Government or generals! He
+nearly lost his patience with young men who were quietly pursuing their
+studies in Europe, when their country was in peril and its armies needed
+them; and he quite lost it when he met Americans who sympathized with
+the rebellion, or even seemed indifferent to their country's fortunes.
+
+There was an American lady in Munich, soon after the rebellion broke
+out, whose husband had died some years before, while holding a position
+in the army which entitled her to a pension, for which she had drawn
+while there. She had heard of Professor Neumann's love for our country
+and country people, but had no idea of the strictness of his
+discrimination between the parties--thought that he might feel much like
+the thousands of Germans who quietly ask us which side we are on--she
+may, too, have inferred something from his having a brother in Savannah,
+Georgia. She soon found her mistake; for he informed her, in terms of no
+doubtful import, that his sympathy did not embrace those of her class;
+and thus the result of the pleasant visit she had promised herself was
+little short of being turned out doors.
+
+About the 10th of December, 1861, we had at our house a little company
+of about thirty persons, and Dr. Neumann, with his wife and two
+daughters, was among them. An American gentleman, who had been known to
+his family and ours, had left for Russia two years before, and returned
+that very day, was one of the company, and we had not yet learned his
+views of secession. The first thing with Dr. Neumann and his daughters
+was to know how he stood on this question. They found him a rebel, and
+in giving him their minds in relation to this matter, one of the
+daughters expressed to him her wonder that I should allow him to enter
+my house as they would not allow him in theirs. The stir made in the
+company by this little brush at arms arrested the attention of all, and
+gave the Americans their first information as to where our quondam
+friend stood, as well as set them an example of zeal and enthusiasm in
+their own cause.
+
+I must close this notice with an incident which lies quite outside of
+Dr. Neumann's relations to America and Americans. On his retirement from
+his university labors, he withdrew mainly from the exciting scenes of
+public life. But in November, 1859, occurred the centennial anniversary
+of Schiller's birth. Of all the men connected with German popular
+literature, Schiller is most in the hearts of the people of Germany. The
+spirit of liberty shown in his 'William Tell'--his exile from his native
+Wirtemberg for the free expressions used in the first play he ever
+wrote--his high order of genius as a poet and historian--the subjects he
+chose, and the way he treated them, and, finally, his social and
+domestic character, have all combined to endear him to the whole people.
+This festival was everywhere observed, and with the highest enthusiasm;
+for although Governments were afraid of its effects, they were still
+more afraid to refuse permission to hold it. It lasted for several days,
+on one of which was a great public dinner, with several hundred in
+attendance, of which Dr. Neumann consented to be one. Champagne flowed
+freely, and although I did not taste this beverage, and know by
+experience little of its effects, it was easy to perceive that the
+animation could not all be accounted for by love to the memory even of
+Schiller. Poems were read, and speeches were made describing his
+character as poet, historian, or otherwise, according to the fancy of
+each speaker. I remember one from Bodenstedt, than whom few stand higher
+in the walks of polite literature, and one from Sybel, than whom no one
+in Germany ranks higher as a historian. Dr. Neumann, who, like an old
+parade horse long withrawn from the excitements of a parade, felt amid
+these scenes the spirit of former days stirred within him, rose to
+speak. We shall be prepared to appreciate the effect when we get an idea
+of the preternatural sensitiveness of those who composed the audience. A
+well-known poet, who may perhaps be called the poet-laureate of Bavaria,
+had read a poem on the occasion. It contained nothing to which any one
+could object, as we might infer from his position with the king, and yet
+I heard the poet himself say a few days afterward that the editors of a
+certain well-known journal, in publishing it, left out the stanzas
+containing the word _Freiheit_ (liberty), so fearful were they of not
+pitching their tune to a key that would suit royal and Government ears.
+A similar sensitiveness pervaded the whole body present--nearly all drew
+their bread and beer from the Government, and did not wish it stopped or
+diminished. This class had gotten up the meeting, and hoped to control
+it. When they saw Dr. Neumann rise, they felt that _there_ was a man
+_naturally_ fearless, and _now_ quite beyond that special sense of
+danger which made them cautious. Recollection passed over his seven
+years' silence, and called up the power with which he had harangued in
+other years. Nor was it so much what he said as the man who said it,
+which produced the effect, and yet there was much in the speech. He said
+that Schiller had been eulogized as a social and domestic man, poet, and
+historian; but nothing had been said of him as a _politician_, and he
+should speak of him in this character. The _rising_ of _such_ a man was
+an electric shock, suggestive of that which in 1848 made all Europe
+tremble from centre to circumference. The word _politician_ was a
+_second_ shock, drawing with it suggestively all the concomitants of
+that revolution, as yet so well remembered by all. And when he proceeded
+to compare Schiller with Goethe--the _former_ frankly addressing himself
+to his friend in correspondence on the great questions of their
+politics, and trying to draw him out, the _latter_, then a minister of
+state, cautiously and warily declining to expose his views--he but
+carried out the impression made in his rising and his announcement. It
+was the only properly stump speech--I use the phrase in the high sense
+in which it might be used of O'Connell or Clay--I ever heard in Germany.
+
+Such is the man who has undertaken to write our country's history for
+the Germans. Of his _work_ I have said nothing, for I have not seen it;
+I write this impromptu on seeing the newspaper announcement of the first
+volume. He will doubtless do much to set us right in the eyes of his own
+people, where, however, there is less need of this than in _another_
+land, whose people are more nearly related to us, where such service,
+however, is less likely to be done.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.
+
+_PART THREE._
+
+
+In the last preceding article on this subject in THE CONTINENTAL, we
+concluded by considering the consequences of an early victory of the
+North over the entire South, _followed by the restoration of the old
+Union upon precisely the old basis_. We showed that, in such an event,
+the war would have been barren of results even to the extent of removing
+its own cause, or preventing its almost immediate and more desperate
+renewal; that the question at issue is a question of paramount governing
+power between two adverse theories of social existence; between two
+distinct and conflicting civilizations; between two antagonistic and
+irreconcilable political and moral forces; and that it must be fought
+out to the complete subordination of the less advanced or more barbarous
+and backward-tending of those forces--unless the wheels of progress on
+this continent are to be reversed, and the watchword of despotism be
+substituted for that of freedom: not only that it must be fought out on
+the battle field, but that the fruits of the victory must not be blindly
+or foolishly surrendered after the obvious and external victory is won.
+
+We may say here, however, for the purpose of reserving the still more
+radical consideration of the nature of this conflict for some future
+day, that, adverse as these theories of social existence are--distinct
+and conflicting as are these two civilizations--antagonistic and
+irreconcilable as these contending political and moral forces now seem,
+and for present practical purposes must be taken to be--they are not
+_essentially_ irreconcilable. Slavery, bad as it is, represents a truth
+in the larger Compound Truth of an Integral Social Philosophy. A deeper
+understanding of the whole problem of human society, possessed by the
+leading personages, North and South, would have saved the necessity of
+this war--would at this day even, adjust it peaceably, harmoniously, and
+perfectly, and would render unnecessary the whole view of the subject
+which we are now taking. The world, however, is not yet quite prepared
+for the peaceable intervention of scientific and truly philosophic
+methods in the settlement of its disputes; and the knowledge of the
+existence, even, of such methods, is as yet too little diffused to make
+them in any sense available for the purposes of the hour. The point of
+view from which these papers are being written, is, indeed, as stated in
+the last preceding number, higher than that of the ordinary politician,
+the constitutional lawyer, or even that of common statesmanship and
+patriotic devotion. It is a point of view from which the interests of
+all mankind are taken into the account, and hence pertains, in a sense,
+to the domain of practical philosophy, or the universal aspect of
+politics; the politics of the globe and of all humanity, in all time.
+But it offers still a presentation of the subject toned down to the
+actual state of readiness in the world to hear reason, and to be
+influenced or governed by the suggestions contained in the writing. It
+is therefore an adaptation to an imperfect order of things, a mixed or
+concrete phase of political practical philosophy, which is the most that
+can now be aspired to. The point of view in question is therefore far
+lower than that of a final social philosophy having its basis in a
+perfect scientific theory, and working out from that basis into
+practical life. Perhaps, as will be again suggested in the course of
+this article, the events of this war may conduce to a readiness on this
+continent, or may create an earnest demand even, for higher solutions
+and the thorough treatment, by some competent mind, of all our Political
+and Sociatory problems. The day, however, for such a radical diagnosis
+and treatment of the disease of human society has not yet arrived.
+
+In the mean time we must content ourselves with partial remedies,
+alleviations, best temporary resorts, and even desperate expedients. It
+is from this stand-point that the writer of these articles now speaks;
+that, feeling deeply in his heart and recognizing clearly in his head
+the common brotherhood and the equal essential manhood of the
+inhabitants of the Southern and Northern States--sympathetically and
+socially drawn, even, to the Southern side, by many endearing
+associations and recollections; that, clearly appreciating the
+fratricidal nature of this war--its essential non-necessity, if men were
+wise enough to avail themselves of better known and feasible,
+methods--he still deliberately and forcibly insists, under the
+circumstances which are, that the North should not only fight out the
+war to the last word of determinate conquest, but that it should, with
+wise but merciless rigor, extinguish the cause of the war, and hold with
+unflinching hand every advantage it gains, until new institutions and
+new methods of thought shall have been securely planted on every inch of
+the soil of the South.
+
+Since, even, the last previous part of this series of papers was sent to
+the press, new and alarming indications have appeared in various
+quarters, of the drift in the public mind--North--in favor of an
+easy-going and conceding policy toward the South as the war draws to a
+close; a policy which would be nearly certain to lose to ourselves and
+to the world all the benefits of the war; to deprive the South, even, of
+those higher and ulterior benefits which would come to her also; to
+leave untouched the causes of the war, and to foster its early renewal
+with more than its former desperation.
+
+Not to mention the reiterated and urgent renewals of the subject of
+reconstruction in quarters where we are accustomed to look for a partial
+loyalty or a covert opposition to the war, articles like the following,
+from the New York _Times_, of November 19th, frequently appear in the
+undoubtedly loyal press:
+
+     'RECONSTRUCTION.--Since we have been at the trouble of
+     conquering the rebels in the State of Arkansas--since, after many
+     great victories, we have now complete military possession of the
+     State, and have armies posted on its eastern, western, and northern
+     lines, and at its capital in the centre--we think it would be worth
+     while in the Government to take steps to reorganize the civil
+     administration there, and inaugurate a system of policy such as was
+     adopted in Missouri two years ago, and which has proved so
+     successful in pacifying that State. The loyal element in Arkansas
+     is large, as is made evident by the action of the people wherever
+     our forces have penetrated, and by the enlistment of a good number
+     of its citizens in the armies of the Union. One of the Senators
+     from Arkansas, Senator Sebastian, whose term of office is as yet
+     unexpired, is, and always has been, we believe, a sound loyal man;
+     and Mr. Gantt, who was elected to Congress just before the outbreak
+     of the rebellion, has recently given proof of his repentance and
+     devotion to the Union in the remarkable address which we published
+     last week. We do not see why the process of reconstruction might
+     not be at once commenced in Arkansas, and why, before the close of
+     next session, the State might not have a full congressional
+     delegation in Washington.'
+
+Not a word is here said of the important question of Slavery. The
+proposition is pure and simple to readmit the rebellious State of
+Arkansas to the Union, upon precisely the same footing as that upon
+which we retained the allegiance of Missouri--to treat, in other words,
+loyal and rebellious States in the same way.
+
+In a subsequent article of the same able journal, one of the organs of
+the Republican party, this easy-going policy, the _laissez-faire_ of
+statesmanship, is expanded at large, and explicitly adopted and
+recommended. The appearance of such an article in such a quarter is such
+a remarkable index of the existence in the public mind of the delusions
+we are exposing, that we transfer it bodily to our columns, for the sake
+of commenting upon its positions. Calhoun's famous expression, 'masterly
+inactivity,' is significantly adopted as a caption:
+
+     'CIVIL POLICY TOWARD SLAVERY.--There is a class of men who
+     stick to the idea that something positive must be done by the
+     Federal Government to end slavery. Even the issue of the
+     Emancipation Proclamation, a military measure for military ends
+     solely, does not satisfy them. They want civil power exercised, and
+     would gladly have even a breaking down of State lines and a
+     reconstruction of the Government itself, as the only effectual
+     means of destroying the institution of their special abhorrence.
+
+     'Now we, too, claim a good hearty hatred of slavery. We are as
+     anxious as any to see it under the sod, beyond resurrection. But we
+     don't believe in making any superfluous sacrifice to get it there.
+     Seeing that it is dying, we are quite content to let it die
+     quietly, without any attempt to pull the house down about its ears
+     and our own ears. This seems to us to be a very absurd sort of
+     impatience--prompted by giddy passion rather than sober reason.
+
+     'But how do we know slavery is dying? We know it from the unanimous
+     testimony of all personal observers of its condition. There is not
+     a man within the Union lines South, however friendly he may be to
+     the institution, who pretends that there is any chance whatever of
+     its being saved, _if present causes continue_. Two things are
+     killing it.
+
+     '_The first is the wear and tear of the war. Military operations
+     always tend to disjoint and break up, within their scope, all the
+     relations of society. They inevitably remit, to a greater or less
+     extent, the social man to a state of nature. Inter arma leges
+     silent_. This is felt in every social connection, even the closest
+     and strongest; for they all are, more or less, dependent on civil
+     law. But it must be felt particularly in that connection, which of
+     all others is the most forced and arbitrary--the connection between
+     master and slave. Liberty is a natural instinct. The caged bird is
+     not surer to fly through the parted wires than the slave, in his
+     ordinary condition, from the broken chain--_and the chain must be
+     broken when the civil law, which alone gives it strength, passes
+     away_. There are men who complain of the anti-slavery war policy of
+     the President. A policy that was anything else would not be a war
+     policy at all. The war upon the rebellious slaveholding people of
+     necessity involves an interruption of their laws; and unless the
+     advancing army should make good this absence of civil rule by
+     applying its own military power to keeping watch and ward over the
+     slaves, and thus abandon its proper military business, the result
+     is inevitable _that the institution must melt away as the war goes
+     on_. Abraham Lincoln might be as much attached to slavery as
+     Jefferson Davis himself, and yet no human sagacity would enable him
+     to fight Jefferson Davis honestly and effectually without mortal
+     injury to slavery. _It is the war which kills slavery, and not the
+     man who leads the war_.
+
+     '_The other destroying agency in open discussion_. Slavery can live
+     only in silence. There is a deadly antagonism between itself and
+     free speech. Where the one exists the other cannot. The vitality of
+     the one rests in pure force, and force and reason never agree. It
+     always has been, and always will be, that force must either
+     suppress reason or reason will subvert force. One of the first acts
+     of the slavery propagandists in Kansas was to pass enactments
+     through their spurious Legislature, making it a felony, punishable
+     by imprisonment and hard labor, for any man to 'assert or maintain
+     by speaking or writing that persons have not the right to hold
+     slaves in this Territory.' It has been so in every Slave State, and
+     worse. _Not only have slave codes interdicted, in every one of
+     them, all adverse discussion of the institution, but a mob power
+     has always been at hand to take summary vengeance upon it with
+     Lynch law. These resorts were not a mere caprice; they were a
+     necessity_. Slavery being once accepted as the prime object, there
+     was no alternative but to protect it just in this manner. _But the
+     war has ended all that. There can be no mobs where the bayonet
+     governs; nor arbitrary local laws where general military law is
+     paramount. The discussion of slavery is as free now in New Orleans
+     as in New York_. It is no more within the province of the military
+     Governor, Shepley, to interfere with fair discussion there, than it
+     is within the rightful power of the civil Governor, Seymour, to
+     interfere with it here. _And in the Border States, where the civil
+     laws still prevail, hostility to the rebellion has excited such a
+     dissatisfaction with slavery as its cause, that by general consent
+     perfect freedom is allowed in arguing against the institution._ The
+     consequence of this freedom has been that Missouri has already
+     determined to abolish it; Maryland and Delaware have put declared
+     emancipationists in places of their highest trusts by unprecedented
+     majorities; and Kentucky is visibly casting about to see how she
+     can best rid herself of the curse.
+
+     '_We say, then, that even if the National Government had the right
+     to institute new civil measures against slavery, it would not be
+     necessary. The unavoidable military operations of the war, and the
+     free discussion which is sure to attend it, are enough of
+     themselves to break down the institution. The Government has simply
+     to stand quiet, and let these agencies work_.'
+
+The italics are our own, inserted for the sake of more easy reference.
+Not only is it unnecessary, according to this writer, to take any active
+and positive steps against Slavery at the South, but so soon as the
+rebel States wish to return within the Union, with all their old
+privileges and with Slavery surviving, they should be permitted to do
+so, and should be received with open arms. The Proclamation of
+Emancipation itself is thus quietly wiped out, and a policy sketched
+which, in the event of mere military defeat on their part, would, in the
+next place, be the most acceptable of all possible policies;--not to the
+loyal black men who are now struggling, fighting, and dying alongside of
+us, in the ranks; not to the small and feeble but growing anti-slavery
+party, which, in the presence of, and under the protection of our armies
+of the North, is just springing up and consolidating itself in the
+South;--but to Jefferson Davis himself, and to all the devoted and
+fanatical adherents of the slaveholding system in the South, and their
+'Copperhead' friends in the North. The _Times_ article concludes as
+follows:
+
+     'But we go farther, and say, that any other interference would not
+     only be superfluous, but positively mischievous. To insure that
+     slavery, when it dies, shall never rise again, you have got to
+     depend largely upon the disposition of the Southern people. That
+     disposition should not be needlessly embittered. It can't help
+     becoming so if, as some propose, their States are reduced to the
+     condition of mere territorial dependencies. Americans can never be
+     satisfied to be underlings. Whatever the fortunes of war
+     legitimately bring, they are sensible enough to submit to; but it
+     is not in their spirit to consent to any permanent degradation.
+     Undertake to deprive them permanently of their civil rights, and
+     you simply make them your permanent enemies. _Territorialize them
+     because you hate slavery, and the inevitable effect will be that
+     you will only make them love slavery the more, and hate you the
+     more. This could not always continue. State rights, sooner or
+     later, would have to be restored. We don't believe that three years
+     would elapse after the close of the war before the keeping those
+     States in a territorial condition would be abandoned as an
+     insufferable anomaly in our system of government. State rights once
+     restored, the people, maddened by the thrall that had been put upon
+     them, would be very likely to vindicate these rights by
+     rehabilitating slavery. Every incentive of high pride and every
+     impulse of low spite would combine to urge this; and the National
+     Government would have no legitimate way of preventing it_.
+
+     'It will never do to try to give slavery its lasting quietus by
+     mere arbitrary force. To secure this we have got to rely in no
+     small measure upon reason. We must never forget that just as Force
+     is the natural ally of Slavery, just so Reason is the natural ally
+     of Freedom. _When the South has been overcome in fair fight, we
+     must give its reason a fair chance to assert itself_. Military
+     authority over each reclaimed State should last until the majority
+     of the people have made up their mind to resume, in good faith,
+     their old relations to the Government, and have had a fair
+     opportunity to canvass how that resumption shall best be
+     inaugurated. Of course the machinery of the State Government cannot
+     be given over to traitors; _but whenever there is sound reason to
+     believe that a fair loyal majority of the State want it, let them
+     have it--and that, too, without imposing any conditions concerning
+     slavery. If this just and rational policy is faithfully carried
+     out, and no arbitrary issues are foisted in to impose a sense of
+     subordination, we have not a doubt that every Slave State will
+     follow the emancipating policy which the Border States, of their
+     own accord, have already entered upon with such decision. Even if
+     loyal duty don't prompt it, interest will. For slavery, after
+     having been crippled as it has been by the war, even if it could
+     live, would only be an encumbrance. But it can't live. It is
+     already half dead. Let the loyal men of the South finish it and
+     bury it in their own way_.'
+
+Compare, now, in the fair spirit of criticism, the beginning and the end
+of this unstatesman-like editorial. Slavery, we are emphatically told,
+is dying; first, because the presence of the war in its immediate
+vicinity is killing it; and, secondly, because free discussion, excited
+by the war and the presence of Northern influence incidental to the war,
+is killing it--_therefore let us hasten to withdraw the military power,
+and the causes of free discussion, where, for a century, it has been
+annihilated until now, and has only now begun to exist, and leave in
+full activity all the causes of reaction and the re�stablishment of the
+old STATUS. 'There is not the slightest chance, whatever,' says the
+writer, 'of slavery being saved_, IF PRESENT CAUSES CONTINUE.' Therefore
+_hasten to discontinue present causes, by all means, and surrender the
+field to the operation of the old causes. 'The chain'_ of the slave
+'_must be broken when the civil law, which alone gives it strength,
+passes away_.' Therefore hasten to restore the civil law to its old and
+tyrannical potency over the destiny of the slave. '_The institution must
+melt away as the war goes on_.' Therefore, hasten not merely to finish
+the active stage of the war, but _to surrender the power which victory
+will place in your hands to continue the same emancipating influences_;
+and to surrender it into the hands of men avowedly hostile to your
+policy, and who have been conquered fighting for their franchise to
+enslave.
+
+'_Not only_,' continues our editor, '_have slave codes interdicted, in
+every one of the Slave States, all adverse discussion of the
+institution, but a mob power has always been at hand to take summary
+vengeance upon it with Lynch law. These resorts were not a mere caprice;
+they were a necessity_.' Hasten, therefore, to re�stablish these engines
+of terrorism and the institution which inevitably demands their
+existence. Ignore and set aside the Proclamation of Emancipation; betray
+the auxiliary black man; throttle and destroy the incipient party of
+freedom in its birth; turn the Young South, just rising into existence
+as the friend of liberty and progress, over, stripped and unprotected,
+into the hands of the Old South, with its thongs, its thumbscrews, and
+its Lynch law; throw aside, the moment it is acquired, the power to
+civilize and regenerate the South--not because the war and the free
+discussion which accompany the war _have killed slavery_, but because
+they _are killing it_, and will be sure to kill it unless they are
+speedily withdrawn.
+
+'But the war,' we are told, 'has ended all that. _There can be no mobs
+where the bayonet governs; nor arbitrary local laws where general
+military law is paramount. The discussion of slavery is as free now in
+New Orleans as it is in New York.'_ _True: therefore_, hasten to restore
+the reign of mobs, or you will hurt the feelings of the men who make the
+mobs. Withdraw speedily 'the general military law,' and its 'paramount'
+control, expressly in order that the operation of 'the arbitrary local
+laws' may be resumed. Urge up the measures which will put an end to the
+state of affairs in which 'the discussion of slavery is as free in New
+Orleans as it is in New York.'
+
+_'And in the Border States, where the civil laws still prevail,
+hostility to the rebellion has excited such a dissatisfaction with
+slavery as its cause, that, by general consent, perfect freedom is
+allowed in arguing against the institution.'_ This is true while a
+United States force is in the vicinity to overawe traitors--while the
+friends of freedom feel confident that they have the strength of a
+nation at their back to aid them in resisting the local tyranny; hasten,
+therefore, to remove these supports, and leave them to struggle single
+handed and hopelessly against an inveterate and hoary despotism, which
+knows no law higher than its own will; and which has always been
+competent to crush out every rising aspiration toward freedom; until the
+accidental advantages of the war encouraged that timid utterance of true
+American sentiment in those quarters which is just now beginning feebly
+to make itself heard and felt. Hasten, therefore, to withdraw that
+support at the instant of time when the local friends of freedom have
+just been induced to declare themselves, and so to become the unshielded
+victims of slaveholding vindictiveness the instant the provisional
+security of the new party derived from abroad ceases to exist. What
+would 'the dissatisfaction with slavery' from 'hostility to the
+rebellion' have amounted to in Maryland, as a power, against the haughty
+and overbearing authority of the slaveholding Despotism, at the
+commencement of the war, without the intervention of General Butler; or
+that of Missouri, without that of General Fremont? What would that same
+dissatisfaction with Slavery amount to at this very day even, in those
+States, against the reflex wave of pro-slavery influence and power, if
+all influence from the armies and authority of the United States were
+completely withdrawn? Or, granting even that in those two Border States,
+the most advanced of all, the most under ordinary influences from the
+Free States, there is already inaugurated an Anti-slavery Movement which
+would retain energy enough to carry on the struggle without foreign
+aid--which even is extremely doubtful; the case would stand wholly
+otherwise in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, or Arkansas, where no
+well-constituted Party of Freedom has as yet achieved any successes, and
+where the slaveholding interest and desperation are ten times stronger
+than they are in the Border States.
+
+'_'We say, then,_ says the _Times_ writer, '_that even if the National
+Government had the right to institute new civil measures against
+slavery, it would not be necessary. The unavoidable military operations
+of the war, and the free discussion which is sure to attend it, are
+enough of themselves to break down the institution. The Government has
+simply to stand quiet and let those influences work._'
+
+All this, urged for the purposes for which it is here urged, is simply
+crying, Peace! peace! when there is no peace. If these influences, the
+presence of the war power and free discussion, be to continue, very
+good. Then, indeed, is there a chance, amounting almost to a certainty,
+that Slavery will have to succumb, and all of these considerations,
+urged as a reason why the war power should be retained for an adequate
+period over the Slave States, even after their nominal submission, and
+free discussion encouraged and protected by that power--which we
+understand to be the policy recommended by General Butler--are
+consequent, logical, and patriotic; but put forth as reasons why we
+should hasten to surrender the influence over the destiny of man which
+has been so providentially, and yet with such immense sacrifice, placed
+in our hands, they are practically hostile to the vital purposes of the
+war, however honest and simple minded may be the individuals who
+recommend them.
+
+Again: _'Territorialize them because you hate slavery, and the
+inevitable result will be that you will only make them love slavery the
+more,'_ etc.
+
+It is not our purpose to insist on the technical process of
+_territorializing_ the conquered rebel States. What we do insist on is
+that the military authority, which the nation has so laboriously
+asserted and acquired over them, shall not be withdrawn until the
+natural and necessary and appropriate consequences of the war shall have
+been attained; and that among these is the inauguration of Freedom
+instead of the reinstitution of that hideous anomaly of the nations,
+American Slavery. We insist that the rising, but as yet the feeble and
+timid Freedom Party of the South, including the blacks and a growing
+number of the poor whites, so fast as they become rightly informed, with
+a small number of enlightened, generous, and noble-minded men of the
+planter class, who sympathize with freedom, and are truly loyal in
+sympathy and soul to American principles and the American Government, be
+regarded and treated as the new and loyal South; and not a trumped-up
+party, which may arise any day, of as bitter traitors as ever lived, but
+who, seeing the hopelessness of their cause, which is, at bottom,
+Slavery, and nothing else, under the present issue of war, shall give in
+a hollow and pretended profession of loyalty, in order to secure, by
+other means, the same end. Does this truly loyal party at the South
+anywhere as yet wish the withdrawal of the protection of the General
+Government, and desire to be turned over to the tender mercies of their
+false and subtle enemy--which are unheard-of cruelties? Let the
+representation of the thousand loyal men from Middle Tennessee, recently
+made to the President of the United States, answer. On the contrary,
+there is nothing which those men so greatly dread--nothing which so
+checks their more rapid development as a party--as the fear that they
+may be so abandoned before their work is sufficiently advanced to secure
+its completion.
+
+The three years which the _Times_ writer concedes to the existence of an
+anomaly in our Government, may be amply enough to accomplish all that is
+required. So far from imbittering the feelings of the true friends of
+the Union in the South, assurance of the continuance of such a
+protection over them, even for that length of time, would infuse new
+confidence and new activity into all their movements. It is clearly the
+right of the policeman to judge when the mob is effectually suppressed,
+and as much his duty not to allow himself to be surprised and
+over-mastered by a pretended and hollow submission for the sake of
+seizing an advantage, as it is to inflict effectual blows of his cudgel
+while the row is in its more flagrant stages of development. The United
+States, having interfered by force to suppress a national riot, has a
+clear right, and a bounden duty, not to abandon the region of the
+disturbance until the _animus_ of rebellion is subdued as effectually as
+its open manifestation; and knowing that that _animus_ is identical
+with the spirit, purposes, and designs of the slaveholding class--a
+conspiracy, in fine, to overthrow the Government in that sole behalf--it
+is alike bound effectually to cripple or actually to exterminate that
+malign influence.
+
+Again says our writer under review: '_When the South has been overcome
+in fair fight, we must give its reason a chance to assert itself._' Very
+true, if the mode of doing so be not foolishly misunderstood. The error
+here is in speaking of the South as one, whereas from this time forward
+and for some years to come, there will be an Old South, rebellious at
+heart, malignant, defiant, cruel, and revengeful to the last
+degree--bold, accustomed to rule with unquestioned authority--and, when
+conquered, refusing to remain conquered, except as the grapple of the
+conqueror is still at its throat; and a New South, loyal, loving, and
+devoted to its deliverers, but timid, shrinking, and tentative of its
+powers--liberty-loving, and truly American in sentiment, but unused to
+the exercise of political supremacy, unorganized, and weak;--an old
+South, refusing every appeal to reason, and only thirsting for
+vengeance; and a new South, ready to reason and to be reasoned with, and
+looking gratefully to the National Government as its guide and protector
+in the unequal contest before it--more fearful to it than ever--at the
+close of the war. How, then, shall we 'give the reason of the South a
+chance to assert itself'? By withdrawing our support from our friends,
+and the friends of America, and of man, in the South, and turning them
+over, like sheep to the wolves, to their unreasoning and vindictive
+enemies; or by standing by them in the weakness of their first essay to
+depend on reason and justice in the place of force or fraud; by
+developing, in fine, the reason of the South, which has been for a
+century overridden and suppressed by the incubus of an organized
+despotism, from which there is now, for the first time, the chance of a
+redemption, if these _friends_ of Southern reason do not commit a
+blunder in their understanding of the case?
+
+'_Whenever_,' says the _Times_ writer, '_there is sound reason to
+believe that a sound loyal majority of the State want it
+(reconstruction), let them have it--and that, too, without imposing any
+conditions concerning slavery_.' That is to say, abandon the
+Proclamation of Emancipation, betray the colored man, who, trusting to
+our faith, is now enrolling himself in our armies; betray the timid
+friends of freedom, who, by our encouragement, have dared to proclaim
+their love of liberty, and subject themselves to inevitable banishment
+or extermination, unless the programme of a new free South be executed
+triumphantly and to the letter; furnish to the most malignant
+slaveholding faction an equal chance at the very least, on a hollow
+pretence of loyalty, to recover the ascendant and annihilate the new
+party of emancipation and a regenerated South; and all this to save the
+Southern malignants from being subjected to an unpleasant sense of
+'subordination;' to prevent imbittering their sentiments; as if it were
+possible to add bitterness to gall, or venom to the virus of the
+rattlesnake. The most imbittering and offensive thing that _can ever be
+done_ to those men _is done_ the moment you pronounce the words of
+freedom and human rights, in conjunction with each other, as if they
+were the same thing. That done, every other measure grows mild. To
+territorialize the whole South, and place a satrap over every parish and
+county of it--saying no word for freedom--would be a gentle and
+conciliating procedure compared with the most innocent utterance of a
+mere sentiment in behalf of emancipation and the elevation of the negro
+to the status of a man. Why, then, strain at a gnat when we have already
+swallowed a camel? If we mean anything by Emancipation Proclamations,
+the organization of negro troops, or even by our own inherent love of
+liberty, nothing after that need ever be handled gingerly with the
+South. Every recommendation to abstain from giving her offence is simply
+a recommendation to recede, not only from our whole war policy now so
+happily inaugurated, but to recede from every genuine and efficient
+sentiment the Northern people may entertain, or ever have entertained,
+in behalf of the distinctively American idea: the freedom and equality
+before the law of all men.
+
+_'If this just and rational policy is faithfully carried out,'_
+continues our editor, _'and no arbitrary issues are foisted in to impose
+a sense of subordination, we have not a doubt that every Slave State
+will follow the emancipating policy which the Border States, of their
+own accord, have already entered upon with such decision. Even if loyal
+duty don't prompt it, interest will; for slavery, after having been
+crippled, as it has been by the war, even if it could live, would only
+be an encumbrance. But it can't live. It is already half dead. Let the
+loyal men of the South finish it and bury it in their own way'._
+
+Now it is precisely this simple-minded and easy credence that everything
+will go right if it be at once handed over to the management of the men
+who may have been whipped in the battle field--this overweening
+confidence on the part of good men, and intelligent men, too, in the
+ordinary sense of intelligence, at the North, which is the most
+dangerous feature of the whole matter. We are just entering upon the
+real crisis of the war, when the war, by many, will be thought finished.
+It is exceedingly doubtful whether in any single Border State the
+Anti-slavery Movement has received as yet any such impetus or gained any
+such secure foothold that it could maintain the struggle for a six
+months, if the influence growing out of the presence of the war in their
+midst were withdrawn, and the political power were remanded in full to
+the local authorities; and, in respect to the States farther South, and
+wholly committed to the institution, it is certain that Slavery has
+hardly received what would prove a serious scratch upon its epidermis,
+if such changes were now to take place.
+
+Indeed, on the contrary, there was never a time when temptation to
+slaveholding was a third part what it is to-day, aside from the threat
+of danger hanging over it from the continuance of the war, and the
+supposed determination of the Northern conquerors to put an end to it.
+The vital principle of Slavery which overrides every other
+consideration, is the extra-profitable nature and state of slave-labor
+products. The writer has himself seen Slavery firmly seated in the
+saddle and unassailable in an exposed region of the South, with cotton
+at from eight to twelve cents on the pound, and the same institution
+trembling toward its downfall when cotton fell to four and a half and
+five cents on the plantation. What must then be its hold on the cupidity
+of Southern men when the condition of Slavery, by virtue of the same
+state of war which threatens its existence on the one hand, has caused
+the price of cotton to rule, on the other hand, from twenty-five to
+seventy-five cents a pound, and has affected, in a somewhat similar way,
+every other product of the sort! An immense premium is thus offered for
+the continuance of the institution, and the danger is not slight that
+our own Northern men, thrown into the South, would be seduced, in great
+numbers, by the temptation, into becoming themselves slavery
+propagandists, unless the exigencies of the war, the _esprit du corps_,
+and the solidarity of interests springing up between them and the negro
+soldiers, and the prompt and energetic activity of the Government in
+behalf of an emancipation policy were all to combine to prevent it. In
+talking of Slavery, its power, its weakness, or its prospects, men,
+unless they have been intimately mixed up with its workings, are apt to
+be reckoning without their host. Our own sentiment of justice in the
+matter, North, poor and feeble as it is in most of us, is immensely
+aided by the negative fact that our interests do not happen to be
+immediately involved adversely. Not one in ten thousand of Northern men
+or Europeans, thrown into the South previous to the war, ever withstood
+the infection of pro-slavery sentiment and action. Our soldiers do so
+now, only because they are in large bodies, because they are fighting
+the Southern men, and because they are becoming more and more identified
+with a distinct national policy in behalf of emancipation and the rights
+of man. Withdraw these causes, and the effects would be rapidly
+reversed. Northern officers and men could not be trusted to fraternize
+with the slave-holding aristocracy, previous to the time when the
+backbone of the institution of Slavery should have been effectually
+broken; not because they are bad men, but because they are men, and
+would act, under similar circumstances, as men--alike Northern,
+Southern, and European men--have acted in the years that are past. There
+is a far more reliable and trustworthy party of Southern anti-slavery
+men than are as yet their Northern allies; men who have suffered
+intensely from actual contact and struggle with the institution, and who
+have felt, in some measure, the steel of Slavery enter their own souls;
+but they are not numerous enough to stand without the aid of these same
+untrustworthy Northern auxiliaries, who already, at the first indication
+of incipient success for our arms, propose, like this writer, to remand
+them to the tender mercies of a Southern majority rule. It is the fear
+of this treachery which makes them so few as they are, and so weak. It
+is these men whom we wish to see sustained, recognized as the loyal and
+the new South, and aided in the work of reconstruction, when the
+somewhat distant period for it to be safe and wise shall have arrived.
+They are the men who will teach us wisdom, if we will follow their
+advice; and they, be assured of it, will not clamor for any early and
+thoughtless surrender of our present advantages, for fear of hurting the
+sensibilities of the South by imposing a sense of 'subordination.' With
+the agony of despair, such men would remonstrate against any such
+suicidal policy, and entreat the Government of the United States and the
+people of the North to stand by them in their great distress, through,
+until the end. While writing, the following newspaper paragraph attracts
+our attention, and is a fair expression of the truth we are seeking to
+inculcate:
+
+     'The Hon. Silas Casey, of Kentucky, brings news of the most intense
+     feeling, on the subject of holding slaves in the Border States,
+     among Union men. They contend that the restriction in the
+     President's Proclamation has made Kentucky and Tennessee a
+     'national slave pen,' where slaves, fleeing from the 'confederate'
+     States, are bought and sold by the thousand. He says the Unionists
+     to a man are in favor of immediate and sweeping emancipation of all
+     slaves within their borders--that there can be no protection for a
+     Unionist as long as aristocratic secessionists are allowed to hold
+     all their old slaves, and are protected in buying human beings,
+     once freed by the President's Proclamation. The last and most
+     important step to be taken by the Government, to insure Unionism in
+     the Border States, is to emancipate the slaves of disloyalists in
+     Kentucky and Tennessee. The military once removed from Kentucky,
+     and again would commence the barbarism of slavery. Defenders of the
+     Government would be murdered--freedom of speech be denied; the
+     expulsion of Northern ministers, and the tar-and-feathering of
+     Northern schoolmasters, for only preferring Union to secession,
+     freedom to slavery, would go on as freely as in the palmiest days
+     of the chivalry; Parson Brownlow would be driven from Knoxville,
+     his press and dwelling burned, Casey and Green and Adams exiled
+     forever, and the same old war would have to be fought over again,
+     with all its blood and horror, on Kentucky soil.'
+
+The following comments are equally true:
+
+     'Again we call the attention of thoughtful men to the current
+     phases of 'Border State' politics, and ask that they be deeply
+     considered. If we open a hundred 'conservative' journals in
+     succession, we shall find at least ninety of them asserting or
+     assuming that the revolted States are to be reconciled to the Union
+     by new concessions, new guarantees to slavery. But those States
+     themselves emphatically repel this assumption. Every man in
+     Delaware, in Maryland, in Tennessee, in Missouri, who is heartily
+     and thoroughly anti-rebel is also anti-slavery, and nearly every
+     one is for immediate, not gradual, emancipation. They were not
+     Republicans; not one in twenty of them voted for Lincoln; they make
+     no special pretensions to philanthropy; but they mean to live and
+     die in the Union, and they do not choose to have their throats cut
+     by rebels; so they desire that slavery should die, knowing by
+     practical experience, by personal observation, that slavery and the
+     rebellion are but two phases of the same thing--two names for one
+     reality.'
+
+Slavery, as things are, is neither 'crippled' nor 'half dead.' It is
+only a little sick, and threatened with being made more so, if the same
+effectual blows which have been dealt it are followed up hereafter with
+other blows still more effectual.
+
+We have reason to believe that the writer of the _Times_ article we have
+been reviewing, has passed some time with the Army of the Cumberland;
+that he has viewed the subject impartially from what he deems a large
+field of observation; and that he speaks honestly what he believes. But
+no observation even of that kind is sufficient to open the whole case.
+Let him be a Southern man, or a Northern man residing at the South, and
+committed to the emancipation policy; let him stay behind and see the
+banners of our army gradually retiring to the North, and the banished
+leaders of the rebellion and other slaveholding tyrants and harpies
+gathering in the wake and gradually surrounding him and his little band
+of patriots--reclaiming all their old authority and overawing and
+trampling down every incipient blade of the crop of freedom, which had
+been planted in the presence and under the shadow of our armies--and he
+will be better prepared to judge. From even the high authority of
+General Grant himself, on this subject, we dissent. Let him first
+grapple with a Southern slaveholding public sentiment, as a peaceable
+citizen holding adverse opinions, and without a victorious army at his
+back, and he will be better qualified to form and give a reliable
+opinion. He is represented as having said, in a private letter to the
+Hon. E. F. Washburn, of the date of August 13th, 1863, that the people
+of the North need not quarrel over the institution of Slavery; that what
+Vice-President Stevens acknowledges as the corner stone of the
+confederacy is already knocked out; that Slavery is already dead, and
+cannot be resurrected; that it would take a standing army to maintain
+Slavery in the South, if we were to make peace to-day guaranteeing to
+the South all their former constitutional privileges, etc. With profound
+respect for General Grant as a man and a soldier, we would still prefer
+the opinion, on this point, of any earnest member of the young and
+feeble anti-slavery party of the South, who resides a few miles away
+from the actual reach of the authority and influence of a Federal army.
+
+It is refreshing to know that to this opinion of the victorious general,
+of exceedingly doubtful value, upon the specific point in question, he
+adds these memorable and patriotic words:
+
+     'I never was an Abolitionist, not even what would be called
+     anti-slavery, but I try to judge fairly and honestly, and it became
+     patent to my mind early in the rebellion that the North and South
+     could never live at peace with each other except as one nation, and
+     that without slavery. As anxious as I am to see peace established,
+     I would not, therefore, be willing to see any settlement until this
+     question is forever settled.'
+
+Almost the only men in the nation who are really competent to judge when
+Slavery is really dead, in any region, are those Northern and Western
+anti-slavery men who have come into long and deadly collision with its
+spirit and power in Kansas and upon the western border of Missouri. Even
+Northern and Eastern Abolitionists, better versed perhaps in the theory
+of the subject, would prove very incompetent if matched in practical
+hostility with slaveholding opinion and might--slaveholding
+vindictiveness, cunning, treachery, and recklessness of every
+consideration, human or divine, but the gaining of their one end, the
+retention of their hold over the slave.
+
+It is again refreshing, in the midst of the open or covert defence and
+protection among us of the surviving remnant of Slavery at the South,
+granting for the moment that it is now reduced to that, and in the midst
+of such easy and over-credulous and mistaken assumptions of its
+complete, virtual destruction already, by undoubted friends of freedom,
+as in the case of the _Times_ editor, General Grant, and numerous
+others, to listen to such hearty utterances, in the keynote of the right
+policy, as were made by Secretary Chase in his recent speech at
+Cincinnati, and to be able to believe that they foreshadow the course of
+the Administration in this trying epoch of our country's history. We
+quote the following report:
+
+     'It was never intended to interfere with States that were loyal.
+     This Proclamation comes up as a great feature in this war. In my
+     judgment the Proclamation was the right thing in the right place,
+     and without it I am just as sure as I am of my own existence that
+     we could not have made the progress we have made. And I hold that
+     the man who denounces the Proclamation either speaks ignorantly,
+     speaks about that of which he knows little or nothing, or else he
+     really desires that the rebellion should succeed.
+
+     'There are two classes of States in the South; there is the class
+     of States that is affected by the Proclamation, and a class of
+     States that is not. With this last class of States, which is not
+     affected by the Proclamation, we have simply nothing to do, except
+     to bid God speed to the unconditional Union men of those States,
+     that they will do their own work in their own way and in their own
+     time, and all we have to do is to stand by them.
+
+     'But in the States which are affected by the Proclamation the case
+     is different. Either the Proclamation was a great, monstrous sham,
+     and an imposition in the face of the world, or else that
+     Proclamation was an effectual thing, and there are no slaves to-day
+     in the rebel States. They are all enfranchised by the Proclamation,
+     for what says it? All the slaves of these States are declared now
+     and forever free, and the executive power is pledged to the
+     maintenance of their freedom. If it were not so it would be a
+     national imposture, and I would no more be guilty of that piece of
+     infamy than I would steal into your house at night and rob your
+     pantry. But what have we to do with this Proclamation in the
+     rebellious Slave States? It is a very simple thing: _just simply
+     recognise the Union men who remain in those States_. Such men as
+     Mr. Flanders, and Mr. May, and a whole host of others, who were
+     known as slaveowners, are now satisfied that the Union men of the
+     South must see to it that slavery must never be permitted to be
+     re�stablished in those States. Take such a man as the Hon. Charles
+     Anderson. When he went home and stood up for the Union, what did
+     the slave aristocracy do for him? They drove him from the State,
+     and his wife and little ones were obliged to take shelter in the
+     bush. And so with multitudes of Union men in Texas at the present
+     day. But all of them wish to get back and establish a Free State in
+     Texas; because, they say, no other than a Free State can ever
+     protect them from the enemies of human freedom, and, I was going to
+     say, of human nature. Again, in Florida there were many who were
+     driven away who are now anxious to return. Is there a man here who
+     wants these noble, generous Union men of the South _to go back to
+     be trampled under foot by restored rebels_! Let them go back, but
+     let them go back under the �gis of the American Union, and the
+     protection of the Government pledged to them, and then they will
+     take care to settle this question of slavery. They will amend the
+     Constitution so as to put the slavery question where it ought to
+     be. When that is done, who is going to talk about the Proclamation?
+     You have here, my fellow citizens, an intelligent statement, as it
+     seems to me, of the manner in which this thing can be settled:
+     simply by standing by the unconditional Union men--who almost all
+     of them have embraced the doctrine of emancipation in the Border
+     States--and standing by the Union men in the rebellious States, and
+     letting them protect themselves against the institution of
+     slavery.'
+
+At this stage of the present writing, and having just transferred these
+manly, patriotic, and statesmanlike sentiments to our columns, hoping
+that they might foreshadow the fixed policy of the Administration, of
+which Mr. Chase is so able and distinguished a member, we are overtaken
+by more than a full fruition of the hope in the publication of the
+President's Message and Proclamation of Amnesty to the South, upon the
+sole condition of the perpetual maintenance of the Proclamation of
+Emancipation issued a year ago; in other words, upon the condition of
+the total and definitive extinction of Slavery in the South. The men of
+the South who are ready for this are to be recognized as the loyal
+citizens, the New South--precisely what ought to be done. The machinery
+of the old State Governments is to remain intact, but to be turned over
+to this regenerated Southern party for administration. The whole
+military and civil force of the Union is to retain its guardianship over
+the South, during the transition, and to remain pledged to the
+maintenance of the status of freedom united with loyalty, until, by the
+growth and stability of the new order of things, the conquered territory
+shall dispense with its continued intervention. The plan devised by the
+President is admirable, and symptoms already exist that, like so many
+other of his leading measures, it is destined to meet with unbounded
+acceptance and popularity, from even the most diverse and disharmonious
+quarters. Trusting, therefore, that the practical administration of the
+war is drifting into the right policy, based on the true theory of its
+causes and legitimate termination, we may leave these merely political
+and military questions, and revert, in conclusion, to the possible
+remaining eventualities of the war. These may be, for the time, (1.)
+Seemingly prosperous and fortunate, or, (2.) Seemingly accompanied with
+disaster, discouragement, and dismay--ulterior even to the eventual
+triumph of our arms over the open enemies of the existing order of
+things.
+
+Firstly, then, it may happen, that from this time out we shall be more
+and more decisively triumphant over the 'rump' of the rebellion still
+extant in the South; that the new policy of emancipation now so
+favorably inaugurated may work like a magical charm, and that among the
+happy and startling surprises to which we are daily becoming addicted,
+may be that of an unexpected readiness in the exhausted and repentant
+South to acquiesce in the new order of things; that our new financial
+scheme may develop germs of commercial prosperity more than adequate to
+compensate for all the strain upon our national energy and resources
+imposed by the war; that an immense and unparalleled expansion of
+national prosperity, hardly marred by the ripple of our financial
+encumbrances, may be in waiting for the future United States of America,
+and lie spread out in the immediate future before us; that untold wealth
+may be unearthed from our mines, marvellous discoveries and inventions
+made to increase our manufactures and means of locomotion, and new
+sources of learning and art and practical action be opened.
+
+Suppose even less brilliant and rapid results. Suppose that the war
+lingers; that numerous and desperate battles have yet to be fought, and
+some reverses to be endured; but that we continue to hold the heart of
+the South up to our present lines in Georgia and East Tennessee; that
+the new system of things is gradually established and becomes solidified
+within the States already possessed: even this state of things, if
+providentially enforced on us after our best exertions have been put
+forth to succeed, may, again, unexpectedly prove to have concealed under
+seeming failure a more fortunate termination of our herculean work.
+Perhaps there is even yet not enough national virtue among us to leaven
+the whole lump, and thus, by being delayed of our too greedy aspirations
+for success, we may only the more surely succeed. A halt at this period
+of the war was foreshadowed, it will be remembered by the reader, in the
+earlier portion of this series of papers, written more than two years
+ago. At any rate, if the remaining resistance of the rebel government
+should prove more obstinate and prolonged than is now generally
+anticipated, let there be no discouragement, and no serious
+disappointment. Remember again, in that event, that our supreme triumphs
+are moral and social, for which our military successes are merely a
+basis; and that moral and social changes demand time to be consolidated
+and secured. Immense changes are being rapidly effected in the public
+sentiment and the prospective action of the reconquered portions of the
+South; but such changes are not made in a day; and some retardation of
+the national aspiration for a speedy termination of the war may prove
+our providential security against evils which, our own precipitancy
+might possibly otherwise incur. The retention of our present hold, the
+gradual but slow progress to a complete final conquest, and the steady
+assimilation of the reintegrated portions of the South with our Northern
+and the truly American character and sentiment, would still, therefore,
+deserve to be reckoned upon the side of seeming or obvious success.
+
+But on the other hand, let us consider, for a moment, the other
+alternative--that of apparent disaster, incurred from the war, not so
+much in the light of overwhelming military defeats, which need hardly
+now to be seriously apprehended, as from financial exhaustion and other
+secondary causes introduced into the working of our national and social
+life through the operation and influence of the war. Mr. Cobden,
+undoubtedly a friend of our nation, and a shrewd observer of the world's
+affairs on the basis of experience, or a knowledge of the past, warns us
+to look forward to a period of almost utter prostration after the war
+shall have terminated, and to a train of serious consequences from the
+terrific strain put by it upon our energies and resources. Forebodings
+of a similar kind haunt the imaginations of many of our own citizens.
+The history of past wars and their results justify the anticipation.
+Perchance all this may prove an unnecessary fear. It may happen that the
+almost boundless recuperative energies of this young American
+civilization of ours may be destined to astonish our enemies, our
+friends, and ourselves, as much as the extent of our resources for
+action have already done--that the strain put upon us, instead of
+enfeebling us in the least, has been merely a healthy exercise for the
+growing muscles and thews of a young giant just now ripening into a
+first manhood, and never heretofore called upon for any adequate
+exertion to display his strength. We once heard an enthusiastic and
+progressive orator, referring to the marvels of modern development,
+utter, with a sublime and audacious eloquence, the startling assertion
+that '_Experience is a fool._' There is a sense, no doubt, in which the
+sentiment is true. Neither the growth, nor the inherent power, nor the
+elasticity of the rebound from seeming exhaustion, nor the immense
+acceleration of the rapidity of the future career of the American
+people, is to be safely measured by a reference to what has occurred
+with former nationalities, in other and different times. Our experience
+of the future, whatever it may be, will be, no doubt, essentially
+different from any of the past.
+
+But assume, on the contrary, that the prediction is essentially well
+founded; that we have before us, in the immediate future, a period of
+extreme exhaustion, depression, and even of temporary discouragement in
+the public mind. All this need not, to the philosophic mind, cause the
+slightest apprehension of permanent evil results--of any serious check
+even, to our inevitable destiny, as the heirs of unbounded prosperity
+and the leaders of the vanguard of the progress of the world. A halt, in
+this sense, in the rapidity of our career, would be only the necessary
+price of our immense and invaluable achievement, the elimination of
+chattel slavery from the constitution of our social and political life.
+We have still other and great social evils remaining behind. The
+scientific and harmonious adjustment of the relations of capital to
+labor, of the employers to the employed, in the constitution of our free
+competitive society as it will still remain after Slavery is dead, is
+the next great practical question which will force itself upon our
+attention, and insist upon being definitively settled, before we can
+enter upon that ulterior triumphant national development which is
+reserved, in the decrees of destiny, for us as a people. This problem,
+seemingly so difficult, will be found unexpectedly easy of solution, so
+soon as the thinking and practical mind of the people is seriously
+called to its consideration. It is worthy of observation, that periods
+of great pecuniary depression are favorable to the progress of ideas. It
+is written in the Providence of God that the American people must,
+within the few years to come, solve the whole problem of justice to the
+laboring man; must, indeed, accept its office as the Champion and the
+Illustrator, in a practical way, of Universal Justice, in all the
+relations of life. Are we prepared to enter on this career,
+intelligently, lovingly, and with voluntary alacrity, from affection to
+the True and the Good; or must we be again scourged into the
+consideration of great questions lying immediately in our way, by the
+providential inflictions of disaster and distress?
+
+We can now see easily enough, that had we been ready and desirous, as a
+people, to do justice to the black man, we should have escaped the
+horrors of a great war. We may predict, with the assurance of a
+religious faith, backed, we might almost affirm, by the certainty of a
+scientific demonstration, that if we are already sufficiently prepared
+to be simply just, we shall be saved from the serious infliction of more
+national suffering; and that if, on the contrary, this preparation of
+the heart and the head has not been wrought in us by what we have
+already endured, we shall be called directly and continuously to the
+suffering of more and perhaps greater inflictions. 'Whom the Lord loveth
+he chasteneth,' but not blindly nor uselessly, and not, therefore, after
+the right frame of mind has been wrought in the subject of the
+punishment. The law is precisely the same, whether we speak
+theologically or from the profoundest philosophical principles; and it
+may almost be said that the American people have only to choose whether
+they will immediately enter, with the close of the war, upon a higher
+career of prosperity, or whether they will endure an additional term of
+tuition in the school of adversity. These words may seem mystical,
+unaccompanied with further illustration and elaboration of the ideas,
+but it is not the place here to pursue them.
+
+Let us proceed with the supposition that we have before us, at the
+conclusion of this war, a period of great national suffering. Such
+periods, we have already said, are favorable to the development of
+thought. We may add, they are alike favorable to the growth of earnest
+purpose. Through suffering we are perfected. Thought and high purpose
+are secure bases of noble achievement. If we are not yet prepared to be
+inducted into our national mission, through providential favor, then let
+us come to it through the inverse method: _through Ulterior and
+Reactionary Consequence_.
+
+It may be that we are to endure still more grievous afflictions than
+pecuniary and commercial revulsion and depression. Our political
+constitution still bears in its bosom, even after Slavery is removed,
+dangerous seeds of anarchy and prospective revolution. Within the two
+years past, grave mutterings, to which American ears have been
+heretofore altogether unused, have been heard in various quarters,
+touching the superior advantages of 'strong government,' the speakers,
+mostly of the higher or wealthier order of life, meaning thereby, the
+old and retrograde forms of monarchy, or something of that sort. Periods
+of disaster tend to reveal a latent lack of confidence in the permanency
+of existing things. Investigations in Sociology impeach the wisdom of
+our institutions, in common with that of all others that have been tried
+in the past, from another point of view. Periods of distress and
+privation stimulate the turbulence of the 'dangerous classes.' All
+national experience reveals, in fine, the existence, in the very nature
+of human society, of great antagonistic principles struggling with each
+other in mighty conflict, and with which no political or governmental
+arrangements heretofore extant have been adequate rightly to cope.
+
+The great and bloody contest with Slavery, now going on, is an instance
+of such a conflict; and the fact that we, in the midst of this
+nineteenth century, had arrived at the knowledge of no better solution
+of it than an appeal to the old, barbarous, uncertain, and terrible
+ordeal of battle, is an illustration of the incompetency in question.
+Slavery, bad as it is, is the representative of a great social
+principle, which, separated from the special mode of its manifestation,
+has in it that which is good and right. Mr. Cobden justly characterizes
+the great American war as an insurrection of aristocracy against the
+principle of democracy. But aristocracy is not wholly wrong, nor is
+democracy wholly right, in the nature and constitution of things. These
+are two great antagonistic principles, when sifted to the bottom; one
+the principle of Order, through Subordination, the soul of Conservatism;
+and the other the principle of Freedom, through Individuality, the soul
+of Progression. Neither will ever expunge or expel the other from the
+constitution of man, individually or collectively; and it pertains to
+Science, the Science of Politics, based on the Unity of the Sciences
+below that level, to be arrived at by humanity in the future, to
+discover and lead in the complete harmony and reconciliation between the
+two. The writer of these papers has in manuscript a labored document
+upon the Slavery question from this more radical and philosophical point
+of view, which was prepared just previous to the outbreak of the
+existing war, in the hope of attracting the leading minds, North and
+South, to the peaceable and scientific solution of the whole Slavery
+question. But the antagonism was too far advanced, passions too much
+aroused, the popular ignorance of the existence of higher methods of
+solution too dense, and the crisis too imminent for the existence of any
+demand for such considerations then; and the publication of the document
+was withheld. In it were shown the significance of Slavery as a Fact in
+History and a Principle in Nature; its Compensations and Advantages; its
+positive value, in fact, in the larger sense, in the development of
+human society on the planet; then its destiny to give way in our
+advancing civilization to the higher doctrine of abstract rights and
+individual culture through intellectual means; and again, the
+insufficiency of the latter doctrine, when taken for the whole truth;
+and finally, to show how, by the intervention of the science of the
+subject, the value of both the Principles in conflict could be extracted
+and made co�perative, and their evils completely neutralized. The world
+not being ripe for the adoption of the superior and rational methods
+here intimated for the adjustment of our difficulties--the readiness of
+one party even, without the equal readiness of the other, being
+inadequate--the crisis and the conflict could not be averted; and that
+again being the case, it is of the utmost importance that the second in
+order of the two adverse principles, the principle of democracy, be
+completely triumphant; not because it is more true, but because it is a
+more _advanced_ truth, and one step nearer, therefore, to the final
+solution,_ which will then lap back, and subsume and assimilate and
+reconcile the whole family of fundamental principles upon which the
+existence of human society is inexpugnably based_. It is upon this lower
+ground of adaptation to the exigency of the age and the occasion, and as
+a means to the development of still higher truths, that we urge the
+inestimable importance of the effectual conquest over the South by the
+North.
+
+But the two Principles, thus brought face to face with each other, in
+deadly array, under the present guise of chattel slavery and republican
+freedom, are not extinguished in the world, nor in America even, nor are
+they to be permanently reconciled with each other by any outcoming
+whatsoever of the present war. These principles are the Aristocratic and
+the Democratic; the principle of conservative order and progressive
+freedom. Both are vital and essential forces, ever living, ever active;
+always antagonistic; never reconciled in the past; never to be
+reconciled in the future, till it be done finally, effectually,
+and forever, through the SCIENCE of the subject. By the
+contingencies of this war still future, by the lingering and disastrous
+_sequel�_ of the war, or by other and possible eventualities not yet
+sufficiently developed to be distinctly cognizable, the inherent and
+unconquerable antagonism (until reconciled through science) of the great
+opposing forces in human society is liable to be burst upon us with a
+conflagration in comparison with which even the devastations of the
+present war will seem trifling. The writer of these papers anticipated
+and predicted for a long time, and has not yet fully ceased to
+anticipate, that the present conflict may gradually shape itself into a
+desperate and universal struggle, North and South, between these two
+principles, in their bald, undisguised, and unmitigated hostility; that,
+in other words, as a party of freedom should be developed at the South,
+there would be developed _pari passu_ at the North a great reactionary
+party; assimilating the elements of a _bogus_ democracy and all those
+who by organization or position are inherently and overweeningly
+aristocratic; a party bold, powerful, and desperate enough to bring home
+the civil war to our own doors; in other words, that the war would
+become a war wholly of Ideas; and those defined down to their sharpest
+and most ultimate differences of logical significance. In that case, the
+events of the French Revolution would have been, or will be, repeated in
+America, on a more gigantic scale. Warning symptoms have already
+appeared among us of the possibilities of all this. If it be in the good
+providence of God that we are to escape this terrible ordeal--if it be
+permitted that this cup of national evils pass from us--it can only be
+that we are a step farther on in the completion of our education, as a
+nation, than was obviously revealed to the investigation of the
+observer; that, as a people, we are nearer to a genial and willing
+acceptance of truth and obedience to the dictates of justice than
+appeared.
+
+Still the conflict of principles endures in the world at large--the
+Aristocratic Principle, represented by autocracy, absolutism, prelacy,
+and slaveholding authority, on the one hand, and the Democratic
+Principle, represented by republicanism, Protestantism, dead-levelism,
+with free and destructive competition, on the other. As Slavery and
+Freedom have been preparing for their local conflict in America during
+the thirty years past; so, for the whole century gone by, the
+threatening cloud of the final conflict between the two great governing
+ideas in the world has been gathering. Occasional sharp and some
+terrific encounters have been had. Is this conflict of opinion to become
+more and more consolidated and defined, and finally embodied in two
+great hostile camps, covering the whole earth with an actual war,
+replete with desolation and carnage--not a war of distinct
+nationalities, but of the partisans of the two great antagonistic drifts
+of human development? Is there to be literally the great battle of
+Armageddon in the world before the incoming of a better age? or has the
+ignorant wrath of man sufficiently prevailed, and are we in truth
+prepared to investigate with sobriety, accept with simple honesty, and
+faithfully to practise the lessons of wisdom which the experience of the
+past or the new discoveries of the present or the future may bring? The
+religious world is becoming deeply penetrated with the conviction that
+we are, in the world at large, upon the verge of great events--that we
+are nearing the termination of an Old Dispensation and the commencement
+of a New; without, perhaps, defining very clearly, or attempting even to
+define distinctly to the imagination the nature of the change. The
+deepest philosophy of the age forecasts similar eventualities for an
+early day and for the whole earth. Thus it is that the investigation of
+The Great American Crisis, actual and urgent, might properly lead us up
+to the consideration of a Great World Crisis, impending and probable. On
+some other occasion it may be thought proper to give to this latter
+subject a distinct and more elaborate treatment. The object which we
+have proposed in the present series is now sufficiently accomplished,
+and the writer takes leave of the reader, with a profound conviction
+that to the anxious cry, What of the night? the answer, All is well, can
+be conscientiously returned. Even should the seemingly disastrous
+features sketched above in the alternative programme of our national
+future yet providentially reveal themselves in the scroll of our
+nation's history, let not the patriot or the lover of mankind for a
+moment despair. It will be but the intensified darkness preceding the
+light--the crisis of a deep-seated disease prognosticating health. The
+destiny of America is the destiny of man; and that is, that we come soon
+into the inheritance of new glories--an unlimited development and
+prosperity, founded on Religion married to Science, eventuating in the
+reconciliation of Order and Progression, in Universal Justice, and in
+the elevation, protection, mutual co�peration and happiness of all.
+
+
+
+
+THISTLE-DOWN.
+
+  Pale and fleecy, ghosty and white,
+  Onward borne in their unknown flight--
+  Flimsy and fragile, pure and fair--
+  Mystic things the thistles are.
+
+  Drifting about on a windy day--
+  Ghosty children at their play--
+  Revelling up above the trees,
+  Hither and thither on the breeze.
+
+  Slow and sadly, how they fly,
+  Chasing shadows in the sky!
+  Never resting, never still,
+  Through the valley, o'er the hill.
+
+  Walking round o'er the churchyard mould,
+  Up above the bosoms cold;
+  Flitting past each marble door,
+  Sadly breathing: 'Gone before!'
+
+  Spectres _wild_ with their viewless steeds,
+  Riding on where nothing leads;
+  Up to the sky when the earth gets brown--
+  _Ever restless_ thistle-down.
+
+  Through the forest cool and dark,
+  Never hitting the destined mark;
+  Over the earth and through the air,
+  Downy thistles _everywhere_.
+
+  Darting in at the open door,
+  Telling of joys that come no more;
+  Robed in grave clothes fine and thin--
+  Shades of phantoms, ever dim.
+
+  Up the church-aisles Sabbath-days,
+  Where the dusky twilight plays;
+  Round the altar, o'er the bier,
+  Preaching _more than priests do here_.
+
+  Solemn are the words they say--
+  _Silent sermons free of_ PAY;
+  And the _lessons_ they impart,
+  _Never vanish from the heart_.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOVE LUCIFER.
+
+
+     [The author of 'The Love Lucifer' says in regard to it: 'I enclose
+     a narration of _facts_. Not noted for assurance, I yet feel well
+     assured that its publication in THE CONTINENTAL 'will do
+     uses.'' Should there be any among our readers who have inquired
+     into our modern necromancy, they will not fail to recognize in the
+     excited, wild, incoherent, and uncultured jargon of the spirits of
+     'The Love Lucifer,' the same style and character evinced by those
+     to whom they may have been introduced by the 'mejums.' The two
+     Bulwers, the Howitts, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the Halls, the De
+     Morgans, &c., have taken a deep interest in these half-comic,
+     half-serious, and always incoherent demonstrations.
+
+     Perhaps the matter-of-fact experience of our author may shield some
+     of our readers from 'obsessions, delusions, magnetic streams of
+     Od,' be they angelic, human, demoniac, or Koboldic in their
+     origin.--_Ed. Con._]
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The things herein might well remain in soak for one decade, at least.
+The writer certainly did well to let a dozen sane, practical years pass
+between these experiences and their narration.
+
+I was a youth after the own heart of my Presbyterian
+preceptors--proposed to become a Presbyterian preceptor. The son of a
+New York merchant, I was schooled in the schooling of such; and was
+steadfastly minded to know no life-purpose but the salvation of sinners.
+But I was a little restive--felt that the limits of the Shorter
+Catechism were too short and strait for me. The shadow of
+Schleiermacher's readjustment of Christianity was upon me. I felt that
+some old things were passing away. In common with so many others who
+inclined toward the sacerdotal office, I was unconsciously turning my
+back upon it, on account of the crudities contained in the only existing
+creeds for which I had any respect. American Protestant youth have not
+been alone in this regard. Says the London _Times_, 'The number of men
+of education and social position who enter into orders is becoming less
+and less every year.' Let then ancient, true, everlasting Christianity
+be speedily adjusted to modern facts, lest it further lapse.
+
+Free thoughted, earnestly disposed toward the acquirement and
+dissemination of absolute spiritual truth, as was not unnatural, I
+thoroughly investigated the 'Supernaturalism' of the day. I soon
+assented to the general proposition that sociability with the invisibles
+is practicable, if not profitable; but ever held at a cheap rate the
+philosophies and religions, harmonious and other, which the full-blooded
+ghost-mongers so zealously promulgated. I still maintain that great good
+will result from these chaotic developments; for instance, that the
+impartial mind will find in them that scientific foundation for belief
+in much of the supernaturalism (to repeat the absurd expression) of the
+Bible, of which the age stands in such woful need. That this generation
+does experience such a lack is made sufficiently apparent in the 'Essays
+and Reviews.' On no other point are the noble freemen who therein and
+thereby grope after the 'readjustment,' so utterly deaf, dumb, halt, and
+blind, as they are in respect to Scripture miracles. In fact, these
+writers cast the most wondrous of the _act� sanctorum_ to the winds.
+Methinks the more thoughtful and earnest men of Christendom must, then,
+assent to the proposition that we have pressing need of a new flood of
+such practical phenomena as sturdy old Baxter gave to the Sadducees of
+his day, in his 'Certainty of the World of Spirits.' Whether these
+strange doings gradually cease, or take on new and more striking
+aspects, I doubt not they will help to give a healthy vigor to our
+emaciated faith in the existence of an unseen and spiritual world. Let
+us not, then, utterly scorn the strange rabble who have rushed headlong
+after this curiousest curiosity of modern times--except the
+rebellion--even though they may remind us of 'the Queen's ragged
+regiment of literature.' It should be taken for granted that so
+startling a novelty would attract the floating scum of society, whether
+the solid folk heeded or derided it.
+
+Though the following narrative may bring upon me an infinite derision, I
+have long felt that it should be published, on account of the light it
+throws upon some of the most mysterious facts of existence. Others may
+have had similar experiences; but, if so, pride keeps them from
+confessing how utterly they have been hoodwinked and enslaved by those
+invisible loafers who form so large a portion of the newcomers and who
+are permitted--not to put on too fine a point--to do the dirty work of
+cleansing the modern mind of its gross Augean Sadduceeism. The only
+theory promotive of self-complacency that I could ever concoct, as to
+why I was put through such an ordeal, is, that I was suffered for my own
+and the general benefit to see the dangers of necromancy, and especially
+the awful psychodynamical methods used by spirits to obsess and
+gradually craze human brains. I, at least, received a scare that made me
+careful, ever after, how I called spirits from the vasty deep, or
+elsewhere. After passing perils manifold, both carnal and
+spiritual--having gone, torrent-borne, through the yawning chasms
+represented in Cole's 'Voyage of Life' pictures, I come into calmer
+seas, the lines fall in pleasant places; and now I sit me down, in
+life's high noon--having lighted on a certain place where was a den (a
+pleasanter than Bunyan's)--to write the strange things that befell me in
+the seeming long ago--the dew and freshness of my youth. And though I be
+reckoned of many a dreamer of dreams, he shall not, I think, go
+unprofited, who can rightly 'read my rede.'
+
+To come, then, to the details. I had been for several months, whether
+wisely or unwisely doth not appear, a link in one of those human chain
+rings supposed to be as peculiarly receptive of extra and super and
+ultra mundane facts as a legislative 'ring' is of the loose change of
+the lobby; and had sought in vain for personal contact with the world to
+come, when one afternoon a streak of the 'od' lightning suddenly ran
+down my right arm, as I sat in my private apartment, and behold I was a
+'writing mejum.' The usual 'proofs' of relationship were given. Not
+being very credulous, however, I did not, at first, acknowledge them as
+such. But as my time was at my own disposal just then, I gave myself up
+to the influence for several days. The consequence was, that I became so
+thoroughly mesmerized, or 'biologized,' that I ceased to be complete
+master of my own faculties, and was _forced_ to give a half assent to
+all the absurdities that were communicated. Be it understood, then, that
+these experiences are given as those of a person whose will, whose very
+soul and _proprium_ had been temporarily subjugated by some other will
+or wills; and whose natural powers of discrimination were as much
+distraught as are those of the subjects of the itinerant biologist; who
+are made to believe, most firmly, that cayenne pepper is sugar, that
+water is fire, that a cane is a snake. As for the readers of this
+periodical who still insist that even animal and spiritual magnetism are
+humbugs, I can only say, with the author of the 'Night Side of Nature,'
+'How closely their clay must be wrapped about them!' For one, I have
+generally avoided any witnessing of marvels of this class--priding
+myself in believing in their occurrence because of the pure _� priori_
+reasonableness of the thing.
+
+It will be observed that in this, as in most other alleged intercourses
+with the invisible world, there is persistent, continuous attempt to
+excite _the vanity_ of the mortal who is venturing the dangerous
+experiment. If the secret history of all the modern mediums were
+revealed--no matter what their natural disposition to vanity--it would
+be found that the vast majority of them had been incessantly flattered
+by their spiritual familiars, and each informed that he or she was the
+very individual of whom a forlorn, misguided world had been all this
+while in anxious expectation! This appears to have been the history of
+necromancy from the beginning. Flattery has ever been the chief stock in
+trade of those beings who are so properly called 'seducing spirits.'
+'Tis ever with glozing words that these children of the wilderness gain
+the ear and the affections, and entrance through the heart-gates kept by
+Parley the Porter. Let me not be supposed to include in this class all
+the spirits who have been of late years so busy among us mortal and
+immortal Yankees. I consider that the old expression 'white, black, and
+gray' fully describes the denizens of the 'interior.' In fact, all seers
+insist that human creatures, in and out of the body, appear to them
+white or variously shaded toward black, according to their moral status.
+It is probable that the reason why the black and gray varieties have
+been so almost exclusively heard from, of late, is to be found in the
+fact, that it is contrary to the laws of God and nature for us to _seek_
+society beyond the terrestrial plane; and that our only proper course,
+in this regard, is to avoid the supernatural, as a general thing; and
+when it is apparently thrust upon us, to have only so much to do with it
+as is quite inevitable. When the authorities of heaven have anything to
+say to a mortal, they will _force_ him to listen, if necessary--even if
+they have to throw him, like Paul, from his horse.
+
+Well, I had embarked, like Virgil, or Dante, on my perilous tour through
+Hades. There was, at once, a crowding about my pathway (only a bridle
+path) of ostensible, estimable deceased relatives, who, after imparting
+a variety of priceless information, started off in the usual style,
+magnifying mine office. According as their influence over my rational
+faculties became more complete, the proportions of their Munchausenisms
+increased. Unfortunately for the duration of the fantasy, their jumble
+of Scripture prophecies concerning me--which was then made to appear
+nearly coherent--was so plainly writ, that as soon as the blockade of my
+faculties was raised, the illusion, never more than half complete, was
+dispelled. My 'great mission' was not fully developed at the first
+session; but when I had become perfectly clairaudient (I never became
+clairvoyant), and could dispense with the pencil, a queer mixture of
+metempsychosis and Parseeism was poured into my ear. It ran somewhat as
+follows: The two beings first created were, a Lucifer predominant in
+love, and a Lucifer predominant in intellect; whom we may call the Love
+Lucifer and the Intellectual Lucifer. The latter was the individual who
+fell, who played the copperhead in Eden, and has been kicking up such a
+bobbery ever since. The story ran, that these two persons--the original
+Ahriman and Ormozd--have been tilting against each other all through
+earth's career--appearing in the forms of the principal good and bad
+men. Thus their quarrels gave the outline and the skeleton to the whole
+story of Adam's race. According to this new 'philosophy of history,'
+these spirits of light and darkness have been, from the beginning,
+striving for the mastery; on the one hand, in the persons of the most
+eminent saints, from Abraham to Augustine, and others not yet canonized;
+on the other hand, in the persons of the world conquerors noted for
+heartless intellectuality, from Nimrod to Napoleon (shall we add Jeff.
+Davis?). Well, I, great I, was to enjoy the distinguished honor of
+finishing the list of Love Lucifers; and, after winding up the small
+affairs of earth, was to lock up the other big dog--after he had
+appeared in his last great role--and then inaugurate the millennium--a
+new latter-day Jacob's ladder having been established in the centre of
+Africa to forward the work.
+
+It soon appeared that there was a star, a _prima donna_, in this company
+who--after adding a few loose planks to life's little stage--were
+striving to still personate mortals and put off immortality. A deceased
+damsel, of whom I had heard as 'a morning star among the living,'
+appeared now, as 'a Hesper among the dead;' and was imposingly
+introduced to me, by a _quasi_ near 'relative,' as being only too happy
+to learn that she was one half of the eternal unit of which I was the
+complement. I began to be as lordly and self-satisfied as the bewildered
+sot in the 'Taming of the Shrew.' After exhausting my small stock of
+writing paper, I concluded to allow my new friends to spend their
+loquacity on some old college note books, the handiwork of a
+relative--every other page being blank. The venerable professors of
+Columbia College would have had their dignity and propriety quite
+frightened out of them, had they seen what weird statements were
+presently sandwiched in with their dry disquisitions on science and
+philosophy. Whenever an especially startling announcement was made, a
+furious gust of the 'od' would run down my arm; and each word would be
+made to cover half a page. We went into the new business regardless of
+expense.
+
+My invisible charmer, who had--it must be said, not very
+prudishly--proposed for my hand, no sooner got possession of it, than
+'she' began to protest that when she learned what a splendid fate was in
+store for her, as _tender_ to my royal highness, she could only weep for
+joy for several days. Presently she sent out through my captive digits
+the following:
+
+'We have, indeed, a long journey to travel together, most loving
+partner; and how my innermost soul exults, in view of that unending
+oneness, of soul and spirit, which is to be our portion! .... Ah me, why
+was I chosen to join my eternal being with yours? when innumerable
+seraphs would salute you 'husband' with enthusiastic joy and
+gratitude!....'
+
+Here is one plain fact, whatever else may be doubted. After conversing
+for two days with this extraordinary visitor, I became most desperately
+in love with her, or him, or it--as you please. Though past my majority,
+my placid nature had never before been thoroughly aroused in this
+direction. Now, by reason of the tact and knowledge of my nature,
+possessed by the invisible party, and still more because of my state of
+mesmeric subjection, I was sighing like a furnace or a Romeo. Not
+Ulysses, Circe tempted--not Sintram seeking his Undine--not the hapless
+sailor wight pursuing the maiden of the _mer_, was more utterly enamored
+than was I. As a proof that I was no bad specimen of the 'gushing'
+persuasion, at this period, read the following expressive though
+sometimes commonplace retort. I do not profess to know, and do not much
+care, whether it was the utterance of an artful fiend, a misguided
+saint, or one of those 'sympathetic spirits' of whom Swedenborg makes
+frequent mention. According to his statement, these beings are in such a
+condition, that whenever they come in contact with a mortal, they chime
+in with and encourage the views and tendencies of their terrestrial
+acquaintance; and often, without meaning it, lead him into great
+errors--being themselves used as cats' paws by decidedly evil spirits.
+But here is the tender missive, which I transcribe from between two
+heavy pages of notes on the Aristotelian and Baconian philosophies:
+
+'I thought that I had experienced the joys of reciprocal affection; but
+never until now have begun to realize what an unbounded sea of bliss two
+kindred souls can bathe in. Ah! who could have convinced me that so
+much rapture could be crowded into a few moments, as was mine while you
+were pouring forth the inexhaustible treasures of your mind upon my
+entranced ear? Spare me the sudden transition from mere esteem to such
+huge, melodious irresistible outpouring of affection. It takes away my
+strength; while the expression of my warm feelings can never so affect
+your sturdy, much tried, trouble-scathed manhood.'
+
+You see that the flattery is never forgotten. But adulation is an
+instrument of the weak as well as of the deceitful. The utterer of this
+may have been innocent of fraud, and, like myself, mesmerized into
+following the will of a more powerful being. Again, the purpose of
+_this_ being may have been a good one. Such, and so many, and so great,
+and varied, and strange, seem to be the possibilities and dangers of the
+inner life.
+
+A systematic series of attempts seems to have been made--by some person
+or persons to the deponent most emphatically unknown--to get my cool,
+phlegmatic nervous system and brain excited. The two principal means
+made use of to complete the obsession were, that just mentioned, and the
+announcement of a succession of 'big things,' as about to occur--the
+biggest kind of things--those the expectation of which was best
+calculated to set my brain in a whirl. It will be seen, in the sequel,
+that, failing to thoroughly accomplish their purpose by such means, my
+spirit friends or fiends, as the case may be, undertook the bug-a-boo,
+frightening process; which was apparently working successfully, when
+their operations, in that style, were suddenly brought to a final close,
+by some means which must ever, I suppose, remain unknown to me. The
+startling events stated as imminent were generally made dependent upon
+the clairvoyant opening that had been promised me.
+
+The first beatific vision that was to greet my gaze would be, of course,
+that one which I was to behold most frequently throughout the �ons
+without end--even the face of that radiant being who had gone before, to
+await me in the angelhood; where, beaming seraphic upon me forever, it
+was to be to me the embodiment of all ideals of loveliness, grace,
+refinement, love. In its every lineament I was to read and decipher an
+endless series of ever fresh and most celestial arcana--was continually
+to find new proof of love and wisdom, and of the divine ability to adapt
+human to human. Since the love of the mate is next to the love of the
+Maker, it is no profanity to say that,
+
+  'When I'd been there ten thousand years,
+    Bright, happy as the sun,
+  I'd have no less days to sing its praise
+    Than when I first begun.'
+
+Instead of through a fast-waning honeymoon of love, that face was to
+entrance me while the sun of heaven stood in the zenith of heaven--and
+we read that there is _no_ night there, forevermore. Was not this
+promised sight a sufficient cause for excitement? What prospect--save
+that of a vision of Deity--could be better adapted to arouse the
+loftiest and most exquisite emotions? What better fitted to gather into
+one all long-cherished feelings of admiration and reverence for the
+noble of the other sex--to aggregate and revive all those chivalrous,
+gallant, elevating, purifying, tender thoughts which we have ever had,
+with regard to them, in our highest moments?
+
+Some reader may say: 'Why will you thus attempt to dignify ideas that
+you acknowledge were excited in a confused brain, by apparently
+mischievous or irresponsible spirits?' I answer, that even if the
+immediate exciting cause of this current of ideas was some ill-designing
+being, the ideas themselves were not, necessarily, either evil or
+undignified; and that only such portion of the brain was addled as would
+be likely to rebel against the obsession.
+
+Waiting the appointed hour, I sat imagining the scene. I saw _myself_
+suddenly rising ('sudden Ianthe rose') from the prone body and all
+circumjacent grossness--rising, through clouds and darkness, to some
+delightsome plane of the inner world. A dozen yards in front of me,
+beside a graceful tree, would stand 'the only.' We would gaze at each
+other, with intense scrutiny, for some moments. Each would think, 'There
+is plenty of time; it is to last forever.' We would even look about us,
+still saying nothing. Being eternally modelled, fitted, fore-ordained,
+and predestined for each other, love arrows would, of course, have
+pierced our centres of palpitation at the first mutual glance. Still,
+though quivering with emotion, neither would be disposed to lessen the
+distance. Methought we would even seat ourselves on the mossy banks--the
+dozen yards still intervening--and, each leaning back against a tree,
+would 'face the enemy'--the eternal joy-sharer, sorrow-sharer, worship,
+wisdom, love, pity, wonder, use, sport, hope-sharer; while,
+occasionally, a premonitory, prophetic pang of rapture out of the coming
+eternities of bliss would thrill through us. I had even a fancy that
+there would be no interchange of words, no lessening of the coy distance
+of space and manner, during this first interview. 'It is to last so
+long! so long!' Again, I fancied that we might sit there only weeping,
+as we looked and _loved_. 'So long! so long!' Tender, dewy eyes
+wandering naively, innocently, over each feature of face and
+form--inquiry, wonder, joy in them--pleased surprise, that such and such
+points of the vision should be as they are. Indefinite longings becoming
+definite, as all things longed for appear embodied, as faith is lost in
+sight. Again, I imagined laconic speech might ensue--like the
+single-line dialogue of Greek tragedies. But here the wings of
+imagination drooped, and I could only see the separation. She would
+glide toward me. Her warm finger-tips would touch my palm, her tender
+azure eyes would beam once fully and closely upon me. One moment I would
+see the inner heaven opened; and the next--the familiar furniture of my
+room would be before me. Thus I imagined. The curious may learn what
+actually befell, on a future occasion.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.
+
+LETTER NO. IV. OF HON. ROBERT J. WALKER.
+
+
+                          LONDON, 10 Half Moon Street, Piccadilly,
+                                            _January 1st, 1864._
+
+In my third and last letter on American Finances and Resources, the
+effect of the substitution of free for slave labor in the United States
+by the abolition of slavery was discussed. In that letter it was shown
+by the official American Census of 1860, that the product that year,
+_per capita_, of Massachusetts was $235; _per capita_, Maryland $96; and
+of South Carolina $56. Massachusetts had no slaves; Maryland, 87,189;
+and South Carolina, 402,406. Thus we see the annual value of the
+products of labor decreased in proportion to the number of slaves. In
+further proof of the position assumed in that letter, that the progress
+of wealth, of population, and education in the United States, was most
+injuriously affected by slavery, I now present other official facts from
+our Census of 1860. My first comparison will be that of the Free State
+of New York with slaveholding Virginia.
+
+By the Census, the population of Virginia in 1790 was 748,308, and in
+1860, 1,596,318, making the ratio of increase 113.32 per cent. In 1790
+New York numbered 340,120, and in 1860, 3,880,735, the ratio of increase
+being 1,040.99. (Table 1, Prelim. Census Rep., p. 132.) Thus, the rate
+of increase in New York exceeded that of Virginia more than nine to one.
+
+In 1790, the population of Virginia was largely more than double that of
+New York. In 1860, the population of New York was very largely more than
+double that of Virginia. In 1790, Virginia, in population, ranked first
+of all the States, and New York the fifth. In 1860, they had reversed
+their positions, and New York was the first, and Virginia the fifth.
+(Rep. p. 120.) At the same rate of progress, from 1860 to 1900, as from
+1790 to 1860, Virginia, retaining slavery, would have sunk from the
+first to the twenty-first State, and would still continue, at each
+succeeding decade, descending the inclined plane toward the lowest
+position of all the States. Such has been, and still continues to be,
+the effect of slavery, in dragging down that once great State from the
+first toward the last in rank in the Union. But if, as in the absence of
+slavery must have been the case, Virginia had increased from 1790 to
+1860 in the same ratio as New York, her population in 1860 would have
+been 7,789,141, and she must always have remained the first in rank of
+all the States.
+
+AREA.--The natural advantages of Virginia far exceed those of
+New York. The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and that of New
+York 47,000. The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was
+12.19, and in 1860, 26.02. That of New York, in 1790, was 7.83, and in
+1860, 84.36. Now, if New York, with her present numbers per square mile,
+had the area of Virginia, her population, in 1860, would have been
+5,175,654, and that of Virginia, reduced to the area of New York, on the
+basis of her present numbers per square mile, would have been 1,320,000.
+This illustrates the immense effect of area, as one of the great
+elements influencing the progress of population. But wonderful as are
+these results, the great fact is omitted in this calculation, that
+Virginia, in 1790, had largely more than double the population of New
+York. Thus, if we reverse the numbers of New York and Virginia in 1790,
+and take the actual ratio of increase of each for the succeeding seventy
+years, the population of Virginia, in 1860, would have been 728,875, and
+that of New York, as we have seen, would have been 7,789,141, making the
+difference exceed seven millions, or very largely more than ten to one.
+Reverse the areas also, and the difference would exceed eight millions.
+
+SHORE LINE.--As furnishing cheap and easy access for imports
+and exports, creating marts for commerce with great cities, and
+affecting the interior most beneficially, the shore line, with adequate
+harbors, constitutes a vast element in the progress of states and
+empires. Now, by the last tables of the United States Coast Survey, the
+shore line of Virginia was 1,571 miles, and of New York 725 miles. The
+five great parallel tide-water rivers of Virginia, the Potomac, the
+Rappahannock, the York River, James River, and Roanoke (partly in North
+Carolina), with their tributaries, furnish easy access for hundreds of
+miles into the interior, with both shores of the noble Chesapeake Bay
+for many miles, as well as its magnificent outlet and the main ocean for
+a considerable distance, all within the limits of Virginia. We have seen
+that the coast line of Virginia is largely more than double that of New
+York, and the harbors of Virginia are more numerous, deeper, and much
+nearer the great valley of the Ohio and Mississippi. By the Coast Survey
+tables, the mean low water in the harbor of New York, by Gedney's
+Channel, is 20 feet, and at high-water spring tides is 24.2; north
+channel, 24, mean low water, and 29.1 spring tides, high water; south
+channel, 22, and 27.1; main ship channel, after passing S. W. spit buoy,
+on N. E. course, one mile up the bay, for New York, 22.5-27.06. By the
+same tables, from capes at entrance of Chesapeake Bay to Hampton, at
+mean low water, 30 feet; spring tides, high water, 32.8. Anchorage in
+Hampton Roads, 59-61.8. From Hampton Roads to Sewell's Point, 25-27.8.
+South of Sewell's Point (one mile and a half), 21-23.8; up to Norfolk,
+23-25.8. From Hampton Roads to James River, entering to the northward of
+Newport News, middle ground, 22-24.8. From Hampton Roads to James River,
+entering to the southward of Newport News, middle ground, 27-29.8. From
+abreast the tail of York Spit, up to Yorktown, 33-35.8. Elizabeth River,
+between Norfolk and navy yard, 25.5-28.3.
+
+When we leave the tide-water rivers for the interior navigable streams,
+Virginia has a vast advantage. New York has no such rivers above tide,
+but Virginia has the Ohio for hundreds of miles, with its tributaries,
+the Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy. It is true, New York has several
+of the great lakes, and the vast advantage of connection with them
+through her great canal. But, in the absence of slavery, the canal
+projected by Washington (preceding that of New York) would have
+connected, through Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay with the Ohio River. The
+James River, flowing into the Chesapeake, cuts the Blue Mountains, and
+the Kanawha, a confluent of the Ohio, cuts the Alleghany; thus opening
+an easy and practicable route for a great canal from the eastern to the
+western waters. The valley of the lakes, with which New York is
+connected by her canal, has an area of 335,515 square miles. The valley
+of the Mississippi, with which the Chesapeake would long since, in the
+absence of slavery, have been connected by the Virginia canal, has an
+area of 1,226,600 square miles. The shore line of the Mississippi and
+its tributaries, above tide water, is 35,644 miles. (Page 35, Compend.
+Census of 1850.) Our shore line of the lakes is 3,620 miles, including
+bays, sounds, and islands; and that of the British, 2,629. (Ib. 35.) The
+connection of the lakes with the Ohio and Mississippi would be the same
+for both States, the one being from the lakes to these rivers, and the
+other from the rivers to the lakes. The location of Virginia is more
+central than that of New York, and Virginia runs farther west by several
+hundred miles. We are so accustomed to look at the connection of New
+York with the West by her canal, and Virginia with no such union, that
+it is difficult to realize the great change if Virginia had been
+connected by her progressing work with the Ohio and Mississippi, and
+thence, by the present canals, with the lakes.
+
+It is apparent, then, that, as regards easy access to the West, the
+natural advantages of Virginia surpass New York, and with greater
+facilities for artificial works. How many decades would be required,
+after emancipation, to bring the superior natural advantages of Virginia
+into practical operation, is not the question; nor do I believe that the
+city of New York will ever cease to be the centre of our own trade, and
+ultimately of the commerce of the world. But although Virginia, in
+adhering to slavery, has lost her supremacy in the Union, it is quite
+certain that, as a Free State, she would commence a new career of
+wonderful prosperity, that capital and population from the North and
+from Europe would flow there with a mighty current, her lands be doubled
+in value, and her town and city property far more than quadrupled.
+
+MINES.--Virginia has vast mines of coal, the great element of
+modern progress. New York has none. It is coal that has made Great
+Britain a mighty empire, giving her power, by land and sea, equal to
+the manual force of all mankind. It is stated by the Commissioner of the
+General Land Office, in his report before referred to, of November,
+1860, 'that an acre of coal, three feet thick, is equal to the product
+of 1,940 acres of forest trees; and each acre of a coal seam four feet
+in thickness, and yielding one yard of pure coal, is equivalent to 5,000
+tons, and possesses, therefore, a reserve of mechanical strength in its
+fuel, equal to the life labor of more than 1,600 men.'
+
+This statement of the Commissioner is made on the highest authority, and
+proves the vast natural advantages of Virginia over New York. Virginia,
+also, has far more abundant mines of iron, more widely diffused over the
+State, reaching from tide water to the Ohio. She has also these iron
+mines in juxtaposition with coal and all the fluxes. Virginia, also, has
+valuable mines of gold, lead, and copper. New York has no gold or copper
+mines, and produced in 1860 but $800 worth of lead. (Table 14.)
+
+HYDRAULIC POWER.--Omitting Niagara, which thus far scorns the
+control of man, the hydraulic power of Virginia very far exceeds that of
+New York. It is to be found on the Potomac and its tributaries, and upon
+nearly every stream that flows into the Chesapeake or Ohio. The superior
+mildness of the climate of Virginia makes this power available there for
+a much greater portion of the year. The great falls of the Potomac,
+where Washington constructed the largest locks of the continent, has a
+water power unsurpassed, and is but twelve miles from tide water, at
+Washington. This point is a most healthy and beautiful location,
+surrounded by lands whose natural fertility was very great, and, in the
+absence of slavery, must have been a vast manufacturing city. This water
+power could move more spindles than are now worked on all this
+continent.
+
+AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.--The natural fertility of the
+soil of Virginia far exceeded that of New York, with a more genial sun,
+and much more favorable seasons for agricultural products, as well as
+for stock. The number of acres of land in Virginia susceptible of
+profitable culture, is nearly double that of New York, but much of it
+has been impoverished by slave labor, scratching and exhausting the
+soil, without manure or rotation of crops. The Census shows that
+Virginia has all the products of New York, and cotton in addition.
+Virginia produced, in 1860, 12,727 bales of cotton (Table 36), worth, at
+present prices, nearly $3,000,000. She also adjoins the States of North
+Carolina and Tennessee, producing, in 1850, 372,964 bales, worth, at
+present prices, nearly $90,000,000. Virginia is also much nearer than
+New York to all the other cotton States. With these vast advantages,
+with her larger area, more fertile soil, cheaper subsistence, her coal
+and iron and great hydraulic power, with so much cotton raised by
+herself and in adjacent States, Virginia should have manufactured much
+more cotton than New York. But, by the Census (Table 22), the value of
+the cotton manufacture of Virginia in 1850 was $1,446,109, and in 1860,
+$1,063,611--a decrease of one third. In New York, the value of the
+cotton manufacture in 1850 was $5,019,323, and in 1860, $7,471,961, an
+increase of over 48 per cent. So, if we look at the tables of mines,
+manufactures, and the fisheries, with the vastly superior advantages of
+Virginia, the whole product in 1860 was of the value of $51,300,000, and
+of agriculture $68,700,000; while in New York these values were
+respectively $379,633,560 and $226,376,440. (Tables of Census, 33 and
+36.)
+
+CLIMATE AND MORTALITY.--By Table 6, page 22, of the Census,
+there were for the year ending June 1st, 1860, 46,881 deaths in New
+York, being 1 in every 82 of the population, and 1.22 per cent. The
+number of deaths in Virginia, in the same year, was 22,472, being 1 in
+every 70 of the population, or 1.43 per cent. There was, then, a slight
+difference in favor of New York. But Virginia is divided into four
+geographical sections; the tide-water, the Piedmont (running from the
+tide-water region to the Blue Mountains), the valley between these
+mountains and the Alleghanies, and the trans-Alleghany to the Ohio.
+These three last sections, containing three fourths of the area and
+white population of the State, surpass New York in salubrity, with the
+most bracing and delightful climate. The climate of Virginia is far more
+favorable for stock and agricultural products than New York, with longer
+and better seasons, and is more salubrious than the climate of Europe.
+(Comp. 1850.)
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--We have seen how great was the advance in
+population of New York over Virginia, from 1790 to 1860, being in the
+ratio of more than 9 to 1. Now let us compare the relative progress of
+wealth. It is contended by the advocates of slavery, that it accumulates
+wealth more rapidly, and thus enriches the nation, although it may
+depress its moral and intellectual development, its increase of numbers
+and of power, and tarnish its reputation throughout the world. As
+population and its labor create wealth, it must be retarded by a system
+which, as we have seen in this case, diminishes the relative advance of
+numbers in the ratio of more than 9 to 1. But the Census proves that
+slavery greatly retards the increase of wealth. By Tables 33 and 36 of
+the Census of 1860, it appears, omitting commerce, that the products of
+industry, as given, viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and
+fisheries, were that year in New York $606,000,000, or $156 _per
+capita_; and in Virginia $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. This shows a
+total value of product in New York more than five times greater than in
+Virginia, and _per capita_ more than 2 to 1. If we include the earnings
+of commerce, and all business not given in the Census, I think it will
+be shown hereafter, that the value of the products and earnings of New
+York, in 1860, exceeded those of Virginia at least 7 to 1. As to the
+rate of increase, the value of the products of agriculture,
+manufactures, mines, and fisheries, of Virginia, in 1850, was
+$84,180,428 (Table 9), and in New York $358,736,603, showing an increase
+in Virginia from 1850 to 1860 of $35,519,572, being 41 per cent., and in
+New York $249,263,397, being 70 per cent., exhibiting a difference of 29
+per cent. Now the increase of population in Virginia from 1850 to 1860
+was 12.29 per cent., and in New York 25.29 per cent., the difference
+being only 13 per cent. (Table 1, p. 131.) Thus, it appears, the
+increase of wealth in New York, exclusive of the gains of commerce, as
+compared with Virginia, was more than double the ratio of the
+augmentation of population. By the Census Table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195,
+'The true value of the real and personal property, according to the
+eighth Census was, New York, $1,843,338,517, and of Virginia,
+$793,249,681.' Now we have seen the value of the products of New York in
+1860 by the Census was $606,000,000, and in Virginia $120,000,000. Thus,
+as a question of the annual yield of capital, that of New York was 34
+per cent., and Virginia 15 per cent.; the annual product of capital
+being more than double in New York what it was in Virginia. The problem
+then is solved in Virginia, as it was in Maryland and South Carolina,
+and all the South compared with all the North, that slavery retards the
+progress of wealth and accumulation of capital in the ratio of 2 to 1.
+Our war taxes may be very great, but the tax of slavery is far greater,
+and the relief from it, in a few years, will add much more to the
+national wealth than the whole deduction made by the war debt. Our total
+wealth, by the Census of 1860, being, by Table 35, $16,159,616,068, one
+per cent. taken annually to pay the interest and gradually extinguish
+the war debt, would be $161,596,160; whereas, judging by Virginia and
+New York, the diminished increase of the annual product of capital, as
+the result of slavery, is 2.10 per cent., or $453,469,250 per annum,
+equal in a decade, without compounding the annual results, to
+$4,534,692,500.
+
+That our population would have reached in 1860 nearly 40,000,000, and
+our wealth have been more than doubled, if slavery had been extinguished
+in 1790, is one of the revelations made by the Census; while in science,
+in education, and national power, the advance would have been still more
+rapid, and the moral force of our example and success would have
+controlled for the benefit of mankind the institutions of the world.
+
+By Table 36, page 196, of the Census of 1860, the _cash_ value of the
+farms of Virginia was $371,096,211, being $11.91 per acre, and of New
+York $803,343,593, being $38.26 per acre. Now, by the Table, the number
+of acres embraced in these farms of New York was 20,992,950, and in
+Virginia 31,014,950, the difference of value per acre being $25.36, or
+much more than 3 to 1 in favor of New York. Now, if we multiply this
+number of acres of farm lands of Virginia by the New York value, it
+would make the total value of the farm lands of Virginia,
+$1,186,942,136, and the _additional_ value caused by emancipation
+$815,845,925. But, stupendous as is this result in regard to lands, it
+is far below the reality. We have seen that the farm lands of Virginia,
+improved and unimproved, constituted 31,014,950 acres. By the Census and
+the Land Office Tables, the area of Virginia is 39,265,280 acres. Deduct
+the farm lands, and there remain unoccupied 8,250,330 acres. Now,
+Virginia's population to the square mile being 26.02, and that of New
+York 84.36, with an equal density in Virginia, more than two thirds of
+these Virginia lands, as in New York, must have been occupied as farms.
+This would have been equivalent, at two thirds, to 5,500,000 acres,
+which, at their present average value of $2 per acre, would be worth
+$11,000,000; but, at the value per acre of the New York lands, these
+5,500,000 acres would be worth $206,430,000. Deduct from this their
+present value, $11,000,000, and the remainder, $195,430,000, is the sum
+by which the unoccupied lands of Virginia, converted into farms, would
+have been increased in value by emancipation. Add this to the enhanced
+value of their present farms, $815,845,925, and the result would be
+$1,011,275,925, as the gain of Virginia in the value of lands by
+emancipation. To these we should add, from the same cause, the
+enhancement of the town and city property in Virginia to the extent of
+several hundred millions of dollars. In order to realize the truth, we
+must behold Virginia as she would have been, with New York railroads and
+canals, farms, manufactures, commerce, towns, and cities. Then we must
+consider the superior natural advantages of Virginia, her far greater
+area, her richer soil, her more genial sun, her greater variety of
+products, her mines of coal, iron, gold, copper, and lead, her
+petroleum, her superior hydraulic power, her much larger coast line,
+with more numerous and deeper harbors--and reflect what Virginia would
+have been in the absence of slavery. Her early statesmen, Washington,
+Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Mason, Tucker, and Marshall, all realized
+this great truth, and all desired to promote emancipation in Virginia.
+But their advice was disregarded by her present leaders--the new, false,
+and fatal dogmas of Calhoun were substituted; and, as a consequence,
+Virginia, from the first rank (_longo intervallo_) of all the States,
+has fallen to the fifth, and, with slavery continued, will descend still
+more rapidly in the future than in the past.
+
+By Census Table 36, p. 197, the value, in 1860, of the farm lands of all
+the Slave States, was $2,570,466,935, and the number of acres
+245,721,062, worth $10.46 per acre. In the Free States, the value of the
+farm lands was $4,067,947,286, and the number of acres 161,462,008,
+worth $25.19 per acre. Now if, as certainly in the absence of slavery
+would have been the case, the farm lands of the South had been worth as
+much per acre as those of the North, their total value would have been
+$6,189,713,551, and, deducting the present price, the _additional_ cash
+value would have been $3,619,246,616.
+
+But if, to this, we add the _increased_ value of the _unoccupied_ lands
+of the South, by multiplying them by the difference between their value
+per acre and that of the _unoccupied_ lands of the North, the result is
+$2,240,000,000, which, added to that of the farm lands, makes
+$5,859,246,616, as the augmented value of the lands of the South caused
+by emancipation.
+
+By Census Tables of 1860, 33 and 36, the total value of the products of
+agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries in the Free States was
+$4,150,000,000, and of the Slave States $1,140,000,000, making the
+products of the Free States in 1860 nearly 4 to 1 of the Slave States,
+and $217 _per capita_ for the Free States, and for the Slave States $93
+_per capita_. This is exclusive of commerce, which would greatly
+increase the ratio in favor of the North, that of New York alone being
+nearly equal to that of all the Slave States. Now, multiplying the
+population of the Slave States by the value of the products _per capita_
+of the Free States, and the result is $2,653,631,032, making, by
+emancipation, the increased annual product of the Slave States
+$1,511,031,032, and in ten years, exclusive of the yearly accumulations,
+$15,110,310,320.
+
+By the Table 35, Census of 1860, the total value of all the property,
+real and personal, of the Free States, was $10,852,081,681, and of the
+Slave States, $5,225,307,034. Now, the product, in 1860, of the Free
+States, being $4,150,000,000, the annual yield on the capital was 39 per
+cent.; and, the product of the Slave States being $1,140,000,000, the
+yield on the capital was 22 per cent. This was the gross product in both
+cases. I have worked out these amazing results from the Census Tables,
+to illustrate the fact, that the same law, by which slavery retarded the
+progress of wealth in Virginia, as compared with New York, and of
+Maryland and South Carolina, as compared with Massachusetts, rules the
+relative advance in wealth of all the Slave States, as compared with
+that of all the Free States. I have stated that the statistics of
+commerce, omitted in these tables, would vastly increase the difference
+in favor of the Free States as compared with the Slave States, and of
+New York as contrasted with Virginia. I shall now resume the latter
+inquiry, so as to complete the comparison between New York and Virginia.
+By commerce is embraced, in this examination, all earnings not included
+under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, or fisheries.
+
+RAILROADS.--The number of miles of railroads in operation in
+New York, in 1860, including city roads, was 2,842 miles,[3] costing
+$138,395,055; and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807. (Census
+Table of 1860, No. 38, pp. 230 and 233.) Now, by the same Census Report,
+p. 105, the value of the freights of the New York roads for 1860 was as
+follows: Product of the forest--tons carried, 373,424; value per ton,
+$20; total value, $7,468,480. Of animals--895,519 tons; value per ton,
+$200; total value, $179,103,800. Vegetable food--1,103,646 tons; value
+per ton, $50; total value, $55,182,000. Other agricultural
+products--143,219 tons; value per ton, $15; total value, $2,148,055.
+Manufactures--511,916 tons; value per ton, $500; total value,
+$391,905,500. Other articles--930,244 tons; value $10 per ton; total
+value, $9,302,440. Grand total, 4,741,773 tons carried; value per ton,
+$163. Total values, $773,089,275. Deducting one quarter for duplication,
+makes 3,556,330 tons carried on the New York roads in 1860; and the
+value, $579,681,790. The values of the freights on the Virginia roads,
+as estimated, is $60,000,000, giving an excess to those of New York of
+$519,681,790, on the value of railroad freights in 1860. The passenger
+account, not given, would largely increase the disparity in favor of New
+York.
+
+CANALS.--The number of miles of canals in New York is 1,038,
+and their cost $67,567,972. In Virginia, the number of miles is 178, and
+the cost $7,817,000. (Census Table 39, p. 238.) The estimated value of
+the freight on the New York canals is 19 times that of the freight on
+the Virginia canals. (Census.)
+
+TONNAGE.--The tonnage of vessels built in New York in 1860 was
+31,936 tons, and in Virginia 4,372. (Census, p. 107.)
+
+BANKS.--The number of banks in New York in 1860 was 303;
+capital $111,441,320, loans $200,351,332, specie $20,921,545,
+circulation $29,959,506, deposits $101,070,273: and in Virginia the
+number was 65; capital $16,005,156, loans $24,975,792, specie
+$2,943,652; circulation $9,812,197, deposits $7,729,652. (Table 34, p.
+193, Census.)
+
+INSURANCE COMPANIES.--The risks taken in New York were
+$916,474,956, or nearly one third of those in the whole Union. Virginia,
+estimated at $100,000,000; difference in favor of New York $816,474,956.
+(Census, p. 79.)
+
+EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, ETC.--Our exports abroad from New York for
+the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, were $145,555,449, and the
+foreign imports $248,489,877; total of both, $394,045,326. The
+clearances same year from New York were 4,574,285 tons, and the entries
+4,836,448 tons; total of both, 9,410,733 tons. In Virginia, the exports
+the same year were $5,858,024, and the imports $1,326,249; total of
+both, $7,184,273; clearances, 80,381 tons, entries, 97,762 tons; total
+of both, 178,143 tons. (Table 14, Register of United States Treasury.)
+Revenue collected from customs same year in New York, $37,788,969, and
+in Virginia $189,816, or 200 to 1 in favor of New York. (Tables U. S.
+Com. of Customs.) No returns are given for the coastwise and internal
+trade of either State, but the tables of the railway and canal
+transportation of States show nearly the same proportion in favor of New
+York as in the foreign trade. Thus the _domestic_ exports from New York
+for the above year abroad were $126,060,967, and from Virginia
+$5,833,370. (Same Table, 14.) And yet Virginia, as we have seen, had
+much greater natural advantages than New York for commerce, as well as
+for mines, manufactures, and agriculture. But slavery has almost
+expelled commerce from Virginia, and nearly paralyzed all other
+pursuits.
+
+These Tables, taken from the Census and the Treasury records, prove
+incontestably, that slavery retards the progress of wealth and
+population throughout the South, but especially in Virginia. Nor can the
+Tariff account for the results; for Virginia, as we have seen, possesses
+far greater advantages than New York for manufactures. Besides, the
+commerce of New York far surpasses that of Virginia, and this is the
+branch of industry supposed to be affected most injuriously by high
+tariffs, and New York has generally voted against them with as much
+unanimity as Virginia. But there is a still more conclusive proof. The
+year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs, and yet, from
+1790 to 1820, as proved by the Census, the percentage of increase of New
+York over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to 1860. Thus, by Table 1
+of the Census, p. 124, the increase of population in Virginia was as
+follows:
+
+   From 1790 to 1800  17.63 per cent.
+     "  1800  " 1810  10.73    "
+     "  1810  " 1820   9.31    "
+     "  1820  " 1830  13.71    "
+     "  1830  " 1840   2.34    "
+     "  1840  " 1850  14.60    "
+     "  1850  " 1860  12.29    "
+
+The increase of population in New York was:
+
+  From 1790 to 1800  72.51 per cent.
+    "  1800  " 1810  63.45    "
+    "  1810  " 1820  43.14    "
+    "  1820  " 1830  39.76    "
+    "  1830  " 1840  26.60    "
+    "  1840  " 1850  27.52    "
+    "  1850  " 1860  25.29    "
+
+In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318, in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of New York was 340,120, in
+1820, 1,372,111, and in 1860, 3,880,735. Thus, from 1790 to 1820, before
+the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase of the
+population of New York, as compared with Virginia, was very far greater
+than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the Tariff had no
+influence whatever in depressing the progress of Virginia as compared
+with New York.
+
+We have heretofore proved by the Census the same position as regards the
+relative progress of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the same principle
+applies as between all the Free, as compared with all the Slave States.
+In New York, we have seen that from 1790 to 1820, in the absence of high
+tariffs, and even before the completion of her great canal, her advance
+in population was much more rapid than from 1820 to 1860. Indeed, it is
+quite clear that, so far as the Tariff had any influence, it was far
+more unfavorable to New York than to Virginia, New York being a much
+greater agricultural as well as commercial State.
+
+Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in New York in 1860 was 542, of which 365 were political, 56
+religious, 63 literary, 58 miscellaneous; and the number of copies
+circulated in 1860 was 320,930,884. (Census Tables, Nos. 15, 37.) The
+number in Virginia was 139; of which 117 were political, 13 religious, 3
+literary, 6 miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860
+was 26,772,568. Thus, the annual circulation of the press in New York
+was twelve times as great as that of Virginia. As to periodicals: New
+York had 69 monthlies, of which 2 were political, 25 religious, 24
+literary, and 18 miscellaneous; 10 quarterlies, of which 5 were
+religious, and 5 literary; 6 annuals, of which 2 were political, 2
+religious, and 2 miscellaneous. Virginia had 5 monthlies, of which 1 was
+political, 2 religious, 1 literary, and 1 miscellaneous; and no
+quarterlies or annuals. The annual circulation of the New York monthlies
+was 2,045,000; that of Virginia was 43,900; or more than 43 to 1 in
+favor of New York.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged
+and printed. The number of public schools in New York in 1850 was
+11,580, teachers 13,965, pupils 675,221; colleges, academies, etc.,
+pupils 52,001; attending school during the year, as returned by
+families, 693,329; native adults of the State who cannot read or write,
+23,341. Public libraries, 11,013; volumes, 1,760,820. Value of churches
+$21,539,561. (Comp. Census, 1850.)
+
+The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937, teachers
+3,005, pupils 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils 10,326;
+attending school during the year, as returned by families, 109,775;
+native white adults of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868.
+Public libraries, 54; volumes, 88,462. Value of churches, $2,902,220.
+(Compend. of Census of 1850.) By Table 155, same compend., the
+percentage of native free population in Virginia over 20 years of age
+who cannot read or write is 19.90, and in New York 1.87, in North
+Carolina 30.34, in Maryland 11.10, in Massachusetts 0.32, or less than
+one third of one per cent. In New England, the percentage of native
+whites who cannot read or write is 0.42, or less than one half of one
+per cent.; and in the Southern States 20.30, or 50 to 1 in favor of New
+England. (Compend., Table 571.) But, if we take the whole adult
+population of Virginia, including whites, free blacks, and slaves, 42.05
+per cent., or nearly one half, cannot read or write; and in North
+Carolina, more than one half cannot read or write. We have seen, by the
+above official tables of the Census of 1850, that New York, compared
+with Virginia, had nearly ten times as many pupils at schools, colleges,
+and academies, twenty times as many books in libraries, and largely more
+than seven times the value of churches; while the ratio of native white
+adults who cannot read or write was more than 10 to 1 in Virginia,
+compared with New York. We have seen, also, that in North Carolina
+nearly one third of the native white adults, and in Virginia nearly one
+fifth, cannot read or write, and in New England 1 in every 400, in New
+York 1 in every 131, in the South and Southwest 1 in every 42 of the
+native white adults. (Comp. p. 153.)
+
+My next comparison will be that of two great new Western
+States--Illinois, a Free State, and Missouri, slaveholding.
+
+The comparison is just, for while Missouri has increased since 1810 in
+wealth and population, much more rapidly than any of the Slave States,
+there are several Free States whose relative advance has exceeded that
+of Illinois. The rapid growth of Missouri is owing to her immense area,
+her fertile soil, her mighty rivers (the Mississippi and Missouri), her
+central and commanding position, and to the fact that she has so small a
+number of slaves to the square mile, as well as to the free population.
+
+The population of Illinois, in 1810, was 12,282, and in 1860, 1,711,951;
+the ratio of increase from 1810 to 1860 being 13,838.70. (Table 1, Cens.
+1860.) The population of Missouri in 1810, was 20,845, and in 1860,
+1,182,012; the ratio of increase from 1810 to 1860 being 5,570.48. (Ib.)
+The rank of Missouri in 1810 was 22, and of Illinois 23. The rank of
+Missouri in 1860 was 8, and of Illinois, 4.
+
+AREA.--The area of Missouri is 67,380 square miles, being the
+4th in rank, as to area, of all the States. The area of Illinois is
+55,405 square miles, ranking the 10th. Missouri, then, has 11,875 more
+square miles than Illinois. This excess is greater by 749 square miles
+than the aggregate area of Massachusetts, Delaware, and Rhode Island,
+containing in 1860 a population of 1,517,902. The population of Missouri
+per square mile in 1810 exceeded that of Illinois .08; but, in 1860, the
+population of Missouri per square mile was 17.54, ranking the 22d, and
+that of Illinois, 30.90, ranking the 13th. Illinois, with her ratio to
+the square mile and the area of Missouri, would have had in 1860 a
+population of 2,082,042; and Missouri, with her ratio and the area of
+Illinois, would have had in 1860 a population of 971,803, making a
+difference in favor of Illinois of 1,110,239 instead of 529,939. The
+absolute increase of population of Illinois per square mile from 1850 to
+1860 was 15.54, and of Missouri 7.43, Illinois ranking the 6th in this
+ratio and Missouri the 14th. These facts prove the vast advantages which
+Missouri possessed in her larger area as compared with Illinois.
+
+But Missouri in 1810, we have seen, had nearly double the population of
+Illinois. Now, reversing their numbers in 1810, the ratio of increase of
+each remaining the same, the population of Illinois in 1860 would have
+been 2,905,014, and of Missouri, 696,983. If we bring the greater area
+of Missouri as an element into this calculation, the population of
+Illinois in 1860 would have exceeded that of Missouri more than two
+millions and a half.
+
+MINES.--By Census Tables, 9, 10, 13, and 14, Missouri produced,
+in 1860, pig iron of the value of $575,000; Illinois, none. Bar and
+rolled iron--Missouri, $535,000; Illinois, none. Lead--Missouri,
+$356,660; Illinois, $72,953. Coal--Missouri, $8,200; Illinois, $964,187.
+Copper--Missouri, $6,000; Illinois, none. As to mines, then, Missouri
+has a decided advantage over Illinois. Indeed, the iron mountains of
+Missouri are unsurpassed in the world. That Illinois approaches so near
+to Missouri in mineral products, is owing to her railroads and canals,
+and not to equal natural advantages. The number of miles of railroad in
+operation in 1860 was, 2,868 in Illinois, and 817 in Missouri; of
+canals, Illinois, 102 miles; Missouri, none. (Tables 38, 39.) But if
+Missouri had been a Free State, she would have at least equalled
+Illinois in internal improvements, and the Pacific Railroad would have
+long since united San Francisco, St. Louis, and Chicago.
+
+Illinois is increasing in a _progressive_ ratio as compared with
+Missouri. Thus, from 1840 to 1850 the increase of numbers in Illinois
+was 78.81, and from 1850 to 1860, 101.01 per cent., while the increase
+of Missouri from 1840 to 1850 was 77.75, and from 1850 to 1860, 73.30.
+Thus, the ratio is augmenting in Illinois, and decreasing in Missouri.
+If Illinois and Missouri should each increase from 1860 to 1870, in the
+same ratio as from 1850 to 1860, Illinois would then number 3,441,448,
+and Missouri, 2,048,426. (Table 1.) In 1850, Chicago numbered 29,963,
+and in 1860, 109,260. St. Louis, 77,860 in 1850, and 160,773 in 1860.
+(Table 40.) From 1840 to 1850 the ratio of increase of Chicago was
+570.31, and from 1850 to 1860, 264.65, and of St. Louis, from 1840 to
+1850, 372.26 per cent., and from 1850 to 1860, 106.49. If both increased
+in their respective ratios from 1860 to 1870 as from 1850 to 1860,
+Chicago would number 398,420 in 1870, and St. Louis, 331,879. It would
+be difficult to say which city has the greatest natural advantages, and
+yet when St. Louis was a city, Chicago was but the site of a fort.
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--By Census Table 36, the cash value of the
+farms of Illinois in 1860, was $432,531,072, and of Missouri,
+$230,632,126, making a difference in favor of Illinois of $201,898,946,
+which is the loss which Missouri has sustained by slavery in the single
+item of the value of her farm lands. Abolish slavery there, and the
+value of the farm lands of Missouri would soon equal those of Illinois,
+and augment the wealth of the farmers of Missouri over two hundred
+millions of dollars. But these farm lands of Missouri embrace only
+19,984,809 acres (Table 36), leaving unoccupied 23,138,391 acres. The
+difference between the value of the unoccupied lands of Missouri and
+Illinois, is six dollars per acre, at which rate the increased value of
+the unoccupied lands of Missouri, in the absence of slavery, is
+$148,830,346. Thus it appears, that the loss to Missouri in the value of
+her lands, caused by slavery, is $340,729,292. If we add to this the
+diminished value of town and city property in Missouri, from the same
+cause, the total loss in that State in the value of real estate, exceeds
+$400,000,000, which is nearly twenty times the value of her slaves. By
+Table 35, the increase in the value of the real and personal property of
+Illinois from 1850 to 1860, was $715,595,276, being 457.93 per cent.,
+and of Missouri, $363,966,691, being 265.18 per cent. At the same rate
+of increase from 1860 to 1870, the total wealth of Illinois would then
+be $3,993,000,000, and of Missouri, $1,329,000,000, making the
+difference against Missouri, in 1870, caused by slavery, $2,664,000,000,
+which is more than double the whole debt of the nation, and more than
+twice the value of all the slaves in the Union.
+
+The total wealth of the Union in 1860 exceeded $16,000,000,000. If this
+were increased $1,000,000,000 in time, by the augmented wealth of
+Missouri, and our revenue from duties and taxes should be $220,000,000,
+the increased income, being one seventeenth of the whole, would exceed
+$12,000,000 per annum; or, if the increase of wealth should be only
+$200,000,000, then the augmented proportional annual revenue would be
+$2,750,000, or nearly one eightieth part of the whole revenue.
+
+By overthrowing the rebellion, the taxes to pay the national debt will
+be collected from all the States, instead of being confined to those
+that are loyal. The rebel Confederate debt, never having had any
+existence in law or justice, but having been created only to support a
+wicked rebellion, will of course be expunged by the re�stablishment of
+the Union. All the rebel States' debt incurred since the revolt, for the
+purpose of overthrowing the Government, will, of course, have no legal
+existence. Under the Federal Constitution, no State Legislature can have
+any lawful existence, except in conformity with its provisions,
+accompanied by a prior oath of every member to support the Constitution
+of the United States. These assemblages, then, since the revolt in the
+several States, calling themselves State Legislatures, never had any
+legal existence or authority, and were mere assemblages of traitors.
+Such is the clear provision of the Federal Constitution, and of the law
+of nations and of justice. It would be strange, indeed, if conventicles
+of traitors in revolted States could legally or rightfully impose taxes
+on the people of such States, loyal or disloyal, to overthrow the
+Government. Indeed, if justice could have her full sway, the whole debt
+of this Government, incurred to suppress this rebellion, ought to be
+paid by the traitors alone.
+
+My next comparison will be that of the Free State of Pennsylvania with
+Virginia.
+
+Virginia was a considerable colony when Pennsylvania was occupied only
+by Indian tribes. In 1790, Virginia was first in rank of all the States,
+her number of inhabitants being 748,308. (Census Rep., 120, 121.)
+Pennsylvania then ranked the second, numbering 434,373 persons. (Ib.) In
+1860 the population of Virginia was 1,596,318, ranking the fifth;
+Pennsylvania still remaining the second, and numbering 2,905,115. (Ib.)
+In 1790 the population of Virginia exceeded that of Pennsylvania
+313,925; in 1860 the excess in favor of Pennsylvania was 1,308,797. The
+ratio of increase of population of Virginia from 1790 to 1860 was 113.32
+per cent., and of Pennsylvania in the same period, 569.03. At the same
+relative ratio of increase for the next seventy years, Virginia would
+contain a population of 3,405,265 in 1930; and Pennsylvania 19,443,934,
+exceeding that of England. Such has been and would continue to be the
+effect of slavery in retarding the progress of Virginia, and such the
+influence of freedom in the rapid advance of Pennsylvania. Indeed, with
+the maintenance and perpetuity of the Union in all its integrity, the
+destiny of Pennsylvania will surpass the most sanguine expectations.
+
+The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was 12.19, and in
+1860, 26.02; whilst that of Pennsylvania in 1790 was 9.44, and in 1860,
+63.18. (Ib.) The absolute increase of the population of Virginia per
+square mile, from 1790 to 1860, was 13.83, and from 1850 to 1860, 2.85;
+whilst that of Pennsylvania from 1790 to 1860, was 53.74, and from 1850
+to 1860, 12.93. (Ib.)
+
+AREA.--The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and of
+Pennsylvania 46,000, the difference being 15,352 square miles, which is
+greater by 758 square miles than the aggregate area of Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, and Delaware, containing in 1860 a population of
+1,803,429. (Ib.) Retaining their respective ratios of increase per
+square mile from 1790 to 1860, and reversing their areas, that of
+Virginia in 1860 would have been 1,196,920, and of Pennsylvania
+3,876,119. Reversing the numbers of each State in 1790, the ratio of
+increase in each remaining the same, the population of Pennsylvania in
+1860 would have been 5,408,424, and that of Virginia, 926,603. Reversing
+both the areas and numbers in 1790, and the population of Pennsylvania
+would have exceeded that of Virginia in 1860 more than six millions.
+
+SHORE LINE.--By the Tables of the Coast Survey, the shore line
+of Virginia is 1,571 miles, and of Pennsylvania only 60 miles. This
+vastly superior coast line of Virginia, with better, deeper, more
+capacious, and much more numerous harbors, unobstructed by ice, and with
+easy access for so many hundred miles by navigable bays and tide-water
+rivers leading so far into the interior, gives to Virginia great
+advantages over Pennsylvania in commerce and every branch of industry.
+Indeed, in this respect, Virginia stands unrivalled in the Union. The
+hydraulic power of Virginia greatly exceeds that of Pennsylvania.
+
+MINES.--Pennsylvania excels every other State in mineral
+wealth, but Virginia comes next.
+
+SOIL.--In natural fertility of soil, the two States are about
+equal; but the seasons in Virginia are more favorable, both for crops
+and stock, than in Pennsylvania. Virginia has all the agricultural
+products of Pennsylvania, with cotton in addition. The area, however, of
+Virginia (39,265,280 acres) being greater by 9,825,280 acres than that
+of Pennsylvania (29,440,000 acres), gives to Virginia vast advantages.
+
+In her greater area, her far superior coast line, harbors, rivers, and
+hydraulic power, her longer and better seasons for crops and stock, and
+greater variety of products, Virginia has vast natural advantages, and
+with nearly double the population of Pennsylvania in 1790. And yet,
+where has slavery placed Virginia? Pennsylvania exceeds her now in
+numbers 1,308,797, and increased in population from 1790 to 1860, in a
+ratio more than five to one. Such is the terrible contrast between free
+and slave institutions!
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--By Census Tables (1860) 33 and 36, it
+appears (omitting commerce) that the products of industry, as given,
+viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, were that year
+in Pennsylvania, of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 _per capita_; and
+in Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. This shows a total value
+of product in Pennsylvania much more than three times that of Virginia,
+and, _per capita_, nearly two to one. That is, the average value of the
+product of the labor of each person in Pennsylvania is nearly double
+that of each person, including slaves, in Virginia. Thus is proved the
+vast superiority of free over slave labor, and the immense national loss
+occasioned by the substitution of the latter for the former.
+
+As to the rate of increase: the value of the products of Virginia in
+1850 was $84,480,428 (Table 9), and in Pennsylvania, $229,567,131,
+showing an increase in Virginia, from 1850 to 1860, of $35,519,572,
+being 41 per cent.; and in Pennsylvania, $170,032,869, being 51 per
+cent.; exhibiting a difference of 10 per cent. in favor of Pennsylvania.
+By the Census Table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195, the true value then of the
+real and personal property was, in Pennsylvania, $1,416,501,818, and of
+Virginia, $793,249,681. Now, we have seen, the value of the products in
+Pennsylvania in 1860 was $399,600,000, and in Virginia, $120,000,000.
+Thus, as a question of the annual yield of capital, that of Pennsylvania
+was 29 per cent., and of Virginia, 15 per cent. By Census Table 35, the
+total value of the real and personal property of Pennsylvania was
+$722,486,120 in 1850, and $1,416,501,818 in 1860, showing an increase,
+in that decade, of $694,015,698, being 96.05 per cent.; and in Virginia,
+$430,701,082 in 1850, and $793,249,681 in 1860, showing an increase of
+$362,548,599, or 84.17 per cent.
+
+By Table 36, p. 196, Census of 1860, the _cash_ value of the farms of
+Virginia was $371,092,211, being $11.91 per acre; and of Pennsylvania,
+$662,050,707, being $38.91 per acre. Now, by this table, the number of
+acres embraced in these farms of Pennsylvania was 17,012,153 acres, and
+in Virginia, 31,014,950; the difference of value per acre being $27, or
+largely more than three to one in favor of Pennsylvania. Now, if we
+multiply the farm lands of Virginia by the Pennsylvania value per acre,
+it would make the total value of the farm lands of Virginia
+$1,204,791,804; and the _additional_ value, caused by emancipation,
+$835,699,593. But the whole area of Virginia is 39,265,280 acres,
+deducting from which the farm lands, there remain unoccupied 8,250,330
+acres. Now, if (as would be in the absence of slavery) the population
+per square mile of Virginia equalled that of Pennsylvania, three fifths
+of these lands would have been occupied as farms, viz. 4,950,198, which,
+at the Pennsylvania value per acre, would have been worth $188,207,524.
+Deduct from this their present average value of $2 per acre, $9,800,396,
+and the remainder, $178,407,128, is the sum by which the unoccupied
+lands of Virginia, converted into farms, would have been increased in
+value by emancipation. Add this to the enhanced value of their present
+farms, and the result is $1,014,106,721 as the gain, on this basis, of
+Virginia in the value of her lands, by emancipation. To these we should
+add the increased value of town and city lots and improvements, and of
+personal property, and, with emancipation, Virginia would now have an
+augmented wealth of at least one billion and a half of dollars.
+
+The earnings of commerce are not given in the Census Tables, which would
+vastly increase the difference in the value of their annual products in
+favor of Pennsylvania as compared with Virginia. These earnings include
+all not embraced under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the
+mines, and fisheries. Let us examine some of these statistics.
+
+RAILROADS.--The number of miles of railroad in operation in
+Pennsylvania in 1860, including city roads, was 2,690.49 miles,[4]
+costing $147,283,410; and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807.
+(Census Table of 1860, No. 38, pp. 230, 232.) The annual value of the
+freight carried on these roads is estimated at $200,000,000 more in
+Pennsylvania than in Virginia, and the passenger account would still
+more increase the disparity.
+
+CANALS.--The number of miles of canals in Pennsylvania in 1860
+was 1,259, and their cost, $42,015,000. In Virginia the number of miles
+was 178, and the cost, $7,817,000. (Census Table 39, p. 238.) The
+estimated value of the freight on the Pennsylvania canals is ten times
+that of the freight on the Virginia canals.
+
+TONNAGE.--The tonnage of vessels built in Pennsylvania in 1860
+was 21,615 tons, and in Virginia, 4,372. (Census, p. 197.)
+
+BANKS.--The number of banks in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 90;
+capital, $25,565,582; loans, $50,327,127; specie, $8,378,474;
+circulation, $13,132,892; deposits, $26,167,143;--and in Virginia the
+number was 65; capital, $16,005,156; loans, $24,975,792; specie,
+$2,943,652; circulation, $9,812,197; deposits, $7,729,652. (Census Table
+35, p. 193.)
+
+EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, ETC.--Our exports abroad from
+Pennsylvania, for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, and foreign
+imports, were of the value of $20,262,608. The clearances, same year,
+from Pennsylvania, and entries were 336,848 tons. In Virginia the
+exports the same year and foreign imports were of the value of
+$7,184,273; clearances and entries, 178,143 tons. (Table 14, Register of
+U. S. Treasury.) Revenue from customs, same year, in Pennsylvania,
+$2,552,924, and in Virginia, $189,816; or more than twelve to one in
+favor of Pennsylvania. (Tables U. S. Commissioner of Customs.) No returns
+are given for the coastwise and internal trade of either State; but the
+railway and canal transportation of both States shows a difference of
+ten to one in favor of Pennsylvania. And yet, Virginia, as we have seen,
+had much greater natural advantages than Pennsylvania for commerce,
+foreign and internal, her shore line up to head of tide water being
+1,571 miles, and Pennsylvania only 60 miles.
+
+We have seen that, exclusive of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania
+in 1860 were of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 _per capita_; and in
+Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. But, if we add the earnings
+of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania must have exceeded those of
+Virginia much more than four to one, and have reached, _per capita_,
+nearly three to one. What but slavery could have produced such amazing
+results? Indeed, when we see the same effects in _all_ the Free States
+as compared with _all_ the Slave States, and in _any_ of the Slave
+States, as compared with _any_ of the Free States, the uniformity of
+results establishes the law beyond all controversy, that slavery retards
+immensely the progress of wealth and population.
+
+That the Tariff has produced none of these results, is shown by the fact
+that the agriculture and commerce of Pennsylvania vastly exceed those of
+Virginia, and yet these are the interests supposed to be most
+injuriously affected by high tariffs. But there is still more conclusive
+proof. The year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs,
+and yet, from 1790 to 1820, as proved by the Census, the percentage of
+increase of Pennsylvania over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to
+1860. Thus, by Table 1 of the Census, p. 124, the increase of population
+in Virginia was as follows:
+
+  From 1790 to 1800  17.63 per cent.
+    "  1800 "  1810  10.73    "
+    "  1810 "  1820   9.31    "
+    "  1820 "  1830  13.71    "
+    "  1830 "  1840   2.34    "
+    "  1840 "  1850  14.60    "
+    "  1850 "  1860  12.29    "
+
+The increase of population in Pennsylvania was:
+
+  From 1790 to 1800  38.67 per cent.
+    "  1800 "  1810  34.49    "
+    "  1810 "  1820  29.55    "
+    "  1820 "  1830  28.47    "
+    "  1830 "  1840  27.87    "
+    "  1840 "  1850  34.09    "
+    "  1850 "  1860  25.71    "
+
+In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318; in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of Pennsylvania was 434,373;
+in 1820, 1,348,233, and in 1860, 2,906,115. Thus, from 1790 to 1820,
+before the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase
+of the population of Pennsylvania, as compared with Virginia, was very
+far greater than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the
+tariff had no influence in depressing the progress of Virginia as
+compared with Pennsylvania.
+
+Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 367, of which 277 were
+political, 43 religious, 25 literary, 22 miscellaneous; and the total
+number of copies circulated in 1860 was 116,094,480. (Census Tables,
+Nos. 15, 37.) The number in Virginia was 139, of which 117 were
+political, 13 religious, 3 literary, 6 miscellaneous; and the number of
+copies circulated in 1860 was 26,772,568, being much less than one
+fourth that of Pennsylvania. The number of copies of monthly periodicals
+circulated in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 464,684; and in Virginia, 43,900:
+or much more than ten to one in favor of Pennsylvania.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged or
+printed. The number of public schools in Pennsylvania in 1850 was 9,061;
+teachers, 10,024; pupils, 413,706; colleges, academies, &c., pupils,
+26,142; attending school during the year, as returned by families,
+504,610; native adults of the State who cannot read or write, 51,283;
+public libraries, 393; volumes, 363,400; value of churches, $11,853,291;
+percentage of native free population (adults) who cannot read or write,
+4.56. (Comp. Census of 1850.)
+
+The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937; teachers,
+3,005; pupils, 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils, 10,326;
+attending school, as returned by families, 109,775; native white adults
+of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868; public libraries, 54;
+volumes, 88,462; value of churches, $2,902,220; percentage of native
+free adults of Virginia who cannot read or write, 19.90. (Comp. Census
+of 1850.) Thus, the church and educational statistics of Pennsylvania,
+and especially of free adults who cannot read or write, is as five to
+one nearly in favor of Pennsylvania. When we recollect that nearly one
+third of the population of Pennsylvania are of the great German race and
+speak the noble German language, to which they are greatly attached, and
+hence the difficulty of introducing common _English_ public schools in
+the State, the advantage, in this respect, of Pennsylvania over Virginia
+is most extraordinary.
+
+My last comparison will be that of our two smallest States--Rhode
+Island, a Free State, and Delaware, slaveholding.
+
+In 1790 the population of Rhode Island was 69,110, and that of Delaware
+59,096. In 1860, the former numbered 174,620, the latter 112,216. Thus,
+from 1790 to 1860, the ratio of increase of population of Rhode Island
+was 152.67 per cent., and of Delaware, 89.88. At the same relative rate
+of increase, for the next, as for the last seventy years, the population
+of Rhode Island in 1930, would be 441,212, and of Delaware, 213,074.
+Thus in 1790, Rhode Island numbered but 10,014 more than Delaware,
+62,404 more in 1860, and, at the same ratio of increase, 228,138 more in
+1930. Such has been and would be the effect of slavery in retarding the
+increase of Delaware, as compared with Rhode Island. (Census Table,
+1860, No. 1.)
+
+The population of Rhode Island per square mile in 1790, was 52.15, and
+in 1860, 133.71; that of Delaware, 27.87 in 1790, and 59.93 in 1860. The
+absolute increase of population of Rhode Island, per square mile, from
+1790 to 1860, was 80.79, and from 1850 to 1860, 20.74; that of Delaware,
+from 1790 to 1860, was 25.05, and from 1850 to 1860, 9.76. (Ib.)
+
+AREA.--The area of Rhode Island is 1,306 square miles, and of
+Delaware, 2,120, being 38 per cent., or much more than one third larger
+than Rhode Island. Retaining their respective ratios of increase, per
+square mile, from 1790 to 1860, and reversing their areas, the
+population of Rhode Island in 1860, would have been 283,465, and of
+Delaware, 78,268.
+
+In natural fertility of soil Delaware is far superior to Rhode Island,
+the seasons much more favorable for crops and stock, and with more than
+double the number of acres of arable land.
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--By Census Tables 33 and 36 (omitting
+commerce), it appears that the products of industry as given, viz., of
+agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, were that year, in
+Rhode Island, of the value of $52,400,000, or $300 _per capita_, and in
+Delaware, $16,100,000, or $143 _per capita_. That is, the average
+annual value of the product of the labor of each person in Rhode Island
+is greatly more than double that of the labor of each person in
+Delaware, including slaves. This, we have seen, would make the value of
+the products of labor in Rhode Island in 1930, $132,368,600, and in
+Delaware, only $30,469,582, notwithstanding the far greater area and
+superior natural advantages of Delaware as compared with Rhode Island.
+
+As to the rate of increase: the value of the products of Delaware in
+1850 was $7,804,992, in 1860, $16,100,000; and in Rhode Island, in 1850,
+$24,288,088, and in 1860, $52,400,000. (Table 9, Treas. Rep., 1856),
+exhibiting a large difference in the ratio in favor of Rhode Island.
+
+By Table 36, p. 196, Census of 1860, the cash value of the farm lands of
+Rhode Island in 1860 was $19,385,573, or $37.30 per acre (519,698
+acres), and of Delaware, $31,426,357, or $31.39 per acre (1,004,295
+acres). Thus, if the farm lands of Delaware were of the cash value of
+those of Rhode Island per acre, it would increase the value of those of
+Delaware $5,935,385, whereas the whole value of her slaves is but
+$539,400.
+
+But by Table 35, Census of 1860, the total value of the real and
+personal property in Rhode Island in 1860, was $135,337,588, and of
+Delaware, $46,242,181, making a difference in favor of Rhode Island,
+$89,095,497, whereas, we have seen, in the absence of slavery, Delaware
+must have far exceeded Rhode Island in wealth and population.
+
+The earnings of commerce are not given by the Census, but, to how vast
+an extent this would swell the difference in favor of Rhode Island, we
+may learn from the Census, Bank Table No. 34. The number of the banks of
+Rhode Island in 1860, was 91; capital, $20,865,569; loans, $26,719,877;
+circulation, $3,558,295; deposits, $3,553,104. In Delaware, number of
+banks, 12, capital, $1,640,675; loans, $3,150,215; circulation,
+$1,135,772; deposits, $976,223.
+
+Having shown how much slavery has retarded the material progress of
+Delaware, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and intellectual
+development.
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in Rhode Island in 1860, was 26, of which 18 were political,
+6 literary, and 2 miscellaneous. (Census, Table No. 37.) The number in
+Delaware was 14, of which 13 were political, and 1 literary. Of
+periodicals, Delaware had none; Rhode Island 1. The number of copies of
+newspapers and periodicals issued in Rhode Island in 1860 was 5,289,280,
+and in Delaware only 1,010,776, or largely more than five to one in
+favor of Rhode Island.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged or
+published. The number of public schools in Rhode Island in 1850 was 426,
+teachers 518, pupils 23,130; attending school during the year, as
+returned by families, whites, 28,359; native adults of the State who
+cannot read or write, 1,248; public libraries, 96; volumes, 104,342;
+value of churches, $1,293,600; percentage of native free adults who
+cannot read or write, 149. Colleges and academies, pupils, 3,664. (Comp.
+Census of 1850.) The number of public schools in Delaware in 1850, was
+194, teachers, 214, pupils, 8,970; attending school during the year,
+whites, as returned by families, 14,216; native free adults of the State
+who cannot read or write, 9,777; public libraries, 17; volumes, 17,950;
+value of churches, $340,345; percentage of native free adults who cannot
+read or write, 23.03; colleges and academies, pupils, 764. (Comp.
+Census, 1850.)
+
+The subject will be continued in my next letter. R. J. WALKER.
+
+
+
+
+WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?
+
+_PART THE LAST._
+
+     'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one _lives_
+     it--to not many is it _known_; and seize it where you will, it is
+     interesting.'--GOETHE.
+
+     'SUCCESSFUL.--Terminating in accomplishing what is wished
+     or intended.'--WEBSTER'S _Dictionary_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+About two weeks after Hiram's interview with Dr. Ephraim Peters, he had
+occasion to spend a long evening in company with certain influential
+members (of which he, of course, was the most influential) of St.
+Jude's.
+
+It was past eleven o'clock when the meeting broke up. It was a clear,
+cold, December night, and Hiram buttoned his coat quite to his chin as
+he descended the steps to commence his walk home. Some had carriages in
+waiting; but he, fully alive to his brother's advice, preferred to go on
+foot. One gentleman kept him company for a couple of blocks; after that,
+he proceeded alone.
+
+As he passed the corner of a street which ran at right angles to the one
+he was pursuing, a man came suddenly upon him, and, standing square in
+his path, demanded in a savage tone, 'Do you want your wood split?'
+
+Hiram turned quickly aside, to avoid the questioner; but he had time to
+observe that he was an athletic man, with a limping gait, and a fierce,
+demoniacal countenance. He carried in his hand something like a
+butcher's cleaver; and before Hiram could escape, he repeated the
+question: 'Do you want your wood split?'
+
+Hiram uttered a hasty 'No,' in response, and walked swiftly forward.
+
+The stranger was not to be so easily disposed of. He put himself before
+the millionnaire a second time, and repeated his question.
+
+Hiram Meeker was not a coward--that is, so far as his brain served him;
+and we all know he had enough of that.
+
+Finding he was not to get rid of the unknown so readily, he stopped and
+regarded him with careful scrutiny.
+
+The other repeated his question still again: 'Do you want your wood
+split?'
+
+Hiram was not slow to perceive that the man was insane, and he
+endeavored to humor him.
+
+'Yes,' he said, 'I want my wood split very much indeed. It is too late
+to-night; but come to my house to-morrow, and you shall have the job.'
+
+'Oh, no, no, no!' cried the other, 'I work only by night--only by
+night--and I cannot go to your house--you must come to mine!'
+
+He laid hold of Hiram's arm with a tenacious grasp.
+
+'I must first go home,' said Hiram, calmly, 'and send my wood round for
+you to split.'
+
+'Not so, not so,' retorted the maniac. 'It has already been sent. Come
+and see!'--and he began pulling at Hiram's arm--not with ferocity, but
+with a doggedness almost worse.
+
+Hiram looked up and down the street. Not a soul was visible. The
+creature who stopped his way was a powerful man--was armed with a deadly
+weapon--was mad.
+
+Hiram came swiftly to a conclusion. He would appear to yield, and in the
+walk he was about to take it was almost a certainty that they would
+encounter some one. So he replied, in a good-natured manner: 'Well, if
+the wood has been sent to you, we had better go and have it split at
+once.'
+
+'That's the talk--that's the talk! But we must hurry. Come on--come
+quick, and you will see how I will do it up.'
+
+He did not relax his hold of Hiram's arm. The two walked rapidly
+forward--much more rapidly than Hiram desired; but the crazy man kept
+exclaiming: 'We must make haste, I promised _him_ I would not leave the
+room. No more would I; but you see, if I can earn the money, I am all
+right--all right--all right!'
+
+'How much have _you_ got?' he asked, stopping abruptly, and turning
+suddenly on Hiram.
+
+'I have got ever so much. Now I think of it, suppose I pay you on the
+spot, so that you can go ahead and split the wood? It is getting late,
+you see.'
+
+'That won't do--that won't do. I want _him_ to have the money!
+Come--come along, and give it to him.'
+
+On they pressed, till at length the man exclaimed: 'Here we are! Don't
+you perceive?'
+
+He had stopped before an old and very common-looking house. In the
+second story one could see a light burning. The madman motioned Hiram to
+enter. The millionnaire was glad to discover that he was so near the end
+of his journey, and in a perfectly respectable neighborhood. Not
+doubting that he would find the apartment occupied, and quite sure there
+were inhabitants in the other part of the house, he proceeded to mount
+the stairs with alacrity, his companion following close at his heels.
+
+It was with a sense of quiet relief that Hiram opened the door into a
+well-lighted room. This feeling was suddenly changed to one of horror on
+ascertaining that there was no one in the apartment, but that on a bed
+at the farther end of it was extended the corpse of a woman, already
+laid out and ready for the coffin! He stepped quickly backward, but it
+was too late. The madman was close behind him, and egress was out of the
+question.
+
+'Come,' he said, 'you need not be afraid; she won't hurt you.'
+
+The poor creature walked to the bedside, and it seemed as if sanity was
+vainly struggling to regain its place.
+
+'Come closer,' he exclaimed to Hiram, who was standing near him.
+
+Hiram advanced at the word of command, and the other again took his arm;
+and both stood very still, looking at the dead woman.
+
+'Had we better wake her, think you?'
+
+Hiram shook his head.
+
+'You are right. I must first earn the money--earn the money. Then--then
+I will wake her. Yes, then I will wake her.'
+
+'Is it your wife?' demanded Hiram, timidly, impelled by an irresistible
+impulse to ask the question.
+
+'Wife!' shouted the other, glaring on Hiram--'wife! who talks to me
+about wife? Do you? Say quick!--do you?'--and he raised the cleaver in a
+menacing manner.
+
+'It was not I,' said Hiram, with as much calmness as he could command,
+while he looked at the other fixedly--'it was not I.'
+
+'Glad to hear you say so. If it had been, I would have made kindling
+wood of you--yes, kindling wood of you!--That's all got along with,' he
+added, lowering the cleaver. 'Now take a seat.'
+
+The madman sat down on one side of a small table, and motioned Hiram to
+occupy the chair opposite.
+
+He did so.
+
+'Now we are comfortable. Don't you think so? Shan't have to move, shall
+we? Old Meeker, d----n his soul!--don't own this house. Come, let's have
+a gay old time!'--and he commenced, half shouting, half singing:
+
+  'Ain't I glad to get out of the wilderness--
+      To get out of the wilderness,
+      To get out of the wilderness?--
+  Ain't I glad to get out of the wilderness?
+             Hip, hip, hurrah!'
+
+Hiram sat pale, but not trembling. He knew his very life depended on his
+composure, and he believed that the noise which the madman was making
+would soon bring persons to the spot.
+
+'You don't seem to like my little song,' he exclaimed, 'I will give you
+another.' And he shouted on:
+
+  'I wish I was a horse, as big as any elephant--
+      As big as any elephant,
+      As big as any elephant--
+  I wish I was a horse, as big as any elephant--
+         Hip, hip, hurrah!'
+
+'That's better, ain't it?' Suddenly he turned and looked at the corpse.
+
+'Wife--wife! who said 'wife' to me?--who said 'wife' to me?' And he
+burst forth more furiously than ever:
+
+  'My wife's dead, and I want another one--
+      And I want another one,
+      And I want another one--
+  My wife's dead, and I want another one--
+         Hip, hip, hurrah!'
+
+The man had now become so much excited, that he commenced walking
+rapidly around the room, brandishing his weapon in a most reckless
+manner.
+
+Hiram's situation was becoming critical. He did not lose his
+self-possession, but began to balance the chances of attempting to
+escape by moving swiftly to the door, against keeping his seat and
+closely watching the maniac.
+
+As if divining what was passing in his mind, the madman suddenly placed
+his back to the door, as if to bar any egress, and commenced singing
+again.
+
+Relief came at last.
+
+Hiram, whose every sense was on the alert, thought he saw the knob of
+the door turn. He was not mistaken; for now it commenced partially to
+open.
+
+The maniac, feeling the pressure, turned about, leaving the entrance
+free--and Dr. Ephraim Peters entered.
+
+He seemed to take in matters at a glance. Addressing the madman in a
+calm but commanding tone, he said: 'How is it that you have disobeyed
+me? I shall not trust you again. Sit down.'
+
+The effect was electrical. An entire change came over the countenance
+and bearing of the maniac; he dropped the cleaver, and, passing to the
+other side of the room, took a seat in close proximity to the corpse.
+
+Then turning, the young doctor addressed Hiram: 'Is your presence here
+forced or voluntary?'
+
+'Purely accidental.'
+
+'I supposed so. A word with you outside.'
+
+To Hiram this was a joyful summons, and he responded with alacrity.
+
+As they went out, the doctor closed the door, and the two stood together
+in the gloomy hall at the top of the staircase.
+
+'Mr. Meeker, you recognize me, doubtless?'
+
+There was no reply.
+
+'I am Dr. Peters, who called to see you about two weeks ago, on behalf
+of a poor woman whose dead body is now in that room. I told you, if she
+had to be moved, it would kill her. Your agent drove her out, and she
+lies here dead! It has made her husband crazy--a temporary lunacy, I
+trust--but, whatever it is, there you see the whole.
+
+'I am expecting some persons every moment,' he continued, 'who will
+remain here all night, and I will detain you no longer.'
+
+The doctor spoke in such a tone of quiet dignity, that it was impossible
+for Hiram to reply. He fumbled for a moment in his coat, and then drew
+out his pocket book. Producing several bills, he offered them to the
+doctor, muttering half inaudibly something about his desire to pay
+funeral expenses.
+
+The young physician drew back, as if in danger of contamination.
+
+'Your money perish with you!' he said, solemnly. 'Think you charity
+consists in bank notes?'
+
+The doctor turned and re�ntered the chamber; and Hiram Meeker proceeded
+slowly down the stairs and into the street.
+
+His thoughts, as he walked homeward, were not of an enviable nature. I
+confess I have no desire to attempt to portray them.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Hiram's slumbers that night were much disturbed.
+
+His rest was broken by strange dreams, frightful or preposterous, which,
+running into each other, became blended in a confused mass of floating
+fancies.
+
+At last he woke. He opened big eyes. It was perfectly dark.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Suddenly he realized just what he was. No business--no money--no
+earth--no foothold--nothing but a naked soul.
+
+Hiram lay breathing with slow respirations. Even his piety was not
+present to support him. The world was swept from under him.
+
+Then came a stern sense--a patent conviction--of all he had counted on:
+nothing--nothing!
+
+He turned over, and fell asleep again. But still refreshing slumber was
+denied him; still were the night visions terrifying.
+
+At last these appeared to take a definite shape. Heaving, working,
+revolving, the chaotic mass assumed form and grew luminous.
+
+All of a sudden, IT changed to one great, bright, burning
+_eye_. Then _he_ was the eye--all eye--nothing but eye! What sights were
+presented! The eye was gifted with a wonderful vision. It could discern
+true from false--real from counterfeit--what was genuine from sham and
+pretence.
+
+More than this. The _eye_--which was Hiram--could discriminate between
+what men considered valuable and available and important, and also good
+and essential, and by all means to be secured: I say, the _eye_ had the
+power to distinguish between these, and what was in truth and in very
+deed good and just and right, and truly to be desired and sought after.
+
+How things changed places!
+
+Some shrank into littleness and utter insignificance, which formerly had
+large proportions and a towering importance; others, which before seemed
+puny and of little worth, grew grandly into magnitude, and power, and
+might.
+
+At a great distance could be observed the habitations of the children of
+men. They appeared like objects seen through an inverted telescope--far
+off and exceedingly diminished.
+
+On the shore of the sea, Hiram Meeker was discovered.
+
+He looked no larger than a man's thumb. He had fenced off a portion of
+the sands, so that no one except himself (and many attempted) could have
+access thereto. He was engaged transporting these sands in the most
+careful manner, one by one, into a large warehouse, for better security,
+as it would seem.
+
+What is wonderful in all this is, that Hiram, the whole time, thought it
+gold he was storing, whereas the _eye_ could perceive it to be sand
+only--glittering sand.
+
+At length the vision faded away. Hiram started up in a mortal agony. The
+effort woke him, and he gazed wildly around. It was not yet light. Weary
+and exhausted by what he had passed through, he soon fell asleep, and
+this time slumbered peacefully.
+
+When he opened his eyes, the sun was shining cheerfully into his room.
+The whole aspect of things was changed. The old scenes were shifted into
+place, the old machinery set in motion--Hiram was himself again!
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Burnsville!
+
+I hope the reader is willing to revisit this charming spot. For I
+confess that I myself feel impelled to do so. Indeed, I sometimes regret
+following the fortunes of Hiram Meeker to New York. Far more agreeable
+would it have been to have continued the story of Joel Burns, and showed
+what a good man may achieve, notwithstanding the workings of the
+'ancient leaven,' and the divers contests which spring up daily within
+and around him.
+
+But my task once undertaken, I did not feel at liberty to leave it.
+
+I propose, therefore, only a brief visit to the place which the reader
+may recollect was commenced by Joel Burns in his youth, when his love
+for Ellen Bellows lent to his already energetic spirit a tenfold force
+and vigor and perseverance.
+
+The twenty-five years which have told with such effect on New York, have
+also produced great changes and great improvements in Burnsville. It was
+a thriving village when we last knew it. Now it is a large town. The
+higher portion is covered with fine buildings. Churches, hotels,
+academies, and various institutions for which New England is remarkable,
+seem specially to flourish here.
+
+There are some old landmarks which I am sure we shall recognize--Joel
+Burns's house, for example, and the little brick 'office' from which
+Hiram sallied one morning before daylight to take the stage for New
+York, to attack Joslin the paper dealer.
+
+The improvements have been astonishing. Beautiful trees skirt the
+principal streets, and form an arch above. Everywhere you behold
+displayed signs of admirable taste.
+
+Below, in the valley, is the railroad; and opposite the 'paper mill' has
+been erected one of the finest 'stations' in the State. Here has sprung
+up a large manufacturing place, rivalling in size and business
+importance the 'ridge,' as we used to call it, but leaving the latter
+free from the noise and bustle of the mills and factories and machinery
+of our now famous 'Slab City.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Egerton married Sarah Burns, as you have long since guessed. He is
+one of the few men of talent who has no ambition to quit his happy home
+to adventure in a large city. He is celebrated far and near, but nothing
+can draw him away from the spot where a youth he came to watch over a
+young girl whose life was trembling in the balance.
+
+And Sarah, think you she is not repaid for her fidelity to her father?
+By it she escaped the grasp of Hiram Meeker, and is now--she has been
+for years--a loving, trustful, joyous wife.
+
+Happy Sarah Burns! I commenced this narrative by recounting an _un_happy
+incident in your life. How grateful is the task of recording your
+triumph over the greatest danger which can threaten a maiden--the danger
+of _loving unworthily_!
+
+Joel Burns! I confess that, of all at Burnsville, it is in you my
+feelings of interest centre--you, whose romantic fidelity to your wife's
+memory has thrown a charm over your whole existence. It is a great
+treasure--is it not?--a heart so true, so loyal, so pure and faithful,
+that not one, no, not one of all the young and fair and good and
+fascinating from out this world's fair creation can divert it for a
+moment, or change its even, constant, ever-loving pulsations. Such a
+heart you possess, Joel Burns!
+
+Joel Burns was 'mated' as well as 'married;' and when his wife died, he
+did not really lose her. In spirit she attended him wherever he
+went--always near him--more actually present, Joel used sometimes to
+think, than she ever was before.
+
+How could he wish to marry again, when his wife was all the time by his
+side--an ever-present, ever-abiding comfort and consolation?
+
+I say, herein lay the charm and the glory of Joel's life. His influence
+on his place, after it grew beyond the proportions of a village, and
+became one of the largest towns in the State, was just as great as when
+it had but a dozen buildings.
+
+Joel did not permit the desire to accumulate to become a passion. On the
+contrary, he diffused his wealth--not by direct gifts in charity, but by
+affording everybody around him opportunity to get on and prosper, just
+exactly as if the world was common to all, and as if all should be
+allowed a fair chance to live in it!
+
+You have no idea how the attempt to practise this principle enriched the
+life and nature of Joel Burns.
+
+[There are two Spirits--towering, gigantic Genii--who attend on man: one
+the Absorbing, the other the Imparting, Spirit. Both are active,
+energetic, untiring. The former, if it gains access to the soul,
+commences at once to narrow and impoverish it; while the latter enlarges
+and makes the soul rich. Herein is explained the old enigma which a
+dying man is said to have uttered:
+
+  'What I kept, I've not;
+  What I gave, I've got.']
+
+I have remarked that Burnsville was one of the largest towns in the
+State. This was not only the case, but the immense manufactories in
+'Slab City' made it much more prominent than any other, and brought it
+into more direct communication with New York.
+
+Hiram Meeker heard, from time to time, of all that Joel was doing. In
+fact, impelled by a strong impulse, he took pains to ascertain what
+progress he made from year to year. But Hiram could not, with all his
+penetration, fathom a nature like that of Joel. It was always a puzzle
+to him. For it was not given to a man, who had all his life harbored the
+wicked Demon _Absorption_, to understand the excellency and happiness of
+such a life.
+
+But he watched Burnsville. Indeed, he was tempted to make some heavy
+investments there when the railroad was constructed--of which event, as
+the leading capitalist of the country, he had the earliest information.
+He abandoned the idea, however, for he shrank from coming in contact
+with his old employer.
+
+So Joel Burns lived on his noble, God-given existence.
+
+But, reader, if you think I am endeavoring to depict a faultless person,
+you are much mistaken. Faultless is lifeless, when applied to human
+beings. It is in the contest with our faults that the glory of our
+humanity shines forth. It is this which binds our race together in one
+great brotherhood. Pray, tell me what we could do with a faultless man
+or woman. What have we in common with any such person? What sympathy
+have we with either, or either with us?
+
+Joel Burns was constitutionally ardent and energetic, not to say
+impetuous. With such characteristics are always strong attending
+imperfections. He had his share of these. But his motives were honest,
+his principles right, his intents true; and I declare I think it to be a
+real felicity and blessing to observe the faults of such a man, and
+witness how he encounters and battles with, and conquers them--or if for
+a moment overcome, to behold his genuine regret and contrition.
+
+I will pursue this no further. I have some work to do in the metropolis.
+If I linger at Burnsville, I shall be quite unfitted for it--I shall,
+indeed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Joel--Joel Burns--farewell!
+
+Ellen Bellows--Ellen Burns--don't you see that Joel has remembered your
+dying injunction, and has tried to 'live right?' Yes, you do. It was for
+this that you have never forsaken him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sarah Egerton smiles on me as I pass out of the gate. A group of
+children, half grown, and full grown, give me joyous greeting; and the
+Doctor waves his hand from his carriage, as he drives along on his
+errands of mercy and benevolence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I must make haste. There is no stage to wait five minutes for me. The
+time table is a despot.
+
+The train approaches. It has stopped. It is off again, and I am in it.
+
+Burnsville, pleasant Burnsville, adieu!
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+The _d�nouement_ happened in this way:
+
+There was to be a large party at Mrs. Caruther's, a married daughter of
+Mrs. Bennett. The Bennetts and the Meekers, by the way, always kept up
+their intimacy. Mr. Bennett is dead. He died the year he was seventy,
+leaving a large fortune. The widow lives in the old house, and the
+children are married, and are bringing out _their_ children now.
+
+I say, Mrs. Caruthers was to give a large party. Mrs. Meeker, who
+invariably attended her daughter, could not go. Belle must not go alone.
+She arranged, so she said, to drive early in the evening to Mrs.
+Caruther's, and to stay there all night.
+
+For two or three weeks previous, Belle, under the inspiration of Signor
+Barbone, who now exercised a complete control over her, had been making,
+quietly but very efficiently, her arrangements for quitting her father's
+roof.
+
+By degrees, and with an amazing display of secretiveness, she managed to
+convey out of the house all that she might require for a considerable
+absence.
+
+Her jewels were not lost sight of, nor anything else of value. The
+Signor had provided proper receptacles for all these articles--indeed,
+had greatly aided the young lady in the selection of what to take. More
+than this--Signor Barbone (_proh pudor!_) had suggested that she should
+fortify herself with such sums of money as she might be able to get
+together without exciting suspicion.
+
+Strange as you may think, Belle was possessed of so little delicacy,
+that she actually entered into the spirit of the enterprise--regarding
+the affair as a capital joke, enabling her to hold out against papa
+should he prove obstinate, as he might for a few days (it could only be
+for a few days), and inclined to be severe.
+
+What with all her jewels, including some recent expensive purchases,
+made for the first time in her life without payment on the spot (this
+also at the suggestion of the Signor), and with sums quietly got
+together for several weeks, including some considerable amounts coaxed
+from her father on various pretences, and a pretty large sum borrowed
+over night from mamma--I say, with all this, the 'happy pair' were
+pretty well fortified for their first campaign.
+
+The trying moment arrived.
+
+Mrs. Caruthers, of course, knew nothing of Belle's tale to her mother,
+that she was to pass the night at her house. She simply expected Belle
+to grace her party.
+
+Quite early in the day the young lady ordered a handsome ball dress
+placed in a box, and directed it to be taken to her dressmaker, to
+receive some trifling alterations before evening. She would call in good
+season there, so she told her mother, and order it sent to Mrs.
+Caruthers's.
+
+Then, waiting for Mrs. Meeker, to take her morning drive, she went to
+her room and hurried on a travelling dress.
+
+She was going down stairs, when Harriet's nurse opened the door of her
+young mistress's apartment, and asked her to step a moment into the
+room.
+
+Belle turned with all the composure she could muster; she curbed her
+impatience, and looked amiable.
+
+'Oh, are you going out, Belle?'
+
+'Yes, dear; you know I am to be early at Mrs. Caruthers's. Mamma can't
+go with me--so I am to stay all night.'
+
+'Why, you have on your travelling dress!'
+
+'It looks odd, doesn't it I--I have sent my ball dress to Laroche, to be
+altered a little; and I have to call there now, and I want her to see me
+in this. Do you know, I don't think she has fitted me well at all?'
+
+'It seems to me quite perfect.'
+
+'Hatty, dear, did you want me?'
+
+This she said still standing, as if in haste to go.
+
+'Oh, no. I thought you were going into the parlor, and I was about to
+ask you to sit with me a little while. I have something to say to you
+about Gus. I want you to talk to papa. You know papa will listen to
+_you_. Tell him--never mind, dear, to-morrow will do as well--I hope you
+will have a pleasant evening.'
+
+'Thank you, dear. Good-by.'
+
+She turned and opened the door.
+
+By a sort of instinctive tenderness not denied to any human creature,
+Belle paused and looked back, and, hesitating a moment, returned; going
+to where her sister was reclining, she kissed her affectionately,
+without speaking one word.
+
+Harriet's eyes suffused; she was quite unused to such a demonstration.
+
+'My darling sister,' she whispered.
+
+Belle was already out of the room. She bounded down the staircase,
+passed hastily through the hall, and was soon walking rapidly along the
+street.
+
+One hour from that time she was on her way to New Jersey.
+
+A clergyman had been provided in that State to perform the marriage
+ceremony.
+
+When the six o'clock New York train for Philadelphia passed through
+Newark, it received on board Mr. and Mrs. Filippo Barbone, who were just
+starting on their wedding excursion.
+
+It was the commencement of the honeymoon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No wonder, the next day, that Belle is late. We who are in the secret
+will not be astonished; neither does Mrs. Meeker think it at all strange
+that Belle should not return in the morning after the excitement of a
+grand evening display such as Mrs. Caruthers will be sure to have.
+
+The day wears on. As the dinner hour approaches, Mrs. Meeker decides to
+send the carriage for her.
+
+The coachman soon drives up before Mrs. Caruthers's; and the footman,
+descending, announces simply that he has called for Miss Belle. The
+answer which is brought to him is, that Miss Belle is not in the house.
+He returns and reports accordingly.
+
+Although this little incident is very annoying to Mrs. Meeker, still she
+has no other idea than that Belle has stopped to make some call or do
+some shopping on her way home.
+
+Had she considered a moment, she would have perceived how unreasonable
+was such a supposition. But, as Mrs. Meeker could not have the slightest
+suspicion of the truth, she was forced to imagine something.
+
+In the midst of her perplexity, Hiram entered. He was so accustomed, and
+especially of late, to his daughter's greeting at the door, that he
+missed these affectionate tokens of her presence when he entered the
+house.
+
+'Where is Belle?' he said, as he came into the parlor.
+
+'Belle has not returned yet from Mrs. Caruthers's. It is rather strange.
+I have just sent the carriage for her. Wakeman brings back word that she
+is not there.'
+
+'Wakeman is an idiot!' exclaimed Hiram, with a degree of temper so
+unusual, that Mrs. Meeker started--'an idiot! I dare say he did not make
+his message intelligible.'
+
+Now, 'Wakeman' was Mrs. Meeker's private servant--a family servant, she
+was pleased to say; thereby meaning, not that he had been in the employ
+of her father, honest Thorn the plumber, nor yet in the service of her
+mother, the "poor relation," but that in fact he was her servant before
+she was married, and had remained _par excellence_ her servant ever
+since.
+
+She therefore rose in arms at once, in vindication of her favorite, and
+was about to work herself into one of her customary manifestations,
+which Hiram was evidently in no state of mind to bear, when there was
+suddenly a ring at the door. An instant's parley, and the servant
+entered, bearing a note to Mr. Meeker.
+
+The superscription was in Belle's handwriting.
+
+A 'terrible sagacity' informed Hiram's heart of something dreadful about
+to shock it. He tore open the envelope with fierceness, and read as
+follows:
+
+     'DEAR PAPA: Don't be angry with me. I was married
+     yesterday to Filippo Barbone. I married him because I love him, and
+     could never love any one else. I knew you would not consent, but I
+     could not live without him. Forgive your little girl, dear papa,
+     and write me to come back to you with my dear Filippo. Oh, I know
+     you will like _him_. Send to me at the Gresham House, Philadelphia.
+     I shall be in agony till I hear from you. Love to dear mamma and
+     Harriet. If I only had your forgiveness, how happy I should be,
+     dear, dear papa!
+
+           'Your little           Belle.'
+
+[This letter, mainly the production of the Signor, was prepared and put
+into the hands of his accomplice before the runaways set off, with
+directions to watch for Hiram's entrance into his house, and deliver
+immediately after.]
+
+Never before did Hiram Meeker give way to such an exhibition of rage.
+
+He glared fiercely about him, as if endeavoring to find some person on
+whom to vent it.
+
+There was no one but his wife, who stood directly before him, her angry
+reply in favor of 'Wakeman' having been cut short by the entrance of the
+servant with the note.
+
+As Hiram's glance fell on her, a sudden suspicion seized him that she
+was in some way privy to the affair. In an instant he had grasped her
+arm, and, shaking her with all his might, he exclaimed:
+'Wretch!--monster!--she-devil!--limb of Satan!'
+
+The affair was seriously enough certainly, but it had a ludicrous
+aspect. There was Arabella, without having the slightest idea of what
+could cause such a violent outbreak, tossed about like a whirligig by
+the usually calm, sedate, and self-possessed Hiram, who seemed suddenly
+transported into a very demon.
+
+Portions of her headdress began to come down. A pair of side curls
+dropped--a first-rate shot, a sportsman would say--the effect of a
+double shake and a sudden fetch-up. Next a profusion of hair from the
+back of the head tumbled off. Teeth began to chatter, and various
+portions of the structure in which she was encased, to give way.
+
+All this time, Arabella was vainly endeavoring to give utterance to
+various exclamations, but she could only gasp out some unintelligible
+sound, while her eyes flashed fire and her cheeks burned with rage.
+
+At last Hiram was exhausted, and with exhaustion came some little
+thought of what he had been doing. He relinquished his hold of his wife,
+picked up the note which he had dropped on the floor, put it into her
+hands, and quit the room.
+
+Hiram stood a moment in the hall, quite overcome by the revulsion that
+succeeded the storm. Then he slowly mounted the stairs, and proceeded to
+the room of his invalid child.
+
+Harriet was so struck with the change in her father's countenance, that
+she started up and exclaimed: 'Why, papa, what is the matter?'
+
+'We are disgraced, my child!' said Hiram, in a hollow voice.
+
+'How? What do you mean?'
+
+'Your sister has run away with a low, vile swindler. My curse rest on
+her forever!'
+
+'Oh, not so--say not so!' replied Harriet, imploringly.
+
+'Tell me, my child,' said Hiram, mournfully, while he seated himself by
+her side and took her hand--'tell your father truly, did you know
+anything about this?'
+
+'No, papa. I do not even now know what you mean.'
+
+Quite calmly Hiram told his daughter what had occurred. The travelling
+dress, and Belle's last kiss, flashed on her mind. She repeated the
+circumstance.
+
+'And you know nothing of this Filippo Barbone?' said Hiram, forcing
+himself with difficulty to pronounce the name.
+
+'Nothing.'
+
+'And your mother?' continued he, slowly, and in a tone which terrified
+his child.
+
+'Oh, I am sure she knew nothing about it, perfectly sure. I know she did
+not wish Belle to go to Mrs. Caruthers's, because she could not go with
+her; and even after Belle made the arrangement to stay all night, mamma
+did not seem to be at all satisfied.'
+
+Hiram was convinced, and the want of an object on which to wreak his
+anger now served to exhaust it.
+
+He leaned his face upon the side of his daughter's couch, and groaned.
+
+Harriet put her hand gently upon his cheek. 'Papa,' she said, timidly,
+'may I tell you what to do?'
+
+Hiram raised his head. His face was very haggard, but he made no reply.
+
+'Send for Belle to come back, and her husband too, and let us make them
+happy,' said Harriet, almost abruptly.
+
+'Never! My curse is on her! She is no longer my child--I disinherit
+her!'
+
+'Give her my portion, then--I shall not require it.'
+
+Hiram started--a new idea had struck him. It was as if somehow he had
+received a new accession of wealth by the surrender of Harriet's share.
+A strange confusion of ideas, certainly; but the thought grew on him, as
+we shall see by-and-by. Now, however, it gave place to the dominant
+feeling.
+
+Harriet, encouraged by his silence, broke in again: 'Won't you, papa?'
+she whispered.
+
+Hiram turned and looked at her angrily, but was compelled to lower his
+countenance before his daughter's earnest, truthful, heavenly gaze.
+
+He started up and went back to the parlor. He began to feel ashamed of
+his violence toward his wife, and was anxious to dispose of the matter
+as soon as possible.
+
+To return to Arabella.
+
+As soon as her husband had left her, she proceeded to read the note he
+placed in her hands. That accomplished, she took the precaution to ring
+the bell several times with great energy; and, having disposed of the
+little articles which lay scattered on the floor, she threw herself on
+the sofa, in violent hysterics.
+
+When Hiram entered, these were at once renewed. Her husband understood
+this phase of her constitution; and, directing the maid servants to
+remove their mistress to her own room, he ordered dinner to be served.
+
+I will do him the justice to say he ate little or nothing.
+
+Two or three times the waiter observed that his master put his hand to
+his head and then to his heart, as if endeavoring to tranquillize
+himself.
+
+After dinner, he mounted his horse, and rode several miles. When he
+returned, one would not have known, to look at him, that anything
+unusual had happened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the nest week Hiram was occupied in making his will. A new and
+important idea seemed to have possession of him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From that period he never permitted his daughter's name to be mentioned,
+and would receive no communication from her.
+
+Arabella's hysterics continued, at intervals for several days. Her
+husband, in view of his violence toward her, was very considerate, but
+the affair was never alluded to by either.
+
+Arabella, perhaps, felt that she deserved some punishment for tolerating
+the 'Count in disguise;' and Hiram never got over a certain feeling of
+mortification when he thought of the scene in the parlor.
+
+Here we leave all the parties for the present.
+
+
+
+
+THE MECHANICAL TENDENCY IN MODERN SOCIETY.
+
+
+There is no greater absurdity than the attempt to demonstrate anything
+from historical evidence, or to frame from it an argument whose cogency
+shall even approach to a demonstration. Granting the hypothesis that
+like causes will always produce like effects, we find ourselves unable
+to show that the cases are exactly, or even proximately, the same.
+History is not a record of every circumstance, but of those only that
+were deemed worthy of perpetuation; and even were all circumstances
+known to us, we must receive them as seen through the opinions of the
+historian, while the present is as it seems to us; so two cases, while
+appearing to agree, may in reality be very unlike. And, in addition to
+this, so many are the events that precede any given effect, that it is
+impossible to determine which is the cause, and which only the
+circumstance attending that cause. So, while our literature is flooded,
+with so many 'demonstrations from history,' many a philosopher finds
+himself in the situation of the sage who demonstrated that 'Tenterton
+steeple' was the 'cause of Godwin Sands.'
+
+From this it has arisen that practical men have come to despise not only
+all reasonings from history, but social science altogether, deeming it a
+pleasant tissue of thoughts that may amuse a leisure hour, but nothing
+of practical importance. On most subjects this is unfortunately true,
+but sometimes in the state of a nation there are indications, repeated
+again and again, showing the existence of a cause which, unless
+counteracted, will eventually produce certain disastrous effects. Though
+seen and pointed out by many wise men, still the existence of the cause
+cannot be logically proved, nor the time of its effect mathematically
+calculated. Such were the terrible premonitions which foretold the
+French Revolution, and such are the signs showing over and over again
+the existence of a mechanical tendency in our own social state. Very
+seldom, almost never, do we have mathematical certainty as the ground of
+our action, but the greater part of our lives is directed by moral or
+probable evidence; and though most of our reasoning on this subject must
+be derived from history or social science, we deem it worthy of the same
+treatment that is given, to other questions. If the probabilities be not
+as great, let it pass with other schemes and theories, but if those
+probabilities be great enough to make it of practical and vital
+importance, then let it become an element in every man's consideration.
+
+There is a great deal of possible confusion in this word _mechanical_.
+To most readers it would bring the idea of invention, the increasing
+number of cotton mills and iron founderies, of steamships and power
+presses, and such progress would be considered in the highest degree
+praiseworthy; but the sense in which we use the word is somewhat more
+general. A machine differs from a man in this respect: the former acts
+without intelligence and without volition, in accordance with certain
+laws impressed upon it from without; while a man chooses his own end by
+his own volition, in the light of his own intelligence, and in the same
+manner decides upon the means for obtaining that end. A mechanical
+condition would therefore be one wherein an individual acts without
+intelligence or volition, according to certain laws or habits coming to
+him from others; a mechanical state of society, one wherein the
+government moves on according to the will of one or more men, without
+thought, love, or even attention from the mass of the people, content
+only with their acquiescence. On the other hand, a rational condition,
+both of society and of the individual, would be that in which the
+thought, will, and love of the individual gave strength and life to
+every act.
+
+The question whether our social state is becoming mechanical, losing
+personal thought and volition, is of great and vital importance, on
+account of the terrible major premise that lies beneath. For prove but
+once that this is the fact, and there comes upon us the great general
+truth: 'The nation that is growing mechanical is hastening toward its
+destruction.' The proof of this assertion is written everywhere in
+history. The limits of this article render it impossible that a tithe of
+the proof should be brought forward in its support, and therefore only
+the most general truths can be laid down for the reader to verify from
+his own historical knowledge. No fact is more indisputable than that
+every preceding civilization has had its birth, progress, and death,
+differing only in length from the life of a mortal man; and in the state
+of each one, in proportion as this mechanical tendency increased, in
+that proportion their national life departed.
+
+The first period in every nation has been that called the heroic or
+golden age. Whether this was, in reality, or only in poetic dream, the
+best age, depends upon another question: What is the true aim in the
+life of men and nations? If it be but to live comfortably and without
+confusion, then the architecture and laws of later times are a proof of
+progress; but if the great end be to develop the whole man, and live a
+brave, thoughtful, truthful life, with or without tumult, then is the
+first the golden age; for, entering on a new mode of life, undirected by
+habits of thought or action from his ancestors, each man makes use of
+his personal thought in finding out, and volition in choosing, his
+method of life. No history has recorded the internal state of such a
+nation, but only the fact that it has always been successful in
+preserving its liberties against invasion.
+
+The next is the age of leaders, when individual thought has so far
+departed that they begin to look to others not yet as governors, but
+directors. This, to a superficial view the noblest age, marks the
+beginning of a decline. Its great power of invasion, as under Pericles
+or C�sar, comes from the fact that, while strength enough is left to
+carry out the details, there is not enough of independence in thought to
+mar the unity in the plan of its leader. Its brilliant literature
+springs from division of labor; life has become so complex that each man
+cannot comprehend it all--so one takes the department of thought,
+another of action. The man of thought tries to bring back that courage
+and virtue which he sees are departing, by singing beautiful songs in
+their praise; while the man of action, feeling their waning power in
+himself, makes up, by repeating these praises, the lack of a heroic
+life.
+
+The next is the mechanical age of society, which life has so outgrown
+the mind that the man cannot attend to both his own affairs and the
+state, which latter, therefore, he gladly yields to others. This is the
+age of standing armies, hired to protect a people too careless to
+protect themselves. This is the age of tyrants, as the lesser C�sars or
+Philip of Macedon. This is the age which ushers in the last period of
+the nation, a mechanical state of the individual, when thought has so
+departed that the man is not able to attend even to his own life, and,
+like a passive machine, the state is impelled and directed in even the
+least things by one tyranny from without. It is hardly necessary to add
+that Alexander in Greece, Elagabalus in Rome, Louis XVI in France, were
+followed by a destruction as certain as the fact that God meant the
+earth to be inhabited by men and not machines.
+
+Having shown the grave consequence that lies beneath it, we come now to
+the all-important consideration, whether our own social state has this
+mechanical tendency. The preceding sketch not only shows the truth which
+we have deduced from it, that this tendency is a prelude to a nation's
+death, but it also points out another, namely, that civilization
+contains within itself certain causes which finally work its
+destruction. We may, by a diligent study, find out these causes, such
+as increase of outward knowledge, division of labor, a complexity of
+outward relations, and a consequent hurried life that leaves no time for
+thought; but a careful analysis of all these reduces them to one great
+cause--an undue attention to physical prosperity. This cause existed
+among ancient nations in sufficient force to bring about their
+destruction, but it possessed not a tithe of the universality and
+strength which it holds among the modern, for, whereas it was once
+individual, it is now national, pervading every part of the social
+state.
+
+Before the world was thickly settled and the nations established, it was
+held that the power of a nation consisted in the extent of its
+dominions, so that while the individual strove for wealth in
+agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, the state despised such low
+pursuits, and turned its attention to increase of territory. But when,
+after the fall of Rome, it was found that the earth was too fully
+peopled and national power too well established for such means of
+strength, attention was turned to another source of power in the
+cultivation of a people's own resources and increase of its wealth.
+Wealth is obtained by the addition of mental power to physical products,
+increasing their value for supplying the wants of man. So that attention
+to physical comfort and prosperity which was despised by the brave
+nations of antiquity, is now the leading object of government: treaties
+are made, wars are declared, rebellions break out, not on account of
+national glory or right, but in consideration of cotton manufacture,
+facilities of commerce, or freedom of trade. Nations as well as men are
+absorbed in the same great pursuit, adding mind to matter for production
+of wealth.
+
+From this undue attention to physical prosperity spring certain
+subordinate causes, which, upon examination, are found to be the exact
+_differentia_ of modern times. The characteristics which distinguish our
+age from all others are the very ones which have been found so
+destructive to preexistent civilizations. The first characteristic of
+this kind is the abundance of outward knowledge. In the pursuit of
+wealth, the ocean, the desert, the isles of the sea have been ransacked
+for commodities to gratify the desires of man, and, in order that nature
+may be pliable for the same purpose in the hands of the artisan, its
+laws have been studied with the greatest success; the bowels of the
+earth, the depths of the air, the prison of the arctic seas, have all
+been subject to the same strict scrutiny in this design.
+
+The knowledge thus obtained comes pouring in by lightning and steam, and
+is scattered over the world within the reach of the poorest by means of
+the printing press. The man of to-day is a citizen of the world; he
+seems to be ubiquitous. It is as though he had a thousand eyes and ears,
+and, alas! only one mind. Thought has two conditions: first, knowledge,
+as food and stimulus; second, time for distributing and digesting that
+knowledge. But the first is so superabundantly fufilled that it entirely
+obliterates the second. Knowledge comes pouring in from all quarters so
+rapidly, that the man can hardly receive, much less arrange and think
+out, the enormous mass of facts daily accumulating upon him. The boasted
+age of printing presses and newspapers, of penny magazines, and penny
+cyclop�dias, is not necessarily the age of thought. There is a world-
+
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+|Transcribers note: It is regretted that page 354 is missing|
+|and cannot be traced.                                      |
++-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+will be the result; but to the working-man division of labor is mental
+death. The ancients might call these masses the _ignobile vulgus_, the
+French nobles might sneer at them as _sans-culottes_, we may deride them
+as the 'common herd,' all attempting to ignore their existence in
+history or politics; but it will be all in vain--for in the end it is
+the people that rule, be the government of the surface what it may.
+Either they will raise their rulers by their intelligent freedom, or
+drag the brilliant crowd down with them to destruction in spite of
+theory or law. Not only in mad sedition and revolution, but always, the
+masses govern.
+
+The next great characteristic of the age is the increased complexity of
+outward relations, while the inner mental power does not increase in the
+same ratio. The former causes had a mechanical tendency in that they
+lessened the mental strength, for all volition must have its foundation
+in thought; but this has the same tendency, inasmuch as it increases the
+objects of thought beyond the power of the mind to satisfy the demand.
+If any intelligent man should stop in the midst of his life, and
+consider the relations by which he is surrounded, and for the satisfying
+of which he is responsible, he will shrink amazed from their enormous
+complexity: demands from the state for support and thoughtful fidelity,
+demands from his fellow men for love and charity, children demanding
+education and training, his own nature demanding cultivation and
+development, and, last of all, or rather first of all, his God demanding
+thoughtful love and service. When he proceeds to consider how he may
+best satisfy all these, there pours in upon him knowledge unbounded,
+schemes, theories, and methods innumerable, so that he retreats at last
+in despair and returns to his business--so he calls it, as though to
+make money were all that a man was sent into the world for, as though
+his children, his country, his fellow man, were not all his business.
+The outer world seems to have risen to overwhelm him, and the reason of
+it lies in this same great cause of undue attention to outward
+prosperity.
+
+In the pursuit of wealth, men have aggregated themselves into towns and
+cities, whose area is measured by square miles, and their population by
+hundreds of thousands or millions; the mind meanwhile, instead of
+increasing in proportion to the demands thus made upon it, has rather
+diminished in power. Added to this, each man finds his own private
+affairs in the same state. The social barrier of birth is either gone or
+fast departing, and each man recognizes wealth as the only way to power;
+but the concentrated attention of men and nations in this direction has
+so complicated its pursuit that he must give his whole mind and heart to
+this alone, if he would hope to succeed in it, or even comprehend it.
+While these two worlds, the objective and the thinking subjective, have
+thus grown so enormously out of proportion, the world has found a remedy
+again in division of labor. The different relations, which are the
+unalienable obligations of every man, have been parcelled out among all,
+and each takes but one as his vocation, leaving all the rest to the
+vicarious performance of others. Politicians care for the state,
+teachers for the children, charitable societies for each man's neighbor,
+and preachers fulfil his duty to God.
+
+The first mistake in the world's action is this. In this partition,
+thoughts and actions have become separated, the world is filled and the
+individual confounded by new religions, methods of education, theories
+of government, propounded by those _par excellence_ called the thinking
+men, while the men who work have no time for thought. Wisdom is theory
+proved by experience, but here, alas! the reasoning man and the
+practical man are separated, so that we are farther than ever from the
+living truth.
+
+  Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers, and I linger on the shore,
+  And the individual withers, and the world is more and more.'
+
+
+Behind this first mistake, that one man can do the thinking for another,
+the great error in the world's reasoning on this subject is this, that
+one man can perform another's duties at all. The duty is his, the
+responsibility is his, and none can perform the one or assume the other.
+Granting that he may supply the thought or mechanical; the dynamical,
+the love and soul power which would make that logic effectual, can come
+only from each individual himself.
+
+The duty which each man owes to his children is education and training.
+Schools and teachers may supply schemes of education, improved methods
+of study, and instil some facts or even ideas into the mind; but that
+which vivifies the intellect and brings out every power in its fullest
+development is the motive of love; and it was meant that the filial
+affection of the child toward its parent should be the life of its
+opening mind. The mere logic of religion, Sunday schools and teachers,
+may supply one day out of seven; but to animate that logic and make it a
+practical thing, a faith instead of a belief, it must be made concrete
+and living in the loving life of home. In this case no one does the duty
+or assumes the responsibility of the parent.
+
+Our duty to our fellow men is not charity as we use the word--a bill
+dropped into the contribution box, or a subscription to a charitable
+society; but [Greek: charis] in the old meaning of love and help.
+Poverty springs from two causes--improvidence, a lack of the
+_savoir-faire_ in the affairs of life, or overwhelming circumstances,
+which have broken the spirit of the man and made him sit down
+discouraged and despairing. In either case, money is no remedy. If the
+man be improvident, it only helps the evil for a moment, and the want
+soon returns: what the man needs is instruction and care from those
+better versed in the art of living. And in the second case, to give
+money is no avail, but rather an evil; for instead of thus recognizing
+his degradation, the man needs encouragement, the enthusiasm of a strong
+and successful heart, giving life and light to him who thus sits in
+darkness. This demands the time and careful thought of every man, or the
+duty is left undone. Charitable institutions are well enough: the only
+error is in supposing that they can assume the responsibility of the
+individual. 'This ye ought to have done, and not to have left the other
+undone.'
+
+Our country cannot be left to politicians, for its first great demand is
+the careful thought of every man in the direction of its affairs; and
+this, no single man or class of men can supply. The action of Government
+should be conditioned by the needs of the people, and these can be known
+only by the people themselves. It is for every man, therefore, to keep
+an earnest and heedful eye to his own needs and the wants of those about
+him, if the _vox populi_ would be _vox Dei_, the utterance of God's
+truth; otherwise the opinion of the people will be the voice of
+demagogues, which is as far as possible from the voice of God. Another
+need is that of continual watchfulness, lest the country be defrauded,
+or its rulers become corrupt. No class of men can be appointed as
+watchmen, lest they also go in the same way: but it is the unalienable
+duty of the whole people. When the emergency of defence arises, no man
+can really perform his duty by the payment of money or the providing of
+a substitute; for that which makes a country strong is not armies or
+cannon, but life. The Moors held Grenada, in the midst of Spain, for
+years, the Swiss have remained amid the storms of Europe for centuries,
+a Rome of huts went out to conquer the world, while a Rome of palaces is
+doomed to invasion and death. Every nation has money enough, if it have
+only patriotism and its attendant courage. Even if war has become
+mechanical and men fight at a distance, so that the courage of a hand to
+hand conflict is of no avail, it finally comes to the same result; a
+nation needs not cannon or armies, but men whose hands are strong and
+whose minds are quick because of the love in their hearts. No man
+performs his duty unless he sends a substitute of equal bravery and
+patriotism to that which he should himself possess, and then he must do
+the substitute's duty by going in his place. Politicians and hired
+soldiery can neither govern nor protect a country; it needs the people
+themselves as individuals.
+
+In religion, no man pretends to say that a class of men can perform the
+duty which each man owes to God, and the person who should say such a
+thing would be considered in jest or partially deranged. Yet it is so
+tacitly held, and practically believed. As the man sits in his cushioned
+seat on the Lord's day, and looks up at the stately edifice which he has
+helped to build, and hears the eloquent words of the preacher whom he in
+part pays, he has a comfortable feeling that his work is done. To be
+sure, no man can love God without knowing Him, and none can know Him
+well without a careful and intelligent study of His works in creation
+and revelation; but the man himself has no time for this, he has
+something else to do, and if he but hire another to dig out these
+truths, and present them to him, as it were ready made, of a Sunday, he
+considers that it is enough. The preacher performs the thinking and the
+architect the acting of man's duty to God. So the world goes on;
+religion is merely logical, mechanical, a kind of 'greatest amount of
+happiness' affair, a lubricant to make the wheels of society move on
+smoothly, instead of being from the soul, dynamical, giving love and
+life to the world.
+
+This mechanical tendency has also an element which makes it worse than
+any corresponding state in former times, for these at least contained a
+faith which was positive, while ours is utterly negative; theirs sprang
+from want of mental power, ours from want of time. When in times past a
+people felt the power of thought going from them, and became conscious
+of their inability to solve the great riddle of life which was
+perplexing them, they chose the best remedy for what was irremediable,
+and turned to wiser men than they for direction and help. From thence
+sprang faith, reverence, hero worship, which stands next in rank to
+independent thought. But we, having no time to attend to these things,
+have yet no faith in those to whom they are entrusted, and no hope of
+their successful issue; we but shrug our shoulders at the thought, say,
+'I cannot attend to it,' and let it go. So _laisser aller_ is the cry of
+the age, a dead negation of thought and volition.
+
+By proving the existence of the causes that produce it, we have shown
+the presence of a mechanical tendency in our social state; the same
+thing may be done in another way, by proving the existence of effects
+that flow from it. The truest index of a people's condition is found in
+the meaning which they attach to certain, words. A history of the word
+_virtus_, manhood, is a history of the social condition of the Roman
+people. If, then, we find that the conceptions which we attach to such
+words as God, man, and society are mechanical, then society must have
+such a tendency, for these words lie at the foundation of all
+government, all social movements, and all individual actions.
+
+First, the meaning of the word God. We, as a people, neither deny nor
+pretend to deny, in words, the existence of a Being, infinite in power
+and wisdom, who governs the universe according to his will; yet
+practically we have ignored His existence, and deified the laws of
+nature instead, given up the idea of a free volition, worshipping a
+mechanical necessity of cause and effect. The cause of this dates back
+to Bacon's 'Novum Organum,' the introduction of the Inductive
+Philosophy. He laid down the principle that nature must be interrogated
+if she would be understood, that from a careful study of the effects we
+must deduce the cause, instead of presuming the cause, and explaining
+the effects on this hypothesis.
+
+This form of study and the study itself are well enough when confined to
+their right proportion; but desire for wealth, in its endeavor to adapt
+nature to the wants of man, has forced the study out of its proportion,
+and deduced from it an untruth. In proving the being of a God from
+nature alone, we get only the idea of power joined to a dead necessity
+of laws; and it must be in the study of the human soul, with its
+personality and volition, that we shall get the other ideas, which,
+joined to that of power, prove to us the being of a personal God. Nature
+has been studied and analyzed and searched with all the social and
+individual power of the age, while the science of mind and soul has
+stood still; and so it is that men no longer believe there is any God
+but cause and effect; not the nation which is right is successful, but
+'God is always on the side which has the most cannon;' not the just man,
+but the shrewd man, will succeed; not God but rain and sunshine, will
+bring forth the harvest.
+
+Give us back the time when men fought hand to hand in ordeal of battle,
+or bared their feet to walk over burning ploughshares in their firm
+trust that God would defend the right; give them back with all their
+superstitions and darkness, if with them we may receive again the lost
+knowledge of a God who is 'Our Father,' a God who loves and protects His
+children. If there is anywhere on the earth a soul that trusts and
+prays, then must the world be wrong in its belief. A law is a rule of
+conduct, a law of nature is a rule of God's conduct, and though we have
+abstracted the personality and freedom, they are none the less there.
+There is also a mitigated form of this atheism as follows: many believe
+in a personal God, yet conceive Him to be fettered by his own laws; as
+if He had made the machine of the universe, wound it up, and could now
+only stand helplessly aside to see it go. Prayer is of no avail to such
+a God; thus the first need of the soul is left unsatisfied, and man
+stands in the universe alone. Herein is their error: because He has
+always acted in this manner, they reason that He always will, and then
+go farther and think He always must; not seeing how He stands behind and
+moves the law. When the hammer in the pianoforte rises, the wire will
+sound; but there is one who sits unseen at the key board and controls
+the wires of the hammer. When the lightning bolt falls, the tree is
+shattered; but God holds the lightning in His hands.
+
+Succeeding a mechanical idea of God, we have a similar idea of man. The
+fundamental question of human nature is that of free will or necessity.
+The history of philosophy is but a history of the conflict of these two
+ideas: in the life of the individual also, the same great question
+arises, whether he can be what he will, or will be what he must. From
+this come all those articles on 'Nature and Circumstances,' 'Genius and
+Labor,' with which college magazines are filled--endeavors of the young
+mind to solve this most vital problem. Modern society has declared
+itself on the side of necessity: while acknowledging man preeminently
+free in his relations to others, it yet considers him as the bondslave
+of motives. When God is the mere bondsman of necessity, and his religion
+only the means of the greatest amount of happiness, surely his creature
+must be in the same slavery. There are three great motives that sway
+men--love for themselves, love to others, and love to God. The first of
+these is measurable, the others immeasurable. In the first, given a
+greater means of happiness, ten thousand dollars instead of nine
+thousand, and the action follows in that direction as a matter of
+necessity. But love of children, patriotism, benevolence, love of God
+rise above this logical and mechanical, to the region of free and
+incalculable volition.
+
+Society, ignoring any such thing as soul, has declared that only the
+measurable and necessary remains in man. Thence has arisen the science
+of averages, pretending to foretell with mathematical certainty what a
+man must do under given circumstances. Thence also has arisen this
+maxim, so often quoted as final in all such questions, 'Every man has
+his price.' Perhaps there is some ground too for this opinion. We have
+before shown how, by division of labor, affection and volition have been
+abstracted from life, while only a formal performance of duties by
+others remains, and it would be strange if, under such _r�gime_, these
+parts of the human nature should not become shrunken. But the soul is
+not wholly gone yet; the world is mistaken--a little is left which
+cannot be measured by dollars and cents, enough of benevolence yet to
+make tolerable, enough of faith and love in the hearts of a few holy men
+to keep the world from corruption.
+
+Society was called by the Great Master a brotherhood. Even in heathen
+times men were held by ties of kindred and country; now they acknowledge
+practically no bond but that of interest. The word that is continually
+in our mouths is 'framework of society,' 'social mechanism,' as though
+it were impelled by a force from without, instead of being a living and
+vital thing, moved and governed by its own vital forces. 'Law of
+averages,' 'honesty is the best policy,' 'law of supply and demand,' are
+supposed to be the forces that drive the affair, while any such power as
+love or faith is ignored. But as with individuals, so with society. The
+world is not so bad as it declares itself to be. Enough of patriotism is
+still left to affect the gold market at times, enough of faith to keep
+alive the effete aristocracy of Europe, enough of courage and honor to
+rally around and bravely uphold a tattered flag in a battle for
+constitutional freedom.
+
+Although we have shown the existence of a mechanical tendency, yet our
+labor is incomplete and practically useless unless we have shown how it
+may be retarded or wholly counterbalanced. Some countervailing element
+there must be, as is evident from the fact that, while the causes that
+produce this tendency exist in modern society in tenfold greater power
+than they ever had in ancient life, yet their operation has been, by
+far, less rapid. Greece and Rome existed barely a thousand years, while
+Anglo-Saxon civilization has already flourished much longer than that,
+and as yet shows no signs of immediate decay.
+
+The retarding cause is war. This does not strike at the root of the
+matter and eradicate the love of physical prosperity, but only retards
+the movement, by awaking men to see that their interests are inseparable
+from those of the state. In the midst of war they see that one cannot
+perform the duty of another, that hired soldiery cannot protect a state,
+but their own hearts and arms must be enlisted unless they would be
+buried in its ruins. It wakes up the dormant dynamical powers of courage
+and heroism, and checks for a moment the selfish individualism that was
+taking the life from the nation.
+
+This only retards, it does not counterbalance or neutralize this
+tendency. War was common to ancient and modern times alike; but that
+cause which has so long held our society from ruin, and on which we base
+our hope of an indestructible civilization, is the Christian religion.
+This strikes at the root of the matter, being antagonistic not only to
+the one simple cause, but to each of the subordinate causes that are
+derived from it. Disproportionate attention to outward prosperity
+springs from the idea that the happiness of men and nations is
+inseparable from wealth. Directly opposed to this is the teaching of
+religion, that happiness and strength come from performing truly the
+duties of life. The first derivative cause which we found under this was
+an accumulation of facts which overburden the mind and destroy its
+power. Religion has little to do with outward facts, it taxes but little
+the receptive power; it has to do rather with changing knowledge into
+wisdom, applying the few vital facts to the life. This knowledge, we
+have found, is objective, ignoring the [Greek: Gnothi seauton]; but
+religious thought is intensely subjective; all other things it esteems
+as of no avail, except those that relate to the outward condition and
+tendency of the individual. Know thyself in relation to man and
+God--this it continually demands. No man can be religious without
+thought--continual, earnest thought, perceiving and defining duties;
+therefore, wherever religion comes, even the mind that was sunken in
+weakness is raised to renewed life. It is in this way that religion
+counterbalances the influence of division of labor. While this takes
+away the last incentive to thought on the part of the workman, degrading
+him to a cunning but expensive machine, religion gives to him a new
+spring of thought, vivifies his blunted mind by the power of transformed
+affections, and makes him again a man.
+
+The next derivative was lack of time, taking affection and volition from
+life by dividing the duties of the individual among others. In immediate
+antagonism to this, religion declares that the individual stands alone
+in his duties and responsibilities before God. It recognizes no
+institution of charity or social partition, but reiterates the command,
+'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself,' which includes everything.
+
+Religion is opposed to this tendency, not only in its causes, but in its
+effects. It brings back to us the idea of a personal God. It makes no
+mention of nature, but simply says: 'The heavens declare the glory of
+God,' 'He sendeth his rain on the just and the unjust.' No laws of
+nature are spoken of as conditioning the action of God, but He sees the
+sparrow's fall and provides for it; He hears and answers the prayer of
+His children. It declares man to be more than a slave driven by motives,
+with every action necessitated; it declares him a creature of free
+volition, whose action can neither be calculated nor controlled. It
+declares him possessed of powers of love and hate, which defy
+mathematics; a being above all price, to whom honesty may be more than
+'the best policy,' even the loving obedience of a child to a loving
+Father. It declares society to be no mere framework tied together by
+interest, but a brotherhood, like a living soul, having a common Father,
+Saviour, and Home. In place of supply and demand, policy, interest, it
+enunciates but one word, _love_.
+
+It would be worse than useless if we had come so far in reasoning, and
+obtained no practical result, which might be embodied in each man's
+action. We have shown the existence of this tendency, and the powers
+that are antagonistic to it. We cannot prove the result, for there is no
+analogy in any preceding case which history affords; we cannot calculate
+the strength of the opposing powers, for the issue lies in man's
+volition, which is above mathematics. Yet practically, the result, as
+far as regards us individually, is as valuable as though this were
+possible. The result depends upon the world's decision, and each man is
+responsible for his part of that decision, whether he will give his
+heart to outward or inward prosperity. If he would have his children, to
+unnumbered generations, rise up to bless the age in which he lived, and
+him who lived therein; if he would do what he can to make his country's
+civilization perpetual, and his own life truly happy, let him give up
+all thought of _laissez faire_, 'it will last my time,' and begin to
+lead an earnest, thoughtful life, sacrificing, if need be, something of
+outward prosperity for the sake of fulfilling his duty in love and
+action to his fellow men and to God.
+
+
+
+
+AN INDIAN LOVE-SONG.
+
+
+  From his ambush in thy shadowy eyes young Love an arrow shot,
+  When beneath thy father's wigwam my youthful brain grew hot.
+  My heart is all a-quiver, but hear me while I sing;
+  Oh let me be thy beau, and I will never snap the string!
+    Then clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;
+    For I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.
+
+  Not with the glittering wampum have I come thy smiles to woo;
+  But I offer a cabin passage down life's river in my canoe;
+  And to beguile the voyage, if thou wilt come aboard,
+  Till sunset fire the waters the fire-water shall be poured.
+    While clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;
+    And I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.
+
+  Though my pipe of peace thy cruelty has shattered, stem and bowl,
+  A thousand thongs from thy dear hide are knotted round my soul.
+  From every murderous tomahawk my dove shall shielded be;
+  And if famine stare us in the face, I'll jerk my heart for thee.
+    So, clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;
+    And I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.
+
+
+
+
+LITERARY NOTICES.
+
+
+POEMS FROM THE INNER LIFE. By LIZZIE DOTEN. Boston:
+Wm. White & Co., 'Banner of Light' Office, 158 Washington street, New
+York: A. J. Davis, 274 Canal street.
+
+This book was written from what is called 'the plane of spiritual
+experience' of which we, being neither clairvoyant, clairaudient, nor
+clairsentient, know positively nothing.' Miss Doten says: 'I claim both
+a general and particular inspiration. I know that many sincere and
+earnest souls will decide, in the integrity of their well-trained
+intellects, that my claim to an intercourse with the invisible world is
+an extravagant assumption, and has no foundation in truth. I cannot
+conscientiously deny that in the mysteries of my inner life I have been
+acted upon decidedly and directly by disembodied intelligences, and this
+sometimes by an inspiration characteristic of the individual, or by a
+psychological influence similar to that whereby mind acts upon mind in
+the body. Many of the poems were given by direct spirit influence before
+public audiences. For many of them I could not obtain the authorship,
+but for such as I could the names are given.'
+
+Strange statements truly, and yet we see no reason to doubt that Miss
+Doten fully believes them to be simple records of facts known to
+herself. We do not doubt her truth and good faith; but we confess
+ourselves puzzled with the contradictory and inconsequent phenomena of
+modern spiritualism. These developments never bring any accession to our
+knowledge. In addition to the curious circumstances attending the
+creation of these poems, many of them are very beautiful. In those
+purporting to have been dictated by the spirit of Poe, the similarity of
+style is quite remarkable. His alliterations, his frequent assonances
+and rhymes, his chiming and ever-musical rhythms are wonderfully well
+reproduced. But has he learned nothing new to tell us in those 'supernal
+spheres'? Has he struck upon no new path in those weird regions, grasped
+no fresh and startling thought to weave into the perfect music of his
+lines? Nay, has he learned no new tunes, chimes, or rhythms 'where the
+angels' feet make music over all the starry floor'? Could he not lift
+for us the veil of Isis? The 'inspiration' from Shakspeare we regard as
+a total failure. He who never repeated himself on earth, comes to us who
+love him, after his long residence in heaven, and travesties his own
+matchless dramas by weak quotations from them, as if he had been
+cogitating only his own words through the new scenes of glory which had
+opened before him. Our great Shakspeare has grown none in the passing
+centuries--comes from the empyrean to gabble like a dotard of the
+visions of his youth? We quote from the poem:
+
+  'Man learns in this Valhalla of his soul
+  To love, nor ever finds 'Love's Labor Lost.'
+  No two-faced Falstaff proffers double suit;
+  No Desdemona mourns Iago's art;
+  And every Romeo finds his Juliet.'
+
+Trust us, fair and gifted Miss Doten, the spirit who sang this into your
+soul was not Shakspeare, nor, unless we are much mistaken, even one of
+his acquaintances.
+
+FAITH AND FANCY. By JOHN SAVAGE, Author of 'Sibyl, a
+Tragedy.' New York: James B. Kirker, 599 Broadway. Washington, D. C.:
+Philip & Solomon.
+
+We are glad to welcome this little volume of poems, some of which were
+published anonymously, and received general praise from critics and
+readers. They are vigorous, patriotic, rhythmical, and many of them are
+marked with imaginative power. The 'Muster of the North' is a bold and
+striking poem.
+
+LIFE OF EDWARD LIVINGSTON. By CHARLES HAVENS HUNT.
+With an Introduction by GEORGE BANCROFT. New York: D. Appleton
+& Co., 443 and 445 Broadway.
+
+Mr. Hunt has had great advantages in the preparation of this interesting
+life, the only surviving members of Mr. Livingston's immediate family
+having placed in his hands the whole mass of papers left by him at his
+death. The work has a double interest. As a man, Mr. Livingston claims
+our sympathies from his domestic virtues, his unvarying sweetness of
+demeanor, his high ability and culture; as jurist and statesman, he is
+closely related to the great epochs of our country. It fell to his lot,
+after our acquisition of Louisiana, to adjust the old municipal laws
+derived from France and Spain, to the new condition of the connection
+with America. 'The code which he prepared at the instance of the State
+of Louisiana,' says Mr. Bancroft, 'is in its simplicity, completeness,
+and humanity at once an impersonation of the man and an exposition of
+the American Constitution. If it has never been adopted as a whole, it
+has proved an unfailing fountain of reforms, suggested by its
+principles.' Mr. Livingston will live historically with such men as
+Bacon, Montesquieu, Beccaria, and Bentham. His great work in its final
+form was styled 'A System of Penal Law,' and was divided into 'A Code of
+Crimes and Punishments,' 'A Code of Procedure,' 'A Code of Evidence,'
+and 'A Code of Reform and Prison Discipline,' besides 'A Book of
+Definitions.' This work is marked by great unity of design, by the
+shunning of legal ambiguity, by the preventing rather than avenging
+crime, and by bringing 'mercy to season justice.'
+
+Space fails to follow Mr. Livingston through his congressional career,
+his social and domestic life, his many and pleasant relations with
+General Jackson, George M. Dallas, and most of the leading men of his
+own times. We close this short notice with a quotation from Charles J.
+Ingersoll: 'A purer, sweeter, or superior spirit seldom has departed. He
+belonged to a peerage of which there are very few members.' We doubt not
+this important record will obtain a wide recognition.
+
+RAMBLES AMONG WORDS: their Poetry, History, and Wisdom. By
+WILLIAM SWINTON. Revised Edition. New York: Dion Thomas, 142
+Nassau street.
+
+We are glad to welcome a new edition of this interesting book. Some
+fifteen hundred illustrations of the Poetry, History, and Wisdom of
+Words are presented to the reader in these pages, the greater number of
+which have never before been etymologically analyzed. Mr. Swinton's
+classifications are ingenious and suggestive. We have 'The Work of the
+Senses, 'The Idealism of Words,' 'Fossil Poetries,' 'Fossil Histories,'
+'Words of Abuse,' 'Growth of Words,' 'Verbal Ethics,' 'English in
+America,' &c. Our author says: 'In the growth of Words all the
+activities of the mind conspire. Language is the mirror of the living
+inward consciousness. Language is concrete metaphysics. What rays does
+it let in on the mind's subtile workings! There is more of what there is
+of essential in metaphysics--more of the structural action of the human
+mind, in Words, than in the concerted introspection of all the
+psychologists.' And very skilfully has Mr. Swinton elicited the pregnant
+meanings, the rich coloring, the 'concrete metaphysics,' the terrors,
+delights, and wonders of words. Thoughtlessly enough we use them, but
+they are coins of matchless worth, stamped with the history and marked
+by the complicated powers of the being in the fire of whose soul they
+are fused. Truthfulness of derivation, history, erudition, poetry, and
+imagination meet in the charming pages before us, and enthral the
+interest. We recommend the work not only to the student, but to all
+readers of intelligence. Those already familiar with the subject will
+find much rare and original matter; while those to whom it is new will
+be astonished and startled with the unsuspected resources of the magical
+regions through which 'Rambles among Words' will conduct them.
+
+THE VAGABONDS. By J. T. TROWBRIDGE. With Illustrations
+by F. O. C. Darley. New York: James G. Gregory, 46 Walker street.
+
+Most of the readers of the _Atlantic Monthly_ will remember 'The
+Vagabonds'--a poem remarkable for its truth and pathos. Darley has
+caught the spirit of the 'two travellers'--indeed, the expression of
+love and pity in the face of the dog is almost human. If we but read
+this poem aright, a moral lies in every verse, teaching us compassion
+for erring humanity, and mercy to the dumb creatures whom no sin or
+degradation can alienate from their loyal affections. We thank Darley
+for these exquisite and tender illustrations. They are worthy of his
+fame. May they save our poor four-footed 'Rogers' many a kick, and
+elicit a deeper sympathy for earth's unfortunate vagabonds!
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+THE METROPOLITAN FAIR IN AID OF THE UNITED STATES SANITARY COMMISSION.
+
+Believing it to be the duty of all public and private citizens, of all
+journals and publications, to do whatsoever may be in their power to aid
+the Metropolitan Fair in the effort to sustain the Sanitary Commission
+in its important functions, we propose devoting to this purpose the
+pages of our Editor's Table.
+
+Fort Sumter fell on the 15th of April, 1861; on the 16th, the
+President's proclamation calling out seventy-five thousand troops to
+suppress an armed rebellion was issued. The effect was electric,
+startling the loyal States into sudden activity. Men rushed to arms, and
+women thronged together to devise means to alleviate suffering likely
+soon to occur among the brave fellows speeding to face death in behalf
+of their country. Surgeons and physicians were invited to meet with them
+and instruct them how to make lint, prepare bandages, and educate
+nurses.
+
+About fifty ladies met during this juncture at the New York Infirmary
+for women, April 25th, 1861, and a committee was appointed to organize
+the benevolence of our women into a Central Association. A meeting was
+called in the Cooper Institute, April 29th, attended by the largest
+assembly of ladies ever drawn together before. It was presided over by
+D. D. Field, Esq.[5] Rev. Dr. Bellows explained the object of the
+meeting, and an eloquent address was made by Vice-President Hamlin. Dr.
+Crawford, since Brigadier-General Crawford, who had been at Fort Sumter,
+followed him. Drs. Wood, Mott, Stevens, etc., urged the merits of the
+enterprise. Articles of organization were brought in, which, under the
+name of the Women's Central Association of Relief, united the women of
+New York in a society whose objects were to collect and distribute
+authentic information with regard to the wants of the army; to establish
+a recognized union with the New York Medical Association for the supply
+of lint, bandages, etc.; to solicit the aid of all local associations;
+and to take measures for training and securing a supply of nurses
+against any possible demand of war. Dr. Mott was appointed President of
+the Association; Rev. Dr. Bellows, Vice-President; G. F. Allen, Esq.,
+Secretary; and Howard Potter, of Brown Brothers & Co., Treasurer.
+
+Wise questions were put to the Chief Medical Purveyor of the U. S. Army
+by the Association, to which kind and patient verbal answers were
+returned. But it was evident that he regarded its solicitude as
+exaggerated, and its proffer of aid as almost superfluous, believing the
+Medical Department was fully aroused to its duties, and able to meet
+them. There can be no doubt that this opinion was perfectly honest,
+loyal, and faithful. But the women still believed that something might
+be done for the objects of their solicitude. A committee, consisting of
+Dr. W. H. Van Buren, Dr. Elisha Harris, Dr. Jacob Harsen, and Rev. Dr.
+Bellows, etc., was appointed to visit Washington, and confer with the
+medical authorities and the War Department in regard to the whole
+subject of volunteer aid to the army. The committee came to the
+conclusion, after some weeks' observation in and about Washington, that
+neither the Government, the War Department, the Bureau, the army, nor
+the people understood the gigantic nature of the business entered upon,
+or were half prepared to meet the necessities which must in a few weeks
+or months fall crushingly upon them. Such facts convinced them of the
+necessity of a much more extensive system than had been contemplated at
+the period of their organization, and thus the idea of a Sanitary
+Commission, with an office and resident staff at Washington, presented
+itself to them as alone able to meet the views of the Central
+Association and the emergencies of the case. The ordering of a Sanitary
+Commission _without rights or powers_ was finally granted, the _duties_
+being enough to satisfy the most active. The order for the Commission
+was issued by the Secretary of War June 9th, and approved by the
+President June 13th, 1861. Women feel that our soldiers belong to the
+_nation_, and thus local, and personal prejudices have yielded to the
+truly _federal_ principles of the Sanitary Commission. They are
+withdrawn from local politics, and have felt the assault upon the life
+of the nation in its true national aspect. They have been the first to
+appreciate and understand the all-embracing duties of the Sanitary
+Commission. With Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Louisville,
+Pittsburg, Philadelphia, New York, Brooklyn, New Haven, Hartford,
+Providence, Boston, Portland, and Concord for centres, there are at
+least 15,000 Soldiers' Aid Societies, all under the control of women,
+employed in supplying, through the Sanitary Commission, the wants of the
+sick and wounded in the great Federal Army. The skill and business
+energies of the women managing the vast operations of the chief centres
+of supply unfold a new and glowing page in the history of the capacities
+of the sex.
+
+Why does the Sanitary Commission need so much money? Because the present
+machinery of the Commission, supported by the Central Treasury cannot be
+kept in motion without large expenditures; and large as the cost is, the
+results for good are almost infinitely larger. The Sanitary distributes
+the supplies sent, embraces Sanitary Inspection by medical men of
+general hospitals, Sanitary Inspection by medical men of camps and field
+hospitals, Special Relief with all its agencies and in all its various
+departments, and the Hospital Directory with its register and its
+500,000 names. Every dollar expended meets some real want, or helps to
+save a life. Do the people wish this agency in behalf of the soldiers in
+tent, hospital, and on the battle field--at the East--West--South, to
+cease? or is it their will to continue it in its largeness of plan, its
+scientific exactness, its ability to do all that the friends at home
+would themselves desire to do for our soldiers? Our generous and loyal
+people have given their entire confidence to the Sanitary
+Commission--they have decided that it shall not die for lack of material
+aid, estimating beyond all money and all price the lives and health of
+the brave men now in the field for the defence of the country, and
+grateful that they may repose in the certitude that every cent
+contributed will be used in the surest manner to effect the results
+required. To aid in sustaining this beneficent institution, New York is
+about to inaugurate a great Metropolitan Fair. She asks in the sacred
+name of freedom and humanity that her children come together with the
+works of their hands, the results of their enterprise, the achievements
+of their talents, the bloom of their genius, to do her honor in a Great
+Exhibition of Art, Industry, Commerce, all devoted to the cause of human
+progress. She begs of her children to do the work which is given them to
+do, with a spirit of love and patriotism, remembering no private griefs,
+no unworthy animosities; remembering only the bleeding sons of the
+Republic, who threw themselves, in their youth and strength, into the
+yawning gulf which opened before them, hoping that, propitiated by such
+a sacrifice, it might close again--willing to die, or live maimed and
+suffering, that a happy, peaceful and united people might again possess
+the fairest land which God has given to mankind. Chicago, Cincinnati,
+and Boston have already done nobly in this direction, and New York
+should contribute in proportion to her means and advantages. The
+Atlantic seaboard should make great exertions, seeing that more than one
+half of the money received by the Commission has been contributed from
+the shores of the Pacific--California having sent more than five hundred
+and twenty-five thousand dollars.
+
+The Managers of the Fair invite all Merchants, Manufacturers, and
+Artisans to contribute of their wares to its stores, giving such goods
+as they make or deal in--such goods as are made profitable to them by
+the prosperity of the country which our soldiers are fighting to
+maintain.
+
+Painters and Sculptors, who have done so much for the honor of their
+country, all who are connected with the Fine Arts, either as creators,
+as dealers, or possessors of Art Treasures, are asked to send their
+contributions for _exhibition_ or _sale_.
+
+Farmers are invited to bring to the Fair gifts from their barns, stalls,
+dairies, and poultry yards.
+
+Publishers and Booksellers are confidently looked to for aid. A
+_Second-hand Book Stall_ will be attached to this Department, to which
+contributions are asked from the shelves of those who are cumbered with
+duplicate copies, or who have books which they no longer use. Connected
+with this Department will be a table for the exposition and sale of
+valuable Autographs.
+
+On the Musicians, Musical Instrument Makers, and Music Dealers, the
+Managers confidently rely for a worthy representation of the beautiful
+art of which they are ministers, by the giving of Musical Performances
+and of instruments and music for sale.
+
+The Managers and Artists of the various Theatres are invited to set
+apart one evening during the Fair, the performances on which shall be
+for the benefit of the fund.
+
+It is hoped that the Public Schools and Public Institutions of a
+benevolent character may contribute in some fitting manner to the Fair.
+
+It is also hoped, from the well-known patriotism of the Fire Department
+and the Police, that they will bear an honorable and conspicuous part in
+this life-preserving and humane undertaking.
+
+A Department of Arms and Trophies will be established, to which not only
+arms and flags captured in the present war, but all articles of this
+kind having a historic or intrinsic interest, will be acceptable
+contributions, either for sale or exhibition.
+
+An Old Curiosity Shop will afford all who have interesting relics of the
+past in their possession an opportunity to enable others to share the
+pleasure of examining them. Valuable contributions have been already
+received in this department. Let it be clearly stated whether articles
+of this kind are for sale or only for exhibition.
+
+A Newspaper will be published daily, which, in addition to the latest
+telegraphic news, will contain short and piquant articles upon the
+incidents of the day, and especially of the Fair.
+
+A Post Office will also be established.
+
+A Restaurant will be under the charge of an accomplished public caterer.
+
+It is intended that, so far as practicable, each city in the State
+desiring that its contributions shall be kept together, shall have a
+separate space set apart for them, and that each of these cities shall
+be represented in the General Committee of Management.
+
+A certain number of each Executive Committee will be at its Office--the
+Ladies at No. 2 Great Jones street, the Gentlemen at No. 842
+Broadway--every day, from 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.
+
+Contributions are to be sent to the Receiving Depot, No. 2 Great Jones
+street, where they will be credited to their givers, and their receipt
+acknowledged by the proper committee.
+
+It is particularly requested that each contribution be plainly marked
+with the name of the contributor, for exposition during the Fair, and
+that each article be accompanied by a memorandum of its value.
+
+
+REGULATIONS.
+
+1. Every application by note for contributions shall be upon paper
+bearing the symbol of the Fair, and signed in writing by a member of the
+Executive Committee; and every member of a special committee shall be
+provided with a similar certificate of authority.
+
+2. It is earnestly requested that all contributions in money be sent to
+the Treasurer, to whose order all checks should be made payable.
+
+3. At the Fair, every article shall be sold at its current value, when
+that is determinable.
+
+4. In all raffles, the number of tickets sold shall not exceed the
+original valuation of the articles raffled for.
+
+5. No person shall be importuned to buy articles or tickets for raffles.
+
+6. In every department, a cashier shall be appointed to receive money
+and make change.
+
+7. No punch shall be sold.
+
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Ladies' Association.
+
+  MRS. HAMILTON FISH, _President_.
+   "   DAVID LANE, _Vice-President_.
+   "   A. V. STOUT, _Second Vice-President_.
+   "   ELLEN R. STRONG, _Treasurer_.
+   "   JOHN SHERWOOD, _Secretary_.
+  MISS CATHERINE NASH, _Assistant Secretary_.
+
+_Executive Committee._
+
+Office, No. 2 Great Jones street.
+
+  Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts.
+   "   Francis Lieber.
+   "   Wm. H. Van Buren.
+   "   Richard M. Hunt.
+   "   Jonathan Sturges.
+   "   A. Schermerhorn.
+   "   David D. Field.
+   "   S. G. Courtney.
+   "   Daniel Le Roy.
+   "   Benjamin Nathan.
+   "   John Jacob Astor.
+   "   Gurdon Buck.
+   "   Ogden Hoffman.
+   "   Josiah S. Colgate.
+   "   Frank E. Howe.
+   "   John A. Dix.
+   "   A. Hamilton, jr.
+   "   Thomas F. Meagher.
+   "   Philip Hamilton.
+   "   Frederick Billings.
+   "   Morris Ketchum.
+  Miss Catherine Hone.
+
+
+Gentlemen's Association.
+
+  MAJOR-GEN. JOHN A. DIX, _President_.
+  MR. JONATHAN STURGES, _First Vice-President_.
+   "  JAMES T. BRADY, _Second Vice-President_.
+   "  WILSON G. HUNT, _Chairman of Gen. Com_.
+   "  RICHARD GRANT WHITE, _Secretary_.
+
+_Executive Committee._
+
+Office, No. 842 Broadway.
+
+  Mr. George Griswold Gray, _Chairman_.
+   "  R. G. White, _Secretary_.
+
+  Mr. Marshall O. Roberts.
+   "  Arthur Leary.
+   "  James L. Kennedy.
+   "  Charles H. Marshall.
+   "  A. Van Rensselaer.
+   "  Nathan'l P. Hosack.
+   "  Peter Marie.
+   "  Abr'm M. Cozzens.
+   "  L. R. Jerome.
+   "  Wm. T. Blodgett.
+   "  Fletcher Harper.
+   "  Lloyd Aspinwall.
+   "  Wm. Scharfenberg.
+   "  Levi P. Morton.
+   "  Chris'n E. Detmold.
+   "  Henry Chauncey.
+   "  Charles A. Bristed.
+   "  Thomas Acton.
+   "  C. Godfrey Gunther.
+   "  Henry S. Fearing.
+   "  A. R. Macdonough.
+   "  Francis A. Stout.
+   "  James A. Roosevelt.
+   "  Le Grand B. Cannon.
+   "  Edward Delano.
+   "  John F. Kensett.
+   "  James F. Ruggles.
+   "  Moses Lazarus.
+   "  Joseph G. Heywood.
+   "  Philetus T. Holt.
+   "  Uriel A. Murdock.
+   "  Elliott F. Shepard.
+   "  Edward Matthews.
+   "  S. B. Janes.
+
+We have deemed it best thus to gather together from all available
+sources all the information we could glean from the circulars, etc., of
+the Metropolitan Fair, with the names of its officers, and the addresses
+of the Executive Committees, that we might give all possible information
+to our widely spread circle of readers. We give, from the excellent
+article in the January number of the _North American Review_ already
+quoted, a vivid description of scenes occurring in the great Northwest,
+upon a similar occasion.
+
+     'In Chicago, for instance, the Branch has lately held a fair of
+     colossal proportions, to which the whole Northwest was invited to
+     send supplies, and to come in mass! On the 26th of October last,
+     when it opened, a procession of three miles in length, composed of
+     wagon loads of supplies, and of people in various ways interested,
+     paraded through the streets of Chicago; the stores being closed,
+     and the day given up to patriotic sympathies. For fourteen days the
+     fair lasted, and every day brought re�nforcements of supplies, and
+     of people and purchasers. The country people, from hundreds of
+     miles about, sent in upon the railroads all the various products of
+     their farms, mills, and hands. Those who had nothing else sent the
+     poultry from their barnyards; the ox or bull or calf from the
+     stall; the title deed of a few acres of land; so many bushels of
+     grain, or potatoes, or onions. Loads of hay, even, were sent in
+     from ten or a dozen miles out, and sold at once in the hay market.
+     On the roads entering the city were seen rickety and lumbering
+     wagons, made of poles, loaded with a mixed freight,--a few
+     cabbages, a bundle of socks, a coop of tame ducks, a few barrels of
+     turnips, a pot of butter, and a bag of beans,--with the proud and
+     humane farmer driving the team, his wife behind in charge of the
+     baby, while two or three little children contended with the boxes
+     and barrels and bundles for room to sit or lie. Such were the
+     evidences of devotion and self-sacrificing zeal the Northwestern
+     farmers gave, as, in their long trains of wagons, they trundled
+     into Chicago, from twenty and thirty miles' distance, and unloaded
+     their contents at the doors of the Northwestern Fair, for the
+     benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission. The mechanics and
+     artisans of the towns and cities were not behind the farmers. Each
+     manufacturer sent his best piano, plough, threshing machine, or
+     sewing machine. Every form of agricultural implement, and every
+     product of mechanical skill, was represented. From the watchmaker's
+     jewelry to horse shoes and harness; from lace, cloth, cotton, and
+     linen, to iron and steel; from wooden and waxen and earthen ware to
+     butter and cheese, bacon and beef;--nothing came amiss, and nothing
+     failed to come, and the ordering of all this was in the hands of
+     women. They fed in the restaurant, under 'the Fair,' at fifty cents
+     a meal, 1,500 mouths a day, for a fortnight, from food furnished,
+     cooked, and served by the women of Chicago; and so orderly and
+     convenient, so practical and wise were the arrangements, that, day
+     by day, they had just what they had ordered and what they counted
+     on, always enough, and never too much. They divided the houses of
+     the town, and levied on No. 16 A street, for five turkeys, on
+     Monday; No. 37 B street, for 12 apple pies, on Tuesday; No. 49 C
+     street, for forty pounds of roast beef, on Wednesday; No. 23 D
+     street was to furnish so much pepper on Thursday; No. 33 E street,
+     so much salt on Friday. In short, every preparation was made in
+     advance, at the least inconvenience possible to the people, to
+     distribute in the most equal manner the welcome burden of feeding
+     the visitors at the fair, at the expense of the good people of
+     Chicago, but for the pecuniary benefit of the Sanitary Commission.
+     Hundreds of lovely young girls, in simple uniforms, took their
+     places as waiters behind the vast array of tables, and everybody
+     was as well served as at a first-class hotel, at a less expense to
+     himself, and with a great profit to the fair. Fifty thousand
+     dollars, it is said, will be the least net return of this gigantic
+     fair to the treasury of the Branch at Chicago.'
+
+We cannot believe that there is the least necessity to urge upon our
+generous people the absolute _duty_ of contributing largely to the
+support of the Sanitary Commission, the strong and helpful angel of our
+bloody battle fields. Our sick soldiers, burning with fever, shivering
+with the debility of disease, with pallid faces and emaciated frames,
+ask from us that its healing dews shall still be suffered to descend
+upon them. Stricken down upon the battle field in the full bloom of
+manly vigor, lying festering in their ghastly wounds among the dead and
+dying, exposed to the dews of night, the broiling fervors of the midday
+sun, we may hear them implore us that the ambulances of the Sanitary may
+be allowed to aid in bringing them shelter, aid, strength to live, or
+patience to die. Bleeding stumps of manly limbs are piteously held forth
+to us that surgeons may be supplied for amputation, that balls buried in
+the flesh or lodged in the bone may be extracted by hands skilful in the
+use of knife and probe. Let these brave fellows feel that the arms of
+the men and women of this country are clasped around them in sustaining
+love. Ah, have we not all dear ones in this grand army? answer me, fair
+and true daughters of our soil.
+
+  'The subtile sense, the faith intense, of woman's heart and brain,
+  Give her a prophet's power to see, to suffer, and maintain.'
+
+Let us not stop to measure what is prudent for us to give, but let us
+give freely, promptly, as we would do if we saw before us the suffering
+victims of this holy war! Every dollar may save a life, every penny a
+pang. O God! shall we stop to count pence with our stricken brave
+_dying_ and bleeding before us? Every gift, however small, from a loyal
+soul, will be greeted, every good giver welcomed. Let us listen to the
+most sublime of all music, the great heart-throbs of a free people
+chiming together in the vigorous rhythm of the Divine charities. Let our
+nation comprehend from within the march of its vast destinies, its true
+and ever-growing force in the love and self-sacrifice of its children.
+Let the benediction of our American Evangel, 'All men are born free and
+equal,' sound on until all voices swell in the grand diapason of
+everywhere harmonious and united Humanity, for this is the strength of
+man and the true meaning of our Union.
+
+  'From the vine-land, from the Rhine-land,
+    From the Shannon, from the Scheldt,
+  From the ancient homes of genius,
+    From the sainted home of Celt,
+  From Italy, from Hungary,
+    All as brothers join and come,
+  To the sinew-bearing bugle
+    And the foot-propelling drum:
+  Too glad beneath the starry flag to die, and keep secure
+  The Liberty they dreamed of by the Danube, Elbe, and Suir.'
+
+Let us at least prove ourselves worthy of the century in which we live,
+and show the astonished world how a free people honors, guards, cares
+for, and shelters its suffering heroes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Or Black Head. There is great confusion in names in this part of the
+range.
+
+[2] Dr. Neumann has removed from Munich to Berlin within a year past.
+
+[3] Now over 3,000 miles.
+
+[4] Now 2,907 miles.
+
+[5] For most of these facts, see Article on the Sanitary Commission in
+the _North American Review_ for January, 1864.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue
+III.  March, 1864, by Various
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol V, No III, by Various Authors.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue III. 
+March, 1864, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue III.  March, 1864
+       Devoted to Literature and National Policy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2006 [EBook #18848]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+<p>
+<br />
+</p>
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE</h2>
+
+<h1>CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:</h1>
+
+<h4>DEVOTED TO</h4>
+
+<h2>Literature and National Policy.</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3>VOL. V.&mdash;MARCH, 1864.&mdash;No. III.</h3>
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AMERICAN_FINANCES_AND_RESOURCES">AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#AMERICANIII">LETTER NO. III.</a></span></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PALMER_THE_AMERICAN_SCULPTOR">PALMER, THE AMERICAN SCULPTOR.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CLOUDS">CLOUDS.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#CIRRUS">CIRRUS.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#CUMULI">CUMULI.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#RAIN">RAIN CLOUDS.</a></span></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SKETCHES_OF_AMERICAN_LIFE_AND_SCENERY">SKETCHES OF AMERICAN LIFE AND SCENERY.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_ISSUES_OF_THE_WAR">THE ISSUES OF THE WAR.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AENONE">&AElig;NONE:</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#AENONE1">CHAPTER I.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#AENONE2">CHAPTER II.</a></span></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CARL_FRIEDRICH_NEUMANN_THE_GERMAN_HISTORIAN_OF_OUR_COUNTRY">CARL FRIEDRICH NEUMANN, THE GERMAN HISTORIAN OF OUR COUNTRY.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_GREAT_AMERICAN_CRISIS">THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.&mdash;<i>PART THREE</i>.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THISTLE-DOWN">THISTLE-DOWN.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_LOVE_LUCIFER">THE LOVE LUCIFER.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#LUCIFER1">CHAPTER I.</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AMERICAN_FINANCES_AND_RESOURCES2">AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#AMERICANIV">LETTER NO. IV.</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL">WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?&mdash;<i>PART THE LAST.</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#SUCCESSFULVI">CHAPTER VI.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#SUCCESSFULVII">CHAPTER VII.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#SUCCESSFULVIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#SUCCESSFULIX">CHAPTER IX.</a></span></td></tr>
+
+
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_MECHANICAL_TENDENCY_IN_MODERN_SOCIETY">THE MECHANICAL TENDENCY IN MODERN SOCIETY.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#AN_INDIAN_LOVE-SONG">AN INDIAN LOVE-SONG.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LITERARY_NOTICES">LITERARY NOTICES.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#EDITORS_TABLE">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AMERICAN_FINANCES_AND_RESOURCES" id="AMERICAN_FINANCES_AND_RESOURCES"></a>AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.</h2>
+
+<h3><a name="AMERICANIII" id="AMERICANIII"></a>LETTER NO. III. OF HON. ROBERT J. WALKER.</h3>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">London, 10 Half Moon Street, Piccadilly,</span><br />
+<i>December 3d</i>, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>It is generally believed, even when the American rebellion should be
+suppressed, that there would be a great loss of wealth and resources on
+the part of the United States. As an economical question the great truth
+is not disputed by me, that, as a general rule, wars by a waste of
+property, by large expenditures, and by the withdrawal of so much labor
+from the pursuits of industry, impair the material interests of the
+nation. The influence of such considerations in the United States is not
+denied; but there are in the cause of this contest, as well as in its
+effects and consequences, results which will more than compensate for
+such losses. Slavery was the sole cause of this rebellion, and the
+result will be the reconstruction of the Union, with slavery everywhere
+extinguished. On this assumption, the question is, whether the
+substitution of free for slave labor throughout every State and
+Territory of the Union will not, as a question of augmented wealth and
+invigorated industry, far more than compensate for the losses incurred
+in the contest. Reasoning inductively, it might well be supposed that
+the willing labor of educated and energetic freemen would be far more
+productive than the forced labor of ignorant, unwilling, and uneducated
+slaves. In the realm of science, as well as in the direction of labor,
+knowledge is power, education is wealth and progress; and that this is
+applicable to the masses who compose a community, and especially to the
+working classes, is demonstrated by our American official Census. In
+proof of this position, I will proceed by a reference to the official
+tables of our Census of 1860, to show not only in particular Slave
+States, as compared with other Free States, whether old or new, Eastern
+or Western, or making the comparison of the aggregate of all the Slave
+with the Free States, the annual product of the latter <i>per capita</i> is
+more than double that of the Slave States. I begin with Maryland as
+compared with Massachusetts, because Maryland, in proportion to her
+area, has greater natural advantages than any one of the Slave or Free
+States; and if the comparison with the Free States is most unfavorable
+to her, it will be more so as to any other Southern State; as the Census
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>shows that, from 1790 to 1860, as well as from 1850 to 1860, Maryland
+increased in population per square mile more rapidly than any other
+slaveholding State.</p>
+
+<p>We must consider the area, soil, climate, mines, hydraulic power,
+location, shore line, bays, sounds, and rivers, and such other causes as
+affect the advance of wealth and population.</p>
+
+<p>The relative progress of Maryland has been slow indeed. The population
+of the Union, by the Census of 1790, was 3,929,827, of which Maryland,
+containing then 319,728, constituted a twelfth part (12.29). In 1860,
+the Union numbered 31,445,080, and Maryland 687,034, constituting a
+forty-fifth part (45.76). In 1790, the Free States numbered 1,968,455,
+Maryland's population then being equal to one sixth (6.12); but, in
+1860, the population of the Free States was 18,920,078, Maryland's
+number then being equal to one twenty-seventh part (27.52). But, if
+Maryland had increased as rapidly from 1790 to 1860 as the whole Union,
+her proportion, one twelfth part, would have made her numbers in 1860,
+2,620,315; and if her proportional increase had equalled that of the
+Free States, her ratio, one sixth, would have made her population in
+1860, 3,153,392.</p>
+
+<p>I take the areas from the report (November 29, 1860) of the Commissioner
+of the General Land Office, where they are for the first time accurately
+given, 'excluding the water surface.' The population is taken from the
+Census Tables. I compare first Massachusetts and Maryland, because they
+are maritime and old States, and both in 1790 had nearly the same
+population, but, as will be shown hereafter, with vastly superior
+natural advantages in favor of Maryland.</p>
+
+<p>Area of Maryland, 11,124 square miles; shore lines, by tables of United
+States Coast Survey, viz.: main shore, including bays, sounds, etc., 503
+miles, islands 298, rivers to head of tide water 535; total, 1,336
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>Area of Massachusetts, 7,800 square miles; shore lines, by tables of
+United States Coast Survey, viz.: main shore, including bays, sounds,
+etc., 435 miles, islands 259, rivers to head of tide water 70; total,
+764 miles. When we mark the Potomac and its tributaries, the lower
+Susquehanna, the deep and numerous streams of the Chesapeake, the
+commercial advantages of Maryland over Massachusetts are vast indeed.
+Looking at the ocean shore of Maryland, and also at the Chesapeake Bay,
+the largest and finest estuary in the world, indented with numerous
+sounds and navigable inlets, three fourths of its length for both shores
+being within Maryland, and comparing this deep and tranquil and
+protected basin, almost one continuous harbor, with the rockbound coast
+of Massachusetts, lashed by the stormy Atlantic, the superiority of
+Maryland is striking.</p>
+
+<p>Mortality in Maryland, by the late Census, viz., deaths from 1st June,
+1859, to 31st May, 1860, 7,370 persons. Same time in Massachusetts,
+21,303; making the ratio of deaths to the number living in Maryland, one
+to every 92, and in Massachusetts one to every 57; and the percentage of
+deaths in Maryland 1.09, and in Massachusetts 1.76. This rate of
+mortality for Massachusetts is confirmed by the late official report of
+their Secretary of State to the Legislature.</p>
+
+<p>As to area, then, Maryland exceeds Massachusetts 43 per cent.; as to the
+shore line, that of Maryland is nearly double that of Massachusetts. As
+to climate, that of Maryland, we have seen, is far the most salubrious.
+This is a vast advantage, not only in augmented wealth and numbers, from
+fewer deaths, but also as attracting capital and immigration. This
+milder and more salubrious climate gives to Maryland longer periods for
+sowing, working, and harvesting crops, a more genial sun, larger
+products, and better and longer crop seasons, great advantages for
+stock, especially in winter, decreased consumption of fuel, a greater
+period for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> the use of hydraulic power, and of canals and navigable
+streams. The area of Maryland fit for profitable culture is more than
+double that of Massachusetts, the soil much more fertile, its mines of
+coal and iron, with the fluxes all adjacent, rich and inexhaustible;
+whereas Massachusetts has no coal, and no valuable mines of iron or
+fluxes. When we reflect that coal and iron are the great elements of
+modern progress, and build up mighty empires, this advantage of Maryland
+over Massachusetts is almost incalculable. The hydraulic power of
+Maryland also greatly exceeds that of Massachusetts. Such are the vast
+natural advantages of Maryland over Massachusetts. Now let us observe
+the results. Population of Maryland in 1790, 319,728; in 1860, 687,034;
+increase, 367,300. Population of Massachusetts in 1790, 378,717; in
+1860, 1,231,065; increase, 852,348; difference of increase in favor of
+Massachusetts, 485,048; excess of Massachusetts over Maryland in 1790,
+58,989, and in 1860, 544,031. This result is amazing, when we regard the
+far greater area of Maryland and her other vast natural advantages. The
+population of Maryland in 1790 was 28 to the square mile (28.74), and in
+1860, 61 to the square mile (61.76); whereas Massachusetts had 48 to the
+square mile in 1790 (48.55), and 157 to the square mile in 1860
+(157.82). Thus Massachusetts had only 20 more to the square mile in
+1790, and 96 more to the square mile in 1860. But if the area of
+Maryland and Massachusetts had been reversed, Massachusetts with the
+area of Maryland, and the population of Massachusetts of 1860 to the
+square mile, would have numbered then 1,755,661, and Maryland with the
+area of Massachusetts, and the population of Maryland of 1860 to the
+square mile, would have had then a population of only 481,728 upon that
+basis, leaving Massachusetts in 1860, 1,273,393 more people than
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p>By the census of 1790, Massachusetts was the fourth in population of all
+the States, and Maryland the sixth; but in 1860, Massachusetts was the
+seventh, and Maryland the nineteenth; and if each of the thirty-four
+States increases in the same ratio from 1860 to 1870 as from 1850 to
+1860, Maryland will be only the twenty-fifth State.</p>
+
+<p>These facts all conclusively attest the terrible effects of slavery on
+Maryland, and this is only one of the dreadful sacrifices she has made
+in retaining the institution. As to wealth, power, and intellectual
+development, the loss cannot be overstated.</p>
+
+<p>Nor can manufactures account for the difference, as shown by the still
+greater increase of the agricultural Northwest. Besides, Maryland
+(omitting slavery) had far greater natural advantages for manufactures
+than Massachusetts. She had a more fertile soil, thus furnishing cheaper
+food to the working classes, a larger and more accessible coast, and
+nearly eight times the length of navigable rivers, greater hydraulic
+power, vast superiority in mines of coal and iron, a far more salubrious
+climate, cotton, the great staple of modern industry, much nearer to
+Maryland, her location far more central for trade with the whole Union,
+and Baltimore, her chief city, nearer than Boston to the great West,
+viz.: to the Ohio at Pittsburg and Cincinnati, the Mississippi at St.
+Louis, and the lakes at Cleveland, Toledo, and Chicago, by several
+hundred miles. Indeed, but for slavery, Maryland must have been
+a far greater manufacturing as well as commercial State than
+Massachusetts&mdash;and as to agriculture; there could be no comparison.</p>
+
+<p>But Massachusetts did not become a manufacturing State until after the
+tariff of 1824. That measure, as well as the whole protective policy,
+Massachusetts earnestly opposed in 1820 and 1824, and Daniel Webster, as
+her representative, denounced it as unconstitutional. From 1790 to 1820,
+Massachusetts was commercial, not manufactur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>ing, and yet, from 1790 to
+1820, Massachusetts increased in numbers 144,442, and Maryland in the
+same time only 87,622. Yet, from 1790 to 1820, Massachusetts, the most
+commercial State, was far more injured by the embargo and the late war
+with England than any other State.</p>
+
+<p>It is clear, then, that the accusation of the secession leaders that the
+North was built up at the expense of the South, by the tariff, can have
+no application to the progress of Massachusetts and Maryland, because
+the advance of the former over the latter preceded by more than thirty
+years the adoption of the protective policy, and a comparison of the
+relative advance of the Free and Slave States, during the same period,
+exhibits the same results.</p>
+
+<p>There is one <i>invariable law</i>, whether we compare all the Slave States
+with all the Free States, small States with small, large with large, old
+with old, new with new, retarding the progress of the slaveholding
+States, ever operating, and differing in degree only.</p>
+
+<p>The area of the nine Free States enumerated in 1790, is 169,668 square
+miles, and of the eight slaveholding States, 300,580 square miles, while
+the population of the former in 1790 was 1,968,455, and of the latter,
+1,961,372; but, in 1860, these nine Free States had a population of
+10,594,168, and those eight Slave States only 7,414,684, making the
+difference in favor of these Free States in 1860 over those Slave
+States, 3,179,844, instead of 7,083 in 1790, or a positive gain to those
+Free States over those Slave States of 3,172,761. These Free States
+enumerated in 1790 and 1860, were the six New England States, New York,
+New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; and the Slave States were Delaware,
+Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and
+Kentucky: yet we have seen that the area of those Slave States was
+nearly double that of those Free States, the soil much more fertile, the
+climate more salubrious, as shown by the Census, that the shore line,
+including main shore, bays and sounds, islands and rivers, to head of
+tide water, was, for those Free States, 4,480 miles, and for those Slave
+States, 6,560 miles. Thus it is clear that the increase of population of
+these Slave States should have far exceeded that of those Free States.
+The population of these Slave States per square mile in 1790 was 6
+(6.52), and in 1860, 24 (24.66), and of those Free States in 1790, was
+11 per square mile (11.60), and in 1860, 62 per square mile (62.44).
+Thus, while the increase of those Slave States from 1790 to 1860 was
+only 18 per square mile, that of those Free States was nearly 51 per
+square mile (50.84), or in very nearly a triple ratio, while in wealth
+and education the proportionate progress was much greater.</p>
+
+<p>No cause except slavery can be assigned to this wonderful difference,
+for the colonists of Maryland were distinguished for education,
+intelligence, and gentle culture. Lord Baltimore was a statesman and
+philanthropist, and his colony was a free representative government,
+which was the first to repudiate the doctrine of taxation without
+representation, and the first to introduce religious toleration. While
+Maryland has produced many of the most eminent soldiers, statesmen, and
+jurists, her relative decline in power, wealth, and population has been
+deplorable, and is attributable exclusively to the paralyzing effect of
+slavery.</p>
+
+<p>While the advance of Massachusetts, with her limited area and sterile
+soil, especially in view of the thousands of her native sons who have
+emigrated to other States, is one of the wonders of the world, yet the
+relative increase of the population of New Jersey from 1790 to 1860,
+compared with that of Maryland, is still greater than that of
+Massachusetts. The law is inflexible wherever slavery disappears.
+Population of New Jersey in 1790, 184,139, in 1860, 672,035, being an
+increase of 264 per cent. (264.96) for New Jersey, of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> 225 per cent.
+(225.06) for Massachusetts, and for Maryland 114 percent. (114.88). The
+ratio of increase per square mile from 1790 to 1860 was: Massachusetts,
+48.55 in 1790, and 157.82 in 1860; Maryland, 28.74 in 1790, and 61.76 in
+1860; and New Jersey, 22.01 in 1790, and 80.70 in 1860. Thus, while
+Maryland from 1790 to 1860, little more than doubled her ratio of
+increase per square mile (28.74 to 61.76), and Massachusetts little more
+than tripled her ratio (48.55 to 157.82), New Jersey very nearly
+<i>quadrupled</i> hers (22.01 to 80.70). It must be conceded, however, that
+the natural advantages of New Jersey are far greater than those of
+Massachusetts, whose material and intellectual progress, in defiance of
+such serious obstacles, now is, and most probably forever will be,
+<i>without a parallel</i>. Now the area of New Jersey is but 8,320 square
+miles; the soil of Maryland is far more fertile, the hydraulic power
+much greater, the shoreline much more than double, viz.: 531 for New
+Jersey, to 1,336 for Maryland; while New Jersey, with rich iron mines,
+has no coal, and one third of her area is south of the celebrated Mason
+and Dixon's line, the northern boundary of Maryland. While the Free
+States have accomplished these miracles of progress, they have peopled
+eleven vast Territories (soon by subdivision to become many more
+States), immigration to which has been almost exclusively from the North
+as compared with the South.</p>
+
+<p>The Slave State which has increased <i>most</i> rapidly to the square mile of
+all of them from 1790 to 1860, has had a smaller augmentation per square
+mile than that Free State which has increased most <i>slowly</i> per square
+mile during the same time of all the Free States, and the result is the
+same as to wealth and education also. Under the <i>best</i> circumstances for
+the Slave States, and the <i>worst</i> for the Free States, this result
+proves the uniformity of the rule (like the great law of gravitation),
+knowing no exception to the effect of slavery in depressing the progress
+of States in population, wealth, and education.</p>
+
+<p>The isothermals of the great Humboldt (differing so widely from
+parallels), which trace the lines of temperature on the earth's surface,
+prove, as to heat, the climate of the South (running a line from
+Charleston to Vicksburg) to be substantially the same as that of Greece
+and Italy-each, in its turn, the mistress of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The Census of 1860 exhibits our increase of population from 1790 to 1860
+at 35.59 per cent., and of our wealth 126.45. Now, if we would increase
+the wealth of the country only one tenth in the next ten years, by the
+gradual disappearance of slavery (far below the results of the Census),
+then our wealth being now $16,159,616,068, the effect of such increase
+would be to make our wealth in 1870, instead of $36,593,450,585, more
+than sixteen hundred millions greater, and in 1880, instead of
+$82,865,868,849, over three billions six hundred millions, or more than
+three times our present debt.</p>
+
+<p>Before the close of this letter, it will be shown that the difference,
+<i>per capita</i>, of the annual products of Massachusetts and Maryland
+exceeds $150. As to the other Southern States, the excess is much
+greater. Now, if the annual products of the South were increased $150
+each <i>per capita</i> (still far below Massachusetts) by the exclusion of
+slavery, then multiplying the total population of the South, 12,229,727,
+by 150, the result would be an addition to the annual value of the
+products of the South of $1,834,456,050, and in the decade,
+$18,344,580,500. This change would not be immediate, but there can be no
+doubt that with the vastly greater natural advantages of the South, the
+superiority of free to slave labor, the immense immigration, especially
+from Europe to the South, aided by the Homestead Bill, and the
+conversion of large plantations into small farms, an addition of at
+least one billion of dollars would be made in a decade, by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
+exclusion of slavery, to the value of the products of the South.</p>
+
+<p>Having considered the relative progress in population of Massachusetts
+and Maryland, I will now examine their advance in wealth.</p>
+
+<p>By Tables 33 and 36, Census of 1860, the value of the products of
+Massachusetts that year was $287,000,000; and of Maryland, $66,000,000.
+Table 33 included domestic manufactories, mines, and fisheries (p. 59);
+and Table 36, agricultural products. Dividing these several aggregates
+by the total population of each State, the value of that year's product
+of Massachusetts was $235 <i>per capita</i>, and of Maryland, $96, making the
+average annual value of the labor of each person in the former greatly
+more than double that of the latter, and the gross product more than
+quadruple. This is an amazing result, but it is far below the reality.
+The earnings of commerce and navigation are omitted in the Census, which
+includes only the products of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, and
+fisheries. This was a most unfortunate omission, attributable to the
+secession leaders, who wished to confine the Census to a mere
+enumeration of population, and thus obliterate all the other great
+decennial monuments which mark the nation's progress in the pathway of
+empire.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these tables are given as follows:</p>
+
+<p><i>First, as to Railroads.</i>&mdash;The number of miles in Massachusetts in 1860
+(including city roads) was 1,340, and the cost of construction
+$61,857,203. (Table 38, pp. 230, 231.) The value of the freight of these
+roads in 1860 was $500,524,201. (P. 105.) The number of miles of
+railroad in Maryland at the same time was 380, the cost of construction
+$21,387,157, and the value of the freight (at the same average rate)
+$141,111,348, and the difference in favor of Massachusetts $359,412,883.
+The difference must have been much greater, because a much larger
+portion of the freight in Massachusetts consisted of domestic
+manufactures, worth $250 per ton, which is $100 a ton above the average
+value.</p>
+
+<p>The passengers' account, not given, would vastly swell the difference in
+favor of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>The tonnage of vessels built in Massachusetts in 1860 was 34,460 tons,
+and in Maryland, 7,798 tons. (P. 107).</p>
+
+<p>The number of banks in Massachusetts in 1860 was 174; capital,
+$64,619,200; loans, $107,417,323. In Maryland the number was 31;
+capital, $12,568,962; loans, $20,898,762. (Table 34, p. 193.)</p>
+
+<p>The number of insurance companies in Massachusetts, 117; risks,
+$450,886,263. No statement given for Maryland, but comparatively very
+small, as the risks in Massachusetts were nearly one sixth of all in the
+Union.</p>
+
+<p>Our exports abroad, from Massachusetts, for the fiscal year ending 30th
+June, 1860, were of the value of $17,003,277, and the foreign imports
+$41,187,539; total of imports and exports, $58,190,816; the clearances,
+746,909 tons, the entries, 849,449; total entered and cleared, 1,596,458
+tons. In Maryland, exports, $9,001,600, foreign imports, $9,784,773;
+total imports and exports, $18,786,323; clearances, 174,000 tons;
+entries, 186,417; total of entries and clearances, 360,417. (Table 14,
+Register of Treasury.) Thus, the foreign imports and exports abroad, of
+Massachusetts, were much more than triple those of Maryland, and the
+entries and clearances very largely more than quadruple. The coastwise
+and internal trade are not given, as recommended by me when Secretary of
+the Treasury, but the tables of the railroad traffic indicate in part
+the immense superiority of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>These statistics, however, prove that, if the earnings of commerce and
+navigation were added, the annual value of the products of Massachusetts
+<i>per capita</i> would be at least $300, and three times that of Maryland.
+In estimating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> values <i>per capita</i>, we must find the earnings of
+commerce very large, as a single merchant, in his counting house,
+engaged in an immense trade, and employing only a few clerks, may earn
+as much as a great manufacturing corporation, employing hundreds of
+hands. Including commerce, the value, <i>per capita</i>, of the products and
+earnings of Massachusetts exceeds not only those of <i>any State in our
+Union</i>, <span class="smcap">but of the world</span>; and would, at the same rate, make the
+value of its annual products three hundred billions of dollars; and of
+our own country, upward of nine billions of dollars per annum. Such,
+under great natural disadvantages, is the grand result achieved in
+Massachusetts, by education, science, industry, free schools, free soil,
+free speech, <i>free labor</i>, free press, and free government. The facts
+prove that freedom is progress, that 'knowledge is power,' and that the
+best way to appreciate the value of property and augment wealth most
+rapidly, is to invest a large portion of it in schools, high schools,
+academies, colleges, universities, books, libraries, and the press, so
+as to make labor more productive, because more skilled, educated, and
+better directed. Massachusetts has achieved much in this respect; but
+when she shall have made high schools as free and universal as common
+schools, and the attendance on both compulsory, so as to qualify every
+voter for governing a State or nation, she will have made a still
+grander step in material and intellectual progress, and the results
+would be still more astounding.</p>
+
+<p>By Table 35 of the Census, p. 195, the whole value of all the property,
+real and personal, of Massachusetts, in 1860, was $815,237,433, and that
+of Maryland, $376,919,944. We have seen that the value of the products
+that year in Massachusetts was $287,000,000 (exclusive of commerce), and
+of Maryland, $66,000,000. As a question, then, of profit on capital,
+that of Massachusetts was 35 per cent., and of Maryland 17 per cent.
+Such is the progressive advance (more than two to one) of free as
+compared with slave labor. The same law obtains in comparing all the
+Free with all the Slave States. But the proof is still more complete.
+Thus, Delaware and Missouri (alone of all the Slave States) were ahead
+of Maryland in this rate of profit, because both had comparatively fewer
+slaves; and all the other Slave States, whose servile population was
+relatively larger than that of Maryland, were below her in the rate of
+profit. The law extends to <i>counties</i>, those having comparatively fewest
+slaves increasing far more rapidly in wealth and population. This, then,
+is the formula as to the rate of profit on capital. First, the Free
+States; next, the States and counties of the same State having the
+fewest relative number of slaves. The Census, then, is an evangel
+against slavery, and its tables are revelations proclaiming laws as
+divine as those written by the finger of God at Mount Sinai on the
+tables of stone.</p>
+
+<p>For seventy years we have had these Census Tables, announcing these
+great truths more and more clearly at each decade. They are the records
+of the nation's movement and condition, the decennial monuments marking
+her steps in the path of empire, the oracles of her destiny. They are
+prophecies, for each decade fulfils the predictions of its predecessor.
+They announce laws, not made by man, but the irrevocable ordinances of
+the Almighty. We cannot, with impunity, refuse to obey these laws. For
+every violation, they enforce their own penalties. From these there is
+no escape in the present or the past, nor for the future, except in
+conformity to their demands. These laws condemn slavery; and the
+punishment for disobedience is recorded in the result of every Census,
+and finally culminated in the rebellion. Slavery and freedom are
+antagonistic and discordant elements: the conflict between them is upon
+us; it admits of no neu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>trality or compromise, and one or the other
+system must perish.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen that slavery is hostile to the progress of wealth and
+population: let us now ascertain its influence on moral and intellectual
+development.</p>
+
+<p>By Table 15 of the Census of 1860, the result for that year was as
+follows: In Massachusetts, value of books printed, $397,500; jobs,
+$529,347; newspapers, $1,979,069; total, $2,905,916. Same year in
+Maryland, books printed, $58,000; jobs, $122,000; newspapers, $169,000;
+total, $350,155. By Table 37, Census of 1860, Massachusetts had 222
+newspapers and periodicals, of which 112 were political, 31 religious,
+51 literary, miscellaneous 28. Maryland had only 57, all political. The
+whole number of copies issued in Massachusetts in 1860 was 102,000,760,
+and in Maryland, 20,721,472. Of periodicals, Massachusetts has monthly,
+1 political, 10 religious, 18 literary, 7 miscellaneous; quarterly,
+religious 3, literary 2, miscellaneous 1, and 1 annual. Maryland had
+<i>none</i>. Not a religious, literary, scientific, or miscellaneous
+periodical or journal in the State! What terrible truths are unfolded in
+these statistics! None but a political party press in Maryland, all
+devoted, in 1860, to the maintenance, extension, and perpetuity of
+slavery, which had 57 advocates, and not one for science, religion, or
+literature.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen that the circulation in 1860 of the press in Massachusetts
+exceeded that of Maryland by more than eighty-one millions of copies.
+These facts all prove that slavery is hostile to knowledge and its
+diffusion, to science, literature, and religion, to the press, and to
+free government.</p>
+
+<p>For schools, colleges, libraries, and churches, I must take the Tables
+of the Census of 1850, those of 1860 not being yet published. There were
+in 1850 in Massachusetts, 3,679 public schools, 4,443 teachers, 176,475
+pupils; native adults who cannot read or write, 1,861. In Maryland, 907
+public schools, 1,005 teachers, 33,254 pupils; native adults who cannot
+read or write, 38,426, excluding slaves, to teach whom is criminal.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, then, slavery is hostile to schools, withholding instruction from
+the children of the poor.</p>
+
+<p>The number of public libraries in Massachusetts was 1,462, volumes
+684,015. In Maryland, 124, and 125,042 volumes. Value of churches in
+Massachusetts, $10,206,000. In Maryland, $3,947,884, of which $2,541,240
+is in Baltimore (which has very few slaves), and the remainder is mainly
+in the seven counties (from which slavery has nearly disappeared)
+adjoining Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>As to schools, colleges, books, libraries, churches, newspapers, and
+periodicals, it thus appears that Massachusetts is greatly in advance of
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p>Now, then, let us contrast loyal Maryland with rebel South Carolina, the
+author of secession, and assuming for many years to instruct the nation.
+By the Census of 1860, she had a population of 703,708, of whom 402,406
+were slaves; and Maryland, numbering 687,049, had 87,189 slaves. Now, by
+the Census of 1860, South Carolina had 45 journals and periodicals, and
+her annual circulation was 3,654,840 copies. The circulation therefore
+of Massachusetts exceeded that of South Carolina more than ninety-eight
+millions of copies, while Maryland exceeded South Carolina more than
+seventeen millions of copies. So much for South Carolina as a great
+political teacher. As to schools in 1850: South Carolina had 724 public
+schools, 739 teachers, 17,838 pupils. Massachusetts, then, had 158,637
+more pupils at public schools than South Carolina, and Maryland 15,416
+more pupils at public schools than South Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>The press of Massachusetts, we have seen, circulated in 1860 upward of
+one hundred and two millions of copies, equal to 279,454 per day,
+including<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> journals and periodicals, each read, on an average, by at
+least two persons. This is independent of books and pamphlets, and of
+the very large circulation of papers from other States and from Europe.
+What a flood of light is thus shed daily and hourly upon the people of
+Massachusetts! This intellectual effulgence radiates by day and night.
+It is the sun in its meridian splendor, and the stars in an
+ever-unclouded firmament. It has a centre and a circumference, but no
+darkness. Ignorance vanishes before it; wealth follows in its train;
+labor rejoices in its association, and finds its products more than
+doubled; freedom hails its presence, and religion gives it a cordial
+welcome; churches, schools, academies, colleges, and universities
+acknowledge its mighty influence. Science penetrates the secrets of
+nature, and unfolds each new discovery for the benefit of man. Coal, the
+offspring of the sun, develops its latent energy, and water contributes
+its untiring hydraulic power. Machinery takes more and more the place of
+nerves and muscles, cheapens clothing and subsistence and all the
+necessaries of life, and opens new fields of industry, and more
+profitable employment for labor. Steam and lightning become the slaves
+of man. He performs the journey of a day in an hour, and converses in
+minutes around the globe. The strength of man may not have been much
+increased, but his power is augmented a thousand fold.</p>
+
+<p>His life may not have been materially lengthened, but, in the march of
+knowledge, a year now is as a century, compared with man's progress in
+the darkness of the middle ages. The eternal advance toward omniscience
+goes on, but is like that of the infinite approach of the asymptote,
+which never reaches the hyperbolic curve. The onward of science is in a
+geometrical ratio, so that in time, the intellectual progress of a day
+in the future, must exceed that of a century in the past. Knowledge is
+enthroned as king, and grand truths and new ideas are his ministers.
+Science takes the diameter of the earth's orbit as a base line and unit
+of measurement, and with it spans immensity, and triangulates the
+nebulous systems amid the shadowy verges of receding space. Its
+researches are cosmical upon the earth and the heavens, and all the
+elements minister to its progress. Sink to the lowest mine, or fathom
+the ocean's depth, or climb the loftiest mountains, or career through
+the heavens on silken wings, and it is there also. On&mdash;on&mdash;on;
+nearer&mdash;nearer&mdash;still nearer it moves forever and forever, with
+accelerated speed, toward the infinite eternal. Such are the triumphs of
+knowledge; and he who diffuses it among our race, or discovers and
+disseminates new truths, advances man nearer to his Creator; he exalts
+the whole race; he elevates it in the scale of being, and raises it into
+higher and still higher spheres.</p>
+
+<p>It is science that marks the speed of sound and light and lightning,
+calculates the eclipses, catalogues the stars, maps the heavens, and
+follows, for centuries of the past and the future, the comet's course.
+It explores the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms. With geology,
+it notes the earthquake upheaval of mountains, and, with mineralogy, the
+laws of crystallization. With chemistry, it analyzes, decomposes, and
+compounds the elements. If, like Canute, it cannot arrest the tidal
+wave, it is subjecting it to laws and formulas. Taking the sunbeam for
+its pencil, it heliographs man's own image, and the scenery of the earth
+and the heavens. Has science any limits or horizon? Can it ever
+penetrate the soul of man, and reveal the mystery of his existence and
+destiny? It is certainly exploring the facts of sociology, arranging and
+generalizing them, and deducing laws.</p>
+
+<p>Man, elevated by knowledge in the scale of being, controls the forces of
+nature with greater power and grander<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> results, and accumulates wealth
+more rapidly. The educated free labor of Massachusetts, we have seen,
+doubles the products of toil, <i>per capita</i>, as compared with Maryland,
+and quadruples them (as the Census shows) compared with South Carolina.
+One day's labor of a man in Massachusetts is more than equal to two in
+Maryland, and four in South Carolina. So, if we take our savage tribes,
+with their huts and tents, their rude agriculture, their furs, their few
+and simple household manufactures, their hunting and fishing, the
+average product of their annual labor, at four cents a day each, would
+be $14.60 a year, or more than a fourth of that of South Carolina
+(56.91). So that Massachusetts, in material progress, is farther in
+advance of South Carolina than that State is of the savage Indians. Thus
+we have the successive steps and gradations of man: Massachusetts, with
+free labor and free schools, having reached the highest point of
+civilization: South Carolina, with slavery and ignorance (except the
+few), in a semi-barbarous stage; and the lowest savage condition, called
+barbarous, but nearer to South Carolina than that State to
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery, then, the Census proves, is hostile to the progress of wealth
+and population, to science, literature, and education, to schools,
+colleges, and universities, to books and libraries, to churches and
+religion, to the press, and therefore to free government; hostile to the
+poor, keeping them in want and ignorance; hostile to labor, reducing it
+to servitude, and decreasing two thirds the value of its products;
+hostile to morals, repudiating among slaves the marital and parental
+condition, classifying them by law as chattels, darkening the immortal
+soul, and making it a crime to teach millions of human beings to read or
+write. And shall labor and education, literature and science, religion
+and the press, sustain an institution which is their deadly foe?</p>
+
+<p>The discussion will be continued in my next letter. <span class="smcap">R. J.
+Walker</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PALMER_THE_AMERICAN_SCULPTOR" id="PALMER_THE_AMERICAN_SCULPTOR"></a>PALMER, THE AMERICAN SCULPTOR.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Sculpture as an art is probably anterior to painting. Form being a
+simpler quality than color, the means of imitation were found in a
+conformity of shape rather than hue. The origin of sculpture is somewhat
+obscured in the thickening mists of antiquity, but it was no doubt one
+of the earliest symbols of ideas made use of by man. In fact, in its
+primitive development, there is considerable evidence to show that it
+was the first essay at a recorded language. The Egyptian hieroglyphics,
+those mysterious etchings upon the rock, representing animals, men, and
+nondescript characters, were unquestionably rude attempts to hand down
+to posterity some account of the great events of those forgotten ages.
+The next remove in the history of this art is its employment in the
+production of the images of idolatrous worship; and, when confined to
+this purpose, it never attained any appreciable excellence. The purely
+heathen mind was incapable of conceiving those forms of ideal beauty
+which are born of the contemplation of a divine and spiritual beauty
+revealed in the word of God and the teachings of his immaculate Son.</p>
+
+<p>The grotesque Egyptian images worshipped on the Nile before the building
+of the pyramids, are, judging from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> best preserved antiquities, not
+very much inferior to the gilded deities to be seen to-day in the
+thousand pagodas of heathen lands.</p>
+
+<p>Take for example a Chinese idol of modern make: while it is less angular
+and more elaborately finished than the ancient monstrosities found in
+Egypt, still, so far as perfection of form or beauty of expression is
+concerned, there is little to choose between the two. Each is a fitting
+type of the degree of civilization and soul culture of the peoples that
+produced them. It must not be urged that the success of sculpture in
+Greece and Rome disproves the proposition that the art could not develop
+itself among a strictly idolatrous race.</p>
+
+<p>The splendid mythologies of the Greeks and Romans must not be considered
+as the highest forms even of the worship of idols or inanimate things.
+The gods and goddesses of these mythological systems were principally
+the powers that were supposed to preside over the different forces and
+elements of nature, and were invested with the celestial attributes of a
+higher order of beings. Neptune ruled the sea, Pluto was director of
+ceremonies in the infernal regions, while Jupiter was emperor of the sky
+and king of all the lesser gods.</p>
+
+<p>These deities were the invention of a cultivated intellect, a refined
+taste and polished civilization, and furnish a striking proof of man's
+longing after the Infinite, unguided by the star of revelation.</p>
+
+<p>The imaginative Greeks did not worship the statues of the gods <i>per se</i>,
+but only admired them as the fitting representations of those mysterious
+forces that hold sway over earth, air, fire, and water, or reverenced
+them as the symbols of noble sentiments or sublime passions. The thing
+itself, the cunning but lifeless figure, was only incidental, while the
+idea thus typified was the real incentive to worship. This was also the
+age that produced hero worship, and the great man who won the praise and
+admiration of the people by his exalted qualities, or his prowess in
+arms, was considered as a demigod, or one in favor with the tenants of
+Olympus, and his statue was accordingly erected, to stand beside that,
+perhaps, of Mars, Apollo, or Mercury.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we trace the history of sculpture in its steady progress from its
+use as a chronicler of events to its employment in the production of the
+objects of idolatry, and thence to the mythological period, when it
+became the medium of &aelig;sthetic expression, attaining its highest
+perfection in the palmy days of Greece.</p>
+
+<p>In no people of which the records of the past give any account, can we
+find such an active sense of the beautiful as that which permeated the
+minds of the polished Greeks. The admiration of physical beauty became
+an almost absorbing passion, and its attainment was sought after in
+every process which human ingenuity could devise.</p>
+
+<p>The Lacedemonian women were accustomed to place the statues of beautiful
+gods or goddesses in their rooms, to the end that the children they
+should give birth to, would, by nature's mysterious methods, assimilate
+the artistic graces of these celestial models. Perfection of form and
+manly strength were the pride of the wisest and most learned men of the
+nation, denoting that physical excellence was considered the necessary
+concomitant of moral or intellectual worth. Authentic annals tell us
+that Plato and Pythagoras appeared as wrestlers at the public games; and
+who shall say that these philosophical gymnasts did not derive much of
+their mental vigor from this exciting exercise? In this age it is easy
+to see that sculpture must have received every incentive to full
+development. In the people about him the artist saw the most excellent
+models for his chisel, while the national taste was educated to the
+highest degree in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> beauties of form and the harmonies of proportion.</p>
+
+<p>But the grand conceptions of Phidias, full of majesty and of grandeur as
+they are&mdash;the matchless finish of the works of Apelles and Praxiteles,
+ravishing the senses with their carnal beauty, still lacked one element,
+without which art can never reveal itself in the full perfection of its
+latent capabilities.</p>
+
+<p>Mere physical beauty, which contains no spiritual element, no drawing of
+the immortal soul, no suggestion of purer and nobler sentiments
+struggling for expression in the cunning marble, can never satisfy the
+requirements of the Christianized taste of modern times.</p>
+
+<p>The Venus de Medici was undoubtedly the ideal type of womanly perfection
+in the age which produced it, but now the sex would hardly feel
+themselves flattered by so poor an interpretation. The form is all that
+could be desired, but the head and features are positively insipid, and
+a phrenologist would tell you by the development of the cranium that
+female education was not a part of the Grecian policy. There is in this
+statue a certain air of wantonness, a perceptible consciousness of being
+valued and admired solely for physical beauty, which just as plainly
+tells the estimate placed upon woman in those times as we can read the
+fact in history.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we perceive sculpture as a representative art has become a
+chronicler of the world's advancement, so that those who accept the
+theory of human progression would naturally look for purer and more
+spiritual conceptions in the artist's soul, with a corresponding
+nobility in the creations of his genius. The &aelig;sthetic principle in its
+higher manifestations is not the product of pagan mind, because ideal
+beauty and the rules governing its expression can only be conceived by
+him to whom Faith has opened the glorious possibilities of our existence
+beyond the grave. In no classic picture or statue is there anything akin
+to that divine affinity that is apparent in the Madonnas of the Italian
+masters of the sixteenth century, investing them with a charm that
+lingers like an autumn sunset In the recollection of long-departed
+years. Compare the loveliest of the Madonnas of Correggio and Raphael
+with the Venus of Cos, and we perceive the inferiority of mere physical
+perfection to that spiritual beauty that exalts the soul of the
+beholder, and awakens the slumber of his immortal longings.</p>
+
+<p>Faultless finish, harmonious outlines, and voluptuous proportions are
+only the result of mechanical skill, that a good imitator or copyist can
+for the most part achieve by the aid of his master's model. But the
+sentiment, emotion, passion, the <i>character</i>, so to speak, of the
+statue, is the creation of the artist, the offspring of his quickened
+brain.</p>
+
+<p>It is to express the &aelig;sthetic idea struggling in the soul of genius,
+that the marble takes its form, the canvas its color, sweet sounds
+combine in melody, and language weaves itself into the wreath of song.
+The same divine impulse, the same grasping after a higher excellence
+inspires the sculptor, the painter, the composer, and the poet, but some
+chance bent of nature has decided them to choose different mediums of
+expression.</p>
+
+<p>Some critic has written, had Coles' 'Voyage of Life' been executed in
+verse, instead of a series of pictures, it would have ranked as one of
+the grandest poems of the age. High art, then, whatever its kind, is the
+language of the &aelig;sthetic feeling in man&mdash;it symbolizes the god-like
+element in his nature. Cumulative and progressive, it keeps even pace
+with an improving civilization, and should therefore furnish fairer
+products to-day than in any period of the past. It assimilates the
+spirit of the times in which it is exercised; for as Ralph Waldo Emerson
+remarks in his subtle, essay: 'No man can quite emancipate himself from
+his age and country, or produce a model in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> the education, the
+religion, the politics, usages, and arts of his times shall have no
+share.'</p>
+
+<p>So we see from the very necessity of this truism, that if our painters
+and sculptors would not be mere imitators of the exponents of another
+age, there would be soon established a national school of art. We do not
+mean by this a mere conventional type in finish and mode of treatment,
+but certain marked, characteristic excellences and features that would
+identify it with the history of our country and the peculiarities of our
+people. There are a few native artists who have struggled to achieve
+this consummation, and pre&euml;minent among these is Erastus D. Palmer, the
+American sculptor.</p>
+
+<p>The history of his career, his origin, his process of study, his choice
+of subjects in all his great works, his rise and triumph as an artist,
+all entitle him to this distinctive appellation. He commenced life as a
+carpenter and joiner, but, while practising his trade in Utica, N. Y.,
+his eye accidentally fell on a cameo likeness, and as the dropping of an
+apple suggested to Newton the laws of gravitation, so the sight of this
+little trifle was the talisman that revealed to Palmer the artistic
+capabilities of his genius. Being thus led to attempt the portrait of
+his wife upon a shell, he executed his task&mdash;which was in a twofold
+sense a labor of love&mdash;with such fidelity to nature, such bold outline,
+and delicacy of finish, that connoisseurs detected in it the hand of a
+master. Thus encouraged, he for two years made cameo cutting his
+business, and followed it with remarkable success, till, his eyes
+becoming affected by the exercise of this talent, he was obliged to
+relinquish it, with the expectation of returning to his old trade. But
+happily he was induced to try his skill at modelling in clay, and then
+he discovered what was in him. Taking his little girl for a model, he
+produced a bust, styled the 'Infant Ceres,' which, when finished in
+marble, immediately took rank as one of the gems of art. The sweet
+<i>na&iuml;vete</i> of budding childhood, the timid eyes and dimpled cheek, all
+refined and sublimated by the ideal graces added by the magic wand of
+genius, combined to make this earliest bust of our sculptor one of the
+most felicitous products of his chisel.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this satisfactory experiment, Palmer removed to the city of
+Albany, where he has since remained and won his well-deserved fame. His
+two allegorical pieces, 'Resignation' and 'Spring,' we cannot forbear to
+describe, familiar as they are to the <i>virtuoso</i> of art, and well known
+even to the great public.</p>
+
+<p>The latter is a female bust, her hair bound with a fillet of grass and
+half-developed grain, her face wearing an expression of modest coquetry,
+quite in keeping with the capricious, 'celestial maid;' while the gently
+swelling bosom suggests the latent forces of nature which only reach
+their fulness in the summer sun. And about the eyes there is a look of
+joy and freshness in which you fancy you can see</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">'the flowers begin to spring,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The skies to brighten, and the birds to sing.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The 'Resignation' represents the refined voluptuousness of riper
+womanhood. The features are exquisitely cut, and represent a type of
+beauty fit for angelic spheres. The head, so finely proportioned, and
+crowned with luxuriant, waving hair, inclines gracefully to one side, as
+in submission to the chastenings of Providence. But in the downcast,
+sorrowful eyes, there is an expression of mingled hope and patient
+endurance such as Mary might have worn at the foot of the cross. The
+marble is eloquent of that Christian sentiment: 'He doeth all things
+well.' The religious feeling of the sixteenth century, which gave to art
+both its inspiration and theme, never found so fair a mould as in this
+bust of 'Resignation.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Both of these works are entirely free from all explanatory accessories,
+and interpret themselves to the most sluggish soul.</p>
+
+<p>Another of Palmer's compositions, and one of the most purely ideal, is
+the 'Dream of the Spirit's Flight.' This is a large bas-relief, executed
+in medallion style. To give any idea by mere words of the spirit of this
+performance is impossible. It is the half figure of a peri-like girl,
+with tresses swaying in the higher air, with butterfly wings, arms and
+drapery gracefully disposed, and all the parts uniting to impress you
+with a sense of upward, soaring motion! There is a divine beauty about
+the face reflected from a brighter world. Sculptured in pure white
+marble, it seems a very soul just escaped from its prison house of clay,
+and, listening to those 'sounds seraphic,' bearing away to the great
+Beyond.</p>
+
+<p>While gazing on this airy sprite, the beholder feels an exhilarating
+influence steal over him, and involuntarily there goes up from his
+heart, like incense, that yearning prayer:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'So grant me, God, from every care,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And stain of passion free,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aloft through virtue's purer air</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To hold my course to Thee!'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>We cannot speak separately of his 'Morning and Evening,' 'Immortality,'
+'Sleeping Peri,' his statue and bas-relief of 'Faith,' busts, and other
+works, which are grouped in odd companionship about his studio. But the
+'Indian Girl' and 'White Captive,' the crowning achievements of Palmer's
+genius, and the ones that give a thoroughly American character to his
+reputation, demand an elaborate consideration&mdash;not to explain their
+merits, but to show what materials for art exist in our history, when
+appropriated by the master's hand.</p>
+
+<p>Romance and poetry have not often been successful in treating of the
+character and customs of our aborigines, for the elements of true
+heroism in the savage nature are so exceptional and few, that the red
+man is a very poor subject for the higher manifestations of art. Cooper
+and Longfellow alone have come back from this field with the trophies of
+praise. But Palmer, with a striking originality and a subtle perception
+of spiritual influences, sees in the effect of Christianity on the
+'untutored mind' of the Indian, a theme to inspire his plastic clay. So
+from this idea he evolves the 'Indian Girl,' standing in an attitude of
+perfect repose, holding in her right hand a crucifix, on which her eyes
+are bent pensively in a sweet, absorbing reverie, which shuts out the
+consciousness of the external world. In the other hand, which hangs
+listlessly by her side, she barely touches rather than holds a bunch of
+feathers, evidently gathered to adorn her person, and which she forgets
+in the contemplation of the story of the Cross. The artist supposes she
+has found this crucifix, which the early Catholic missionaries were wont
+to attach to the forest trees, and having heard from some of these
+zealous teachers an exposition of Christ's mission, the better life has
+already begun to dawn in her soul, and her whole aspect tells that this
+mysterious influence is upon her.</p>
+
+<p>The features are Indian, fair and comely&mdash;we do not say beautiful,
+because this term expresses the highest excellence, and ought as a
+descriptive phrase to be more sparingly used. The face is idealized, as
+the rules of true art always require, but still preserves its fidelity
+to the natural type. The form is nude to the waist, the drapery arranged
+with unrivalled grace, the hair is clubbed so as to reveal the neck and
+shoulders, while the perfection of contour and the completeness of
+development satisfy the most critical eye for the study of detail. The
+'Indian Girl' forms one of the landmarks in the history of American
+sculpture.</p>
+
+<p>But Palmer's grand, characteristic work, in which his genius seems to
+have reached its noblest expression, is the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> 'White Captive,' which we
+believe to be one of the most perfect creations of ancient or modern
+art. It is something more than the nude figure of a surpassingly
+beautiful woman, bound to the stake, and defying the gaze of her
+barbarous captors&mdash;it is not merely an exciting incident in pioneer
+life, but it has a grand symbolical meaning that reaches beyond a
+literal interpretation of the situation.</p>
+
+<p>We see in this statue the contact of civilization with savage instinct,
+and in the expression of the 'White Captive,' peering through maiden
+timidity, and rising triumphant above physical fear in a look of
+intellectual and religious strength, before which the swarthy warrior
+feels himself in the presence of a superior power&mdash;a ruler! As we gaze
+on in mute admiration, we behold the race of the red man receding
+westward before that same power pictured in this wonderful face: now the
+Indian tribes pass the Rocky mountains, they come within the roar of the
+Pacific, and, growing less and less, they at last vanish away into the
+uncertain mists of the ocean&mdash;a lost people, who have served the purpose
+for which they were created, and disappeared from our continent to make
+room for a nobler humanity. It is this melancholy fate, this glorious
+triumph, that Palmer has recorded in a language more forcible than
+history, more eloquent than song, more ravishing than the lyre! To
+define how the statue spreads before you this great vision, eludes the
+acutest analysis; but there it is, told just as plainly as the Falls of
+Niagara or the eternal stars tell the omnipotence of God.</p>
+
+<p>The longer one studies this marvellous work, the more he sees to admire,
+to reflect upon. There is something in the general effect that makes the
+beholder forget the perfect nudity of the figure, which necessarily
+grows out of the circumstances of the case, and which is entirely unfelt
+by the captive in her terrible realization of the peril which surrounds
+her. Thus two great difficulties that embarrass the execution of
+undraped statuary are entirely overcome:</p>
+
+<p>1. The nudity is only incidental to the general effect, and the subject
+seems entirely unconscious of the fact.</p>
+
+<p>2. The nudity is accounted for by the situation&mdash;the captive is tied
+unclad to a tree, to be burned alive, according to Indian custom.</p>
+
+<p>Thus a criticism that has been frequently made (and not unjustly) on the
+<i>morale</i> of certain works of art, has no application to this.</p>
+
+<p>Of the details of this ideal creation&mdash;its matchless finish, the
+graceful undulations of the perfect form, the firmness expressed in the
+clenched fingers, the instinctive shudder gathered on the fair brow, the
+lofty defiance of the eyes and half-parted lips, the radiant beauty of
+the face&mdash;we can only say they live in our memory, but too deep for
+words. We believe the truth of the artist's conception, that the
+revengeful savages acknowledged the divinity of her beauty and Christian
+reliance, and the 'White Captive' went free&mdash;the spirit of civilization
+triumphed!</p>
+
+<p>As a man's character is always more or less associated with his
+achievements, the reader may wish to learn something of Mr. Palmer as a
+man. In all kinds of soul-work, there is ever perceptible a certain
+flavor of the mind which produces it, and the things thus created
+usually suggest the qualities of the creator. So the works of the
+sculptor are to some degree the exponents of his character, the
+expressions of his inner life.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore in Mr. Palmer we should expect moral and intellectual worth of
+a high order, added to the purest and most exalted motives. He is in
+spirit a reformer, taking an interest in every measure for the
+improvement of our race, and sympathizing with every struggle of our
+aspiring manhood.</p>
+
+<p>The eccentricities, excuses, and conventional affectations of many real
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> pretended geniuses he entirely eschews, feeling himself one of the
+people, and laboring for their elevation.</p>
+
+<p>Neither does he deem it any part of genius to neglect his family, forget
+to pay his butcher's bill, and ignore the claim of his tailor. His ample
+house and neat atelier, at the north end of Eagle street, in the city of
+Albany, are the fruit of his patient and inspiring toil&mdash;his chisel has
+won him moderate fortune as well as world-wide fame.</p>
+
+<p>Photographs of the 'Palmer Marbles' are seen in the show windows of
+Paris, London, and Berlin, while in this country they help to fill the
+portfolios of the <i>virtuoso</i>, adorning the walls of the parlor and the
+private gallery.</p>
+
+<p>Though in youth Palmer did not receive an average common-school
+education, he converses like a man of liberal culture, showing that he
+belongs to the class of self-made men.</p>
+
+<p>He has never visited the interminable art palaces of Europe, nor
+studied, in the sense in which that term is used, the 'old masters;'
+still he has appropriated all the valuable hints to be obtained from the
+classic models, without regarding them as the <i>ne plus ultra</i> of
+artistic execution, and therefore to be only imitated, to the exclusion
+of the higher ideals of an advanced civilization.</p>
+
+<p>He has an intelligible and correct theory in regard to the fidelity of
+art to nature. For instance, he insists that he should <i>represent</i>, not
+imitate; and in making a bust of a man, the sculptor should express the
+higher moods of his subject, and show him with his better qualities
+brought to the surface. So the forms of nature should be idealized in
+the direction of their primitive tendency, and thus art help to express
+that ineffable longing of the soul, that reaching upward for a
+perfection that is approximated on earth, but never attained. This
+idealization is like the humor of Dickens, something more than nature in
+its grotesqueness, yet a stimulated growth of the natural quality.
+Palmer always takes nature for his model, and then assimilates it to
+that ideal beauty which dwells in his imagination and sheds a spiritual
+halo over the creation of his chisel.</p>
+
+<p>Like every true disciple of genius, he feels that he has a mission to
+perform, and that he is responsible for the influence he exerts on the
+tastes and &aelig;sthetic culture of the people. As you chat with him in his
+studio, dressed in his blouse and cap, his dark eye glowing with
+enthusiasm for his art, or sparkling with playful humor, standing before
+you tall and vigorous, you see in him one of the earnest workers for the
+elevation of our humanity.</p>
+
+<p>The utilities of the world will take care of themselves: let us foster
+the beautiful, because, like all divine attributes, man reaches it
+through striving, and is made better by its contemplation.</p>
+
+<p>Palmer does not look older than forty, and has perhaps not yet attained
+the fulness of his powers, but has in him the elements of a healthy
+growth.</p>
+
+<p>Work on, thou almoner of sweetest joys, thou pilgrim in that fairy realm
+whence come the high ideals of life; work on, striver for the perfect
+type of beauty and of truth, and in thy progress let the people trace
+our human nature rising to diviner heights&mdash;expanding to sublimer
+bounds!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLOUDS" id="CLOUDS"></a>CLOUDS.</h2>
+
+<h3>RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR GUYOT.<br /><br /></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">High and fathomless above us vaults the pure aerial sky,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Solemn bends its arch of Beauty round a world where all things die.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the dome through which Earth's swinging, spun of palpitating air,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Angel artists fresco vapors into pictures passing fair.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No cold canvas of dead color has the Mighty Master given:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trembles with His Infinity the azure vault of Heaven.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On and in the lucent background float the ever-changeful forms,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sometimes glowing into glory, sometimes glooming into storms.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God's blest seal is on creation; signs and symbols throng the sky,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Though too dull to read their meaning droops the stolid human eye.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Over mountain, over valley throng the clouds to soothe the sight;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through the dim walls of the city gleam they buoyant, fleeting, bright.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentle, dreadful, or fantastic&mdash;nearer, farther as we gaze;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Varied, spiritual, tender, forms and melts the surging haze.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Heavenly secrets' breathe around us&mdash;lowly flowers on the sod,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cloudland's curves and grading colors veil the Infinite of God.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Infinite&mdash;we shudder! but wild longings through us steal</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As we vainly strive to grasp It till our failing senses reel.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ever longing, never grasping, though in tenderness It stoop</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To shade the scented cups of flowers, to bend them as they droop.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For through infinite gradations pass the changeful hues of light,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That the infinite through color may send greetings to the sight.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through ne'er-returning, endless curves, flowers, trees, clouds, mountains pass,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That man may see the Infinite through nature's magic glass.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, tender stooping! soothing! Infinite Love must be</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The cause, aim, end, the burning heart of everything we see.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earth may cover deep her dying, parted hearts chant weary dirge,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But we <i>feel death is but seeming</i> in the Cloudland's evening surge.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i><b><a name="CIRRUS" id="CIRRUS"></a>CIRRUS.</b></i></span><br /><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floating high above the mountains, in the fields of upper air,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Multitudinous throng the Cirri, ranged in order, heavenly fair.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rank upon rank in glory lie the transverse, plumy bars;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tranquil beauty rules the union which disorder never mars.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perfect symmetry, obedience, mark their finely chiselled lines&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the highest sphere of being flexile <i>grace</i> with <i>law</i> combines.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now they break in fleecy ripples as innumerably they press;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shines the blue of Heaven between them as they fly the Wind's caress.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Millions fleck the face of Heaven, but no two alike are ever:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Restless mirror of the Infinite, form seems exhausted never.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Are they lambs 'mid Heaven's blue pastures? are they swans with downy breast</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floating through that azure ocean round the region of the Blest?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Are they snowy wings of Cherubs gathering round the Throne above,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As the vesper hymn of Heaven rises to the Eternal Love?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gazing on their wavy ripples, they seem mingling with the sky,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet the heavenly little islets still innumerable lie.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How the fleecy cloudlets glitter as they sail so clear and high!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is light curdling into snowflakes as it streams athwart the sky?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Freezing? No&mdash;warm and glowing, ambient, changeful, feathery, bright,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rather seem the floating vapors melting into roseate light.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With the white flame in their bosoms, and the pure blue depths above,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When the sunset rays dart kisses, how they kindle into love!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See, with every shaft electric flash the bright hues deeper, higher,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till the chaste and snowy cloudlets fleck the Blue of Heaven with fire.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How they flush and how they quiver! how the virgin drifts of snow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drink the sunset's dying passion, catch his ardent parting glow!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Love weaves close in chords harmonic all the finely fretted dome,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blue, white, purple, gold, and crimson, fringe, melt, ripple into foam.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus the angels drape God's footstool with soft vapor, wind, and sun:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Does His smile rest on the artists when their pleasant work is done?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Do they see Him bend the Heavens, riding swiftly on the clouds,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heat His Heart, and Light the shadow which His inner Glory shrouds?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seraphs, cherubs, thronging round Him, shall our hearts no raptures move?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall we prove dull links reluctant in the chain of endless love?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No. We feel the electric secret flashing through the Perfect Whole,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Bliss eternal' telegraphing upon every faithful soul.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a name="CUMULI" id="CUMULI"></a><i><b>CUMULI.</b></i></span><br /><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leave we now the upper regions</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With their wonders pure and high,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gone the barred and fleecy Cirri&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mountain Cumuli storm the sky.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">High the calmness floats above us,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tears and rain lie far below,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As we sail the middle Cloudland,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where the vapors come and go.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Throbs a wilder pulse of passion,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stronger individual life,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rapid, energetic motion</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tells of elemental strife.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nearer seem they to the human,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rearing dizzy forms on high,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Than the order-loving Cirri</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Barring the translucent sky.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lovingly they crest our mountains,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hovering o'er them all the day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Copying all the soaring outlines</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In artistic, skilful play;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Following close on the horizon,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dip, break, gap, and lofty peak,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As to build Earth into Heaven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Would the haunting vapors seek.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drifting swiftly through the azure,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chase they shadows over Earth:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flying footsteps, soft and silent,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flit o'er grassy graves in mirth.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shudder not&mdash;the bearded harvest</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quivers not, so light the tread:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let it glide o'er moss and violet&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Would its touch could wake our dead!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piling now, the tossing vapors,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With a wild exultant power,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rise in turrets, towers, mountains,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Changing with the changing hour.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glittering, gleaming, dazzling, snowy,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heart-tossed shadows in them lie;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Broken, scattered, wind-torn, foamy,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Haunt they through Earth's panting sky.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luminous jets of boiling vapor</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Topple into sudden rifts,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Open into yawning chasms,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Break in tortured whirling drifts,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Panting, surging, rocking, reeling,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cradling in their hearts the storm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spirit, power, passion flashing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lightning bares each secret form.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Banding now in groups colossal,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Piling o'er the mountain crest,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweeping down his rocky summit,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crashing through his wooded breast,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shattering fall his pines and larches,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rain, hail, tumult onward swell,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lightning scathes the shuddering forest,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thunder frights the leafy dell.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sunset fires the whirling vapors,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Now they sway and rock in light,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Toppling crests fling back the radiance,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Through the rifts it glitters bright,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gloomy clouds are ruby kindling,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rippling fringed with molten gold,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rosy streams of color pouring,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Through the tempest's blackness rolled.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Surging weird in fitful beauty,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Every moment fraught with change,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Every break and mystic chasm</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Opening up a Heaven-range:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now the eastern peaks are kindling</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Glow as though the Morning's heart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Throbbed against them, while the formless</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Clouds to phantom being start.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus through storm-tost human bosoms</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">God oft sends His rays divine;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Passionate errors, when forgiven,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lead us on to trust sublime.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God rays light through moral tempests,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Brings repentance out of crime;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Much forgiven' ploughs the spirit,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Former faults as beacons shine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through our ruins Love is gleaming,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rippling o'er in molten gold,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rosy streams of life are pouring</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Through our tempest's blackness rolled.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glittering thus in growing beauty,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Every moment fraught with change,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through each rift and shattered chasm</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">We may see the Heaven-range.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus the angels build the pictures</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In the vext or tranquil skies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of our changeful human passions,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stormful fall and heaven-won rise.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus they write in love and pity,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Radiant with their heaven-dyes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lessons for the lost, the erring,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hope for weary, dying eyes.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a name="RAIN" id="RAIN"></a><i><b>RAIN CLOUDS.</b></i></span><br /><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">High float the Cirri,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Passionless, pure;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wild pile the Cumuli,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Never secure;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Low sweep the Rain Clouds</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Over the sky,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glooming the sunshine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Slow trailing by.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mystical region</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Typifies Earth&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Light in the bosom</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of darkness has birth;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magical mingling</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of beauty and gloom,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calm follows tempest</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">As Heaven the tomb.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shrouding the distance,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Legions of mist</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glide down the river</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joining the list</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of the shadowy army</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hurrying on</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Over wide waters</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To welcome the sun.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catching his gleaming,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Faster they run,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roseate surging,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roll into one;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Filling the valley,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Luminous haze,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heavenward soaring,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rocks as we gaze;</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lifting strange columns</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of light in the air,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weaves golden sunshine</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fitful and fair</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through the cloud pillars</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thrown to the sky,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Like the Dream-ladder</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jacob slept by.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trailing o'er treetops,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shadowing graves,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gloomily weeping</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">While the wind raves,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blurring the landscape</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rain clouds press on,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lowering on nature</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With leaden-hued frown.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sulphurous, lurid,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thunder is near;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sobbings and mutterings</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fill us with fear.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palls with wild fringes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stream on behind&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death may be riding</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The wings of the wind.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jagged clouds hanging</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Formless and black,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hurtle the whirlwind</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fast o'er their track;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fiery flashes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scathe the green plain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cataracts falling</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In torrents of rain.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thunder and lightning</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crash through the sky;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whirlwinds are carding</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The clouds as they fly!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nature is reeling,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sin at our heart,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heaven is angered&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Well may we start!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God throws His shadow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Into the gloom;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The raindrops have caught it,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And break into bloom!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His light on Earth's teardrops</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gems Bliss on her clouds,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His rainbow of color</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Paints Hope on her shrouds.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tender and lovely,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Luminous, fair,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Infinite Beauty</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Is bending through air,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Breathing through color,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Through Order, through Form,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That infinite Love</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rules the heart of the storm.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caught in soft meshes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fractions the light,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gold, green, or ruby,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tremblingly bright.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through the torn chasms</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Smiles the lost blue&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The wilder the drifting,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The deeper the hue.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauty above us,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Beauty around,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clouds, stars gem the heavens,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Trees, flowers paint the ground.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rapturous meaning</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Illumines the whole:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God gives us Beauty,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For Love is His Soul!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">High-floating Cirri,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Passionless, pure;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wild-piling Cumuli,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Never secure;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Low-trailing Rain Clouds</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With rainbow-lit pall&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Softly ye whisper</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That Love ruleth all!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SKETCHES_OF_AMERICAN_LIFE_AND_SCENERY" id="SKETCHES_OF_AMERICAN_LIFE_AND_SCENERY"></a>SKETCHES OF AMERICAN LIFE AND SCENERY.</h2>
+
+<h3>II.&mdash;THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Who, in ascending the Hudson River, has not watched for the first
+glimpse of the Catskills, and followed with delight their gradual
+development of peak and clove, until, near Hudson, they stood fully
+revealed, flooded with sunshine, flecked with shadows, or crowned by
+storm-laden clouds?</p>
+
+<p>This region is noteworthy, not alone from its beauty and incalculable
+utility, but also from the associations clustering around it through the
+pen of poets and writers of romance, the brush of the artist, and the
+memories of thousands of tourists, who have found health and strength
+for both body and mind upon its craggy heights or beside its numberless
+wild and beautiful mountain torrents. It comprises the whole of Greene
+County, a portion of Delaware, and the neighboring borders of Ulster,
+Schoharie, and Albany. It truly deserves the appellation of 'many
+fountained,' giving rise to great rivers, such as the Delaware, and one
+of the main branches of the Susquehanna, and to manifold smaller
+watercourses, as the Schoharie, Catskill, and Esopus. Unlike the
+Highlands of Northern New Jersey and Southern New York, and the region
+of the Adirondacs, its lakes are few and very small. The best known are
+the twin lakes near the Mountain House, and Shue's Lake, not far from
+the summit of Overlook Mountain. These are all at a height,
+approximately, of two thousand feet above the river, and add greatly to
+the variety and interest of the landscape in their vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>Names among these hills are a commodity so scarce that their paucity
+presents a serious obstacle to intelligible description. Round Tops and
+High Peaks are innumerable. We hope, when Professor Guyot completes his
+cursory survey of heights, made eighteen months ago, he will strive to
+do as in North Carolina, and supply the deficiency. Nomenclature is a
+difficult matter, and requires a poet, a poetic man of science, or the
+imaginative intuitions of a primitive people.</p>
+
+<p>The main range of the Catskills finds its southerly corner in Overlook
+Mountain, not far from Woodstock, and about seven miles (more or less)
+west of the Hudson. One ridge extends northerly (a little east, parallel
+with the river) from twelve to fourteen miles, and then, at the North
+Mountain, making an obtuse angle, turns to the northwest, and passes
+through Windham into Schoharie County: the other ridge, starting from
+Overlook, runs in a westerly direction along the southern border of
+Greene County, and finally in Delaware sinks into broken hill ranges of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>
+less elevation. The space intermediate between these two main ridges is
+at first narrow, but gradually widens as they diverge from the starting
+point; its interior (northwesterly) slope is drained by the Schoharie (a
+branch of the Mohawk) and its tributaries, the East, the West, and
+Batavia Kills. Singular gaps or cloves intersect the range, affording
+easy communication with the lowlands bordering its base. Each clove has
+its own stream, and in the main ones on the river front are found the
+countless and beautiful waterfalls which constitute the chief
+characteristic of Catskill scenery. The more primitive rocks of the
+Highlands, the Adirondacs, and the White Mountains do not offer such
+numerous and picturesque sheets of falling water as the red sandstone of
+the Catskills.</p>
+
+<p>Starting from Overlook Mountain, whence the view is said to be
+magnificent, and proceeding northward, we first reach the Plattekill
+Clove, up whose steep and wooded cleft winds a wild road, chiefly used
+for quarrying purposes, and down whose abrupt declivity the Plattekill
+leaps from crag to crag in a series of fine falls and cascades. The
+quantity of water during the summer months, except after considerable
+rain, is small, but the rock formations are very interesting, reminding
+the traveller of wild passes in the Tyrol. This is perhaps the grandest
+of all the Catskill clefts, but human ingenuity has here afforded no aid
+to the sightseer, and strong heads and agile limbs are needed for the
+enjoyment of its hidden beauties.</p>
+
+<p>The mountain to the north of the Plattekill Clove has two crests, known
+as High Peak and Round Top. It was long thought to be the loftiest
+summit of the Catskills, but must now yield to the Windham High Peak or
+Black Head, 3,926 feet high, and perhaps to other elevations in the same
+range. Professor Guyot gives its height at 3,684 feet, and that of the
+Mountain House as 2,245 feet. This mountain has frequently been
+ascended, although there is no regular path leading to the summit, but
+the thick growth of wood on the top greatly hinders the satisfactoriness
+of the view. Between Round Top and the nearest mountain to the north
+lies the Kauterskill Clove, known pre&euml;minently as <i>The Clove</i>, the home
+of artists and the theme of poets. Its springs are drained by the
+Kauterskill Creek, a branch of the Catskill, and it is one of the
+loveliest spots in America. The road through this clove is one of the
+main arteries to the back mountain country, and, from the summit of the
+clove, near Haines's sawmill, winds for about three miles to the base,
+by the side of streams offering fifteen fine falls and cascades in a
+distance of five miles, and between steep and wooded mountain slopes or
+rocky crags lifted high in air, now swelling out into the sunlight, and
+anon curving back into amphitheatres of shadow. The main Kauterskill
+flows from the twin lakes already mentioned, and just below the Laurel
+House falls over a precipice of 175 feet, which, with another dash of 80
+feet, makes the entire depth of the stream's first grand plunge into the
+wild ravine 255 feet. A short distance below is the Bastion Fall, and,
+immediately following, the Terrace Cascade, the united height of the two
+being certainly not less than 100 feet. These four fine falls are found
+in an easy walk of three quarters of a mile leading down the ravine from
+the Laurel House to the Clove road.</p>
+
+<p>The Little Kauterskill flows into the main stream at a short distance
+below the bridge where the Clove road first crosses that torrent. The
+ravine through which it flows is incomparably beautiful, with the grand
+plunge (Haines's Fall or Fawn's Leap) at the head, and the seven
+graceful cascades, all visible from one projecting table rock, soon
+after following. Below the above-mentioned bridge are the Dog Fall, the
+cascade at Moore's Bridge, and the Dog Hole, with its steep cliffs and
+foaming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> rapids. At the mouth of the Clove is Palensville, a little
+manufacturing village, where town-wearied denizens find fresh air and
+pleasant walks and drives during the summer months. To our taste,
+however, the summer climate at the various sojourning places, about two
+thousand feet above the sea level, is far preferable to that at the base
+of the mountain.</p>
+
+<p>Rising to the north of the Clove is the South Mountain, from whose
+beetling crags are obtained some of the finest views offered by the
+Catskills; then follows the Pine Orchard, where are the well-known
+Mountain House, the twin lakes, and the Laurel House at the head of the
+Kauterskill Falls; and finally, the North Mountain, which looks down
+upon a graceful spur to the east, Kiskatom Round Top, and then sweeps
+away to the northwest. Beyond the North Mountain is a considerable
+depression, down which passes an execrable road, leading from East
+Jewett, within the mountain range, to Cairo, at its foot. Finally, we
+reach Windham High Peak,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and the fine road crossing the mountains
+from Catskill to Delhi, and passing through Windham and Prattsville.</p>
+
+<p>On the southern side of the range, west of Overlook, are two wild and
+beautiful clefts, the one known as the Stony Clove, and the other as
+West Kill or Bushnell Clove. The first begins as a narrow gorge with
+lofty hemlock and moss-clad mountain sides, and gradually opens out, at
+Ph&oelig;nicia, upon the hills of Ulster and Esopus Creek. It is watered by
+a trout stream, and its few but cosey farm cottages offer shelter
+sufficient for amateur fishermen and artists, bewitched by its fairy
+recesses and fine forest growth. In the narrow portion of this clove are
+ice caves, where ice may be found at all seasons of the year, and whence
+issue cooling winds appreciable in the warmest summer days.</p>
+
+<p>The West Kill, or Bushnell Clove, is said to be still finer and more
+alpine than the Stony Clove. The last-mentioned gap and that of the
+Plattekill join the main or Kauterskill Clove between Tannersville and
+Hunter, while the Bushnell Clove does not intersect the valley of the
+Schoharie until the West Kill flows into that stream near the charming
+village of Lexington, six miles south, a little west of Prattsville.</p>
+
+<p>These geographical details may seem uninteresting, but if the writer had
+possessed them eight years ago, when first making the near acquaintance
+of the Catskills, many a mystification might have been avoided, and many
+a pleasant excursion, now only known to the fancy, have been found
+practicable. One great attraction of the Catskills is, that the greater
+number of the spots chiefly interesting are within walking or driving
+distance from the chief points of sojourn. Visitors in general confine
+themselves to the Mountain House and its immediate vicinity, and hence
+see but little of the beauties hidden among the cliffs and ravines of
+the inner peaks. The view from the Mountain House plateau is extensive,
+but tame and monotonous in character; the horizon is not interesting,
+and the cloud scenery is far more impressive than that of the land
+beneath. The views from the very easily ascended North or South
+Mountains, where, in addition to the river valley, the eye embraces the
+lakes, the opening of the Clove, and the distant mountains toward
+Lexington, are far superior. Clum's Hill, a terraced eminence, visible
+from many points among the Catskills, and the Parker Mountain, east of
+Tannersville, both offer peculiar and interesting prospects; but the
+king of views is that obtained from the cliffs of the South Mountain
+overhanging the Clove. This vista has furnished sketches for two
+remarkable pictures painted by that rare artist and genuine son of
+Helios, S. R. Gifford. Looking toward the west is the rolling plateau of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> Clove, with the far-away mountains beyond Hunter, the Parker and
+North Mountains, the openings to the Stony and Plattekill Cloves, Clum's
+Hill, and the silver thread of Haines's Fall. At the foot of the cliffs,
+more than a thousand feet below, lie Brockett's (classic ground for
+artists), the Clove road, Moore's Bridge, the Dog Fall, and the brawling
+Kauterskill. Directly opposite stands the wooded crest of Round Top. The
+entire mountain side is visible, and the cleft is so narrow that the
+trees can almost be counted as they rise one above another to a height
+of 2,500 feet above the roaring stream, which here receives two slender
+cascades that have threaded their way through the tangled forest. Toward
+the east, the river is visible, and the sloping mountain declivities
+frame a lovely picture of lowland country and far-away Connecticut or
+Massachusetts hills. The effects of light and shadow are such as we have
+never seen surpassed. This earth there seems made of gold or crimson
+lights, of gray seas of mist, or of every imaginable combination of
+beautiful hues.</p>
+
+<p>These cliffs are reached by a charming walk through a beech wood, and
+are distant about a mile from the Laurel House. A longer and still
+somewhat rough path was opened thither last summer from the Mountain
+House. But we should never end were we to characterize all the beautiful
+spots, the entrancing walks and drives to be found amid these cool and
+healthful slopes and plateaus. A difference of at least ten degrees is
+felt between the mountain resorts and the villages on the river bank,
+and the air is inexpressibly fresh and invigorating.</p>
+
+<p>These mountains have also a very interesting flora. The oak, beech,
+birch, chestnut, hickory, maple, ash, hemlock&mdash;pines, black, white, and
+yellow&mdash;spruces, fir, and balsam, are among the most widely spread
+trees; and of fruits, the blackberry, gooseberry, raspberry,
+whortleberry or blueberry, and strawberry, grow in profusion and of fine
+flavor. Violets, anemones, liverworts, the fairy bells of the Linnea
+Borealis, the fragrant stars of the Mitchella or partridge berry, the
+trailing arbutus, Houstonia, the laurel, honeysuckle, sarsaparilla,
+wintergreen, bottle gentian, white and blue, purple orchids, willow
+herb, golden rod, immortelles, asters in every variety, St. John's wort,
+wild turnip, Solomon's seals, wild lilies of the vale, fire lilies,
+Indian pipe, with other flowers, ground pines, and varieties of moss and
+ferns innumerable, border the winding woodpaths and secluded roads.
+There are many regions in America more grand than that of the Catskills,
+but none, we think, more easily and gratefully compensatory to a careful
+survey.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Within Gethsemane's Garden kneeling,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bends the Lord His sacred head,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His soul, each human sorrow feeling,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quivers with keen shafts, sin-sped,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Every human misery knows,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bears the burden of our woes.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perchance not men alone His sinking,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bleeding heart to weep is fain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But poor dumb creatures sees He drinking</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Deep the bitter cup of pain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hears the wailing, anguished cry,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hears but curse and blow reply!</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'>L. D. P.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_ISSUES_OF_THE_WAR" id="THE_ISSUES_OF_THE_WAR"></a>THE ISSUES OF THE WAR.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The life of the soldier is one of constant anxiety and suspense. He
+never knows with any certainty to-day what he shall have to do
+to-morrow. Upon seemingly the greatest calm may suddenly burst the most
+terrific storm. There is little incentive to thought, except of that
+practical kind which directs the activities of the soldier's perilous
+life. Here we are, thousands of us, an acting mass rather than an
+assemblage of thinking individuals. Indeed, it is not strictly military
+to think; implicit and unquestioning obedience is the law. When the
+order was finally given on Monday night (September 21st) for the whole
+army to fell back on Chattanooga, the writer remarked:</p>
+
+<p>'Well, if we shall not have to go any farther&mdash;if we can hold
+Chattanooga, we are not defeated;&mdash;it is even a victory, and we have won
+Chattanooga at the battle of Chickamauga.'</p>
+
+<p>'We want none of your speculations,' retorted our Prussian commander;
+'it is a soldier's business to obey, and not to think.'</p>
+
+<p>But, it is hardly natural for an American soldier to execute a movement
+without inquiring the wherefore. And if we are marched over mountains,
+and down the Lookout at Alpine Pass, within a few miles of Rome; and
+then marched back again, up the perilous steep, and northward to
+Stevens's Gap, and down again;&mdash;why, even common soldiers, without the
+evidence of brains which there is, or ought to be, in shoulder straps,
+inquire of each other for the strategic value there may be in all this
+marching and countermarching, and find it hard to believe that it was
+all provided for in the original programme.</p>
+
+<p>But in a still higher sense is the American soldier given to thinking.
+He is quite likely to have an opinion as to the origin and cause of the
+war&mdash;as to the issues involved therein, and the results which it is
+likely to bring about. There is, moreover, a multiplicity of views, and
+not the unanimity of dulness.</p>
+
+<p>The causes, the issues, the results of the war&mdash;momentous themes! and
+likely to be thoroughly canvassed by those whom they so vitally
+concern&mdash;the American citizen and our citizen soldiery.</p>
+
+<p>The causes, issues, and results of the war are so intimately related
+that we can scarcely think of one without also thinking of the others.
+The causes are more especially a thing of the past&mdash;they already belong
+to history: the results belong more particularly to the future; the
+issues pertain to the present. It is these with which we have more
+immediately to do, and which it behooves us, as intelligent actors in
+the great drama, to understand. We should not be indifferent to results,
+and we are not; but if there are real issues of right and wrong involved
+in the contest, and we are in the right, we may rest assured that the
+results of a successful prosecution of the war will be worthy of all our
+sacrifices, and honorable to us as a people and nation.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of a beleaguered camp, with no notes of former reading, or
+books of reference, it is a poor place for the elaboration of one's
+ideas;&mdash;the writer, nevertheless, proposes to make a brief inquiry into
+the issues involved in this terrible war.</p>
+
+<p>The fact exists that there is a war between the North and South, brought
+about, as we believe, by unwarranted and aggressive acts of the Slave
+Power. This slave oligarchy of the South either had, or affected to
+have, a profound contempt for what they supposed was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> the want of spirit
+in the Northern people. It was a current swagger that we should barely
+furnish them with an opportunity to show their superior military
+prowess. 'This war shall be waged on Northern soil,' they said. Events
+have shown that they miscalculated; but the raids of Jackson, Lee,
+Morgan &amp; Co. show how great their will has been to carry out their
+threats of invasion. When the rebel guns opened upon Sumter, there was
+no alternative left us but fight now, or soon. Had we hesitated and
+compromised then, the arrogant spirit of the insurgents would have been
+still further flattered and puffed up, and their contempt for the
+submissive North made genuine, whatever it may have been before. A
+compromise then would have made no lasting peace; the South would soon
+have become tired of being merely 'let alone;' her exactions and
+aggressions would have become more and more insolent and intolerable,
+till warlike resistance or ignoble submission and slavery would have
+been our only alternative. This war is, therefore, on our part and in
+one sense, a war in self-defence; and this may be regarded as one of its
+issues.</p>
+
+<p>Every loyal soldier is fighting for the security of our Northern homes;
+and the issue resolves itself into this: The resistance of invasion; the
+vindication of our manliness as a people; the protection of our own
+firesides&mdash;else be overrun, outraged, desolated, enslaved by the minions
+of a Southern oligarchy, which indulges the insane conceit that it is
+born to rule.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>Unfortunately for our country, it embraces two distinct forms of
+society, of dissimilar, if not of antagonistic character. It is a
+heritage from our ancestors; but none the less an evil for its prestige
+from the sanctities of time; and we are now reaping its bitter fruits in
+the manifold and hideous forms of a great civil war. Taking human nature
+as it is, there appears to be no escape from this cruel ordeal. We of
+the North claim that we have transcended that type of society whose
+vital and informing element is chattel slavery. There is natural and
+irrepressible antagonism between the two forms of society; they cannot
+subsist in peace and good feeling by the side of each other, and still
+less under the same Government. Conflict was inevitable, and it came.</p>
+
+<p>At this stage of the war and of elucidation respecting its cause and
+origin, this may be only commonplace, yet necessary to fulness of
+statement.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery felt the necessity of efforts to save herself from impending
+ruin; she became taunting and aggressive in her manners and acts, and
+resorted at length to violence, reminding one of the oft-repeated
+proverb, 'Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad.' History has
+no readings for the comfort of slavery. There is a progress in human
+affairs, and the tide of that progress is against her. Threatening
+attitudes and impetuous dashes do not appear to come with salvation; and
+the promise&mdash;of glory for freedom, and doom for her&mdash;now is that, as a
+turbulent and rebellious power, she will be completely overthrown; a
+sudden and deserved judgment, the legitimate consequence of her own
+violence and desperation.</p>
+
+<p>This struggle between a progressive and triumphant civilization, on the
+one hand, and a crude, unprogressive, and waning one on the other&mdash;if
+civilization it can be called&mdash;is another of the issues of this war. It
+is but the ultimate, the closing catastrophe of the 'irrepressible
+conflict.'</p>
+
+<p>Involved in this feature of the war, there is much beside the naked
+issue of freedom and slavery.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery has no respect for the affections, as is evinced by the
+mercilessness with which she sunders every family tie. The refining
+culture of growth in civilization demands respect for the domestic
+loves, even of an inferior race.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> Where chattel slavery exists, labor is
+not held in honor, and just in proportion to the depth to which one
+class sinks by industrial oppression, does the other sink through
+enervating indolence and exhausting indulgence. Where there is chattel
+slavery, there cannot be free speech: the utterance of truth may indeed
+be incendiary, and the rickety, combustible institution standing out of
+its time, must needs protect itself. There must not be free education or
+free inquiry. It would never do to teach the slaves; and it is likewise
+the interest of this form of society to retain the lower strata of the
+nominally free population in ignorance equally dense and impenetrable. A
+cringing servility must be generated and maintained on the one side, and
+a haughty and exacting superciliousness on the other.</p>
+
+<p>All these may be regarded as constituting minor issues, which are
+dependent for their vitality on that which is greater; and when the fate
+of the issue between chattel slavery and its antagonist shall have been
+determined, there will be no further trouble with the collaterals. When
+the main trunk is torn up by the root, the branches will all die.</p>
+
+<p>But while the issue between slavery and freedom thus comprehends within
+itself a class of issues which are subordinate, may there not be a still
+greater issue which dwarfs that of slavery and freedom into a secondary,
+and comprehends within itself this and other issues of equal magnitude
+and importance?</p>
+
+<p>Our Government has never given out that its object in the prosecution of
+the war is the extinction of slavery. It claims to have adopted
+emancipation only as a war measure; the great purpose of the war being
+avowedly the recovery of Governmental possessions and the restoration of
+the Union. Many moralists, failing, as we believe, to see the real
+significance of the idea of political unity, have looked upon the
+proposed object of the Government as a low and unworthy one; but have,
+nevertheless, rejoiced that the hand of Providence is in the work, and
+overruling it to bring out of these meaner aims a great and noble
+result.</p>
+
+<p>It may be well to recollect in this connection that it is not always
+when great moral ends are the real aim and purpose of a movement that
+the greatest good has been accomplished. The greatest moral results have
+often followed when the movement proposed no moral end whatever; while
+efforts having a direct moral aim have resulted in signal failure, and
+sometimes in disaster even to the very end proposed. Well-meant efforts
+to save the heathen in a spiritual way have sometimes resulted in their
+physical destruction, through the stealthy obtrusion of the pests of
+civilization.</p>
+
+<p>It is by no means as yet a settled question that emancipation will
+enhance the happiness of our negro population, or that it may not be the
+beginning of a series of disasters to the race which will eventuate in
+its extinction on this continent. The settlement of the slave question
+may be the beginning of the negro question; and the end of one
+difficulty the beginning of another.</p>
+
+<p>It may be that sympathy for the negro is seeking to put in train a
+series of changes which would terribly revulse those same sympathies, if
+the end could be seen from the beginning. Yet these sympathies, even if
+mistaken in their direct object, may be working to a great and desirable
+end, which they do not as yet recognize. The Crusaders aimed at what
+they considered a good, but, failing in that, accomplished a real good
+of which they had no conception. They did not make themselves permanent
+masters of the Holy Land, but through their intercourse with each other
+and with the more cultivated people of the East, they nourished the
+germs of a forthcoming civilization in the West.</p>
+
+<p>In the natural history of the world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> we discover that certain tribes of
+sentient beings prey upon certain other tribes; and this seems, on a
+cursory view, to be very shocking to the finer sensibilities of our
+nature; yet it is an arrangement which results in a larger amount of
+sentient enjoyment than could otherwise obtain among these lower
+denizens of our inexplicable world. The most vigorous&mdash;that which
+embodies within itself the greatest and the most various elements of
+vitality and power&mdash;the most vigorous, I say, prevails; and if the negro
+race of our continent should begin to wane and finally go as the 'poor
+Indian' has done&mdash;a fate which I do not here predict for him&mdash;the field
+thus vacated will not be lost, but occupied at once, and in time to its
+fullest extent, by a race of greater capabilities for culture, progress,
+and enjoyment. The physical world has attained to its present advanced
+geological condition through much of violence and pain; the same is true
+in a moral sense of mankind at large; and there may be still quite a
+great deal of this same career to run.</p>
+
+<p>Sympathy of itself is blind, and may 'kill with kindness.' It has often
+done so. But it is a noble emotion: let it play its role, since, in the
+working out of destiny, 'the will may be taken for the deed,' and a good
+accomplished which was not intended or foreseen.</p>
+
+<p>Governments may not be greatly at fault for not proposing 'high moral
+aims.' We need only recall the names of Watt, Fulton, Stevenson, Morse,
+and others of that class, to perceive that great moral changes are
+brought about when no moral purpose is intended. It is not affirmed that
+these benefactors of mankind never thought of the moral consequences
+which their purely physical labors would produce, but only that the
+moral consequences were not the incentive to the mechanical achievement.
+The genius of invention had to work out its legitimate results through
+the innate force of its own peculiar constitution. The impetus was that
+of essential genius, not of moral calculation.</p>
+
+<p>The same thing is true of the cultivation of science for its own sake.
+The stargazer with his telescope, the chemist with crucible and retort,
+the physiologist with his chemical and optical aids, the purely
+scientific thinker&mdash;all who prosecute science for the love of it&mdash;have
+wrought out results which are breaking as light of the clear morning sun
+upon the history of nations, thus enabling us to avail ourselves of the
+past in order to comprehend the status of the present and the
+possibilities of the future.</p>
+
+<p>Great social and political results have thus been attained without
+consciously intending them, or seeing how they were to be brought about.
+Our Government, without professing great moral purposes, may yet
+accomplish more in that direction, and this, too, by the relentless and
+bloody hand of war, than has ever been the result of purely moral design
+by the most approved moral means, on the part of any combination of
+mankind. It may be a crisis in history, and the ushering in of a new
+era.</p>
+
+<p>Our Government proposes to recover lost possessions, and restore the
+integrity of the Union. Wherefore? Ours is the most beneficent
+Government upon the earth, blessing the most human beings, and it should
+be sustained. The whole nation has contributed to the acquisition of
+Southern territory, and it is not meet that the Northern people should
+surrender their interest in the same. The Mississippi River belongs as
+naturally to the great West as to the South, and it should be under the
+control of the same sovereign power, to be used for the good of one
+great people. There is no natural division line between the North and
+South, and it would be fatal to the future peace and prosperity of this
+continent to attempt to make one.</p>
+
+<p>These are some of the reasons ordinarily given for the prosecution of
+this war&mdash;for our great effort to re&euml;stablish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> the Union. They are
+practical, readily comprehended, and to urge them is well&mdash;enough,
+really, for present practical purposes; but may there not be in the idea
+of political unity a meaning&mdash;a philosophical significance, if you
+please, which these practical and obvious considerations do not reveal?</p>
+
+<p>It is the confirmed conviction of the Northern people, with certain
+unnatural exceptions, that it is our true policy to maintain the
+integrity of the Union at any cost, however great; the people of the
+South evidently take a different view of it; the political thinkers of
+Europe appear to be divided in their sympathies between the North and
+South.</p>
+
+<p>An article appears in a British quarterly to prove that it is the fate
+of great empires to fall to pieces; and that China, Turkey, Russia, and
+the United States show signs of approaching dissolution. It is observed
+that French writers of authority in the Government have issued pamphlets
+to prove that the peace and stability of nations require the
+dismemberment of the United States. The 'fire eaters' of the South are
+not the only people who would like to see the United States in
+fragments. We have such even in the North; and in Europe, especially
+near the thrones, 'their name is legion.'</p>
+
+<p>The thinking world has not yet settled into the conviction that a great
+continental policy, preserving internal peace, and enduring for an
+indefinite period into the far-off future, is a possible thing. The fate
+of nations and empires, as revealed in history, is apparently against
+such an idea. Many empires have already appeared, risen to power, fallen
+into decay, and become dismembered, having run their course and
+disappeared. May it not be so with our own great confederacy of States?
+The authority against a great, practical, enduring political unity is
+respectable. May we not be fighting for an illusion? What guarantee have
+we in history, science, and common sense, that our Federal Union will
+not crumble as the empires of the past have done, and as the political
+prophets of Europe, casting the horoscope of nations in the shadows of
+their own political fragmentarism, have predicted for us? Even should
+the rebels South be chastised, and the Union restored for the present,
+have we solid reasons for believing in the permanency of our
+institutions? What is the warrant for our faith that American destiny
+comprehends the principle of American unity?</p>
+
+<p>People contract habits of thought in a great measure from the nature of
+the institutions which surround them. Europe could think nothing but
+feudalism at one time; she had no conception of religion outside the
+Church of Rome. The Turk thinks by the standard of political absolutism
+and the Moslem faith. The reflections of every people are cast in the
+national mould; it is so the world over, and has been so in all times.
+Europe, or at least a very influential portion thereof, thinks that the
+'balance of power' system will yet be inaugurated among the family of
+nations yet to spring up on this continent. Her people think balance of
+power, and the London <i>Times</i> and like organs of the existing polity
+write balance of power for our edification, and for the future of
+America. They cannot conceive that there is any other way to get along
+for any considerable length of time. In like manner is it
+concluded&mdash;keeping up the old trains of thought&mdash;that if nations once
+fell into fragments when shaken, they will do just so again.</p>
+
+<p>Now, perhaps we have contracted habits of thought from the character of
+our country and her institutions, and are deceiving ourselves with hopes
+which have no real foundation. These, we believe, are considerations
+which have engaged the attention of every reflecting man; and it
+behooves us, as intelligent Americans and members of a young nation of
+hitherto unexampled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> prosperity and promise, to be able to give a reason
+for the faith that is in us.</p>
+
+<p>There are changes and crises in the course and destiny of political
+systems. The conditions of one period of time are different from the
+conditions of another period. Different conditions necessitate different
+political systems. Feudalism did not last always; European diplomacy is
+only three hundred years old. If Europe, out of her peculiar situation,
+originated the doctrine of balance of power, thus innovating upon the
+past, may not we, owing to the novelty of our situation, originate a
+continental system which will endure to the remotest periods of time, or
+so long as political systems shall have place on the earth?</p>
+
+<p>One empire may fall into fragments to-day; while another may not only
+not suffer dissolution, but really grow stronger, and appropriate, in a
+most legitimate manner, parts of the dismembered empire.</p>
+
+<p>We must allow, not only for the difference of conditions with reference
+to time, but, also, for the different situations at the same time of
+different political structures. To assume, because nations have been
+ground to atoms, or have fallen to pieces of their own weight, that
+therefore Russia and the United States are about to go in the same way,
+is a species of reasoning which is hardly warranted by scientific
+methods. It may be that the empire of Great Britain is itself doomed to
+dissolution at no very distant day; but it does not follow that the
+United States are, therefore, liable to the same fate, now or ever. So
+far from this, it is possible, if not highly probable, that as the
+remote provinces of the British empire shall fall away, the central
+political system of this continent may very naturally absorb at least
+one of the fragments, and thereby become stronger as a Government, and
+more potent for good to the people of an entire world.</p>
+
+<p>There are laws of dissolution, and laws of segregation and combination
+in the political as in the natural world. Great Britain may fall into
+fragments because her geographical and political conditions render her
+amenable to the laws of dissolution; while the United States may go on
+enlarging their boundaries and becoming more stable and powerful from
+the fact that their political status and local surroundings render them
+the legitimate subject of the laws of political growth and geographical
+enlargement. The British possessions are geographically too remote; they
+may not be united together by the necessary bonds of political union.
+The weakness of Great Britain may now be what the weakness of the
+Spanish empire once was. Her geography is against her. The day is
+gradually passing away when arbitrary power may hold distant regions in
+subjection to a central despotism; the day is at hand which demands that
+the bonds of union shall be natural and just, not arbitrary&mdash;bonds which
+forever assert their own inherent power to unite and grow stronger, not
+weaker, with the inevitable changes constantly being wrought out by the
+busy hand of time.</p>
+
+<p>Man's social and political life depends much on the physical conditions
+by which he is surrounded. We have only to instance a mountain and
+valley population. The former is isolated and out of the way, and the
+people simple, uncouth, and uncultivated&mdash;contented, it is true, but,
+nevertheless, enjoying but little of the abundance and variety in which
+people of culture luxuriate. The valley population have a city,
+villages, rich lands, trade, and commerce; they are wealthy, cultivated,
+and realize far more the legitimate fruition of our entire nature.</p>
+
+<p>Even missionaries, whose prejudices may be presumed to have been in
+favor of purely moral means, tell us that that heathen can only be
+permanently Christianized through changes in their physical conditions
+which commerce alone can bring about.</p>
+
+<p>Physical conditions affect the destiny<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> of nations, and go far to
+determine the extent and character of political organizations. It makes
+a great difference whether a country has or has not the means of ready
+communication and transportation from one section to another. While the
+great body of Europe was comparatively uncultivated, with only the
+natural channels of commerce, and these unimproved, there could be
+little communication between the different sections of country; and
+Europe had no political or social unity. The people of the entire
+continent were in a fragmentary and disorganized mass, comparatively
+isolated, and independent of each other. The jurisdictions of the great
+barons and of the cities became at length united into kingdoms. The
+increase of commerce brought these kingdoms into relations with each
+other, and diplomacy grew out of national necessities. As the countries
+improved and the facilities and occasions for intercommunication and
+commerce increased, the principle of political unity must needs
+comprehend a wider range. At first, it took in only the component parts
+of kingdoms, and then the kingdoms in the form of great national leagues
+of more or less permanence. This form of political unity may be very
+imperfect, but it is nevertheless unity consummated in the best possible
+manner which the system of separate thrones would permit. Changes in the
+conditions and relations of peoples render changes in their political
+forms an absolute necessity. The facilities for education,
+intercommunication, travel, and commerce, are the great unitizers of
+peoples and nations.</p>
+
+<p>A great, overgrown empire, which has been built up by arbitrary power,
+may fall to pieces, because it is not bound together by the ligaments
+which an ubiquitous commerce affords. Another, because thus interlaced
+and woven together, cannot be sundered. The dependence of part on part
+and the facilities of transportation from one section to another, render
+such an empire a really vital organism, which cannot be divided without
+destroying the whole; but since nations, as individuals, are tenacious
+of life, the whole cannot be destroyed, and the empire cannot be
+divided. There is no place for division, and none can be made. This
+principle, we believe, applies to our own country.</p>
+
+<p>Lines for the transmission of intelligence, the highways of travel, the
+channels of intercommunication and commerce&mdash;these connect remote
+sections with each other, and, in connection with the specialization of
+industry, cause them to become mutually dependent, and thus form a web
+of unity knitting the many into one. The Mississippi River has been
+characterized by some one as a great original Unionist. It is so.</p>
+
+<p>The channels and highways of commerce are of two kinds: natural and
+artificial. The natural are the seas, lakes, rivers; and these only
+become the means of political union according to the extent of the use
+which is made of them. The improvement of harbors and of rivers, and the
+modern revolutions in the art of navigation, have greatly increased
+their power to make one section necessary to another, and bind people to
+people. Were not steam applied to locomotion, the great rivers of North
+America would afford far less of promise for American unity than they
+now do.</p>
+
+<p>Since whatever facilitates communication and transportation makes one
+class of people dependent on another, through the mutual exchange of
+social opportunity and of industrial productions, and binds them more
+firmly together; hence, also, the political and social values of the
+artificial channels of commercial intercourse. Wagon roads, canals,
+railroads, telegraphs, are all so many political unitizers; but the
+railroad, with its accompaniment, the telegraph, may be regarded as the
+chief of all.</p>
+
+<p>Let us notice for a moment the polit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>ical value of our rivers, with the
+improved navigation of the same, and of our railroads, in the
+suppression of the existing rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>Had there been no navigable rivers and no railroads uniting the North
+and South, the chances for the local division of our country would be
+far greater than they are under existing circumstances. The South would
+have been comparatively isolated from the North, and our armies could
+not have reached her territory with the facility they now do. Prolonged
+for years, as the war must have been under such circumstances, the North
+would have grown weary of prosecuting it; the chances for intervention
+would have been greater, and the establishment of a Southern nation by
+no means an impossible thing.</p>
+
+<p>With facilities for penetrating the country, it may be easier to reduce
+a dozen rebel States than one quarter of the territory if held by
+uncivilized Indians. We were longer subjugating the Seminole Indians
+than we are likely to be in putting down the rebellion. The facilities
+of transportation in the one case, and their absence in the other, make
+part of the difference. Besides, these same facilities and their
+accompaniments render Southern society a really vital and sensitive
+thing, so that a wound in some vital part, as Vicksburg or Chattanooga,
+is felt to the remotest ends of Secessia. It will not require
+extermination of all the members; a few mere such wounds, and the
+rebellious creature will have to yield.</p>
+
+<p>The Tennessee River enabled us to drive the enemy out of Western
+Tennessee and Northern Mississippi and Alabama. By means of the
+Mississippi River we have cut away a considerable limb of the
+'confederacy,' and we believe it can never be restored. Nashville has
+become a depot of supplies for the army of the Cumberland, because of
+the Cumberland River and the railroad to the Ohio River.</p>
+
+<p>When we advanced from Murfreesboro', on the 24th of June last, the rains
+fell almost incessantly, and the roads became at length really
+impassable. We were at Tullahoma and beyond it, on short rations. Had
+there been no means of transportation other than the army wagon and the
+common road, it is doubtful whether, under the circumstances, General
+Rosecrans could have held his advanced position so easily won. When some
+of the teams could not draw empty wagons back to Murfreesboro', it is
+not likely that such means of transportation would have been sufficient
+for the subsistence of our army in and around Tullahoma. But in less
+than ten days the joyful whistle of the locomotive was heard, and the
+army was soon abundantly supplied.</p>
+
+<p>Take our present situation. Had there been no railroad from Nashville to
+the Tennessee River, the campaign of last fall could not have been
+undertaken with any prospect of success. But allow that it had been
+undertaken, and the result of the battle of Chickamauga what it was:
+could our army have terminated its retreat at Chattanooga, and held this
+important military position? By no means: it would have recrossed the
+mountains, a broken, discouraged, and almost demoralized host. The
+trains have run almost constantly from Nashville to Stevenson and
+Bridgeport, and the army has been on half rations for nearly two months.
+If wagons could not bring supplies fifty miles, much less one hundred
+and fifty. And now (November 15th) that the distance for teams has, for
+some days, been reduced to six or seven miles, we are still very short
+of supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Let the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad receive due credit for the
+part it has played in promoting the success of the campaign and 'saving
+the Army of the Cumberland.' Railroads and all other channels of
+commerce contribute most efficiently to the success of the great effort
+of our Government to restore the integrity of the Union: let them
+receive due credit, and be rightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> remembered when the great conflict
+is ended.</p>
+
+<p>These facts may serve to suggest the value of the various commercial
+facilities as means of political unitization. A country without the
+means of travel and transportation may readily separate into independent
+fragments whenever any arbitrary institution, as that of slavery,
+develops antagonism between different geographical sections; and in that
+case the arbitrary institution would triumph, and civilization would be
+thrown backward. But in a country which speaks the same language, and is
+checkered all over by the pathways of commercial and social
+intercourse&mdash;since there is no place for division except by the rupture
+of innumerable ligaments&mdash;the integrity of its oneness will maintain
+itself; and if necessary to this end, the arbitrary institution, or
+cause of attempted rupture, whatever It may be, will be swept out of
+existence.</p>
+
+<p>The vindication of national unity is the great issue; the abasement of
+slavery a subordinate one.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, may we perceive some reasons why our labor and sacrifice for
+the restoration of the Union are not given in vain; that we are not
+struggling to sustain a structure which will be liable at any time to
+pass into the history of the 'fall of empires.' We have the
+encouragement of new conditions&mdash;of conditions which give a warrant,
+wherever they obtain, for the permanence of political unity. Subdue the
+present rebellion, reinstate the Union, multiply the facilities for
+social intercourse and the mutual exchange of products, especially
+railroads, wherever there is sufficient promise of a need; and our
+country, thus knit together and united, has nothing to fear from the
+madness of local factions. Permeate the body politic in all its members
+by the nerves, veins, and arteries of a vital circulation, and it
+becomes an organized unity which is not susceptible of division into
+upper or lower, right or left, except by the destruction of the entire
+organism.</p>
+
+<p>But admitting that continental unity is to obtain some day, still the
+question as to whether now is or is not the time for it to assume a more
+distinct form, brings us by a rational necessity to a brief notice of
+the influence of European diplomacy and the contingency of foreign
+intervention.</p>
+
+<p>It is very clear that the 'balance of power' system of Europe, and the
+continental system which this war is waged on our part to sustain, are
+very unlike, if not antagonistic systems. The tone, all through the war,
+of a large portion of the British daily press, and of much of her
+weightier literature; the intrigues of Napoleon and the outspeaking of
+his minions, together with the measures which have been clandestinely
+taken by persons of power and influence to advance the interests of
+secession, show that there are influential classes in Western Europe,
+allied by interest to her fragmentary political organizations, who would
+gladly see the United States broken to pieces under the shock of
+rebellion. Their sympathies have been with the rebellion all through the
+war; and that they have not interfered more actively than they have, is
+not to be attributed to their sincere love for justice and neutrality,
+but to their own weakness&mdash;to the complicated nature of their own
+diplomacy, and its critical status just now, when there is danger of
+bursting volcanoes in their own midst.</p>
+
+<p>It is a law of history that any political system of some degree of
+prevalence seeks to extend itself; indeed, this is a law of all
+movement, whether physical, chemical, social, or political. There is a
+political leaven which permeates the whole mass, and brings it into the
+same condition. It resulted once in the general prevalence of feudalism;
+it afterward touched the cities of civilizing Europe, and they became
+independent, and leagued together for a common purpose. It operated
+again, and gov<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>ernments of organized and more orderly character came
+into existence all over what was once feudal Europe. The prevailing
+system, or that which is animated by the strongest and most active
+principle, necessitates whatever is unlike it to become of the same
+character with itself, even though it might seem like the surrender of
+the better for the worse. This is very aptly shown by the fact that
+under feudalism allodial titles were voluntarily surrendered for feudal
+ones. This system subordinated even the church.</p>
+
+<p>The question is legitimate: Have we nothing to fear from the leaven of
+political fragmentarism in Europe? Is there not vitality enough in the
+little-monarchy and balance-of-power system of Middle and Western Europe
+to extend its influence into this country, contributing effectually to
+the overthrow of American unity; and, by the operation of this political
+'induction,' making the political system of America like the political
+system of Europe? Or, has the time come for the more permanent
+inauguration of the policy of continental unity&mdash;a system of very
+different genius from that which prevails in the former centres of
+civilization? We believe that there are the most rational grounds for
+encouragement.</p>
+
+<p>Political fragmentarism is comparatively a primitive condition. Europe
+has bean growing out of it for hundreds of years. The grasp of political
+unity has gradually taken hold of the nations, and brought them
+organization and order out of isolation and anarchy. Even European
+diplomacy is an expression of the unitizing tendency, since it seeks to
+bind the nations together in leagues, making them as completely a unit
+as may be consistent with the pride and interests of separate and
+distinct sovereignties. Unitization is therefore in the line of
+political development; it has gained strength with the march of
+civilization and the growth of intelligence and freedom among the
+people. Our struggle, therefore, would seem to be a spontaneous uprising
+of the people for the security of a cardinal principle&mdash;a great torrent
+of human movement, surging forward with the stream of political
+development. History is, in its deepest heart, upon the side of unity,
+and ours is a sure faith that victory will crown our efforts.</p>
+
+<p>We are led further to hope that the time has come for unity, by the fact
+that the European system has not as yet felt itself strong enough to
+meddle in any direct manner in our affairs to the detriment of our
+cause.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that the political system of Europe is at present so completely
+busied with its own complications, together with the fact that our own
+country is so intersected by the natural and artificial channels of
+commerce and general intercourse, and by the interrelation and
+overlapping of interests, that there is no definite line for a fracture
+to be found, while, at the same time, our armies can readily penetrate
+into the enemy's country, and advance their base of supplies by means of
+the great thoroughfares of trade; these are sources of encouragement,
+and give us good reason to believe that the time has indeed come for the
+ushering in of a new political era by the successful vindication of
+American unity.</p>
+
+<p>We repeat, this is the great issue of the war. Slavery has only sprung
+upon us; and if slavery stands in the way of national unity and
+political harmony, unity and harmony can only be secured by
+subordinating the power of slavery.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>As to the importance and full significance of the principle of political
+unity, it is not proposed to enter into a detailed discussion here; the
+theme is too vast. A few suggestions must suffice in this connection.</p>
+
+<p>One of the consequences of the want of political unity is national
+dissensions and frequent wars, by which the resources of nations are
+drained, property destroyed, countries devastated, the arm of industry
+weakened, com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>merce crippled, and progress in the means of civilization
+generally retarded. Political unity would do away with national
+quarrels, so disastrous to human well-being; while the emulation of
+states and sections will furnish all the incentive that is necessary to
+urge a people on to honorable achievements.</p>
+
+<p>It does not promise well for the pacific character of unity, that we
+have a great civil war; but wherefore? An antiquated and misplaced
+institution&mdash;a relic of a more primitive and barbarous form of
+society&mdash;has led to the development of antagonism between two local
+divisions of our country. The war grew out of this antagonism: destroy
+the cause of sectional misunderstanding, and this cause of war will
+never more give us trouble.</p>
+
+<p>But a difficulty is suggested: Our people will never become alike, never
+a homogeneous people; the differences of country and climate will
+forever prevent this. Very good; we don't want sameness throughout the
+society of a great empire. This is a distinctly marked feature of
+primitive society. The more unlike as to industrial pursuits, the more
+variety in the tastes and wants of the people of different sections, the
+more dependent may these different sections become upon each other; and
+with facilities for intercourse, the more intimately do they become
+related. Unity develops itself through the specialization of parts and
+functions. This specializing process, as in the gradual formation of the
+vital organs in fetal development, is the very creation of unlikeness;
+and unity is the mutual dependence and necessary co&ouml;peration of these
+dissimilar organs. The more diversity the more complete the unity. It is
+antagonism&mdash;a very different thing&mdash;that does the mischief. It is not
+desirable that a people should be homogeneous; that would be a falling
+back into barbarous conditions. Unity demands that the people shall be
+heterogeneous and diversified, with heterogeneous and diversified
+occupations, tastes, and habits; and then, with proper facilities for
+mental intercommunication, travel, and transportation, they become a
+co&ouml;perative and coalescent people. It is coalescence we want, and not
+homogeneity.</p>
+
+<p>If such be the conditions of unity, then surely it is not to be feared,
+because New England manufactures, the Middle States mine, the Western
+States farm, and the Southern States plant, that, therefore, they must
+needs be under separate and distinct governments. This very
+dissimilarity of soil, climate, occupation, and production enables the
+sections to contribute to each other's welfare, and is a condition of
+their unity. The heart, liver, lungs, stomach, brain, and nerves cannot
+dispense with each other in the vital economy; it is the very dependence
+of one special part upon another through the channels of circulation,
+that renders the superior animal organism so completely a unit. It
+cannot be repeated too often that it is not sameness of function, but
+heterogeneity of function, that unity requires. Hence, through the
+specialization of industries&mdash;one kind of manufactures here, and another
+there; mining in one locality, and farming in another; the growing of a
+certain product in one section, and the growing of a different product
+in a different section&mdash;all these, together with, the increasing
+facilities for correspondence and transportation, are preparing society
+for larger, more complete, and inevitable unity.</p>
+
+<p>There need be no fear of confirmed hostility of feeling between the
+North and South when the war is over, should it end in the
+re&euml;stablishment of the Union. Southern journalists say:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'If the North is successful in its mad scheme of conquest, we shall
+look upon ourselves as a subjugated people, and there never can be
+cordial union between the people of the two sections.' </p></div>
+
+<p>Nonsense. With the coming of peace, there will also come a very
+different spirit over the dream of the entire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> South. The great mass of
+her people have been cruelly duped, and not less cruelly coerced; and
+once the war is over, these people will become undeceived, and at once
+relieved from the gyves of a remorseless conscription. There will be a
+violent reaction in Southern sentiment, and a storm of indignation will
+be hurled against the instigators of rebellion for all the torture and
+agony and ruin they have brought to the millions of a once happy nation.
+The war for the Union will yet find an altar in every Southern home; it
+will become as truly appreciated there as here; the Southern people will
+one day glory as greatly in its magnificent results. There will be no
+longer a few thousand aristocrats, calling themselves 'the South,' and
+teaching hatred to freedom and progress. This class will be shorn of
+power and influence, as one of the consequences of the war; and being no
+longer competent for good or mischief, they may, indeed, nurse their
+gloom, and torture their lives to the bitter end with the wail, 'We are
+a subjugated people.' But it will be the wail of selfishness for the
+sceptre which has departed forever from their hands. There is nothing to
+fear from these. Very soon after the Government shall have vindicated
+its competence and extended its jurisdiction over the rebel States, will
+the most influential and active of their people range themselves on the
+side of the 'powers that be'&mdash;such is the charm of power, the magic of
+interest, the welcome of peace. All the antagonism generated and
+cherished by slavery will have totally disappeared; and the South will
+soon be on the side of all freedom. There will be cordial co&ouml;peration
+under free labor and free trade, between her people and our people; and
+though diversified as to occupations, habits, and tastes, they will
+constitute essentially one great political brotherhood.</p>
+
+<p>When slavery, the cause of the present unhappy strife, is extinguished,
+our country has little to fear, except, perhaps, from the Rocky
+Mountains, which interpose so formidable a barrier between the Atlantic
+and Pacific States of our great Federal Union. This mountain barrier and
+the great distance by water may one day afford an occasion for the
+encouragement of ambitious men to repeat the experiment of secession.
+The antidote to this possible evil is the reduction of the most
+formidable features of the barrier, and the shortening of the forbidding
+interval. Span the mountains and intervening valleys with railroads and
+lines of telegraph, and every wire and rail assumes the dignity of a
+social and political power in the bonds of an indissoluble unity.</p>
+
+<p>If there be so little to create apprehension for the future, may we not
+rationally hope that the diminution of war, if not its ultimate
+extinction, is one of the promises of political unity?</p>
+
+<p>Great, strong, noble men&mdash;those who are great and noble in all the
+elements of their nature&mdash;such are never pugilists, and never fight: it
+is those of distorted and defective development&mdash;those who have not
+completeness and integrality within themselves, that are turbulent and
+break the peace.</p>
+
+<p>Another value of comprehensive unity is that only in great co&ouml;perative
+combinations of mankind can the <i>individual man</i> find the fullest
+expression for all the faculties of his nature. There is no unity
+proper&mdash;no organization&mdash;in savage society; and life there is very
+simple, with little variety of expression and little enjoyment. As man
+becomes cultivated his wants increase, and he becomes a more social
+being. His happiness becomes more and more dependent on others; hence
+arise societies and organizations of various kinds. The more cultivated
+any people and the more diversified their wants, the more various do
+their relations become, and the more extensive their combinations. This
+is given merely as a fact of history. The truly philosophic eye, we
+believe, cannot be long in discern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>ing that these larger combinations
+and more comprehensive unities are only a necessary outgrowth of an
+improving civilization, and indispensable to the fullest measure of
+happiness; since in them only can the life of a cultured people find the
+means of its best expression. The growth of unity, as revealed in
+history, is not an arbitrary thing incident to a chance concurrence of
+causes, but naturally growing out of the needs of a steady progress in
+the education and freedom of the people.</p>
+
+<p>To say that it is through great social and political institutions that
+the individual finds the most ample means for the culture and
+satisfaction of the faculties and wants of his nature, is but another
+way of saying that it is through such institutions that he finds the
+widest range for individual liberty. A very little observation of
+history will show that as political unity has enlarged and political
+organization become more distinctly marked, the radii of individual
+freedom have at the same time swept a wider field.</p>
+
+<p>Despotism curtails enterprise, and prevents the specialization of parts
+and functions as the genuine condition of unity. The free play of
+intelligence and interest is necessary to develop the diversity upon
+which unity depends. Let the bare statement suffice. It must come to
+every careful observer and clear thinker with the authority of a
+self-evident proposition. Unity and individual freedom are necessary to
+each other; they act and react, and one implies the other. They go hand
+in hand; and national unity cannot be violated and broken, without, at
+the same time, necessitating despotism, and curtailing the individual in
+the exercise of his legitimate rights. Unity and liberty are mutually
+dependent and forever inseparable. Hence the inestimable value of unity,
+the leading issue of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The issues of the war might be symbolized by the picture of a great
+river; the smaller branches forming still larger ones, and these putting
+into the main stream&mdash;unity&mdash;itself, as it descends, widening into the
+great ocean of the future.</p>
+
+<p>These issues might, also, be exhibited in a kind of formula. The
+following is no doubt very imperfect, but it may be somewhat suggestive.
+The first includes the second, the second the third:<br /><br /></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="The issues of the war">
+<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Political unity <i>vs.</i> secession:</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ A progressive civilization <i>vs.</i> a stagnant one;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ A republican form of government <i>vs.</i> an aristocratic one;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>{ Personal freedom <i>vs.</i> chattel slavery;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ General peace <i>vs.</i> diplomatic intrigue and war;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ An enlarged individual freedom <i>vs.</i> espionage, censure, and restriction:</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Common schools and general intelligence <i>vs.</i> partial culture and general ignorance;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Free inquiry <i>vs.</i> conventional stultification;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Free speech and a free press <i>vs.</i> the surveillance of a mercenary police;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ The political equality of classes <i>vs.</i> the inequality of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ ruling, servile, and disfranchised classes;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Respect for the affections <i>vs.</i> disregard for ties of home and family;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Wages labor <i>vs.</i> compulsory labor;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>{ The dignity of labor <i>vs.</i> the opprobrium and servility of labor;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ A healthy industrial activity <i>vs.</i> indolence and crushing toil;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ The continual specialization of industry <i>vs.</i> industrial sameness;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Incentives to invention and improvement <i>vs.</i> mechanical inactivity;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ A constantly renewed soil <i>vs.</i> an exhausted one;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ A great navy and flourishing commerce <i>vs.</i> general commercial apathy;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Great industrial prosperity <i>vs.</i> industrial stagnation;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{ Greater variety and versatility in life <i>vs.</i> a narrow and bigoted uniformity.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><br /></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As I close the preparation of this article for the press (November
+26th), it becomes positively known that General Bragg is in full
+retreat. This is a great victory, and splendidly won. There has been no
+'straggling to the rear,' no faltering, no serious reverse; the entire
+three days' conflict, from first to last, has gone right on. A noble
+victory, and worthy of a noble cause! Soldiers from every great section
+of the Union&mdash;from every State almost&mdash;have stood by the side of each
+other in the perilous conflict. Many have fallen a sacrifice to their
+country's great cause, unity. Let homage and gratitude from the
+deep-stirred heart of the nation be theirs; may they long be remembered;
+and may those who survive, long live to enjoy the fruits of their
+victory!</p>
+
+<p>The South could ill afford to lose such a battle, here and now. Not long
+can she hold out in her unnatural struggle against destiny. The tide of
+a progressive civilization will roll over her, though for a time it must
+needs be crimsoned with the blood of martyrs.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AENONE" id="AENONE"></a>&AElig;NONE:</h2>
+
+<h3>A TALE OF SLAVE LIFE IN ROME.</h3>
+
+
+<h4><a name="AENONE1" id="AENONE1"></a>CHAPTER I.</h4>
+
+<p>When, in the second year of Titus Vespasian, the Roman general Sergius
+Vanno returned from his armed expedition in the East, and asked for
+public honors, there were some in the senate who made objection. It was
+not fitting, they argued, that formal tokens of national commendation
+should be too readily bestowed. It had not been so in the time of their
+fathers. Long years of noble, self-sacrificing zeal and arduous service,
+crowned with conquests of supreme importance, had then been the only
+acknowledged title to the prize. It was scarcely proper that the same
+distinctions which had hitherto been awarded for the acquisition of the
+most valuable provinces should be granted for the annexation of a mere
+strip of worthless territory upon the extreme borders of the
+empire&mdash;wild, rugged, and inhospitable, and inhabited by nomadic tribes,
+who could only be brought under a nominal authority, and who would never
+prove otherwise than turbulent and unprofitable subjects. Nor was it a
+matter to be mentioned with especial laudation that Sergius Vanno had
+succeeded in repressing, with overwhelming force, a revolt in a few of
+the &AElig;gean islands. If exploits such as these were to be so liberally
+recompensed, what honors could there be left to bestow upon deeds of
+acknowledged brilliancy and importance?</p>
+
+<p>So, with cautious discrimination, spoke some of the senators; and so, in
+the secrecy of their hearts, most of them thought. But against all this
+were brought to bear, not only the influence which Sergius naturally
+commanded as a patrician of the highest rank, but also the far more
+powerful pressure of popular clamor. Sergius was a favorite with the
+people. His noble birth and lineage entitled him to their respect. He
+was of a rare type of manly beauty&mdash;was wealthy, and used his gold with
+liberality&mdash;gave abundant largesses to the poorer classes&mdash;was lavish in
+his expenditure upon the arts&mdash;did not disdain, at times, to descend
+from his natural station and associate with his inferiors, thereby
+pleasing the fancy of the masses for social equality<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>&mdash;patronized poets
+and actors, who, in return, sang or spouted his praise, and thus still
+further added to his fame&mdash;and was noted for a bold, frank, out-spoken
+demeanor, which tended to conciliate all classes with him. These were
+virtues not always to be found combined in one person. Moreover, he was
+impulsively brave; and, though still young, was gifted with more than
+ordinary military genius, and had carried on his campaign with that
+rashly daring energy which, when rewarded with success, never fails to
+commend its possessor to popular adulation. In addition to all this,
+other considerations of a less personal character exerted their
+influence. Many months had elapsed since Rome had enjoyed any great
+civic festivity, and the people had begun to long for a new stimulant.
+The completion of the colossal Flavian amphitheatre had been delayed
+beyond public expectation; and though its speedy inauguration had been
+announced, there was serious doubt whether the lower and more turbulent
+orders of the populace, so long restrained, would possess themselves
+with sufficient patience to await the occasion with proper calmness. In
+fact, some outlet must be given to their excited appetite for novelty;
+and therefore, after much solemn consideration, the senate yielded to
+the public clamor, and voted an ovation.</p>
+
+<p>As a token of national appreciation, therefore, the honor thus bestowed
+upon Sergius Vanno was not one of the first order; nor were such
+pageants a novelty to the Roman people. Several times before, within the
+memory of that generation, victorious generals had entered the city with
+myrtle wreaths upon their brows, and had exhibited to applauding throngs
+the gathered wealth of conquered provinces. Nor had many years elapsed
+since the present emperor&mdash;then prince&mdash;crowned with the richer and more
+lavish glories of a triumph, had ridden through the Via Sacra, greeted
+with welcoming acclamations as the destroyer of the Jewish
+capital&mdash;displaying before him the spoils of the sacred temple, and
+bringing in his train such thousands upon thousands of captives, that it
+had seemed as though all Palestine was being emptied into Rome. Compared
+with such exploits, those of Sergius were of trifling importance. But it
+now entered little into the minds of the people to make these
+comparisons. Whatever had been done in past time by other commanders,
+was not worth considering at present. Whoever might have been renowned
+before, Sergius Vanno was the hero of to-day. To him should be all the
+honor which tens of thousands of ringing voices and applauding hands
+could lavish. And therefore, once more, as in the days of the past, the
+balconies of the palaces and villas lining the broad Sacra Via were
+gorgeous with rich gold and purple tapestries&mdash;the Forum glowed bright
+and resplendent with statues and decorated arches&mdash;altars smoked with
+sacrifice in front of columned temples&mdash;and the walls and slopes of the
+Palatine Hill were joyous with triumphal tokens, while, upon the summit,
+the house of the C&aelig;sars glittered with banners and brave devices, and
+such costly adornments as were best fitted to grace the festivity and do
+honor to the exploits of a much-esteemed subject.</p>
+
+<p>We know the scene. At first&mdash;in the full blaze of the noonday
+sun&mdash;standing silent and nearly deserted, except by a few workmen and
+artisans, who here and there lingered to complete the festive
+preparations, or by scattered parties of the pr&aelig;torian guard, who, in
+holiday armor, moved slowly to and fro, to watch that order was
+maintained. Later&mdash;when the shadows deepened, and the air grew
+cooler&mdash;the avenues and prominent positions along the established route
+of the ovation beginning to fill with that great concourse of varied
+nationalities and conditions which only the imperial city could display.
+In the open streets<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> a disorderly rabble of slaves and bondmen&mdash;pouring
+in steady streams from their kennels behind the palaces and from the
+unhealthy purlieus of such quarters as had been spared from the
+architectural encroachments of the wealthy, and allowed to fester in
+their own neglected corruption. Gathered together in close fraternity,
+the Briton, the Goth, the African, and the Jew&mdash;each bearing his badge
+of life-long servitude, some even wearing marks of recent chastisement,
+but almost all awaiting the approaching spectacle with pleased and
+animated countenances, and in seeming forgetfulness that so many of
+their own number had graced former displays, and, by their degradation,
+had afforded amusement to other equally unsympathetic concourses. Among
+them, the lesser Romans&mdash;citizens in name, indeed, but, from their
+poverty and the overbearing exactions of the patricians, almost as much
+in slavery as those around them&mdash;disdainfully asserting their free
+birth, and in turn contemned by the slaves themselves, as men to whom
+liberty was but another title for slow starvation, and who would not
+dare to resent the vilest insults heaped upon them by noble-owned and
+protected menials&mdash;and now equally with the common herd obliged to
+submit to the strong argument of sword and lance, as, every little
+while, the soldiers along the line drove the whole writhing crowd,
+without distinction, into smaller and more confined compass. Here and
+there, knights and soldiers of high rank&mdash;riding up on horseback, and
+pushing through the struggling mass of slaves to the front, or more
+leisurely, but to equal purpose, waiting until their own menials had
+gone before, and, with mingled threats and blows, had cleared out a
+vacant space for them. Other crowds, standing in favorable positions
+upon housetops and upon hastily constructed stagings; and more
+especially upon the great amphitheatre, whose arches were blackened with
+clusters of spectators, and whose summit, in place of the last few
+layers of stone, so soon to be adjusted, had its deep human fringe. Upon
+palace balconies, patricians and noble ladies, displaying a dazzling
+array of gold and purple and rare jewelry, and attended by Ethiopian
+slaves, who, in glittering armlets, stood behind, holding feathered
+canopies to shield their mistresses from the sun. All this confusing
+concourse of wealth and poverty each moment increasing in breadth, and
+density, as every avenue emptied new swarms into the packed arena, until
+it seemed as though not only all Rome, but half the empire had gathered
+there.</p>
+
+<p>Later yet, the music of flutes and hautboys&mdash;which, for a time, had been
+only indistinctly heard&mdash;breaking upon the ear with a clearer sound, and
+the van of the procession suddenly emerging into full view from behind
+the Circus Maximus, and, accompanied by the ringing shout of thousands
+spreading abroad new and louder welcomes, beginning to file past with
+rapid steps. First in order, the magistrates in full official robes; the
+spoils of war; the white sheep dressed for the sacrifice, and the
+priests bearing the holy vessels of the altar; gay trappings, flaunting
+standards, and all that could most readily inspire the heart with
+elation and enthusiasm. After these, and guarded on either side by
+detached parties of troops, the captives, of barbaric and Grecian origin
+mostly, but here and there interspersed with men of other races&mdash;Jews,
+Syrians, and Huns&mdash;who, through contiguity of place or love of arms or
+self-interest, or a kindred hatred of the Roman rule, had been drawn
+into the battle&mdash;and who, having bravely stood their ground, striving
+for success, and with hearts well prepared for the consequences of
+failure, had been overtaken by the usual defeat, and dragged into utter
+and hopeless slavery. Among them, men of the Ethiopian race, also&mdash;who,
+having been slaves in Greece, had fought, not for principle or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> for
+freedom, but simply at their owners' bidding, and had thereby, upon
+being overcome, merely changed one class of masters for another&mdash;owners
+and slaves now knowing no difference in position, but standing involved
+in the same common fate. Some appearing defiant, others downcast and
+sullen, a few excited and curious, most of them walking with unfettered
+limbs, but here and there one heavily chained, betokening a fierce and
+unsubdued nature, upon which it was still necessary to put restraint.
+All marching or being dragged along at an equal pace; sometimes with an
+approximation to military exactness&mdash;at other points breaking into a
+confused mass, as women and children clung despairingly together and
+prevented the maintenance of any regular order. Around them, the
+spectators closely pressing, with morbid curiosity, discussing with loud
+approval the value of whatever of strength or beauty met their eyes, and
+occasionally greeting some undersized and misshapen victim with jeers of
+derision. And closing up the straggling line, more soldiers, marching in
+well-formed ranks, poising aloft myrtle-decked lances, and, while
+interchanging salutations with the eddying crowd, singing in measured
+cadence their songs of victory.</p>
+
+<p>And at last, as the sun sank yet lower toward the horizon, a yet
+brighter brilliancy investing the scene, as far down the line new shouts
+arose, and the struggling throng caught up the loud acclaim and carried
+it onward like a great wave, betokening the speedy approach of the most
+distinguished feature of the procession&mdash;the conqueror himself&mdash;hailed
+Imperator by his troops&mdash;with his most noble friends clustered about
+him, the myrtle wreath encircling his brow, and his earnest gaze fixed
+upon the Capitol, the honorable termination of his route.</p>
+
+<p>In every respect, indeed&mdash;except in the display of those few distinctive
+formalities required to mark, as with a legal stamp, the actual and
+comparative value of the honor&mdash;the same old familiar story, so often
+hitherto rehearsed upon that line of Sacra Via and of Forum: incense
+burning upon the altars, which had blazed for other heroes; garlands
+hanging from the arches which had graced past festivities; and surging
+crowds, heedful only of the present glory, and, with the customary
+popular fickleness, ready to forget it all as soon as the fleeting
+pageant should be over, now with indiscriminating zeal cheering the
+march of Sergius Vanno as frantically as in other days they had greeted
+the triumphal cars of C&aelig;sar and of Vespasian.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="AENONE2" id="AENONE2"></a>CHAPTER II.</h4>
+
+<p>Gradually the sun approached and dipped below the blue line of extended
+plain which lay between the city and the sea; the long shadows of
+afternoon began to blend into the one deeper shade of evening; the
+groups of distant buildings became more and more indistinct; the arches
+of the Colosseum softly faded away, leaving but a broad mass of unbroken
+wall; upon the Palatine Hill the great house of the C&aelig;sars shone less
+and less gloriously as the sky darkened behind the pile of decorated
+roofs; here and there a light gleamed from some distant quarter; here
+and there stars began to glisten in the sky.</p>
+
+<p>Then the concourse of people, who had waited so long and patiently,
+began to break apart. The pageant was not yet entirely over, for fresh
+battalions of soldiers still marched past at rapid pace, tuning their
+steady tramp to the cadence of their songs of triumph. But the great
+feature of the occasion&mdash;the conqueror himself&mdash;had ridden by; and what
+yet remained was but a faint recapitulation of the glories which had
+gone before. Therefore the patricians retired from their balconies, the
+horsemen abandoned their stations and plunged down the many streets
+which led out from the Forum, and the crowd of slaves and menial
+citizens,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> already rendered so indistinct in the fading light as to
+resemble one writhing, struggling monster rather than separate beings,
+began to stretch out its long arms into the narrow lanes and byways, and
+so gradually to melt away.</p>
+
+<p>Withdrawing from the front balcony of the Vanno palace, where, shielded
+from the sun, she had sat and watched the procession pass by, &AElig;none, the
+young and fair wife of the conqueror, now sought rest and retirement in
+an inner apartment. Thither one of her women had preceded her, and had
+drawn forward a cushioned lounge, had beaten up the silken pillows, had
+placed a table near at hand, with a light repast spread upon it, had
+trimmed and filled with fresh olive oil the large bronze lamp which
+swung from the ceiling, and now stood by awaiting further orders.</p>
+
+<p>Throwing herself upon the lounge, &AElig;none covered her face with her hands.
+What unbidden thought was it that came creeping into her heart to
+trouble her? Why was it that something of the bright joyousness of
+spirit with which she looked forward to that day had vanished? Surely
+nothing had occurred which of itself could bring to her either sorrow or
+repining. All things had happened as she had anticipated. She had seen
+her honored lord pass by with the myrtle wreath upon his brow, his most
+worthy officers at his side, and his bravest guards around him. She had
+seen that he was strong and without wound, as he had departed from her.
+She had heard the shouts of applause which had welcomed his approach as
+though he were a god; and, with her heart generously and unselfishly
+alive only to his honor, and unable to realize that all this frantic joy
+and adulation were not the passion of the nation's life, but were merely
+one single, careless throb of its fevered pulse, she had rejoiced with
+him, believing that he had indeed done what had made him the greatest of
+all living men. And, better than all, amid this scene of triumph, he had
+not seemed unmindful of her, for he had looked up and waved to her a
+salute, which the responsive crowd had joined in and carried along with
+redoubled acclamations, and he had sent to her his most trusty slave
+with a loving message. What, then, could she ask more?</p>
+
+<p>Nothing that she could name, or that if she named, to others, would have
+seemed a reasonable desire. And yet at her heart there was a certain
+dim, indistinct foreboding of evil, which she could not entirely
+repress. Was it that, in his glance, as he rode by and beheld her
+awaiting him, there was less of longing love than of gratified pride? Or
+did that flush upon his bronzed face indicate too surely his enjoyment
+of this pageant for its own sake rather than for the pleasure which he
+might have supposed that she would derive from it? Was it from
+forgetfulness of her that, after he had ridden past, he did not again
+look back to wave one more recognition, but rather seemed to gaze
+eagerly forward to where the assembled senators stood ready to greet
+him? Or, on the contrary, were all these merely vague and empty
+imaginings arising from the exhaustion and wearisomeness of long,
+impatient waiting?</p>
+
+<p>At length, raising her head, she saw her attendant bondwoman standing at
+the distance of a few paces, with her hands crossed upon her breast. The
+steady tramp of marching troops outside had ceased, for the last
+battalion had passed; and now the only sound was the silver bubbling and
+plashing of a little fountain that adorned the courtyard upon which the
+window of the apartment looked out.</p>
+
+<p>'The pageant is over now,' said &AElig;none, 'and he will soon be here. Let me
+know as soon as my lord returns.'</p>
+
+<p>The woman bowed her head in silence; and then, feeling that nothing more
+was wanted of her, slowly turned to depart. As she did so, a new comer
+entered the room&mdash;a male slave of Gallic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> birth, who, by reason of his
+lofty stature as well as wonderful strength, had been promoted from the
+lowest order of servitude to become Sergius Vanno's armor bearer and
+chief attendant. In that capacity he had fought through the late
+campaign, and had now returned, bearing among his fellows his own share
+of honor for successful and daring exploits. He had been released from
+personal attendance only a few moments before, and was now carrying back
+his master's sword and buckler, to hang them up in their accustomed
+place, and himself subside into well-earned idleness. Being the first
+time, for many months, that he had seen his mistress, he muttered some
+rough ejaculations expressive of servile devotion, and then stood in
+lazy attitude awaiting her permission to speak further.</p>
+
+<p>'Your master, Drumo?'</p>
+
+<p>'Will not return to-night,' the man responded. 'The emperor demands his
+presence.'</p>
+
+<p>'And that will detain him&mdash;'</p>
+
+<p>'He knows not how long. But immediately after that there is to be a
+brave feast at the house of the poet Emilius, and it will doubtless be
+morning before they separate.'</p>
+
+<p>'He bade you tell me this?'</p>
+
+<p>The giant nodded.</p>
+
+<p>'It is well. That is all; you can go. You may both go, for I would be
+alone.'</p>
+
+<p>The armor bearer turned upon his heel and strode away, the sword and
+buckler, together with his own rougher trappings, rattling at his back
+as he passed down the hall; and behind him slowly crept away the
+bondwoman. And &AElig;none, once more leaning back upon the lounge, gave
+herself up to sombre reflection.</p>
+
+<p>It was of course no more than proper, she mused, that her lord should
+obey the behests of the emperor and wait upon him. Perhaps new honors
+would then be showered down; and, at the least, it was no light
+privilege to stand in the presence of the ruler of the world, and there
+give personal narration of his exploits. But when that interview was
+over, what need to join the revels of another household, instead of
+hurrying back to place his newly won garlands at her feet?</p>
+
+<p>She pondered upon the dubious reputation which attached to the house of
+the poet Emilius, and recalled the terrible stories which, from time to
+time, she had heard regarding it. What might be the realities of the
+scenes there enacted, none could truly tell, except the few most
+intimate frequenters of the place; but report gave no flattering
+description of them. Even among the Roman ladies with whom she was
+associated, and whose information was confined to such stray bits of
+gossip as they had picked up from slaves and menials, and who, standing
+in unconscious awe of her simple purity of heart, often forebore to
+speak with her as freely and unguardedly as with each other, she had
+occasionally heard such startling tales of the wild dissipations there
+enacted, as surpassed conception, and left her horrified senses no calm
+refuge except in unbelief. The gorgeous feasts, the night-long
+libations, the social intimacy with dancing girls and gladiators, the
+mockery of all that was pure and holy, the derisive insults to the gods
+themselves&mdash;these were practices which the public voice connected with
+the house of Emilius, not as occasional outbreaks of wild frivolity, but
+as the fixed habits of his daily life. And if these things were true,
+what claim of pride or policy could such a place advance to distract her
+lord from the allegiance due to his own home alone?</p>
+
+<p>But possibly these things might not be true. She reflected that the poet
+was wealthy; and as long as the world continues to be envious, riches
+will seldom fail to bring false report upon their possessor. He was a
+man of genius, also; and all such can scarcely fail to find rivals who
+will turn satirists and attack them in their homes and daily life.
+Certainly, it is not difficult for slander to magnify the genial
+gath<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>erings of kindred spirits into scenes of wild debauchery. And it
+was also true, that if mere outside appearance is of any value as an
+index of what is hidden, the slight figure, the pale and almost girlish
+face, and the winning and courteous demeanor of the poet were far from
+indicating a man of low and debasing inclinations. Moreover, his
+writings as surely spoke the contrary; and as she thus reasoned, &AElig;none
+lifted from its case a vellum roll with which Emilius himself had
+presented her, containing many of his poems, exquisitely engrossed.
+These poems treated not upon the pleasures of wine and love&mdash;those
+fruitful and ever-varying subjects of the Horatian school. Instead of
+this, they pursued, in deep-sounding and majestically rolling dactyls,
+the less favorite and trodden track of Socrates and Plato, and
+discoursed upon temperance and honor&mdash;upon the satisfaction derived from
+a well-spent life, and the delights attending a peaceful death&mdash;upon the
+immateriality of the soul, and the reward bestowed by the gods upon
+those who have honored them by leading a virtuous career. As &AElig;none
+slowly turned over leaf after leaf of the parchment roll, she felt her
+heart perplexed within her. She could scarcely believe that none of
+those tales of reckless dissipation were true, for she remembered that
+some of them had reached her ear attended by evidence so circumstantial
+that it was impossible to reject them; but, if true, how account for
+these grand maxims of lofty morality? What object could their author
+have in thus uselessly playing the hypocrite, when amatory and
+bacchanalian choruses would not only have been more consonant with his
+own feelings, but doubtless more acceptable to the world? She had not
+yet learned what it often takes the wisest man a lifetime to
+discover&mdash;that every inconsistency of conduct is not hypocrisy, but that
+it is one of the most common idiosyncrasies of the mind to write and
+believe one thing, and as self-approvingly to feel and act the reverse.</p>
+
+<p>With a sigh she closed the volume, and restored it to its place within
+the case. Why ponder upon such things as these? The real character of
+the poet Emilius was, after all, a matter of but little consequence to
+her. Whether the meeting at his house was a wild, reckless orgy, or a
+mere intellectual gathering of literary genius, it was none the less
+certain that her lord was tarrying there, away from her side. But
+perhaps, indeed, even this was a duty which he owed to his fame and
+station; and her face brightened up with new hope as the suggestion
+flashed upon her. It might be that at this feast there would be present
+some poet of lofty epic powers, or historian of wondrous descriptive
+talent, ranking as the brightest star of Roman literature; and either of
+these, if properly conciliated, would doubtless celebrate her lord's
+exploits so grandly that in future ages his campaign would shine with
+far greater lustre than if simply committed to parchment in the dry
+detail of unadorned fact, and so filed away in the national archives. It
+was most fitting, therefore, that he should not permit his impatient
+love for her to allow him to neglect the opportunity of cultivating, by
+a wise and condescending courtesy, the world-renowned talents of these
+men, and thereby redoubling the resplendence of his own bright fame.</p>
+
+<p>Easily satisfying her mind with this pleasing reasoning, she retired for
+the night into the innermost apartment&mdash;a retreat adorned with every
+luxury which could gratify pride and administer to a cultivated taste.
+The floor was covered with tesselated marbles of different shades and
+arranged in ingenious and novel patterns. The ceiling was resplendent
+with allegorical frescoes by the most celebrated masters of the day.
+There were glowing paintings upon the walls, rich tapestries in the
+windows, embroidered hangings upon the bed. Beside the tables stood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>
+bronze figures holding forth lamps ready trimmed and lighted; fresh
+flowers had been placed in their allotted vases, and weighed down the
+air with perfume; and in a deep recess stood the bath ready filled, and
+scented with carefully plucked rose leaves floating upon the water. But
+all this display of magnificent luxury and elaborate taste, if regarded
+by her at all, now seemed to affect her with weariness rather than with
+pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Why, as she lay down upon her couch, and prepared to yield herself up to
+pleasant slumber, did her thoughts wander back to the time when poverty
+instead of luxury had been her lot? Why did those olden memories of the
+past so strongly haunt her? They were, perhaps, never entirely absent
+from her heart; but now they thronged about her with a force that would
+not bear repression. Perhaps it was that the very magnificence and pomp
+of power of which she was now the centre, recalled the memory of the
+distant past, by virtue of strong contrast alone; perhaps that the
+unsatisfied longing and vague foreboding of her soul necessarily
+impressed upon her the consciousness that wealth and honor alone cannot
+give perfect happiness, and thereby naturally led her thoughts back to
+the time when she had found true content in poverty and loneliness.
+However that might be, now, as she closed her eyes and shut out the view
+of the costly adornments around her, more vividly than ever before were
+pictured before her mind the scenes of her childhood: her father's
+cottage on the outskirts of Ostia&mdash;the olive grove upon the slope
+behind&mdash;the roadside well, where the villagers would sometimes gather
+about some invalided soldier from the German army, and listen to his
+tales of the last campaign&mdash;and in front, the bay, sparkling in the
+bright glare of the sun and laden with the corn-freighted ships of
+Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p>And there, too, was the old wave-worn rock&mdash;the scene of her life's only
+romance&mdash;where, stealing out from her father's cabin at the evening
+hour, and seating herself so close to the waterline that the spray of
+the tideless sea would dash up and bathe her naked feet, she would wait
+in all innocence for the coming of the young sailor from Samos. How
+rapidly those hours used to pass! How pleadingly, on the last evening,
+he had knelt beside her, with his arm resting upon her knee, and there,
+gazing up into her face, had asked her for one long tress of hair! How
+foolish she had been to give it to him; and how earnestly he had vowed
+that he would come back some day, no longer poor and forlorn, but in his
+own two-masted vessel, with full banks of oars, manned by the slaves
+whom he would capture, and would then bear her away unto his own home!
+And how, like a silly girl, she had believed him, as though wandering
+sailor boys ever did come back to seek the loving hearts which had
+trusted them! And so the year had passed away, and, as she might well
+have known from the first, he had not returned. Nor was it to her
+regret; for but a little afterward the youthful patrician, already
+flushed with budding honors, had chanced to meet her; had loved her with
+a generous passion, lifting him above all sordid calculation about
+wealth or social differences, and had taught her in turn to bestow upon
+him an affection more true and absorbing than she had yet believed her
+heart was able to contain. And so her first romantic dream had ended, as
+all such childish dreams are apt to end. Let it go. Her heart had found
+its true bourne; she could well look back upon the past without regret,
+and smile at the youthful fancies connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>One prayer to the gods&mdash;a further special invocation to her favorite
+goddess, who, at the foot of the couch, stretched forth marble arms
+lovingly toward her&mdash;and then the silver tinkling of the little
+courtyard fountain lulled her softly to sleep.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CARL_FRIEDRICH_NEUMANN_THE_GERMAN_HISTORIAN_OF_OUR_COUNTRY" id="CARL_FRIEDRICH_NEUMANN_THE_GERMAN_HISTORIAN_OF_OUR_COUNTRY"></a>CARL FRIEDRICH NEUMANN, THE GERMAN HISTORIAN OF OUR COUNTRY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The first volume of a history of the United States by Carl Friedrich
+Neumann, of Berlin,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> has just been announced as the first history of
+our country ever written originally in the German language. The
+appearance of such a work at this juncture in our national existence, is
+a noteworthy event, and the man who takes so unique an interest in our
+affairs should be introduced to our people. Having known him personally
+and intimately for many years, I shall attempt such sketch, making much
+of it anecdotal, for which purpose material is not wanting.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Neumann, born near Bamberg, in the kingdom of Bavaria, of Jewish
+parents, is now about sixty-five years of age, was educated at
+Heidelberg, passed over to the Protestant church at Munich, afterward
+attended lectures at G&ouml;ttingen, and soon after became rector of the
+gymnasium at Speyer, but was dismissed from this place on account of the
+freedom with which he expressed himself on some religious topics in his
+historical teachings. He gave private lessons for a time in Munich, and
+then went to learn in a Benedictine monastery in Venice the Armenian
+language. This was in 1827. In 1829 he studied the Chinese language in
+Paris, went over to London, and sailed thence to visit India and China.
+He collected for himself about ten thousand volumes of Chinese works,
+embracing every department of the literature of this language, and
+bought for the Royal Library at Berlin two thousand four hundred
+volumes. Such collections had been till then unknown in Europe, and
+hence this was quite an event. Returning in 1831 from India, he made a
+present of all his Chinese books to the Royal Library at Munich, and was
+appointed conservator of this collection, and professor of Chinese and
+Armenian in the university of that capital.</p>
+
+<p>Of Dr. Neumann's attainments in Oriental literature I know only what
+fame says, nor does it concern us much in this sketch. I once, however,
+sat with him in a retiring room of the Munich Museum (a great reading
+room), when Baron Tautphoeus, whose accomplished wife is so well known
+in this country as authoress of the 'Initials' and 'Quits,' entered, and
+asked if we had seen the notice of Dr. Neumann in the last number of the
+London <i>Times</i>. The doctor had read it; I had not, but immediately did
+so. It made him the equal of the greatest orientalists of the past and
+present ages, comparing him particularly with Klaproth. The <i>Times</i>, it
+is true, had a motive for this notice, as always, both in its praises
+and its lampoons. It had found views of Dr. Neumann on British India
+which it desired to commend, but even in our view this would not cancel
+the eulogy. His authorship in connection with Chinese and Armenian
+philosophy and history is very considerable, and outside of this field
+he won, in 1847, a prize offered by the French Institute for the best
+work on the 'Historical Development of the Peoples of Southern Russia.'</p>
+
+<p>What was to be done in the university in Chinese and Armenian, he of
+course did; but his lectures took a much wider range, embracing general
+history and ethnography. His powers of elocution were of a high order,
+and crowds of students were drawn to his lecture room. That freedom of
+utterance which cost him the rectorship at Speyer, was like Dr. Watts's
+or Pope's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> instinct for making rhymes&mdash;it was his nature, and could not
+be whipped out of him; and it was equally natural that it should assume
+the form of wit and humor.</p>
+
+<p>There are not a few anecdotes in the popular mouth illustrating this
+trait. He seems to have had no great liking to that race of men called
+kings, and it is said that he once alluded to them, in a lecture, in the
+not very respectful remark that 'they were numbered, like the hacks in
+our streets.' The reader's apprehension of the point of another
+anecdote, in which Dr. Neumann appears in an attitude not very
+respectful to his own sovereign, Louis II of Bavaria, will depend upon
+his knowing something of the situation and history of the university
+buildings in Munich. The king, among the many things he did for the
+architectural adorning of the city, built a street to be called by his
+name. It is all outside of the old wall, and its outer end is closed by
+a triumphal arch. Next to this, and outside of the city as it <i>then</i>
+was, the king purchased ground, perhaps because it was cheap, and built
+the present university edifice. As much farther out of the then city
+proper lies the miserable little town of Schwabing. Professors and
+students disliked to be taken so far from their lodgings and their
+beerhouses, and the old university had been quite within the city. When
+the removal took place, Dr. Neumann sketched the history of the
+institution in a lecture, referring to its original establishment at
+Ingolstadt, its removal thence to Landschut, and thence to Munich, and
+then added, that <i>'his Majesty King Louis II had now been pleased to
+remove it to Schwabing</i>.' We can imagine the sensation which such a
+sally would produce among students already stirred up for its
+appreciation, by having to walk from a half mile to a mile from those
+depots of beer barrels from which so many of them sucked their sluggish
+life and inspiration. But such jokes were not treason, or contempt of
+majesty, or anything else against law.</p>
+
+<p>It should be added in this connection, for Dr. Neumann's benefit, that
+these stories, and many of the kind, are floating around, and are just
+like him, but I have never had any confirmation of them from him, and in
+all our intercourse, which was frequent and intimate for six years,
+while he spoke much and freely in favor of democratical and against
+monarchical institutions, I never found him indulging in coarse and
+clamorous denunciations of his king or Government.</p>
+
+<p>When the great revolutionary movement of 1848 broke upon the land, the
+sovereigns of Germany saw and accepted their condition. The popular mind
+was so penetrated by this unrest, and the revolutionary leaders were so
+substantial in character, that resistance was folly, and the monarchs
+yielded, waiting the time when some change would enable them to divide
+the revolutionists and turn them against each other. They allowed and
+even encouraged the formation at Frankfort of a provisional Parliament,
+called the Fore-Parliament, which looked toward a permanent central
+Government at that place for united Germany. Of this body Dr. Neumann
+was a member. It was a fine field for the display of his free and
+liberal instincts, and we cannot conceive of his passing through its
+debates without making large drafts upon his exhaustless fund of humor
+and sarcasm. It would be strange, indeed, if he could witness the dawn
+of that freedom which he loved without showing signs of exultation,
+accompanied with occasional taunts at the regime which was passing away
+and seemed already beyond recovery.</p>
+
+<p>But, although a regular Parliament followed&mdash;although a quasi emperor
+was elected in the person of the Archduke John of Austria, and
+his way, as he proceeded to Frankfort, was a perfect triumphal
+procession&mdash;although he selected his ministers, set them to work,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> and
+Parliament was progressing with its constitution, and this continued for
+almost a year, still, that which the shrewd ministers of some of the
+sovereigns had doubtless foreseen and waited for, came. Radicals outran
+their wiser and more rational brethren, and took up arms. They would
+demolish at once those sovereignties which would have died by the slow
+action of time, had the central Government been fully established and
+wisely administered. But this new Government rather deliberated than
+acted. That which more than all else arouses the German mind&mdash;the
+Schleswig-Holstein question, identified as it is with the great question
+of the unity of the Teutonic race&mdash;was not taken up by the Government at
+Frankfort, but by that at Berlin. In the mean time the several
+Governments of Bavaria, Prussia, and Austria had gained the mastery over
+their own domestic revolutions, so that they could act more freely.
+Austria called home its archduke and its members in the Frankfort
+Parliament, and finally the whole movement subsided into the old order
+of things.</p>
+
+<p>The various Governments were now in a position in which they could
+punish those disturbers of their peace who had endangered their very
+existence. Of these Dr. Neumann was one, and in 1852 he was notified
+that his lectures were no longer needed in the university of Munich. It
+was doubtless thought that he would make some slight formal concessions,
+and be permitted to continue his active duties, as others had done. But
+he felt too independent. He had means to live upon. His retiring pension
+could not be withheld. He could now, moreover, give his individual
+powers to authorship, without feeling hampered by the thought that he
+had a Government to please. He has persevered in this course,
+notwithstanding the express wish of the philosophical faculty for his
+return to active duty in the university.</p>
+
+<p>He had been occupied with a history of the British empire in India. To
+this he gave increased attention, and published it some years ago; but
+the Indian rebellion breaking out soon after its publication, he was led
+to sketch its history as an appendix. His investigations in the East
+brought him in contact with the peculiar history of the Japanese empire,
+and he threw off by the way a brief history of Japan, devoting a chapter
+to the results of the American expedition thither.</p>
+
+<p>It was while prosecuting his inquiries into the history of Eastern Asia,
+that he met with such evidences of the commercial enterprise of the
+United States, and obtained such views of the future of our country, as
+to conceive the thought of writing its history for the German people,
+commencing with the war of 1812, the point at which he considered our
+wonderful growth and expansion to have begun; and long before finishing
+his history of British India, he was collecting material for this work.
+He found, however, that he could not begin at the point he had chosen
+without striking upon roots and rudely severing them, which had struck
+deeply into the soil of all the earlier periods of our existence. His
+plan was therefore enlarged.</p>
+
+<p>The breaking out of the rebellion was a sad blow to him&mdash;it could not
+have been more so to an American. It was likely not only to spoil <i>our</i>
+country, but <i>his</i> history of it. It either cut off or dimmed or
+confused that prospect of growth and expansion which had been stretched
+out interminably before him. He read the daily London <i>Times</i>&mdash;he had
+for years taken the New York <i>Herald</i>, and his reliance upon this sheet
+had been rather too implicit. Years before the breaking out of the
+rebellion, I had suggested this, and introduced to him the New York
+<i>Times</i> and <i>Evening Post</i>, one of which he has taken ever since, not,
+however, without occasional intervals of sighing for his old companion
+the <i>Herald</i>, much as his ancestors, after having left Egypt, sighed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>
+for its leeks and onions. Although he coupled the <i>Herald</i> and London
+<i>Times</i>&mdash;<i>par nobile fratrum</i>&mdash;as joint sharers of a favorite epithet of
+his&mdash;<i>great liars</i>&mdash;he still liked to read them.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Neumann had been a Democrat in his politics&mdash;for he was familiar
+with our distinctions in this country&mdash;but since the outbreak of the
+rebellion he has scarcely known where to place himself. He had made the
+personal acquaintance of Buchanan, when that 'old public functionary'
+was our Minister in London, and felt, as was quite natural, a little
+vain of this acquaintance when Buchanan became the head of the
+Government of that unseen land of his most enthusiastic admiration. The
+man, however, was less than the country, and he could drop him; but he
+still desired to see him succeeded by a Democrat. We often had little
+spats, in which I took the ground that such had been the extravagant
+demands of the South, made through the platforms of that party, that
+with the strongest predilections for some of its men and its earlier
+antecedents, I should have felt bound to vote for both Fremont and
+Lincoln, if I had been in the country. He would generally end the matter
+by a pleasant and jocular dissent, calling himself a Democrat and me a
+Republican. But <i>after the rebellion</i>, his friends never knew what he
+was, except that he was for the Union and the putting down of the
+rebels. No American could have felt in deeper sympathy with our cause.
+In that land, where a thousand volunteers could not be raised to save a
+throne, how did his heart swell with just pride when the President
+called for seventy-five thousand, and afterward in succession for
+hundreds of thousands, and they came forth at the call! How depressed at
+instances of want of skill or decision in Government or generals! He
+nearly lost his patience with young men who were quietly pursuing their
+studies in Europe, when their country was in peril and its armies needed
+them; and he quite lost it when he met Americans who sympathized with
+the rebellion, or even seemed indifferent to their country's fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>There was an American lady in Munich, soon after the rebellion broke
+out, whose husband had died some years before, while holding a position
+in the army which entitled her to a pension, for which she had drawn
+while there. She had heard of Professor Neumann's love for our country
+and country people, but had no idea of the strictness of his
+discrimination between the parties&mdash;thought that he might feel much like
+the thousands of Germans who quietly ask us which side we are on&mdash;she
+may, too, have inferred something from his having a brother in Savannah,
+Georgia. She soon found her mistake; for he informed her, in terms of no
+doubtful import, that his sympathy did not embrace those of her class;
+and thus the result of the pleasant visit she had promised herself was
+little short of being turned out doors.</p>
+
+<p>About the 10th of December, 1861, we had at our house a little company
+of about thirty persons, and Dr. Neumann, with his wife and two
+daughters, was among them. An American gentleman, who had been known to
+his family and ours, had left for Russia two years before, and returned
+that very day, was one of the company, and we had not yet learned his
+views of secession. The first thing with Dr. Neumann and his daughters
+was to know how he stood on this question. They found him a rebel, and
+in giving him their minds in relation to this matter, one of the
+daughters expressed to him her wonder that I should allow him to enter
+my house as they would not allow him in theirs. The stir made in the
+company by this little brush at arms arrested the attention of all, and
+gave the Americans their first information as to where our quondam
+friend stood, as well as set them an example of zeal and enthusiasm in
+their own cause.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I must close this notice with an incident which lies quite outside of
+Dr. Neumann's relations to America and Americans. On his retirement from
+his university labors, he withdrew mainly from the exciting scenes of
+public life. But in November, 1859, occurred the centennial anniversary
+of Schiller's birth. Of all the men connected with German popular
+literature, Schiller is most in the hearts of the people of Germany. The
+spirit of liberty shown in his 'William Tell'&mdash;his exile from his native
+Wirtemberg for the free expressions used in the first play he ever
+wrote&mdash;his high order of genius as a poet and historian&mdash;the subjects he
+chose, and the way he treated them, and, finally, his social and
+domestic character, have all combined to endear him to the whole people.
+This festival was everywhere observed, and with the highest enthusiasm;
+for although Governments were afraid of its effects, they were still
+more afraid to refuse permission to hold it. It lasted for several days,
+on one of which was a great public dinner, with several hundred in
+attendance, of which Dr. Neumann consented to be one. Champagne flowed
+freely, and although I did not taste this beverage, and know by
+experience little of its effects, it was easy to perceive that the
+animation could not all be accounted for by love to the memory even of
+Schiller. Poems were read, and speeches were made describing his
+character as poet, historian, or otherwise, according to the fancy of
+each speaker. I remember one from Bodenstedt, than whom few stand higher
+in the walks of polite literature, and one from Sybel, than whom no one
+in Germany ranks higher as a historian. Dr. Neumann, who, like an old
+parade horse long withrawn from the excitements of a parade, felt amid
+these scenes the spirit of former days stirred within him, rose to
+speak. We shall be prepared to appreciate the effect when we get an idea
+of the preternatural sensitiveness of those who composed the audience. A
+well-known poet, who may perhaps be called the poet-laureate of Bavaria,
+had read a poem on the occasion. It contained nothing to which any one
+could object, as we might infer from his position with the king, and yet
+I heard the poet himself say a few days afterward that the editors of a
+certain well-known journal, in publishing it, left out the stanzas
+containing the word <i>Freiheit</i> (liberty), so fearful were they of not
+pitching their tune to a key that would suit royal and Government ears.
+A similar sensitiveness pervaded the whole body present&mdash;nearly all drew
+their bread and beer from the Government, and did not wish it stopped or
+diminished. This class had gotten up the meeting, and hoped to control
+it. When they saw Dr. Neumann rise, they felt that <i>there</i> was a man
+<i>naturally</i> fearless, and <i>now</i> quite beyond that special sense of
+danger which made them cautious. Recollection passed over his seven
+years' silence, and called up the power with which he had harangued in
+other years. Nor was it so much what he said as the man who said it,
+which produced the effect, and yet there was much in the speech. He said
+that Schiller had been eulogized as a social and domestic man, poet, and
+historian; but nothing had been said of him as a <i>politician</i>, and he
+should speak of him in this character. The <i>rising</i> of <i>such</i> a man was
+an electric shock, suggestive of that which in 1848 made all Europe
+tremble from centre to circumference. The word <i>politician</i> was a
+<i>second</i> shock, drawing with it suggestively all the concomitants of
+that revolution, as yet so well remembered by all. And when he proceeded
+to compare Schiller with Goethe&mdash;the <i>former</i> frankly addressing himself
+to his friend in correspondence on the great questions of their
+politics, and trying to draw him out, the <i>latter</i>, then a minister of
+state, cautiously and warily declining to expose his views&mdash;he but
+carried out the impression made in his rising and his announcement. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>
+was the only properly stump speech&mdash;I use the phrase in the high sense
+in which it might be used of O'Connell or Clay&mdash;I ever heard in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the man who has undertaken to write our country's history for
+the Germans. Of his <i>work</i> I have said nothing, for I have not seen it;
+I write this impromptu on seeing the newspaper announcement of the first
+volume. He will doubtless do much to set us right in the eyes of his own
+people, where, however, there is less need of this than in <i>another</i>
+land, whose people are more nearly related to us, where such service,
+however, is less likely to be done.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_GREAT_AMERICAN_CRISIS" id="THE_GREAT_AMERICAN_CRISIS"></a>THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.</h2>
+
+<h3><i>PART THREE.</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>In the last preceding article on this subject in <span class="smcap">The
+Continental</span>, we concluded by considering the consequences of an
+early victory of the North over the entire South, <i>followed by the
+restoration of the old Union upon precisely the old basis</i>. We showed
+that, in such an event, the war would have been barren of results even
+to the extent of removing its own cause, or preventing its almost
+immediate and more desperate renewal; that the question at issue is a
+question of paramount governing power between two adverse theories of
+social existence; between two distinct and conflicting civilizations;
+between two antagonistic and irreconcilable political and moral forces;
+and that it must be fought out to the complete subordination of the less
+advanced or more barbarous and backward-tending of those forces&mdash;unless
+the wheels of progress on this continent are to be reversed, and the
+watchword of despotism be substituted for that of freedom: not only that
+it must be fought out on the battle field, but that the fruits of the
+victory must not be blindly or foolishly surrendered after the obvious
+and external victory is won.</p>
+
+<p>We may say here, however, for the purpose of reserving the still more
+radical consideration of the nature of this conflict for some future
+day, that, adverse as these theories of social existence are&mdash;distinct
+and conflicting as are these two civilizations&mdash;antagonistic and
+irreconcilable as these contending political and moral forces now seem,
+and for present practical purposes must be taken to be&mdash;they are not
+<i>essentially</i> irreconcilable. Slavery, bad as it is, represents a truth
+in the larger Compound Truth of an Integral Social Philosophy. A deeper
+understanding of the whole problem of human society, possessed by the
+leading personages, North and South, would have saved the necessity of
+this war&mdash;would at this day even, adjust it peaceably, harmoniously, and
+perfectly, and would render unnecessary the whole view of the subject
+which we are now taking. The world, however, is not yet quite prepared
+for the peaceable intervention of scientific and truly philosophic
+methods in the settlement of its disputes; and the knowledge of the
+existence, even, of such methods, is as yet too little diffused to make
+them in any sense available for the purposes of the hour. The point of
+view from which these papers are being written, is, indeed, as stated in
+the last preceding number, higher than that of the ordinary politician,
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> constitutional lawyer, or even that of common statesmanship and
+patriotic devotion. It is a point of view from which the interests of
+all mankind are taken into the account, and hence pertains, in a sense,
+to the domain of practical philosophy, or the universal aspect of
+politics; the politics of the globe and of all humanity, in all time.
+But it offers still a presentation of the subject toned down to the
+actual state of readiness in the world to hear reason, and to be
+influenced or governed by the suggestions contained in the writing. It
+is therefore an adaptation to an imperfect order of things, a mixed or
+concrete phase of political practical philosophy, which is the most that
+can now be aspired to. The point of view in question is therefore far
+lower than that of a final social philosophy having its basis in a
+perfect scientific theory, and working out from that basis into
+practical life. Perhaps, as will be again suggested in the course of
+this article, the events of this war may conduce to a readiness on this
+continent, or may create an earnest demand even, for higher solutions
+and the thorough treatment, by some competent mind, of all our Political
+and Sociatory problems. The day, however, for such a radical diagnosis
+and treatment of the disease of human society has not yet arrived.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time we must content ourselves with partial remedies,
+alleviations, best temporary resorts, and even desperate expedients. It
+is from this stand-point that the writer of these articles now speaks;
+that, feeling deeply in his heart and recognizing clearly in his head
+the common brotherhood and the equal essential manhood of the
+inhabitants of the Southern and Northern States&mdash;sympathetically and
+socially drawn, even, to the Southern side, by many endearing
+associations and recollections; that, clearly appreciating the
+fratricidal nature of this war&mdash;its essential non-necessity, if men were
+wise enough to avail themselves of better known and feasible,
+methods&mdash;he still deliberately and forcibly insists, under the
+circumstances which are, that the North should not only fight out the
+war to the last word of determinate conquest, but that it should, with
+wise but merciless rigor, extinguish the cause of the war, and hold with
+unflinching hand every advantage it gains, until new institutions and
+new methods of thought shall have been securely planted on every inch of
+the soil of the South.</p>
+
+<p>Since, even, the last previous part of this series of papers was sent to
+the press, new and alarming indications have appeared in various
+quarters, of the drift in the public mind&mdash;North&mdash;in favor of an
+easy-going and conceding policy toward the South as the war draws to a
+close; a policy which would be nearly certain to lose to ourselves and
+to the world all the benefits of the war; to deprive the South, even, of
+those higher and ulterior benefits which would come to her also; to
+leave untouched the causes of the war, and to foster its early renewal
+with more than its former desperation.</p>
+
+<p>Not to mention the reiterated and urgent renewals of the subject of
+reconstruction in quarters where we are accustomed to look for a partial
+loyalty or a covert opposition to the war, articles like the following,
+from the New York <i>Times</i>, of November 19th, frequently appear in the
+undoubtedly loyal press:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">'Reconstruction</span>.&mdash;Since we have been at the trouble of
+conquering the rebels in the State of Arkansas&mdash;since, after many
+great victories, we have now complete military possession of the
+State, and have armies posted on its eastern, western, and northern
+lines, and at its capital in the centre&mdash;we think it would be worth
+while in the Government to take steps to reorganize the civil
+administration there, and inaugurate a system of policy such as was
+adopted in Missouri two years ago, and which has proved so
+successful in pacifying that State. The loyal element in Arkansas
+is large, as is made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> evident by the action of the people wherever
+our forces have penetrated, and by the enlistment of a good number
+of its citizens in the armies of the Union. One of the Senators
+from Arkansas, Senator Sebastian, whose term of office is as yet
+unexpired, is, and always has been, we believe, a sound loyal man;
+and Mr. Gantt, who was elected to Congress just before the outbreak
+of the rebellion, has recently given proof of his repentance and
+devotion to the Union in the remarkable address which we published
+last week. We do not see why the process of reconstruction might
+not be at once commenced in Arkansas, and why, before the close of
+next session, the State might not have a full congressional
+delegation in Washington.' </p></div>
+
+<p>Not a word is here said of the important question of Slavery. The
+proposition is pure and simple to readmit the rebellious State of
+Arkansas to the Union, upon precisely the same footing as that upon
+which we retained the allegiance of Missouri&mdash;to treat, in other words,
+loyal and rebellious States in the same way.</p>
+
+<p>In a subsequent article of the same able journal, one of the organs of
+the Republican party, this easy-going policy, the <i>laissez-faire</i> of
+statesmanship, is expanded at large, and explicitly adopted and
+recommended. The appearance of such an article in such a quarter is such
+a remarkable index of the existence in the public mind of the delusions
+we are exposing, that we transfer it bodily to our columns, for the sake
+of commenting upon its positions. Calhoun's famous expression, 'masterly
+inactivity,' is significantly adopted as a caption:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">'Civil Policy toward Slavery</span>.&mdash;There is a class of men who
+stick to the idea that something positive must be done by the
+Federal Government to end slavery. Even the issue of the
+Emancipation Proclamation, a military measure for military ends
+solely, does not satisfy them. They want civil power exercised, and
+would gladly have even a breaking down of State lines and a
+reconstruction of the Government itself, as the only effectual
+means of destroying the institution of their special abhorrence.</p>
+
+<p>'Now we, too, claim a good hearty hatred of slavery. We are as
+anxious as any to see it under the sod, beyond resurrection. But we
+don't believe in making any superfluous sacrifice to get it there.
+Seeing that it is dying, we are quite content to let it die
+quietly, without any attempt to pull the house down about its ears
+and our own ears. This seems to us to be a very absurd sort of
+impatience&mdash;prompted by giddy passion rather than sober reason.</p>
+
+<p>'But how do we know slavery is dying? We know it from the unanimous
+testimony of all personal observers of its condition. There is not
+a man within the Union lines South, however friendly he may be to
+the institution, who pretends that there is any chance whatever of
+its being saved, <i>if present causes continue</i>. Two things are
+killing it.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>The first is the wear and tear of the war. Military operations
+always tend to disjoint and break up, within their scope, all the
+relations of society. They inevitably remit, to a greater or less
+extent, the social man to a state of nature. Inter arma leges
+silent</i>. This is felt in every social connection, even the closest
+and strongest; for they all are, more or less, dependent on civil
+law. But it must be felt particularly in that connection, which of
+all others is the most forced and arbitrary&mdash;the connection between
+master and slave. Liberty is a natural instinct. The caged bird is
+not surer to fly through the parted wires than the slave, in his
+ordinary condition, from the broken chain&mdash;<i>and the chain must be
+broken when the civil law, which alone gives it strength, passes
+away</i>. There are men who complain of the anti-slavery war policy of
+the President. A policy that was anything else would not be a war
+policy at all. The war upon the rebellious slaveholding people of
+necessity involves an interruption of their laws; and unless the
+advancing army should make good this absence of civil rule by
+applying its own military power to keeping watch and ward over the
+slaves, and thus abandon its proper military business, the result
+is inevitable <i>that the institution must melt away as the war goes
+on</i>. Abraham Lincoln might be as much attached to slavery as
+Jefferson Davis himself, and yet no human sagacity would enable him
+to fight Jefferson Davis honestly and effec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>tually without mortal
+injury to slavery. <i>It is the war which kills slavery, and not the
+man who leads the war</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>The other destroying agency in open discussion</i>. Slavery can live
+only in silence. There is a deadly antagonism between itself and
+free speech. Where the one exists the other cannot. The vitality of
+the one rests in pure force, and force and reason never agree. It
+always has been, and always will be, that force must either
+suppress reason or reason will subvert force. One of the first acts
+of the slavery propagandists in Kansas was to pass enactments
+through their spurious Legislature, making it a felony, punishable
+by imprisonment and hard labor, for any man to 'assert or maintain
+by speaking or writing that persons have not the right to hold
+slaves in this Territory.' It has been so in every Slave State, and
+worse. <i>Not only have slave codes interdicted, in every one of
+them, all adverse discussion of the institution, but a mob power
+has always been at hand to take summary vengeance upon it with
+Lynch law. These resorts were not a mere caprice; they were a
+necessity</i>. Slavery being once accepted as the prime object, there
+was no alternative but to protect it just in this manner. <i>But the
+war has ended all that. There can be no mobs where the bayonet
+governs; nor arbitrary local laws where general military law is
+paramount. The discussion of slavery is as free now in New Orleans
+as in New York</i>. It is no more within the province of the military
+Governor, Shepley, to interfere with fair discussion there, than it
+is within the rightful power of the civil Governor, Seymour, to
+interfere with it here. <i>And in the Border States, where the civil
+laws still prevail, hostility to the rebellion has excited such a
+dissatisfaction with slavery as its cause, that by general consent
+perfect freedom is allowed in arguing against the institution.</i> The
+consequence of this freedom has been that Missouri has already
+determined to abolish it; Maryland and Delaware have put declared
+emancipationists in places of their highest trusts by unprecedented
+majorities; and Kentucky is visibly casting about to see how she
+can best rid herself of the curse.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>We say, then, that even if the National Government had the right
+to institute new civil measures against slavery, it would not be
+necessary. The unavoidable military operations of the war, and the
+free discussion which is sure to attend it, are enough of
+themselves to break down the institution. The Government has simply
+to stand quiet, and let these agencies work</i>.' </p></div>
+
+<p>The italics are our own, inserted for the sake of more easy reference.
+Not only is it unnecessary, according to this writer, to take any active
+and positive steps against Slavery at the South, but so soon as the
+rebel States wish to return within the Union, with all their old
+privileges and with Slavery surviving, they should be permitted to do
+so, and should be received with open arms. The Proclamation of
+Emancipation itself is thus quietly wiped out, and a policy sketched
+which, in the event of mere military defeat on their part, would, in the
+next place, be the most acceptable of all possible policies;&mdash;not to the
+loyal black men who are now struggling, fighting, and dying alongside of
+us, in the ranks; not to the small and feeble but growing anti-slavery
+party, which, in the presence of, and under the protection of our armies
+of the North, is just springing up and consolidating itself in the
+South;&mdash;but to Jefferson Davis himself, and to all the devoted and
+fanatical adherents of the slaveholding system in the South, and their
+'Copperhead' friends in the North. The <i>Times</i> article concludes as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'But we go farther, and say, that any other interference would not
+only be superfluous, but positively mischievous. To insure that
+slavery, when it dies, shall never rise again, you have got to
+depend largely upon the disposition of the Southern people. That
+disposition should not be needlessly embittered. It can't help
+becoming so if, as some propose, their States are reduced to the
+condition of mere territorial dependencies. Americans can never be
+satisfied to be underlings. Whatever the fortunes of war
+legitimately bring, they are sensible enough to submit to; but it
+is not in their spirit to consent to any permanent degradation.
+Undertake to deprive them permanently of their civil rights, and
+you simply make them your permanent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> enemies. <i>Territorialize them
+because you hate slavery, and the inevitable effect will be that
+you will only make them love slavery the more, and hate you the
+more. This could not always continue. State rights, sooner or
+later, would have to be restored. We don't believe that three years
+would elapse after the close of the war before the keeping those
+States in a territorial condition would be abandoned as an
+insufferable anomaly in our system of government. State rights once
+restored, the people, maddened by the thrall that had been put upon
+them, would be very likely to vindicate these rights by
+rehabilitating slavery. Every incentive of high pride and every
+impulse of low spite would combine to urge this; and the National
+Government would have no legitimate way of preventing it</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'It will never do to try to give slavery its lasting quietus by
+mere arbitrary force. To secure this we have got to rely in no
+small measure upon reason. We must never forget that just as Force
+is the natural ally of Slavery, just so Reason is the natural ally
+of Freedom. <i>When the South has been overcome in fair fight, we
+must give its reason a fair chance to assert itself</i>. Military
+authority over each reclaimed State should last until the majority
+of the people have made up their mind to resume, in good faith,
+their old relations to the Government, and have had a fair
+opportunity to canvass how that resumption shall best be
+inaugurated. Of course the machinery of the State Government cannot
+be given over to traitors; <i>but whenever there is sound reason to
+believe that a fair loyal majority of the State want it, let them
+have it&mdash;and that, too, without imposing any conditions concerning
+slavery. If this just and rational policy is faithfully carried
+out, and no arbitrary issues are foisted in to impose a sense of
+subordination, we have not a doubt that every Slave State will
+follow the emancipating policy which the Border States, of their
+own accord, have already entered upon with such decision. Even if
+loyal duty don't prompt it, interest will. For slavery, after
+having been crippled as it has been by the war, even if it could
+live, would only be an encumbrance. But it can't live. It is
+already half dead. Let the loyal men of the South finish it and
+bury it in their own way</i>.' </p></div>
+
+<p>Compare, now, in the fair spirit of criticism, the beginning and the end
+of this unstatesman-like editorial. Slavery, we are emphatically told,
+is dying; first, because the presence of the war in its immediate
+vicinity is killing it; and, secondly, because free discussion, excited
+by the war and the presence of Northern influence incidental to the war,
+is killing it&mdash;<i>therefore let us hasten to withdraw the military power,
+and the causes of free discussion, where, for a century, it has been
+annihilated until now, and has only now begun to exist, and leave in
+full activity all the causes of reaction and the re&euml;stablishment of the
+old STATUS. 'There is not the slightest chance, whatever,' says the
+writer, 'of slavery being saved</i>, IF PRESENT CAUSES CONTINUE.' Therefore
+<i>hasten to discontinue present causes, by all means, and surrender the
+field to the operation of the old causes. 'The chain'</i> of the slave
+'<i>must be broken when the civil law, which alone gives it strength,
+passes away</i>.' Therefore hasten to restore the civil law to its old and
+tyrannical potency over the destiny of the slave. '<i>The institution must
+melt away as the war goes on</i>.' Therefore, hasten not merely to finish
+the active stage of the war, but <i>to surrender the power which victory
+will place in your hands to continue the same emancipating influences</i>;
+and to surrender it into the hands of men avowedly hostile to your
+policy, and who have been conquered fighting for their franchise to
+enslave.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Not only</i>,' continues our editor, '<i>have slave codes interdicted, in
+every one of the Slave States, all adverse discussion of the
+institution, but a mob power has always been at hand to take summary
+vengeance upon it with Lynch law. These resorts were not a mere caprice;
+they were a necessity</i>.' Hasten, therefore, to re&euml;stablish these engines
+of terrorism and the institution which inevitably demands their
+existence. Ignore and set aside the Proclamation of Emancipation; betray
+the auxiliary black man; throttle and destroy the incipient party of
+freedom in its birth; turn the Young South, just rising into existence
+as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> friend of liberty and progress, over, stripped and unprotected,
+into the hands of the Old South, with its thongs, its thumbscrews, and
+its Lynch law; throw aside, the moment it is acquired, the power to
+civilize and regenerate the South&mdash;not because the war and the free
+discussion which accompany the war <i>have killed slavery</i>, but because
+they <i>are killing it</i>, and will be sure to kill it unless they are
+speedily withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>'But the war,' we are told, 'has ended all that. <i>There can be no mobs
+where the bayonet governs; nor arbitrary local laws where general
+military law is paramount. The discussion of slavery is as free now in
+New Orleans as it is in New York.'</i> <i>True: therefore</i>, hasten to restore
+the reign of mobs, or you will hurt the feelings of the men who make the
+mobs. Withdraw speedily 'the general military law,' and its 'paramount'
+control, expressly in order that the operation of 'the arbitrary local
+laws' may be resumed. Urge up the measures which will put an end to the
+state of affairs in which 'the discussion of slavery is as free in New
+Orleans as it is in New York.'</p>
+
+<p><i>'And in the Border States, where the civil laws still prevail,
+hostility to the rebellion has excited such a dissatisfaction with
+slavery as its cause, that, by general consent, perfect freedom is
+allowed in arguing against the institution.'</i> This is true while a
+United States force is in the vicinity to overawe traitors&mdash;while the
+friends of freedom feel confident that they have the strength of a
+nation at their back to aid them in resisting the local tyranny; hasten,
+therefore, to remove these supports, and leave them to struggle single
+handed and hopelessly against an inveterate and hoary despotism, which
+knows no law higher than its own will; and which has always been
+competent to crush out every rising aspiration toward freedom; until the
+accidental advantages of the war encouraged that timid utterance of true
+American sentiment in those quarters which is just now beginning feebly
+to make itself heard and felt. Hasten, therefore, to withdraw that
+support at the instant of time when the local friends of freedom have
+just been induced to declare themselves, and so to become the unshielded
+victims of slaveholding vindictiveness the instant the provisional
+security of the new party derived from abroad ceases to exist. What
+would 'the dissatisfaction with slavery' from 'hostility to the
+rebellion' have amounted to in Maryland, as a power, against the haughty
+and overbearing authority of the slaveholding Despotism, at the
+commencement of the war, without the intervention of General Butler; or
+that of Missouri, without that of General Fremont? What would that same
+dissatisfaction with Slavery amount to at this very day even, in those
+States, against the reflex wave of pro-slavery influence and power, if
+all influence from the armies and authority of the United States were
+completely withdrawn? Or, granting even that in those two Border States,
+the most advanced of all, the most under ordinary influences from the
+Free States, there is already inaugurated an Anti-slavery Movement which
+would retain energy enough to carry on the struggle without foreign
+aid&mdash;which even is extremely doubtful; the case would stand wholly
+otherwise in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, or Arkansas, where no
+well-constituted Party of Freedom has as yet achieved any successes, and
+where the slaveholding interest and desperation are ten times stronger
+than they are in the Border States.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>'We say, then,</i> says the <i>Times</i> writer, '<i>that even if the National
+Government had the right to institute new civil measures against
+slavery, it would not be necessary. The unavoidable military operations
+of the war, and the free discussion which is sure to attend it, are
+enough of themselves to break down the institution. The Government has
+simply to stand quiet and let those influences work.</i>'</p>
+
+<p>All this, urged for the purposes for which it is here urged, is simply
+crying,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> Peace! peace! when there is no peace. If these influences, the
+presence of the war power and free discussion, be to continue, very
+good. Then, indeed, is there a chance, amounting almost to a certainty,
+that Slavery will have to succumb, and all of these considerations,
+urged as a reason why the war power should be retained for an adequate
+period over the Slave States, even after their nominal submission, and
+free discussion encouraged and protected by that power&mdash;which we
+understand to be the policy recommended by General Butler&mdash;are
+consequent, logical, and patriotic; but put forth as reasons why we
+should hasten to surrender the influence over the destiny of man which
+has been so providentially, and yet with such immense sacrifice, placed
+in our hands, they are practically hostile to the vital purposes of the
+war, however honest and simple minded may be the individuals who
+recommend them.</p>
+
+<p>Again: <i>'Territorialize them because you hate slavery, and the
+inevitable result will be that you will only make them love slavery the
+more,'</i> etc.</p>
+
+<p>It is not our purpose to insist on the technical process of
+<i>territorializing</i> the conquered rebel States. What we do insist on is
+that the military authority, which the nation has so laboriously
+asserted and acquired over them, shall not be withdrawn until the
+natural and necessary and appropriate consequences of the war shall have
+been attained; and that among these is the inauguration of Freedom
+instead of the reinstitution of that hideous anomaly of the nations,
+American Slavery. We insist that the rising, but as yet the feeble and
+timid Freedom Party of the South, including the blacks and a growing
+number of the poor whites, so fast as they become rightly informed, with
+a small number of enlightened, generous, and noble-minded men of the
+planter class, who sympathize with freedom, and are truly loyal in
+sympathy and soul to American principles and the American Government, be
+regarded and treated as the new and loyal South; and not a trumped-up
+party, which may arise any day, of as bitter traitors as ever lived, but
+who, seeing the hopelessness of their cause, which is, at bottom,
+Slavery, and nothing else, under the present issue of war, shall give in
+a hollow and pretended profession of loyalty, in order to secure, by
+other means, the same end. Does this truly loyal party at the South
+anywhere as yet wish the withdrawal of the protection of the General
+Government, and desire to be turned over to the tender mercies of their
+false and subtle enemy&mdash;which are unheard-of cruelties? Let the
+representation of the thousand loyal men from Middle Tennessee, recently
+made to the President of the United States, answer. On the contrary,
+there is nothing which those men so greatly dread&mdash;nothing which so
+checks their more rapid development as a party&mdash;as the fear that they
+may be so abandoned before their work is sufficiently advanced to secure
+its completion.</p>
+
+<p>The three years which the <i>Times</i> writer concedes to the existence of an
+anomaly in our Government, may be amply enough to accomplish all that is
+required. So far from imbittering the feelings of the true friends of
+the Union in the South, assurance of the continuance of such a
+protection over them, even for that length of time, would infuse new
+confidence and new activity into all their movements. It is clearly the
+right of the policeman to judge when the mob is effectually suppressed,
+and as much his duty not to allow himself to be surprised and
+over-mastered by a pretended and hollow submission for the sake of
+seizing an advantage, as it is to inflict effectual blows of his cudgel
+while the row is in its more flagrant stages of development. The United
+States, having interfered by force to suppress a national riot, has a
+clear right, and a bounden duty, not to abandon the region of the
+disturbance until the <i>animus</i> of rebellion is subdued as effectually as
+its open mani<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>festation; and knowing that that <i>animus</i> is identical
+with the spirit, purposes, and designs of the slaveholding class&mdash;a
+conspiracy, in fine, to overthrow the Government in that sole behalf&mdash;it
+is alike bound effectually to cripple or actually to exterminate that
+malign influence.</p>
+
+<p>Again says our writer under review: '<i>When the South has been overcome
+in fair fight, we must give its reason a chance to assert itself.</i>' Very
+true, if the mode of doing so be not foolishly misunderstood. The error
+here is in speaking of the South as one, whereas from this time forward
+and for some years to come, there will be an Old South, rebellious at
+heart, malignant, defiant, cruel, and revengeful to the last
+degree&mdash;bold, accustomed to rule with unquestioned authority&mdash;and, when
+conquered, refusing to remain conquered, except as the grapple of the
+conqueror is still at its throat; and a New South, loyal, loving, and
+devoted to its deliverers, but timid, shrinking, and tentative of its
+powers&mdash;liberty-loving, and truly American in sentiment, but unused to
+the exercise of political supremacy, unorganized, and weak;&mdash;an old
+South, refusing every appeal to reason, and only thirsting for
+vengeance; and a new South, ready to reason and to be reasoned with, and
+looking gratefully to the National Government as its guide and protector
+in the unequal contest before it&mdash;more fearful to it than ever&mdash;at the
+close of the war. How, then, shall we 'give the reason of the South a
+chance to assert itself'? By withdrawing our support from our friends,
+and the friends of America, and of man, in the South, and turning them
+over, like sheep to the wolves, to their unreasoning and vindictive
+enemies; or by standing by them in the weakness of their first essay to
+depend on reason and justice in the place of force or fraud; by
+developing, in fine, the reason of the South, which has been for a
+century overridden and suppressed by the incubus of an organized
+despotism, from which there is now, for the first time, the chance of a
+redemption, if these <i>friends</i> of Southern reason do not commit a
+blunder in their understanding of the case?</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Whenever</i>,' says the <i>Times</i> writer, '<i>there is sound reason to
+believe that a sound loyal majority of the State want it
+(reconstruction), let them have it&mdash;and that, too, without imposing any
+conditions concerning slavery</i>.' That is to say, abandon the
+Proclamation of Emancipation, betray the colored man, who, trusting to
+our faith, is now enrolling himself in our armies; betray the timid
+friends of freedom, who, by our encouragement, have dared to proclaim
+their love of liberty, and subject themselves to inevitable banishment
+or extermination, unless the programme of a new free South be executed
+triumphantly and to the letter; furnish to the most malignant
+slaveholding faction an equal chance at the very least, on a hollow
+pretence of loyalty, to recover the ascendant and annihilate the new
+party of emancipation and a regenerated South; and all this to save the
+Southern malignants from being subjected to an unpleasant sense of
+'subordination;' to prevent imbittering their sentiments; as if it were
+possible to add bitterness to gall, or venom to the virus of the
+rattlesnake. The most imbittering and offensive thing that <i>can ever be
+done</i> to those men <i>is done</i> the moment you pronounce the words of
+freedom and human rights, in conjunction with each other, as if they
+were the same thing. That done, every other measure grows mild. To
+territorialize the whole South, and place a satrap over every parish and
+county of it&mdash;saying no word for freedom&mdash;would be a gentle and
+conciliating procedure compared with the most innocent utterance of a
+mere sentiment in behalf of emancipation and the elevation of the negro
+to the status of a man. Why, then, strain at a gnat when we have already
+swallowed a camel? If we mean anything by Emancipation Proclamations,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>
+the organization of negro troops, or even by our own inherent love of
+liberty, nothing after that need ever be handled gingerly with the
+South. Every recommendation to abstain from giving her offence is simply
+a recommendation to recede, not only from our whole war policy now so
+happily inaugurated, but to recede from every genuine and efficient
+sentiment the Northern people may entertain, or ever have entertained,
+in behalf of the distinctively American idea: the freedom and equality
+before the law of all men.</p>
+
+<p><i>'If this just and rational policy is faithfully carried out,'</i>
+continues our editor, <i>'and no arbitrary issues are foisted in to impose
+a sense of subordination, we have not a doubt that every Slave State
+will follow the emancipating policy which the Border States, of their
+own accord, have already entered upon with such decision. Even if loyal
+duty don't prompt it, interest will; for slavery, after having been
+crippled, as it has been by the war, even if it could live, would only
+be an encumbrance. But it can't live. It is already half dead. Let the
+loyal men of the South finish it and bury it in their own way'.</i></p>
+
+<p>Now it is precisely this simple-minded and easy credence that everything
+will go right if it be at once handed over to the management of the men
+who may have been whipped in the battle field&mdash;this overweening
+confidence on the part of good men, and intelligent men, too, in the
+ordinary sense of intelligence, at the North, which is the most
+dangerous feature of the whole matter. We are just entering upon the
+real crisis of the war, when the war, by many, will be thought finished.
+It is exceedingly doubtful whether in any single Border State the
+Anti-slavery Movement has received as yet any such impetus or gained any
+such secure foothold that it could maintain the struggle for a six
+months, if the influence growing out of the presence of the war in their
+midst were withdrawn, and the political power were remanded in full to
+the local authorities; and, in respect to the States farther South, and
+wholly committed to the institution, it is certain that Slavery has
+hardly received what would prove a serious scratch upon its epidermis,
+if such changes were now to take place.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, on the contrary, there was never a time when temptation to
+slaveholding was a third part what it is to-day, aside from the threat
+of danger hanging over it from the continuance of the war, and the
+supposed determination of the Northern conquerors to put an end to it.
+The vital principle of Slavery which overrides every other
+consideration, is the extra-profitable nature and state of slave-labor
+products. The writer has himself seen Slavery firmly seated in the
+saddle and unassailable in an exposed region of the South, with cotton
+at from eight to twelve cents on the pound, and the same institution
+trembling toward its downfall when cotton fell to four and a half and
+five cents on the plantation. What must then be its hold on the cupidity
+of Southern men when the condition of Slavery, by virtue of the same
+state of war which threatens its existence on the one hand, has caused
+the price of cotton to rule, on the other hand, from twenty-five to
+seventy-five cents a pound, and has affected, in a somewhat similar way,
+every other product of the sort! An immense premium is thus offered for
+the continuance of the institution, and the danger is not slight that
+our own Northern men, thrown into the South, would be seduced, in great
+numbers, by the temptation, into becoming themselves slavery
+propagandists, unless the exigencies of the war, the <i>esprit du corps</i>,
+and the solidarity of interests springing up between them and the negro
+soldiers, and the prompt and energetic activity of the Government in
+behalf of an emancipation policy were all to combine to prevent it. In
+talking of Slavery, its power, its weakness, or its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> prospects, men,
+unless they have been intimately mixed up with its workings, are apt to
+be reckoning without their host. Our own sentiment of justice in the
+matter, North, poor and feeble as it is in most of us, is immensely
+aided by the negative fact that our interests do not happen to be
+immediately involved adversely. Not one in ten thousand of Northern men
+or Europeans, thrown into the South previous to the war, ever withstood
+the infection of pro-slavery sentiment and action. Our soldiers do so
+now, only because they are in large bodies, because they are fighting
+the Southern men, and because they are becoming more and more identified
+with a distinct national policy in behalf of emancipation and the rights
+of man. Withdraw these causes, and the effects would be rapidly
+reversed. Northern officers and men could not be trusted to fraternize
+with the slave-holding aristocracy, previous to the time when the
+backbone of the institution of Slavery should have been effectually
+broken; not because they are bad men, but because they are men, and
+would act, under similar circumstances, as men&mdash;alike Northern,
+Southern, and European men&mdash;have acted in the years that are past. There
+is a far more reliable and trustworthy party of Southern anti-slavery
+men than are as yet their Northern allies; men who have suffered
+intensely from actual contact and struggle with the institution, and who
+have felt, in some measure, the steel of Slavery enter their own souls;
+but they are not numerous enough to stand without the aid of these same
+untrustworthy Northern auxiliaries, who already, at the first indication
+of incipient success for our arms, propose, like this writer, to remand
+them to the tender mercies of a Southern majority rule. It is the fear
+of this treachery which makes them so few as they are, and so weak. It
+is these men whom we wish to see sustained, recognized as the loyal and
+the new South, and aided in the work of reconstruction, when the
+somewhat distant period for it to be safe and wise shall have arrived.
+They are the men who will teach us wisdom, if we will follow their
+advice; and they, be assured of it, will not clamor for any early and
+thoughtless surrender of our present advantages, for fear of hurting the
+sensibilities of the South by imposing a sense of 'subordination.' With
+the agony of despair, such men would remonstrate against any such
+suicidal policy, and entreat the Government of the United States and the
+people of the North to stand by them in their great distress, through,
+until the end. While writing, the following newspaper paragraph attracts
+our attention, and is a fair expression of the truth we are seeking to
+inculcate:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'The Hon. Silas Casey, of Kentucky, brings news of the most intense
+feeling, on the subject of holding slaves in the Border States,
+among Union men. They contend that the restriction in the
+President's Proclamation has made Kentucky and Tennessee a
+'national slave pen,' where slaves, fleeing from the 'confederate'
+States, are bought and sold by the thousand. He says the Unionists
+to a man are in favor of immediate and sweeping emancipation of all
+slaves within their borders&mdash;that there can be no protection for a
+Unionist as long as aristocratic secessionists are allowed to hold
+all their old slaves, and are protected in buying human beings,
+once freed by the President's Proclamation. The last and most
+important step to be taken by the Government, to insure Unionism in
+the Border States, is to emancipate the slaves of disloyalists in
+Kentucky and Tennessee. The military once removed from Kentucky,
+and again would commence the barbarism of slavery. Defenders of the
+Government would be murdered&mdash;freedom of speech be denied; the
+expulsion of Northern ministers, and the tar-and-feathering of
+Northern schoolmasters, for only preferring Union to secession,
+freedom to slavery, would go on as freely as in the palmiest days
+of the chivalry; Parson Brownlow would be driven from Knoxville,
+his press and dwelling burned, Casey and Green and Adams exiled
+forever, and the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> old war would have to be fought over again,
+with all its blood and horror, on Kentucky soil.' </p></div>
+
+<p>The following comments are equally true:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Again we call the attention of thoughtful men to the current
+phases of 'Border State' politics, and ask that they be deeply
+considered. If we open a hundred 'conservative' journals in
+succession, we shall find at least ninety of them asserting or
+assuming that the revolted States are to be reconciled to the Union
+by new concessions, new guarantees to slavery. But those States
+themselves emphatically repel this assumption. Every man in
+Delaware, in Maryland, in Tennessee, in Missouri, who is heartily
+and thoroughly anti-rebel is also anti-slavery, and nearly every
+one is for immediate, not gradual, emancipation. They were not
+Republicans; not one in twenty of them voted for Lincoln; they make
+no special pretensions to philanthropy; but they mean to live and
+die in the Union, and they do not choose to have their throats cut
+by rebels; so they desire that slavery should die, knowing by
+practical experience, by personal observation, that slavery and the
+rebellion are but two phases of the same thing&mdash;two names for one
+reality.' </p></div>
+
+<p>Slavery, as things are, is neither 'crippled' nor 'half dead.' It is
+only a little sick, and threatened with being made more so, if the same
+effectual blows which have been dealt it are followed up hereafter with
+other blows still more effectual.</p>
+
+<p>We have reason to believe that the writer of the <i>Times</i> article we have
+been reviewing, has passed some time with the Army of the Cumberland;
+that he has viewed the subject impartially from what he deems a large
+field of observation; and that he speaks honestly what he believes. But
+no observation even of that kind is sufficient to open the whole case.
+Let him be a Southern man, or a Northern man residing at the South, and
+committed to the emancipation policy; let him stay behind and see the
+banners of our army gradually retiring to the North, and the banished
+leaders of the rebellion and other slaveholding tyrants and harpies
+gathering in the wake and gradually surrounding him and his little band
+of patriots&mdash;reclaiming all their old authority and overawing and
+trampling down every incipient blade of the crop of freedom, which had
+been planted in the presence and under the shadow of our armies&mdash;and he
+will be better prepared to judge. From even the high authority of
+General Grant himself, on this subject, we dissent. Let him first
+grapple with a Southern slaveholding public sentiment, as a peaceable
+citizen holding adverse opinions, and without a victorious army at his
+back, and he will be better qualified to form and give a reliable
+opinion. He is represented as having said, in a private letter to the
+Hon. E. F. Washburn, of the date of August 13th, 1863, that the people
+of the North need not quarrel over the institution of Slavery; that what
+Vice-President Stevens acknowledges as the corner stone of the
+confederacy is already knocked out; that Slavery is already dead, and
+cannot be resurrected; that it would take a standing army to maintain
+Slavery in the South, if we were to make peace to-day guaranteeing to
+the South all their former constitutional privileges, etc. With profound
+respect for General Grant as a man and a soldier, we would still prefer
+the opinion, on this point, of any earnest member of the young and
+feeble anti-slavery party of the South, who resides a few miles away
+from the actual reach of the authority and influence of a Federal army.</p>
+
+<p>It is refreshing to know that to this opinion of the victorious general,
+of exceedingly doubtful value, upon the specific point in question, he
+adds these memorable and patriotic words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'I never was an Abolitionist, not even what would be called
+anti-slavery, but I try to judge fairly and honestly, and it became
+patent to my mind early in the rebellion that the North and South
+could never live at peace with each other except as one nation, and
+that without slavery. As anxious as I am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> to see peace established,
+I would not, therefore, be willing to see any settlement until this
+question is forever settled.' </p></div>
+
+<p>Almost the only men in the nation who are really competent to judge when
+Slavery is really dead, in any region, are those Northern and Western
+anti-slavery men who have come into long and deadly collision with its
+spirit and power in Kansas and upon the western border of Missouri. Even
+Northern and Eastern Abolitionists, better versed perhaps in the theory
+of the subject, would prove very incompetent if matched in practical
+hostility with slaveholding opinion and might&mdash;slaveholding
+vindictiveness, cunning, treachery, and recklessness of every
+consideration, human or divine, but the gaining of their one end, the
+retention of their hold over the slave.</p>
+
+<p>It is again refreshing, in the midst of the open or covert defence and
+protection among us of the surviving remnant of Slavery at the South,
+granting for the moment that it is now reduced to that, and in the midst
+of such easy and over-credulous and mistaken assumptions of its
+complete, virtual destruction already, by undoubted friends of freedom,
+as in the case of the <i>Times</i> editor, General Grant, and numerous
+others, to listen to such hearty utterances, in the keynote of the right
+policy, as were made by Secretary Chase in his recent speech at
+Cincinnati, and to be able to believe that they foreshadow the course of
+the Administration in this trying epoch of our country's history. We
+quote the following report:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'It was never intended to interfere with States that were loyal.
+This Proclamation comes up as a great feature in this war. In my
+judgment the Proclamation was the right thing in the right place,
+and without it I am just as sure as I am of my own existence that
+we could not have made the progress we have made. And I hold that
+the man who denounces the Proclamation either speaks ignorantly,
+speaks about that of which he knows little or nothing, or else he
+really desires that the rebellion should succeed.</p>
+
+<p>'There are two classes of States in the South; there is the class
+of States that is affected by the Proclamation, and a class of
+States that is not. With this last class of States, which is not
+affected by the Proclamation, we have simply nothing to do, except
+to bid God speed to the unconditional Union men of those States,
+that they will do their own work in their own way and in their own
+time, and all we have to do is to stand by them.</p>
+
+<p>'But in the States which are affected by the Proclamation the case
+is different. Either the Proclamation was a great, monstrous sham,
+and an imposition in the face of the world, or else that
+Proclamation was an effectual thing, and there are no slaves to-day
+in the rebel States. They are all enfranchised by the Proclamation,
+for what says it? All the slaves of these States are declared now
+and forever free, and the executive power is pledged to the
+maintenance of their freedom. If it were not so it would be a
+national imposture, and I would no more be guilty of that piece of
+infamy than I would steal into your house at night and rob your
+pantry. But what have we to do with this Proclamation in the
+rebellious Slave States? It is a very simple thing: <i>just simply
+recognise the Union men who remain in those States</i>. Such men as
+Mr. Flanders, and Mr. May, and a whole host of others, who were
+known as slaveowners, are now satisfied that the Union men of the
+South must see to it that slavery must never be permitted to be
+re&euml;stablished in those States. Take such a man as the Hon. Charles
+Anderson. When he went home and stood up for the Union, what did
+the slave aristocracy do for him? They drove him from the State,
+and his wife and little ones were obliged to take shelter in the
+bush. And so with multitudes of Union men in Texas at the present
+day. But all of them wish to get back and establish a Free State in
+Texas; because, they say, no other than a Free State can ever
+protect them from the enemies of human freedom, and, I was going to
+say, of human nature. Again, in Florida there were many who were
+driven away who are now anxious to return. Is there a man here who
+wants these noble, generous Union men of the South <i>to go back to
+be trampled under foot by restored rebels</i>!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> Let them go back, but
+let them go back under the &aelig;gis of the American Union, and the
+protection of the Government pledged to them, and then they will
+take care to settle this question of slavery. They will amend the
+Constitution so as to put the slavery question where it ought to
+be. When that is done, who is going to talk about the Proclamation?
+You have here, my fellow citizens, an intelligent statement, as it
+seems to me, of the manner in which this thing can be settled:
+simply by standing by the unconditional Union men&mdash;who almost all
+of them have embraced the doctrine of emancipation in the Border
+States&mdash;and standing by the Union men in the rebellious States, and
+letting them protect themselves against the institution of
+slavery.' </p></div>
+
+<p>At this stage of the present writing, and having just transferred these
+manly, patriotic, and statesmanlike sentiments to our columns, hoping
+that they might foreshadow the fixed policy of the Administration, of
+which Mr. Chase is so able and distinguished a member, we are overtaken
+by more than a full fruition of the hope in the publication of the
+President's Message and Proclamation of Amnesty to the South, upon the
+sole condition of the perpetual maintenance of the Proclamation of
+Emancipation issued a year ago; in other words, upon the condition of
+the total and definitive extinction of Slavery in the South. The men of
+the South who are ready for this are to be recognized as the loyal
+citizens, the New South&mdash;precisely what ought to be done. The machinery
+of the old State Governments is to remain intact, but to be turned over
+to this regenerated Southern party for administration. The whole
+military and civil force of the Union is to retain its guardianship over
+the South, during the transition, and to remain pledged to the
+maintenance of the status of freedom united with loyalty, until, by the
+growth and stability of the new order of things, the conquered territory
+shall dispense with its continued intervention. The plan devised by the
+President is admirable, and symptoms already exist that, like so many
+other of his leading measures, it is destined to meet with unbounded
+acceptance and popularity, from even the most diverse and disharmonious
+quarters. Trusting, therefore, that the practical administration of the
+war is drifting into the right policy, based on the true theory of its
+causes and legitimate termination, we may leave these merely political
+and military questions, and revert, in conclusion, to the possible
+remaining eventualities of the war. These may be, for the time, (1.)
+Seemingly prosperous and fortunate, or, (2.) Seemingly accompanied with
+disaster, discouragement, and dismay&mdash;ulterior even to the eventual
+triumph of our arms over the open enemies of the existing order of
+things.</p>
+
+<p>Firstly, then, it may happen, that from this time out we shall be more
+and more decisively triumphant over the 'rump' of the rebellion still
+extant in the South; that the new policy of emancipation now so
+favorably inaugurated may work like a magical charm, and that among the
+happy and startling surprises to which we are daily becoming addicted,
+may be that of an unexpected readiness in the exhausted and repentant
+South to acquiesce in the new order of things; that our new financial
+scheme may develop germs of commercial prosperity more than adequate to
+compensate for all the strain upon our national energy and resources
+imposed by the war; that an immense and unparalleled expansion of
+national prosperity, hardly marred by the ripple of our financial
+encumbrances, may be in waiting for the future United States of America,
+and lie spread out in the immediate future before us; that untold wealth
+may be unearthed from our mines, marvellous discoveries and inventions
+made to increase our manufactures and means of locomotion, and new
+sources of learning and art and practical action be opened.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose even less brilliant and rapid results. Suppose that the war
+lingers;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> that numerous and desperate battles have yet to be fought, and
+some reverses to be endured; but that we continue to hold the heart of
+the South up to our present lines in Georgia and East Tennessee; that
+the new system of things is gradually established and becomes solidified
+within the States already possessed: even this state of things, if
+providentially enforced on us after our best exertions have been put
+forth to succeed, may, again, unexpectedly prove to have concealed under
+seeming failure a more fortunate termination of our herculean work.
+Perhaps there is even yet not enough national virtue among us to leaven
+the whole lump, and thus, by being delayed of our too greedy aspirations
+for success, we may only the more surely succeed. A halt at this period
+of the war was foreshadowed, it will be remembered by the reader, in the
+earlier portion of this series of papers, written more than two years
+ago. At any rate, if the remaining resistance of the rebel government
+should prove more obstinate and prolonged than is now generally
+anticipated, let there be no discouragement, and no serious
+disappointment. Remember again, in that event, that our supreme triumphs
+are moral and social, for which our military successes are merely a
+basis; and that moral and social changes demand time to be consolidated
+and secured. Immense changes are being rapidly effected in the public
+sentiment and the prospective action of the reconquered portions of the
+South; but such changes are not made in a day; and some retardation of
+the national aspiration for a speedy termination of the war may prove
+our providential security against evils which, our own precipitancy
+might possibly otherwise incur. The retention of our present hold, the
+gradual but slow progress to a complete final conquest, and the steady
+assimilation of the reintegrated portions of the South with our Northern
+and the truly American character and sentiment, would still, therefore,
+deserve to be reckoned upon the side of seeming or obvious success.</p>
+
+<p>But on the other hand, let us consider, for a moment, the other
+alternative&mdash;that of apparent disaster, incurred from the war, not so
+much in the light of overwhelming military defeats, which need hardly
+now to be seriously apprehended, as from financial exhaustion and other
+secondary causes introduced into the working of our national and social
+life through the operation and influence of the war. Mr. Cobden,
+undoubtedly a friend of our nation, and a shrewd observer of the world's
+affairs on the basis of experience, or a knowledge of the past, warns us
+to look forward to a period of almost utter prostration after the war
+shall have terminated, and to a train of serious consequences from the
+terrific strain put by it upon our energies and resources. Forebodings
+of a similar kind haunt the imaginations of many of our own citizens.
+The history of past wars and their results justify the anticipation.
+Perchance all this may prove an unnecessary fear. It may happen that the
+almost boundless recuperative energies of this young American
+civilization of ours may be destined to astonish our enemies, our
+friends, and ourselves, as much as the extent of our resources for
+action have already done&mdash;that the strain put upon us, instead of
+enfeebling us in the least, has been merely a healthy exercise for the
+growing muscles and thews of a young giant just now ripening into a
+first manhood, and never heretofore called upon for any adequate
+exertion to display his strength. We once heard an enthusiastic and
+progressive orator, referring to the marvels of modern development,
+utter, with a sublime and audacious eloquence, the startling assertion
+that '<i>Experience is a fool.</i>' There is a sense, no doubt, in which the
+sentiment is true. Neither the growth, nor the inherent power, nor the
+elasticity of the rebound from seeming exhaustion, nor the immense
+acceleration of the rapidity of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> the future career of the American
+people, is to be safely measured by a reference to what has occurred
+with former nationalities, in other and different times. Our experience
+of the future, whatever it may be, will be, no doubt, essentially
+different from any of the past.</p>
+
+<p>But assume, on the contrary, that the prediction is essentially well
+founded; that we have before us, in the immediate future, a period of
+extreme exhaustion, depression, and even of temporary discouragement in
+the public mind. All this need not, to the philosophic mind, cause the
+slightest apprehension of permanent evil results&mdash;of any serious check
+even, to our inevitable destiny, as the heirs of unbounded prosperity
+and the leaders of the vanguard of the progress of the world. A halt, in
+this sense, in the rapidity of our career, would be only the necessary
+price of our immense and invaluable achievement, the elimination of
+chattel slavery from the constitution of our social and political life.
+We have still other and great social evils remaining behind. The
+scientific and harmonious adjustment of the relations of capital to
+labor, of the employers to the employed, in the constitution of our free
+competitive society as it will still remain after Slavery is dead, is
+the next great practical question which will force itself upon our
+attention, and insist upon being definitively settled, before we can
+enter upon that ulterior triumphant national development which is
+reserved, in the decrees of destiny, for us as a people. This problem,
+seemingly so difficult, will be found unexpectedly easy of solution, so
+soon as the thinking and practical mind of the people is seriously
+called to its consideration. It is worthy of observation, that periods
+of great pecuniary depression are favorable to the progress of ideas. It
+is written in the Providence of God that the American people must,
+within the few years to come, solve the whole problem of justice to the
+laboring man; must, indeed, accept its office as the Champion and the
+Illustrator, in a practical way, of Universal Justice, in all the
+relations of life. Are we prepared to enter on this career,
+intelligently, lovingly, and with voluntary alacrity, from affection to
+the True and the Good; or must we be again scourged into the
+consideration of great questions lying immediately in our way, by the
+providential inflictions of disaster and distress?</p>
+
+<p>We can now see easily enough, that had we been ready and desirous, as a
+people, to do justice to the black man, we should have escaped the
+horrors of a great war. We may predict, with the assurance of a
+religious faith, backed, we might almost affirm, by the certainty of a
+scientific demonstration, that if we are already sufficiently prepared
+to be simply just, we shall be saved from the serious infliction of more
+national suffering; and that if, on the contrary, this preparation of
+the heart and the head has not been wrought in us by what we have
+already endured, we shall be called directly and continuously to the
+suffering of more and perhaps greater inflictions. 'Whom the Lord loveth
+he chasteneth,' but not blindly nor uselessly, and not, therefore, after
+the right frame of mind has been wrought in the subject of the
+punishment. The law is precisely the same, whether we speak
+theologically or from the profoundest philosophical principles; and it
+may almost be said that the American people have only to choose whether
+they will immediately enter, with the close of the war, upon a higher
+career of prosperity, or whether they will endure an additional term of
+tuition in the school of adversity. These words may seem mystical,
+unaccompanied with further illustration and elaboration of the ideas,
+but it is not the place here to pursue them.</p>
+
+<p>Let us proceed with the supposition that we have before us, at the
+conclusion of this war, a period of great national suffering. Such
+periods, we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> have already said, are favorable to the development of
+thought. We may add, they are alike favorable to the growth of earnest
+purpose. Through suffering we are perfected. Thought and high purpose
+are secure bases of noble achievement. If we are not yet prepared to be
+inducted into our national mission, through providential favor, then let
+us come to it through the inverse method: <i>through Ulterior and
+Reactionary Consequence</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It may be that we are to endure still more grievous afflictions than
+pecuniary and commercial revulsion and depression. Our political
+constitution still bears in its bosom, even after Slavery is removed,
+dangerous seeds of anarchy and prospective revolution. Within the two
+years past, grave mutterings, to which American ears have been
+heretofore altogether unused, have been heard in various quarters,
+touching the superior advantages of 'strong government,' the speakers,
+mostly of the higher or wealthier order of life, meaning thereby, the
+old and retrograde forms of monarchy, or something of that sort. Periods
+of disaster tend to reveal a latent lack of confidence in the permanency
+of existing things. Investigations in Sociology impeach the wisdom of
+our institutions, in common with that of all others that have been tried
+in the past, from another point of view. Periods of distress and
+privation stimulate the turbulence of the 'dangerous classes.' All
+national experience reveals, in fine, the existence, in the very nature
+of human society, of great antagonistic principles struggling with each
+other in mighty conflict, and with which no political or governmental
+arrangements heretofore extant have been adequate rightly to cope.</p>
+
+<p>The great and bloody contest with Slavery, now going on, is an instance
+of such a conflict; and the fact that we, in the midst of this
+nineteenth century, had arrived at the knowledge of no better solution
+of it than an appeal to the old, barbarous, uncertain, and terrible
+ordeal of battle, is an illustration of the incompetency in question.
+Slavery, bad as it is, is the representative of a great social
+principle, which, separated from the special mode of its manifestation,
+has in it that which is good and right. Mr. Cobden justly characterizes
+the great American war as an insurrection of aristocracy against the
+principle of democracy. But aristocracy is not wholly wrong, nor is
+democracy wholly right, in the nature and constitution of things. These
+are two great antagonistic principles, when sifted to the bottom; one
+the principle of Order, through Subordination, the soul of Conservatism;
+and the other the principle of Freedom, through Individuality, the soul
+of Progression. Neither will ever expunge or expel the other from the
+constitution of man, individually or collectively; and it pertains to
+Science, the Science of Politics, based on the Unity of the Sciences
+below that level, to be arrived at by humanity in the future, to
+discover and lead in the complete harmony and reconciliation between the
+two. The writer of these papers has in manuscript a labored document
+upon the Slavery question from this more radical and philosophical point
+of view, which was prepared just previous to the outbreak of the
+existing war, in the hope of attracting the leading minds, North and
+South, to the peaceable and scientific solution of the whole Slavery
+question. But the antagonism was too far advanced, passions too much
+aroused, the popular ignorance of the existence of higher methods of
+solution too dense, and the crisis too imminent for the existence of any
+demand for such considerations then; and the publication of the document
+was withheld. In it were shown the significance of Slavery as a Fact in
+History and a Principle in Nature; its Compensations and Advantages; its
+positive value, in fact, in the larger sense, in the development of
+human society on the planet; then its destiny to give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> way in our
+advancing civilization to the higher doctrine of abstract rights and
+individual culture through intellectual means; and again, the
+insufficiency of the latter doctrine, when taken for the whole truth;
+and finally, to show how, by the intervention of the science of the
+subject, the value of both the Principles in conflict could be extracted
+and made co&ouml;perative, and their evils completely neutralized. The world
+not being ripe for the adoption of the superior and rational methods
+here intimated for the adjustment of our difficulties&mdash;the readiness of
+one party even, without the equal readiness of the other, being
+inadequate&mdash;the crisis and the conflict could not be averted; and that
+again being the case, it is of the utmost importance that the second in
+order of the two adverse principles, the principle of democracy, be
+completely triumphant; not because it is more true, but because it is a
+more <i>advanced</i> truth, and one step nearer, therefore, to the final
+solution,<i> which will then lap back, and subsume and assimilate and
+reconcile the whole family of fundamental principles upon which the
+existence of human society is inexpugnably based</i>. It is upon this lower
+ground of adaptation to the exigency of the age and the occasion, and as
+a means to the development of still higher truths, that we urge the
+inestimable importance of the effectual conquest over the South by the
+North.</p>
+
+<p>But the two Principles, thus brought face to face with each other, in
+deadly array, under the present guise of chattel slavery and republican
+freedom, are not extinguished in the world, nor in America even, nor are
+they to be permanently reconciled with each other by any outcoming
+whatsoever of the present war. These principles are the Aristocratic and
+the Democratic; the principle of conservative order and progressive
+freedom. Both are vital and essential forces, ever living, ever active;
+always antagonistic; never reconciled in the past; never to be
+reconciled in the future, till it be done finally, effectually,
+and forever, through the <span class="smcap">SCIENCE</span> of the subject. By the
+contingencies of this war still future, by the lingering and disastrous
+<i>sequel&aelig;</i> of the war, or by other and possible eventualities not yet
+sufficiently developed to be distinctly cognizable, the inherent and
+unconquerable antagonism (until reconciled through science) of the great
+opposing forces in human society is liable to be burst upon us with a
+conflagration in comparison with which even the devastations of the
+present war will seem trifling. The writer of these papers anticipated
+and predicted for a long time, and has not yet fully ceased to
+anticipate, that the present conflict may gradually shape itself into a
+desperate and universal struggle, North and South, between these two
+principles, in their bald, undisguised, and unmitigated hostility; that,
+in other words, as a party of freedom should be developed at the South,
+there would be developed <i>pari passu</i> at the North a great reactionary
+party; assimilating the elements of a <i>bogus</i> democracy and all those
+who by organization or position are inherently and overweeningly
+aristocratic; a party bold, powerful, and desperate enough to bring home
+the civil war to our own doors; in other words, that the war would
+become a war wholly of Ideas; and those defined down to their sharpest
+and most ultimate differences of logical significance. In that case, the
+events of the French Revolution would have been, or will be, repeated in
+America, on a more gigantic scale. Warning symptoms have already
+appeared among us of the possibilities of all this. If it be in the good
+providence of God that we are to escape this terrible ordeal&mdash;if it be
+permitted that this cup of national evils pass from us&mdash;it can only be
+that we are a step farther on in the completion of our education, as a
+nation, than was obviously revealed to the investigation of the
+observer; that, as a people, we are nearer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> to a genial and willing
+acceptance of truth and obedience to the dictates of justice than
+appeared.</p>
+
+<p>Still the conflict of principles endures in the world at large&mdash;the
+Aristocratic Principle, represented by autocracy, absolutism, prelacy,
+and slaveholding authority, on the one hand, and the Democratic
+Principle, represented by republicanism, Protestantism, dead-levelism,
+with free and destructive competition, on the other. As Slavery and
+Freedom have been preparing for their local conflict in America during
+the thirty years past; so, for the whole century gone by, the
+threatening cloud of the final conflict between the two great governing
+ideas in the world has been gathering. Occasional sharp and some
+terrific encounters have been had. Is this conflict of opinion to become
+more and more consolidated and defined, and finally embodied in two
+great hostile camps, covering the whole earth with an actual war,
+replete with desolation and carnage&mdash;not a war of distinct
+nationalities, but of the partisans of the two great antagonistic drifts
+of human development? Is there to be literally the great battle of
+Armageddon in the world before the incoming of a better age? or has the
+ignorant wrath of man sufficiently prevailed, and are we in truth
+prepared to investigate with sobriety, accept with simple honesty, and
+faithfully to practise the lessons of wisdom which the experience of the
+past or the new discoveries of the present or the future may bring? The
+religious world is becoming deeply penetrated with the conviction that
+we are, in the world at large, upon the verge of great events&mdash;that we
+are nearing the termination of an Old Dispensation and the commencement
+of a New; without, perhaps, defining very clearly, or attempting even to
+define distinctly to the imagination the nature of the change. The
+deepest philosophy of the age forecasts similar eventualities for an
+early day and for the whole earth. Thus it is that the investigation of
+The Great American Crisis, actual and urgent, might properly lead us up
+to the consideration of a Great World Crisis, impending and probable. On
+some other occasion it may be thought proper to give to this latter
+subject a distinct and more elaborate treatment. The object which we
+have proposed in the present series is now sufficiently accomplished,
+and the writer takes leave of the reader, with a profound conviction
+that to the anxious cry, What of the night? the answer, All is well, can
+be conscientiously returned. Even should the seemingly disastrous
+features sketched above in the alternative programme of our national
+future yet providentially reveal themselves in the scroll of our
+nation's history, let not the patriot or the lover of mankind for a
+moment despair. It will be but the intensified darkness preceding the
+light&mdash;the crisis of a deep-seated disease prognosticating health. The
+destiny of America is the destiny of man; and that is, that we come soon
+into the inheritance of new glories&mdash;an unlimited development and
+prosperity, founded on Religion married to Science, eventuating in the
+reconciliation of Order and Progression, in Universal Justice, and in
+the elevation, protection, mutual co&ouml;peration and happiness of all.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THISTLE-DOWN" id="THISTLE-DOWN"></a>THISTLE-DOWN.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pale and fleecy, ghosty and white,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Onward borne in their unknown flight&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flimsy and fragile, pure and fair&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mystic things the thistles are.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drifting about on a windy day&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ghosty children at their play&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revelling up above the trees,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hither and thither on the breeze.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slow and sadly, how they fly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chasing shadows in the sky!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Never resting, never still,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through the valley, o'er the hill.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walking round o'er the churchyard mould,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Up above the bosoms cold;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flitting past each marble door,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sadly breathing: 'Gone before!'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spectres <i>wild</i> with their viewless steeds,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riding on where nothing leads;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Up to the sky when the earth gets brown&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Ever restless</i> thistle-down.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through the forest cool and dark,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Never hitting the destined mark;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Over the earth and through the air,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Downy thistles <i>everywhere</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Darting in at the open door,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Telling of joys that come no more;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robed in grave clothes fine and thin&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shades of phantoms, ever dim.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Up the church-aisles Sabbath-days,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the dusky twilight plays;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Round the altar, o'er the bier,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Preaching <i>more than priests do here</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Solemn are the words they say&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Silent sermons free of</i>PAY;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the <i>lessons</i> they impart,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Never vanish from the heart</i>.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_LOVE_LUCIFER" id="THE_LOVE_LUCIFER"></a>THE LOVE LUCIFER.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>[The author of 'The Love Lucifer' says in regard to it: 'I enclose
+a narration of <i>facts</i>. Not noted for assurance, I yet feel well
+assured that its publication in <span class="smcap">The Continental</span> 'will do
+uses.'' Should there be any among our readers who have inquired
+into our modern necromancy, they will not fail to recognize in the
+excited, wild, incoherent, and uncultured jargon of the spirits of
+'The Love Lucifer,' the same style and character evinced by those
+to whom they may have been introduced by the 'mejums.' The two
+Bulwers, the Howitts, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the Halls, the De
+Morgans, &amp;c., have taken a deep interest in these half-comic,
+half-serious, and always incoherent demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the matter-of-fact experience of our author may shield some
+of our readers from 'obsessions, delusions, magnetic streams of
+Od,' be they angelic, human, demoniac, or Koboldic in their
+origin.&mdash;<i>Ed. Con.</i>] </p></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="LUCIFER1" id="LUCIFER1"></a>CHAPTER I.</h4>
+
+<p>The things herein might well remain in soak for one decade, at least.
+The writer certainly did well to let a dozen sane, practical years pass
+between these experiences and their narration.</p>
+
+<p>I was a youth after the own heart of my Presbyterian
+preceptors&mdash;proposed to become a Presbyterian preceptor. The son of a
+New York merchant, I was schooled in the schooling of such; and was
+steadfastly minded to know no life-purpose but the salvation of sinners.
+But I was a little restive&mdash;felt that the limits of the Shorter
+Catechism were too short and strait for me. The shadow of
+Schleiermacher's readjustment of Christianity was upon me. I felt that
+some old things were passing away. In common with so many others who
+inclined toward the sacerdotal office, I was unconsciously turning my
+back upon it, on account of the crudities contained in the only existing
+creeds for which I had any respect. American Protestant youth have not
+been alone in this regard. Says the London <i>Times</i>, 'The number of men
+of education and social position who enter into orders is becoming less
+and less every year.' Let then ancient, true, everlasting Christianity
+be speedily adjusted to modern facts, lest it further lapse.</p>
+
+<p>Free thoughted, earnestly disposed toward the acquirement and
+dissemination of absolute spiritual truth, as was not unnatural, I
+thoroughly investigated the 'Supernaturalism' of the day. I soon
+assented to the general proposition that sociability with the invisibles
+is practicable, if not profitable; but ever held at a cheap rate the
+philosophies and religions, harmonious and other, which the full-blooded
+ghost-mongers so zealously promulgated. I still maintain that great good
+will result from these chaotic developments; for instance, that the
+impartial mind will find in them that scientific foundation for belief
+in much of the supernaturalism (to repeat the absurd expression) of the
+Bible, of which the age stands in such woful need. That this generation
+does experience such a lack is made sufficiently apparent in the 'Essays
+and Reviews.' On no other point are the noble freemen who therein and
+thereby grope after the 'readjustment,' so utterly deaf, dumb, halt, and
+blind, as they are in respect to Scripture miracles. In fact, these
+writers cast the most wondrous of the <i>act&aelig; sanctorum</i> to the winds.
+Methinks the more thoughtful and earnest men of Christendom must, then,
+assent to the proposition that we have pressing need of a new flood of
+such practical phenomena as sturdy old Baxter gave to the Sadducees of
+his day, in his 'Certainty of the World of Spirits.' Whether these
+strange doings gradually cease, or take on new and more striking
+aspects, I doubt not they will help to give a healthy vigor to our
+emaciated faith in the existence of an unseen and spiritual world. Let
+us not, then, ut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>terly scorn the strange rabble who have rushed headlong
+after this curiousest curiosity of modern times&mdash;except the
+rebellion&mdash;even though they may remind us of 'the Queen's ragged
+regiment of literature.' It should be taken for granted that so
+startling a novelty would attract the floating scum of society, whether
+the solid folk heeded or derided it.</p>
+
+<p>Though the following narrative may bring upon me an infinite derision, I
+have long felt that it should be published, on account of the light it
+throws upon some of the most mysterious facts of existence. Others may
+have had similar experiences; but, if so, pride keeps them from
+confessing how utterly they have been hoodwinked and enslaved by those
+invisible loafers who form so large a portion of the newcomers and who
+are permitted&mdash;not to put on too fine a point&mdash;to do the dirty work of
+cleansing the modern mind of its gross Augean Sadduceeism. The only
+theory promotive of self-complacency that I could ever concoct, as to
+why I was put through such an ordeal, is, that I was suffered for my own
+and the general benefit to see the dangers of necromancy, and especially
+the awful psychodynamical methods used by spirits to obsess and
+gradually craze human brains. I, at least, received a scare that made me
+careful, ever after, how I called spirits from the vasty deep, or
+elsewhere. After passing perils manifold, both carnal and
+spiritual&mdash;having gone, torrent-borne, through the yawning chasms
+represented in Cole's 'Voyage of Life' pictures, I come into calmer
+seas, the lines fall in pleasant places; and now I sit me down, in
+life's high noon&mdash;having lighted on a certain place where was a den (a
+pleasanter than Bunyan's)&mdash;to write the strange things that befell me in
+the seeming long ago&mdash;the dew and freshness of my youth. And though I be
+reckoned of many a dreamer of dreams, he shall not, I think, go
+unprofited, who can rightly 'read my rede.'</p>
+
+<p>To come, then, to the details. I had been for several months, whether
+wisely or unwisely doth not appear, a link in one of those human chain
+rings supposed to be as peculiarly receptive of extra and super and
+ultra mundane facts as a legislative 'ring' is of the loose change of
+the lobby; and had sought in vain for personal contact with the world to
+come, when one afternoon a streak of the 'od' lightning suddenly ran
+down my right arm, as I sat in my private apartment, and behold I was a
+'writing mejum.' The usual 'proofs' of relationship were given. Not
+being very credulous, however, I did not, at first, acknowledge them as
+such. But as my time was at my own disposal just then, I gave myself up
+to the influence for several days. The consequence was, that I became so
+thoroughly mesmerized, or 'biologized,' that I ceased to be complete
+master of my own faculties, and was <i>forced</i> to give a half assent to
+all the absurdities that were communicated. Be it understood, then, that
+these experiences are given as those of a person whose will, whose very
+soul and <i>proprium</i> had been temporarily subjugated by some other will
+or wills; and whose natural powers of discrimination were as much
+distraught as are those of the subjects of the itinerant biologist; who
+are made to believe, most firmly, that cayenne pepper is sugar, that
+water is fire, that a cane is a snake. As for the readers of this
+periodical who still insist that even animal and spiritual magnetism are
+humbugs, I can only say, with the author of the 'Night Side of Nature,'
+'How closely their clay must be wrapped about them!' For one, I have
+generally avoided any witnessing of marvels of this class&mdash;priding
+myself in believing in their occurrence because of the pure <i>&agrave; priori</i>
+reasonableness of the thing.</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that in this, as in most other alleged intercourses
+with the invisible world, there is persistent, continuous attempt to
+excite <i>the vanity</i> of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> the mortal who is venturing the dangerous
+experiment. If the secret history of all the modern mediums were
+revealed&mdash;no matter what their natural disposition to vanity&mdash;it would
+be found that the vast majority of them had been incessantly flattered
+by their spiritual familiars, and each informed that he or she was the
+very individual of whom a forlorn, misguided world had been all this
+while in anxious expectation! This appears to have been the history of
+necromancy from the beginning. Flattery has ever been the chief stock in
+trade of those beings who are so properly called 'seducing spirits.'
+'Tis ever with glozing words that these children of the wilderness gain
+the ear and the affections, and entrance through the heart-gates kept by
+Parley the Porter. Let me not be supposed to include in this class all
+the spirits who have been of late years so busy among us mortal and
+immortal Yankees. I consider that the old expression 'white, black, and
+gray' fully describes the denizens of the 'interior.' In fact, all seers
+insist that human creatures, in and out of the body, appear to them
+white or variously shaded toward black, according to their moral status.
+It is probable that the reason why the black and gray varieties have
+been so almost exclusively heard from, of late, is to be found in the
+fact, that it is contrary to the laws of God and nature for us to <i>seek</i>
+society beyond the terrestrial plane; and that our only proper course,
+in this regard, is to avoid the supernatural, as a general thing; and
+when it is apparently thrust upon us, to have only so much to do with it
+as is quite inevitable. When the authorities of heaven have anything to
+say to a mortal, they will <i>force</i> him to listen, if necessary&mdash;even if
+they have to throw him, like Paul, from his horse.</p>
+
+<p>Well, I had embarked, like Virgil, or Dante, on my perilous tour through
+Hades. There was, at once, a crowding about my pathway (only a bridle
+path) of ostensible, estimable deceased relatives, who, after imparting
+a variety of priceless information, started off in the usual style,
+magnifying mine office. According as their influence over my rational
+faculties became more complete, the proportions of their Munchausenisms
+increased. Unfortunately for the duration of the fantasy, their jumble
+of Scripture prophecies concerning me&mdash;which was then made to appear
+nearly coherent&mdash;was so plainly writ, that as soon as the blockade of my
+faculties was raised, the illusion, never more than half complete, was
+dispelled. My 'great mission' was not fully developed at the first
+session; but when I had become perfectly clairaudient (I never became
+clairvoyant), and could dispense with the pencil, a queer mixture of
+metempsychosis and Parseeism was poured into my ear. It ran somewhat as
+follows: The two beings first created were, a Lucifer predominant in
+love, and a Lucifer predominant in intellect; whom we may call the Love
+Lucifer and the Intellectual Lucifer. The latter was the individual who
+fell, who played the copperhead in Eden, and has been kicking up such a
+bobbery ever since. The story ran, that these two persons&mdash;the original
+Ahriman and Ormozd&mdash;have been tilting against each other all through
+earth's career&mdash;appearing in the forms of the principal good and bad
+men. Thus their quarrels gave the outline and the skeleton to the whole
+story of Adam's race. According to this new 'philosophy of history,'
+these spirits of light and darkness have been, from the beginning,
+striving for the mastery; on the one hand, in the persons of the most
+eminent saints, from Abraham to Augustine, and others not yet canonized;
+on the other hand, in the persons of the world conquerors noted for
+heartless intellectuality, from Nimrod to Napoleon (shall we add Jeff.
+Davis?). Well, I, great I, was to enjoy the distinguished honor of
+finishing the list of Love Lucifers; and, after winding up the small
+affairs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> of earth, was to lock up the other big dog&mdash;after he had
+appeared in his last great role&mdash;and then inaugurate the millennium&mdash;a
+new latter-day Jacob's ladder having been established in the centre of
+Africa to forward the work.</p>
+
+<p>It soon appeared that there was a star, a <i>prima donna</i>, in this company
+who&mdash;after adding a few loose planks to life's little stage&mdash;were
+striving to still personate mortals and put off immortality. A deceased
+damsel, of whom I had heard as 'a morning star among the living,'
+appeared now, as 'a Hesper among the dead;' and was imposingly
+introduced to me, by a <i>quasi</i> near 'relative,' as being only too happy
+to learn that she was one half of the eternal unit of which I was the
+complement. I began to be as lordly and self-satisfied as the bewildered
+sot in the 'Taming of the Shrew.' After exhausting my small stock of
+writing paper, I concluded to allow my new friends to spend their
+loquacity on some old college note books, the handiwork of a
+relative&mdash;every other page being blank. The venerable professors of
+Columbia College would have had their dignity and propriety quite
+frightened out of them, had they seen what weird statements were
+presently sandwiched in with their dry disquisitions on science and
+philosophy. Whenever an especially startling announcement was made, a
+furious gust of the 'od' would run down my arm; and each word would be
+made to cover half a page. We went into the new business regardless of
+expense.</p>
+
+<p>My invisible charmer, who had&mdash;it must be said, not very
+prudishly&mdash;proposed for my hand, no sooner got possession of it, than
+'she' began to protest that when she learned what a splendid fate was in
+store for her, as <i>tender</i> to my royal highness, she could only weep for
+joy for several days. Presently she sent out through my captive digits
+the following:</p>
+
+<p>'We have, indeed, a long journey to travel together, most loving
+partner; and how my innermost soul exults, in view of that unending
+oneness, of soul and spirit, which is to be our portion! .... Ah me, why
+was I chosen to join my eternal being with yours? when innumerable
+seraphs would salute you 'husband' with enthusiastic joy and
+gratitude!....'</p>
+
+<p>Here is one plain fact, whatever else may be doubted. After conversing
+for two days with this extraordinary visitor, I became most desperately
+in love with her, or him, or it&mdash;as you please. Though past my majority,
+my placid nature had never before been thoroughly aroused in this
+direction. Now, by reason of the tact and knowledge of my nature,
+possessed by the invisible party, and still more because of my state of
+mesmeric subjection, I was sighing like a furnace or a Romeo. Not
+Ulysses, Circe tempted&mdash;not Sintram seeking his Undine&mdash;not the hapless
+sailor wight pursuing the maiden of the <i>mer</i>, was more utterly enamored
+than was I. As a proof that I was no bad specimen of the 'gushing'
+persuasion, at this period, read the following expressive though
+sometimes commonplace retort. I do not profess to know, and do not much
+care, whether it was the utterance of an artful fiend, a misguided
+saint, or one of those 'sympathetic spirits' of whom Swedenborg makes
+frequent mention. According to his statement, these beings are in such a
+condition, that whenever they come in contact with a mortal, they chime
+in with and encourage the views and tendencies of their terrestrial
+acquaintance; and often, without meaning it, lead him into great
+errors&mdash;being themselves used as cats' paws by decidedly evil spirits.
+But here is the tender missive, which I transcribe from between two
+heavy pages of notes on the Aristotelian and Baconian philosophies:</p>
+
+<p>'I thought that I had experienced the joys of reciprocal affection; but
+never until now have begun to realize what an unbounded sea of bliss two
+kindred souls can bathe in. Ah! who could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> have convinced me that so
+much rapture could be crowded into a few moments, as was mine while you
+were pouring forth the inexhaustible treasures of your mind upon my
+entranced ear? Spare me the sudden transition from mere esteem to such
+huge, melodious irresistible outpouring of affection. It takes away my
+strength; while the expression of my warm feelings can never so affect
+your sturdy, much tried, trouble-scathed manhood.'</p>
+
+<p>You see that the flattery is never forgotten. But adulation is an
+instrument of the weak as well as of the deceitful. The utterer of this
+may have been innocent of fraud, and, like myself, mesmerized into
+following the will of a more powerful being. Again, the purpose of
+<i>this</i> being may have been a good one. Such, and so many, and so great,
+and varied, and strange, seem to be the possibilities and dangers of the
+inner life.</p>
+
+<p>A systematic series of attempts seems to have been made&mdash;by some person
+or persons to the deponent most emphatically unknown&mdash;to get my cool,
+phlegmatic nervous system and brain excited. The two principal means
+made use of to complete the obsession were, that just mentioned, and the
+announcement of a succession of 'big things,' as about to occur&mdash;the
+biggest kind of things&mdash;those the expectation of which was best
+calculated to set my brain in a whirl. It will be seen, in the sequel,
+that, failing to thoroughly accomplish their purpose by such means, my
+spirit friends or fiends, as the case may be, undertook the bug-a-boo,
+frightening process; which was apparently working successfully, when
+their operations, in that style, were suddenly brought to a final close,
+by some means which must ever, I suppose, remain unknown to me. The
+startling events stated as imminent were generally made dependent upon
+the clairvoyant opening that had been promised me.</p>
+
+<p>The first beatific vision that was to greet my gaze would be, of course,
+that one which I was to behold most frequently throughout the &aelig;ons
+without end&mdash;even the face of that radiant being who had gone before, to
+await me in the angelhood; where, beaming seraphic upon me forever, it
+was to be to me the embodiment of all ideals of loveliness, grace,
+refinement, love. In its every lineament I was to read and decipher an
+endless series of ever fresh and most celestial arcana&mdash;was continually
+to find new proof of love and wisdom, and of the divine ability to adapt
+human to human. Since the love of the mate is next to the love of the
+Maker, it is no profanity to say that,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'When I'd been there ten thousand years,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bright, happy as the sun,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I'd have no less days to sing its praise</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Than when I first begun.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Instead of through a fast-waning honeymoon of love, that face was to
+entrance me while the sun of heaven stood in the zenith of heaven&mdash;and
+we read that there is <i>no</i> night there, forevermore. Was not this
+promised sight a sufficient cause for excitement? What prospect&mdash;save
+that of a vision of Deity&mdash;could be better adapted to arouse the
+loftiest and most exquisite emotions? What better fitted to gather into
+one all long-cherished feelings of admiration and reverence for the
+noble of the other sex&mdash;to aggregate and revive all those chivalrous,
+gallant, elevating, purifying, tender thoughts which we have ever had,
+with regard to them, in our highest moments?</p>
+
+<p>Some reader may say: 'Why will you thus attempt to dignify ideas that
+you acknowledge were excited in a confused brain, by apparently
+mischievous or irresponsible spirits?' I answer, that even if the
+immediate exciting cause of this current of ideas was some ill-designing
+being, the ideas themselves were not, necessarily, either evil or
+undignified; and that only such portion of the brain was addled as would
+be likely to rebel against the obsession.</p>
+
+<p>Waiting the appointed hour, I sat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> imagining the scene. I saw <i>myself</i>
+suddenly rising ('sudden Ianthe rose') from the prone body and all
+circumjacent grossness&mdash;rising, through clouds and darkness, to some
+delightsome plane of the inner world. A dozen yards in front of me,
+beside a graceful tree, would stand 'the only.' We would gaze at each
+other, with intense scrutiny, for some moments. Each would think, 'There
+is plenty of time; it is to last forever.' We would even look about us,
+still saying nothing. Being eternally modelled, fitted, fore-ordained,
+and predestined for each other, love arrows would, of course, have
+pierced our centres of palpitation at the first mutual glance. Still,
+though quivering with emotion, neither would be disposed to lessen the
+distance. Methought we would even seat ourselves on the mossy banks&mdash;the
+dozen yards still intervening&mdash;and, each leaning back against a tree,
+would 'face the enemy'&mdash;the eternal joy-sharer, sorrow-sharer, worship,
+wisdom, love, pity, wonder, use, sport, hope-sharer; while,
+occasionally, a premonitory, prophetic pang of rapture out of the coming
+eternities of bliss would thrill through us. I had even a fancy that
+there would be no interchange of words, no lessening of the coy distance
+of space and manner, during this first interview. 'It is to last so
+long! so long!' Again, I fancied that we might sit there only weeping,
+as we looked and <i>loved</i>. 'So long! so long!' Tender, dewy eyes
+wandering naively, innocently, over each feature of face and
+form&mdash;inquiry, wonder, joy in them&mdash;pleased surprise, that such and such
+points of the vision should be as they are. Indefinite longings becoming
+definite, as all things longed for appear embodied, as faith is lost in
+sight. Again, I imagined laconic speech might ensue&mdash;like the
+single-line dialogue of Greek tragedies. But here the wings of
+imagination drooped, and I could only see the separation. She would
+glide toward me. Her warm finger-tips would touch my palm, her tender
+azure eyes would beam once fully and closely upon me. One moment I would
+see the inner heaven opened; and the next&mdash;the familiar furniture of my
+room would be before me. Thus I imagined. The curious may learn what
+actually befell, on a future occasion.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AMERICAN_FINANCES_AND_RESOURCES2" id="AMERICAN_FINANCES_AND_RESOURCES2"></a>AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.</h2>
+
+<h3><a name="AMERICANIV" id="AMERICANIV"></a>LETTER NO. IV. OF HON. ROBERT J. WALKER.</h3>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">London</span>, 10 Half Moon Street, Piccadilly,<br />
+<i>January 1st, 1864.</i></p>
+
+<p>In my third and last letter on American Finances and Resources, the
+effect of the substitution of free for slave labor in the United States
+by the abolition of slavery was discussed. In that letter it was shown
+by the official American Census of 1860, that the product that year,
+<i>per capita</i>, of Massachusetts was $235; <i>per capita</i>, Maryland $96; and
+of South Carolina $56. Massachusetts had no slaves; Maryland, 87,189;
+and South Carolina, 402,406. Thus we see the annual value of the
+products of labor decreased in proportion to the number of slaves. In
+further proof of the position assumed in that letter, that the progress
+of wealth, of population, and education in the United States, was most
+injuriously affected by slavery, I now present other official facts from
+our Census of 1860. My first comparison will be that of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> Free State
+of New York with slaveholding Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>By the Census, the population of Virginia in 1790 was 748,308, and in
+1860, 1,596,318, making the ratio of increase 113.32 per cent. In 1790
+New York numbered 340,120, and in 1860, 3,880,735, the ratio of increase
+being 1,040.99. (Table 1, Prelim. Census Rep., p. 132.) Thus, the rate
+of increase in New York exceeded that of Virginia more than nine to one.</p>
+
+<p>In 1790, the population of Virginia was largely more than double that of
+New York. In 1860, the population of New York was very largely more than
+double that of Virginia. In 1790, Virginia, in population, ranked first
+of all the States, and New York the fifth. In 1860, they had reversed
+their positions, and New York was the first, and Virginia the fifth.
+(Rep. p. 120.) At the same rate of progress, from 1860 to 1900, as from
+1790 to 1860, Virginia, retaining slavery, would have sunk from the
+first to the twenty-first State, and would still continue, at each
+succeeding decade, descending the inclined plane toward the lowest
+position of all the States. Such has been, and still continues to be,
+the effect of slavery, in dragging down that once great State from the
+first toward the last in rank in the Union. But if, as in the absence of
+slavery must have been the case, Virginia had increased from 1790 to
+1860 in the same ratio as New York, her population in 1860 would have
+been 7,789,141, and she must always have remained the first in rank of
+all the States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Area</span>.&mdash;The natural advantages of Virginia far exceed those of
+New York. The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and that of New
+York 47,000. The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was
+12.19, and in 1860, 26.02. That of New York, in 1790, was 7.83, and in
+1860, 84.36. Now, if New York, with her present numbers per square mile,
+had the area of Virginia, her population, in 1860, would have been
+5,175,654, and that of Virginia, reduced to the area of New York, on the
+basis of her present numbers per square mile, would have been 1,320,000.
+This illustrates the immense effect of area, as one of the great
+elements influencing the progress of population. But wonderful as are
+these results, the great fact is omitted in this calculation, that
+Virginia, in 1790, had largely more than double the population of New
+York. Thus, if we reverse the numbers of New York and Virginia in 1790,
+and take the actual ratio of increase of each for the succeeding seventy
+years, the population of Virginia, in 1860, would have been 728,875, and
+that of New York, as we have seen, would have been 7,789,141, making the
+difference exceed seven millions, or very largely more than ten to one.
+Reverse the areas also, and the difference would exceed eight millions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shore Line</span>.&mdash;As furnishing cheap and easy access for imports
+and exports, creating marts for commerce with great cities, and
+affecting the interior most beneficially, the shore line, with adequate
+harbors, constitutes a vast element in the progress of states and
+empires. Now, by the last tables of the United States Coast Survey, the
+shore line of Virginia was 1,571 miles, and of New York 725 miles. The
+five great parallel tide-water rivers of Virginia, the Potomac, the
+Rappahannock, the York River, James River, and Roanoke (partly in North
+Carolina), with their tributaries, furnish easy access for hundreds of
+miles into the interior, with both shores of the noble Chesapeake Bay
+for many miles, as well as its magnificent outlet and the main ocean for
+a considerable distance, all within the limits of Virginia. We have seen
+that the coast line of Virginia is largely more than double that of New
+York, and the harbors of Virginia are more numerous, deeper, and much
+nearer the great valley of the Ohio and Mississippi. By the Coast Survey
+tables, the mean low water in the harbor of New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> York, by Gedney's
+Channel, is 20 feet, and at high-water spring tides is 24.2; north
+channel, 24, mean low water, and 29.1 spring tides, high water; south
+channel, 22, and 27.1; main ship channel, after passing S. W. spit buoy,
+on N. E. course, one mile up the bay, for New York, 22.5-27.06. By the
+same tables, from capes at entrance of Chesapeake Bay to Hampton, at
+mean low water, 30 feet; spring tides, high water, 32.8. Anchorage in
+Hampton Roads, 59-61.8. From Hampton Roads to Sewell's Point, 25-27.8.
+South of Sewell's Point (one mile and a half), 21-23.8; up to Norfolk,
+23-25.8. From Hampton Roads to James River, entering to the northward of
+Newport News, middle ground, 22-24.8. From Hampton Roads to James River,
+entering to the southward of Newport News, middle ground, 27-29.8. From
+abreast the tail of York Spit, up to Yorktown, 33-35.8. Elizabeth River,
+between Norfolk and navy yard, 25.5-28.3.</p>
+
+<p>When we leave the tide-water rivers for the interior navigable streams,
+Virginia has a vast advantage. New York has no such rivers above tide,
+but Virginia has the Ohio for hundreds of miles, with its tributaries,
+the Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy. It is true, New York has several
+of the great lakes, and the vast advantage of connection with them
+through her great canal. But, in the absence of slavery, the canal
+projected by Washington (preceding that of New York) would have
+connected, through Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay with the Ohio River. The
+James River, flowing into the Chesapeake, cuts the Blue Mountains, and
+the Kanawha, a confluent of the Ohio, cuts the Alleghany; thus opening
+an easy and practicable route for a great canal from the eastern to the
+western waters. The valley of the lakes, with which New York is
+connected by her canal, has an area of 335,515 square miles. The valley
+of the Mississippi, with which the Chesapeake would long since, in the
+absence of slavery, have been connected by the Virginia canal, has an
+area of 1,226,600 square miles. The shore line of the Mississippi and
+its tributaries, above tide water, is 35,644 miles. (Page 35, Compend.
+Census of 1850.) Our shore line of the lakes is 3,620 miles, including
+bays, sounds, and islands; and that of the British, 2,629. (Ib. 35.) The
+connection of the lakes with the Ohio and Mississippi would be the same
+for both States, the one being from the lakes to these rivers, and the
+other from the rivers to the lakes. The location of Virginia is more
+central than that of New York, and Virginia runs farther west by several
+hundred miles. We are so accustomed to look at the connection of New
+York with the West by her canal, and Virginia with no such union, that
+it is difficult to realize the great change if Virginia had been
+connected by her progressing work with the Ohio and Mississippi, and
+thence, by the present canals, with the lakes.</p>
+
+<p>It is apparent, then, that, as regards easy access to the West, the
+natural advantages of Virginia surpass New York, and with greater
+facilities for artificial works. How many decades would be required,
+after emancipation, to bring the superior natural advantages of Virginia
+into practical operation, is not the question; nor do I believe that the
+city of New York will ever cease to be the centre of our own trade, and
+ultimately of the commerce of the world. But although Virginia, in
+adhering to slavery, has lost her supremacy in the Union, it is quite
+certain that, as a Free State, she would commence a new career of
+wonderful prosperity, that capital and population from the North and
+from Europe would flow there with a mighty current, her lands be doubled
+in value, and her town and city property far more than quadrupled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mines</span>.&mdash;Virginia has vast mines of coal, the great element of
+modern progress. New York has none. It is coal that has made Great
+Britain a mighty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> empire, giving her power, by land and sea, equal to
+the manual force of all mankind. It is stated by the Commissioner of the
+General Land Office, in his report before referred to, of November,
+1860, 'that an acre of coal, three feet thick, is equal to the product
+of 1,940 acres of forest trees; and each acre of a coal seam four feet
+in thickness, and yielding one yard of pure coal, is equivalent to 5,000
+tons, and possesses, therefore, a reserve of mechanical strength in its
+fuel, equal to the life labor of more than 1,600 men.'</p>
+
+<p>This statement of the Commissioner is made on the highest authority, and
+proves the vast natural advantages of Virginia over New York. Virginia,
+also, has far more abundant mines of iron, more widely diffused over the
+State, reaching from tide water to the Ohio. She has also these iron
+mines in juxtaposition with coal and all the fluxes. Virginia, also, has
+valuable mines of gold, lead, and copper. New York has no gold or copper
+mines, and produced in 1860 but $800 worth of lead. (Table 14.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hydraulic Power</span>.&mdash;Omitting Niagara, which thus far scorns the
+control of man, the hydraulic power of Virginia very far exceeds that of
+New York. It is to be found on the Potomac and its tributaries, and upon
+nearly every stream that flows into the Chesapeake or Ohio. The superior
+mildness of the climate of Virginia makes this power available there for
+a much greater portion of the year. The great falls of the Potomac,
+where Washington constructed the largest locks of the continent, has a
+water power unsurpassed, and is but twelve miles from tide water, at
+Washington. This point is a most healthy and beautiful location,
+surrounded by lands whose natural fertility was very great, and, in the
+absence of slavery, must have been a vast manufacturing city. This water
+power could move more spindles than are now worked on all this
+continent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Agriculture and Manufactures</span>.&mdash;The natural fertility of the
+soil of Virginia far exceeded that of New York, with a more genial sun,
+and much more favorable seasons for agricultural products, as well as
+for stock. The number of acres of land in Virginia susceptible of
+profitable culture, is nearly double that of New York, but much of it
+has been impoverished by slave labor, scratching and exhausting the
+soil, without manure or rotation of crops. The Census shows that
+Virginia has all the products of New York, and cotton in addition.
+Virginia produced, in 1860, 12,727 bales of cotton (Table 36), worth, at
+present prices, nearly $3,000,000. She also adjoins the States of North
+Carolina and Tennessee, producing, in 1850, 372,964 bales, worth, at
+present prices, nearly $90,000,000. Virginia is also much nearer than
+New York to all the other cotton States. With these vast advantages,
+with her larger area, more fertile soil, cheaper subsistence, her coal
+and iron and great hydraulic power, with so much cotton raised by
+herself and in adjacent States, Virginia should have manufactured much
+more cotton than New York. But, by the Census (Table 22), the value of
+the cotton manufacture of Virginia in 1850 was $1,446,109, and in 1860,
+$1,063,611&mdash;a decrease of one third. In New York, the value of the
+cotton manufacture in 1850 was $5,019,323, and in 1860, $7,471,961, an
+increase of over 48 per cent. So, if we look at the tables of mines,
+manufactures, and the fisheries, with the vastly superior advantages of
+Virginia, the whole product in 1860 was of the value of $51,300,000, and
+of agriculture $68,700,000; while in New York these values were
+respectively $379,633,560 and $226,376,440. (Tables of Census, 33 and
+36.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Climate and Mortality</span>.&mdash;By Table 6, page 22, of the Census,
+there were for the year ending June 1st, 1860, 46,881 deaths in New
+York, being 1 in every 82 of the population, and 1.22 per cent. The
+number of deaths in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> Virginia, in the same year, was 22,472, being 1 in
+every 70 of the population, or 1.43 per cent. There was, then, a slight
+difference in favor of New York. But Virginia is divided into four
+geographical sections; the tide-water, the Piedmont (running from the
+tide-water region to the Blue Mountains), the valley between these
+mountains and the Alleghanies, and the trans-Alleghany to the Ohio.
+These three last sections, containing three fourths of the area and
+white population of the State, surpass New York in salubrity, with the
+most bracing and delightful climate. The climate of Virginia is far more
+favorable for stock and agricultural products than New York, with longer
+and better seasons, and is more salubrious than the climate of Europe.
+(Comp. 1850.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Progress of Wealth</span>.&mdash;We have seen how great was the advance in
+population of New York over Virginia, from 1790 to 1860, being in the
+ratio of more than 9 to 1. Now let us compare the relative progress of
+wealth. It is contended by the advocates of slavery, that it accumulates
+wealth more rapidly, and thus enriches the nation, although it may
+depress its moral and intellectual development, its increase of numbers
+and of power, and tarnish its reputation throughout the world. As
+population and its labor create wealth, it must be retarded by a system
+which, as we have seen in this case, diminishes the relative advance of
+numbers in the ratio of more than 9 to 1. But the Census proves that
+slavery greatly retards the increase of wealth. By Tables 33 and 36 of
+the Census of 1860, it appears, omitting commerce, that the products of
+industry, as given, viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and
+fisheries, were that year in New York $606,000,000, or $156 <i>per
+capita</i>; and in Virginia $120,000,000, or $75 <i>per capita</i>. This shows a
+total value of product in New York more than five times greater than in
+Virginia, and <i>per capita</i> more than 2 to 1. If we include the earnings
+of commerce, and all business not given in the Census, I think it will
+be shown hereafter, that the value of the products and earnings of New
+York, in 1860, exceeded those of Virginia at least 7 to 1. As to the
+rate of increase, the value of the products of agriculture,
+manufactures, mines, and fisheries, of Virginia, in 1850, was
+$84,180,428 (Table 9), and in New York $358,736,603, showing an increase
+in Virginia from 1850 to 1860 of $35,519,572, being 41 per cent., and in
+New York $249,263,397, being 70 per cent., exhibiting a difference of 29
+per cent. Now the increase of population in Virginia from 1850 to 1860
+was 12.29 per cent., and in New York 25.29 per cent., the difference
+being only 13 per cent. (Table 1, p. 131.) Thus, it appears, the
+increase of wealth in New York, exclusive of the gains of commerce, as
+compared with Virginia, was more than double the ratio of the
+augmentation of population. By the Census Table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195,
+'The true value of the real and personal property, according to the
+eighth Census was, New York, $1,843,338,517, and of Virginia,
+$793,249,681.' Now we have seen the value of the products of New York in
+1860 by the Census was $606,000,000, and in Virginia $120,000,000. Thus,
+as a question of the annual yield of capital, that of New York was 34
+per cent., and Virginia 15 per cent.; the annual product of capital
+being more than double in New York what it was in Virginia. The problem
+then is solved in Virginia, as it was in Maryland and South Carolina,
+and all the South compared with all the North, that slavery retards the
+progress of wealth and accumulation of capital in the ratio of 2 to 1.
+Our war taxes may be very great, but the tax of slavery is far greater,
+and the relief from it, in a few years, will add much more to the
+national wealth than the whole deduction made by the war debt. Our total
+wealth, by the Census of 1860, being, by Table 35, $16,159,616,068, one
+per cent. taken annually to pay the interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> and gradually extinguish
+the war debt, would be $161,596,160; whereas, judging by Virginia and
+New York, the diminished increase of the annual product of capital, as
+the result of slavery, is 2.10 per cent., or $453,469,250 per annum,
+equal in a decade, without compounding the annual results, to
+$4,534,692,500.</p>
+
+<p>That our population would have reached in 1860 nearly 40,000,000, and
+our wealth have been more than doubled, if slavery had been extinguished
+in 1790, is one of the revelations made by the Census; while in science,
+in education, and national power, the advance would have been still more
+rapid, and the moral force of our example and success would have
+controlled for the benefit of mankind the institutions of the world.</p>
+
+<p>By Table 36, page 196, of the Census of 1860, the <i>cash</i> value of the
+farms of Virginia was $371,096,211, being $11.91 per acre, and of New
+York $803,343,593, being $38.26 per acre. Now, by the Table, the number
+of acres embraced in these farms of New York was 20,992,950, and in
+Virginia 31,014,950, the difference of value per acre being $25.36, or
+much more than 3 to 1 in favor of New York. Now, if we multiply this
+number of acres of farm lands of Virginia by the New York value, it
+would make the total value of the farm lands of Virginia,
+$1,186,942,136, and the <i>additional</i> value caused by emancipation
+$815,845,925. But, stupendous as is this result in regard to lands, it
+is far below the reality. We have seen that the farm lands of Virginia,
+improved and unimproved, constituted 31,014,950 acres. By the Census and
+the Land Office Tables, the area of Virginia is 39,265,280 acres. Deduct
+the farm lands, and there remain unoccupied 8,250,330 acres. Now,
+Virginia's population to the square mile being 26.02, and that of New
+York 84.36, with an equal density in Virginia, more than two thirds of
+these Virginia lands, as in New York, must have been occupied as farms.
+This would have been equivalent, at two thirds, to 5,500,000 acres,
+which, at their present average value of $2 per acre, would be worth
+$11,000,000; but, at the value per acre of the New York lands, these
+5,500,000 acres would be worth $206,430,000. Deduct from this their
+present value, $11,000,000, and the remainder, $195,430,000, is the sum
+by which the unoccupied lands of Virginia, converted into farms, would
+have been increased in value by emancipation. Add this to the enhanced
+value of their present farms, $815,845,925, and the result would be
+$1,011,275,925, as the gain of Virginia in the value of lands by
+emancipation. To these we should add, from the same cause, the
+enhancement of the town and city property in Virginia to the extent of
+several hundred millions of dollars. In order to realize the truth, we
+must behold Virginia as she would have been, with New York railroads and
+canals, farms, manufactures, commerce, towns, and cities. Then we must
+consider the superior natural advantages of Virginia, her far greater
+area, her richer soil, her more genial sun, her greater variety of
+products, her mines of coal, iron, gold, copper, and lead, her
+petroleum, her superior hydraulic power, her much larger coast line,
+with more numerous and deeper harbors&mdash;and reflect what Virginia would
+have been in the absence of slavery. Her early statesmen, Washington,
+Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Mason, Tucker, and Marshall, all realized
+this great truth, and all desired to promote emancipation in Virginia.
+But their advice was disregarded by her present leaders&mdash;the new, false,
+and fatal dogmas of Calhoun were substituted; and, as a consequence,
+Virginia, from the first rank (<i>longo intervallo</i>) of all the States,
+has fallen to the fifth, and, with slavery continued, will descend still
+more rapidly in the future than in the past.</p>
+
+<p>By Census Table 36, p. 197, the value, in 1860, of the farm lands of all
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> Slave States, was $2,570,466,935, and the number of acres
+245,721,062, worth $10.46 per acre. In the Free States, the value of the
+farm lands was $4,067,947,286, and the number of acres 161,462,008,
+worth $25.19 per acre. Now if, as certainly in the absence of slavery
+would have been the case, the farm lands of the South had been worth as
+much per acre as those of the North, their total value would have been
+$6,189,713,551, and, deducting the present price, the <i>additional</i> cash
+value would have been $3,619,246,616.</p>
+
+<p>But if, to this, we add the <i>increased</i> value of the <i>unoccupied</i> lands
+of the South, by multiplying them by the difference between their value
+per acre and that of the <i>unoccupied</i> lands of the North, the result is
+$2,240,000,000, which, added to that of the farm lands, makes
+$5,859,246,616, as the augmented value of the lands of the South caused
+by emancipation.</p>
+
+<p>By Census Tables of 1860, 33 and 36, the total value of the products of
+agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries in the Free States was
+$4,150,000,000, and of the Slave States $1,140,000,000, making the
+products of the Free States in 1860 nearly 4 to 1 of the Slave States,
+and $217 <i>per capita</i> for the Free States, and for the Slave States $93
+<i>per capita</i>. This is exclusive of commerce, which would greatly
+increase the ratio in favor of the North, that of New York alone being
+nearly equal to that of all the Slave States. Now, multiplying the
+population of the Slave States by the value of the products <i>per capita</i>
+of the Free States, and the result is $2,653,631,032, making, by
+emancipation, the increased annual product of the Slave States
+$1,511,031,032, and in ten years, exclusive of the yearly accumulations,
+$15,110,310,320.</p>
+
+<p>By the Table 35, Census of 1860, the total value of all the property,
+real and personal, of the Free States, was $10,852,081,681, and of the
+Slave States, $5,225,307,034. Now, the product, in 1860, of the Free
+States, being $4,150,000,000, the annual yield on the capital was 39 per
+cent.; and, the product of the Slave States being $1,140,000,000, the
+yield on the capital was 22 per cent. This was the gross product in both
+cases. I have worked out these amazing results from the Census Tables,
+to illustrate the fact, that the same law, by which slavery retarded the
+progress of wealth in Virginia, as compared with New York, and of
+Maryland and South Carolina, as compared with Massachusetts, rules the
+relative advance in wealth of all the Slave States, as compared with
+that of all the Free States. I have stated that the statistics of
+commerce, omitted in these tables, would vastly increase the difference
+in favor of the Free States as compared with the Slave States, and of
+New York as contrasted with Virginia. I shall now resume the latter
+inquiry, so as to complete the comparison between New York and Virginia.
+By commerce is embraced, in this examination, all earnings not included
+under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, or fisheries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Railroads</span>.&mdash;The number of miles of railroads in operation in
+New York, in 1860, including city roads, was 2,842 miles,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> costing
+$138,395,055; and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807. (Census
+Table of 1860, No. 38, pp. 230 and 233.) Now, by the same Census Report,
+p. 105, the value of the freights of the New York roads for 1860 was as
+follows: Product of the forest&mdash;tons carried, 373,424; value per ton,
+$20; total value, $7,468,480. Of animals&mdash;895,519 tons; value per ton,
+$200; total value, $179,103,800. Vegetable food&mdash;1,103,646 tons; value
+per ton, $50; total value, $55,182,000. Other agricultural
+products&mdash;143,219 tons; value per ton, $15; total value, $2,148,055.
+Manufactures&mdash;511,916 tons; value per ton, $500; total value,
+$391,905,500. Other articles&mdash;930,244 tons; value $10 per ton; total
+value, $9,302,440. Grand total, 4,741,773<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> tons carried; value per ton,
+$163. Total values, $773,089,275. Deducting one quarter for duplication,
+makes 3,556,330 tons carried on the New York roads in 1860; and the
+value, $579,681,790. The values of the freights on the Virginia roads,
+as estimated, is $60,000,000, giving an excess to those of New York of
+$519,681,790, on the value of railroad freights in 1860. The passenger
+account, not given, would largely increase the disparity in favor of New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canals</span>.&mdash;The number of miles of canals in New York is 1,038,
+and their cost $67,567,972. In Virginia, the number of miles is 178, and
+the cost $7,817,000. (Census Table 39, p. 238.) The estimated value of
+the freight on the New York canals is 19 times that of the freight on
+the Virginia canals. (Census.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tonnage</span>.&mdash;The tonnage of vessels built in New York in 1860 was
+31,936 tons, and in Virginia 4,372. (Census, p. 107.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Banks</span>.&mdash;The number of banks in New York in 1860 was 303;
+capital $111,441,320, loans $200,351,332, specie $20,921,545,
+circulation $29,959,506, deposits $101,070,273: and in Virginia the
+number was 65; capital $16,005,156, loans $24,975,792, specie
+$2,943,652; circulation $9,812,197, deposits $7,729,652. (Table 34, p.
+193, Census.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Insurance Companies</span>.&mdash;The risks taken in New York were
+$916,474,956, or nearly one third of those in the whole Union. Virginia,
+estimated at $100,000,000; difference in favor of New York $816,474,956.
+(Census, p. 79.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Exports and Imports, etc.</span>&mdash;Our exports abroad from New York for
+the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, were $145,555,449, and the
+foreign imports $248,489,877; total of both, $394,045,326. The
+clearances same year from New York were 4,574,285 tons, and the entries
+4,836,448 tons; total of both, 9,410,733 tons. In Virginia, the exports
+the same year were $5,858,024, and the imports $1,326,249; total of
+both, $7,184,273; clearances, 80,381 tons, entries, 97,762 tons; total
+of both, 178,143 tons. (Table 14, Register of United States Treasury.)
+Revenue collected from customs same year in New York, $37,788,969, and
+in Virginia $189,816, or 200 to 1 in favor of New York. (Tables U.S.
+Com. of Customs.) No returns are given for the coastwise and internal
+trade of either State, but the tables of the railway and canal
+transportation of States show nearly the same proportion in favor of New
+York as in the foreign trade. Thus the <i>domestic</i> exports from New York
+for the above year abroad were $126,060,967, and from Virginia
+$5,833,370. (Same Table, 14.) And yet Virginia, as we have seen, had
+much greater natural advantages than New York for commerce, as well as
+for mines, manufactures, and agriculture. But slavery has almost
+expelled commerce from Virginia, and nearly paralyzed all other
+pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>These Tables, taken from the Census and the Treasury records, prove
+incontestably, that slavery retards the progress of wealth and
+population throughout the South, but especially in Virginia. Nor can the
+Tariff account for the results; for Virginia, as we have seen, possesses
+far greater advantages than New York for manufactures. Besides, the
+commerce of New York far surpasses that of Virginia, and this is the
+branch of industry supposed to be affected most injuriously by high
+tariffs, and New York has generally voted against them with as much
+unanimity as Virginia. But there is a still more conclusive proof. The
+year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs, and yet, from
+1790 to 1820, as proved by the Census, the percentage of increase of New
+York over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to 1860. Thus, by Table 1
+of the Census, p. 124, the increase of population in Virginia was as
+follows:</p>
+<p><br /></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="increase of population in Virginia">
+<tr><td align='center'>From</td><td align='right'>1790</td><td align='center'>to</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='right'>17.63</td><td align='center'>per cent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1800</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='right'>10.73</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1810</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='right'>9.31</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1820</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='right'>13.71</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1830</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='right'>2.34</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1840</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>14.60</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1850</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>12.29</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><br /></p>
+<p>The increase of population in New York was:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="increase of population in New York">
+<tr><td align='center'>From</td><td align='right'>1790</td><td align='center'>to</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='right'>72.51</td><td align='center'>per cent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1800</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='right'>63.45</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1810</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='right'>43.14</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1820</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='right'>39.76</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1830</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='right'>26.60</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1840</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>27.52</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1850</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>25.29</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><br /></p>
+<p>In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318, in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of New York was 340,120, in
+1820, 1,372,111, and in 1860, 3,880,735. Thus, from 1790 to 1820, before
+the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase of the
+population of New York, as compared with Virginia, was very far greater
+than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the Tariff had no
+influence whatever in depressing the progress of Virginia as compared
+with New York.</p>
+
+<p>We have heretofore proved by the Census the same position as regards the
+relative progress of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the same principle
+applies as between all the Free, as compared with all the Slave States.
+In New York, we have seen that from 1790 to 1820, in the absence of high
+tariffs, and even before the completion of her great canal, her advance
+in population was much more rapid than from 1820 to 1860. Indeed, it is
+quite clear that, so far as the Tariff had any influence, it was far
+more unfavorable to New York than to Virginia, New York being a much
+greater agricultural as well as commercial State.</p>
+
+<p>Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Newspapers and Periodicals</span>.&mdash;The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in New York in 1860 was 542, of which 365 were political, 56
+religious, 63 literary, 58 miscellaneous; and the number of copies
+circulated in 1860 was 320,930,884. (Census Tables, Nos. 15, 37.) The
+number in Virginia was 139; of which 117 were political, 13 religious, 3
+literary, 6 miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860
+was 26,772,568. Thus, the annual circulation of the press in New York
+was twelve times as great as that of Virginia. As to periodicals: New
+York had 69 monthlies, of which 2 were political, 25 religious, 24
+literary, and 18 miscellaneous; 10 quarterlies, of which 5 were
+religious, and 5 literary; 6 annuals, of which 2 were political, 2
+religious, and 2 miscellaneous. Virginia had 5 monthlies, of which 1 was
+political, 2 religious, 1 literary, and 1 miscellaneous; and no
+quarterlies or annuals. The annual circulation of the New York monthlies
+was 2,045,000; that of Virginia was 43,900; or more than 43 to 1 in
+favor of New York.</p>
+
+<p>As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged
+and printed. The number of public schools in New York in 1850 was
+11,580, teachers 13,965, pupils 675,221; colleges, academies, etc.,
+pupils 52,001; attending school during the year, as returned by
+families, 693,329; native adults of the State who cannot read or write,
+23,341. Public libraries, 11,013; volumes, 1,760,820. Value of churches
+$21,539,561. (Comp. Census, 1850.)</p>
+
+<p>The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937, teachers
+3,005, pupils 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils 10,326;
+attending school during the year, as returned by families, 109,775;
+native white adults of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868.
+Public libraries, 54; volumes, 88,462. Value of churches, $2,902,220.
+(Compend. of Census of 1850.) By Table 155, same compend., the
+percentage of native free<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> population in Virginia over 20 years of age
+who cannot read or write is 19.90, and in New York 1.87, in North
+Carolina 30.34, in Maryland 11.10, in Massachusetts 0.32, or less than
+one third of one per cent. In New England, the percentage of native
+whites who cannot read or write is 0.42, or less than one half of one
+per cent.; and in the Southern States 20.30, or 50 to 1 in favor of New
+England. (Compend., Table 571.) But, if we take the whole adult
+population of Virginia, including whites, free blacks, and slaves, 42.05
+per cent., or nearly one half, cannot read or write; and in North
+Carolina, more than one half cannot read or write. We have seen, by the
+above official tables of the Census of 1850, that New York, compared
+with Virginia, had nearly ten times as many pupils at schools, colleges,
+and academies, twenty times as many books in libraries, and largely more
+than seven times the value of churches; while the ratio of native white
+adults who cannot read or write was more than 10 to 1 in Virginia,
+compared with New York. We have seen, also, that in North Carolina
+nearly one third of the native white adults, and in Virginia nearly one
+fifth, cannot read or write, and in New England 1 in every 400, in New
+York 1 in every 131, in the South and Southwest 1 in every 42 of the
+native white adults. (Comp. p. 153.)</p>
+
+<p>My next comparison will be that of two great new Western
+States&mdash;Illinois, a Free State, and Missouri, slaveholding.</p>
+
+<p>The comparison is just, for while Missouri has increased since 1810 in
+wealth and population, much more rapidly than any of the Slave States,
+there are several Free States whose relative advance has exceeded that
+of Illinois. The rapid growth of Missouri is owing to her immense area,
+her fertile soil, her mighty rivers (the Mississippi and Missouri), her
+central and commanding position, and to the fact that she has so small a
+number of slaves to the square mile, as well as to the free population.</p>
+
+<p>The population of Illinois, in 1810, was 12,282, and in 1860, 1,711,951;
+the ratio of increase from 1810 to 1860 being 13,838.70. (Table 1, Cens.
+1860.) The population of Missouri in 1810, was 20,845, and in 1860,
+1,182,012; the ratio of increase from 1810 to 1860 being 5,570.48. (Ib.)
+The rank of Missouri in 1810 was 22, and of Illinois 23. The rank of
+Missouri in 1860 was 8, and of Illinois, 4.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Area</span>.&mdash;The area of Missouri is 67,380 square miles, being the
+4th in rank, as to area, of all the States. The area of Illinois is
+55,405 square miles, ranking the 10th. Missouri, then, has 11,875 more
+square miles than Illinois. This excess is greater by 749 square miles
+than the aggregate area of Massachusetts, Delaware, and Rhode Island,
+containing in 1860 a population of 1,517,902. The population of Missouri
+per square mile in 1810 exceeded that of Illinois .08; but, in 1860, the
+population of Missouri per square mile was 17.54, ranking the 22d, and
+that of Illinois, 30.90, ranking the 13th. Illinois, with her ratio to
+the square mile and the area of Missouri, would have had in 1860 a
+population of 2,082,042; and Missouri, with her ratio and the area of
+Illinois, would have had in 1860 a population of 971,803, making a
+difference in favor of Illinois of 1,110,239 instead of 529,939. The
+absolute increase of population of Illinois per square mile from 1850 to
+1860 was 15.54, and of Missouri 7.43, Illinois ranking the 6th in this
+ratio and Missouri the 14th. These facts prove the vast advantages which
+Missouri possessed in her larger area as compared with Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>But Missouri in 1810, we have seen, had nearly double the population of
+Illinois. Now, reversing their numbers in 1810, the ratio of increase of
+each remaining the same, the population of Illinois in 1860 would have
+been 2,905,014, and of Missouri, 696,983. If we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> bring the greater area
+of Missouri as an element into this calculation, the population of
+Illinois in 1860 would have exceeded that of Missouri more than two
+millions and a half.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mines</span>.&mdash;By Census Tables, 9, 10, 13, and 14, Missouri produced,
+in 1860, pig iron of the value of $575,000; Illinois, none. Bar and
+rolled iron&mdash;Missouri, $535,000; Illinois, none. Lead&mdash;Missouri,
+$356,660; Illinois, $72,953. Coal&mdash;Missouri, $8,200; Illinois, $964,187.
+Copper&mdash;Missouri, $6,000; Illinois, none. As to mines, then, Missouri
+has a decided advantage over Illinois. Indeed, the iron mountains of
+Missouri are unsurpassed in the world. That Illinois approaches so near
+to Missouri in mineral products, is owing to her railroads and canals,
+and not to equal natural advantages. The number of miles of railroad in
+operation in 1860 was, 2,868 in Illinois, and 817 in Missouri; of
+canals, Illinois, 102 miles; Missouri, none. (Tables 38, 39.) But if
+Missouri had been a Free State, she would have at least equalled
+Illinois in internal improvements, and the Pacific Railroad would have
+long since united San Francisco, St. Louis, and Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>Illinois is increasing in a <i>progressive</i> ratio as compared with
+Missouri. Thus, from 1840 to 1850 the increase of numbers in Illinois
+was 78.81, and from 1850 to 1860, 101.01 per cent., while the increase
+of Missouri from 1840 to 1850 was 77.75, and from 1850 to 1860, 73.30.
+Thus, the ratio is augmenting in Illinois, and decreasing in Missouri.
+If Illinois and Missouri should each increase from 1860 to 1870, in the
+same ratio as from 1850 to 1860, Illinois would then number 3,441,448,
+and Missouri, 2,048,426. (Table 1.) In 1850, Chicago numbered 29,963,
+and in 1860, 109,260. St. Louis, 77,860 in 1850, and 160,773 in 1860.
+(Table 40.) From 1840 to 1850 the ratio of increase of Chicago was
+570.31, and from 1850 to 1860, 264.65, and of St. Louis, from 1840 to
+1850, 372.26 per cent., and from 1850 to 1860, 106.49. If both increased
+in their respective ratios from 1860 to 1870 as from 1850 to 1860,
+Chicago would number 398,420 in 1870, and St. Louis, 331,879. It would
+be difficult to say which city has the greatest natural advantages, and
+yet when St. Louis was a city, Chicago was but the site of a fort.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Progress of Wealth</span>.&mdash;By Census Table 36, the cash value of the
+farms of Illinois in 1860, was $432,531,072, and of Missouri,
+$230,632,126, making a difference in favor of Illinois of $201,898,946,
+which is the loss which Missouri has sustained by slavery in the single
+item of the value of her farm lands. Abolish slavery there, and the
+value of the farm lands of Missouri would soon equal those of Illinois,
+and augment the wealth of the farmers of Missouri over two hundred
+millions of dollars. But these farm lands of Missouri embrace only
+19,984,809 acres (Table 36), leaving unoccupied 23,138,391 acres. The
+difference between the value of the unoccupied lands of Missouri and
+Illinois, is six dollars per acre, at which rate the increased value of
+the unoccupied lands of Missouri, in the absence of slavery, is
+$148,830,346. Thus it appears, that the loss to Missouri in the value of
+her lands, caused by slavery, is $340,729,292. If we add to this the
+diminished value of town and city property in Missouri, from the same
+cause, the total loss in that State in the value of real estate, exceeds
+$400,000,000, which is nearly twenty times the value of her slaves. By
+Table 35, the increase in the value of the real and personal property of
+Illinois from 1850 to 1860, was $715,595,276, being 457.93 per cent.,
+and of Missouri, $363,966,691, being 265.18 per cent. At the same rate
+of increase from 1860 to 1870, the total wealth of Illinois would then
+be $3,993,000,000, and of Missouri, $1,329,000,000, making the
+difference against Missouri, in 1870, caused by slavery, $2,664,000,000,
+which is more than double the whole debt of the nation, and more than
+twice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> the value of all the slaves in the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The total wealth of the Union in 1860 exceeded $16,000,000,000. If this
+were increased $1,000,000,000 in time, by the augmented wealth of
+Missouri, and our revenue from duties and taxes should be $220,000,000,
+the increased income, being one seventeenth of the whole, would exceed
+$12,000,000 per annum; or, if the increase of wealth should be only
+$200,000,000, then the augmented proportional annual revenue would be
+$2,750,000, or nearly one eightieth part of the whole revenue.</p>
+
+<p>By overthrowing the rebellion, the taxes to pay the national debt will
+be collected from all the States, instead of being confined to those
+that are loyal. The rebel Confederate debt, never having had any
+existence in law or justice, but having been created only to support a
+wicked rebellion, will of course be expunged by the re&euml;stablishment of
+the Union. All the rebel States' debt incurred since the revolt, for the
+purpose of overthrowing the Government, will, of course, have no legal
+existence. Under the Federal Constitution, no State Legislature can have
+any lawful existence, except in conformity with its provisions,
+accompanied by a prior oath of every member to support the Constitution
+of the United States. These assemblages, then, since the revolt in the
+several States, calling themselves State Legislatures, never had any
+legal existence or authority, and were mere assemblages of traitors.
+Such is the clear provision of the Federal Constitution, and of the law
+of nations and of justice. It would be strange, indeed, if conventicles
+of traitors in revolted States could legally or rightfully impose taxes
+on the people of such States, loyal or disloyal, to overthrow the
+Government. Indeed, if justice could have her full sway, the whole debt
+of this Government, incurred to suppress this rebellion, ought to be
+paid by the traitors alone.</p>
+
+<p>My next comparison will be that of the Free State of Pennsylvania with
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia was a considerable colony when Pennsylvania was occupied only
+by Indian tribes. In 1790, Virginia was first in rank of all the States,
+her number of inhabitants being 748,308. (Census Rep., 120, 121.)
+Pennsylvania then ranked the second, numbering 434,373 persons. (Ib.) In
+1860 the population of Virginia was 1,596,318, ranking the fifth;
+Pennsylvania still remaining the second, and numbering 2,905,115. (Ib.)
+In 1790 the population of Virginia exceeded that of Pennsylvania
+313,925; in 1860 the excess in favor of Pennsylvania was 1,308,797. The
+ratio of increase of population of Virginia from 1790 to 1860 was 113.32
+per cent., and of Pennsylvania in the same period, 569.03. At the same
+relative ratio of increase for the next seventy years, Virginia would
+contain a population of 3,405,265 in 1930; and Pennsylvania 19,443,934,
+exceeding that of England. Such has been and would continue to be the
+effect of slavery in retarding the progress of Virginia, and such the
+influence of freedom in the rapid advance of Pennsylvania. Indeed, with
+the maintenance and perpetuity of the Union in all its integrity, the
+destiny of Pennsylvania will surpass the most sanguine expectations.</p>
+
+<p>The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was 12.19, and in
+1860, 26.02; whilst that of Pennsylvania in 1790 was 9.44, and in 1860,
+63.18. (Ib.) The absolute increase of the population of Virginia per
+square mile, from 1790 to 1860, was 13.83, and from 1850 to 1860, 2.85;
+whilst that of Pennsylvania from 1790 to 1860, was 53.74, and from 1850
+to 1860, 12.93. (Ib.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Area</span>.&mdash;The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and of
+Pennsylvania 46,000, the difference being 15,352 square miles, which is
+greater by 758 square miles than the aggregate area of Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, and Delaware, containing in 1860<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> a population of
+1,803,429. (Ib.) Retaining their respective ratios of increase per
+square mile from 1790 to 1860, and reversing their areas, that of
+Virginia in 1860 would have been 1,196,920, and of Pennsylvania
+3,876,119. Reversing the numbers of each State in 1790, the ratio of
+increase in each remaining the same, the population of Pennsylvania in
+1860 would have been 5,408,424, and that of Virginia, 926,603. Reversing
+both the areas and numbers in 1790, and the population of Pennsylvania
+would have exceeded that of Virginia in 1860 more than six millions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shore Line</span>.&mdash;By the Tables of the Coast Survey, the shore line
+of Virginia is 1,571 miles, and of Pennsylvania only 60 miles. This
+vastly superior coast line of Virginia, with better, deeper, more
+capacious, and much more numerous harbors, unobstructed by ice, and with
+easy access for so many hundred miles by navigable bays and tide-water
+rivers leading so far into the interior, gives to Virginia great
+advantages over Pennsylvania in commerce and every branch of industry.
+Indeed, in this respect, Virginia stands unrivalled in the Union. The
+hydraulic power of Virginia greatly exceeds that of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mines</span>.&mdash;Pennsylvania excels every other State in mineral
+wealth, but Virginia comes next.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Soil</span>.&mdash;In natural fertility of soil, the two States are about
+equal; but the seasons in Virginia are more favorable, both for crops
+and stock, than in Pennsylvania. Virginia has all the agricultural
+products of Pennsylvania, with cotton in addition. The area, however, of
+Virginia (39,265,280 acres) being greater by 9,825,280 acres than that
+of Pennsylvania (29,440,000 acres), gives to Virginia vast advantages.</p>
+
+<p>In her greater area, her far superior coast line, harbors, rivers, and
+hydraulic power, her longer and better seasons for crops and stock, and
+greater variety of products, Virginia has vast natural advantages, and
+with nearly double the population of Pennsylvania in 1790. And yet,
+where has slavery placed Virginia? Pennsylvania exceeds her now in
+numbers 1,308,797, and increased in population from 1790 to 1860, in a
+ratio more than five to one. Such is the terrible contrast between free
+and slave institutions!</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Progress of Wealth</span>.&mdash;By Census Tables (1860) 33 and 36, it
+appears (omitting commerce) that the products of industry, as given,
+viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, were that year
+in Pennsylvania, of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 <i>per capita</i>; and
+in Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 <i>per capita</i>. This shows a total value
+of product in Pennsylvania much more than three times that of Virginia,
+and, <i>per capita</i>, nearly two to one. That is, the average value of the
+product of the labor of each person in Pennsylvania is nearly double
+that of each person, including slaves, in Virginia. Thus is proved the
+vast superiority of free over slave labor, and the immense national loss
+occasioned by the substitution of the latter for the former.</p>
+
+<p>As to the rate of increase: the value of the products of Virginia in
+1850 was $84,480,428 (Table 9), and in Pennsylvania, $229,567,131,
+showing an increase in Virginia, from 1850 to 1860, of $35,519,572,
+being 41 per cent.; and in Pennsylvania, $170,032,869, being 51 per
+cent.; exhibiting a difference of 10 per cent. in favor of Pennsylvania.
+By the Census Table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195, the true value then of the
+real and personal property was, in Pennsylvania, $1,416,501,818, and of
+Virginia, $793,249,681. Now, we have seen, the value of the products in
+Pennsylvania in 1860 was $399,600,000, and in Virginia, $120,000,000.
+Thus, as a question of the annual yield of capital, that of Pennsylvania
+was 29 per cent., and of Virginia, 15 per cent. By Census Table 35, the
+total value of the real and personal property of Pennsylvania was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>
+$722,486,120 in 1850, and $1,416,501,818 in 1860, showing an increase,
+in that decade, of $694,015,698, being 96.05 per cent.; and in Virginia,
+$430,701,082 in 1850, and $793,249,681 in 1860, showing an increase of
+$362,548,599, or 84.17 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>By Table 36, p. 196, Census of 1860, the <i>cash</i> value of the farms of
+Virginia was $371,092,211, being $11.91 per acre; and of Pennsylvania,
+$662,050,707, being $38.91 per acre. Now, by this table, the number of
+acres embraced in these farms of Pennsylvania was 17,012,153 acres, and
+in Virginia, 31,014,950; the difference of value per acre being $27, or
+largely more than three to one in favor of Pennsylvania. Now, if we
+multiply the farm lands of Virginia by the Pennsylvania value per acre,
+it would make the total value of the farm lands of Virginia
+$1,204,791,804; and the <i>additional</i> value, caused by emancipation,
+$835,699,593. But the whole area of Virginia is 39,265,280 acres,
+deducting from which the farm lands, there remain unoccupied 8,250,330
+acres. Now, if (as would be in the absence of slavery) the population
+per square mile of Virginia equalled that of Pennsylvania, three fifths
+of these lands would have been occupied as farms, viz. 4,950,198, which,
+at the Pennsylvania value per acre, would have been worth $188,207,524.
+Deduct from this their present average value of $2 per acre, $9,800,396,
+and the remainder, $178,407,128, is the sum by which the unoccupied
+lands of Virginia, converted into farms, would have been increased in
+value by emancipation. Add this to the enhanced value of their present
+farms, and the result is $1,014,106,721 as the gain, on this basis, of
+Virginia in the value of her lands, by emancipation. To these we should
+add the increased value of town and city lots and improvements, and of
+personal property, and, with emancipation, Virginia would now have an
+augmented wealth of at least one billion and a half of dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The earnings of commerce are not given in the Census Tables, which would
+vastly increase the difference in the value of their annual products in
+favor of Pennsylvania as compared with Virginia. These earnings include
+all not embraced under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the
+mines, and fisheries. Let us examine some of these statistics.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Railroads</span>.&mdash;The number of miles of railroad in operation in
+Pennsylvania in 1860, including city roads, was 2,690.49 miles,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+costing $147,283,410; and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807.
+(Census Table of 1860, No. 38, pp. 230, 232.) The annual value of the
+freight carried on these roads is estimated at $200,000,000 more in
+Pennsylvania than in Virginia, and the passenger account would still
+more increase the disparity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canals</span>.&mdash;The number of miles of canals in Pennsylvania in 1860
+was 1,259, and their cost, $42,015,000. In Virginia the number of miles
+was 178, and the cost, $7,817,000. (Census Table 39, p. 238.) The
+estimated value of the freight on the Pennsylvania canals is ten times
+that of the freight on the Virginia canals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tonnage</span>.&mdash;The tonnage of vessels built in Pennsylvania in 1860
+was 21,615 tons, and in Virginia, 4,372. (Census, p. 197.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Banks</span>.&mdash;The number of banks in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 90;
+capital, $25,565,582; loans, $50,327,127; specie, $8,378,474;
+circulation, $13,132,892; deposits, $26,167,143;&mdash;and in Virginia the
+number was 65; capital, $16,005,156; loans, $24,975,792; specie,
+$2,943,652; circulation, $9,812,197; deposits, $7,729,652. (Census Table
+35, p. 193.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Exports and Imports, etc.</span>&mdash;Our exports abroad from
+Pennsylvania, for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, and foreign
+imports, were of the value of $20,262,608. The clearances, same year,
+from Pennsylvania, and entries were 336,848 tons. In Virginia the
+ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>ports the same year and foreign imports were of the value of
+$7,184,273; clearances and entries, 178,143 tons. (Table 14, Register of
+U.S. Treasury.) Revenue from customs, same year, in Pennsylvania,
+$2,552,924, and in Virginia, $189,816; or more than twelve to one in
+favor of Pennsylvania. (Tables U.S. Commissioner of Customs.) No returns
+are given for the coastwise and internal trade of either State; but the
+railway and canal transportation of both States shows a difference of
+ten to one in favor of Pennsylvania. And yet, Virginia, as we have seen,
+had much greater natural advantages than Pennsylvania for commerce,
+foreign and internal, her shore line up to head of tide water being
+1,571 miles, and Pennsylvania only 60 miles.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen that, exclusive of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania
+in 1860 were of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 <i>per capita</i>; and in
+Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 <i>per capita</i>. But, if we add the earnings
+of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania must have exceeded those of
+Virginia much more than four to one, and have reached, <i>per capita</i>,
+nearly three to one. What but slavery could have produced such amazing
+results? Indeed, when we see the same effects in <i>all</i> the Free States
+as compared with <i>all</i> the Slave States, and in <i>any</i> of the Slave
+States, as compared with <i>any</i> of the Free States, the uniformity of
+results establishes the law beyond all controversy, that slavery retards
+immensely the progress of wealth and population.</p>
+
+<p>That the Tariff has produced none of these results, is shown by the fact
+that the agriculture and commerce of Pennsylvania vastly exceed those of
+Virginia, and yet these are the interests supposed to be most
+injuriously affected by high tariffs. But there is still more conclusive
+proof. The year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs,
+and yet, from 1790 to 1820, as proved by the Census, the percentage of
+increase of Pennsylvania over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to
+1860. Thus, by Table 1 of the Census, p. 124, the increase of population
+in Virginia was as follows:</p>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="increase of population
+in Virginia">
+<tr><td align='center'>From</td><td align='right'>1790</td><td align='center'>to</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='right'>17.63</td><td align='center'>per cent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1800</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='right'>10.73</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1810</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='right'>9.31</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1820</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='right'>13.71</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1830</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='right'>2.34</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1840</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>14.60</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1850</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>12.29</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><br /></p>
+<p>The increase of population in Pennsylvania was:</p>
+
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="increase of population in Pennsylvania">
+<tr><td align='center'>From</td><td align='right'>1790</td><td align='center'>to</td><td align='left'>1800</td><td align='right'>38.67</td><td align='center'>per cent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1800</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1810</td><td align='right'>34.49</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1810</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1820</td><td align='right'>29.55</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1820</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1830</td><td align='right'>28.47</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1830</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1840</td><td align='right'>27.87</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1840</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>34.09</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>1850</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>25.71</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318; in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of Pennsylvania was 434,373;
+in 1820, 1,348,233, and in 1860, 2,906,115. Thus, from 1790 to 1820,
+before the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase
+of the population of Pennsylvania, as compared with Virginia, was very
+far greater than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the
+tariff had no influence in depressing the progress of Virginia as
+compared with Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Newspapers and Periodicals</span>.&mdash;The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 367, of which 277 were
+political, 43 religious, 25 literary, 22 miscellaneous; and the total
+number of copies circulated in 1860 was 116,094,480. (Census Tables,
+Nos. 15, 37.) The number in Virginia was 139, of which 117 were
+political, 13 religious, 3 literary, 6 miscellaneous; and the number of
+copies circulated in 1860 was 26,772,568, being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> much less than one
+fourth that of Pennsylvania. The number of copies of monthly periodicals
+circulated in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 464,684; and in Virginia, 43,900:
+or much more than ten to one in favor of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged or
+printed. The number of public schools in Pennsylvania in 1850 was 9,061;
+teachers, 10,024; pupils, 413,706; colleges, academies, &amp;c., pupils,
+26,142; attending school during the year, as returned by families,
+504,610; native adults of the State who cannot read or write, 51,283;
+public libraries, 393; volumes, 363,400; value of churches, $11,853,291;
+percentage of native free population (adults) who cannot read or write,
+4.56. (Comp. Census of 1850.)</p>
+
+<p>The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937; teachers,
+3,005; pupils, 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils, 10,326;
+attending school, as returned by families, 109,775; native white adults
+of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868; public libraries, 54;
+volumes, 88,462; value of churches, $2,902,220; percentage of native
+free adults of Virginia who cannot read or write, 19.90. (Comp. Census
+of 1850.) Thus, the church and educational statistics of Pennsylvania,
+and especially of free adults who cannot read or write, is as five to
+one nearly in favor of Pennsylvania. When we recollect that nearly one
+third of the population of Pennsylvania are of the great German race and
+speak the noble German language, to which they are greatly attached, and
+hence the difficulty of introducing common <i>English</i> public schools in
+the State, the advantage, in this respect, of Pennsylvania over Virginia
+is most extraordinary.</p>
+
+<p>My last comparison will be that of our two smallest States&mdash;Rhode
+Island, a Free State, and Delaware, slaveholding.</p>
+
+<p>In 1790 the population of Rhode Island was 69,110, and that of Delaware
+59,096. In 1860, the former numbered 174,620, the latter 112,216. Thus,
+from 1790 to 1860, the ratio of increase of population of Rhode Island
+was 152.67 per cent., and of Delaware, 89.88. At the same relative rate
+of increase, for the next, as for the last seventy years, the population
+of Rhode Island in 1930, would be 441,212, and of Delaware, 213,074.
+Thus in 1790, Rhode Island numbered but 10,014 more than Delaware,
+62,404 more in 1860, and, at the same ratio of increase, 228,138 more in
+1930. Such has been and would be the effect of slavery in retarding the
+increase of Delaware, as compared with Rhode Island. (Census Table,
+1860, No. 1.)</p>
+
+<p>The population of Rhode Island per square mile in 1790, was 52.15, and
+in 1860, 133.71; that of Delaware, 27.87 in 1790, and 59.93 in 1860. The
+absolute increase of population of Rhode Island, per square mile, from
+1790 to 1860, was 80.79, and from 1850 to 1860, 20.74; that of Delaware,
+from 1790 to 1860, was 25.05, and from 1850 to 1860, 9.76. (Ib.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Area</span>.&mdash;The area of Rhode Island is 1,306 square miles, and of
+Delaware, 2,120, being 38 per cent., or much more than one third larger
+than Rhode Island. Retaining their respective ratios of increase, per
+square mile, from 1790 to 1860, and reversing their areas, the
+population of Rhode Island in 1860, would have been 283,465, and of
+Delaware, 78,268.</p>
+
+<p>In natural fertility of soil Delaware is far superior to Rhode Island,
+the seasons much more favorable for crops and stock, and with more than
+double the number of acres of arable land.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Progress of Wealth</span>.&mdash;By Census Tables 33 and 36 (omitting
+commerce), it appears that the products of industry as given, viz., of
+agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, were that year, in
+Rhode Island, of the value of $52,400,000, or $300 <i>per capita</i>, and in
+Delaware, $16,100,000, or $143 <i>per capita</i>. That is, the average
+annual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> value of the product of the labor of each person in Rhode Island
+is greatly more than double that of the labor of each person in
+Delaware, including slaves. This, we have seen, would make the value of
+the products of labor in Rhode Island in 1930, $132,368,600, and in
+Delaware, only $30,469,582, notwithstanding the far greater area and
+superior natural advantages of Delaware as compared with Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>As to the rate of increase: the value of the products of Delaware in
+1850 was $7,804,992, in 1860, $16,100,000; and in Rhode Island, in 1850,
+$24,288,088, and in 1860, $52,400,000. (Table 9, Treas. Rep., 1856),
+exhibiting a large difference in the ratio in favor of Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>By Table 36, p. 196, Census of 1860, the cash value of the farm lands of
+Rhode Island in 1860 was $19,385,573, or $37.30 per acre (519,698
+acres), and of Delaware, $31,426,357, or $31.39 per acre (1,004,295
+acres). Thus, if the farm lands of Delaware were of the cash value of
+those of Rhode Island per acre, it would increase the value of those of
+Delaware $5,935,385, whereas the whole value of her slaves is but
+$539,400.</p>
+
+<p>But by Table 35, Census of 1860, the total value of the real and
+personal property in Rhode Island in 1860, was $135,337,588, and of
+Delaware, $46,242,181, making a difference in favor of Rhode Island,
+$89,095,497, whereas, we have seen, in the absence of slavery, Delaware
+must have far exceeded Rhode Island in wealth and population.</p>
+
+<p>The earnings of commerce are not given by the Census, but, to how vast
+an extent this would swell the difference in favor of Rhode Island, we
+may learn from the Census, Bank Table No. 34. The number of the banks of
+Rhode Island in 1860, was 91; capital, $20,865,569; loans, $26,719,877;
+circulation, $3,558,295; deposits, $3,553,104. In Delaware, number of
+banks, 12, capital, $1,640,675; loans, $3,150,215; circulation,
+$1,135,772; deposits, $976,223.</p>
+
+<p>Having shown how much slavery has retarded the material progress of
+Delaware, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and intellectual
+development.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Newspapers and Periodicals</span>.&mdash;The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in Rhode Island in 1860, was 26, of which 18 were political,
+6 literary, and 2 miscellaneous. (Census, Table No. 37.) The number in
+Delaware was 14, of which 13 were political, and 1 literary. Of
+periodicals, Delaware had none; Rhode Island 1. The number of copies of
+newspapers and periodicals issued in Rhode Island in 1860 was 5,289,280,
+and in Delaware only 1,010,776, or largely more than five to one in
+favor of Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged or
+published. The number of public schools in Rhode Island in 1850 was 426,
+teachers 518, pupils 23,130; attending school during the year, as
+returned by families, whites, 28,359; native adults of the State who
+cannot read or write, 1,248; public libraries, 96; volumes, 104,342;
+value of churches, $1,293,600; percentage of native free adults who
+cannot read or write, 149. Colleges and academies, pupils, 3,664. (Comp.
+Census of 1850.) The number of public schools in Delaware in 1850, was
+194, teachers, 214, pupils, 8,970; attending school during the year,
+whites, as returned by families, 14,216; native free adults of the State
+who cannot read or write, 9,777; public libraries, 17; volumes, 17,950;
+value of churches, $340,345; percentage of native free adults who cannot
+read or write, 23.03; colleges and academies, pupils, 764. (Comp.
+Census, 1850.)</p>
+
+<p>The subject will be continued in my next letter.</p>
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">R. J. Walker.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL" id="WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL"></a>WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?</h2>
+
+<h3><i>PART THE LAST.</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one <i>lives</i>
+it&mdash;to not many is it <i>known</i>; and seize it where you will, it is
+interesting.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">Goethe</span>.</p>
+
+<p>'<span class="smcap">Successful</span>.&mdash;Terminating in accomplishing what is wished
+or intended.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">Webster's</span> <i>Dictionary</i>. </p></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="SUCCESSFULVI" id="SUCCESSFULVI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h4>
+
+<p>About two weeks after Hiram's interview with Dr. Ephraim Peters, he had
+occasion to spend a long evening in company with certain influential
+members (of which he, of course, was the most influential) of St.
+Jude's.</p>
+
+<p>It was past eleven o'clock when the meeting broke up. It was a clear,
+cold, December night, and Hiram buttoned his coat quite to his chin as
+he descended the steps to commence his walk home. Some had carriages in
+waiting; but he, fully alive to his brother's advice, preferred to go on
+foot. One gentleman kept him company for a couple of blocks; after that,
+he proceeded alone.</p>
+
+<p>As he passed the corner of a street which ran at right angles to the one
+he was pursuing, a man came suddenly upon him, and, standing square in
+his path, demanded in a savage tone, 'Do you want your wood split?'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram turned quickly aside, to avoid the questioner; but he had time to
+observe that he was an athletic man, with a limping gait, and a fierce,
+demoniacal countenance. He carried in his hand something like a
+butcher's cleaver; and before Hiram could escape, he repeated the
+question: 'Do you want your wood split?'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram uttered a hasty 'No,' in response, and walked swiftly forward.</p>
+
+<p>The stranger was not to be so easily disposed of. He put himself before
+the millionnaire a second time, and repeated his question.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram Meeker was not a coward&mdash;that is, so far as his brain served him;
+and we all know he had enough of that.</p>
+
+<p>Finding he was not to get rid of the unknown so readily, he stopped and
+regarded him with careful scrutiny.</p>
+
+<p>The other repeated his question still again: 'Do you want your wood
+split?'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram was not slow to perceive that the man was insane, and he
+endeavored to humor him.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' he said, 'I want my wood split very much indeed. It is too late
+to-night; but come to my house to-morrow, and you shall have the job.'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, no, no, no!' cried the other, 'I work only by night&mdash;only by
+night&mdash;and I cannot go to your house&mdash;you must come to mine!'</p>
+
+<p>He laid hold of Hiram's arm with a tenacious grasp.</p>
+
+<p>'I must first go home,' said Hiram, calmly, 'and send my wood round for
+you to split.'</p>
+
+<p>'Not so, not so,' retorted the maniac. 'It has already been sent. Come
+and see!'&mdash;and he began pulling at Hiram's arm&mdash;not with ferocity, but
+with a doggedness almost worse.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram looked up and down the street. Not a soul was visible. The
+creature who stopped his way was a powerful man&mdash;was armed with a deadly
+weapon&mdash;was mad.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram came swiftly to a conclusion. He would appear to yield, and in the
+walk he was about to take it was almost a certainty that they would
+encounter some one. So he replied, in a good-natured manner: 'Well, if
+the wood has been sent to you, we had better go and have it split at
+once.'</p>
+
+<p>'That's the talk&mdash;that's the talk! But we must hurry. Come on&mdash;come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>
+quick, and you will see how I will do it up.'</p>
+
+<p>He did not relax his hold of Hiram's arm. The two walked rapidly
+forward&mdash;much more rapidly than Hiram desired; but the crazy man kept
+exclaiming: 'We must make haste, I promised <i>him</i> I would not leave the
+room. No more would I; but you see, if I can earn the money, I am all
+right&mdash;all right&mdash;all right!'</p>
+
+<p>'How much have <i>you</i> got?' he asked, stopping abruptly, and turning
+suddenly on Hiram.</p>
+
+<p>'I have got ever so much. Now I think of it, suppose I pay you on the
+spot, so that you can go ahead and split the wood? It is getting late,
+you see.'</p>
+
+<p>'That won't do&mdash;that won't do. I want <i>him</i> to have the money!
+Come&mdash;come along, and give it to him.'</p>
+
+<p>On they pressed, till at length the man exclaimed: 'Here we are! Don't
+you perceive?'</p>
+
+<p>He had stopped before an old and very common-looking house. In the
+second story one could see a light burning. The madman motioned Hiram to
+enter. The millionnaire was glad to discover that he was so near the end
+of his journey, and in a perfectly respectable neighborhood. Not
+doubting that he would find the apartment occupied, and quite sure there
+were inhabitants in the other part of the house, he proceeded to mount
+the stairs with alacrity, his companion following close at his heels.</p>
+
+<p>It was with a sense of quiet relief that Hiram opened the door into a
+well-lighted room. This feeling was suddenly changed to one of horror on
+ascertaining that there was no one in the apartment, but that on a bed
+at the farther end of it was extended the corpse of a woman, already
+laid out and ready for the coffin! He stepped quickly backward, but it
+was too late. The madman was close behind him, and egress was out of the
+question.</p>
+
+<p>'Come,' he said, 'you need not be afraid; she won't hurt you.'</p>
+
+<p>The poor creature walked to the bedside, and it seemed as if sanity was
+vainly struggling to regain its place.</p>
+
+<p>'Come closer,' he exclaimed to Hiram, who was standing near him.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram advanced at the word of command, and the other again took his arm;
+and both stood very still, looking at the dead woman.</p>
+
+<p>'Had we better wake her, think you?'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram shook his head.</p>
+
+<p>'You are right. I must first earn the money&mdash;earn the money. Then&mdash;then
+I will wake her. Yes, then I will wake her.'</p>
+
+<p>'Is it your wife?' demanded Hiram, timidly, impelled by an irresistible
+impulse to ask the question.</p>
+
+<p>'Wife!' shouted the other, glaring on Hiram&mdash;'wife! who talks to me
+about wife? Do you? Say quick!&mdash;do you?'&mdash;and he raised the cleaver in a
+menacing manner.</p>
+
+<p>'It was not I,' said Hiram, with as much calmness as he could command,
+while he looked at the other fixedly&mdash;'it was not I.'</p>
+
+<p>'Glad to hear you say so. If it had been, I would have made kindling
+wood of you&mdash;yes, kindling wood of you!&mdash;That's all got along with,' he
+added, lowering the cleaver. 'Now take a seat.'</p>
+
+<p>The madman sat down on one side of a small table, and motioned Hiram to
+occupy the chair opposite.</p>
+
+<p>He did so.</p>
+
+<p>'Now we are comfortable. Don't you think so? Shan't have to move, shall
+we? Old Meeker, d&mdash;&mdash;n his soul!&mdash;don't own this house. Come, let's have
+a gay old time!'&mdash;and he commenced, half shouting, half singing:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Ain't I glad to get out of the wilderness&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">To get out of the wilderness,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">To get out of the wilderness?&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ain't I glad to get out of the wilderness?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Hip, hip, hurrah!'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Hiram sat pale, but not trembling. He knew his very life depended on his
+composure, and he believed that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> noise which the madman was making
+would soon bring persons to the spot.</p>
+
+<p>'You don't seem to like my little song,' he exclaimed, 'I will give you
+another.' And he shouted on:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'I wish I was a horse, as big as any elephant&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">As big as any elephant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">As big as any elephant&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I wish I was a horse, as big as any elephant&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Hip, hip, hurrah!'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>'That's better, ain't it?' Suddenly he turned and looked at the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>'Wife&mdash;wife! who said 'wife' to me?&mdash;who said 'wife' to me?' And he
+burst forth more furiously than ever:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'My wife's dead, and I want another one&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And I want another one,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And I want another one&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My wife's dead, and I want another one&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Hip, hip, hurrah!'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The man had now become so much excited, that he commenced walking
+rapidly around the room, brandishing his weapon in a most reckless
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram's situation was becoming critical. He did not lose his
+self-possession, but began to balance the chances of attempting to
+escape by moving swiftly to the door, against keeping his seat and
+closely watching the maniac.</p>
+
+<p>As if divining what was passing in his mind, the madman suddenly placed
+his back to the door, as if to bar any egress, and commenced singing
+again.</p>
+
+<p>Relief came at last.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram, whose every sense was on the alert, thought he saw the knob of
+the door turn. He was not mistaken; for now it commenced partially to
+open.</p>
+
+<p>The maniac, feeling the pressure, turned about, leaving the entrance
+free&mdash;and Dr. Ephraim Peters entered.</p>
+
+<p>He seemed to take in matters at a glance. Addressing the madman in a
+calm but commanding tone, he said: 'How is it that you have disobeyed
+me? I shall not trust you again. Sit down.'</p>
+
+<p>The effect was electrical. An entire change came over the countenance
+and bearing of the maniac; he dropped the cleaver, and, passing to the
+other side of the room, took a seat in close proximity to the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>Then turning, the young doctor addressed Hiram: 'Is your presence here
+forced or voluntary?'</p>
+
+<p>'Purely accidental.'</p>
+
+<p>'I supposed so. A word with you outside.'</p>
+
+<p>To Hiram this was a joyful summons, and he responded with alacrity.</p>
+
+<p>As they went out, the doctor closed the door, and the two stood together
+in the gloomy hall at the top of the staircase.</p>
+
+<p>'Mr. Meeker, you recognize me, doubtless?'</p>
+
+<p>There was no reply.</p>
+
+<p>'I am Dr. Peters, who called to see you about two weeks ago, on behalf
+of a poor woman whose dead body is now in that room. I told you, if she
+had to be moved, it would kill her. Your agent drove her out, and she
+lies here dead! It has made her husband crazy&mdash;a temporary lunacy, I
+trust&mdash;but, whatever it is, there you see the whole.</p>
+
+<p>'I am expecting some persons every moment,' he continued, 'who will
+remain here all night, and I will detain you no longer.'</p>
+
+<p>The doctor spoke in such a tone of quiet dignity, that it was impossible
+for Hiram to reply. He fumbled for a moment in his coat, and then drew
+out his pocket book. Producing several bills, he offered them to the
+doctor, muttering half inaudibly something about his desire to pay
+funeral expenses.</p>
+
+<p>The young physician drew back, as if in danger of contamination.</p>
+
+<p>'Your money perish with you!' he said, solemnly. 'Think you charity
+consists in bank notes?'</p>
+
+<p>The doctor turned and re&euml;ntered the chamber; and Hiram Meeker proceeded
+slowly down the stairs and into the street.</p>
+
+<p>His thoughts, as he walked homeward, were not of an enviable nature.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> I
+confess I have no desire to attempt to portray them.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="SUCCESSFULVII" id="SUCCESSFULVII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h4>
+
+<p>Hiram's slumbers that night were much disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>His rest was broken by strange dreams, frightful or preposterous, which,
+running into each other, became blended in a confused mass of floating
+fancies.</p>
+
+<p>At last he woke. He opened big eyes. It was perfectly dark.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>Suddenly he realized just what he was. No business&mdash;no money&mdash;no
+earth&mdash;no foothold&mdash;nothing but a naked soul.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram lay breathing with slow respirations. Even his piety was not
+present to support him. The world was swept from under him.</p>
+
+<p>Then came a stern sense&mdash;a patent conviction&mdash;of all he had counted on:
+nothing&mdash;nothing!</p>
+
+<p>He turned over, and fell asleep again. But still refreshing slumber was
+denied him; still were the night visions terrifying.</p>
+
+<p>At last these appeared to take a definite shape. Heaving, working,
+revolving, the chaotic mass assumed form and grew luminous.</p>
+
+<p>All of a sudden, <span class="smcap">IT</span> changed to one great, bright, burning
+<i>eye</i>. Then <i>he</i> was the eye&mdash;all eye&mdash;nothing but eye! What sights were
+presented! The eye was gifted with a wonderful vision. It could discern
+true from false&mdash;real from counterfeit&mdash;what was genuine from sham and
+pretence.</p>
+
+<p>More than this. The <i>eye</i>&mdash;which was Hiram&mdash;could discriminate between
+what men considered valuable and available and important, and also good
+and essential, and by all means to be secured: I say, the <i>eye</i> had the
+power to distinguish between these, and what was in truth and in very
+deed good and just and right, and truly to be desired and sought after.</p>
+
+<p>How things changed places!</p>
+
+<p>Some shrank into littleness and utter insignificance, which formerly had
+large proportions and a towering importance; others, which before seemed
+puny and of little worth, grew grandly into magnitude, and power, and
+might.</p>
+
+<p>At a great distance could be observed the habitations of the children of
+men. They appeared like objects seen through an inverted telescope&mdash;far
+off and exceedingly diminished.</p>
+
+<p>On the shore of the sea, Hiram Meeker was discovered.</p>
+
+<p>He looked no larger than a man's thumb. He had fenced off a portion of
+the sands, so that no one except himself (and many attempted) could have
+access thereto. He was engaged transporting these sands in the most
+careful manner, one by one, into a large warehouse, for better security,
+as it would seem.</p>
+
+<p>What is wonderful in all this is, that Hiram, the whole time, thought it
+gold he was storing, whereas the <i>eye</i> could perceive it to be sand
+only&mdash;glittering sand.</p>
+
+<p>At length the vision faded away. Hiram started up in a mortal agony. The
+effort woke him, and he gazed wildly around. It was not yet light. Weary
+and exhausted by what he had passed through, he soon fell asleep, and
+this time slumbered peacefully.</p>
+
+<p>When he opened his eyes, the sun was shining cheerfully into his room.
+The whole aspect of things was changed. The old scenes were shifted into
+place, the old machinery set in motion&mdash;Hiram was himself again!</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="SUCCESSFULVIII" id="SUCCESSFULVIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h4>
+
+<p>Burnsville!</p>
+
+<p>I hope the reader is willing to revisit this charming spot. For I
+confess that I myself feel impelled to do so. Indeed, I sometimes regret
+following the fortunes of Hiram Meeker to New York. Far more agreeable
+would it have been to have continued the story of Joel Burns, and showed
+what a good man may achieve, notwithstanding the workings of the
+'ancient leaven,' and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> divers contests which spring up daily within
+and around him.</p>
+
+<p>But my task once undertaken, I did not feel at liberty to leave it.</p>
+
+<p>I propose, therefore, only a brief visit to the place which the reader
+may recollect was commenced by Joel Burns in his youth, when his love
+for Ellen Bellows lent to his already energetic spirit a tenfold force
+and vigor and perseverance.</p>
+
+<p>The twenty-five years which have told with such effect on New York, have
+also produced great changes and great improvements in Burnsville. It was
+a thriving village when we last knew it. Now it is a large town. The
+higher portion is covered with fine buildings. Churches, hotels,
+academies, and various institutions for which New England is remarkable,
+seem specially to flourish here.</p>
+
+<p>There are some old landmarks which I am sure we shall recognize&mdash;Joel
+Burns's house, for example, and the little brick 'office' from which
+Hiram sallied one morning before daylight to take the stage for New
+York, to attack Joslin the paper dealer.</p>
+
+<p>The improvements have been astonishing. Beautiful trees skirt the
+principal streets, and form an arch above. Everywhere you behold
+displayed signs of admirable taste.</p>
+
+<p>Below, in the valley, is the railroad; and opposite the 'paper mill' has
+been erected one of the finest 'stations' in the State. Here has sprung
+up a large manufacturing place, rivalling in size and business
+importance the 'ridge,' as we used to call it, but leaving the latter
+free from the noise and bustle of the mills and factories and machinery
+of our now famous 'Slab City.'</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>Dr. Egerton married Sarah Burns, as you have long since guessed. He is
+one of the few men of talent who has no ambition to quit his happy home
+to adventure in a large city. He is celebrated far and near, but nothing
+can draw him away from the spot where a youth he came to watch over a
+young girl whose life was trembling in the balance.</p>
+
+<p>And Sarah, think you she is not repaid for her fidelity to her father?
+By it she escaped the grasp of Hiram Meeker, and is now&mdash;she has been
+for years&mdash;a loving, trustful, joyous wife.</p>
+
+<p>Happy Sarah Burns! I commenced this narrative by recounting an <i>un</i>happy
+incident in your life. How grateful is the task of recording your
+triumph over the greatest danger which can threaten a maiden&mdash;the danger
+of <i>loving unworthily</i>!</p>
+
+<p>Joel Burns! I confess that, of all at Burnsville, it is in you my
+feelings of interest centre&mdash;you, whose romantic fidelity to your wife's
+memory has thrown a charm over your whole existence. It is a great
+treasure&mdash;is it not?&mdash;a heart so true, so loyal, so pure and faithful,
+that not one, no, not one of all the young and fair and good and
+fascinating from out this world's fair creation can divert it for a
+moment, or change its even, constant, ever-loving pulsations. Such a
+heart you possess, Joel Burns!</p>
+
+<p>Joel Burns was 'mated' as well as 'married;' and when his wife died, he
+did not really lose her. In spirit she attended him wherever he
+went&mdash;always near him&mdash;more actually present, Joel used sometimes to
+think, than she ever was before.</p>
+
+<p>How could he wish to marry again, when his wife was all the time by his
+side&mdash;an ever-present, ever-abiding comfort and consolation?</p>
+
+<p>I say, herein lay the charm and the glory of Joel's life. His influence
+on his place, after it grew beyond the proportions of a village, and
+became one of the largest towns in the State, was just as great as when
+it had but a dozen buildings.</p>
+
+<p>Joel did not permit the desire to accumulate to become a passion. On the
+contrary, he diffused his wealth&mdash;not by direct gifts in charity, but by
+afford<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>ing everybody around him opportunity to get on and prosper, just
+exactly as if the world was common to all, and as if all should be
+allowed a fair chance to live in it!</p>
+
+<p>You have no idea how the attempt to practise this principle enriched the
+life and nature of Joel Burns.</p>
+
+<p>[There are two Spirits&mdash;towering, gigantic Genii&mdash;who attend on man: one
+the Absorbing, the other the Imparting, Spirit. Both are active,
+energetic, untiring. The former, if it gains access to the soul,
+commences at once to narrow and impoverish it; while the latter enlarges
+and makes the soul rich. Herein is explained the old enigma which a
+dying man is said to have uttered:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'What I kept, I've not;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What I gave, I've got.']</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I have remarked that Burnsville was one of the largest towns in the
+State. This was not only the case, but the immense manufactories in
+'Slab City' made it much more prominent than any other, and brought it
+into more direct communication with New York.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram Meeker heard, from time to time, of all that Joel was doing. In
+fact, impelled by a strong impulse, he took pains to ascertain what
+progress he made from year to year. But Hiram could not, with all his
+penetration, fathom a nature like that of Joel. It was always a puzzle
+to him. For it was not given to a man, who had all his life harbored the
+wicked Demon <i>Absorption</i>, to understand the excellency and happiness of
+such a life.</p>
+
+<p>But he watched Burnsville. Indeed, he was tempted to make some heavy
+investments there when the railroad was constructed&mdash;of which event, as
+the leading capitalist of the country, he had the earliest information.
+He abandoned the idea, however, for he shrank from coming in contact
+with his old employer.</p>
+
+<p>So Joel Burns lived on his noble, God-given existence.</p>
+
+<p>But, reader, if you think I am endeavoring to depict a faultless person,
+you are much mistaken. Faultless is lifeless, when applied to human
+beings. It is in the contest with our faults that the glory of our
+humanity shines forth. It is this which binds our race together in one
+great brotherhood. Pray, tell me what we could do with a faultless man
+or woman. What have we in common with any such person? What sympathy
+have we with either, or either with us?</p>
+
+<p>Joel Burns was constitutionally ardent and energetic, not to say
+impetuous. With such characteristics are always strong attending
+imperfections. He had his share of these. But his motives were honest,
+his principles right, his intents true; and I declare I think it to be a
+real felicity and blessing to observe the faults of such a man, and
+witness how he encounters and battles with, and conquers them&mdash;or if for
+a moment overcome, to behold his genuine regret and contrition.</p>
+
+<p>I will pursue this no further. I have some work to do in the metropolis.
+If I linger at Burnsville, I shall be quite unfitted for it&mdash;I shall,
+indeed.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>Joel&mdash;Joel Burns&mdash;farewell!</p>
+
+<p>Ellen Bellows&mdash;Ellen Burns&mdash;don't you see that Joel has remembered your
+dying injunction, and has tried to 'live right?' Yes, you do. It was for
+this that you have never forsaken him.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>Sarah Egerton smiles on me as I pass out of the gate. A group of
+children, half grown, and full grown, give me joyous greeting; and the
+Doctor waves his hand from his carriage, as he drives along on his
+errands of mercy and benevolence.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>I must make haste. There is no stage to wait five minutes for me. The
+time table is a despot.</p>
+
+<p>The train approaches. It has stopped. It is off again, and I am in it.</p>
+
+<p>Burnsville, pleasant Burnsville, adieu!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><a name="SUCCESSFULIX" id="SUCCESSFULIX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h4>
+
+<p>The <i>d&eacute;nouement</i> happened in this way:</p>
+
+<p>There was to be a large party at Mrs. Caruther's, a married daughter of
+Mrs. Bennett. The Bennetts and the Meekers, by the way, always kept up
+their intimacy. Mr. Bennett is dead. He died the year he was seventy,
+leaving a large fortune. The widow lives in the old house, and the
+children are married, and are bringing out <i>their</i> children now.</p>
+
+<p>I say, Mrs. Caruthers was to give a large party. Mrs. Meeker, who
+invariably attended her daughter, could not go. Belle must not go alone.
+She arranged, so she said, to drive early in the evening to Mrs.
+Caruther's, and to stay there all night.</p>
+
+<p>For two or three weeks previous, Belle, under the inspiration of Signor
+Barbone, who now exercised a complete control over her, had been making,
+quietly but very efficiently, her arrangements for quitting her father's
+roof.</p>
+
+<p>By degrees, and with an amazing display of secretiveness, she managed to
+convey out of the house all that she might require for a considerable
+absence.</p>
+
+<p>Her jewels were not lost sight of, nor anything else of value. The
+Signor had provided proper receptacles for all these articles&mdash;indeed,
+had greatly aided the young lady in the selection of what to take. More
+than this&mdash;Signor Barbone (<i>proh pudor!</i>) had suggested that she should
+fortify herself with such sums of money as she might be able to get
+together without exciting suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>Strange as you may think, Belle was possessed of so little delicacy,
+that she actually entered into the spirit of the enterprise&mdash;regarding
+the affair as a capital joke, enabling her to hold out against papa
+should he prove obstinate, as he might for a few days (it could only be
+for a few days), and inclined to be severe.</p>
+
+<p>What with all her jewels, including some recent expensive purchases,
+made for the first time in her life without payment on the spot (this
+also at the suggestion of the Signor), and with sums quietly got
+together for several weeks, including some considerable amounts coaxed
+from her father on various pretences, and a pretty large sum borrowed
+over night from mamma&mdash;I say, with all this, the 'happy pair' were
+pretty well fortified for their first campaign.</p>
+
+<p>The trying moment arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Caruthers, of course, knew nothing of Belle's tale to her mother,
+that she was to pass the night at her house. She simply expected Belle
+to grace her party.</p>
+
+<p>Quite early in the day the young lady ordered a handsome ball dress
+placed in a box, and directed it to be taken to her dressmaker, to
+receive some trifling alterations before evening. She would call in good
+season there, so she told her mother, and order it sent to Mrs.
+Caruthers's.</p>
+
+<p>Then, waiting for Mrs. Meeker, to take her morning drive, she went to
+her room and hurried on a travelling dress.</p>
+
+<p>She was going down stairs, when Harriet's nurse opened the door of her
+young mistress's apartment, and asked her to step a moment into the
+room.</p>
+
+<p>Belle turned with all the composure she could muster; she curbed her
+impatience, and looked amiable.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, are you going out, Belle?'</p>
+
+<p>'Yes, dear; you know I am to be early at Mrs. Caruthers's. Mamma can't
+go with me&mdash;so I am to stay all night.'</p>
+
+<p>'Why, you have on your travelling dress!'</p>
+
+<p>'It looks odd, doesn't it I&mdash;I have sent my ball dress to Laroche, to be
+altered a little; and I have to call there now, and I want her to see me
+in this. Do you know, I don't think she has fitted me well at all?'</p>
+
+<p>'It seems to me quite perfect.'</p>
+
+<p>'Hatty, dear, did you want me?'</p>
+
+<p>This she said still standing, as if in haste to go.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'Oh, no. I thought you were going into the parlor, and I was about to
+ask you to sit with me a little while. I have something to say to you
+about Gus. I want you to talk to papa. You know papa will listen to
+<i>you</i>. Tell him&mdash;never mind, dear, to-morrow will do as well&mdash;I hope you
+will have a pleasant evening.'</p>
+
+<p>'Thank you, dear. Good-by.'</p>
+
+<p>She turned and opened the door.</p>
+
+<p>By a sort of instinctive tenderness not denied to any human creature,
+Belle paused and looked back, and, hesitating a moment, returned; going
+to where her sister was reclining, she kissed her affectionately,
+without speaking one word.</p>
+
+<p>Harriet's eyes suffused; she was quite unused to such a demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>'My darling sister,' she whispered.</p>
+
+<p>Belle was already out of the room. She bounded down the staircase,
+passed hastily through the hall, and was soon walking rapidly along the
+street.</p>
+
+<p>One hour from that time she was on her way to New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>A clergyman had been provided in that State to perform the marriage
+ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>When the six o'clock New York train for Philadelphia passed through
+Newark, it received on board Mr. and Mrs. Filippo Barbone, who were just
+starting on their wedding excursion.</p>
+
+<p>It was the commencement of the honeymoon.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>No wonder, the next day, that Belle is late. We who are in the secret
+will not be astonished; neither does Mrs. Meeker think it at all strange
+that Belle should not return in the morning after the excitement of a
+grand evening display such as Mrs. Caruthers will be sure to have.</p>
+
+<p>The day wears on. As the dinner hour approaches, Mrs. Meeker decides to
+send the carriage for her.</p>
+
+<p>The coachman soon drives up before Mrs. Caruthers's; and the footman,
+descending, announces simply that he has called for Miss Belle. The
+answer which is brought to him is, that Miss Belle is not in the house.
+He returns and reports accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>Although this little incident is very annoying to Mrs. Meeker, still she
+has no other idea than that Belle has stopped to make some call or do
+some shopping on her way home.</p>
+
+<p>Had she considered a moment, she would have perceived how unreasonable
+was such a supposition. But, as Mrs. Meeker could not have the slightest
+suspicion of the truth, she was forced to imagine something.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of her perplexity, Hiram entered. He was so accustomed, and
+especially of late, to his daughter's greeting at the door, that he
+missed these affectionate tokens of her presence when he entered the
+house.</p>
+
+<p>'Where is Belle?' he said, as he came into the parlor.</p>
+
+<p>'Belle has not returned yet from Mrs. Caruthers's. It is rather strange.
+I have just sent the carriage for her. Wakeman brings back word that she
+is not there.'</p>
+
+<p>'Wakeman is an idiot!' exclaimed Hiram, with a degree of temper so
+unusual, that Mrs. Meeker started&mdash;'an idiot! I dare say he did not make
+his message intelligible.'</p>
+
+<p>Now, 'Wakeman' was Mrs. Meeker's private servant&mdash;a family servant, she
+was pleased to say; thereby meaning, not that he had been in the employ
+of her father, honest Thorn the plumber, nor yet in the service of her
+mother, the "poor relation," but that in fact he was her servant before
+she was married, and had remained <i>par excellence</i> her servant ever
+since.</p>
+
+<p>She therefore rose in arms at once, in vindication of her favorite, and
+was about to work herself into one of her customary manifestations,
+which Hiram was evidently in no state of mind to bear, when there was
+suddenly a ring at the door. An instant's parley, and the servant
+entered, bearing a note to Mr. Meeker.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The superscription was in Belle's handwriting.</p>
+
+<p>A 'terrible sagacity' informed Hiram's heart of something dreadful about
+to shock it. He tore open the envelope with fierceness, and read as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'<span class="smcap">Dear Papa</span>: Don't be angry with me. I was married
+yesterday to Filippo Barbone. I married him because I love him, and
+could never love any one else. I knew you would not consent, but I
+could not live without him. Forgive your little girl, dear papa,
+and write me to come back to you with my dear Filippo. Oh, I know
+you will like <i>him</i>. Send to me at the Gresham House, Philadelphia.
+I shall be in agony till I hear from you. Love to dear mamma and
+Harriet. If I only had your forgiveness, how happy I should be,
+dear, dear papa! </p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Your little&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Belle.'</span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>[This letter, mainly the production of the Signor, was prepared and put
+into the hands of his accomplice before the runaways set off, with
+directions to watch for Hiram's entrance into his house, and deliver
+immediately after.]</p>
+
+<p>Never before did Hiram Meeker give way to such an exhibition of rage.</p>
+
+<p>He glared fiercely about him, as if endeavoring to find some person on
+whom to vent it.</p>
+
+<p>There was no one but his wife, who stood directly before him, her angry
+reply in favor of 'Wakeman' having been cut short by the entrance of the
+servant with the note.</p>
+
+<p>As Hiram's glance fell on her, a sudden suspicion seized him that she
+was in some way privy to the affair. In an instant he had grasped her
+arm, and, shaking her with all his might, he exclaimed:
+'Wretch!&mdash;monster!&mdash;she-devil!&mdash;limb of Satan!'</p>
+
+<p>The affair was seriously enough certainly, but it had a ludicrous
+aspect. There was Arabella, without having the slightest idea of what
+could cause such a violent outbreak, tossed about like a whirligig by
+the usually calm, sedate, and self-possessed Hiram, who seemed suddenly
+transported into a very demon.</p>
+
+<p>Portions of her headdress began to come down. A pair of side curls
+dropped&mdash;a first-rate shot, a sportsman would say&mdash;the effect of a
+double shake and a sudden fetch-up. Next a profusion of hair from the
+back of the head tumbled off. Teeth began to chatter, and various
+portions of the structure in which she was encased, to give way.</p>
+
+<p>All this time, Arabella was vainly endeavoring to give utterance to
+various exclamations, but she could only gasp out some unintelligible
+sound, while her eyes flashed fire and her cheeks burned with rage.</p>
+
+<p>At last Hiram was exhausted, and with exhaustion came some little
+thought of what he had been doing. He relinquished his hold of his wife,
+picked up the note which he had dropped on the floor, put it into her
+hands, and quit the room.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram stood a moment in the hall, quite overcome by the revulsion that
+succeeded the storm. Then he slowly mounted the stairs, and proceeded to
+the room of his invalid child.</p>
+
+<p>Harriet was so struck with the change in her father's countenance, that
+she started up and exclaimed: 'Why, papa, what is the matter?'</p>
+
+<p>'We are disgraced, my child!' said Hiram, in a hollow voice.</p>
+
+<p>'How? What do you mean?'</p>
+
+<p>'Your sister has run away with a low, vile swindler. My curse rest on
+her forever!'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, not so&mdash;say not so!' replied Harriet, imploringly.</p>
+
+<p>'Tell me, my child,' said Hiram, mournfully, while he seated himself by
+her side and took her hand&mdash;'tell your father truly, did you know
+anything about this?'</p>
+
+<p>'No, papa. I do not even now know what you mean.'</p>
+
+<p>Quite calmly Hiram told his daughter what had occurred. The travelling
+dress, and Belle's last kiss, flashed on her mind. She repeated the
+circumstance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'And you know nothing of this Filippo Barbone?' said Hiram, forcing
+himself with difficulty to pronounce the name.</p>
+
+<p>'Nothing.'</p>
+
+<p>'And your mother?' continued he, slowly, and in a tone which terrified
+his child.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, I am sure she knew nothing about it, perfectly sure. I know she did
+not wish Belle to go to Mrs. Caruthers's, because she could not go with
+her; and even after Belle made the arrangement to stay all night, mamma
+did not seem to be at all satisfied.'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram was convinced, and the want of an object on which to wreak his
+anger now served to exhaust it.</p>
+
+<p>He leaned his face upon the side of his daughter's couch, and groaned.</p>
+
+<p>Harriet put her hand gently upon his cheek. 'Papa,' she said, timidly,
+'may I tell you what to do?'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram raised his head. His face was very haggard, but he made no reply.</p>
+
+<p>'Send for Belle to come back, and her husband too, and let us make them
+happy,' said Harriet, almost abruptly.</p>
+
+<p>'Never! My curse is on her! She is no longer my child&mdash;I disinherit
+her!'</p>
+
+<p>'Give her my portion, then&mdash;I shall not require it.'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram started&mdash;a new idea had struck him. It was as if somehow he had
+received a new accession of wealth by the surrender of Harriet's share.
+A strange confusion of ideas, certainly; but the thought grew on him, as
+we shall see by-and-by. Now, however, it gave place to the dominant
+feeling.</p>
+
+<p>Harriet, encouraged by his silence, broke in again: 'Won't you, papa?'
+she whispered.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram turned and looked at her angrily, but was compelled to lower his
+countenance before his daughter's earnest, truthful, heavenly gaze.</p>
+
+<p>He started up and went back to the parlor. He began to feel ashamed of
+his violence toward his wife, and was anxious to dispose of the matter
+as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>To return to Arabella.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as her husband had left her, she proceeded to read the note he
+placed in her hands. That accomplished, she took the precaution to ring
+the bell several times with great energy; and, having disposed of the
+little articles which lay scattered on the floor, she threw herself on
+the sofa, in violent hysterics.</p>
+
+<p>When Hiram entered, these were at once renewed. Her husband understood
+this phase of her constitution; and, directing the maid servants to
+remove their mistress to her own room, he ordered dinner to be served.</p>
+
+<p>I will do him the justice to say he ate little or nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Two or three times the waiter observed that his master put his hand to
+his head and then to his heart, as if endeavoring to tranquillize
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner, he mounted his horse, and rode several miles. When he
+returned, one would not have known, to look at him, that anything
+unusual had happened.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>During the nest week Hiram was occupied in making his will. A new and
+important idea seemed to have possession of him.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>From that period he never permitted his daughter's name to be mentioned,
+and would receive no communication from her.</p>
+
+<p>Arabella's hysterics continued, at intervals for several days. Her
+husband, in view of his violence toward her, was very considerate, but
+the affair was never alluded to by either.</p>
+
+<p>Arabella, perhaps, felt that she deserved some punishment for tolerating
+the 'Count in disguise;' and Hiram never got over a certain feeling of
+mortification when he thought of the scene in the parlor.</p>
+
+<p>Here we leave all the parties for the present.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_MECHANICAL_TENDENCY_IN_MODERN_SOCIETY" id="THE_MECHANICAL_TENDENCY_IN_MODERN_SOCIETY"></a>THE MECHANICAL TENDENCY IN MODERN SOCIETY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>There is no greater absurdity than the attempt to demonstrate anything
+from historical evidence, or to frame from it an argument whose cogency
+shall even approach to a demonstration. Granting the hypothesis that
+like causes will always produce like effects, we find ourselves unable
+to show that the cases are exactly, or even proximately, the same.
+History is not a record of every circumstance, but of those only that
+were deemed worthy of perpetuation; and even were all circumstances
+known to us, we must receive them as seen through the opinions of the
+historian, while the present is as it seems to us; so two cases, while
+appearing to agree, may in reality be very unlike. And, in addition to
+this, so many are the events that precede any given effect, that it is
+impossible to determine which is the cause, and which only the
+circumstance attending that cause. So, while our literature is flooded,
+with so many 'demonstrations from history,' many a philosopher finds
+himself in the situation of the sage who demonstrated that 'Tenterton
+steeple' was the 'cause of Godwin Sands.'</p>
+
+<p>From this it has arisen that practical men have come to despise not only
+all reasonings from history, but social science altogether, deeming it a
+pleasant tissue of thoughts that may amuse a leisure hour, but nothing
+of practical importance. On most subjects this is unfortunately true,
+but sometimes in the state of a nation there are indications, repeated
+again and again, showing the existence of a cause which, unless
+counteracted, will eventually produce certain disastrous effects. Though
+seen and pointed out by many wise men, still the existence of the cause
+cannot be logically proved, nor the time of its effect mathematically
+calculated. Such were the terrible premonitions which foretold the
+French Revolution, and such are the signs showing over and over again
+the existence of a mechanical tendency in our own social state. Very
+seldom, almost never, do we have mathematical certainty as the ground of
+our action, but the greater part of our lives is directed by moral or
+probable evidence; and though most of our reasoning on this subject must
+be derived from history or social science, we deem it worthy of the same
+treatment that is given, to other questions. If the probabilities be not
+as great, let it pass with other schemes and theories, but if those
+probabilities be great enough to make it of practical and vital
+importance, then let it become an element in every man's consideration.</p>
+
+<p>There is a great deal of possible confusion in this word <i>mechanical</i>.
+To most readers it would bring the idea of invention, the increasing
+number of cotton mills and iron founderies, of steamships and power
+presses, and such progress would be considered in the highest degree
+praiseworthy; but the sense in which we use the word is somewhat more
+general. A machine differs from a man in this respect: the former acts
+without intelligence and without volition, in accordance with certain
+laws impressed upon it from without; while a man chooses his own end by
+his own volition, in the light of his own intelligence, and in the same
+manner decides upon the means for obtaining that end. A mechanical
+condition would therefore be one wherein an individual acts without
+intelligence or volition, according to certain laws or habits coming to
+him from others; a mechanical state of society, one wherein the
+government moves on according to the will of one or more men, without
+thought, love, or even at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>tention from the mass of the people, content
+only with their acquiescence. On the other hand, a rational condition,
+both of society and of the individual, would be that in which the
+thought, will, and love of the individual gave strength and life to
+every act.</p>
+
+<p>The question whether our social state is becoming mechanical, losing
+personal thought and volition, is of great and vital importance, on
+account of the terrible major premise that lies beneath. For prove but
+once that this is the fact, and there comes upon us the great general
+truth: 'The nation that is growing mechanical is hastening toward its
+destruction.' The proof of this assertion is written everywhere in
+history. The limits of this article render it impossible that a tithe of
+the proof should be brought forward in its support, and therefore only
+the most general truths can be laid down for the reader to verify from
+his own historical knowledge. No fact is more indisputable than that
+every preceding civilization has had its birth, progress, and death,
+differing only in length from the life of a mortal man; and in the state
+of each one, in proportion as this mechanical tendency increased, in
+that proportion their national life departed.</p>
+
+<p>The first period in every nation has been that called the heroic or
+golden age. Whether this was, in reality, or only in poetic dream, the
+best age, depends upon another question: What is the true aim in the
+life of men and nations? If it be but to live comfortably and without
+confusion, then the architecture and laws of later times are a proof of
+progress; but if the great end be to develop the whole man, and live a
+brave, thoughtful, truthful life, with or without tumult, then is the
+first the golden age; for, entering on a new mode of life, undirected by
+habits of thought or action from his ancestors, each man makes use of
+his personal thought in finding out, and volition in choosing, his
+method of life. No history has recorded the internal state of such a
+nation, but only the fact that it has always been successful in
+preserving its liberties against invasion.</p>
+
+<p>The next is the age of leaders, when individual thought has so far
+departed that they begin to look to others not yet as governors, but
+directors. This, to a superficial view the noblest age, marks the
+beginning of a decline. Its great power of invasion, as under Pericles
+or C&aelig;sar, comes from the fact that, while strength enough is left to
+carry out the details, there is not enough of independence in thought to
+mar the unity in the plan of its leader. Its brilliant literature
+springs from division of labor; life has become so complex that each man
+cannot comprehend it all&mdash;so one takes the department of thought,
+another of action. The man of thought tries to bring back that courage
+and virtue which he sees are departing, by singing beautiful songs in
+their praise; while the man of action, feeling their waning power in
+himself, makes up, by repeating these praises, the lack of a heroic
+life.</p>
+
+<p>The next is the mechanical age of society, which life has so outgrown
+the mind that the man cannot attend to both his own affairs and the
+state, which latter, therefore, he gladly yields to others. This is the
+age of standing armies, hired to protect a people too careless to
+protect themselves. This is the age of tyrants, as the lesser C&aelig;sars or
+Philip of Macedon. This is the age which ushers in the last period of
+the nation, a mechanical state of the individual, when thought has so
+departed that the man is not able to attend even to his own life, and,
+like a passive machine, the state is impelled and directed in even the
+least things by one tyranny from without. It is hardly necessary to add
+that Alexander in Greece, Elagabalus in Rome, Louis XVI in France, were
+followed by a destruction as certain as the fact that God meant the
+earth to be inhabited by men and not machines.</p>
+
+<p>Having shown the grave consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> that lies beneath it, we come now to
+the all-important consideration, whether our own social state has this
+mechanical tendency. The preceding sketch not only shows the truth which
+we have deduced from it, that this tendency is a prelude to a nation's
+death, but it also points out another, namely, that civilization
+contains within itself certain causes which finally work its
+destruction. We may, by a diligent study, find out these causes, such
+as increase of outward knowledge, division of labor, a complexity of
+outward relations, and a consequent hurried life that leaves no time for
+thought; but a careful analysis of all these reduces them to one great
+cause&mdash;an undue attention to physical prosperity. This cause existed
+among ancient nations in sufficient force to bring about their
+destruction, but it possessed not a tithe of the universality and
+strength which it holds among the modern, for, whereas it was once
+individual, it is now national, pervading every part of the social
+state.</p>
+
+<p>Before the world was thickly settled and the nations established, it was
+held that the power of a nation consisted in the extent of its
+dominions, so that while the individual strove for wealth in
+agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, the state despised such low
+pursuits, and turned its attention to increase of territory. But when,
+after the fall of Rome, it was found that the earth was too fully
+peopled and national power too well established for such means of
+strength, attention was turned to another source of power in the
+cultivation of a people's own resources and increase of its wealth.
+Wealth is obtained by the addition of mental power to physical products,
+increasing their value for supplying the wants of man. So that attention
+to physical comfort and prosperity which was despised by the brave
+nations of antiquity, is now the leading object of government: treaties
+are made, wars are declared, rebellions break out, not on account of
+national glory or right, but in consideration of cotton manufacture,
+facilities of commerce, or freedom of trade. Nations as well as men are
+absorbed in the same great pursuit, adding mind to matter for production
+of wealth.</p>
+
+<p>From this undue attention to physical prosperity spring certain
+subordinate causes, which, upon examination, are found to be the exact
+<i>differentia</i> of modern times. The characteristics which distinguish our
+age from all others are the very ones which have been found so
+destructive to preexistent civilizations. The first characteristic of
+this kind is the abundance of outward knowledge. In the pursuit of
+wealth, the ocean, the desert, the isles of the sea have been ransacked
+for commodities to gratify the desires of man, and, in order that nature
+may be pliable for the same purpose in the hands of the artisan, its
+laws have been studied with the greatest success; the bowels of the
+earth, the depths of the air, the prison of the arctic seas, have all
+been subject to the same strict scrutiny in this design.</p>
+
+<p>The knowledge thus obtained comes pouring in by lightning and steam, and
+is scattered over the world within the reach of the poorest by means of
+the printing press. The man of to-day is a citizen of the world; he
+seems to be ubiquitous. It is as though he had a thousand eyes and ears,
+and, alas! only one mind. Thought has two conditions: first, knowledge,
+as food and stimulus; second, time for distributing and digesting that
+knowledge. But the first is so superabundantly fufilled that it entirely
+obliterates the second. Knowledge comes pouring in from all quarters so
+rapidly, that the man can hardly receive, much less arrange and think
+out, the enormous mass of facts daily accumulating upon him. The boasted
+age of printing presses and newspapers, of penny magazines, and penny
+cyclop&aelig;dias, is not necessarily the age of thought. There is a world-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: It is regretted that page 354 is missing
+and cannot be traced.
+    </div>
+
+<p>will be the result; but to the working-man division of labor is mental
+death. The ancients might call these masses the <i>ignobile vulgus</i>, the
+French nobles might sneer at them as <i>sans-culottes</i>, we may deride them
+as the 'common herd,' all attempting to ignore their existence in
+history or politics; but it will be all in vain&mdash;for in the end it is
+the people that rule, be the government of the surface what it may.
+Either they will raise their rulers by their intelligent freedom, or
+drag the brilliant crowd down with them to destruction in spite of
+theory or law. Not only in mad sedition and revolution, but always, the
+masses govern.</p>
+
+<p>The next great characteristic of the age is the increased complexity of
+outward relations, while the inner mental power does not increase in the
+same ratio. The former causes had a mechanical tendency in that they
+lessened the mental strength, for all volition must have its foundation
+in thought; but this has the same tendency, inasmuch as it increases the
+objects of thought beyond the power of the mind to satisfy the demand.
+If any intelligent man should stop in the midst of his life, and
+consider the relations by which he is surrounded, and for the satisfying
+of which he is responsible, he will shrink amazed from their enormous
+complexity: demands from the state for support and thoughtful fidelity,
+demands from his fellow men for love and charity, children demanding
+education and training, his own nature demanding cultivation and
+development, and, last of all, or rather first of all, his God demanding
+thoughtful love and service. When he proceeds to consider how he may
+best satisfy all these, there pours in upon him knowledge unbounded,
+schemes, theories, and methods innumerable, so that he retreats at last
+in despair and returns to his business&mdash;so he calls it, as though to
+make money were all that a man was sent into the world for, as though
+his children, his country, his fellow man, were not all his business.
+The outer world seems to have risen to overwhelm him, and the reason of
+it lies in this same great cause of undue attention to outward
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>In the pursuit of wealth, men have aggregated themselves into towns and
+cities, whose area is measured by square miles, and their population by
+hundreds of thousands or millions; the mind meanwhile, instead of
+increasing in proportion to the demands thus made upon it, has rather
+diminished in power. Added to this, each man finds his own private
+affairs in the same state. The social barrier of birth is either gone or
+fast departing, and each man recognizes wealth as the only way to power;
+but the concentrated attention of men and nations in this direction has
+so complicated its pursuit that he must give his whole mind and heart to
+this alone, if he would hope to succeed in it, or even comprehend it.
+While these two worlds, the objective and the thinking subjective, have
+thus grown so enormously out of proportion, the world has found a remedy
+again in division of labor. The different relations, which are the
+unalienable obligations of every man, have been parcelled out among all,
+and each takes but one as his vocation, leaving all the rest to the
+vicarious performance of others. Politicians care for the state,
+teachers for the children, charitable societies for each man's neighbor,
+and preachers fulfil his duty to God.</p>
+
+<p>The first mistake in the world's action is this. In this partition,
+thoughts and actions have become separated, the world is filled and the
+individual confounded by new religions, methods of education, theories
+of government, propounded by those <i>par excellence</i> called the thinking
+men, while the men who work have no time for thought. Wisdom is theory
+proved by experience, but here, alas! the reasoning man and the
+practical man are separated, so that we are farther than ever from the
+living truth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers, and I linger on the shore,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the individual withers, and the world is more and more.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Behind this first mistake, that one man can do the thinking for another,
+the great error in the world's reasoning on this subject is this, that
+one man can perform another's duties at all. The duty is his, the
+responsibility is his, and none can perform the one or assume the other.
+Granting that he may supply the thought or mechanical; the dynamical,
+the love and soul power which would make that logic effectual, can come
+only from each individual himself.</p>
+
+<p>The duty which each man owes to his children is education and training.
+Schools and teachers may supply schemes of education, improved methods
+of study, and instil some facts or even ideas into the mind; but that
+which vivifies the intellect and brings out every power in its fullest
+development is the motive of love; and it was meant that the filial
+affection of the child toward its parent should be the life of its
+opening mind. The mere logic of religion, Sunday schools and teachers,
+may supply one day out of seven; but to animate that logic and make it a
+practical thing, a faith instead of a belief, it must be made concrete
+and living in the loving life of home. In this case no one does the duty
+or assumes the responsibility of the parent.</p>
+
+<p>Our duty to our fellow men is not charity as we use the word&mdash;a bill
+dropped into the contribution box, or a subscription to a charitable
+society; but &#967;&#7937;&#961;&#953;&#962; in the old meaning of love and help.
+Poverty springs from two causes&mdash;improvidence, a lack of the
+<i>savoir-faire</i> in the affairs of life, or overwhelming circumstances,
+which have broken the spirit of the man and made him sit down
+discouraged and despairing. In either case, money is no remedy. If the
+man be improvident, it only helps the evil for a moment, and the want
+soon returns: what the man needs is instruction and care from those
+better versed in the art of living. And in the second case, to give
+money is no avail, but rather an evil; for instead of thus recognizing
+his degradation, the man needs encouragement, the enthusiasm of a strong
+and successful heart, giving life and light to him who thus sits in
+darkness. This demands the time and careful thought of every man, or the
+duty is left undone. Charitable institutions are well enough: the only
+error is in supposing that they can assume the responsibility of the
+individual. 'This ye ought to have done, and not to have left the other
+undone.'</p>
+
+<p>Our country cannot be left to politicians, for its first great demand is
+the careful thought of every man in the direction of its affairs; and
+this, no single man or class of men can supply. The action of Government
+should be conditioned by the needs of the people, and these can be known
+only by the people themselves. It is for every man, therefore, to keep
+an earnest and heedful eye to his own needs and the wants of those about
+him, if the <i>vox populi</i> would be <i>vox Dei</i>, the utterance of God's
+truth; otherwise the opinion of the people will be the voice of
+demagogues, which is as far as possible from the voice of God. Another
+need is that of continual watchfulness, lest the country be defrauded,
+or its rulers become corrupt. No class of men can be appointed as
+watchmen, lest they also go in the same way: but it is the unalienable
+duty of the whole people. When the emergency of defence arises, no man
+can really perform his duty by the payment of money or the providing of
+a substitute; for that which makes a country strong is not armies or
+cannon, but life. The Moors held Grenada, in the midst of Spain, for
+years, the Swiss have remained amid the storms of Europe for centuries,
+a Rome of huts went out to conquer the world, while a Rome of palaces is
+doomed to invasion and death. Every nation has money<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> enough, if it have
+only patriotism and its attendant courage. Even if war has become
+mechanical and men fight at a distance, so that the courage of a hand to
+hand conflict is of no avail, it finally comes to the same result; a
+nation needs not cannon or armies, but men whose hands are strong and
+whose minds are quick because of the love in their hearts. No man
+performs his duty unless he sends a substitute of equal bravery and
+patriotism to that which he should himself possess, and then he must do
+the substitute's duty by going in his place. Politicians and hired
+soldiery can neither govern nor protect a country; it needs the people
+themselves as individuals.</p>
+
+<p>In religion, no man pretends to say that a class of men can perform the
+duty which each man owes to God, and the person who should say such a
+thing would be considered in jest or partially deranged. Yet it is so
+tacitly held, and practically believed. As the man sits in his cushioned
+seat on the Lord's day, and looks up at the stately edifice which he has
+helped to build, and hears the eloquent words of the preacher whom he in
+part pays, he has a comfortable feeling that his work is done. To be
+sure, no man can love God without knowing Him, and none can know Him
+well without a careful and intelligent study of His works in creation
+and revelation; but the man himself has no time for this, he has
+something else to do, and if he but hire another to dig out these
+truths, and present them to him, as it were ready made, of a Sunday, he
+considers that it is enough. The preacher performs the thinking and the
+architect the acting of man's duty to God. So the world goes on;
+religion is merely logical, mechanical, a kind of 'greatest amount of
+happiness' affair, a lubricant to make the wheels of society move on
+smoothly, instead of being from the soul, dynamical, giving love and
+life to the world.</p>
+
+<p>This mechanical tendency has also an element which makes it worse than
+any corresponding state in former times, for these at least contained a
+faith which was positive, while ours is utterly negative; theirs sprang
+from want of mental power, ours from want of time. When in times past a
+people felt the power of thought going from them, and became conscious
+of their inability to solve the great riddle of life which was
+perplexing them, they chose the best remedy for what was irremediable,
+and turned to wiser men than they for direction and help. From thence
+sprang faith, reverence, hero worship, which stands next in rank to
+independent thought. But we, having no time to attend to these things,
+have yet no faith in those to whom they are entrusted, and no hope of
+their successful issue; we but shrug our shoulders at the thought, say,
+'I cannot attend to it,' and let it go. So <i>laisser aller</i> is the cry of
+the age, a dead negation of thought and volition.</p>
+
+<p>By proving the existence of the causes that produce it, we have shown
+the presence of a mechanical tendency in our social state; the same
+thing may be done in another way, by proving the existence of effects
+that flow from it. The truest index of a people's condition is found in
+the meaning which they attach to certain, words. A history of the word
+<i>virtus</i>, manhood, is a history of the social condition of the Roman
+people. If, then, we find that the conceptions which we attach to such
+words as God, man, and society are mechanical, then society must have
+such a tendency, for these words lie at the foundation of all
+government, all social movements, and all individual actions.</p>
+
+<p>First, the meaning of the word God. We, as a people, neither deny nor
+pretend to deny, in words, the existence of a Being, infinite in power
+and wisdom, who governs the universe according to his will; yet
+practically we have ignored His existence, and deified the laws of
+nature instead, given up the idea of a free volition, worshipping a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>
+mechanical necessity of cause and effect. The cause of this dates back
+to Bacon's 'Novum Organum,' the introduction of the Inductive
+Philosophy. He laid down the principle that nature must be interrogated
+if she would be understood, that from a careful study of the effects we
+must deduce the cause, instead of presuming the cause, and explaining
+the effects on this hypothesis.</p>
+
+<p>This form of study and the study itself are well enough when confined to
+their right proportion; but desire for wealth, in its endeavor to adapt
+nature to the wants of man, has forced the study out of its proportion,
+and deduced from it an untruth. In proving the being of a God from
+nature alone, we get only the idea of power joined to a dead necessity
+of laws; and it must be in the study of the human soul, with its
+personality and volition, that we shall get the other ideas, which,
+joined to that of power, prove to us the being of a personal God. Nature
+has been studied and analyzed and searched with all the social and
+individual power of the age, while the science of mind and soul has
+stood still; and so it is that men no longer believe there is any God
+but cause and effect; not the nation which is right is successful, but
+'God is always on the side which has the most cannon;' not the just man,
+but the shrewd man, will succeed; not God but rain and sunshine, will
+bring forth the harvest.</p>
+
+<p>Give us back the time when men fought hand to hand in ordeal of battle,
+or bared their feet to walk over burning ploughshares in their firm
+trust that God would defend the right; give them back with all their
+superstitions and darkness, if with them we may receive again the lost
+knowledge of a God who is 'Our Father,' a God who loves and protects His
+children. If there is anywhere on the earth a soul that trusts and
+prays, then must the world be wrong in its belief. A law is a rule of
+conduct, a law of nature is a rule of God's conduct, and though we have
+abstracted the personality and freedom, they are none the less there.
+There is also a mitigated form of this atheism as follows: many believe
+in a personal God, yet conceive Him to be fettered by his own laws; as
+if He had made the machine of the universe, wound it up, and could now
+only stand helplessly aside to see it go. Prayer is of no avail to such
+a God; thus the first need of the soul is left unsatisfied, and man
+stands in the universe alone. Herein is their error: because He has
+always acted in this manner, they reason that He always will, and then
+go farther and think He always must; not seeing how He stands behind and
+moves the law. When the hammer in the pianoforte rises, the wire will
+sound; but there is one who sits unseen at the key board and controls
+the wires of the hammer. When the lightning bolt falls, the tree is
+shattered; but God holds the lightning in His hands.</p>
+
+<p>Succeeding a mechanical idea of God, we have a similar idea of man. The
+fundamental question of human nature is that of free will or necessity.
+The history of philosophy is but a history of the conflict of these two
+ideas: in the life of the individual also, the same great question
+arises, whether he can be what he will, or will be what he must. From
+this come all those articles on 'Nature and Circumstances,' 'Genius and
+Labor,' with which college magazines are filled&mdash;endeavors of the young
+mind to solve this most vital problem. Modern society has declared
+itself on the side of necessity: while acknowledging man preeminently
+free in his relations to others, it yet considers him as the bondslave
+of motives. When God is the mere bondsman of necessity, and his religion
+only the means of the greatest amount of happiness, surely his creature
+must be in the same slavery. There are three great motives that sway
+men&mdash;love for themselves, love to others, and love to God. The first of
+these is measurable,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> the others immeasurable. In the first, given a
+greater means of happiness, ten thousand dollars instead of nine
+thousand, and the action follows in that direction as a matter of
+necessity. But love of children, patriotism, benevolence, love of God
+rise above this logical and mechanical, to the region of free and
+incalculable volition.</p>
+
+<p>Society, ignoring any such thing as soul, has declared that only the
+measurable and necessary remains in man. Thence has arisen the science
+of averages, pretending to foretell with mathematical certainty what a
+man must do under given circumstances. Thence also has arisen this
+maxim, so often quoted as final in all such questions, 'Every man has
+his price.' Perhaps there is some ground too for this opinion. We have
+before shown how, by division of labor, affection and volition have been
+abstracted from life, while only a formal performance of duties by
+others remains, and it would be strange if, under such <i>r&eacute;gime</i>, these
+parts of the human nature should not become shrunken. But the soul is
+not wholly gone yet; the world is mistaken&mdash;a little is left which
+cannot be measured by dollars and cents, enough of benevolence yet to
+make tolerable, enough of faith and love in the hearts of a few holy men
+to keep the world from corruption.</p>
+
+<p>Society was called by the Great Master a brotherhood. Even in heathen
+times men were held by ties of kindred and country; now they acknowledge
+practically no bond but that of interest. The word that is continually
+in our mouths is 'framework of society,' 'social mechanism,' as though
+it were impelled by a force from without, instead of being a living and
+vital thing, moved and governed by its own vital forces. 'Law of
+averages,' 'honesty is the best policy,' 'law of supply and demand,' are
+supposed to be the forces that drive the affair, while any such power as
+love or faith is ignored. But as with individuals, so with society. The
+world is not so bad as it declares itself to be. Enough of patriotism is
+still left to affect the gold market at times, enough of faith to keep
+alive the effete aristocracy of Europe, enough of courage and honor to
+rally around and bravely uphold a tattered flag in a battle for
+constitutional freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Although we have shown the existence of a mechanical tendency, yet our
+labor is incomplete and practically useless unless we have shown how it
+may be retarded or wholly counterbalanced. Some countervailing element
+there must be, as is evident from the fact that, while the causes that
+produce this tendency exist in modern society in tenfold greater power
+than they ever had in ancient life, yet their operation has been, by
+far, less rapid. Greece and Rome existed barely a thousand years, while
+Anglo-Saxon civilization has already flourished much longer than that,
+and as yet shows no signs of immediate decay.</p>
+
+<p>The retarding cause is war. This does not strike at the root of the
+matter and eradicate the love of physical prosperity, but only retards
+the movement, by awaking men to see that their interests are inseparable
+from those of the state. In the midst of war they see that one cannot
+perform the duty of another, that hired soldiery cannot protect a state,
+but their own hearts and arms must be enlisted unless they would be
+buried in its ruins. It wakes up the dormant dynamical powers of courage
+and heroism, and checks for a moment the selfish individualism that was
+taking the life from the nation.</p>
+
+<p>This only retards, it does not counterbalance or neutralize this
+tendency. War was common to ancient and modern times alike; but that
+cause which has so long held our society from ruin, and on which we base
+our hope of an indestructible civilization, is the Christian religion.
+This strikes at the root of the matter, being antagonistic not only to
+the one simple cause, but to each of the subordinate causes that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> are
+derived from it. Disproportionate attention to outward prosperity
+springs from the idea that the happiness of men and nations is
+inseparable from wealth. Directly opposed to this is the teaching of
+religion, that happiness and strength come from performing truly the
+duties of life. The first derivative cause which we found under this was
+an accumulation of facts which overburden the mind and destroy its
+power. Religion has little to do with outward facts, it taxes but little
+the receptive power; it has to do rather with changing knowledge into
+wisdom, applying the few vital facts to the life. This knowledge, we
+have found, is objective, ignoring the &#915;&#957;&#969;&#952;&#953; &#963;&#949;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#8001;&#957;; but
+religious thought is intensely subjective; all other things it esteems
+as of no avail, except those that relate to the outward condition and
+tendency of the individual. Know thyself in relation to man and
+God&mdash;this it continually demands. No man can be religious without
+thought&mdash;continual, earnest thought, perceiving and defining duties;
+therefore, wherever religion comes, even the mind that was sunken in
+weakness is raised to renewed life. It is in this way that religion
+counterbalances the influence of division of labor. While this takes
+away the last incentive to thought on the part of the workman, degrading
+him to a cunning but expensive machine, religion gives to him a new
+spring of thought, vivifies his blunted mind by the power of transformed
+affections, and makes him again a man.</p>
+
+<p>The next derivative was lack of time, taking affection and volition from
+life by dividing the duties of the individual among others. In immediate
+antagonism to this, religion declares that the individual stands alone
+in his duties and responsibilities before God. It recognizes no
+institution of charity or social partition, but reiterates the command,
+'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself,' which includes everything.</p>
+
+<p>Religion is opposed to this tendency, not only in its causes, but in its
+effects. It brings back to us the idea of a personal God. It makes no
+mention of nature, but simply says: 'The heavens declare the glory of
+God,' 'He sendeth his rain on the just and the unjust.' No laws of
+nature are spoken of as conditioning the action of God, but He sees the
+sparrow's fall and provides for it; He hears and answers the prayer of
+His children. It declares man to be more than a slave driven by motives,
+with every action necessitated; it declares him a creature of free
+volition, whose action can neither be calculated nor controlled. It
+declares him possessed of powers of love and hate, which defy
+mathematics; a being above all price, to whom honesty may be more than
+'the best policy,' even the loving obedience of a child to a loving
+Father. It declares society to be no mere framework tied together by
+interest, but a brotherhood, like a living soul, having a common Father,
+Saviour, and Home. In place of supply and demand, policy, interest, it
+enunciates but one word, <i>love</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It would be worse than useless if we had come so far in reasoning, and
+obtained no practical result, which might be embodied in each man's
+action. We have shown the existence of this tendency, and the powers
+that are antagonistic to it. We cannot prove the result, for there is no
+analogy in any preceding case which history affords; we cannot calculate
+the strength of the opposing powers, for the issue lies in man's
+volition, which is above mathematics. Yet practically, the result, as
+far as regards us individually, is as valuable as though this were
+possible. The result depends upon the world's decision, and each man is
+responsible for his part of that decision, whether he will give his
+heart to outward or inward prosperity. If he would have his children, to
+unnumbered generations, rise up to bless the age in which he lived, and
+him who lived therein; if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> he would do what he can to make his country's
+civilization perpetual, and his own life truly happy, let him give up
+all thought of <i>laissez faire</i>, 'it will last my time,' and begin to
+lead an earnest, thoughtful life, sacrificing, if need be, something of
+outward prosperity for the sake of fulfilling his duty in love and
+action to his fellow men and to God.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AN_INDIAN_LOVE-SONG" id="AN_INDIAN_LOVE-SONG"></a>AN INDIAN LOVE-SONG.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From his ambush in thy shadowy eyes young Love an arrow shot,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When beneath thy father's wigwam my youthful brain grew hot.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My heart is all a-quiver, but hear me while I sing;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh let me be thy beau, and I will never snap the string!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not with the glittering wampum have I come thy smiles to woo;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But I offer a cabin passage down life's river in my canoe;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to beguile the voyage, if thou wilt come aboard,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till sunset fire the waters the fire-water shall be poured.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">While clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Though my pipe of peace thy cruelty has shattered, stem and bowl,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A thousand thongs from thy dear hide are knotted round my soul.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From every murderous tomahawk my dove shall shielded be;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And if famine stare us in the face, I'll jerk my heart for thee.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">So, clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LITERARY_NOTICES" id="LITERARY_NOTICES"></a>LITERARY NOTICES.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+<span class="smcap">Poems from the Inner Life</span>. By <span class="smcap">Lizzie Doten</span>. Boston:
+Wm. White &amp; Co., 'Banner of Light' Office, 158 Washington street, New
+York: A. J. Davis, 274 Canal street.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>This book was written from what is called 'the plane of spiritual
+experience' of which we, being neither clairvoyant, clairaudient, nor
+clairsentient, know positively nothing.' Miss Doten says: 'I claim both
+a general and particular inspiration. I know that many sincere and
+earnest souls will decide, in the integrity of their well-trained
+intellects, that my claim to an intercourse with the invisible world is
+an extravagant assumption, and has no foundation in truth. I cannot
+conscientiously deny that in the mysteries of my inner life I have been
+acted upon decidedly and directly by disembodied intelligences, and this
+sometimes by an inspiration characteristic of the individual, or by a
+psychological influence similar to that whereby mind acts upon mind in
+the body. Many of the poems were given by direct spirit influence before
+public audiences. For many of them I could not obtain the authorship,
+but for such as I could the names are given.'</p>
+
+<p>Strange statements truly, and yet we see no reason to doubt that Miss
+Doten fully believes them to be simple records of facts known to
+herself. We do not doubt her truth and good faith; but we confess
+ourselves puzzled with the contradictory and inconsequent phenomena of
+modern spiritualism. These developments never bring any accession to our
+knowledge. In addition to the curious circumstances attending the
+creation of these poems, many of them are very beautiful. In those
+purporting to have been dictated by the spirit of Poe, the similarity of
+style is quite remarkable. His alliterations, his frequent assonances
+and rhymes, his chiming and ever-musical rhythms are wonderfully well
+reproduced. But has he learned nothing new to tell us in those 'supernal
+spheres'? Has he struck upon no new path in those weird regions, grasped
+no fresh and startling thought to weave into the perfect music of his
+lines? Nay, has he learned no new tunes, chimes, or rhythms 'where the
+angels' feet make music over all the starry floor'? Could he not lift
+for us the veil of Isis? The 'inspiration' from Shakspeare we regard as
+a total failure. He who never repeated himself on earth, comes to us who
+love him, after his long residence in heaven, and travesties his own
+matchless dramas by weak quotations from them, as if he had been
+cogitating only his own words through the new scenes of glory which had
+opened before him. Our great Shakspeare has grown none in the passing
+centuries&mdash;comes from the empyrean to gabble like a dotard of the
+visions of his youth? We quote from the poem:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Man learns in this Valhalla of his soul</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To love, nor ever finds 'Love's Labor Lost.'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No two-faced Falstaff proffers double suit;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No Desdemona mourns Iago's art;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And every Romeo finds his Juliet.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Trust us, fair and gifted Miss Doten, the spirit who sang this into your
+soul was not Shakspeare, nor, unless we are much mistaken, even one of
+his acquaintances.
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Faith and Fancy</span>. By <span class="smcap">John Savage</span>, Author of 'Sibyl, a
+Tragedy.' New York: James B. Kirker, 599 Broadway. Washington, D. C.:
+Philip &amp; Solomon.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>We are glad to welcome this little volume of poems, some of which were
+published anonymously, and received general praise from critics and
+readers. They are vigorous, patriotic, rhythmical, and many of them are
+marked with imaginative power. The 'Muster of the North' is a bold and
+striking poem.
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Life of Edward Livingston</span>. By <span class="smcap">Charles Havens Hunt</span>.
+With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">George Bancroft</span>. New York: D. Appleton
+&amp; Co., 443 and 445 Broadway.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>Mr. Hunt has had great advantages in the preparation of this interesting
+life, the only surviving members of Mr. Livingston's imme<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>diate family
+having placed in his hands the whole mass of papers left by him at his
+death. The work has a double interest. As a man, Mr. Livingston claims
+our sympathies from his domestic virtues, his unvarying sweetness of
+demeanor, his high ability and culture; as jurist and statesman, he is
+closely related to the great epochs of our country. It fell to his lot,
+after our acquisition of Louisiana, to adjust the old municipal laws
+derived from France and Spain, to the new condition of the connection
+with America. 'The code which he prepared at the instance of the State
+of Louisiana,' says Mr. Bancroft, 'is in its simplicity, completeness,
+and humanity at once an impersonation of the man and an exposition of
+the American Constitution. If it has never been adopted as a whole, it
+has proved an unfailing fountain of reforms, suggested by its
+principles.' Mr. Livingston will live historically with such men as
+Bacon, Montesquieu, Beccaria, and Bentham. His great work in its final
+form was styled 'A System of Penal Law,' and was divided into 'A Code of
+Crimes and Punishments,' 'A Code of Procedure,' 'A Code of Evidence,'
+and 'A Code of Reform and Prison Discipline,' besides 'A Book of
+Definitions.' This work is marked by great unity of design, by the
+shunning of legal ambiguity, by the preventing rather than avenging
+crime, and by bringing 'mercy to season justice.'</p>
+
+<p>Space fails to follow Mr. Livingston through his congressional career,
+his social and domestic life, his many and pleasant relations with
+General Jackson, George M. Dallas, and most of the leading men of his
+own times. We close this short notice with a quotation from Charles J.
+Ingersoll: 'A purer, sweeter, or superior spirit seldom has departed. He
+belonged to a peerage of which there are very few members.' We doubt not
+this important record will obtain a wide recognition.
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+<span class="smcap">Rambles Among Words</span>: their Poetry, History, and Wisdom. By
+<span class="smcap">William Swinton</span>. Revised Edition. New York: Dion Thomas, 142
+Nassau street.</p></div>
+
+<p>We are glad to welcome a new edition of this interesting book. Some
+fifteen hundred illustrations of the Poetry, History, and Wisdom of
+Words are presented to the reader in these pages, the greater number of
+which have never before been etymologically analyzed. Mr. Swinton's
+classifications are ingenious and suggestive. We have 'The Work of the
+Senses, 'The Idealism of Words,' 'Fossil Poetries,' 'Fossil Histories,'
+'Words of Abuse,' 'Growth of Words,' 'Verbal Ethics,' 'English in
+America,' &amp;c. Our author says: 'In the growth of Words all the
+activities of the mind conspire. Language is the mirror of the living
+inward consciousness. Language is concrete metaphysics. What rays does
+it let in on the mind's subtile workings! There is more of what there is
+of essential in metaphysics&mdash;more of the structural action of the human
+mind, in Words, than in the concerted introspection of all the
+psychologists.' And very skilfully has Mr. Swinton elicited the pregnant
+meanings, the rich coloring, the 'concrete metaphysics,' the terrors,
+delights, and wonders of words. Thoughtlessly enough we use them, but
+they are coins of matchless worth, stamped with the history and marked
+by the complicated powers of the being in the fire of whose soul they
+are fused. Truthfulness of derivation, history, erudition, poetry, and
+imagination meet in the charming pages before us, and enthral the
+interest. We recommend the work not only to the student, but to all
+readers of intelligence. Those already familiar with the subject will
+find much rare and original matter; while those to whom it is new will
+be astonished and startled with the unsuspected resources of the magical
+regions through which 'Rambles among Words' will conduct them.
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+<span class="smcap">The Vagabonds</span>. By <span class="smcap">J. T. Trowbridge</span>. With Illustrations
+by F. O. C. Darley. New York: James G. Gregory, 46 Walker street.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Most of the readers of the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> will remember 'The
+Vagabonds'&mdash;a poem remarkable for its truth and pathos. Darley has
+caught the spirit of the 'two travellers'&mdash;indeed, the expression of
+love and pity in the face of the dog is almost human. If we but read
+this poem aright, a moral lies in every verse, teaching us compassion
+for erring humanity, and mercy to the dumb creatures whom no sin or
+degradation can alienate from their loyal affections. We thank Darley
+for these exquisite and tender illustrations. They are worthy of his
+fame. May they save our poor four-footed 'Rogers' many a kick, and
+elicit a deeper sympathy for earth's unfortunate vagabonds!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="EDITORS_TABLE" id="EDITORS_TABLE"></a>EDITOR'S TABLE.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>THE METROPOLITAN FAIR IN AID OF THE UNITED STATES SANITARY COMMISSION.</h3>
+
+<p>Believing it to be the duty of all public and private citizens, of all
+journals and publications, to do whatsoever may be in their power to aid
+the Metropolitan Fair in the effort to sustain the Sanitary Commission
+in its important functions, we propose devoting to this purpose the
+pages of our Editor's Table.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Sumter fell on the 15th of April, 1861; on the 16th, the
+President's proclamation calling out seventy-five thousand troops to
+suppress an armed rebellion was issued. The effect was electric,
+startling the loyal States into sudden activity. Men rushed to arms, and
+women thronged together to devise means to alleviate suffering likely
+soon to occur among the brave fellows speeding to face death in behalf
+of their country. Surgeons and physicians were invited to meet with them
+and instruct them how to make lint, prepare bandages, and educate
+nurses.</p>
+
+<p>About fifty ladies met during this juncture at the New York Infirmary
+for women, April 25th, 1861, and a committee was appointed to organize
+the benevolence of our women into a Central Association. A meeting was
+called in the Cooper Institute, April 29th, attended by the largest
+assembly of ladies ever drawn together before. It was presided over by
+D. D. Field, Esq.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Rev. Dr. Bellows explained the object of the
+meeting, and an eloquent address was made by Vice-President Hamlin. Dr.
+Crawford, since Brigadier-General Crawford, who had been at Fort Sumter,
+followed him. Drs. Wood, Mott, Stevens, etc., urged the merits of the
+enterprise. Articles of organization were brought in, which, under the
+name of the Women's Central Association of Relief, united the women of
+New York in a society whose objects were to collect and distribute
+authentic information with regard to the wants of the army; to establish
+a recognized union with the New York Medical Association for the supply
+of lint, bandages, etc.; to solicit the aid of all local associations;
+and to take measures for training and securing a supply of nurses
+against any possible demand of war. Dr. Mott was appointed President of
+the Association; Rev. Dr. Bellows, Vice-President; G. F. Allen, Esq.,
+Secretary; and Howard Potter, of Brown Brothers &amp; Co., Treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>Wise questions were put to the Chief Medical Purveyor of the U. S. Army
+by the Association, to which kind and patient verbal answers were
+returned. But it was evident that he regarded its solicitude as
+exaggerated, and its proffer of aid as almost superfluous, believing the
+Medical Department was fully aroused to its duties, and able to meet
+them. There can be no doubt that this opinion was perfectly honest,
+loyal, and faithful. But the women still believed that something might
+be done for the objects of their solicitude. A committee, consisting of
+Dr. W. H. Van Buren, Dr. Elisha Harris, Dr. Jacob Harsen, and Rev. Dr.
+Bellows, etc., was appointed to visit Washington, and confer with the
+medical authorities and the War Department in regard to the whole
+subject of volunteer aid to the army. The committee came to the
+conclusion, after some weeks' observation in and about Washington, that
+neither the Government, the War Department, the Bureau, the army, nor
+the people understood the gigantic nature of the business entered upon,
+or were half prepared to meet the necessities which must in a few weeks
+or months fall crushingly upon them. Such facts convinced them of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>
+necessity of a much more extensive system than had been contemplated at
+the period of their organization, and thus the idea of a Sanitary
+Commission, with an office and resident staff at Washington, presented
+itself to them as alone able to meet the views of the Central
+Association and the emergencies of the case. The ordering of a Sanitary
+Commission <i>without rights or powers</i> was finally granted, the <i>duties</i>
+being enough to satisfy the most active. The order for the Commission
+was issued by the Secretary of War June 9th, and approved by the
+President June 13th, 1861. Women feel that our soldiers belong to the
+<i>nation</i>, and thus local, and personal prejudices have yielded to the
+truly <i>federal</i> principles of the Sanitary Commission. They are
+withdrawn from local politics, and have felt the assault upon the life
+of the nation in its true national aspect. They have been the first to
+appreciate and understand the all-embracing duties of the Sanitary
+Commission. With Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Louisville,
+Pittsburg, Philadelphia, New York, Brooklyn, New Haven, Hartford,
+Providence, Boston, Portland, and Concord for centres, there are at
+least 15,000 Soldiers' Aid Societies, all under the control of women,
+employed in supplying, through the Sanitary Commission, the wants of the
+sick and wounded in the great Federal Army. The skill and business
+energies of the women managing the vast operations of the chief centres
+of supply unfold a new and glowing page in the history of the capacities
+of the sex.</p>
+
+<p>Why does the Sanitary Commission need so much money? Because the present
+machinery of the Commission, supported by the Central Treasury cannot be
+kept in motion without large expenditures; and large as the cost is, the
+results for good are almost infinitely larger. The Sanitary distributes
+the supplies sent, embraces Sanitary Inspection by medical men of
+general hospitals, Sanitary Inspection by medical men of camps and field
+hospitals, Special Relief with all its agencies and in all its various
+departments, and the Hospital Directory with its register and its
+500,000 names. Every dollar expended meets some real want, or helps to
+save a life. Do the people wish this agency in behalf of the soldiers in
+tent, hospital, and on the battle field&mdash;at the East&mdash;West&mdash;South, to
+cease? or is it their will to continue it in its largeness of plan, its
+scientific exactness, its ability to do all that the friends at home
+would themselves desire to do for our soldiers? Our generous and loyal
+people have given their entire confidence to the Sanitary
+Commission&mdash;they have decided that it shall not die for lack of material
+aid, estimating beyond all money and all price the lives and health of
+the brave men now in the field for the defence of the country, and
+grateful that they may repose in the certitude that every cent
+contributed will be used in the surest manner to effect the results
+required. To aid in sustaining this beneficent institution, New York is
+about to inaugurate a great Metropolitan Fair. She asks in the sacred
+name of freedom and humanity that her children come together with the
+works of their hands, the results of their enterprise, the achievements
+of their talents, the bloom of their genius, to do her honor in a Great
+Exhibition of Art, Industry, Commerce, all devoted to the cause of human
+progress. She begs of her children to do the work which is given them to
+do, with a spirit of love and patriotism, remembering no private griefs,
+no unworthy animosities; remembering only the bleeding sons of the
+Republic, who threw themselves, in their youth and strength, into the
+yawning gulf which opened before them, hoping that, propitiated by such
+a sacrifice, it might close again&mdash;willing to die, or live maimed and
+suffering, that a happy, peaceful and united people might again possess
+the fairest land which God has given to mankind. Chicago, Cincinnati,
+and Boston have already done nobly in this direction, and New York
+should contribute in proportion to her means and advantages. The
+Atlantic seaboard should make great exertions, seeing that more than one
+half of the money received by the Commission has been contributed from
+the shores of the Pacific&mdash;California having sent more than five hundred
+and twenty-five thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The Managers of the Fair invite all Merchants, Manufacturers, and
+Artisans to contribute of their wares to its stores, giving such goods
+as they make or deal in&mdash;such goods as are made profitable to them by
+the prosperity of the country which our soldiers are fighting to
+maintain.</p>
+
+<p>Painters and Sculptors, who have done so much for the honor of their
+country, all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> who are connected with the Fine Arts, either as creators,
+as dealers, or possessors of Art Treasures, are asked to send their
+contributions for <i>exhibition</i> or <i>sale</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Farmers are invited to bring to the Fair gifts from their barns, stalls,
+dairies, and poultry yards.</p>
+
+<p>Publishers and Booksellers are confidently looked to for aid. A
+<i>Second-hand Book Stall</i> will be attached to this Department, to which
+contributions are asked from the shelves of those who are cumbered with
+duplicate copies, or who have books which they no longer use. Connected
+with this Department will be a table for the exposition and sale of
+valuable Autographs.</p>
+
+<p>On the Musicians, Musical Instrument Makers, and Music Dealers, the
+Managers confidently rely for a worthy representation of the beautiful
+art of which they are ministers, by the giving of Musical Performances
+and of instruments and music for sale.</p>
+
+<p>The Managers and Artists of the various Theatres are invited to set
+apart one evening during the Fair, the performances on which shall be
+for the benefit of the fund.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that the Public Schools and Public Institutions of a
+benevolent character may contribute in some fitting manner to the Fair.</p>
+
+<p>It is also hoped, from the well-known patriotism of the Fire Department
+and the Police, that they will bear an honorable and conspicuous part in
+this life-preserving and humane undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>A Department of Arms and Trophies will be established, to which not only
+arms and flags captured in the present war, but all articles of this
+kind having a historic or intrinsic interest, will be acceptable
+contributions, either for sale or exhibition.</p>
+
+<p>An Old Curiosity Shop will afford all who have interesting relics of the
+past in their possession an opportunity to enable others to share the
+pleasure of examining them. Valuable contributions have been already
+received in this department. Let it be clearly stated whether articles
+of this kind are for sale or only for exhibition.</p>
+
+<p>A Newspaper will be published daily, which, in addition to the latest
+telegraphic news, will contain short and piquant articles upon the
+incidents of the day, and especially of the Fair.</p>
+
+<p>A Post Office will also be established.</p>
+
+<p>A Restaurant will be under the charge of an accomplished public caterer.</p>
+
+<p>It is intended that, so far as practicable, each city in the State
+desiring that its contributions shall be kept together, shall have a
+separate space set apart for them, and that each of these cities shall
+be represented in the General Committee of Management.</p>
+
+<p>A certain number of each Executive Committee will be at its Office&mdash;the
+Ladies at No. 2 Great Jones street, the Gentlemen at No. 842
+Broadway&mdash;every day, from 10 <span class="smcap">a. m.</span> to 4 <span class="smcap">p. m.</span></p>
+
+<p>Contributions are to be sent to the Receiving Depot, No. 2 Great Jones
+street, where they will be credited to their givers, and their receipt
+acknowledged by the proper committee.</p>
+
+<p>It is particularly requested that each contribution be plainly marked
+with the name of the contributor, for exposition during the Fair, and
+that each article be accompanied by a memorandum of its value.</p>
+
+
+<h4>REGULATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>1. Every application by note for contributions shall be upon paper
+bearing the symbol of the Fair, and signed in writing by a member of the
+Executive Committee; and every member of a special committee shall be
+provided with a similar certificate of authority.</p>
+
+<p>2. It is earnestly requested that all contributions in money be sent to
+the Treasurer, to whose order all checks should be made payable.</p>
+
+<p>3. At the Fair, every article shall be sold at its current value, when
+that is determinable.</p>
+
+<p>4. In all raffles, the number of tickets sold shall not exceed the
+original valuation of the articles raffled for.</p>
+
+<p>5. No person shall be importuned to buy articles or tickets for raffles.</p>
+
+<p>6. In every department, a cashier shall be appointed to receive money
+and make change.</p>
+
+<p>7. No punch shall be sold.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OFFICERS.</h4>
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Ladies Association">
+<tr><th colspan="2">Ladies' Association</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Mrs.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hamilton Fish</span>, <i>President</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">David Lane</span>, <i>Vice-President</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. V. Stout</span>, <i>Second Vice-President</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ellen R. Strong</span>, <i>Treasurer</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">John Sherwood</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Miss</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Catherine Nash</span>, <i>Assistant Secretary</i>.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Executive Committee">
+<tr><th colspan="2"><i>Executive Committee.</i></th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2">Office, No. 2 Great Jones street.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Mrs.</td><td align='left'>Marshall O. Roberts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Francis Lieber.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Wm. H. Van Buren.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Richard M. Hunt.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Jonathan Sturges.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>A. Schermerhorn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>David D. Field.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>S. G. Courtney.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Daniel Le Roy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Benjamin Nathan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>John Jacob Astor.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Gurdon Buck.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Ogden Hoffman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Josiah S. Colgate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Frank E. Howe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>John A. Dix.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>A. Hamilton, jr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Thomas F. Meagher.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Philip Hamilton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Frederick Billings.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Morris Ketchum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Miss</td><td align='left'>Catherine Hone.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Gentlemen's Association">
+<tr><th colspan="2">Gentlemen's Association.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major-gen.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">John A. Dix</span>, <i>President</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mr.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Jonathan Sturges</span>, <i>First Vice-President</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">James T. Brady</span>, <i>Second Vice-President</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Wilson G. Hunt</span>, <i>Chairman of Gen. Com</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Richard Grant White</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Executive Committee">
+<tr><th colspan="2"><i>Executive Committee.</i></th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2">Office, No. 842 Broadway.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2">Mr. George Griswold Gray, <i>Chairman</i>.</th></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2">Mr. R. G. White, <i>Secretary</i>.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Mr.</td><td align='left'>Marshall O. Roberts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Arthur Leary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>James L. Kennedy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Charles H. Marshall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>A. Van Rensselaer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Nathan'l P. Hosack.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Peter Marie.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Abr'm M. Cozzens.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>L. R. Jerome.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Wm. T. Blodgett.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Fletcher Harper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Lloyd Aspinwall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Wm. Scharfenberg.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Levi P. Morton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Chris'n E. Detmold.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Henry Chauncey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Charles A. Bristed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Thomas Acton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>C. Godfrey Gunther.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Henry S. Fearing.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>A. R. Macdonough.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Francis A. Stout.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>James A. Roosevelt.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Le Grand B. Cannon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Edward Delano.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>John F. Kensett.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>James F. Ruggles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Moses Lazarus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Joseph G. Heywood.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Philetus T. Holt.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Uriel A. Murdock.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Elliott F. Shepard.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Edward Matthews.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>S. B. Janes.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>We have deemed it best thus to gather together from all available
+sources all the information we could glean from the circulars, etc., of
+the Metropolitan Fair, with the names of its officers, and the addresses
+of the Executive Committees, that we might give all possible information
+to our widely spread circle of readers. We give, from the excellent
+article in the January number of the <i>North American Review</i> already
+quoted, a vivid description of scenes occurring in the great Northwest,
+upon a similar occasion.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'In Chicago, for instance, the Branch has lately held a fair of
+colossal proportions, to which the whole Northwest was invited to
+send supplies, and to come in mass! On the 26th of October last,
+when it opened, a procession of three miles in length, composed of
+wagon loads of supplies, and of people in various ways interested,
+paraded through the streets of Chicago; the stores being closed,
+and the day given up to patriotic sympathies. For fourteen days the
+fair lasted, and every day brought re&euml;nforcements of supplies, and
+of people and purchasers. The country people, from hundreds of
+miles about, sent in upon the railroads all the various products of
+their farms, mills, and hands. Those who had nothing else sent the
+poultry from their barnyards; the ox or bull or calf from the
+stall; the title deed of a few acres of land; so many bushels of
+grain, or potatoes, or onions. Loads of hay, even, were sent in
+from ten or a dozen miles out, and sold at once in the hay market.
+On the roads entering the city were seen rickety and lumbering
+wagons, made of poles, loaded with a mixed freight,&mdash;a few
+cabbages, a bundle of socks, a coop of tame ducks, a few barrels of
+turnips, a pot of butter, and a bag of beans,&mdash;with the proud and
+humane farmer driving the team, his wife behind in charge of the
+baby, while two or three little children contended with the boxes
+and barrels and bundles for room to sit or lie. Such were the
+evidences of devotion and self-sacrificing zeal the Northwestern
+farmers gave, as, in their long trains of wagons, they trundled
+into Chicago, from twenty and thirty miles' distance, and unloaded
+their contents at the doors of the Northwestern Fair, for the
+benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission. The mechanics and
+artisans of the towns and cities were not behind the farmers. Each
+manufacturer sent his best piano, plough, threshing machine, or
+sewing machine. Every form of agricultural implement, and every
+product of mechanical skill, was represented. From the watchmaker's
+jewelry to horse shoes and harness; from lace, cloth, cotton, and
+linen, to iron and steel; from wooden and waxen and earthen ware to
+butter and cheese, bacon and beef;&mdash;nothing came amiss, and nothing
+failed to come, and the ordering of all this was in the hands of
+women. They fed in the restaurant, under 'the Fair,' at fifty cents
+a meal, 1,500 mouths a day, for a fortnight, from food furnished,
+cooked, and served by the women of Chicago; and so orderly and
+convenient, so practical and wise were the arrangements, that, day
+by day, they had just what they had ordered and what they counted
+on, always enough, and never too much. They divided the houses of
+the town, and levied on No. 16 A street, for five turkeys, on
+Monday; No. 37 B street, for 12 apple pies, on Tuesday; No. 49 C
+street, for forty pounds of roast beef, on Wednesday; No. 23 D
+street was to furnish so much pepper on Thursday; No. 33 E street,
+so much salt on Friday. In short, every preparation was made in
+advance, at the least inconvenience possible to the people, to
+distribute in the most equal manner the welcome burden of feeding
+the visitors at the fair, at the expense of the good people of
+Chicago, but for the pecuniary benefit of the Sanitary Commission.
+Hun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>dreds of lovely young girls, in simple uniforms, took their
+places as waiters behind the vast array of tables, and everybody
+was as well served as at a first-class hotel, at a less expense to
+himself, and with a great profit to the fair. Fifty thousand
+dollars, it is said, will be the least net return of this gigantic
+fair to the treasury of the Branch at Chicago.' </p></div>
+
+<p>We cannot believe that there is the least necessity to urge upon our
+generous people the absolute <i>duty</i> of contributing largely to the
+support of the Sanitary Commission, the strong and helpful angel of our
+bloody battle fields. Our sick soldiers, burning with fever, shivering
+with the debility of disease, with pallid faces and emaciated frames,
+ask from us that its healing dews shall still be suffered to descend
+upon them. Stricken down upon the battle field in the full bloom of
+manly vigor, lying festering in their ghastly wounds among the dead and
+dying, exposed to the dews of night, the broiling fervors of the midday
+sun, we may hear them implore us that the ambulances of the Sanitary may
+be allowed to aid in bringing them shelter, aid, strength to live, or
+patience to die. Bleeding stumps of manly limbs are piteously held forth
+to us that surgeons may be supplied for amputation, that balls buried in
+the flesh or lodged in the bone may be extracted by hands skilful in the
+use of knife and probe. Let these brave fellows feel that the arms of
+the men and women of this country are clasped around them in sustaining
+love. Ah, have we not all dear ones in this grand army? answer me, fair
+and true daughters of our soil.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'The subtile sense, the faith intense, of woman's heart and brain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Give her a prophet's power to see, to suffer, and maintain.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Let us not stop to measure what is prudent for us to give, but let us
+give freely, promptly, as we would do if we saw before us the suffering
+victims of this holy war! Every dollar may save a life, every penny a
+pang. O God! shall we stop to count pence with our stricken brave
+<i>dying</i> and bleeding before us? Every gift, however small, from a loyal
+soul, will be greeted, every good giver welcomed. Let us listen to the
+most sublime of all music, the great heart-throbs of a free people
+chiming together in the vigorous rhythm of the Divine charities. Let our
+nation comprehend from within the march of its vast destinies, its true
+and ever-growing force in the love and self-sacrifice of its children.
+Let the benediction of our American Evangel, 'All men are born free and
+equal,' sound on until all voices swell in the grand diapason of
+everywhere harmonious and united Humanity, for this is the strength of
+man and the true meaning of our Union.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'From the vine-land, from the Rhine-land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From the Shannon, from the Scheldt,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From the ancient homes of genius,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From the sainted home of Celt,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From Italy, from Hungary,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">All as brothers join and come,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the sinew-bearing bugle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the foot-propelling drum:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Too glad beneath the starry flag to die, and keep secure</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Liberty they dreamed of by the Danube, Elbe, and Suir.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Let us at least prove ourselves worthy of the century in which we live,
+and show the astonished world how a free people honors, guards, cares
+for, and shelters its suffering heroes.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Or Black Head. There is great confusion in names in this
+part of the range.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Dr. Neumann has removed from Munich to Berlin within a year
+past.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Now over 3,000 miles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Now 2,907 miles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> For most of these facts, see Article on the Sanitary
+Commission in the <i>North American Review</i> for January, 1864.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue
+III.  March, 1864, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue III.
+March, 1864, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue III.  March, 1864
+       Devoted to Literature and National Policy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 17, 2006 [EBook #18848]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:
+
+DEVOTED TO
+
+LITERATURE AND NATIONAL POLICY
+
+VOL. V.--MARCH, 1864.--No. III.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.
+
+LETTER NO. III. OF HON. ROBERT J. WALKER.
+
+
+                          LONDON, 10 Half Moon Street, Piccadilly,
+                                          _December 3d_, 1863.
+
+It is generally believed, even when the American rebellion should be
+suppressed, that there would be a great loss of wealth and resources on
+the part of the United States. As an economical question the great truth
+is not disputed by me, that, as a general rule, wars by a waste of
+property, by large expenditures, and by the withdrawal of so much labor
+from the pursuits of industry, impair the material interests of the
+nation. The influence of such considerations in the United States is not
+denied; but there are in the cause of this contest, as well as in its
+effects and consequences, results which will more than compensate for
+such losses. Slavery was the sole cause of this rebellion, and the
+result will be the reconstruction of the Union, with slavery everywhere
+extinguished. On this assumption, the question is, whether the
+substitution of free for slave labor throughout every State and
+Territory of the Union will not, as a question of augmented wealth and
+invigorated industry, far more than compensate for the losses incurred
+in the contest. Reasoning inductively, it might well be supposed that
+the willing labor of educated and energetic freemen would be far more
+productive than the forced labor of ignorant, unwilling, and uneducated
+slaves. In the realm of science, as well as in the direction of labor,
+knowledge is power, education is wealth and progress; and that this is
+applicable to the masses who compose a community, and especially to the
+working classes, is demonstrated by our American official Census. In
+proof of this position, I will proceed by a reference to the official
+tables of our Census of 1860, to show not only in particular Slave
+States, as compared with other Free States, whether old or new, Eastern
+or Western, or making the comparison of the aggregate of all the Slave
+with the Free States, the annual product of the latter _per capita_ is
+more than double that of the Slave States. I begin with Maryland as
+compared with Massachusetts, because Maryland, in proportion to her
+area, has greater natural advantages than any one of the Slave or Free
+States; and if the comparison with the Free States is most unfavorable
+to her, it will be more so as to any other Southern State; as the Census
+shows that, from 1790 to 1860, as well as from 1850 to 1860, Maryland
+increased in population per square mile more rapidly than any other
+slaveholding State.
+
+We must consider the area, soil, climate, mines, hydraulic power,
+location, shore line, bays, sounds, and rivers, and such other causes as
+affect the advance of wealth and population.
+
+The relative progress of Maryland has been slow indeed. The population
+of the Union, by the Census of 1790, was 3,929,827, of which Maryland,
+containing then 319,728, constituted a twelfth part (12.29). In 1860,
+the Union numbered 31,445,080, and Maryland 687,034, constituting a
+forty-fifth part (45.76). In 1790, the Free States numbered 1,968,455,
+Maryland's population then being equal to one sixth (6.12); but, in
+1860, the population of the Free States was 18,920,078, Maryland's
+number then being equal to one twenty-seventh part (27.52). But, if
+Maryland had increased as rapidly from 1790 to 1860 as the whole Union,
+her proportion, one twelfth part, would have made her numbers in 1860,
+2,620,315; and if her proportional increase had equalled that of the
+Free States, her ratio, one sixth, would have made her population in
+1860, 3,153,392.
+
+I take the areas from the report (November 29, 1860) of the Commissioner
+of the General Land Office, where they are for the first time accurately
+given, 'excluding the water surface.' The population is taken from the
+Census Tables. I compare first Massachusetts and Maryland, because they
+are maritime and old States, and both in 1790 had nearly the same
+population, but, as will be shown hereafter, with vastly superior
+natural advantages in favor of Maryland.
+
+Area of Maryland, 11,124 square miles; shore lines, by tables of United
+States Coast Survey, viz.: main shore, including bays, sounds, etc., 503
+miles, islands 298, rivers to head of tide water 535; total, 1,336
+miles.
+
+Area of Massachusetts, 7,800 square miles; shore lines, by tables of
+United States Coast Survey, viz.: main shore, including bays, sounds,
+etc., 435 miles, islands 259, rivers to head of tide water 70; total,
+764 miles. When we mark the Potomac and its tributaries, the lower
+Susquehanna, the deep and numerous streams of the Chesapeake, the
+commercial advantages of Maryland over Massachusetts are vast indeed.
+Looking at the ocean shore of Maryland, and also at the Chesapeake Bay,
+the largest and finest estuary in the world, indented with numerous
+sounds and navigable inlets, three fourths of its length for both shores
+being within Maryland, and comparing this deep and tranquil and
+protected basin, almost one continuous harbor, with the rockbound coast
+of Massachusetts, lashed by the stormy Atlantic, the superiority of
+Maryland is striking.
+
+Mortality in Maryland, by the late Census, viz., deaths from 1st June,
+1859, to 31st May, 1860, 7,370 persons. Same time in Massachusetts,
+21,303; making the ratio of deaths to the number living in Maryland, one
+to every 92, and in Massachusetts one to every 57; and the percentage of
+deaths in Maryland 1.09, and in Massachusetts 1.76. This rate of
+mortality for Massachusetts is confirmed by the late official report of
+their Secretary of State to the Legislature.
+
+As to area, then, Maryland exceeds Massachusetts 43 per cent.; as to the
+shore line, that of Maryland is nearly double that of Massachusetts. As
+to climate, that of Maryland, we have seen, is far the most salubrious.
+This is a vast advantage, not only in augmented wealth and numbers, from
+fewer deaths, but also as attracting capital and immigration. This
+milder and more salubrious climate gives to Maryland longer periods for
+sowing, working, and harvesting crops, a more genial sun, larger
+products, and better and longer crop seasons, great advantages for
+stock, especially in winter, decreased consumption of fuel, a greater
+period for the use of hydraulic power, and of canals and navigable
+streams. The area of Maryland fit for profitable culture is more than
+double that of Massachusetts, the soil much more fertile, its mines of
+coal and iron, with the fluxes all adjacent, rich and inexhaustible;
+whereas Massachusetts has no coal, and no valuable mines of iron or
+fluxes. When we reflect that coal and iron are the great elements of
+modern progress, and build up mighty empires, this advantage of Maryland
+over Massachusetts is almost incalculable. The hydraulic power of
+Maryland also greatly exceeds that of Massachusetts. Such are the vast
+natural advantages of Maryland over Massachusetts. Now let us observe
+the results. Population of Maryland in 1790, 319,728; in 1860, 687,034;
+increase, 367,300. Population of Massachusetts in 1790, 378,717; in
+1860, 1,231,065; increase, 852,348; difference of increase in favor of
+Massachusetts, 485,048; excess of Massachusetts over Maryland in 1790,
+58,989, and in 1860, 544,031. This result is amazing, when we regard the
+far greater area of Maryland and her other vast natural advantages. The
+population of Maryland in 1790 was 28 to the square mile (28.74), and in
+1860, 61 to the square mile (61.76); whereas Massachusetts had 48 to the
+square mile in 1790 (48.55), and 157 to the square mile in 1860
+(157.82). Thus Massachusetts had only 20 more to the square mile in
+1790, and 96 more to the square mile in 1860. But if the area of
+Maryland and Massachusetts had been reversed, Massachusetts with the
+area of Maryland, and the population of Massachusetts of 1860 to the
+square mile, would have numbered then 1,755,661, and Maryland with the
+area of Massachusetts, and the population of Maryland of 1860 to the
+square mile, would have had then a population of only 481,728 upon that
+basis, leaving Massachusetts in 1860, 1,273,393 more people than
+Maryland.
+
+By the census of 1790, Massachusetts was the fourth in population of all
+the States, and Maryland the sixth; but in 1860, Massachusetts was the
+seventh, and Maryland the nineteenth; and if each of the thirty-four
+States increases in the same ratio from 1860 to 1870 as from 1850 to
+1860, Maryland will be only the twenty-fifth State.
+
+These facts all conclusively attest the terrible effects of slavery on
+Maryland, and this is only one of the dreadful sacrifices she has made
+in retaining the institution. As to wealth, power, and intellectual
+development, the loss cannot be overstated.
+
+Nor can manufactures account for the difference, as shown by the still
+greater increase of the agricultural Northwest. Besides, Maryland
+(omitting slavery) had far greater natural advantages for manufactures
+than Massachusetts. She had a more fertile soil, thus furnishing cheaper
+food to the working classes, a larger and more accessible coast, and
+nearly eight times the length of navigable rivers, greater hydraulic
+power, vast superiority in mines of coal and iron, a far more salubrious
+climate, cotton, the great staple of modern industry, much nearer to
+Maryland, her location far more central for trade with the whole Union,
+and Baltimore, her chief city, nearer than Boston to the great West,
+viz.: to the Ohio at Pittsburg and Cincinnati, the Mississippi at St.
+Louis, and the lakes at Cleveland, Toledo, and Chicago, by several
+hundred miles. Indeed, but for slavery, Maryland must have been
+a far greater manufacturing as well as commercial State than
+Massachusetts--and as to agriculture; there could be no comparison.
+
+But Massachusetts did not become a manufacturing State until after the
+tariff of 1824. That measure, as well as the whole protective policy,
+Massachusetts earnestly opposed in 1820 and 1824, and Daniel Webster, as
+her representative, denounced it as unconstitutional. From 1790 to 1820,
+Massachusetts was commercial, not manufacturing, and yet, from 1790 to
+1820, Massachusetts increased in numbers 144,442, and Maryland in the
+same time only 87,622. Yet, from 1790 to 1820, Massachusetts, the most
+commercial State, was far more injured by the embargo and the late war
+with England than any other State.
+
+It is clear, then, that the accusation of the secession leaders that the
+North was built up at the expense of the South, by the tariff, can have
+no application to the progress of Massachusetts and Maryland, because
+the advance of the former over the latter preceded by more than thirty
+years the adoption of the protective policy, and a comparison of the
+relative advance of the Free and Slave States, during the same period,
+exhibits the same results.
+
+There is one _invariable law_, whether we compare all the Slave States
+with all the Free States, small States with small, large with large, old
+with old, new with new, retarding the progress of the slaveholding
+States, ever operating, and differing in degree only.
+
+The area of the nine Free States enumerated in 1790, is 169,668 square
+miles, and of the eight slaveholding States, 300,580 square miles, while
+the population of the former in 1790 was 1,968,455, and of the latter,
+1,961,372; but, in 1860, these nine Free States had a population of
+10,594,168, and those eight Slave States only 7,414,684, making the
+difference in favor of these Free States in 1860 over those Slave
+States, 3,179,844, instead of 7,083 in 1790, or a positive gain to those
+Free States over those Slave States of 3,172,761. These Free States
+enumerated in 1790 and 1860, were the six New England States, New York,
+New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; and the Slave States were Delaware,
+Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and
+Kentucky: yet we have seen that the area of those Slave States was
+nearly double that of those Free States, the soil much more fertile, the
+climate more salubrious, as shown by the Census, that the shore line,
+including main shore, bays and sounds, islands and rivers, to head of
+tide water, was, for those Free States, 4,480 miles, and for those Slave
+States, 6,560 miles. Thus it is clear that the increase of population of
+these Slave States should have far exceeded that of those Free States.
+The population of these Slave States per square mile in 1790 was 6
+(6.52), and in 1860, 24 (24.66), and of those Free States in 1790, was
+11 per square mile (11.60), and in 1860, 62 per square mile (62.44).
+Thus, while the increase of those Slave States from 1790 to 1860 was
+only 18 per square mile, that of those Free States was nearly 51 per
+square mile (50.84), or in very nearly a triple ratio, while in wealth
+and education the proportionate progress was much greater.
+
+No cause except slavery can be assigned to this wonderful difference,
+for the colonists of Maryland were distinguished for education,
+intelligence, and gentle culture. Lord Baltimore was a statesman and
+philanthropist, and his colony was a free representative government,
+which was the first to repudiate the doctrine of taxation without
+representation, and the first to introduce religious toleration. While
+Maryland has produced many of the most eminent soldiers, statesmen, and
+jurists, her relative decline in power, wealth, and population has been
+deplorable, and is attributable exclusively to the paralyzing effect of
+slavery.
+
+While the advance of Massachusetts, with her limited area and sterile
+soil, especially in view of the thousands of her native sons who have
+emigrated to other States, is one of the wonders of the world, yet the
+relative increase of the population of New Jersey from 1790 to 1860,
+compared with that of Maryland, is still greater than that of
+Massachusetts. The law is inflexible wherever slavery disappears.
+Population of New Jersey in 1790, 184,139, in 1860, 672,035, being an
+increase of 264 per cent. (264.96) for New Jersey, of 225 per cent.
+(225.06) for Massachusetts, and for Maryland 114 percent. (114.88). The
+ratio of increase per square mile from 1790 to 1860 was: Massachusetts,
+48.55 in 1790, and 157.82 in 1860; Maryland, 28.74 in 1790, and 61.76 in
+1860; and New Jersey, 22.01 in 1790, and 80.70 in 1860. Thus, while
+Maryland from 1790 to 1860, little more than doubled her ratio of
+increase per square mile (28.74 to 61.76), and Massachusetts little more
+than tripled her ratio (48.55 to 157.82), New Jersey very nearly
+_quadrupled_ hers (22.01 to 80.70). It must be conceded, however, that
+the natural advantages of New Jersey are far greater than those of
+Massachusetts, whose material and intellectual progress, in defiance of
+such serious obstacles, now is, and most probably forever will be,
+_without a parallel_. Now the area of New Jersey is but 8,320 square
+miles; the soil of Maryland is far more fertile, the hydraulic power
+much greater, the shoreline much more than double, viz.: 531 for New
+Jersey, to 1,336 for Maryland; while New Jersey, with rich iron mines,
+has no coal, and one third of her area is south of the celebrated Mason
+and Dixon's line, the northern boundary of Maryland. While the Free
+States have accomplished these miracles of progress, they have peopled
+eleven vast Territories (soon by subdivision to become many more
+States), immigration to which has been almost exclusively from the North
+as compared with the South.
+
+The Slave State which has increased _most_ rapidly to the square mile of
+all of them from 1790 to 1860, has had a smaller augmentation per square
+mile than that Free State which has increased most _slowly_ per square
+mile during the same time of all the Free States, and the result is the
+same as to wealth and education also. Under the _best_ circumstances for
+the Slave States, and the _worst_ for the Free States, this result
+proves the uniformity of the rule (like the great law of gravitation),
+knowing no exception to the effect of slavery in depressing the progress
+of States in population, wealth, and education.
+
+The isothermals of the great Humboldt (differing so widely from
+parallels), which trace the lines of temperature on the earth's surface,
+prove, as to heat, the climate of the South (running a line from
+Charleston to Vicksburg) to be substantially the same as that of Greece
+and Italy-each, in its turn, the mistress of the world.
+
+The Census of 1860 exhibits our increase of population from 1790 to 1860
+at 35.59 per cent., and of our wealth 126.45. Now, if we would increase
+the wealth of the country only one tenth in the next ten years, by the
+gradual disappearance of slavery (far below the results of the Census),
+then our wealth being now $16,159,616,068, the effect of such increase
+would be to make our wealth in 1870, instead of $36,593,450,585, more
+than sixteen hundred millions greater, and in 1880, instead of
+$82,865,868,849, over three billions six hundred millions, or more than
+three times our present debt.
+
+Before the close of this letter, it will be shown that the difference,
+_per capita_, of the annual products of Massachusetts and Maryland
+exceeds $150. As to the other Southern States, the excess is much
+greater. Now, if the annual products of the South were increased $150
+each _per capita_ (still far below Massachusetts) by the exclusion of
+slavery, then multiplying the total population of the South, 12,229,727,
+by 150, the result would be an addition to the annual value of the
+products of the South of $1,834,456,050, and in the decade,
+$18,344,580,500. This change would not be immediate, but there can be no
+doubt that with the vastly greater natural advantages of the South, the
+superiority of free to slave labor, the immense immigration, especially
+from Europe to the South, aided by the Homestead Bill, and the
+conversion of large plantations into small farms, an addition of at
+least one billion of dollars would be made in a decade, by the
+exclusion of slavery, to the value of the products of the South.
+
+Having considered the relative progress in population of Massachusetts
+and Maryland, I will now examine their advance in wealth.
+
+By Tables 33 and 36, Census of 1860, the value of the products of
+Massachusetts that year was $287,000,000; and of Maryland, $66,000,000.
+Table 33 included domestic manufactories, mines, and fisheries (p. 59);
+and Table 36, agricultural products. Dividing these several aggregates
+by the total population of each State, the value of that year's product
+of Massachusetts was $235 _per capita_, and of Maryland, $96, making the
+average annual value of the labor of each person in the former greatly
+more than double that of the latter, and the gross product more than
+quadruple. This is an amazing result, but it is far below the reality.
+The earnings of commerce and navigation are omitted in the Census, which
+includes only the products of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, and
+fisheries. This was a most unfortunate omission, attributable to the
+secession leaders, who wished to confine the Census to a mere
+enumeration of population, and thus obliterate all the other great
+decennial monuments which mark the nation's progress in the pathway of
+empire.
+
+Some of these tables are given as follows:
+
+_First, as to Railroads._--The number of miles in Massachusetts in 1860
+(including city roads) was 1,340, and the cost of construction
+$61,857,203. (Table 38, pp. 230, 231.) The value of the freight of these
+roads in 1860 was $500,524,201. (P. 105.) The number of miles of
+railroad in Maryland at the same time was 380, the cost of construction
+$21,387,157, and the value of the freight (at the same average rate)
+$141,111,348, and the difference in favor of Massachusetts $359,412,883.
+The difference must have been much greater, because a much larger
+portion of the freight in Massachusetts consisted of domestic
+manufactures, worth $250 per ton, which is $100 a ton above the average
+value.
+
+The passengers' account, not given, would vastly swell the difference in
+favor of Massachusetts.
+
+The tonnage of vessels built in Massachusetts in 1860 was 34,460 tons,
+and in Maryland, 7,798 tons. (P. 107).
+
+The number of banks in Massachusetts in 1860 was 174; capital,
+$64,619,200; loans, $107,417,323. In Maryland the number was 31;
+capital, $12,568,962; loans, $20,898,762. (Table 34, p. 193.)
+
+The number of insurance companies in Massachusetts, 117; risks,
+$450,886,263. No statement given for Maryland, but comparatively very
+small, as the risks in Massachusetts were nearly one sixth of all in the
+Union.
+
+Our exports abroad, from Massachusetts, for the fiscal year ending 30th
+June, 1860, were of the value of $17,003,277, and the foreign imports
+$41,187,539; total of imports and exports, $58,190,816; the clearances,
+746,909 tons, the entries, 849,449; total entered and cleared, 1,596,458
+tons. In Maryland, exports, $9,001,600, foreign imports, $9,784,773;
+total imports and exports, $18,786,323; clearances, 174,000 tons;
+entries, 186,417; total of entries and clearances, 360,417. (Table 14,
+Register of Treasury.) Thus, the foreign imports and exports abroad, of
+Massachusetts, were much more than triple those of Maryland, and the
+entries and clearances very largely more than quadruple. The coastwise
+and internal trade are not given, as recommended by me when Secretary of
+the Treasury, but the tables of the railroad traffic indicate in part
+the immense superiority of Massachusetts.
+
+These statistics, however, prove that, if the earnings of commerce and
+navigation were added, the annual value of the products of Massachusetts
+_per capita_ would be at least $300, and three times that of Maryland.
+In estimating values _per capita_, we must find the earnings of
+commerce very large, as a single merchant, in his counting house,
+engaged in an immense trade, and employing only a few clerks, may earn
+as much as a great manufacturing corporation, employing hundreds of
+hands. Including commerce, the value, _per capita_, of the products and
+earnings of Massachusetts exceeds not only those of _any State in our
+Union_, BUT OF THE WORLD; and would, at the same rate, make the
+value of its annual products three hundred billions of dollars; and of
+our own country, upward of nine billions of dollars per annum. Such,
+under great natural disadvantages, is the grand result achieved in
+Massachusetts, by education, science, industry, free schools, free soil,
+free speech, _free labor_, free press, and free government. The facts
+prove that freedom is progress, that 'knowledge is power,' and that the
+best way to appreciate the value of property and augment wealth most
+rapidly, is to invest a large portion of it in schools, high schools,
+academies, colleges, universities, books, libraries, and the press, so
+as to make labor more productive, because more skilled, educated, and
+better directed. Massachusetts has achieved much in this respect; but
+when she shall have made high schools as free and universal as common
+schools, and the attendance on both compulsory, so as to qualify every
+voter for governing a State or nation, she will have made a still
+grander step in material and intellectual progress, and the results
+would be still more astounding.
+
+By Table 35 of the Census, p. 195, the whole value of all the property,
+real and personal, of Massachusetts, in 1860, was $815,237,433, and that
+of Maryland, $376,919,944. We have seen that the value of the products
+that year in Massachusetts was $287,000,000 (exclusive of commerce), and
+of Maryland, $66,000,000. As a question, then, of profit on capital,
+that of Massachusetts was 35 per cent., and of Maryland 17 per cent.
+Such is the progressive advance (more than two to one) of free as
+compared with slave labor. The same law obtains in comparing all the
+Free with all the Slave States. But the proof is still more complete.
+Thus, Delaware and Missouri (alone of all the Slave States) were ahead
+of Maryland in this rate of profit, because both had comparatively fewer
+slaves; and all the other Slave States, whose servile population was
+relatively larger than that of Maryland, were below her in the rate of
+profit. The law extends to _counties_, those having comparatively fewest
+slaves increasing far more rapidly in wealth and population. This, then,
+is the formula as to the rate of profit on capital. First, the Free
+States; next, the States and counties of the same State having the
+fewest relative number of slaves. The Census, then, is an evangel
+against slavery, and its tables are revelations proclaiming laws as
+divine as those written by the finger of God at Mount Sinai on the
+tables of stone.
+
+For seventy years we have had these Census Tables, announcing these
+great truths more and more clearly at each decade. They are the records
+of the nation's movement and condition, the decennial monuments marking
+her steps in the path of empire, the oracles of her destiny. They are
+prophecies, for each decade fulfils the predictions of its predecessor.
+They announce laws, not made by man, but the irrevocable ordinances of
+the Almighty. We cannot, with impunity, refuse to obey these laws. For
+every violation, they enforce their own penalties. From these there is
+no escape in the present or the past, nor for the future, except in
+conformity to their demands. These laws condemn slavery; and the
+punishment for disobedience is recorded in the result of every Census,
+and finally culminated in the rebellion. Slavery and freedom are
+antagonistic and discordant elements: the conflict between them is upon
+us; it admits of no neutrality or compromise, and one or the other
+system must perish.
+
+We have seen that slavery is hostile to the progress of wealth and
+population: let us now ascertain its influence on moral and intellectual
+development.
+
+By Table 15 of the Census of 1860, the result for that year was as
+follows: In Massachusetts, value of books printed, $397,500; jobs,
+$529,347; newspapers, $1,979,069; total, $2,905,916. Same year in
+Maryland, books printed, $58,000; jobs, $122,000; newspapers, $169,000;
+total, $350,155. By Table 37, Census of 1860, Massachusetts had 222
+newspapers and periodicals, of which 112 were political, 31 religious,
+51 literary, miscellaneous 28. Maryland had only 57, all political. The
+whole number of copies issued in Massachusetts in 1860 was 102,000,760,
+and in Maryland, 20,721,472. Of periodicals, Massachusetts has monthly,
+1 political, 10 religious, 18 literary, 7 miscellaneous; quarterly,
+religious 3, literary 2, miscellaneous 1, and 1 annual. Maryland had
+_none_. Not a religious, literary, scientific, or miscellaneous
+periodical or journal in the State! What terrible truths are unfolded in
+these statistics! None but a political party press in Maryland, all
+devoted, in 1860, to the maintenance, extension, and perpetuity of
+slavery, which had 57 advocates, and not one for science, religion, or
+literature.
+
+We have seen that the circulation in 1860 of the press in Massachusetts
+exceeded that of Maryland by more than eighty-one millions of copies.
+These facts all prove that slavery is hostile to knowledge and its
+diffusion, to science, literature, and religion, to the press, and to
+free government.
+
+For schools, colleges, libraries, and churches, I must take the Tables
+of the Census of 1850, those of 1860 not being yet published. There were
+in 1850 in Massachusetts, 3,679 public schools, 4,443 teachers, 176,475
+pupils; native adults who cannot read or write, 1,861. In Maryland, 907
+public schools, 1,005 teachers, 33,254 pupils; native adults who cannot
+read or write, 38,426, excluding slaves, to teach whom is criminal.
+
+Thus, then, slavery is hostile to schools, withholding instruction from
+the children of the poor.
+
+The number of public libraries in Massachusetts was 1,462, volumes
+684,015. In Maryland, 124, and 125,042 volumes. Value of churches in
+Massachusetts, $10,206,000. In Maryland, $3,947,884, of which $2,541,240
+is in Baltimore (which has very few slaves), and the remainder is mainly
+in the seven counties (from which slavery has nearly disappeared)
+adjoining Pennsylvania.
+
+As to schools, colleges, books, libraries, churches, newspapers, and
+periodicals, it thus appears that Massachusetts is greatly in advance of
+Maryland.
+
+Now, then, let us contrast loyal Maryland with rebel South Carolina, the
+author of secession, and assuming for many years to instruct the nation.
+By the Census of 1860, she had a population of 703,708, of whom 402,406
+were slaves; and Maryland, numbering 687,049, had 87,189 slaves. Now, by
+the Census of 1860, South Carolina had 45 journals and periodicals, and
+her annual circulation was 3,654,840 copies. The circulation therefore
+of Massachusetts exceeded that of South Carolina more than ninety-eight
+millions of copies, while Maryland exceeded South Carolina more than
+seventeen millions of copies. So much for South Carolina as a great
+political teacher. As to schools in 1850: South Carolina had 724 public
+schools, 739 teachers, 17,838 pupils. Massachusetts, then, had 158,637
+more pupils at public schools than South Carolina, and Maryland 15,416
+more pupils at public schools than South Carolina.
+
+The press of Massachusetts, we have seen, circulated in 1860 upward of
+one hundred and two millions of copies, equal to 279,454 per day,
+including journals and periodicals, each read, on an average, by at
+least two persons. This is independent of books and pamphlets, and of
+the very large circulation of papers from other States and from Europe.
+What a flood of light is thus shed daily and hourly upon the people of
+Massachusetts! This intellectual effulgence radiates by day and night.
+It is the sun in its meridian splendor, and the stars in an
+ever-unclouded firmament. It has a centre and a circumference, but no
+darkness. Ignorance vanishes before it; wealth follows in its train;
+labor rejoices in its association, and finds its products more than
+doubled; freedom hails its presence, and religion gives it a cordial
+welcome; churches, schools, academies, colleges, and universities
+acknowledge its mighty influence. Science penetrates the secrets of
+nature, and unfolds each new discovery for the benefit of man. Coal, the
+offspring of the sun, develops its latent energy, and water contributes
+its untiring hydraulic power. Machinery takes more and more the place of
+nerves and muscles, cheapens clothing and subsistence and all the
+necessaries of life, and opens new fields of industry, and more
+profitable employment for labor. Steam and lightning become the slaves
+of man. He performs the journey of a day in an hour, and converses in
+minutes around the globe. The strength of man may not have been much
+increased, but his power is augmented a thousand fold.
+
+His life may not have been materially lengthened, but, in the march of
+knowledge, a year now is as a century, compared with man's progress in
+the darkness of the middle ages. The eternal advance toward omniscience
+goes on, but is like that of the infinite approach of the asymptote,
+which never reaches the hyperbolic curve. The onward of science is in a
+geometrical ratio, so that in time, the intellectual progress of a day
+in the future, must exceed that of a century in the past. Knowledge is
+enthroned as king, and grand truths and new ideas are his ministers.
+Science takes the diameter of the earth's orbit as a base line and unit
+of measurement, and with it spans immensity, and triangulates the
+nebulous systems amid the shadowy verges of receding space. Its
+researches are cosmical upon the earth and the heavens, and all the
+elements minister to its progress. Sink to the lowest mine, or fathom
+the ocean's depth, or climb the loftiest mountains, or career through
+the heavens on silken wings, and it is there also. On--on--on;
+nearer--nearer--still nearer it moves forever and forever, with
+accelerated speed, toward the infinite eternal. Such are the triumphs of
+knowledge; and he who diffuses it among our race, or discovers and
+disseminates new truths, advances man nearer to his Creator; he exalts
+the whole race; he elevates it in the scale of being, and raises it into
+higher and still higher spheres.
+
+It is science that marks the speed of sound and light and lightning,
+calculates the eclipses, catalogues the stars, maps the heavens, and
+follows, for centuries of the past and the future, the comet's course.
+It explores the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms. With geology,
+it notes the earthquake upheaval of mountains, and, with mineralogy, the
+laws of crystallization. With chemistry, it analyzes, decomposes, and
+compounds the elements. If, like Canute, it cannot arrest the tidal
+wave, it is subjecting it to laws and formulas. Taking the sunbeam for
+its pencil, it heliographs man's own image, and the scenery of the earth
+and the heavens. Has science any limits or horizon? Can it ever
+penetrate the soul of man, and reveal the mystery of his existence and
+destiny? It is certainly exploring the facts of sociology, arranging and
+generalizing them, and deducing laws.
+
+Man, elevated by knowledge in the scale of being, controls the forces of
+nature with greater power and grander results, and accumulates wealth
+more rapidly. The educated free labor of Massachusetts, we have seen,
+doubles the products of toil, _per capita_, as compared with Maryland,
+and quadruples them (as the Census shows) compared with South Carolina.
+One day's labor of a man in Massachusetts is more than equal to two in
+Maryland, and four in South Carolina. So, if we take our savage tribes,
+with their huts and tents, their rude agriculture, their furs, their few
+and simple household manufactures, their hunting and fishing, the
+average product of their annual labor, at four cents a day each, would
+be $14.60 a year, or more than a fourth of that of South Carolina
+(56.91). So that Massachusetts, in material progress, is farther in
+advance of South Carolina than that State is of the savage Indians. Thus
+we have the successive steps and gradations of man: Massachusetts, with
+free labor and free schools, having reached the highest point of
+civilization: South Carolina, with slavery and ignorance (except the
+few), in a semi-barbarous stage; and the lowest savage condition, called
+barbarous, but nearer to South Carolina than that State to
+Massachusetts.
+
+Slavery, then, the Census proves, is hostile to the progress of wealth
+and population, to science, literature, and education, to schools,
+colleges, and universities, to books and libraries, to churches and
+religion, to the press, and therefore to free government; hostile to the
+poor, keeping them in want and ignorance; hostile to labor, reducing it
+to servitude, and decreasing two thirds the value of its products;
+hostile to morals, repudiating among slaves the marital and parental
+condition, classifying them by law as chattels, darkening the immortal
+soul, and making it a crime to teach millions of human beings to read or
+write. And shall labor and education, literature and science, religion
+and the press, sustain an institution which is their deadly foe?
+
+The discussion will be continued in my next letter.
+                                                R. J. WALKER.
+
+
+
+
+PALMER, THE AMERICAN SCULPTOR.
+
+
+Sculpture as an art is probably anterior to painting. Form being a
+simpler quality than color, the means of imitation were found in a
+conformity of shape rather than hue. The origin of sculpture is somewhat
+obscured in the thickening mists of antiquity, but it was no doubt one
+of the earliest symbols of ideas made use of by man. In fact, in its
+primitive development, there is considerable evidence to show that it
+was the first essay at a recorded language. The Egyptian hieroglyphics,
+those mysterious etchings upon the rock, representing animals, men, and
+nondescript characters, were unquestionably rude attempts to hand down
+to posterity some account of the great events of those forgotten ages.
+The next remove in the history of this art is its employment in the
+production of the images of idolatrous worship; and, when confined to
+this purpose, it never attained any appreciable excellence. The purely
+heathen mind was incapable of conceiving those forms of ideal beauty
+which are born of the contemplation of a divine and spiritual beauty
+revealed in the word of God and the teachings of his immaculate Son.
+
+The grotesque Egyptian images worshipped on the Nile before the building
+of the pyramids, are, judging from the best preserved antiquities, not
+very much inferior to the gilded deities to be seen to-day in the
+thousand pagodas of heathen lands.
+
+Take for example a Chinese idol of modern make: while it is less angular
+and more elaborately finished than the ancient monstrosities found in
+Egypt, still, so far as perfection of form or beauty of expression is
+concerned, there is little to choose between the two. Each is a fitting
+type of the degree of civilization and soul culture of the peoples that
+produced them. It must not be urged that the success of sculpture in
+Greece and Rome disproves the proposition that the art could not develop
+itself among a strictly idolatrous race.
+
+The splendid mythologies of the Greeks and Romans must not be considered
+as the highest forms even of the worship of idols or inanimate things.
+The gods and goddesses of these mythological systems were principally
+the powers that were supposed to preside over the different forces and
+elements of nature, and were invested with the celestial attributes of a
+higher order of beings. Neptune ruled the sea, Pluto was director of
+ceremonies in the infernal regions, while Jupiter was emperor of the sky
+and king of all the lesser gods.
+
+These deities were the invention of a cultivated intellect, a refined
+taste and polished civilization, and furnish a striking proof of man's
+longing after the Infinite, unguided by the star of revelation.
+
+The imaginative Greeks did not worship the statues of the gods _per se_,
+but only admired them as the fitting representations of those mysterious
+forces that hold sway over earth, air, fire, and water, or reverenced
+them as the symbols of noble sentiments or sublime passions. The thing
+itself, the cunning but lifeless figure, was only incidental, while the
+idea thus typified was the real incentive to worship. This was also the
+age that produced hero worship, and the great man who won the praise and
+admiration of the people by his exalted qualities, or his prowess in
+arms, was considered as a demigod, or one in favor with the tenants of
+Olympus, and his statue was accordingly erected, to stand beside that,
+perhaps, of Mars, Apollo, or Mercury.
+
+Thus we trace the history of sculpture in its steady progress from its
+use as a chronicler of events to its employment in the production of the
+objects of idolatry, and thence to the mythological period, when it
+became the medium of aesthetic expression, attaining its highest
+perfection in the palmy days of Greece.
+
+In no people of which the records of the past give any account, can we
+find such an active sense of the beautiful as that which permeated the
+minds of the polished Greeks. The admiration of physical beauty became
+an almost absorbing passion, and its attainment was sought after in
+every process which human ingenuity could devise.
+
+The Lacedemonian women were accustomed to place the statues of beautiful
+gods or goddesses in their rooms, to the end that the children they
+should give birth to, would, by nature's mysterious methods, assimilate
+the artistic graces of these celestial models. Perfection of form and
+manly strength were the pride of the wisest and most learned men of the
+nation, denoting that physical excellence was considered the necessary
+concomitant of moral or intellectual worth. Authentic annals tell us
+that Plato and Pythagoras appeared as wrestlers at the public games; and
+who shall say that these philosophical gymnasts did not derive much of
+their mental vigor from this exciting exercise? In this age it is easy
+to see that sculpture must have received every incentive to full
+development. In the people about him the artist saw the most excellent
+models for his chisel, while the national taste was educated to the
+highest degree in the beauties of form and the harmonies of proportion.
+
+But the grand conceptions of Phidias, full of majesty and of grandeur as
+they are--the matchless finish of the works of Apelles and Praxiteles,
+ravishing the senses with their carnal beauty, still lacked one element,
+without which art can never reveal itself in the full perfection of its
+latent capabilities.
+
+Mere physical beauty, which contains no spiritual element, no drawing of
+the immortal soul, no suggestion of purer and nobler sentiments
+struggling for expression in the cunning marble, can never satisfy the
+requirements of the Christianized taste of modern times.
+
+The Venus de Medici was undoubtedly the ideal type of womanly perfection
+in the age which produced it, but now the sex would hardly feel
+themselves flattered by so poor an interpretation. The form is all that
+could be desired, but the head and features are positively insipid, and
+a phrenologist would tell you by the development of the cranium that
+female education was not a part of the Grecian policy. There is in this
+statue a certain air of wantonness, a perceptible consciousness of being
+valued and admired solely for physical beauty, which just as plainly
+tells the estimate placed upon woman in those times as we can read the
+fact in history.
+
+Thus we perceive sculpture as a representative art has become a
+chronicler of the world's advancement, so that those who accept the
+theory of human progression would naturally look for purer and more
+spiritual conceptions in the artist's soul, with a corresponding
+nobility in the creations of his genius. The aesthetic principle in its
+higher manifestations is not the product of pagan mind, because ideal
+beauty and the rules governing its expression can only be conceived by
+him to whom Faith has opened the glorious possibilities of our existence
+beyond the grave. In no classic picture or statue is there anything akin
+to that divine affinity that is apparent in the Madonnas of the Italian
+masters of the sixteenth century, investing them with a charm that
+lingers like an autumn sunset In the recollection of long-departed
+years. Compare the loveliest of the Madonnas of Correggio and Raphael
+with the Venus of Cos, and we perceive the inferiority of mere physical
+perfection to that spiritual beauty that exalts the soul of the
+beholder, and awakens the slumber of his immortal longings.
+
+Faultless finish, harmonious outlines, and voluptuous proportions are
+only the result of mechanical skill, that a good imitator or copyist can
+for the most part achieve by the aid of his master's model. But the
+sentiment, emotion, passion, the _character_, so to speak, of the
+statue, is the creation of the artist, the offspring of his quickened
+brain.
+
+It is to express the aesthetic idea struggling in the soul of genius,
+that the marble takes its form, the canvas its color, sweet sounds
+combine in melody, and language weaves itself into the wreath of song.
+The same divine impulse, the same grasping after a higher excellence
+inspires the sculptor, the painter, the composer, and the poet, but some
+chance bent of nature has decided them to choose different mediums of
+expression.
+
+Some critic has written, had Coles' 'Voyage of Life' been executed in
+verse, instead of a series of pictures, it would have ranked as one of
+the grandest poems of the age. High art, then, whatever its kind, is the
+language of the aesthetic feeling in man--it symbolizes the god-like
+element in his nature. Cumulative and progressive, it keeps even pace
+with an improving civilization, and should therefore furnish fairer
+products to-day than in any period of the past. It assimilates the
+spirit of the times in which it is exercised; for as Ralph Waldo Emerson
+remarks in his subtle, essay: 'No man can quite emancipate himself from
+his age and country, or produce a model in which the education, the
+religion, the politics, usages, and arts of his times shall have no
+share.'
+
+So we see from the very necessity of this truism, that if our painters
+and sculptors would not be mere imitators of the exponents of another
+age, there would be soon established a national school of art. We do not
+mean by this a mere conventional type in finish and mode of treatment,
+but certain marked, characteristic excellences and features that would
+identify it with the history of our country and the peculiarities of our
+people. There are a few native artists who have struggled to achieve
+this consummation, and preeminent among these is Erastus D. Palmer, the
+American sculptor.
+
+The history of his career, his origin, his process of study, his choice
+of subjects in all his great works, his rise and triumph as an artist,
+all entitle him to this distinctive appellation. He commenced life as a
+carpenter and joiner, but, while practising his trade in Utica, N. Y.,
+his eye accidentally fell on a cameo likeness, and as the dropping of an
+apple suggested to Newton the laws of gravitation, so the sight of this
+little trifle was the talisman that revealed to Palmer the artistic
+capabilities of his genius. Being thus led to attempt the portrait of
+his wife upon a shell, he executed his task--which was in a twofold
+sense a labor of love--with such fidelity to nature, such bold outline,
+and delicacy of finish, that connoisseurs detected in it the hand of a
+master. Thus encouraged, he for two years made cameo cutting his
+business, and followed it with remarkable success, till, his eyes
+becoming affected by the exercise of this talent, he was obliged to
+relinquish it, with the expectation of returning to his old trade. But
+happily he was induced to try his skill at modelling in clay, and then
+he discovered what was in him. Taking his little girl for a model, he
+produced a bust, styled the 'Infant Ceres,' which, when finished in
+marble, immediately took rank as one of the gems of art. The sweet
+_naivete_ of budding childhood, the timid eyes and dimpled cheek, all
+refined and sublimated by the ideal graces added by the magic wand of
+genius, combined to make this earliest bust of our sculptor one of the
+most felicitous products of his chisel.
+
+Soon after this satisfactory experiment, Palmer removed to the city of
+Albany, where he has since remained and won his well-deserved fame. His
+two allegorical pieces, 'Resignation' and 'Spring,' we cannot forbear to
+describe, familiar as they are to the _virtuoso_ of art, and well known
+even to the great public.
+
+The latter is a female bust, her hair bound with a fillet of grass and
+half-developed grain, her face wearing an expression of modest coquetry,
+quite in keeping with the capricious, 'celestial maid;' while the gently
+swelling bosom suggests the latent forces of nature which only reach
+their fulness in the summer sun. And about the eyes there is a look of
+joy and freshness in which you fancy you can see
+
+            'the flowers begin to spring,
+  The skies to brighten, and the birds to sing.'
+
+The 'Resignation' represents the refined voluptuousness of riper
+womanhood. The features are exquisitely cut, and represent a type of
+beauty fit for angelic spheres. The head, so finely proportioned, and
+crowned with luxuriant, waving hair, inclines gracefully to one side, as
+in submission to the chastenings of Providence. But in the downcast,
+sorrowful eyes, there is an expression of mingled hope and patient
+endurance such as Mary might have worn at the foot of the cross. The
+marble is eloquent of that Christian sentiment: 'He doeth all things
+well.' The religious feeling of the sixteenth century, which gave to art
+both its inspiration and theme, never found so fair a mould as in this
+bust of 'Resignation.'
+
+Both of these works are entirely free from all explanatory accessories,
+and interpret themselves to the most sluggish soul.
+
+Another of Palmer's compositions, and one of the most purely ideal, is
+the 'Dream of the Spirit's Flight.' This is a large bas-relief, executed
+in medallion style. To give any idea by mere words of the spirit of this
+performance is impossible. It is the half figure of a peri-like girl,
+with tresses swaying in the higher air, with butterfly wings, arms and
+drapery gracefully disposed, and all the parts uniting to impress you
+with a sense of upward, soaring motion! There is a divine beauty about
+the face reflected from a brighter world. Sculptured in pure white
+marble, it seems a very soul just escaped from its prison house of clay,
+and, listening to those 'sounds seraphic,' bearing away to the great
+Beyond.
+
+While gazing on this airy sprite, the beholder feels an exhilarating
+influence steal over him, and involuntarily there goes up from his
+heart, like incense, that yearning prayer:
+
+  'So grant me, God, from every care,
+    And stain of passion free,
+  Aloft through virtue's purer air
+    To hold my course to Thee!'
+
+We cannot speak separately of his 'Morning and Evening,' 'Immortality,'
+'Sleeping Peri,' his statue and bas-relief of 'Faith,' busts, and other
+works, which are grouped in odd companionship about his studio. But the
+'Indian Girl' and 'White Captive,' the crowning achievements of Palmer's
+genius, and the ones that give a thoroughly American character to his
+reputation, demand an elaborate consideration--not to explain their
+merits, but to show what materials for art exist in our history, when
+appropriated by the master's hand.
+
+Romance and poetry have not often been successful in treating of the
+character and customs of our aborigines, for the elements of true
+heroism in the savage nature are so exceptional and few, that the red
+man is a very poor subject for the higher manifestations of art. Cooper
+and Longfellow alone have come back from this field with the trophies of
+praise. But Palmer, with a striking originality and a subtle perception
+of spiritual influences, sees in the effect of Christianity on the
+'untutored mind' of the Indian, a theme to inspire his plastic clay. So
+from this idea he evolves the 'Indian Girl,' standing in an attitude of
+perfect repose, holding in her right hand a crucifix, on which her eyes
+are bent pensively in a sweet, absorbing reverie, which shuts out the
+consciousness of the external world. In the other hand, which hangs
+listlessly by her side, she barely touches rather than holds a bunch of
+feathers, evidently gathered to adorn her person, and which she forgets
+in the contemplation of the story of the Cross. The artist supposes she
+has found this crucifix, which the early Catholic missionaries were wont
+to attach to the forest trees, and having heard from some of these
+zealous teachers an exposition of Christ's mission, the better life has
+already begun to dawn in her soul, and her whole aspect tells that this
+mysterious influence is upon her.
+
+The features are Indian, fair and comely--we do not say beautiful,
+because this term expresses the highest excellence, and ought as a
+descriptive phrase to be more sparingly used. The face is idealized, as
+the rules of true art always require, but still preserves its fidelity
+to the natural type. The form is nude to the waist, the drapery arranged
+with unrivalled grace, the hair is clubbed so as to reveal the neck and
+shoulders, while the perfection of contour and the completeness of
+development satisfy the most critical eye for the study of detail. The
+'Indian Girl' forms one of the landmarks in the history of American
+sculpture.
+
+But Palmer's grand, characteristic work, in which his genius seems to
+have reached its noblest expression, is the 'White Captive,' which we
+believe to be one of the most perfect creations of ancient or modern
+art. It is something more than the nude figure of a surpassingly
+beautiful woman, bound to the stake, and defying the gaze of her
+barbarous captors--it is not merely an exciting incident in pioneer
+life, but it has a grand symbolical meaning that reaches beyond a
+literal interpretation of the situation.
+
+We see in this statue the contact of civilization with savage instinct,
+and in the expression of the 'White Captive,' peering through maiden
+timidity, and rising triumphant above physical fear in a look of
+intellectual and religious strength, before which the swarthy warrior
+feels himself in the presence of a superior power--a ruler! As we gaze
+on in mute admiration, we behold the race of the red man receding
+westward before that same power pictured in this wonderful face: now the
+Indian tribes pass the Rocky mountains, they come within the roar of the
+Pacific, and, growing less and less, they at last vanish away into the
+uncertain mists of the ocean--a lost people, who have served the purpose
+for which they were created, and disappeared from our continent to make
+room for a nobler humanity. It is this melancholy fate, this glorious
+triumph, that Palmer has recorded in a language more forcible than
+history, more eloquent than song, more ravishing than the lyre! To
+define how the statue spreads before you this great vision, eludes the
+acutest analysis; but there it is, told just as plainly as the Falls of
+Niagara or the eternal stars tell the omnipotence of God.
+
+The longer one studies this marvellous work, the more he sees to admire,
+to reflect upon. There is something in the general effect that makes the
+beholder forget the perfect nudity of the figure, which necessarily
+grows out of the circumstances of the case, and which is entirely unfelt
+by the captive in her terrible realization of the peril which surrounds
+her. Thus two great difficulties that embarrass the execution of
+undraped statuary are entirely overcome:
+
+1. The nudity is only incidental to the general effect, and the subject
+seems entirely unconscious of the fact.
+
+2. The nudity is accounted for by the situation--the captive is tied
+unclad to a tree, to be burned alive, according to Indian custom.
+
+Thus a criticism that has been frequently made (and not unjustly) on the
+_morale_ of certain works of art, has no application to this.
+
+Of the details of this ideal creation--its matchless finish, the
+graceful undulations of the perfect form, the firmness expressed in the
+clenched fingers, the instinctive shudder gathered on the fair brow, the
+lofty defiance of the eyes and half-parted lips, the radiant beauty of
+the face--we can only say they live in our memory, but too deep for
+words. We believe the truth of the artist's conception, that the
+revengeful savages acknowledged the divinity of her beauty and Christian
+reliance, and the 'White Captive' went free--the spirit of civilization
+triumphed!
+
+As a man's character is always more or less associated with his
+achievements, the reader may wish to learn something of Mr. Palmer as a
+man. In all kinds of soul-work, there is ever perceptible a certain
+flavor of the mind which produces it, and the things thus created
+usually suggest the qualities of the creator. So the works of the
+sculptor are to some degree the exponents of his character, the
+expressions of his inner life.
+
+Therefore in Mr. Palmer we should expect moral and intellectual worth of
+a high order, added to the purest and most exalted motives. He is in
+spirit a reformer, taking an interest in every measure for the
+improvement of our race, and sympathizing with every struggle of our
+aspiring manhood.
+
+The eccentricities, excuses, and conventional affectations of many real
+and pretended geniuses he entirely eschews, feeling himself one of the
+people, and laboring for their elevation.
+
+Neither does he deem it any part of genius to neglect his family, forget
+to pay his butcher's bill, and ignore the claim of his tailor. His ample
+house and neat atelier, at the north end of Eagle street, in the city of
+Albany, are the fruit of his patient and inspiring toil--his chisel has
+won him moderate fortune as well as world-wide fame.
+
+Photographs of the 'Palmer Marbles' are seen in the show windows of
+Paris, London, and Berlin, while in this country they help to fill the
+portfolios of the _virtuoso_, adorning the walls of the parlor and the
+private gallery.
+
+Though in youth Palmer did not receive an average common-school
+education, he converses like a man of liberal culture, showing that he
+belongs to the class of self-made men.
+
+He has never visited the interminable art palaces of Europe, nor
+studied, in the sense in which that term is used, the 'old masters;'
+still he has appropriated all the valuable hints to be obtained from the
+classic models, without regarding them as the _ne plus ultra_ of
+artistic execution, and therefore to be only imitated, to the exclusion
+of the higher ideals of an advanced civilization.
+
+He has an intelligible and correct theory in regard to the fidelity of
+art to nature. For instance, he insists that he should _represent_, not
+imitate; and in making a bust of a man, the sculptor should express the
+higher moods of his subject, and show him with his better qualities
+brought to the surface. So the forms of nature should be idealized in
+the direction of their primitive tendency, and thus art help to express
+that ineffable longing of the soul, that reaching upward for a
+perfection that is approximated on earth, but never attained. This
+idealization is like the humor of Dickens, something more than nature in
+its grotesqueness, yet a stimulated growth of the natural quality.
+Palmer always takes nature for his model, and then assimilates it to
+that ideal beauty which dwells in his imagination and sheds a spiritual
+halo over the creation of his chisel.
+
+Like every true disciple of genius, he feels that he has a mission to
+perform, and that he is responsible for the influence he exerts on the
+tastes and aesthetic culture of the people. As you chat with him in his
+studio, dressed in his blouse and cap, his dark eye glowing with
+enthusiasm for his art, or sparkling with playful humor, standing before
+you tall and vigorous, you see in him one of the earnest workers for the
+elevation of our humanity.
+
+The utilities of the world will take care of themselves: let us foster
+the beautiful, because, like all divine attributes, man reaches it
+through striving, and is made better by its contemplation.
+
+Palmer does not look older than forty, and has perhaps not yet attained
+the fulness of his powers, but has in him the elements of a healthy
+growth.
+
+Work on, thou almoner of sweetest joys, thou pilgrim in that fairy realm
+whence come the high ideals of life; work on, striver for the perfect
+type of beauty and of truth, and in thy progress let the people trace
+our human nature rising to diviner heights--expanding to sublimer
+bounds!
+
+
+
+
+CLOUDS.
+
+RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR GUYOT.
+
+
+  High and fathomless above us vaults the pure aerial sky,
+  Solemn bends its arch of Beauty round a world where all things die.
+
+  On the dome through which Earth's swinging, spun of palpitating air,
+  Angel artists fresco vapors into pictures passing fair.
+
+  No cold canvas of dead color has the Mighty Master given:
+  Trembles with His Infinity the azure vault of Heaven.
+
+  On and in the lucent background float the ever-changeful forms,
+  Sometimes glowing into glory, sometimes glooming into storms.
+
+  God's blest seal is on creation; signs and symbols throng the sky,
+  Though too dull to read their meaning droops the stolid human eye.
+
+  Over mountain, over valley throng the clouds to soothe the sight;
+  Through the dim walls of the city gleam they buoyant, fleeting, bright.
+
+  Gentle, dreadful, or fantastic--nearer, farther as we gaze;
+  Varied, spiritual, tender, forms and melts the surging haze.
+
+  'Heavenly secrets' breathe around us--lowly flowers on the sod,
+  Cloudland's curves and grading colors veil the Infinite of God.
+
+  The Infinite--we shudder! but wild longings through us steal
+  As we vainly strive to grasp It till our failing senses reel.
+
+  Ever longing, never grasping, though in tenderness It stoop
+  To shade the scented cups of flowers, to bend them as they droop.
+
+  For through infinite gradations pass the changeful hues of light,
+  That the infinite through color may send greetings to the sight.
+
+  Through ne'er-returning, endless curves, flowers, trees, clouds,
+      mountains pass,
+  That man may see the Infinite through nature's magic glass.
+
+  Oh, tender stooping! soothing! Infinite Love must be
+  The cause, aim, end, the burning heart of everything we see.
+
+  Earth may cover deep her dying, parted hearts chant weary dirge,
+  But we _feel death is but seeming_ in the Cloudland's evening surge.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _CIRRI._
+
+  Floating high above the mountains, in the fields of upper air,
+  Multitudinous throng the Cirri, ranged in order, heavenly fair.
+
+  Rank upon rank in glory lie the transverse, plumy bars;
+  Tranquil beauty rules the union which disorder never mars.
+
+  Perfect symmetry, obedience, mark their finely chiselled lines--
+  In the highest sphere of being flexile _grace_ with _law_ combines.
+
+  Now they break in fleecy ripples as innumerably they press;
+  Shines the blue of Heaven between them as they fly the Wind's caress.
+
+  Millions fleck the face of Heaven, but no two alike are ever:
+  Restless mirror of the Infinite, form seems exhausted never.
+
+  Are they lambs 'mid Heaven's blue pastures? are they swans with
+      downy breast
+  Floating through that azure ocean round the region of the Blest?
+
+  Are they snowy wings of Cherubs gathering round the Throne above,
+  As the vesper hymn of Heaven rises to the Eternal Love?
+
+  Gazing on their wavy ripples, they seem mingling with the sky,
+  Yet the heavenly little islets still innumerable lie.
+
+  How the fleecy cloudlets glitter as they sail so clear and high!
+  Is light curdling into snowflakes as it streams athwart the sky?
+
+  Freezing? No--warm and glowing, ambient, changeful, feathery, bright,
+  Rather seem the floating vapors melting into roseate light.
+
+  With the white flame in their bosoms, and the pure blue depths above,
+  When the sunset rays dart kisses, how they kindle into love!
+
+  See, with every shaft electric flash the bright hues deeper, higher,
+  Till the chaste and snowy cloudlets fleck the Blue of Heaven with fire.
+
+  How they flush and how they quiver! how the virgin drifts of snow
+  Drink the sunset's dying passion, catch his ardent parting glow!
+
+  Love weaves close in chords harmonic all the finely fretted dome,
+  Blue, white, purple, gold, and crimson, fringe, melt, ripple into foam.
+
+  Thus the angels drape God's footstool with soft vapor, wind, and sun:
+  Does His smile rest on the artists when their pleasant work is done?
+
+  Do they see Him bend the Heavens, riding swiftly on the clouds,
+  Heat His Heart, and Light the shadow which His inner Glory shrouds?
+
+  Seraphs, cherubs, thronging round Him, shall our hearts no raptures move?
+  Shall we prove dull links reluctant in the chain of endless love?
+
+  No. We feel the electric secret flashing through the Perfect Whole,
+  'Bliss eternal' telegraphing upon every faithful soul.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _CUMULI._
+
+  Leave we now the upper regions
+    With their wonders pure and high,
+  Gone the barred and fleecy Cirri--
+    Mountain Cumuli storm the sky.
+  High the calmness floats above us,
+    Tears and rain lie far below,
+  As we sail the middle Cloudland,
+    Where the vapors come and go.
+
+  Throbs a wilder pulse of passion,
+    Stronger individual life,
+  Rapid, energetic motion
+    Tells of elemental strife.
+  Nearer seem they to the human,
+    Rearing dizzy forms on high,
+  Than the order-loving Cirri
+    Barring the translucent sky.
+
+  Lovingly they crest our mountains,
+    Hovering o'er them all the day,
+  Copying all the soaring outlines
+    In artistic, skilful play;
+  Following close on the horizon,
+    Dip, break, gap, and lofty peak,
+  As to build Earth into Heaven
+    Would the haunting vapors seek.
+
+  Drifting swiftly through the azure,
+    Chase they shadows over Earth:
+  Flying footsteps, soft and silent,
+    Flit o'er grassy graves in mirth.
+  Shudder not--the bearded harvest
+    Quivers not, so light the tread:
+  Let it glide o'er moss and violet--
+    Would its touch could wake our dead!
+
+  Piling now, the tossing vapors,
+    With a wild exultant power,
+  Rise in turrets, towers, mountains,
+    Changing with the changing hour.
+  Glittering, gleaming, dazzling, snowy,
+    Heart-tossed shadows in them lie;
+  Broken, scattered, wind-torn, foamy,
+    Haunt they through Earth's panting sky.
+
+  Luminous jets of boiling vapor
+    Topple into sudden rifts,
+  Open into yawning chasms,
+    Break in tortured whirling drifts,
+  Panting, surging, rocking, reeling,
+    Cradling in their hearts the storm,
+  Spirit, power, passion flashing,
+    Lightning bares each secret form.
+
+  Banding now in groups colossal,
+    Piling o'er the mountain crest,
+  Sweeping down his rocky summit,
+    Crashing through his wooded breast,
+  Shattering fall his pines and larches,
+    Rain, hail, tumult onward swell,
+  Lightning scathes the shuddering forest,
+    Thunder frights the leafy dell.
+
+  Sunset fires the whirling vapors,
+    Now they sway and rock in light,
+  Toppling crests fling back the radiance,
+    Through the rifts it glitters bright,
+  Gloomy clouds are ruby kindling,
+    Rippling fringed with molten gold,
+  Rosy streams of color pouring,
+    Through the tempest's blackness rolled.
+
+  Surging weird in fitful beauty,
+    Every moment fraught with change,
+  Every break and mystic chasm
+    Opening up a Heaven-range:
+  Now the eastern peaks are kindling
+    Glow as though the Morning's heart
+  Throbbed against them, while the formless
+    Clouds to phantom being start.
+
+  Thus through storm-tost human bosoms
+    God oft sends His rays divine;
+  Passionate errors, when forgiven,
+    Lead us on to trust sublime.
+  God rays light through moral tempests,
+    Brings repentance out of crime;
+  'Much forgiven' ploughs the spirit,
+    Former faults as beacons shine.
+
+  Through our ruins Love is gleaming,
+    Rippling o'er in molten gold,
+  Rosy streams of life are pouring
+    Through our tempest's blackness rolled.
+  Glittering thus in growing beauty,
+    Every moment fraught with change,
+  Through each rift and shattered chasm
+    We may see the Heaven-range.
+
+  Thus the angels build the pictures
+    In the vext or tranquil skies,
+  Of our changeful human passions,
+    Stormful fall and heaven-won rise.
+  Thus they write in love and pity,
+    Radiant with their heaven-dyes,
+  Lessons for the lost, the erring,
+    Hope for weary, dying eyes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  _RAIN CLOUDS._
+
+  High float the Cirri,
+    Passionless, pure;
+  Wild pile the Cumuli,
+    Never secure;
+  Low sweep the Rain Clouds
+    Over the sky,
+  Glooming the sunshine,
+    Slow trailing by.
+
+  Mystical region
+    Typifies Earth--
+  Light in the bosom
+    Of darkness has birth;
+  Magical mingling
+    Of beauty and gloom,
+  Calm follows tempest
+    As Heaven the tomb.
+
+  Shrouding the distance,
+    Legions of mist
+  Glide down the river
+    Joining the list
+  Of the shadowy army
+    Hurrying on
+  Over wide waters
+    To welcome the sun.
+
+  Catching his gleaming,
+    Faster they run,
+  Roseate surging,
+    Roll into one;
+  Filling the valley,
+    Luminous haze,
+  Heavenward soaring,
+    Rocks as we gaze;
+
+  Lifting strange columns
+    Of light in the air,
+  Weaves golden sunshine
+    Fitful and fair
+  Through the cloud pillars
+    Thrown to the sky,
+  Like the Dream-ladder
+    Jacob slept by.
+
+  Trailing o'er treetops,
+    Shadowing graves,
+  Gloomily weeping
+    While the wind raves,
+  Blurring the landscape
+    Rain clouds press on,
+  Lowering on nature
+    With leaden-hued frown.
+
+  Sulphurous, lurid,
+    Thunder is near;
+  Sobbings and mutterings
+    Fill us with fear.
+  Palls with wild fringes
+    Stream on behind--
+  Death may be riding
+    The wings of the wind.
+
+  Jagged clouds hanging
+    Formless and black,
+  Hurtle the whirlwind
+    Fast o'er their track;
+  Fiery flashes
+    Scathe the green plain;
+  Cataracts falling
+    In torrents of rain.
+
+  Thunder and lightning
+    Crash through the sky;
+  Whirlwinds are carding
+    The clouds as they fly!
+  Nature is reeling,
+    Sin at our heart,
+  Heaven is angered--
+    Well may we start!
+
+  God throws His shadow
+    Into the gloom;
+  The raindrops have caught it,
+    And break into bloom!
+  His light on Earth's teardrops
+    Gems Bliss on her clouds,
+  His rainbow of color
+    Paints Hope on her shrouds.
+
+  Tender and lovely,
+    Luminous, fair,
+  Infinite Beauty
+    Is bending through air,
+  Breathing through color,
+    Through Order, through Form,
+  That infinite Love
+    Rules the heart of the storm.
+
+  Caught in soft meshes,
+    Fractions the light,
+  Gold, green, or ruby,
+    Tremblingly bright.
+  Through the torn chasms
+    Smiles the lost blue--
+  The wilder the drifting,
+    The deeper the hue.
+
+  Beauty above us,
+    Beauty around,
+  Clouds, stars gem the heavens,
+    Trees, flowers paint the ground.
+  Rapturous meaning
+    Illumines the whole:
+  God gives us Beauty,
+    For Love is His Soul!
+
+  High-floating Cirri,
+    Passionless, pure;
+  Wild-piling Cumuli,
+    Never secure;
+  Low-trailing Rain Clouds
+    With rainbow-lit pall--
+  Softly ye whisper
+    That Love ruleth all!
+
+
+
+
+SKETCHES OF AMERICAN LIFE AND SCENERY.
+
+II.--THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS.
+
+
+Who, in ascending the Hudson River, has not watched for the first
+glimpse of the Catskills, and followed with delight their gradual
+development of peak and clove, until, near Hudson, they stood fully
+revealed, flooded with sunshine, flecked with shadows, or crowned by
+storm-laden clouds?
+
+This region is noteworthy, not alone from its beauty and incalculable
+utility, but also from the associations clustering around it through the
+pen of poets and writers of romance, the brush of the artist, and the
+memories of thousands of tourists, who have found health and strength
+for both body and mind upon its craggy heights or beside its numberless
+wild and beautiful mountain torrents. It comprises the whole of Greene
+County, a portion of Delaware, and the neighboring borders of Ulster,
+Schoharie, and Albany. It truly deserves the appellation of 'many
+fountained,' giving rise to great rivers, such as the Delaware, and one
+of the main branches of the Susquehanna, and to manifold smaller
+watercourses, as the Schoharie, Catskill, and Esopus. Unlike the
+Highlands of Northern New Jersey and Southern New York, and the region
+of the Adirondacs, its lakes are few and very small. The best known are
+the twin lakes near the Mountain House, and Shue's Lake, not far from
+the summit of Overlook Mountain. These are all at a height,
+approximately, of two thousand feet above the river, and add greatly to
+the variety and interest of the landscape in their vicinity.
+
+Names among these hills are a commodity so scarce that their paucity
+presents a serious obstacle to intelligible description. Round Tops and
+High Peaks are innumerable. We hope, when Professor Guyot completes his
+cursory survey of heights, made eighteen months ago, he will strive to
+do as in North Carolina, and supply the deficiency. Nomenclature is a
+difficult matter, and requires a poet, a poetic man of science, or the
+imaginative intuitions of a primitive people.
+
+The main range of the Catskills finds its southerly corner in Overlook
+Mountain, not far from Woodstock, and about seven miles (more or less)
+west of the Hudson. One ridge extends northerly (a little east, parallel
+with the river) from twelve to fourteen miles, and then, at the North
+Mountain, making an obtuse angle, turns to the northwest, and passes
+through Windham into Schoharie County: the other ridge, starting from
+Overlook, runs in a westerly direction along the southern border of
+Greene County, and finally in Delaware sinks into broken hill ranges of
+less elevation. The space intermediate between these two main ridges is
+at first narrow, but gradually widens as they diverge from the starting
+point; its interior (northwesterly) slope is drained by the Schoharie (a
+branch of the Mohawk) and its tributaries, the East, the West, and
+Batavia Kills. Singular gaps or cloves intersect the range, affording
+easy communication with the lowlands bordering its base. Each clove has
+its own stream, and in the main ones on the river front are found the
+countless and beautiful waterfalls which constitute the chief
+characteristic of Catskill scenery. The more primitive rocks of the
+Highlands, the Adirondacs, and the White Mountains do not offer such
+numerous and picturesque sheets of falling water as the red sandstone of
+the Catskills.
+
+Starting from Overlook Mountain, whence the view is said to be
+magnificent, and proceeding northward, we first reach the Plattekill
+Clove, up whose steep and wooded cleft winds a wild road, chiefly used
+for quarrying purposes, and down whose abrupt declivity the Plattekill
+leaps from crag to crag in a series of fine falls and cascades. The
+quantity of water during the summer months, except after considerable
+rain, is small, but the rock formations are very interesting, reminding
+the traveller of wild passes in the Tyrol. This is perhaps the grandest
+of all the Catskill clefts, but human ingenuity has here afforded no aid
+to the sightseer, and strong heads and agile limbs are needed for the
+enjoyment of its hidden beauties.
+
+The mountain to the north of the Plattekill Clove has two crests, known
+as High Peak and Round Top. It was long thought to be the loftiest
+summit of the Catskills, but must now yield to the Windham High Peak or
+Black Head, 3,926 feet high, and perhaps to other elevations in the same
+range. Professor Guyot gives its height at 3,684 feet, and that of the
+Mountain House as 2,245 feet. This mountain has frequently been
+ascended, although there is no regular path leading to the summit, but
+the thick growth of wood on the top greatly hinders the satisfactoriness
+of the view. Between Round Top and the nearest mountain to the north
+lies the Kauterskill Clove, known preeminently as _The Clove_, the home
+of artists and the theme of poets. Its springs are drained by the
+Kauterskill Creek, a branch of the Catskill, and it is one of the
+loveliest spots in America. The road through this clove is one of the
+main arteries to the back mountain country, and, from the summit of the
+clove, near Haines's sawmill, winds for about three miles to the base,
+by the side of streams offering fifteen fine falls and cascades in a
+distance of five miles, and between steep and wooded mountain slopes or
+rocky crags lifted high in air, now swelling out into the sunlight, and
+anon curving back into amphitheatres of shadow. The main Kauterskill
+flows from the twin lakes already mentioned, and just below the Laurel
+House falls over a precipice of 175 feet, which, with another dash of 80
+feet, makes the entire depth of the stream's first grand plunge into the
+wild ravine 255 feet. A short distance below is the Bastion Fall, and,
+immediately following, the Terrace Cascade, the united height of the two
+being certainly not less than 100 feet. These four fine falls are found
+in an easy walk of three quarters of a mile leading down the ravine from
+the Laurel House to the Clove road.
+
+The Little Kauterskill flows into the main stream at a short distance
+below the bridge where the Clove road first crosses that torrent. The
+ravine through which it flows is incomparably beautiful, with the grand
+plunge (Haines's Fall or Fawn's Leap) at the head, and the seven
+graceful cascades, all visible from one projecting table rock, soon
+after following. Below the above-mentioned bridge are the Dog Fall, the
+cascade at Moore's Bridge, and the Dog Hole, with its steep cliffs and
+foaming rapids. At the mouth of the Clove is Palensville, a little
+manufacturing village, where town-wearied denizens find fresh air and
+pleasant walks and drives during the summer months. To our taste,
+however, the summer climate at the various sojourning places, about two
+thousand feet above the sea level, is far preferable to that at the base
+of the mountain.
+
+Rising to the north of the Clove is the South Mountain, from whose
+beetling crags are obtained some of the finest views offered by the
+Catskills; then follows the Pine Orchard, where are the well-known
+Mountain House, the twin lakes, and the Laurel House at the head of the
+Kauterskill Falls; and finally, the North Mountain, which looks down
+upon a graceful spur to the east, Kiskatom Round Top, and then sweeps
+away to the northwest. Beyond the North Mountain is a considerable
+depression, down which passes an execrable road, leading from East
+Jewett, within the mountain range, to Cairo, at its foot. Finally, we
+reach Windham High Peak,[1] and the fine road crossing the mountains
+from Catskill to Delhi, and passing through Windham and Prattsville.
+
+On the southern side of the range, west of Overlook, are two wild and
+beautiful clefts, the one known as the Stony Clove, and the other as
+West Kill or Bushnell Clove. The first begins as a narrow gorge with
+lofty hemlock and moss-clad mountain sides, and gradually opens out, at
+Phoenicia, upon the hills of Ulster and Esopus Creek. It is watered by
+a trout stream, and its few but cosey farm cottages offer shelter
+sufficient for amateur fishermen and artists, bewitched by its fairy
+recesses and fine forest growth. In the narrow portion of this clove are
+ice caves, where ice may be found at all seasons of the year, and whence
+issue cooling winds appreciable in the warmest summer days.
+
+The West Kill, or Bushnell Clove, is said to be still finer and more
+alpine than the Stony Clove. The last-mentioned gap and that of the
+Plattekill join the main or Kauterskill Clove between Tannersville and
+Hunter, while the Bushnell Clove does not intersect the valley of the
+Schoharie until the West Kill flows into that stream near the charming
+village of Lexington, six miles south, a little west of Prattsville.
+
+These geographical details may seem uninteresting, but if the writer had
+possessed them eight years ago, when first making the near acquaintance
+of the Catskills, many a mystification might have been avoided, and many
+a pleasant excursion, now only known to the fancy, have been found
+practicable. One great attraction of the Catskills is, that the greater
+number of the spots chiefly interesting are within walking or driving
+distance from the chief points of sojourn. Visitors in general confine
+themselves to the Mountain House and its immediate vicinity, and hence
+see but little of the beauties hidden among the cliffs and ravines of
+the inner peaks. The view from the Mountain House plateau is extensive,
+but tame and monotonous in character; the horizon is not interesting,
+and the cloud scenery is far more impressive than that of the land
+beneath. The views from the very easily ascended North or South
+Mountains, where, in addition to the river valley, the eye embraces the
+lakes, the opening of the Clove, and the distant mountains toward
+Lexington, are far superior. Clum's Hill, a terraced eminence, visible
+from many points among the Catskills, and the Parker Mountain, east of
+Tannersville, both offer peculiar and interesting prospects; but the
+king of views is that obtained from the cliffs of the South Mountain
+overhanging the Clove. This vista has furnished sketches for two
+remarkable pictures painted by that rare artist and genuine son of
+Helios, S. R. Gifford. Looking toward the west is the rolling plateau of
+the Clove, with the far-away mountains beyond Hunter, the Parker and
+North Mountains, the openings to the Stony and Plattekill Cloves, Clum's
+Hill, and the silver thread of Haines's Fall. At the foot of the cliffs,
+more than a thousand feet below, lie Brockett's (classic ground for
+artists), the Clove road, Moore's Bridge, the Dog Fall, and the brawling
+Kauterskill. Directly opposite stands the wooded crest of Round Top. The
+entire mountain side is visible, and the cleft is so narrow that the
+trees can almost be counted as they rise one above another to a height
+of 2,500 feet above the roaring stream, which here receives two slender
+cascades that have threaded their way through the tangled forest. Toward
+the east, the river is visible, and the sloping mountain declivities
+frame a lovely picture of lowland country and far-away Connecticut or
+Massachusetts hills. The effects of light and shadow are such as we have
+never seen surpassed. This earth there seems made of gold or crimson
+lights, of gray seas of mist, or of every imaginable combination of
+beautiful hues.
+
+These cliffs are reached by a charming walk through a beech wood, and
+are distant about a mile from the Laurel House. A longer and still
+somewhat rough path was opened thither last summer from the Mountain
+House. But we should never end were we to characterize all the beautiful
+spots, the entrancing walks and drives to be found amid these cool and
+healthful slopes and plateaus. A difference of at least ten degrees is
+felt between the mountain resorts and the villages on the river bank,
+and the air is inexpressibly fresh and invigorating.
+
+These mountains have also a very interesting flora. The oak, beech,
+birch, chestnut, hickory, maple, ash, hemlock--pines, black, white, and
+yellow--spruces, fir, and balsam, are among the most widely spread
+trees; and of fruits, the blackberry, gooseberry, raspberry,
+whortleberry or blueberry, and strawberry, grow in profusion and of fine
+flavor. Violets, anemones, liverworts, the fairy bells of the Linnea
+Borealis, the fragrant stars of the Mitchella or partridge berry, the
+trailing arbutus, Houstonia, the laurel, honeysuckle, sarsaparilla,
+wintergreen, bottle gentian, white and blue, purple orchids, willow
+herb, golden rod, immortelles, asters in every variety, St. John's wort,
+wild turnip, Solomon's seals, wild lilies of the vale, fire lilies,
+Indian pipe, with other flowers, ground pines, and varieties of moss and
+ferns innumerable, border the winding woodpaths and secluded roads.
+There are many regions in America more grand than that of the Catskills,
+but none, we think, more easily and gratefully compensatory to a careful
+survey.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Within Gethsemane's Garden kneeling,
+    Bends the Lord His sacred head,
+  His soul, each human sorrow feeling,
+    Quivers with keen shafts, sin-sped,
+      Every human misery knows,
+      Bears the burden of our woes.
+
+  Perchance not men alone His sinking,
+    Bleeding heart to weep is fain,
+  But poor dumb creatures sees He drinking
+    Deep the bitter cup of pain,
+      Hears the wailing, anguished cry,
+      Hears but curse and blow reply!
+
+                                   L. D. P.
+
+
+
+
+THE ISSUES OF THE WAR.
+
+
+The life of the soldier is one of constant anxiety and suspense. He
+never knows with any certainty to-day what he shall have to do
+to-morrow. Upon seemingly the greatest calm may suddenly burst the most
+terrific storm. There is little incentive to thought, except of that
+practical kind which directs the activities of the soldier's perilous
+life. Here we are, thousands of us, an acting mass rather than an
+assemblage of thinking individuals. Indeed, it is not strictly military
+to think; implicit and unquestioning obedience is the law. When the
+order was finally given on Monday night (September 21st) for the whole
+army to fell back on Chattanooga, the writer remarked:
+
+'Well, if we shall not have to go any farther--if we can hold
+Chattanooga, we are not defeated;--it is even a victory, and we have won
+Chattanooga at the battle of Chickamauga.'
+
+'We want none of your speculations,' retorted our Prussian commander;
+'it is a soldier's business to obey, and not to think.'
+
+But, it is hardly natural for an American soldier to execute a movement
+without inquiring the wherefore. And if we are marched over mountains,
+and down the Lookout at Alpine Pass, within a few miles of Rome; and
+then marched back again, up the perilous steep, and northward to
+Stevens's Gap, and down again;--why, even common soldiers, without the
+evidence of brains which there is, or ought to be, in shoulder straps,
+inquire of each other for the strategic value there may be in all this
+marching and countermarching, and find it hard to believe that it was
+all provided for in the original programme.
+
+But in a still higher sense is the American soldier given to thinking.
+He is quite likely to have an opinion as to the origin and cause of the
+war--as to the issues involved therein, and the results which it is
+likely to bring about. There is, moreover, a multiplicity of views, and
+not the unanimity of dulness.
+
+The causes, the issues, the results of the war--momentous themes! and
+likely to be thoroughly canvassed by those whom they so vitally
+concern--the American citizen and our citizen soldiery.
+
+The causes, issues, and results of the war are so intimately related
+that we can scarcely think of one without also thinking of the others.
+The causes are more especially a thing of the past--they already belong
+to history: the results belong more particularly to the future; the
+issues pertain to the present. It is these with which we have more
+immediately to do, and which it behooves us, as intelligent actors in
+the great drama, to understand. We should not be indifferent to results,
+and we are not; but if there are real issues of right and wrong involved
+in the contest, and we are in the right, we may rest assured that the
+results of a successful prosecution of the war will be worthy of all our
+sacrifices, and honorable to us as a people and nation.
+
+In the midst of a beleaguered camp, with no notes of former reading, or
+books of reference, it is a poor place for the elaboration of one's
+ideas;--the writer, nevertheless, proposes to make a brief inquiry into
+the issues involved in this terrible war.
+
+The fact exists that there is a war between the North and South, brought
+about, as we believe, by unwarranted and aggressive acts of the Slave
+Power. This slave oligarchy of the South either had, or affected to
+have, a profound contempt for what they supposed was the want of spirit
+in the Northern people. It was a current swagger that we should barely
+furnish them with an opportunity to show their superior military
+prowess. 'This war shall be waged on Northern soil,' they said. Events
+have shown that they miscalculated; but the raids of Jackson, Lee,
+Morgan & Co. show how great their will has been to carry out their
+threats of invasion. When the rebel guns opened upon Sumter, there was
+no alternative left us but fight now, or soon. Had we hesitated and
+compromised then, the arrogant spirit of the insurgents would have been
+still further flattered and puffed up, and their contempt for the
+submissive North made genuine, whatever it may have been before. A
+compromise then would have made no lasting peace; the South would soon
+have become tired of being merely 'let alone;' her exactions and
+aggressions would have become more and more insolent and intolerable,
+till warlike resistance or ignoble submission and slavery would have
+been our only alternative. This war is, therefore, on our part and in
+one sense, a war in self-defence; and this may be regarded as one of its
+issues.
+
+Every loyal soldier is fighting for the security of our Northern homes;
+and the issue resolves itself into this: The resistance of invasion; the
+vindication of our manliness as a people; the protection of our own
+firesides--else be overrun, outraged, desolated, enslaved by the minions
+of a Southern oligarchy, which indulges the insane conceit that it is
+born to rule.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Unfortunately for our country, it embraces two distinct forms of
+society, of dissimilar, if not of antagonistic character. It is a
+heritage from our ancestors; but none the less an evil for its prestige
+from the sanctities of time; and we are now reaping its bitter fruits in
+the manifold and hideous forms of a great civil war. Taking human nature
+as it is, there appears to be no escape from this cruel ordeal. We of
+the North claim that we have transcended that type of society whose
+vital and informing element is chattel slavery. There is natural and
+irrepressible antagonism between the two forms of society; they cannot
+subsist in peace and good feeling by the side of each other, and still
+less under the same Government. Conflict was inevitable, and it came.
+
+At this stage of the war and of elucidation respecting its cause and
+origin, this may be only commonplace, yet necessary to fulness of
+statement.
+
+Slavery felt the necessity of efforts to save herself from impending
+ruin; she became taunting and aggressive in her manners and acts, and
+resorted at length to violence, reminding one of the oft-repeated
+proverb, 'Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad.' History has
+no readings for the comfort of slavery. There is a progress in human
+affairs, and the tide of that progress is against her. Threatening
+attitudes and impetuous dashes do not appear to come with salvation; and
+the promise--of glory for freedom, and doom for her--now is that, as a
+turbulent and rebellious power, she will be completely overthrown; a
+sudden and deserved judgment, the legitimate consequence of her own
+violence and desperation.
+
+This struggle between a progressive and triumphant civilization, on the
+one hand, and a crude, unprogressive, and waning one on the other--if
+civilization it can be called--is another of the issues of this war. It
+is but the ultimate, the closing catastrophe of the 'irrepressible
+conflict.'
+
+Involved in this feature of the war, there is much beside the naked
+issue of freedom and slavery.
+
+Slavery has no respect for the affections, as is evinced by the
+mercilessness with which she sunders every family tie. The refining
+culture of growth in civilization demands respect for the domestic
+loves, even of an inferior race. Where chattel slavery exists, labor is
+not held in honor, and just in proportion to the depth to which one
+class sinks by industrial oppression, does the other sink through
+enervating indolence and exhausting indulgence. Where there is chattel
+slavery, there cannot be free speech: the utterance of truth may indeed
+be incendiary, and the rickety, combustible institution standing out of
+its time, must needs protect itself. There must not be free education or
+free inquiry. It would never do to teach the slaves; and it is likewise
+the interest of this form of society to retain the lower strata of the
+nominally free population in ignorance equally dense and impenetrable. A
+cringing servility must be generated and maintained on the one side, and
+a haughty and exacting superciliousness on the other.
+
+All these may be regarded as constituting minor issues, which are
+dependent for their vitality on that which is greater; and when the fate
+of the issue between chattel slavery and its antagonist shall have been
+determined, there will be no further trouble with the collaterals. When
+the main trunk is torn up by the root, the branches will all die.
+
+But while the issue between slavery and freedom thus comprehends within
+itself a class of issues which are subordinate, may there not be a still
+greater issue which dwarfs that of slavery and freedom into a secondary,
+and comprehends within itself this and other issues of equal magnitude
+and importance?
+
+Our Government has never given out that its object in the prosecution of
+the war is the extinction of slavery. It claims to have adopted
+emancipation only as a war measure; the great purpose of the war being
+avowedly the recovery of Governmental possessions and the restoration of
+the Union. Many moralists, failing, as we believe, to see the real
+significance of the idea of political unity, have looked upon the
+proposed object of the Government as a low and unworthy one; but have,
+nevertheless, rejoiced that the hand of Providence is in the work, and
+overruling it to bring out of these meaner aims a great and noble
+result.
+
+It may be well to recollect in this connection that it is not always
+when great moral ends are the real aim and purpose of a movement that
+the greatest good has been accomplished. The greatest moral results have
+often followed when the movement proposed no moral end whatever; while
+efforts having a direct moral aim have resulted in signal failure, and
+sometimes in disaster even to the very end proposed. Well-meant efforts
+to save the heathen in a spiritual way have sometimes resulted in their
+physical destruction, through the stealthy obtrusion of the pests of
+civilization.
+
+It is by no means as yet a settled question that emancipation will
+enhance the happiness of our negro population, or that it may not be the
+beginning of a series of disasters to the race which will eventuate in
+its extinction on this continent. The settlement of the slave question
+may be the beginning of the negro question; and the end of one
+difficulty the beginning of another.
+
+It may be that sympathy for the negro is seeking to put in train a
+series of changes which would terribly revulse those same sympathies, if
+the end could be seen from the beginning. Yet these sympathies, even if
+mistaken in their direct object, may be working to a great and desirable
+end, which they do not as yet recognize. The Crusaders aimed at what
+they considered a good, but, failing in that, accomplished a real good
+of which they had no conception. They did not make themselves permanent
+masters of the Holy Land, but through their intercourse with each other
+and with the more cultivated people of the East, they nourished the
+germs of a forthcoming civilization in the West.
+
+In the natural history of the world we discover that certain tribes of
+sentient beings prey upon certain other tribes; and this seems, on a
+cursory view, to be very shocking to the finer sensibilities of our
+nature; yet it is an arrangement which results in a larger amount of
+sentient enjoyment than could otherwise obtain among these lower
+denizens of our inexplicable world. The most vigorous--that which
+embodies within itself the greatest and the most various elements of
+vitality and power--the most vigorous, I say, prevails; and if the negro
+race of our continent should begin to wane and finally go as the 'poor
+Indian' has done--a fate which I do not here predict for him--the field
+thus vacated will not be lost, but occupied at once, and in time to its
+fullest extent, by a race of greater capabilities for culture, progress,
+and enjoyment. The physical world has attained to its present advanced
+geological condition through much of violence and pain; the same is true
+in a moral sense of mankind at large; and there may be still quite a
+great deal of this same career to run.
+
+Sympathy of itself is blind, and may 'kill with kindness.' It has often
+done so. But it is a noble emotion: let it play its role, since, in the
+working out of destiny, 'the will may be taken for the deed,' and a good
+accomplished which was not intended or foreseen.
+
+Governments may not be greatly at fault for not proposing 'high moral
+aims.' We need only recall the names of Watt, Fulton, Stevenson, Morse,
+and others of that class, to perceive that great moral changes are
+brought about when no moral purpose is intended. It is not affirmed that
+these benefactors of mankind never thought of the moral consequences
+which their purely physical labors would produce, but only that the
+moral consequences were not the incentive to the mechanical achievement.
+The genius of invention had to work out its legitimate results through
+the innate force of its own peculiar constitution. The impetus was that
+of essential genius, not of moral calculation.
+
+The same thing is true of the cultivation of science for its own sake.
+The stargazer with his telescope, the chemist with crucible and retort,
+the physiologist with his chemical and optical aids, the purely
+scientific thinker--all who prosecute science for the love of it--have
+wrought out results which are breaking as light of the clear morning sun
+upon the history of nations, thus enabling us to avail ourselves of the
+past in order to comprehend the status of the present and the
+possibilities of the future.
+
+Great social and political results have thus been attained without
+consciously intending them, or seeing how they were to be brought about.
+Our Government, without professing great moral purposes, may yet
+accomplish more in that direction, and this, too, by the relentless and
+bloody hand of war, than has ever been the result of purely moral design
+by the most approved moral means, on the part of any combination of
+mankind. It may be a crisis in history, and the ushering in of a new
+era.
+
+Our Government proposes to recover lost possessions, and restore the
+integrity of the Union. Wherefore? Ours is the most beneficent
+Government upon the earth, blessing the most human beings, and it should
+be sustained. The whole nation has contributed to the acquisition of
+Southern territory, and it is not meet that the Northern people should
+surrender their interest in the same. The Mississippi River belongs as
+naturally to the great West as to the South, and it should be under the
+control of the same sovereign power, to be used for the good of one
+great people. There is no natural division line between the North and
+South, and it would be fatal to the future peace and prosperity of this
+continent to attempt to make one.
+
+These are some of the reasons ordinarily given for the prosecution of
+this war--for our great effort to reestablish the Union. They are
+practical, readily comprehended, and to urge them is well--enough,
+really, for present practical purposes; but may there not be in the idea
+of political unity a meaning--a philosophical significance, if you
+please, which these practical and obvious considerations do not reveal?
+
+It is the confirmed conviction of the Northern people, with certain
+unnatural exceptions, that it is our true policy to maintain the
+integrity of the Union at any cost, however great; the people of the
+South evidently take a different view of it; the political thinkers of
+Europe appear to be divided in their sympathies between the North and
+South.
+
+An article appears in a British quarterly to prove that it is the fate
+of great empires to fall to pieces; and that China, Turkey, Russia, and
+the United States show signs of approaching dissolution. It is observed
+that French writers of authority in the Government have issued pamphlets
+to prove that the peace and stability of nations require the
+dismemberment of the United States. The 'fire eaters' of the South are
+not the only people who would like to see the United States in
+fragments. We have such even in the North; and in Europe, especially
+near the thrones, 'their name is legion.'
+
+The thinking world has not yet settled into the conviction that a great
+continental policy, preserving internal peace, and enduring for an
+indefinite period into the far-off future, is a possible thing. The fate
+of nations and empires, as revealed in history, is apparently against
+such an idea. Many empires have already appeared, risen to power, fallen
+into decay, and become dismembered, having run their course and
+disappeared. May it not be so with our own great confederacy of States?
+The authority against a great, practical, enduring political unity is
+respectable. May we not be fighting for an illusion? What guarantee have
+we in history, science, and common sense, that our Federal Union will
+not crumble as the empires of the past have done, and as the political
+prophets of Europe, casting the horoscope of nations in the shadows of
+their own political fragmentarism, have predicted for us? Even should
+the rebels South be chastised, and the Union restored for the present,
+have we solid reasons for believing in the permanency of our
+institutions? What is the warrant for our faith that American destiny
+comprehends the principle of American unity?
+
+People contract habits of thought in a great measure from the nature of
+the institutions which surround them. Europe could think nothing but
+feudalism at one time; she had no conception of religion outside the
+Church of Rome. The Turk thinks by the standard of political absolutism
+and the Moslem faith. The reflections of every people are cast in the
+national mould; it is so the world over, and has been so in all times.
+Europe, or at least a very influential portion thereof, thinks that the
+'balance of power' system will yet be inaugurated among the family of
+nations yet to spring up on this continent. Her people think balance of
+power, and the London _Times_ and like organs of the existing polity
+write balance of power for our edification, and for the future of
+America. They cannot conceive that there is any other way to get along
+for any considerable length of time. In like manner is it
+concluded--keeping up the old trains of thought--that if nations once
+fell into fragments when shaken, they will do just so again.
+
+Now, perhaps we have contracted habits of thought from the character of
+our country and her institutions, and are deceiving ourselves with hopes
+which have no real foundation. These, we believe, are considerations
+which have engaged the attention of every reflecting man; and it
+behooves us, as intelligent Americans and members of a young nation of
+hitherto unexampled prosperity and promise, to be able to give a reason
+for the faith that is in us.
+
+There are changes and crises in the course and destiny of political
+systems. The conditions of one period of time are different from the
+conditions of another period. Different conditions necessitate different
+political systems. Feudalism did not last always; European diplomacy is
+only three hundred years old. If Europe, out of her peculiar situation,
+originated the doctrine of balance of power, thus innovating upon the
+past, may not we, owing to the novelty of our situation, originate a
+continental system which will endure to the remotest periods of time, or
+so long as political systems shall have place on the earth?
+
+One empire may fall into fragments to-day; while another may not only
+not suffer dissolution, but really grow stronger, and appropriate, in a
+most legitimate manner, parts of the dismembered empire.
+
+We must allow, not only for the difference of conditions with reference
+to time, but, also, for the different situations at the same time of
+different political structures. To assume, because nations have been
+ground to atoms, or have fallen to pieces of their own weight, that
+therefore Russia and the United States are about to go in the same way,
+is a species of reasoning which is hardly warranted by scientific
+methods. It may be that the empire of Great Britain is itself doomed to
+dissolution at no very distant day; but it does not follow that the
+United States are, therefore, liable to the same fate, now or ever. So
+far from this, it is possible, if not highly probable, that as the
+remote provinces of the British empire shall fall away, the central
+political system of this continent may very naturally absorb at least
+one of the fragments, and thereby become stronger as a Government, and
+more potent for good to the people of an entire world.
+
+There are laws of dissolution, and laws of segregation and combination
+in the political as in the natural world. Great Britain may fall into
+fragments because her geographical and political conditions render her
+amenable to the laws of dissolution; while the United States may go on
+enlarging their boundaries and becoming more stable and powerful from
+the fact that their political status and local surroundings render them
+the legitimate subject of the laws of political growth and geographical
+enlargement. The British possessions are geographically too remote; they
+may not be united together by the necessary bonds of political union.
+The weakness of Great Britain may now be what the weakness of the
+Spanish empire once was. Her geography is against her. The day is
+gradually passing away when arbitrary power may hold distant regions in
+subjection to a central despotism; the day is at hand which demands that
+the bonds of union shall be natural and just, not arbitrary--bonds which
+forever assert their own inherent power to unite and grow stronger, not
+weaker, with the inevitable changes constantly being wrought out by the
+busy hand of time.
+
+Man's social and political life depends much on the physical conditions
+by which he is surrounded. We have only to instance a mountain and
+valley population. The former is isolated and out of the way, and the
+people simple, uncouth, and uncultivated--contented, it is true, but,
+nevertheless, enjoying but little of the abundance and variety in which
+people of culture luxuriate. The valley population have a city,
+villages, rich lands, trade, and commerce; they are wealthy, cultivated,
+and realize far more the legitimate fruition of our entire nature.
+
+Even missionaries, whose prejudices may be presumed to have been in
+favor of purely moral means, tell us that that heathen can only be
+permanently Christianized through changes in their physical conditions
+which commerce alone can bring about.
+
+Physical conditions affect the destiny of nations, and go far to
+determine the extent and character of political organizations. It makes
+a great difference whether a country has or has not the means of ready
+communication and transportation from one section to another. While the
+great body of Europe was comparatively uncultivated, with only the
+natural channels of commerce, and these unimproved, there could be
+little communication between the different sections of country; and
+Europe had no political or social unity. The people of the entire
+continent were in a fragmentary and disorganized mass, comparatively
+isolated, and independent of each other. The jurisdictions of the great
+barons and of the cities became at length united into kingdoms. The
+increase of commerce brought these kingdoms into relations with each
+other, and diplomacy grew out of national necessities. As the countries
+improved and the facilities and occasions for intercommunication and
+commerce increased, the principle of political unity must needs
+comprehend a wider range. At first, it took in only the component parts
+of kingdoms, and then the kingdoms in the form of great national leagues
+of more or less permanence. This form of political unity may be very
+imperfect, but it is nevertheless unity consummated in the best possible
+manner which the system of separate thrones would permit. Changes in the
+conditions and relations of peoples render changes in their political
+forms an absolute necessity. The facilities for education,
+intercommunication, travel, and commerce, are the great unitizers of
+peoples and nations.
+
+A great, overgrown empire, which has been built up by arbitrary power,
+may fall to pieces, because it is not bound together by the ligaments
+which an ubiquitous commerce affords. Another, because thus interlaced
+and woven together, cannot be sundered. The dependence of part on part
+and the facilities of transportation from one section to another, render
+such an empire a really vital organism, which cannot be divided without
+destroying the whole; but since nations, as individuals, are tenacious
+of life, the whole cannot be destroyed, and the empire cannot be
+divided. There is no place for division, and none can be made. This
+principle, we believe, applies to our own country.
+
+Lines for the transmission of intelligence, the highways of travel, the
+channels of intercommunication and commerce--these connect remote
+sections with each other, and, in connection with the specialization of
+industry, cause them to become mutually dependent, and thus form a web
+of unity knitting the many into one. The Mississippi River has been
+characterized by some one as a great original Unionist. It is so.
+
+The channels and highways of commerce are of two kinds: natural and
+artificial. The natural are the seas, lakes, rivers; and these only
+become the means of political union according to the extent of the use
+which is made of them. The improvement of harbors and of rivers, and the
+modern revolutions in the art of navigation, have greatly increased
+their power to make one section necessary to another, and bind people to
+people. Were not steam applied to locomotion, the great rivers of North
+America would afford far less of promise for American unity than they
+now do.
+
+Since whatever facilitates communication and transportation makes one
+class of people dependent on another, through the mutual exchange of
+social opportunity and of industrial productions, and binds them more
+firmly together; hence, also, the political and social values of the
+artificial channels of commercial intercourse. Wagon roads, canals,
+railroads, telegraphs, are all so many political unitizers; but the
+railroad, with its accompaniment, the telegraph, may be regarded as the
+chief of all.
+
+Let us notice for a moment the political value of our rivers, with the
+improved navigation of the same, and of our railroads, in the
+suppression of the existing rebellion.
+
+Had there been no navigable rivers and no railroads uniting the North
+and South, the chances for the local division of our country would be
+far greater than they are under existing circumstances. The South would
+have been comparatively isolated from the North, and our armies could
+not have reached her territory with the facility they now do. Prolonged
+for years, as the war must have been under such circumstances, the North
+would have grown weary of prosecuting it; the chances for intervention
+would have been greater, and the establishment of a Southern nation by
+no means an impossible thing.
+
+With facilities for penetrating the country, it may be easier to reduce
+a dozen rebel States than one quarter of the territory if held by
+uncivilized Indians. We were longer subjugating the Seminole Indians
+than we are likely to be in putting down the rebellion. The facilities
+of transportation in the one case, and their absence in the other, make
+part of the difference. Besides, these same facilities and their
+accompaniments render Southern society a really vital and sensitive
+thing, so that a wound in some vital part, as Vicksburg or Chattanooga,
+is felt to the remotest ends of Secessia. It will not require
+extermination of all the members; a few mere such wounds, and the
+rebellious creature will have to yield.
+
+The Tennessee River enabled us to drive the enemy out of Western
+Tennessee and Northern Mississippi and Alabama. By means of the
+Mississippi River we have cut away a considerable limb of the
+'confederacy,' and we believe it can never be restored. Nashville has
+become a depot of supplies for the army of the Cumberland, because of
+the Cumberland River and the railroad to the Ohio River.
+
+When we advanced from Murfreesboro', on the 24th of June last, the rains
+fell almost incessantly, and the roads became at length really
+impassable. We were at Tullahoma and beyond it, on short rations. Had
+there been no means of transportation other than the army wagon and the
+common road, it is doubtful whether, under the circumstances, General
+Rosecrans could have held his advanced position so easily won. When some
+of the teams could not draw empty wagons back to Murfreesboro', it is
+not likely that such means of transportation would have been sufficient
+for the subsistence of our army in and around Tullahoma. But in less
+than ten days the joyful whistle of the locomotive was heard, and the
+army was soon abundantly supplied.
+
+Take our present situation. Had there been no railroad from Nashville to
+the Tennessee River, the campaign of last fall could not have been
+undertaken with any prospect of success. But allow that it had been
+undertaken, and the result of the battle of Chickamauga what it was:
+could our army have terminated its retreat at Chattanooga, and held this
+important military position? By no means: it would have recrossed the
+mountains, a broken, discouraged, and almost demoralized host. The
+trains have run almost constantly from Nashville to Stevenson and
+Bridgeport, and the army has been on half rations for nearly two months.
+If wagons could not bring supplies fifty miles, much less one hundred
+and fifty. And now (November 15th) that the distance for teams has, for
+some days, been reduced to six or seven miles, we are still very short
+of supplies.
+
+Let the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad receive due credit for the
+part it has played in promoting the success of the campaign and 'saving
+the Army of the Cumberland.' Railroads and all other channels of
+commerce contribute most efficiently to the success of the great effort
+of our Government to restore the integrity of the Union: let them
+receive due credit, and be rightly remembered when the great conflict
+is ended.
+
+These facts may serve to suggest the value of the various commercial
+facilities as means of political unitization. A country without the
+means of travel and transportation may readily separate into independent
+fragments whenever any arbitrary institution, as that of slavery,
+develops antagonism between different geographical sections; and in that
+case the arbitrary institution would triumph, and civilization would be
+thrown backward. But in a country which speaks the same language, and is
+checkered all over by the pathways of commercial and social
+intercourse--since there is no place for division except by the rupture
+of innumerable ligaments--the integrity of its oneness will maintain
+itself; and if necessary to this end, the arbitrary institution, or
+cause of attempted rupture, whatever It may be, will be swept out of
+existence.
+
+The vindication of national unity is the great issue; the abasement of
+slavery a subordinate one.
+
+Here, then, may we perceive some reasons why our labor and sacrifice for
+the restoration of the Union are not given in vain; that we are not
+struggling to sustain a structure which will be liable at any time to
+pass into the history of the 'fall of empires.' We have the
+encouragement of new conditions--of conditions which give a warrant,
+wherever they obtain, for the permanence of political unity. Subdue the
+present rebellion, reinstate the Union, multiply the facilities for
+social intercourse and the mutual exchange of products, especially
+railroads, wherever there is sufficient promise of a need; and our
+country, thus knit together and united, has nothing to fear from the
+madness of local factions. Permeate the body politic in all its members
+by the nerves, veins, and arteries of a vital circulation, and it
+becomes an organized unity which is not susceptible of division into
+upper or lower, right or left, except by the destruction of the entire
+organism.
+
+But admitting that continental unity is to obtain some day, still the
+question as to whether now is or is not the time for it to assume a more
+distinct form, brings us by a rational necessity to a brief notice of
+the influence of European diplomacy and the contingency of foreign
+intervention.
+
+It is very clear that the 'balance of power' system of Europe, and the
+continental system which this war is waged on our part to sustain, are
+very unlike, if not antagonistic systems. The tone, all through the war,
+of a large portion of the British daily press, and of much of her
+weightier literature; the intrigues of Napoleon and the outspeaking of
+his minions, together with the measures which have been clandestinely
+taken by persons of power and influence to advance the interests of
+secession, show that there are influential classes in Western Europe,
+allied by interest to her fragmentary political organizations, who would
+gladly see the United States broken to pieces under the shock of
+rebellion. Their sympathies have been with the rebellion all through the
+war; and that they have not interfered more actively than they have, is
+not to be attributed to their sincere love for justice and neutrality,
+but to their own weakness--to the complicated nature of their own
+diplomacy, and its critical status just now, when there is danger of
+bursting volcanoes in their own midst.
+
+It is a law of history that any political system of some degree of
+prevalence seeks to extend itself; indeed, this is a law of all
+movement, whether physical, chemical, social, or political. There is a
+political leaven which permeates the whole mass, and brings it into the
+same condition. It resulted once in the general prevalence of feudalism;
+it afterward touched the cities of civilizing Europe, and they became
+independent, and leagued together for a common purpose. It operated
+again, and governments of organized and more orderly character came
+into existence all over what was once feudal Europe. The prevailing
+system, or that which is animated by the strongest and most active
+principle, necessitates whatever is unlike it to become of the same
+character with itself, even though it might seem like the surrender of
+the better for the worse. This is very aptly shown by the fact that
+under feudalism allodial titles were voluntarily surrendered for feudal
+ones. This system subordinated even the church.
+
+The question is legitimate: Have we nothing to fear from the leaven of
+political fragmentarism in Europe? Is there not vitality enough in the
+little-monarchy and balance-of-power system of Middle and Western Europe
+to extend its influence into this country, contributing effectually to
+the overthrow of American unity; and, by the operation of this political
+'induction,' making the political system of America like the political
+system of Europe? Or, has the time come for the more permanent
+inauguration of the policy of continental unity--a system of very
+different genius from that which prevails in the former centres of
+civilization? We believe that there are the most rational grounds for
+encouragement.
+
+Political fragmentarism is comparatively a primitive condition. Europe
+has bean growing out of it for hundreds of years. The grasp of political
+unity has gradually taken hold of the nations, and brought them
+organization and order out of isolation and anarchy. Even European
+diplomacy is an expression of the unitizing tendency, since it seeks to
+bind the nations together in leagues, making them as completely a unit
+as may be consistent with the pride and interests of separate and
+distinct sovereignties. Unitization is therefore in the line of
+political development; it has gained strength with the march of
+civilization and the growth of intelligence and freedom among the
+people. Our struggle, therefore, would seem to be a spontaneous uprising
+of the people for the security of a cardinal principle--a great torrent
+of human movement, surging forward with the stream of political
+development. History is, in its deepest heart, upon the side of unity,
+and ours is a sure faith that victory will crown our efforts.
+
+We are led further to hope that the time has come for unity, by the fact
+that the European system has not as yet felt itself strong enough to
+meddle in any direct manner in our affairs to the detriment of our
+cause.
+
+The fact that the political system of Europe is at present so completely
+busied with its own complications, together with the fact that our own
+country is so intersected by the natural and artificial channels of
+commerce and general intercourse, and by the interrelation and
+overlapping of interests, that there is no definite line for a fracture
+to be found, while, at the same time, our armies can readily penetrate
+into the enemy's country, and advance their base of supplies by means of
+the great thoroughfares of trade; these are sources of encouragement,
+and give us good reason to believe that the time has indeed come for the
+ushering in of a new political era by the successful vindication of
+American unity.
+
+We repeat, this is the great issue of the war. Slavery has only sprung
+upon us; and if slavery stands in the way of national unity and
+political harmony, unity and harmony can only be secured by
+subordinating the power of slavery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As to the importance and full significance of the principle of political
+unity, it is not proposed to enter into a detailed discussion here; the
+theme is too vast. A few suggestions must suffice in this connection.
+
+One of the consequences of the want of political unity is national
+dissensions and frequent wars, by which the resources of nations are
+drained, property destroyed, countries devastated, the arm of industry
+weakened, commerce crippled, and progress in the means of civilization
+generally retarded. Political unity would do away with national
+quarrels, so disastrous to human well-being; while the emulation of
+states and sections will furnish all the incentive that is necessary to
+urge a people on to honorable achievements.
+
+It does not promise well for the pacific character of unity, that we
+have a great civil war; but wherefore? An antiquated and misplaced
+institution--a relic of a more primitive and barbarous form of
+society--has led to the development of antagonism between two local
+divisions of our country. The war grew out of this antagonism: destroy
+the cause of sectional misunderstanding, and this cause of war will
+never more give us trouble.
+
+But a difficulty is suggested: Our people will never become alike, never
+a homogeneous people; the differences of country and climate will
+forever prevent this. Very good; we don't want sameness throughout the
+society of a great empire. This is a distinctly marked feature of
+primitive society. The more unlike as to industrial pursuits, the more
+variety in the tastes and wants of the people of different sections, the
+more dependent may these different sections become upon each other; and
+with facilities for intercourse, the more intimately do they become
+related. Unity develops itself through the specialization of parts and
+functions. This specializing process, as in the gradual formation of the
+vital organs in fetal development, is the very creation of unlikeness;
+and unity is the mutual dependence and necessary cooeperation of these
+dissimilar organs. The more diversity the more complete the unity. It is
+antagonism--a very different thing--that does the mischief. It is not
+desirable that a people should be homogeneous; that would be a falling
+back into barbarous conditions. Unity demands that the people shall be
+heterogeneous and diversified, with heterogeneous and diversified
+occupations, tastes, and habits; and then, with proper facilities for
+mental intercommunication, travel, and transportation, they become a
+cooeperative and coalescent people. It is coalescence we want, and not
+homogeneity.
+
+If such be the conditions of unity, then surely it is not to be feared,
+because New England manufactures, the Middle States mine, the Western
+States farm, and the Southern States plant, that, therefore, they must
+needs be under separate and distinct governments. This very
+dissimilarity of soil, climate, occupation, and production enables the
+sections to contribute to each other's welfare, and is a condition of
+their unity. The heart, liver, lungs, stomach, brain, and nerves cannot
+dispense with each other in the vital economy; it is the very dependence
+of one special part upon another through the channels of circulation,
+that renders the superior animal organism so completely a unit. It
+cannot be repeated too often that it is not sameness of function, but
+heterogeneity of function, that unity requires. Hence, through the
+specialization of industries--one kind of manufactures here, and another
+there; mining in one locality, and farming in another; the growing of a
+certain product in one section, and the growing of a different product
+in a different section--all these, together with, the increasing
+facilities for correspondence and transportation, are preparing society
+for larger, more complete, and inevitable unity.
+
+There need be no fear of confirmed hostility of feeling between the
+North and South when the war is over, should it end in the
+reestablishment of the Union. Southern journalists say:
+
+     'If the North is successful in its mad scheme of conquest, we shall
+     look upon ourselves as a subjugated people, and there never can be
+     cordial union between the people of the two sections.'
+
+Nonsense. With the coming of peace, there will also come a very
+different spirit over the dream of the entire South. The great mass of
+her people have been cruelly duped, and not less cruelly coerced; and
+once the war is over, these people will become undeceived, and at once
+relieved from the gyves of a remorseless conscription. There will be a
+violent reaction in Southern sentiment, and a storm of indignation will
+be hurled against the instigators of rebellion for all the torture and
+agony and ruin they have brought to the millions of a once happy nation.
+The war for the Union will yet find an altar in every Southern home; it
+will become as truly appreciated there as here; the Southern people will
+one day glory as greatly in its magnificent results. There will be no
+longer a few thousand aristocrats, calling themselves 'the South,' and
+teaching hatred to freedom and progress. This class will be shorn of
+power and influence, as one of the consequences of the war; and being no
+longer competent for good or mischief, they may, indeed, nurse their
+gloom, and torture their lives to the bitter end with the wail, 'We are
+a subjugated people.' But it will be the wail of selfishness for the
+sceptre which has departed forever from their hands. There is nothing to
+fear from these. Very soon after the Government shall have vindicated
+its competence and extended its jurisdiction over the rebel States, will
+the most influential and active of their people range themselves on the
+side of the 'powers that be'--such is the charm of power, the magic of
+interest, the welcome of peace. All the antagonism generated and
+cherished by slavery will have totally disappeared; and the South will
+soon be on the side of all freedom. There will be cordial cooeperation
+under free labor and free trade, between her people and our people; and
+though diversified as to occupations, habits, and tastes, they will
+constitute essentially one great political brotherhood.
+
+When slavery, the cause of the present unhappy strife, is extinguished,
+our country has little to fear, except, perhaps, from the Rocky
+Mountains, which interpose so formidable a barrier between the Atlantic
+and Pacific States of our great Federal Union. This mountain barrier and
+the great distance by water may one day afford an occasion for the
+encouragement of ambitious men to repeat the experiment of secession.
+The antidote to this possible evil is the reduction of the most
+formidable features of the barrier, and the shortening of the forbidding
+interval. Span the mountains and intervening valleys with railroads and
+lines of telegraph, and every wire and rail assumes the dignity of a
+social and political power in the bonds of an indissoluble unity.
+
+If there be so little to create apprehension for the future, may we not
+rationally hope that the diminution of war, if not its ultimate
+extinction, is one of the promises of political unity?
+
+Great, strong, noble men--those who are great and noble in all the
+elements of their nature--such are never pugilists, and never fight: it
+is those of distorted and defective development--those who have not
+completeness and integrality within themselves, that are turbulent and
+break the peace.
+
+Another value of comprehensive unity is that only in great cooeperative
+combinations of mankind can the _individual man_ find the fullest
+expression for all the faculties of his nature. There is no unity
+proper--no organization--in savage society; and life there is very
+simple, with little variety of expression and little enjoyment. As man
+becomes cultivated his wants increase, and he becomes a more social
+being. His happiness becomes more and more dependent on others; hence
+arise societies and organizations of various kinds. The more cultivated
+any people and the more diversified their wants, the more various do
+their relations become, and the more extensive their combinations. This
+is given merely as a fact of history. The truly philosophic eye, we
+believe, cannot be long in discerning that these larger combinations
+and more comprehensive unities are only a necessary outgrowth of an
+improving civilization, and indispensable to the fullest measure of
+happiness; since in them only can the life of a cultured people find the
+means of its best expression. The growth of unity, as revealed in
+history, is not an arbitrary thing incident to a chance concurrence of
+causes, but naturally growing out of the needs of a steady progress in
+the education and freedom of the people.
+
+To say that it is through great social and political institutions that
+the individual finds the most ample means for the culture and
+satisfaction of the faculties and wants of his nature, is but another
+way of saying that it is through such institutions that he finds the
+widest range for individual liberty. A very little observation of
+history will show that as political unity has enlarged and political
+organization become more distinctly marked, the radii of individual
+freedom have at the same time swept a wider field.
+
+Despotism curtails enterprise, and prevents the specialization of parts
+and functions as the genuine condition of unity. The free play of
+intelligence and interest is necessary to develop the diversity upon
+which unity depends. Let the bare statement suffice. It must come to
+every careful observer and clear thinker with the authority of a
+self-evident proposition. Unity and individual freedom are necessary to
+each other; they act and react, and one implies the other. They go hand
+in hand; and national unity cannot be violated and broken, without, at
+the same time, necessitating despotism, and curtailing the individual in
+the exercise of his legitimate rights. Unity and liberty are mutually
+dependent and forever inseparable. Hence the inestimable value of unity,
+the leading issue of the war.
+
+The issues of the war might be symbolized by the picture of a great
+river; the smaller branches forming still larger ones, and these putting
+into the main stream--unity--itself, as it descends, widening into the
+great ocean of the future.
+
+These issues might, also, be exhibited in a kind of formula. The
+following is no doubt very imperfect, but it may be somewhat suggestive.
+The first includes the second, the second the third:
+
+    I.   Political unity _vs._ secession:
+
+       { A progressive civilization _vs._ a stagnant one;
+       { A republican form of government _vs._ an aristocratic one;
+   II. { Personal freedom _vs._ chattel slavery;
+       { General peace _vs._ diplomatic intrigue and war;
+       { An enlarged individual freedom _vs._ espionage, censure,
+       {  and restriction:
+
+       { Common schools and general intelligence _vs._ partial
+       {  culture and general ignorance;
+       { Free inquiry _vs._ conventional stultification;
+       { Free speech and a free press _vs._ the surveillance
+       {  of a mercenary police;
+       { The political equality of classes _vs._ the inequality of
+       {  ruling, servile, and disfranchised classes;
+       { Respect for the affections _vs._ disregard for ties of
+       {  home and family;
+       { Wages labor _vs._ compulsory labor;
+  III. { The dignity of labor _vs._ the opprobrium and servility
+       {  of labor;
+       { A healthy industrial activity _vs._ indolence and
+       {  crushing toil;
+       { The continual specialization of industry _vs._ industrial
+       {  sameness;
+       { Incentives to invention and improvement _vs._ mechanical
+       {  inactivity;
+       { A constantly renewed soil _vs._ an exhausted one;
+       { A great navy and flourishing commerce _vs._ general
+       {  commercial apathy;
+       { Great industrial prosperity _vs._ industrial
+       {  stagnation;
+       { Greater variety and versatility in life _vs._ a narrow
+       {  and bigoted uniformity.
+
+As I close the preparation of this article for the press (November
+26th), it becomes positively known that General Bragg is in full
+retreat. This is a great victory, and splendidly won. There has been no
+'straggling to the rear,' no faltering, no serious reverse; the entire
+three days' conflict, from first to last, has gone right on. A noble
+victory, and worthy of a noble cause! Soldiers from every great section
+of the Union--from every State almost--have stood by the side of each
+other in the perilous conflict. Many have fallen a sacrifice to their
+country's great cause, unity. Let homage and gratitude from the
+deep-stirred heart of the nation be theirs; may they long be remembered;
+and may those who survive, long live to enjoy the fruits of their
+victory!
+
+The South could ill afford to lose such a battle, here and now. Not long
+can she hold out in her unnatural struggle against destiny. The tide of
+a progressive civilization will roll over her, though for a time it must
+needs be crimsoned with the blood of martyrs.
+
+
+
+
+AENONE:
+
+A TALE OF SLAVE LIFE IN ROME.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+When, in the second year of Titus Vespasian, the Roman general Sergius
+Vanno returned from his armed expedition in the East, and asked for
+public honors, there were some in the senate who made objection. It was
+not fitting, they argued, that formal tokens of national commendation
+should be too readily bestowed. It had not been so in the time of their
+fathers. Long years of noble, self-sacrificing zeal and arduous service,
+crowned with conquests of supreme importance, had then been the only
+acknowledged title to the prize. It was scarcely proper that the same
+distinctions which had hitherto been awarded for the acquisition of the
+most valuable provinces should be granted for the annexation of a mere
+strip of worthless territory upon the extreme borders of the
+empire--wild, rugged, and inhospitable, and inhabited by nomadic tribes,
+who could only be brought under a nominal authority, and who would never
+prove otherwise than turbulent and unprofitable subjects. Nor was it a
+matter to be mentioned with especial laudation that Sergius Vanno had
+succeeded in repressing, with overwhelming force, a revolt in a few of
+the AEgean islands. If exploits such as these were to be so liberally
+recompensed, what honors could there be left to bestow upon deeds of
+acknowledged brilliancy and importance?
+
+So, with cautious discrimination, spoke some of the senators; and so, in
+the secrecy of their hearts, most of them thought. But against all this
+were brought to bear, not only the influence which Sergius naturally
+commanded as a patrician of the highest rank, but also the far more
+powerful pressure of popular clamor. Sergius was a favorite with the
+people. His noble birth and lineage entitled him to their respect. He
+was of a rare type of manly beauty--was wealthy, and used his gold with
+liberality--gave abundant largesses to the poorer classes--was lavish in
+his expenditure upon the arts--did not disdain, at times, to descend
+from his natural station and associate with his inferiors, thereby
+pleasing the fancy of the masses for social equality--patronized poets
+and actors, who, in return, sang or spouted his praise, and thus still
+further added to his fame--and was noted for a bold, frank, out-spoken
+demeanor, which tended to conciliate all classes with him. These were
+virtues not always to be found combined in one person. Moreover, he was
+impulsively brave; and, though still young, was gifted with more than
+ordinary military genius, and had carried on his campaign with that
+rashly daring energy which, when rewarded with success, never fails to
+commend its possessor to popular adulation. In addition to all this,
+other considerations of a less personal character exerted their
+influence. Many months had elapsed since Rome had enjoyed any great
+civic festivity, and the people had begun to long for a new stimulant.
+The completion of the colossal Flavian amphitheatre had been delayed
+beyond public expectation; and though its speedy inauguration had been
+announced, there was serious doubt whether the lower and more turbulent
+orders of the populace, so long restrained, would possess themselves
+with sufficient patience to await the occasion with proper calmness. In
+fact, some outlet must be given to their excited appetite for novelty;
+and therefore, after much solemn consideration, the senate yielded to
+the public clamor, and voted an ovation.
+
+As a token of national appreciation, therefore, the honor thus bestowed
+upon Sergius Vanno was not one of the first order; nor were such
+pageants a novelty to the Roman people. Several times before, within the
+memory of that generation, victorious generals had entered the city with
+myrtle wreaths upon their brows, and had exhibited to applauding throngs
+the gathered wealth of conquered provinces. Nor had many years elapsed
+since the present emperor--then prince--crowned with the richer and more
+lavish glories of a triumph, had ridden through the Via Sacra, greeted
+with welcoming acclamations as the destroyer of the Jewish
+capital--displaying before him the spoils of the sacred temple, and
+bringing in his train such thousands upon thousands of captives, that it
+had seemed as though all Palestine was being emptied into Rome. Compared
+with such exploits, those of Sergius were of trifling importance. But it
+now entered little into the minds of the people to make these
+comparisons. Whatever had been done in past time by other commanders,
+was not worth considering at present. Whoever might have been renowned
+before, Sergius Vanno was the hero of to-day. To him should be all the
+honor which tens of thousands of ringing voices and applauding hands
+could lavish. And therefore, once more, as in the days of the past, the
+balconies of the palaces and villas lining the broad Sacra Via were
+gorgeous with rich gold and purple tapestries--the Forum glowed bright
+and resplendent with statues and decorated arches--altars smoked with
+sacrifice in front of columned temples--and the walls and slopes of the
+Palatine Hill were joyous with triumphal tokens, while, upon the summit,
+the house of the Caesars glittered with banners and brave devices, and
+such costly adornments as were best fitted to grace the festivity and do
+honor to the exploits of a much-esteemed subject.
+
+We know the scene. At first--in the full blaze of the noonday
+sun--standing silent and nearly deserted, except by a few workmen and
+artisans, who here and there lingered to complete the festive
+preparations, or by scattered parties of the praetorian guard, who, in
+holiday armor, moved slowly to and fro, to watch that order was
+maintained. Later--when the shadows deepened, and the air grew
+cooler--the avenues and prominent positions along the established route
+of the ovation beginning to fill with that great concourse of varied
+nationalities and conditions which only the imperial city could display.
+In the open streets a disorderly rabble of slaves and bondmen--pouring
+in steady streams from their kennels behind the palaces and from the
+unhealthy purlieus of such quarters as had been spared from the
+architectural encroachments of the wealthy, and allowed to fester in
+their own neglected corruption. Gathered together in close fraternity,
+the Briton, the Goth, the African, and the Jew--each bearing his badge
+of life-long servitude, some even wearing marks of recent chastisement,
+but almost all awaiting the approaching spectacle with pleased and
+animated countenances, and in seeming forgetfulness that so many of
+their own number had graced former displays, and, by their degradation,
+had afforded amusement to other equally unsympathetic concourses. Among
+them, the lesser Romans--citizens in name, indeed, but, from their
+poverty and the overbearing exactions of the patricians, almost as much
+in slavery as those around them--disdainfully asserting their free
+birth, and in turn contemned by the slaves themselves, as men to whom
+liberty was but another title for slow starvation, and who would not
+dare to resent the vilest insults heaped upon them by noble-owned and
+protected menials--and now equally with the common herd obliged to
+submit to the strong argument of sword and lance, as, every little
+while, the soldiers along the line drove the whole writhing crowd,
+without distinction, into smaller and more confined compass. Here and
+there, knights and soldiers of high rank--riding up on horseback, and
+pushing through the struggling mass of slaves to the front, or more
+leisurely, but to equal purpose, waiting until their own menials had
+gone before, and, with mingled threats and blows, had cleared out a
+vacant space for them. Other crowds, standing in favorable positions
+upon housetops and upon hastily constructed stagings; and more
+especially upon the great amphitheatre, whose arches were blackened with
+clusters of spectators, and whose summit, in place of the last few
+layers of stone, so soon to be adjusted, had its deep human fringe. Upon
+palace balconies, patricians and noble ladies, displaying a dazzling
+array of gold and purple and rare jewelry, and attended by Ethiopian
+slaves, who, in glittering armlets, stood behind, holding feathered
+canopies to shield their mistresses from the sun. All this confusing
+concourse of wealth and poverty each moment increasing in breadth, and
+density, as every avenue emptied new swarms into the packed arena, until
+it seemed as though not only all Rome, but half the empire had gathered
+there.
+
+Later yet, the music of flutes and hautboys--which, for a time, had been
+only indistinctly heard--breaking upon the ear with a clearer sound, and
+the van of the procession suddenly emerging into full view from behind
+the Circus Maximus, and, accompanied by the ringing shout of thousands
+spreading abroad new and louder welcomes, beginning to file past with
+rapid steps. First in order, the magistrates in full official robes; the
+spoils of war; the white sheep dressed for the sacrifice, and the
+priests bearing the holy vessels of the altar; gay trappings, flaunting
+standards, and all that could most readily inspire the heart with
+elation and enthusiasm. After these, and guarded on either side by
+detached parties of troops, the captives, of barbaric and Grecian origin
+mostly, but here and there interspersed with men of other races--Jews,
+Syrians, and Huns--who, through contiguity of place or love of arms or
+self-interest, or a kindred hatred of the Roman rule, had been drawn
+into the battle--and who, having bravely stood their ground, striving
+for success, and with hearts well prepared for the consequences of
+failure, had been overtaken by the usual defeat, and dragged into utter
+and hopeless slavery. Among them, men of the Ethiopian race, also--who,
+having been slaves in Greece, had fought, not for principle or for
+freedom, but simply at their owners' bidding, and had thereby, upon
+being overcome, merely changed one class of masters for another--owners
+and slaves now knowing no difference in position, but standing involved
+in the same common fate. Some appearing defiant, others downcast and
+sullen, a few excited and curious, most of them walking with unfettered
+limbs, but here and there one heavily chained, betokening a fierce and
+unsubdued nature, upon which it was still necessary to put restraint.
+All marching or being dragged along at an equal pace; sometimes with an
+approximation to military exactness--at other points breaking into a
+confused mass, as women and children clung despairingly together and
+prevented the maintenance of any regular order. Around them, the
+spectators closely pressing, with morbid curiosity, discussing with loud
+approval the value of whatever of strength or beauty met their eyes, and
+occasionally greeting some undersized and misshapen victim with jeers of
+derision. And closing up the straggling line, more soldiers, marching in
+well-formed ranks, poising aloft myrtle-decked lances, and, while
+interchanging salutations with the eddying crowd, singing in measured
+cadence their songs of victory.
+
+And at last, as the sun sank yet lower toward the horizon, a yet
+brighter brilliancy investing the scene, as far down the line new shouts
+arose, and the struggling throng caught up the loud acclaim and carried
+it onward like a great wave, betokening the speedy approach of the most
+distinguished feature of the procession--the conqueror himself--hailed
+Imperator by his troops--with his most noble friends clustered about
+him, the myrtle wreath encircling his brow, and his earnest gaze fixed
+upon the Capitol, the honorable termination of his route.
+
+In every respect, indeed--except in the display of those few distinctive
+formalities required to mark, as with a legal stamp, the actual and
+comparative value of the honor--the same old familiar story, so often
+hitherto rehearsed upon that line of Sacra Via and of Forum: incense
+burning upon the altars, which had blazed for other heroes; garlands
+hanging from the arches which had graced past festivities; and surging
+crowds, heedful only of the present glory, and, with the customary
+popular fickleness, ready to forget it all as soon as the fleeting
+pageant should be over, now with indiscriminating zeal cheering the
+march of Sergius Vanno as frantically as in other days they had greeted
+the triumphal cars of Caesar and of Vespasian.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Gradually the sun approached and dipped below the blue line of extended
+plain which lay between the city and the sea; the long shadows of
+afternoon began to blend into the one deeper shade of evening; the
+groups of distant buildings became more and more indistinct; the arches
+of the Colosseum softly faded away, leaving but a broad mass of unbroken
+wall; upon the Palatine Hill the great house of the Caesars shone less
+and less gloriously as the sky darkened behind the pile of decorated
+roofs; here and there a light gleamed from some distant quarter; here
+and there stars began to glisten in the sky.
+
+Then the concourse of people, who had waited so long and patiently,
+began to break apart. The pageant was not yet entirely over, for fresh
+battalions of soldiers still marched past at rapid pace, tuning their
+steady tramp to the cadence of their songs of triumph. But the great
+feature of the occasion--the conqueror himself--had ridden by; and what
+yet remained was but a faint recapitulation of the glories which had
+gone before. Therefore the patricians retired from their balconies, the
+horsemen abandoned their stations and plunged down the many streets
+which led out from the Forum, and the crowd of slaves and menial
+citizens, already rendered so indistinct in the fading light as to
+resemble one writhing, struggling monster rather than separate beings,
+began to stretch out its long arms into the narrow lanes and byways, and
+so gradually to melt away.
+
+Withdrawing from the front balcony of the Vanno palace, where, shielded
+from the sun, she had sat and watched the procession pass by, AEnone, the
+young and fair wife of the conqueror, now sought rest and retirement in
+an inner apartment. Thither one of her women had preceded her, and had
+drawn forward a cushioned lounge, had beaten up the silken pillows, had
+placed a table near at hand, with a light repast spread upon it, had
+trimmed and filled with fresh olive oil the large bronze lamp which
+swung from the ceiling, and now stood by awaiting further orders.
+
+Throwing herself upon the lounge, AEnone covered her face with her hands.
+What unbidden thought was it that came creeping into her heart to
+trouble her? Why was it that something of the bright joyousness of
+spirit with which she looked forward to that day had vanished? Surely
+nothing had occurred which of itself could bring to her either sorrow or
+repining. All things had happened as she had anticipated. She had seen
+her honored lord pass by with the myrtle wreath upon his brow, his most
+worthy officers at his side, and his bravest guards around him. She had
+seen that he was strong and without wound, as he had departed from her.
+She had heard the shouts of applause which had welcomed his approach as
+though he were a god; and, with her heart generously and unselfishly
+alive only to his honor, and unable to realize that all this frantic joy
+and adulation were not the passion of the nation's life, but were merely
+one single, careless throb of its fevered pulse, she had rejoiced with
+him, believing that he had indeed done what had made him the greatest of
+all living men. And, better than all, amid this scene of triumph, he had
+not seemed unmindful of her, for he had looked up and waved to her a
+salute, which the responsive crowd had joined in and carried along with
+redoubled acclamations, and he had sent to her his most trusty slave
+with a loving message. What, then, could she ask more?
+
+Nothing that she could name, or that if she named, to others, would have
+seemed a reasonable desire. And yet at her heart there was a certain
+dim, indistinct foreboding of evil, which she could not entirely
+repress. Was it that, in his glance, as he rode by and beheld her
+awaiting him, there was less of longing love than of gratified pride? Or
+did that flush upon his bronzed face indicate too surely his enjoyment
+of this pageant for its own sake rather than for the pleasure which he
+might have supposed that she would derive from it? Was it from
+forgetfulness of her that, after he had ridden past, he did not again
+look back to wave one more recognition, but rather seemed to gaze
+eagerly forward to where the assembled senators stood ready to greet
+him? Or, on the contrary, were all these merely vague and empty
+imaginings arising from the exhaustion and wearisomeness of long,
+impatient waiting?
+
+At length, raising her head, she saw her attendant bondwoman standing at
+the distance of a few paces, with her hands crossed upon her breast. The
+steady tramp of marching troops outside had ceased, for the last
+battalion had passed; and now the only sound was the silver bubbling and
+plashing of a little fountain that adorned the courtyard upon which the
+window of the apartment looked out.
+
+'The pageant is over now,' said AEnone, 'and he will soon be here. Let me
+know as soon as my lord returns.'
+
+The woman bowed her head in silence; and then, feeling that nothing more
+was wanted of her, slowly turned to depart. As she did so, a new comer
+entered the room--a male slave of Gallic birth, who, by reason of his
+lofty stature as well as wonderful strength, had been promoted from the
+lowest order of servitude to become Sergius Vanno's armor bearer and
+chief attendant. In that capacity he had fought through the late
+campaign, and had now returned, bearing among his fellows his own share
+of honor for successful and daring exploits. He had been released from
+personal attendance only a few moments before, and was now carrying back
+his master's sword and buckler, to hang them up in their accustomed
+place, and himself subside into well-earned idleness. Being the first
+time, for many months, that he had seen his mistress, he muttered some
+rough ejaculations expressive of servile devotion, and then stood in
+lazy attitude awaiting her permission to speak further.
+
+'Your master, Drumo?'
+
+'Will not return to-night,' the man responded. 'The emperor demands his
+presence.'
+
+'And that will detain him--'
+
+'He knows not how long. But immediately after that there is to be a
+brave feast at the house of the poet Emilius, and it will doubtless be
+morning before they separate.'
+
+'He bade you tell me this?'
+
+The giant nodded.
+
+'It is well. That is all; you can go. You may both go, for I would be
+alone.'
+
+The armor bearer turned upon his heel and strode away, the sword and
+buckler, together with his own rougher trappings, rattling at his back
+as he passed down the hall; and behind him slowly crept away the
+bondwoman. And AEnone, once more leaning back upon the lounge, gave
+herself up to sombre reflection.
+
+It was of course no more than proper, she mused, that her lord should
+obey the behests of the emperor and wait upon him. Perhaps new honors
+would then be showered down; and, at the least, it was no light
+privilege to stand in the presence of the ruler of the world, and there
+give personal narration of his exploits. But when that interview was
+over, what need to join the revels of another household, instead of
+hurrying back to place his newly won garlands at her feet?
+
+She pondered upon the dubious reputation which attached to the house of
+the poet Emilius, and recalled the terrible stories which, from time to
+time, she had heard regarding it. What might be the realities of the
+scenes there enacted, none could truly tell, except the few most
+intimate frequenters of the place; but report gave no flattering
+description of them. Even among the Roman ladies with whom she was
+associated, and whose information was confined to such stray bits of
+gossip as they had picked up from slaves and menials, and who, standing
+in unconscious awe of her simple purity of heart, often forebore to
+speak with her as freely and unguardedly as with each other, she had
+occasionally heard such startling tales of the wild dissipations there
+enacted, as surpassed conception, and left her horrified senses no calm
+refuge except in unbelief. The gorgeous feasts, the night-long
+libations, the social intimacy with dancing girls and gladiators, the
+mockery of all that was pure and holy, the derisive insults to the gods
+themselves--these were practices which the public voice connected with
+the house of Emilius, not as occasional outbreaks of wild frivolity, but
+as the fixed habits of his daily life. And if these things were true,
+what claim of pride or policy could such a place advance to distract her
+lord from the allegiance due to his own home alone?
+
+But possibly these things might not be true. She reflected that the poet
+was wealthy; and as long as the world continues to be envious, riches
+will seldom fail to bring false report upon their possessor. He was a
+man of genius, also; and all such can scarcely fail to find rivals who
+will turn satirists and attack them in their homes and daily life.
+Certainly, it is not difficult for slander to magnify the genial
+gatherings of kindred spirits into scenes of wild debauchery. And it
+was also true, that if mere outside appearance is of any value as an
+index of what is hidden, the slight figure, the pale and almost girlish
+face, and the winning and courteous demeanor of the poet were far from
+indicating a man of low and debasing inclinations. Moreover, his
+writings as surely spoke the contrary; and as she thus reasoned, AEnone
+lifted from its case a vellum roll with which Emilius himself had
+presented her, containing many of his poems, exquisitely engrossed.
+These poems treated not upon the pleasures of wine and love--those
+fruitful and ever-varying subjects of the Horatian school. Instead of
+this, they pursued, in deep-sounding and majestically rolling dactyls,
+the less favorite and trodden track of Socrates and Plato, and
+discoursed upon temperance and honor--upon the satisfaction derived from
+a well-spent life, and the delights attending a peaceful death--upon the
+immateriality of the soul, and the reward bestowed by the gods upon
+those who have honored them by leading a virtuous career. As AEnone
+slowly turned over leaf after leaf of the parchment roll, she felt her
+heart perplexed within her. She could scarcely believe that none of
+those tales of reckless dissipation were true, for she remembered that
+some of them had reached her ear attended by evidence so circumstantial
+that it was impossible to reject them; but, if true, how account for
+these grand maxims of lofty morality? What object could their author
+have in thus uselessly playing the hypocrite, when amatory and
+bacchanalian choruses would not only have been more consonant with his
+own feelings, but doubtless more acceptable to the world? She had not
+yet learned what it often takes the wisest man a lifetime to
+discover--that every inconsistency of conduct is not hypocrisy, but that
+it is one of the most common idiosyncrasies of the mind to write and
+believe one thing, and as self-approvingly to feel and act the reverse.
+
+With a sigh she closed the volume, and restored it to its place within
+the case. Why ponder upon such things as these? The real character of
+the poet Emilius was, after all, a matter of but little consequence to
+her. Whether the meeting at his house was a wild, reckless orgy, or a
+mere intellectual gathering of literary genius, it was none the less
+certain that her lord was tarrying there, away from her side. But
+perhaps, indeed, even this was a duty which he owed to his fame and
+station; and her face brightened up with new hope as the suggestion
+flashed upon her. It might be that at this feast there would be present
+some poet of lofty epic powers, or historian of wondrous descriptive
+talent, ranking as the brightest star of Roman literature; and either of
+these, if properly conciliated, would doubtless celebrate her lord's
+exploits so grandly that in future ages his campaign would shine with
+far greater lustre than if simply committed to parchment in the dry
+detail of unadorned fact, and so filed away in the national archives. It
+was most fitting, therefore, that he should not permit his impatient
+love for her to allow him to neglect the opportunity of cultivating, by
+a wise and condescending courtesy, the world-renowned talents of these
+men, and thereby redoubling the resplendence of his own bright fame.
+
+Easily satisfying her mind with this pleasing reasoning, she retired for
+the night into the innermost apartment--a retreat adorned with every
+luxury which could gratify pride and administer to a cultivated taste.
+The floor was covered with tesselated marbles of different shades and
+arranged in ingenious and novel patterns. The ceiling was resplendent
+with allegorical frescoes by the most celebrated masters of the day.
+There were glowing paintings upon the walls, rich tapestries in the
+windows, embroidered hangings upon the bed. Beside the tables stood
+bronze figures holding forth lamps ready trimmed and lighted; fresh
+flowers had been placed in their allotted vases, and weighed down the
+air with perfume; and in a deep recess stood the bath ready filled, and
+scented with carefully plucked rose leaves floating upon the water. But
+all this display of magnificent luxury and elaborate taste, if regarded
+by her at all, now seemed to affect her with weariness rather than with
+pleasure.
+
+Why, as she lay down upon her couch, and prepared to yield herself up to
+pleasant slumber, did her thoughts wander back to the time when poverty
+instead of luxury had been her lot? Why did those olden memories of the
+past so strongly haunt her? They were, perhaps, never entirely absent
+from her heart; but now they thronged about her with a force that would
+not bear repression. Perhaps it was that the very magnificence and pomp
+of power of which she was now the centre, recalled the memory of the
+distant past, by virtue of strong contrast alone; perhaps that the
+unsatisfied longing and vague foreboding of her soul necessarily
+impressed upon her the consciousness that wealth and honor alone cannot
+give perfect happiness, and thereby naturally led her thoughts back to
+the time when she had found true content in poverty and loneliness.
+However that might be, now, as she closed her eyes and shut out the view
+of the costly adornments around her, more vividly than ever before were
+pictured before her mind the scenes of her childhood: her father's
+cottage on the outskirts of Ostia--the olive grove upon the slope
+behind--the roadside well, where the villagers would sometimes gather
+about some invalided soldier from the German army, and listen to his
+tales of the last campaign--and in front, the bay, sparkling in the
+bright glare of the sun and laden with the corn-freighted ships of
+Alexandria.
+
+And there, too, was the old wave-worn rock--the scene of her life's only
+romance--where, stealing out from her father's cabin at the evening
+hour, and seating herself so close to the waterline that the spray of
+the tideless sea would dash up and bathe her naked feet, she would wait
+in all innocence for the coming of the young sailor from Samos. How
+rapidly those hours used to pass! How pleadingly, on the last evening,
+he had knelt beside her, with his arm resting upon her knee, and there,
+gazing up into her face, had asked her for one long tress of hair! How
+foolish she had been to give it to him; and how earnestly he had vowed
+that he would come back some day, no longer poor and forlorn, but in his
+own two-masted vessel, with full banks of oars, manned by the slaves
+whom he would capture, and would then bear her away unto his own home!
+And how, like a silly girl, she had believed him, as though wandering
+sailor boys ever did come back to seek the loving hearts which had
+trusted them! And so the year had passed away, and, as she might well
+have known from the first, he had not returned. Nor was it to her
+regret; for but a little afterward the youthful patrician, already
+flushed with budding honors, had chanced to meet her; had loved her with
+a generous passion, lifting him above all sordid calculation about
+wealth or social differences, and had taught her in turn to bestow upon
+him an affection more true and absorbing than she had yet believed her
+heart was able to contain. And so her first romantic dream had ended, as
+all such childish dreams are apt to end. Let it go. Her heart had found
+its true bourne; she could well look back upon the past without regret,
+and smile at the youthful fancies connected with it.
+
+One prayer to the gods--a further special invocation to her favorite
+goddess, who, at the foot of the couch, stretched forth marble arms
+lovingly toward her--and then the silver tinkling of the little
+courtyard fountain lulled her softly to sleep.
+
+
+
+
+CARL FRIEDRICH NEUMANN, THE GERMAN HISTORIAN OF OUR COUNTRY.
+
+
+The first volume of a history of the United States by Carl Friedrich
+Neumann, of Berlin,[2] has just been announced as the first history of
+our country ever written originally in the German language. The
+appearance of such a work at this juncture in our national existence, is
+a noteworthy event, and the man who takes so unique an interest in our
+affairs should be introduced to our people. Having known him personally
+and intimately for many years, I shall attempt such sketch, making much
+of it anecdotal, for which purpose material is not wanting.
+
+Dr. Neumann, born near Bamberg, in the kingdom of Bavaria, of Jewish
+parents, is now about sixty-five years of age, was educated at
+Heidelberg, passed over to the Protestant church at Munich, afterward
+attended lectures at Goettingen, and soon after became rector of the
+gymnasium at Speyer, but was dismissed from this place on account of the
+freedom with which he expressed himself on some religious topics in his
+historical teachings. He gave private lessons for a time in Munich, and
+then went to learn in a Benedictine monastery in Venice the Armenian
+language. This was in 1827. In 1829 he studied the Chinese language in
+Paris, went over to London, and sailed thence to visit India and China.
+He collected for himself about ten thousand volumes of Chinese works,
+embracing every department of the literature of this language, and
+bought for the Royal Library at Berlin two thousand four hundred
+volumes. Such collections had been till then unknown in Europe, and
+hence this was quite an event. Returning in 1831 from India, he made a
+present of all his Chinese books to the Royal Library at Munich, and was
+appointed conservator of this collection, and professor of Chinese and
+Armenian in the university of that capital.
+
+Of Dr. Neumann's attainments in Oriental literature I know only what
+fame says, nor does it concern us much in this sketch. I once, however,
+sat with him in a retiring room of the Munich Museum (a great reading
+room), when Baron Tautphoeus, whose accomplished wife is so well known
+in this country as authoress of the 'Initials' and 'Quits,' entered, and
+asked if we had seen the notice of Dr. Neumann in the last number of the
+London _Times_. The doctor had read it; I had not, but immediately did
+so. It made him the equal of the greatest orientalists of the past and
+present ages, comparing him particularly with Klaproth. The _Times_, it
+is true, had a motive for this notice, as always, both in its praises
+and its lampoons. It had found views of Dr. Neumann on British India
+which it desired to commend, but even in our view this would not cancel
+the eulogy. His authorship in connection with Chinese and Armenian
+philosophy and history is very considerable, and outside of this field
+he won, in 1847, a prize offered by the French Institute for the best
+work on the 'Historical Development of the Peoples of Southern Russia.'
+
+What was to be done in the university in Chinese and Armenian, he of
+course did; but his lectures took a much wider range, embracing general
+history and ethnography. His powers of elocution were of a high order,
+and crowds of students were drawn to his lecture room. That freedom of
+utterance which cost him the rectorship at Speyer, was like Dr. Watts's
+or Pope's instinct for making rhymes--it was his nature, and could not
+be whipped out of him; and it was equally natural that it should assume
+the form of wit and humor.
+
+There are not a few anecdotes in the popular mouth illustrating this
+trait. He seems to have had no great liking to that race of men called
+kings, and it is said that he once alluded to them, in a lecture, in the
+not very respectful remark that 'they were numbered, like the hacks in
+our streets.' The reader's apprehension of the point of another
+anecdote, in which Dr. Neumann appears in an attitude not very
+respectful to his own sovereign, Louis II of Bavaria, will depend upon
+his knowing something of the situation and history of the university
+buildings in Munich. The king, among the many things he did for the
+architectural adorning of the city, built a street to be called by his
+name. It is all outside of the old wall, and its outer end is closed by
+a triumphal arch. Next to this, and outside of the city as it _then_
+was, the king purchased ground, perhaps because it was cheap, and built
+the present university edifice. As much farther out of the then city
+proper lies the miserable little town of Schwabing. Professors and
+students disliked to be taken so far from their lodgings and their
+beerhouses, and the old university had been quite within the city. When
+the removal took place, Dr. Neumann sketched the history of the
+institution in a lecture, referring to its original establishment at
+Ingolstadt, its removal thence to Landschut, and thence to Munich, and
+then added, that _'his Majesty King Louis II had now been pleased to
+remove it to Schwabing_.' We can imagine the sensation which such a
+sally would produce among students already stirred up for its
+appreciation, by having to walk from a half mile to a mile from those
+depots of beer barrels from which so many of them sucked their sluggish
+life and inspiration. But such jokes were not treason, or contempt of
+majesty, or anything else against law.
+
+It should be added in this connection, for Dr. Neumann's benefit, that
+these stories, and many of the kind, are floating around, and are just
+like him, but I have never had any confirmation of them from him, and in
+all our intercourse, which was frequent and intimate for six years,
+while he spoke much and freely in favor of democratical and against
+monarchical institutions, I never found him indulging in coarse and
+clamorous denunciations of his king or Government.
+
+When the great revolutionary movement of 1848 broke upon the land, the
+sovereigns of Germany saw and accepted their condition. The popular mind
+was so penetrated by this unrest, and the revolutionary leaders were so
+substantial in character, that resistance was folly, and the monarchs
+yielded, waiting the time when some change would enable them to divide
+the revolutionists and turn them against each other. They allowed and
+even encouraged the formation at Frankfort of a provisional Parliament,
+called the Fore-Parliament, which looked toward a permanent central
+Government at that place for united Germany. Of this body Dr. Neumann
+was a member. It was a fine field for the display of his free and
+liberal instincts, and we cannot conceive of his passing through its
+debates without making large drafts upon his exhaustless fund of humor
+and sarcasm. It would be strange, indeed, if he could witness the dawn
+of that freedom which he loved without showing signs of exultation,
+accompanied with occasional taunts at the regime which was passing away
+and seemed already beyond recovery.
+
+But, although a regular Parliament followed--although a quasi emperor
+was elected in the person of the Archduke John of Austria, and
+his way, as he proceeded to Frankfort, was a perfect triumphal
+procession--although he selected his ministers, set them to work, and
+Parliament was progressing with its constitution, and this continued for
+almost a year, still, that which the shrewd ministers of some of the
+sovereigns had doubtless foreseen and waited for, came. Radicals outran
+their wiser and more rational brethren, and took up arms. They would
+demolish at once those sovereignties which would have died by the slow
+action of time, had the central Government been fully established and
+wisely administered. But this new Government rather deliberated than
+acted. That which more than all else arouses the German mind--the
+Schleswig-Holstein question, identified as it is with the great question
+of the unity of the Teutonic race--was not taken up by the Government at
+Frankfort, but by that at Berlin. In the mean time the several
+Governments of Bavaria, Prussia, and Austria had gained the mastery over
+their own domestic revolutions, so that they could act more freely.
+Austria called home its archduke and its members in the Frankfort
+Parliament, and finally the whole movement subsided into the old order
+of things.
+
+The various Governments were now in a position in which they could
+punish those disturbers of their peace who had endangered their very
+existence. Of these Dr. Neumann was one, and in 1852 he was notified
+that his lectures were no longer needed in the university of Munich. It
+was doubtless thought that he would make some slight formal concessions,
+and be permitted to continue his active duties, as others had done. But
+he felt too independent. He had means to live upon. His retiring pension
+could not be withheld. He could now, moreover, give his individual
+powers to authorship, without feeling hampered by the thought that he
+had a Government to please. He has persevered in this course,
+notwithstanding the express wish of the philosophical faculty for his
+return to active duty in the university.
+
+He had been occupied with a history of the British empire in India. To
+this he gave increased attention, and published it some years ago; but
+the Indian rebellion breaking out soon after its publication, he was led
+to sketch its history as an appendix. His investigations in the East
+brought him in contact with the peculiar history of the Japanese empire,
+and he threw off by the way a brief history of Japan, devoting a chapter
+to the results of the American expedition thither.
+
+It was while prosecuting his inquiries into the history of Eastern Asia,
+that he met with such evidences of the commercial enterprise of the
+United States, and obtained such views of the future of our country, as
+to conceive the thought of writing its history for the German people,
+commencing with the war of 1812, the point at which he considered our
+wonderful growth and expansion to have begun; and long before finishing
+his history of British India, he was collecting material for this work.
+He found, however, that he could not begin at the point he had chosen
+without striking upon roots and rudely severing them, which had struck
+deeply into the soil of all the earlier periods of our existence. His
+plan was therefore enlarged.
+
+The breaking out of the rebellion was a sad blow to him--it could not
+have been more so to an American. It was likely not only to spoil _our_
+country, but _his_ history of it. It either cut off or dimmed or
+confused that prospect of growth and expansion which had been stretched
+out interminably before him. He read the daily London _Times_--he had
+for years taken the New York _Herald_, and his reliance upon this sheet
+had been rather too implicit. Years before the breaking out of the
+rebellion, I had suggested this, and introduced to him the New York
+_Times_ and _Evening Post_, one of which he has taken ever since, not,
+however, without occasional intervals of sighing for his old companion
+the _Herald_, much as his ancestors, after having left Egypt, sighed
+for its leeks and onions. Although he coupled the _Herald_ and London
+_Times_--_par nobile fratrum_--as joint sharers of a favorite epithet of
+his--_great liars_--he still liked to read them.
+
+Dr. Neumann had been a Democrat in his politics--for he was familiar
+with our distinctions in this country--but since the outbreak of the
+rebellion he has scarcely known where to place himself. He had made the
+personal acquaintance of Buchanan, when that 'old public functionary'
+was our Minister in London, and felt, as was quite natural, a little
+vain of this acquaintance when Buchanan became the head of the
+Government of that unseen land of his most enthusiastic admiration. The
+man, however, was less than the country, and he could drop him; but he
+still desired to see him succeeded by a Democrat. We often had little
+spats, in which I took the ground that such had been the extravagant
+demands of the South, made through the platforms of that party, that
+with the strongest predilections for some of its men and its earlier
+antecedents, I should have felt bound to vote for both Fremont and
+Lincoln, if I had been in the country. He would generally end the matter
+by a pleasant and jocular dissent, calling himself a Democrat and me a
+Republican. But _after the rebellion_, his friends never knew what he
+was, except that he was for the Union and the putting down of the
+rebels. No American could have felt in deeper sympathy with our cause.
+In that land, where a thousand volunteers could not be raised to save a
+throne, how did his heart swell with just pride when the President
+called for seventy-five thousand, and afterward in succession for
+hundreds of thousands, and they came forth at the call! How depressed at
+instances of want of skill or decision in Government or generals! He
+nearly lost his patience with young men who were quietly pursuing their
+studies in Europe, when their country was in peril and its armies needed
+them; and he quite lost it when he met Americans who sympathized with
+the rebellion, or even seemed indifferent to their country's fortunes.
+
+There was an American lady in Munich, soon after the rebellion broke
+out, whose husband had died some years before, while holding a position
+in the army which entitled her to a pension, for which she had drawn
+while there. She had heard of Professor Neumann's love for our country
+and country people, but had no idea of the strictness of his
+discrimination between the parties--thought that he might feel much like
+the thousands of Germans who quietly ask us which side we are on--she
+may, too, have inferred something from his having a brother in Savannah,
+Georgia. She soon found her mistake; for he informed her, in terms of no
+doubtful import, that his sympathy did not embrace those of her class;
+and thus the result of the pleasant visit she had promised herself was
+little short of being turned out doors.
+
+About the 10th of December, 1861, we had at our house a little company
+of about thirty persons, and Dr. Neumann, with his wife and two
+daughters, was among them. An American gentleman, who had been known to
+his family and ours, had left for Russia two years before, and returned
+that very day, was one of the company, and we had not yet learned his
+views of secession. The first thing with Dr. Neumann and his daughters
+was to know how he stood on this question. They found him a rebel, and
+in giving him their minds in relation to this matter, one of the
+daughters expressed to him her wonder that I should allow him to enter
+my house as they would not allow him in theirs. The stir made in the
+company by this little brush at arms arrested the attention of all, and
+gave the Americans their first information as to where our quondam
+friend stood, as well as set them an example of zeal and enthusiasm in
+their own cause.
+
+I must close this notice with an incident which lies quite outside of
+Dr. Neumann's relations to America and Americans. On his retirement from
+his university labors, he withdrew mainly from the exciting scenes of
+public life. But in November, 1859, occurred the centennial anniversary
+of Schiller's birth. Of all the men connected with German popular
+literature, Schiller is most in the hearts of the people of Germany. The
+spirit of liberty shown in his 'William Tell'--his exile from his native
+Wirtemberg for the free expressions used in the first play he ever
+wrote--his high order of genius as a poet and historian--the subjects he
+chose, and the way he treated them, and, finally, his social and
+domestic character, have all combined to endear him to the whole people.
+This festival was everywhere observed, and with the highest enthusiasm;
+for although Governments were afraid of its effects, they were still
+more afraid to refuse permission to hold it. It lasted for several days,
+on one of which was a great public dinner, with several hundred in
+attendance, of which Dr. Neumann consented to be one. Champagne flowed
+freely, and although I did not taste this beverage, and know by
+experience little of its effects, it was easy to perceive that the
+animation could not all be accounted for by love to the memory even of
+Schiller. Poems were read, and speeches were made describing his
+character as poet, historian, or otherwise, according to the fancy of
+each speaker. I remember one from Bodenstedt, than whom few stand higher
+in the walks of polite literature, and one from Sybel, than whom no one
+in Germany ranks higher as a historian. Dr. Neumann, who, like an old
+parade horse long withrawn from the excitements of a parade, felt amid
+these scenes the spirit of former days stirred within him, rose to
+speak. We shall be prepared to appreciate the effect when we get an idea
+of the preternatural sensitiveness of those who composed the audience. A
+well-known poet, who may perhaps be called the poet-laureate of Bavaria,
+had read a poem on the occasion. It contained nothing to which any one
+could object, as we might infer from his position with the king, and yet
+I heard the poet himself say a few days afterward that the editors of a
+certain well-known journal, in publishing it, left out the stanzas
+containing the word _Freiheit_ (liberty), so fearful were they of not
+pitching their tune to a key that would suit royal and Government ears.
+A similar sensitiveness pervaded the whole body present--nearly all drew
+their bread and beer from the Government, and did not wish it stopped or
+diminished. This class had gotten up the meeting, and hoped to control
+it. When they saw Dr. Neumann rise, they felt that _there_ was a man
+_naturally_ fearless, and _now_ quite beyond that special sense of
+danger which made them cautious. Recollection passed over his seven
+years' silence, and called up the power with which he had harangued in
+other years. Nor was it so much what he said as the man who said it,
+which produced the effect, and yet there was much in the speech. He said
+that Schiller had been eulogized as a social and domestic man, poet, and
+historian; but nothing had been said of him as a _politician_, and he
+should speak of him in this character. The _rising_ of _such_ a man was
+an electric shock, suggestive of that which in 1848 made all Europe
+tremble from centre to circumference. The word _politician_ was a
+_second_ shock, drawing with it suggestively all the concomitants of
+that revolution, as yet so well remembered by all. And when he proceeded
+to compare Schiller with Goethe--the _former_ frankly addressing himself
+to his friend in correspondence on the great questions of their
+politics, and trying to draw him out, the _latter_, then a minister of
+state, cautiously and warily declining to expose his views--he but
+carried out the impression made in his rising and his announcement. It
+was the only properly stump speech--I use the phrase in the high sense
+in which it might be used of O'Connell or Clay--I ever heard in Germany.
+
+Such is the man who has undertaken to write our country's history for
+the Germans. Of his _work_ I have said nothing, for I have not seen it;
+I write this impromptu on seeing the newspaper announcement of the first
+volume. He will doubtless do much to set us right in the eyes of his own
+people, where, however, there is less need of this than in _another_
+land, whose people are more nearly related to us, where such service,
+however, is less likely to be done.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.
+
+_PART THREE._
+
+
+In the last preceding article on this subject in THE CONTINENTAL, we
+concluded by considering the consequences of an early victory of the
+North over the entire South, _followed by the restoration of the old
+Union upon precisely the old basis_. We showed that, in such an event,
+the war would have been barren of results even to the extent of removing
+its own cause, or preventing its almost immediate and more desperate
+renewal; that the question at issue is a question of paramount governing
+power between two adverse theories of social existence; between two
+distinct and conflicting civilizations; between two antagonistic and
+irreconcilable political and moral forces; and that it must be fought
+out to the complete subordination of the less advanced or more barbarous
+and backward-tending of those forces--unless the wheels of progress on
+this continent are to be reversed, and the watchword of despotism be
+substituted for that of freedom: not only that it must be fought out on
+the battle field, but that the fruits of the victory must not be blindly
+or foolishly surrendered after the obvious and external victory is won.
+
+We may say here, however, for the purpose of reserving the still more
+radical consideration of the nature of this conflict for some future
+day, that, adverse as these theories of social existence are--distinct
+and conflicting as are these two civilizations--antagonistic and
+irreconcilable as these contending political and moral forces now seem,
+and for present practical purposes must be taken to be--they are not
+_essentially_ irreconcilable. Slavery, bad as it is, represents a truth
+in the larger Compound Truth of an Integral Social Philosophy. A deeper
+understanding of the whole problem of human society, possessed by the
+leading personages, North and South, would have saved the necessity of
+this war--would at this day even, adjust it peaceably, harmoniously, and
+perfectly, and would render unnecessary the whole view of the subject
+which we are now taking. The world, however, is not yet quite prepared
+for the peaceable intervention of scientific and truly philosophic
+methods in the settlement of its disputes; and the knowledge of the
+existence, even, of such methods, is as yet too little diffused to make
+them in any sense available for the purposes of the hour. The point of
+view from which these papers are being written, is, indeed, as stated in
+the last preceding number, higher than that of the ordinary politician,
+the constitutional lawyer, or even that of common statesmanship and
+patriotic devotion. It is a point of view from which the interests of
+all mankind are taken into the account, and hence pertains, in a sense,
+to the domain of practical philosophy, or the universal aspect of
+politics; the politics of the globe and of all humanity, in all time.
+But it offers still a presentation of the subject toned down to the
+actual state of readiness in the world to hear reason, and to be
+influenced or governed by the suggestions contained in the writing. It
+is therefore an adaptation to an imperfect order of things, a mixed or
+concrete phase of political practical philosophy, which is the most that
+can now be aspired to. The point of view in question is therefore far
+lower than that of a final social philosophy having its basis in a
+perfect scientific theory, and working out from that basis into
+practical life. Perhaps, as will be again suggested in the course of
+this article, the events of this war may conduce to a readiness on this
+continent, or may create an earnest demand even, for higher solutions
+and the thorough treatment, by some competent mind, of all our Political
+and Sociatory problems. The day, however, for such a radical diagnosis
+and treatment of the disease of human society has not yet arrived.
+
+In the mean time we must content ourselves with partial remedies,
+alleviations, best temporary resorts, and even desperate expedients. It
+is from this stand-point that the writer of these articles now speaks;
+that, feeling deeply in his heart and recognizing clearly in his head
+the common brotherhood and the equal essential manhood of the
+inhabitants of the Southern and Northern States--sympathetically and
+socially drawn, even, to the Southern side, by many endearing
+associations and recollections; that, clearly appreciating the
+fratricidal nature of this war--its essential non-necessity, if men were
+wise enough to avail themselves of better known and feasible,
+methods--he still deliberately and forcibly insists, under the
+circumstances which are, that the North should not only fight out the
+war to the last word of determinate conquest, but that it should, with
+wise but merciless rigor, extinguish the cause of the war, and hold with
+unflinching hand every advantage it gains, until new institutions and
+new methods of thought shall have been securely planted on every inch of
+the soil of the South.
+
+Since, even, the last previous part of this series of papers was sent to
+the press, new and alarming indications have appeared in various
+quarters, of the drift in the public mind--North--in favor of an
+easy-going and conceding policy toward the South as the war draws to a
+close; a policy which would be nearly certain to lose to ourselves and
+to the world all the benefits of the war; to deprive the South, even, of
+those higher and ulterior benefits which would come to her also; to
+leave untouched the causes of the war, and to foster its early renewal
+with more than its former desperation.
+
+Not to mention the reiterated and urgent renewals of the subject of
+reconstruction in quarters where we are accustomed to look for a partial
+loyalty or a covert opposition to the war, articles like the following,
+from the New York _Times_, of November 19th, frequently appear in the
+undoubtedly loyal press:
+
+     'RECONSTRUCTION.--Since we have been at the trouble of
+     conquering the rebels in the State of Arkansas--since, after many
+     great victories, we have now complete military possession of the
+     State, and have armies posted on its eastern, western, and northern
+     lines, and at its capital in the centre--we think it would be worth
+     while in the Government to take steps to reorganize the civil
+     administration there, and inaugurate a system of policy such as was
+     adopted in Missouri two years ago, and which has proved so
+     successful in pacifying that State. The loyal element in Arkansas
+     is large, as is made evident by the action of the people wherever
+     our forces have penetrated, and by the enlistment of a good number
+     of its citizens in the armies of the Union. One of the Senators
+     from Arkansas, Senator Sebastian, whose term of office is as yet
+     unexpired, is, and always has been, we believe, a sound loyal man;
+     and Mr. Gantt, who was elected to Congress just before the outbreak
+     of the rebellion, has recently given proof of his repentance and
+     devotion to the Union in the remarkable address which we published
+     last week. We do not see why the process of reconstruction might
+     not be at once commenced in Arkansas, and why, before the close of
+     next session, the State might not have a full congressional
+     delegation in Washington.'
+
+Not a word is here said of the important question of Slavery. The
+proposition is pure and simple to readmit the rebellious State of
+Arkansas to the Union, upon precisely the same footing as that upon
+which we retained the allegiance of Missouri--to treat, in other words,
+loyal and rebellious States in the same way.
+
+In a subsequent article of the same able journal, one of the organs of
+the Republican party, this easy-going policy, the _laissez-faire_ of
+statesmanship, is expanded at large, and explicitly adopted and
+recommended. The appearance of such an article in such a quarter is such
+a remarkable index of the existence in the public mind of the delusions
+we are exposing, that we transfer it bodily to our columns, for the sake
+of commenting upon its positions. Calhoun's famous expression, 'masterly
+inactivity,' is significantly adopted as a caption:
+
+     'CIVIL POLICY TOWARD SLAVERY.--There is a class of men who
+     stick to the idea that something positive must be done by the
+     Federal Government to end slavery. Even the issue of the
+     Emancipation Proclamation, a military measure for military ends
+     solely, does not satisfy them. They want civil power exercised, and
+     would gladly have even a breaking down of State lines and a
+     reconstruction of the Government itself, as the only effectual
+     means of destroying the institution of their special abhorrence.
+
+     'Now we, too, claim a good hearty hatred of slavery. We are as
+     anxious as any to see it under the sod, beyond resurrection. But we
+     don't believe in making any superfluous sacrifice to get it there.
+     Seeing that it is dying, we are quite content to let it die
+     quietly, without any attempt to pull the house down about its ears
+     and our own ears. This seems to us to be a very absurd sort of
+     impatience--prompted by giddy passion rather than sober reason.
+
+     'But how do we know slavery is dying? We know it from the unanimous
+     testimony of all personal observers of its condition. There is not
+     a man within the Union lines South, however friendly he may be to
+     the institution, who pretends that there is any chance whatever of
+     its being saved, _if present causes continue_. Two things are
+     killing it.
+
+     '_The first is the wear and tear of the war. Military operations
+     always tend to disjoint and break up, within their scope, all the
+     relations of society. They inevitably remit, to a greater or less
+     extent, the social man to a state of nature. Inter arma leges
+     silent_. This is felt in every social connection, even the closest
+     and strongest; for they all are, more or less, dependent on civil
+     law. But it must be felt particularly in that connection, which of
+     all others is the most forced and arbitrary--the connection between
+     master and slave. Liberty is a natural instinct. The caged bird is
+     not surer to fly through the parted wires than the slave, in his
+     ordinary condition, from the broken chain--_and the chain must be
+     broken when the civil law, which alone gives it strength, passes
+     away_. There are men who complain of the anti-slavery war policy of
+     the President. A policy that was anything else would not be a war
+     policy at all. The war upon the rebellious slaveholding people of
+     necessity involves an interruption of their laws; and unless the
+     advancing army should make good this absence of civil rule by
+     applying its own military power to keeping watch and ward over the
+     slaves, and thus abandon its proper military business, the result
+     is inevitable _that the institution must melt away as the war goes
+     on_. Abraham Lincoln might be as much attached to slavery as
+     Jefferson Davis himself, and yet no human sagacity would enable him
+     to fight Jefferson Davis honestly and effectually without mortal
+     injury to slavery. _It is the war which kills slavery, and not the
+     man who leads the war_.
+
+     '_The other destroying agency in open discussion_. Slavery can live
+     only in silence. There is a deadly antagonism between itself and
+     free speech. Where the one exists the other cannot. The vitality of
+     the one rests in pure force, and force and reason never agree. It
+     always has been, and always will be, that force must either
+     suppress reason or reason will subvert force. One of the first acts
+     of the slavery propagandists in Kansas was to pass enactments
+     through their spurious Legislature, making it a felony, punishable
+     by imprisonment and hard labor, for any man to 'assert or maintain
+     by speaking or writing that persons have not the right to hold
+     slaves in this Territory.' It has been so in every Slave State, and
+     worse. _Not only have slave codes interdicted, in every one of
+     them, all adverse discussion of the institution, but a mob power
+     has always been at hand to take summary vengeance upon it with
+     Lynch law. These resorts were not a mere caprice; they were a
+     necessity_. Slavery being once accepted as the prime object, there
+     was no alternative but to protect it just in this manner. _But the
+     war has ended all that. There can be no mobs where the bayonet
+     governs; nor arbitrary local laws where general military law is
+     paramount. The discussion of slavery is as free now in New Orleans
+     as in New York_. It is no more within the province of the military
+     Governor, Shepley, to interfere with fair discussion there, than it
+     is within the rightful power of the civil Governor, Seymour, to
+     interfere with it here. _And in the Border States, where the civil
+     laws still prevail, hostility to the rebellion has excited such a
+     dissatisfaction with slavery as its cause, that by general consent
+     perfect freedom is allowed in arguing against the institution._ The
+     consequence of this freedom has been that Missouri has already
+     determined to abolish it; Maryland and Delaware have put declared
+     emancipationists in places of their highest trusts by unprecedented
+     majorities; and Kentucky is visibly casting about to see how she
+     can best rid herself of the curse.
+
+     '_We say, then, that even if the National Government had the right
+     to institute new civil measures against slavery, it would not be
+     necessary. The unavoidable military operations of the war, and the
+     free discussion which is sure to attend it, are enough of
+     themselves to break down the institution. The Government has simply
+     to stand quiet, and let these agencies work_.'
+
+The italics are our own, inserted for the sake of more easy reference.
+Not only is it unnecessary, according to this writer, to take any active
+and positive steps against Slavery at the South, but so soon as the
+rebel States wish to return within the Union, with all their old
+privileges and with Slavery surviving, they should be permitted to do
+so, and should be received with open arms. The Proclamation of
+Emancipation itself is thus quietly wiped out, and a policy sketched
+which, in the event of mere military defeat on their part, would, in the
+next place, be the most acceptable of all possible policies;--not to the
+loyal black men who are now struggling, fighting, and dying alongside of
+us, in the ranks; not to the small and feeble but growing anti-slavery
+party, which, in the presence of, and under the protection of our armies
+of the North, is just springing up and consolidating itself in the
+South;--but to Jefferson Davis himself, and to all the devoted and
+fanatical adherents of the slaveholding system in the South, and their
+'Copperhead' friends in the North. The _Times_ article concludes as
+follows:
+
+     'But we go farther, and say, that any other interference would not
+     only be superfluous, but positively mischievous. To insure that
+     slavery, when it dies, shall never rise again, you have got to
+     depend largely upon the disposition of the Southern people. That
+     disposition should not be needlessly embittered. It can't help
+     becoming so if, as some propose, their States are reduced to the
+     condition of mere territorial dependencies. Americans can never be
+     satisfied to be underlings. Whatever the fortunes of war
+     legitimately bring, they are sensible enough to submit to; but it
+     is not in their spirit to consent to any permanent degradation.
+     Undertake to deprive them permanently of their civil rights, and
+     you simply make them your permanent enemies. _Territorialize them
+     because you hate slavery, and the inevitable effect will be that
+     you will only make them love slavery the more, and hate you the
+     more. This could not always continue. State rights, sooner or
+     later, would have to be restored. We don't believe that three years
+     would elapse after the close of the war before the keeping those
+     States in a territorial condition would be abandoned as an
+     insufferable anomaly in our system of government. State rights once
+     restored, the people, maddened by the thrall that had been put upon
+     them, would be very likely to vindicate these rights by
+     rehabilitating slavery. Every incentive of high pride and every
+     impulse of low spite would combine to urge this; and the National
+     Government would have no legitimate way of preventing it_.
+
+     'It will never do to try to give slavery its lasting quietus by
+     mere arbitrary force. To secure this we have got to rely in no
+     small measure upon reason. We must never forget that just as Force
+     is the natural ally of Slavery, just so Reason is the natural ally
+     of Freedom. _When the South has been overcome in fair fight, we
+     must give its reason a fair chance to assert itself_. Military
+     authority over each reclaimed State should last until the majority
+     of the people have made up their mind to resume, in good faith,
+     their old relations to the Government, and have had a fair
+     opportunity to canvass how that resumption shall best be
+     inaugurated. Of course the machinery of the State Government cannot
+     be given over to traitors; _but whenever there is sound reason to
+     believe that a fair loyal majority of the State want it, let them
+     have it--and that, too, without imposing any conditions concerning
+     slavery. If this just and rational policy is faithfully carried
+     out, and no arbitrary issues are foisted in to impose a sense of
+     subordination, we have not a doubt that every Slave State will
+     follow the emancipating policy which the Border States, of their
+     own accord, have already entered upon with such decision. Even if
+     loyal duty don't prompt it, interest will. For slavery, after
+     having been crippled as it has been by the war, even if it could
+     live, would only be an encumbrance. But it can't live. It is
+     already half dead. Let the loyal men of the South finish it and
+     bury it in their own way_.'
+
+Compare, now, in the fair spirit of criticism, the beginning and the end
+of this unstatesman-like editorial. Slavery, we are emphatically told,
+is dying; first, because the presence of the war in its immediate
+vicinity is killing it; and, secondly, because free discussion, excited
+by the war and the presence of Northern influence incidental to the war,
+is killing it--_therefore let us hasten to withdraw the military power,
+and the causes of free discussion, where, for a century, it has been
+annihilated until now, and has only now begun to exist, and leave in
+full activity all the causes of reaction and the reestablishment of the
+old STATUS. 'There is not the slightest chance, whatever,' says the
+writer, 'of slavery being saved_, IF PRESENT CAUSES CONTINUE.' Therefore
+_hasten to discontinue present causes, by all means, and surrender the
+field to the operation of the old causes. 'The chain'_ of the slave
+'_must be broken when the civil law, which alone gives it strength,
+passes away_.' Therefore hasten to restore the civil law to its old and
+tyrannical potency over the destiny of the slave. '_The institution must
+melt away as the war goes on_.' Therefore, hasten not merely to finish
+the active stage of the war, but _to surrender the power which victory
+will place in your hands to continue the same emancipating influences_;
+and to surrender it into the hands of men avowedly hostile to your
+policy, and who have been conquered fighting for their franchise to
+enslave.
+
+'_Not only_,' continues our editor, '_have slave codes interdicted, in
+every one of the Slave States, all adverse discussion of the
+institution, but a mob power has always been at hand to take summary
+vengeance upon it with Lynch law. These resorts were not a mere caprice;
+they were a necessity_.' Hasten, therefore, to reestablish these engines
+of terrorism and the institution which inevitably demands their
+existence. Ignore and set aside the Proclamation of Emancipation; betray
+the auxiliary black man; throttle and destroy the incipient party of
+freedom in its birth; turn the Young South, just rising into existence
+as the friend of liberty and progress, over, stripped and unprotected,
+into the hands of the Old South, with its thongs, its thumbscrews, and
+its Lynch law; throw aside, the moment it is acquired, the power to
+civilize and regenerate the South--not because the war and the free
+discussion which accompany the war _have killed slavery_, but because
+they _are killing it_, and will be sure to kill it unless they are
+speedily withdrawn.
+
+'But the war,' we are told, 'has ended all that. _There can be no mobs
+where the bayonet governs; nor arbitrary local laws where general
+military law is paramount. The discussion of slavery is as free now in
+New Orleans as it is in New York.'_ _True: therefore_, hasten to restore
+the reign of mobs, or you will hurt the feelings of the men who make the
+mobs. Withdraw speedily 'the general military law,' and its 'paramount'
+control, expressly in order that the operation of 'the arbitrary local
+laws' may be resumed. Urge up the measures which will put an end to the
+state of affairs in which 'the discussion of slavery is as free in New
+Orleans as it is in New York.'
+
+_'And in the Border States, where the civil laws still prevail,
+hostility to the rebellion has excited such a dissatisfaction with
+slavery as its cause, that, by general consent, perfect freedom is
+allowed in arguing against the institution.'_ This is true while a
+United States force is in the vicinity to overawe traitors--while the
+friends of freedom feel confident that they have the strength of a
+nation at their back to aid them in resisting the local tyranny; hasten,
+therefore, to remove these supports, and leave them to struggle single
+handed and hopelessly against an inveterate and hoary despotism, which
+knows no law higher than its own will; and which has always been
+competent to crush out every rising aspiration toward freedom; until the
+accidental advantages of the war encouraged that timid utterance of true
+American sentiment in those quarters which is just now beginning feebly
+to make itself heard and felt. Hasten, therefore, to withdraw that
+support at the instant of time when the local friends of freedom have
+just been induced to declare themselves, and so to become the unshielded
+victims of slaveholding vindictiveness the instant the provisional
+security of the new party derived from abroad ceases to exist. What
+would 'the dissatisfaction with slavery' from 'hostility to the
+rebellion' have amounted to in Maryland, as a power, against the haughty
+and overbearing authority of the slaveholding Despotism, at the
+commencement of the war, without the intervention of General Butler; or
+that of Missouri, without that of General Fremont? What would that same
+dissatisfaction with Slavery amount to at this very day even, in those
+States, against the reflex wave of pro-slavery influence and power, if
+all influence from the armies and authority of the United States were
+completely withdrawn? Or, granting even that in those two Border States,
+the most advanced of all, the most under ordinary influences from the
+Free States, there is already inaugurated an Anti-slavery Movement which
+would retain energy enough to carry on the struggle without foreign
+aid--which even is extremely doubtful; the case would stand wholly
+otherwise in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, or Arkansas, where no
+well-constituted Party of Freedom has as yet achieved any successes, and
+where the slaveholding interest and desperation are ten times stronger
+than they are in the Border States.
+
+'_'We say, then,_ says the _Times_ writer, '_that even if the National
+Government had the right to institute new civil measures against
+slavery, it would not be necessary. The unavoidable military operations
+of the war, and the free discussion which is sure to attend it, are
+enough of themselves to break down the institution. The Government has
+simply to stand quiet and let those influences work._'
+
+All this, urged for the purposes for which it is here urged, is simply
+crying, Peace! peace! when there is no peace. If these influences, the
+presence of the war power and free discussion, be to continue, very
+good. Then, indeed, is there a chance, amounting almost to a certainty,
+that Slavery will have to succumb, and all of these considerations,
+urged as a reason why the war power should be retained for an adequate
+period over the Slave States, even after their nominal submission, and
+free discussion encouraged and protected by that power--which we
+understand to be the policy recommended by General Butler--are
+consequent, logical, and patriotic; but put forth as reasons why we
+should hasten to surrender the influence over the destiny of man which
+has been so providentially, and yet with such immense sacrifice, placed
+in our hands, they are practically hostile to the vital purposes of the
+war, however honest and simple minded may be the individuals who
+recommend them.
+
+Again: _'Territorialize them because you hate slavery, and the
+inevitable result will be that you will only make them love slavery the
+more,'_ etc.
+
+It is not our purpose to insist on the technical process of
+_territorializing_ the conquered rebel States. What we do insist on is
+that the military authority, which the nation has so laboriously
+asserted and acquired over them, shall not be withdrawn until the
+natural and necessary and appropriate consequences of the war shall have
+been attained; and that among these is the inauguration of Freedom
+instead of the reinstitution of that hideous anomaly of the nations,
+American Slavery. We insist that the rising, but as yet the feeble and
+timid Freedom Party of the South, including the blacks and a growing
+number of the poor whites, so fast as they become rightly informed, with
+a small number of enlightened, generous, and noble-minded men of the
+planter class, who sympathize with freedom, and are truly loyal in
+sympathy and soul to American principles and the American Government, be
+regarded and treated as the new and loyal South; and not a trumped-up
+party, which may arise any day, of as bitter traitors as ever lived, but
+who, seeing the hopelessness of their cause, which is, at bottom,
+Slavery, and nothing else, under the present issue of war, shall give in
+a hollow and pretended profession of loyalty, in order to secure, by
+other means, the same end. Does this truly loyal party at the South
+anywhere as yet wish the withdrawal of the protection of the General
+Government, and desire to be turned over to the tender mercies of their
+false and subtle enemy--which are unheard-of cruelties? Let the
+representation of the thousand loyal men from Middle Tennessee, recently
+made to the President of the United States, answer. On the contrary,
+there is nothing which those men so greatly dread--nothing which so
+checks their more rapid development as a party--as the fear that they
+may be so abandoned before their work is sufficiently advanced to secure
+its completion.
+
+The three years which the _Times_ writer concedes to the existence of an
+anomaly in our Government, may be amply enough to accomplish all that is
+required. So far from imbittering the feelings of the true friends of
+the Union in the South, assurance of the continuance of such a
+protection over them, even for that length of time, would infuse new
+confidence and new activity into all their movements. It is clearly the
+right of the policeman to judge when the mob is effectually suppressed,
+and as much his duty not to allow himself to be surprised and
+over-mastered by a pretended and hollow submission for the sake of
+seizing an advantage, as it is to inflict effectual blows of his cudgel
+while the row is in its more flagrant stages of development. The United
+States, having interfered by force to suppress a national riot, has a
+clear right, and a bounden duty, not to abandon the region of the
+disturbance until the _animus_ of rebellion is subdued as effectually as
+its open manifestation; and knowing that that _animus_ is identical
+with the spirit, purposes, and designs of the slaveholding class--a
+conspiracy, in fine, to overthrow the Government in that sole behalf--it
+is alike bound effectually to cripple or actually to exterminate that
+malign influence.
+
+Again says our writer under review: '_When the South has been overcome
+in fair fight, we must give its reason a chance to assert itself._' Very
+true, if the mode of doing so be not foolishly misunderstood. The error
+here is in speaking of the South as one, whereas from this time forward
+and for some years to come, there will be an Old South, rebellious at
+heart, malignant, defiant, cruel, and revengeful to the last
+degree--bold, accustomed to rule with unquestioned authority--and, when
+conquered, refusing to remain conquered, except as the grapple of the
+conqueror is still at its throat; and a New South, loyal, loving, and
+devoted to its deliverers, but timid, shrinking, and tentative of its
+powers--liberty-loving, and truly American in sentiment, but unused to
+the exercise of political supremacy, unorganized, and weak;--an old
+South, refusing every appeal to reason, and only thirsting for
+vengeance; and a new South, ready to reason and to be reasoned with, and
+looking gratefully to the National Government as its guide and protector
+in the unequal contest before it--more fearful to it than ever--at the
+close of the war. How, then, shall we 'give the reason of the South a
+chance to assert itself'? By withdrawing our support from our friends,
+and the friends of America, and of man, in the South, and turning them
+over, like sheep to the wolves, to their unreasoning and vindictive
+enemies; or by standing by them in the weakness of their first essay to
+depend on reason and justice in the place of force or fraud; by
+developing, in fine, the reason of the South, which has been for a
+century overridden and suppressed by the incubus of an organized
+despotism, from which there is now, for the first time, the chance of a
+redemption, if these _friends_ of Southern reason do not commit a
+blunder in their understanding of the case?
+
+'_Whenever_,' says the _Times_ writer, '_there is sound reason to
+believe that a sound loyal majority of the State want it
+(reconstruction), let them have it--and that, too, without imposing any
+conditions concerning slavery_.' That is to say, abandon the
+Proclamation of Emancipation, betray the colored man, who, trusting to
+our faith, is now enrolling himself in our armies; betray the timid
+friends of freedom, who, by our encouragement, have dared to proclaim
+their love of liberty, and subject themselves to inevitable banishment
+or extermination, unless the programme of a new free South be executed
+triumphantly and to the letter; furnish to the most malignant
+slaveholding faction an equal chance at the very least, on a hollow
+pretence of loyalty, to recover the ascendant and annihilate the new
+party of emancipation and a regenerated South; and all this to save the
+Southern malignants from being subjected to an unpleasant sense of
+'subordination;' to prevent imbittering their sentiments; as if it were
+possible to add bitterness to gall, or venom to the virus of the
+rattlesnake. The most imbittering and offensive thing that _can ever be
+done_ to those men _is done_ the moment you pronounce the words of
+freedom and human rights, in conjunction with each other, as if they
+were the same thing. That done, every other measure grows mild. To
+territorialize the whole South, and place a satrap over every parish and
+county of it--saying no word for freedom--would be a gentle and
+conciliating procedure compared with the most innocent utterance of a
+mere sentiment in behalf of emancipation and the elevation of the negro
+to the status of a man. Why, then, strain at a gnat when we have already
+swallowed a camel? If we mean anything by Emancipation Proclamations,
+the organization of negro troops, or even by our own inherent love of
+liberty, nothing after that need ever be handled gingerly with the
+South. Every recommendation to abstain from giving her offence is simply
+a recommendation to recede, not only from our whole war policy now so
+happily inaugurated, but to recede from every genuine and efficient
+sentiment the Northern people may entertain, or ever have entertained,
+in behalf of the distinctively American idea: the freedom and equality
+before the law of all men.
+
+_'If this just and rational policy is faithfully carried out,'_
+continues our editor, _'and no arbitrary issues are foisted in to impose
+a sense of subordination, we have not a doubt that every Slave State
+will follow the emancipating policy which the Border States, of their
+own accord, have already entered upon with such decision. Even if loyal
+duty don't prompt it, interest will; for slavery, after having been
+crippled, as it has been by the war, even if it could live, would only
+be an encumbrance. But it can't live. It is already half dead. Let the
+loyal men of the South finish it and bury it in their own way'._
+
+Now it is precisely this simple-minded and easy credence that everything
+will go right if it be at once handed over to the management of the men
+who may have been whipped in the battle field--this overweening
+confidence on the part of good men, and intelligent men, too, in the
+ordinary sense of intelligence, at the North, which is the most
+dangerous feature of the whole matter. We are just entering upon the
+real crisis of the war, when the war, by many, will be thought finished.
+It is exceedingly doubtful whether in any single Border State the
+Anti-slavery Movement has received as yet any such impetus or gained any
+such secure foothold that it could maintain the struggle for a six
+months, if the influence growing out of the presence of the war in their
+midst were withdrawn, and the political power were remanded in full to
+the local authorities; and, in respect to the States farther South, and
+wholly committed to the institution, it is certain that Slavery has
+hardly received what would prove a serious scratch upon its epidermis,
+if such changes were now to take place.
+
+Indeed, on the contrary, there was never a time when temptation to
+slaveholding was a third part what it is to-day, aside from the threat
+of danger hanging over it from the continuance of the war, and the
+supposed determination of the Northern conquerors to put an end to it.
+The vital principle of Slavery which overrides every other
+consideration, is the extra-profitable nature and state of slave-labor
+products. The writer has himself seen Slavery firmly seated in the
+saddle and unassailable in an exposed region of the South, with cotton
+at from eight to twelve cents on the pound, and the same institution
+trembling toward its downfall when cotton fell to four and a half and
+five cents on the plantation. What must then be its hold on the cupidity
+of Southern men when the condition of Slavery, by virtue of the same
+state of war which threatens its existence on the one hand, has caused
+the price of cotton to rule, on the other hand, from twenty-five to
+seventy-five cents a pound, and has affected, in a somewhat similar way,
+every other product of the sort! An immense premium is thus offered for
+the continuance of the institution, and the danger is not slight that
+our own Northern men, thrown into the South, would be seduced, in great
+numbers, by the temptation, into becoming themselves slavery
+propagandists, unless the exigencies of the war, the _esprit du corps_,
+and the solidarity of interests springing up between them and the negro
+soldiers, and the prompt and energetic activity of the Government in
+behalf of an emancipation policy were all to combine to prevent it. In
+talking of Slavery, its power, its weakness, or its prospects, men,
+unless they have been intimately mixed up with its workings, are apt to
+be reckoning without their host. Our own sentiment of justice in the
+matter, North, poor and feeble as it is in most of us, is immensely
+aided by the negative fact that our interests do not happen to be
+immediately involved adversely. Not one in ten thousand of Northern men
+or Europeans, thrown into the South previous to the war, ever withstood
+the infection of pro-slavery sentiment and action. Our soldiers do so
+now, only because they are in large bodies, because they are fighting
+the Southern men, and because they are becoming more and more identified
+with a distinct national policy in behalf of emancipation and the rights
+of man. Withdraw these causes, and the effects would be rapidly
+reversed. Northern officers and men could not be trusted to fraternize
+with the slave-holding aristocracy, previous to the time when the
+backbone of the institution of Slavery should have been effectually
+broken; not because they are bad men, but because they are men, and
+would act, under similar circumstances, as men--alike Northern,
+Southern, and European men--have acted in the years that are past. There
+is a far more reliable and trustworthy party of Southern anti-slavery
+men than are as yet their Northern allies; men who have suffered
+intensely from actual contact and struggle with the institution, and who
+have felt, in some measure, the steel of Slavery enter their own souls;
+but they are not numerous enough to stand without the aid of these same
+untrustworthy Northern auxiliaries, who already, at the first indication
+of incipient success for our arms, propose, like this writer, to remand
+them to the tender mercies of a Southern majority rule. It is the fear
+of this treachery which makes them so few as they are, and so weak. It
+is these men whom we wish to see sustained, recognized as the loyal and
+the new South, and aided in the work of reconstruction, when the
+somewhat distant period for it to be safe and wise shall have arrived.
+They are the men who will teach us wisdom, if we will follow their
+advice; and they, be assured of it, will not clamor for any early and
+thoughtless surrender of our present advantages, for fear of hurting the
+sensibilities of the South by imposing a sense of 'subordination.' With
+the agony of despair, such men would remonstrate against any such
+suicidal policy, and entreat the Government of the United States and the
+people of the North to stand by them in their great distress, through,
+until the end. While writing, the following newspaper paragraph attracts
+our attention, and is a fair expression of the truth we are seeking to
+inculcate:
+
+     'The Hon. Silas Casey, of Kentucky, brings news of the most intense
+     feeling, on the subject of holding slaves in the Border States,
+     among Union men. They contend that the restriction in the
+     President's Proclamation has made Kentucky and Tennessee a
+     'national slave pen,' where slaves, fleeing from the 'confederate'
+     States, are bought and sold by the thousand. He says the Unionists
+     to a man are in favor of immediate and sweeping emancipation of all
+     slaves within their borders--that there can be no protection for a
+     Unionist as long as aristocratic secessionists are allowed to hold
+     all their old slaves, and are protected in buying human beings,
+     once freed by the President's Proclamation. The last and most
+     important step to be taken by the Government, to insure Unionism in
+     the Border States, is to emancipate the slaves of disloyalists in
+     Kentucky and Tennessee. The military once removed from Kentucky,
+     and again would commence the barbarism of slavery. Defenders of the
+     Government would be murdered--freedom of speech be denied; the
+     expulsion of Northern ministers, and the tar-and-feathering of
+     Northern schoolmasters, for only preferring Union to secession,
+     freedom to slavery, would go on as freely as in the palmiest days
+     of the chivalry; Parson Brownlow would be driven from Knoxville,
+     his press and dwelling burned, Casey and Green and Adams exiled
+     forever, and the same old war would have to be fought over again,
+     with all its blood and horror, on Kentucky soil.'
+
+The following comments are equally true:
+
+     'Again we call the attention of thoughtful men to the current
+     phases of 'Border State' politics, and ask that they be deeply
+     considered. If we open a hundred 'conservative' journals in
+     succession, we shall find at least ninety of them asserting or
+     assuming that the revolted States are to be reconciled to the Union
+     by new concessions, new guarantees to slavery. But those States
+     themselves emphatically repel this assumption. Every man in
+     Delaware, in Maryland, in Tennessee, in Missouri, who is heartily
+     and thoroughly anti-rebel is also anti-slavery, and nearly every
+     one is for immediate, not gradual, emancipation. They were not
+     Republicans; not one in twenty of them voted for Lincoln; they make
+     no special pretensions to philanthropy; but they mean to live and
+     die in the Union, and they do not choose to have their throats cut
+     by rebels; so they desire that slavery should die, knowing by
+     practical experience, by personal observation, that slavery and the
+     rebellion are but two phases of the same thing--two names for one
+     reality.'
+
+Slavery, as things are, is neither 'crippled' nor 'half dead.' It is
+only a little sick, and threatened with being made more so, if the same
+effectual blows which have been dealt it are followed up hereafter with
+other blows still more effectual.
+
+We have reason to believe that the writer of the _Times_ article we have
+been reviewing, has passed some time with the Army of the Cumberland;
+that he has viewed the subject impartially from what he deems a large
+field of observation; and that he speaks honestly what he believes. But
+no observation even of that kind is sufficient to open the whole case.
+Let him be a Southern man, or a Northern man residing at the South, and
+committed to the emancipation policy; let him stay behind and see the
+banners of our army gradually retiring to the North, and the banished
+leaders of the rebellion and other slaveholding tyrants and harpies
+gathering in the wake and gradually surrounding him and his little band
+of patriots--reclaiming all their old authority and overawing and
+trampling down every incipient blade of the crop of freedom, which had
+been planted in the presence and under the shadow of our armies--and he
+will be better prepared to judge. From even the high authority of
+General Grant himself, on this subject, we dissent. Let him first
+grapple with a Southern slaveholding public sentiment, as a peaceable
+citizen holding adverse opinions, and without a victorious army at his
+back, and he will be better qualified to form and give a reliable
+opinion. He is represented as having said, in a private letter to the
+Hon. E. F. Washburn, of the date of August 13th, 1863, that the people
+of the North need not quarrel over the institution of Slavery; that what
+Vice-President Stevens acknowledges as the corner stone of the
+confederacy is already knocked out; that Slavery is already dead, and
+cannot be resurrected; that it would take a standing army to maintain
+Slavery in the South, if we were to make peace to-day guaranteeing to
+the South all their former constitutional privileges, etc. With profound
+respect for General Grant as a man and a soldier, we would still prefer
+the opinion, on this point, of any earnest member of the young and
+feeble anti-slavery party of the South, who resides a few miles away
+from the actual reach of the authority and influence of a Federal army.
+
+It is refreshing to know that to this opinion of the victorious general,
+of exceedingly doubtful value, upon the specific point in question, he
+adds these memorable and patriotic words:
+
+     'I never was an Abolitionist, not even what would be called
+     anti-slavery, but I try to judge fairly and honestly, and it became
+     patent to my mind early in the rebellion that the North and South
+     could never live at peace with each other except as one nation, and
+     that without slavery. As anxious as I am to see peace established,
+     I would not, therefore, be willing to see any settlement until this
+     question is forever settled.'
+
+Almost the only men in the nation who are really competent to judge when
+Slavery is really dead, in any region, are those Northern and Western
+anti-slavery men who have come into long and deadly collision with its
+spirit and power in Kansas and upon the western border of Missouri. Even
+Northern and Eastern Abolitionists, better versed perhaps in the theory
+of the subject, would prove very incompetent if matched in practical
+hostility with slaveholding opinion and might--slaveholding
+vindictiveness, cunning, treachery, and recklessness of every
+consideration, human or divine, but the gaining of their one end, the
+retention of their hold over the slave.
+
+It is again refreshing, in the midst of the open or covert defence and
+protection among us of the surviving remnant of Slavery at the South,
+granting for the moment that it is now reduced to that, and in the midst
+of such easy and over-credulous and mistaken assumptions of its
+complete, virtual destruction already, by undoubted friends of freedom,
+as in the case of the _Times_ editor, General Grant, and numerous
+others, to listen to such hearty utterances, in the keynote of the right
+policy, as were made by Secretary Chase in his recent speech at
+Cincinnati, and to be able to believe that they foreshadow the course of
+the Administration in this trying epoch of our country's history. We
+quote the following report:
+
+     'It was never intended to interfere with States that were loyal.
+     This Proclamation comes up as a great feature in this war. In my
+     judgment the Proclamation was the right thing in the right place,
+     and without it I am just as sure as I am of my own existence that
+     we could not have made the progress we have made. And I hold that
+     the man who denounces the Proclamation either speaks ignorantly,
+     speaks about that of which he knows little or nothing, or else he
+     really desires that the rebellion should succeed.
+
+     'There are two classes of States in the South; there is the class
+     of States that is affected by the Proclamation, and a class of
+     States that is not. With this last class of States, which is not
+     affected by the Proclamation, we have simply nothing to do, except
+     to bid God speed to the unconditional Union men of those States,
+     that they will do their own work in their own way and in their own
+     time, and all we have to do is to stand by them.
+
+     'But in the States which are affected by the Proclamation the case
+     is different. Either the Proclamation was a great, monstrous sham,
+     and an imposition in the face of the world, or else that
+     Proclamation was an effectual thing, and there are no slaves to-day
+     in the rebel States. They are all enfranchised by the Proclamation,
+     for what says it? All the slaves of these States are declared now
+     and forever free, and the executive power is pledged to the
+     maintenance of their freedom. If it were not so it would be a
+     national imposture, and I would no more be guilty of that piece of
+     infamy than I would steal into your house at night and rob your
+     pantry. But what have we to do with this Proclamation in the
+     rebellious Slave States? It is a very simple thing: _just simply
+     recognise the Union men who remain in those States_. Such men as
+     Mr. Flanders, and Mr. May, and a whole host of others, who were
+     known as slaveowners, are now satisfied that the Union men of the
+     South must see to it that slavery must never be permitted to be
+     reestablished in those States. Take such a man as the Hon. Charles
+     Anderson. When he went home and stood up for the Union, what did
+     the slave aristocracy do for him? They drove him from the State,
+     and his wife and little ones were obliged to take shelter in the
+     bush. And so with multitudes of Union men in Texas at the present
+     day. But all of them wish to get back and establish a Free State in
+     Texas; because, they say, no other than a Free State can ever
+     protect them from the enemies of human freedom, and, I was going to
+     say, of human nature. Again, in Florida there were many who were
+     driven away who are now anxious to return. Is there a man here who
+     wants these noble, generous Union men of the South _to go back to
+     be trampled under foot by restored rebels_! Let them go back, but
+     let them go back under the aegis of the American Union, and the
+     protection of the Government pledged to them, and then they will
+     take care to settle this question of slavery. They will amend the
+     Constitution so as to put the slavery question where it ought to
+     be. When that is done, who is going to talk about the Proclamation?
+     You have here, my fellow citizens, an intelligent statement, as it
+     seems to me, of the manner in which this thing can be settled:
+     simply by standing by the unconditional Union men--who almost all
+     of them have embraced the doctrine of emancipation in the Border
+     States--and standing by the Union men in the rebellious States, and
+     letting them protect themselves against the institution of
+     slavery.'
+
+At this stage of the present writing, and having just transferred these
+manly, patriotic, and statesmanlike sentiments to our columns, hoping
+that they might foreshadow the fixed policy of the Administration, of
+which Mr. Chase is so able and distinguished a member, we are overtaken
+by more than a full fruition of the hope in the publication of the
+President's Message and Proclamation of Amnesty to the South, upon the
+sole condition of the perpetual maintenance of the Proclamation of
+Emancipation issued a year ago; in other words, upon the condition of
+the total and definitive extinction of Slavery in the South. The men of
+the South who are ready for this are to be recognized as the loyal
+citizens, the New South--precisely what ought to be done. The machinery
+of the old State Governments is to remain intact, but to be turned over
+to this regenerated Southern party for administration. The whole
+military and civil force of the Union is to retain its guardianship over
+the South, during the transition, and to remain pledged to the
+maintenance of the status of freedom united with loyalty, until, by the
+growth and stability of the new order of things, the conquered territory
+shall dispense with its continued intervention. The plan devised by the
+President is admirable, and symptoms already exist that, like so many
+other of his leading measures, it is destined to meet with unbounded
+acceptance and popularity, from even the most diverse and disharmonious
+quarters. Trusting, therefore, that the practical administration of the
+war is drifting into the right policy, based on the true theory of its
+causes and legitimate termination, we may leave these merely political
+and military questions, and revert, in conclusion, to the possible
+remaining eventualities of the war. These may be, for the time, (1.)
+Seemingly prosperous and fortunate, or, (2.) Seemingly accompanied with
+disaster, discouragement, and dismay--ulterior even to the eventual
+triumph of our arms over the open enemies of the existing order of
+things.
+
+Firstly, then, it may happen, that from this time out we shall be more
+and more decisively triumphant over the 'rump' of the rebellion still
+extant in the South; that the new policy of emancipation now so
+favorably inaugurated may work like a magical charm, and that among the
+happy and startling surprises to which we are daily becoming addicted,
+may be that of an unexpected readiness in the exhausted and repentant
+South to acquiesce in the new order of things; that our new financial
+scheme may develop germs of commercial prosperity more than adequate to
+compensate for all the strain upon our national energy and resources
+imposed by the war; that an immense and unparalleled expansion of
+national prosperity, hardly marred by the ripple of our financial
+encumbrances, may be in waiting for the future United States of America,
+and lie spread out in the immediate future before us; that untold wealth
+may be unearthed from our mines, marvellous discoveries and inventions
+made to increase our manufactures and means of locomotion, and new
+sources of learning and art and practical action be opened.
+
+Suppose even less brilliant and rapid results. Suppose that the war
+lingers; that numerous and desperate battles have yet to be fought, and
+some reverses to be endured; but that we continue to hold the heart of
+the South up to our present lines in Georgia and East Tennessee; that
+the new system of things is gradually established and becomes solidified
+within the States already possessed: even this state of things, if
+providentially enforced on us after our best exertions have been put
+forth to succeed, may, again, unexpectedly prove to have concealed under
+seeming failure a more fortunate termination of our herculean work.
+Perhaps there is even yet not enough national virtue among us to leaven
+the whole lump, and thus, by being delayed of our too greedy aspirations
+for success, we may only the more surely succeed. A halt at this period
+of the war was foreshadowed, it will be remembered by the reader, in the
+earlier portion of this series of papers, written more than two years
+ago. At any rate, if the remaining resistance of the rebel government
+should prove more obstinate and prolonged than is now generally
+anticipated, let there be no discouragement, and no serious
+disappointment. Remember again, in that event, that our supreme triumphs
+are moral and social, for which our military successes are merely a
+basis; and that moral and social changes demand time to be consolidated
+and secured. Immense changes are being rapidly effected in the public
+sentiment and the prospective action of the reconquered portions of the
+South; but such changes are not made in a day; and some retardation of
+the national aspiration for a speedy termination of the war may prove
+our providential security against evils which, our own precipitancy
+might possibly otherwise incur. The retention of our present hold, the
+gradual but slow progress to a complete final conquest, and the steady
+assimilation of the reintegrated portions of the South with our Northern
+and the truly American character and sentiment, would still, therefore,
+deserve to be reckoned upon the side of seeming or obvious success.
+
+But on the other hand, let us consider, for a moment, the other
+alternative--that of apparent disaster, incurred from the war, not so
+much in the light of overwhelming military defeats, which need hardly
+now to be seriously apprehended, as from financial exhaustion and other
+secondary causes introduced into the working of our national and social
+life through the operation and influence of the war. Mr. Cobden,
+undoubtedly a friend of our nation, and a shrewd observer of the world's
+affairs on the basis of experience, or a knowledge of the past, warns us
+to look forward to a period of almost utter prostration after the war
+shall have terminated, and to a train of serious consequences from the
+terrific strain put by it upon our energies and resources. Forebodings
+of a similar kind haunt the imaginations of many of our own citizens.
+The history of past wars and their results justify the anticipation.
+Perchance all this may prove an unnecessary fear. It may happen that the
+almost boundless recuperative energies of this young American
+civilization of ours may be destined to astonish our enemies, our
+friends, and ourselves, as much as the extent of our resources for
+action have already done--that the strain put upon us, instead of
+enfeebling us in the least, has been merely a healthy exercise for the
+growing muscles and thews of a young giant just now ripening into a
+first manhood, and never heretofore called upon for any adequate
+exertion to display his strength. We once heard an enthusiastic and
+progressive orator, referring to the marvels of modern development,
+utter, with a sublime and audacious eloquence, the startling assertion
+that '_Experience is a fool._' There is a sense, no doubt, in which the
+sentiment is true. Neither the growth, nor the inherent power, nor the
+elasticity of the rebound from seeming exhaustion, nor the immense
+acceleration of the rapidity of the future career of the American
+people, is to be safely measured by a reference to what has occurred
+with former nationalities, in other and different times. Our experience
+of the future, whatever it may be, will be, no doubt, essentially
+different from any of the past.
+
+But assume, on the contrary, that the prediction is essentially well
+founded; that we have before us, in the immediate future, a period of
+extreme exhaustion, depression, and even of temporary discouragement in
+the public mind. All this need not, to the philosophic mind, cause the
+slightest apprehension of permanent evil results--of any serious check
+even, to our inevitable destiny, as the heirs of unbounded prosperity
+and the leaders of the vanguard of the progress of the world. A halt, in
+this sense, in the rapidity of our career, would be only the necessary
+price of our immense and invaluable achievement, the elimination of
+chattel slavery from the constitution of our social and political life.
+We have still other and great social evils remaining behind. The
+scientific and harmonious adjustment of the relations of capital to
+labor, of the employers to the employed, in the constitution of our free
+competitive society as it will still remain after Slavery is dead, is
+the next great practical question which will force itself upon our
+attention, and insist upon being definitively settled, before we can
+enter upon that ulterior triumphant national development which is
+reserved, in the decrees of destiny, for us as a people. This problem,
+seemingly so difficult, will be found unexpectedly easy of solution, so
+soon as the thinking and practical mind of the people is seriously
+called to its consideration. It is worthy of observation, that periods
+of great pecuniary depression are favorable to the progress of ideas. It
+is written in the Providence of God that the American people must,
+within the few years to come, solve the whole problem of justice to the
+laboring man; must, indeed, accept its office as the Champion and the
+Illustrator, in a practical way, of Universal Justice, in all the
+relations of life. Are we prepared to enter on this career,
+intelligently, lovingly, and with voluntary alacrity, from affection to
+the True and the Good; or must we be again scourged into the
+consideration of great questions lying immediately in our way, by the
+providential inflictions of disaster and distress?
+
+We can now see easily enough, that had we been ready and desirous, as a
+people, to do justice to the black man, we should have escaped the
+horrors of a great war. We may predict, with the assurance of a
+religious faith, backed, we might almost affirm, by the certainty of a
+scientific demonstration, that if we are already sufficiently prepared
+to be simply just, we shall be saved from the serious infliction of more
+national suffering; and that if, on the contrary, this preparation of
+the heart and the head has not been wrought in us by what we have
+already endured, we shall be called directly and continuously to the
+suffering of more and perhaps greater inflictions. 'Whom the Lord loveth
+he chasteneth,' but not blindly nor uselessly, and not, therefore, after
+the right frame of mind has been wrought in the subject of the
+punishment. The law is precisely the same, whether we speak
+theologically or from the profoundest philosophical principles; and it
+may almost be said that the American people have only to choose whether
+they will immediately enter, with the close of the war, upon a higher
+career of prosperity, or whether they will endure an additional term of
+tuition in the school of adversity. These words may seem mystical,
+unaccompanied with further illustration and elaboration of the ideas,
+but it is not the place here to pursue them.
+
+Let us proceed with the supposition that we have before us, at the
+conclusion of this war, a period of great national suffering. Such
+periods, we have already said, are favorable to the development of
+thought. We may add, they are alike favorable to the growth of earnest
+purpose. Through suffering we are perfected. Thought and high purpose
+are secure bases of noble achievement. If we are not yet prepared to be
+inducted into our national mission, through providential favor, then let
+us come to it through the inverse method: _through Ulterior and
+Reactionary Consequence_.
+
+It may be that we are to endure still more grievous afflictions than
+pecuniary and commercial revulsion and depression. Our political
+constitution still bears in its bosom, even after Slavery is removed,
+dangerous seeds of anarchy and prospective revolution. Within the two
+years past, grave mutterings, to which American ears have been
+heretofore altogether unused, have been heard in various quarters,
+touching the superior advantages of 'strong government,' the speakers,
+mostly of the higher or wealthier order of life, meaning thereby, the
+old and retrograde forms of monarchy, or something of that sort. Periods
+of disaster tend to reveal a latent lack of confidence in the permanency
+of existing things. Investigations in Sociology impeach the wisdom of
+our institutions, in common with that of all others that have been tried
+in the past, from another point of view. Periods of distress and
+privation stimulate the turbulence of the 'dangerous classes.' All
+national experience reveals, in fine, the existence, in the very nature
+of human society, of great antagonistic principles struggling with each
+other in mighty conflict, and with which no political or governmental
+arrangements heretofore extant have been adequate rightly to cope.
+
+The great and bloody contest with Slavery, now going on, is an instance
+of such a conflict; and the fact that we, in the midst of this
+nineteenth century, had arrived at the knowledge of no better solution
+of it than an appeal to the old, barbarous, uncertain, and terrible
+ordeal of battle, is an illustration of the incompetency in question.
+Slavery, bad as it is, is the representative of a great social
+principle, which, separated from the special mode of its manifestation,
+has in it that which is good and right. Mr. Cobden justly characterizes
+the great American war as an insurrection of aristocracy against the
+principle of democracy. But aristocracy is not wholly wrong, nor is
+democracy wholly right, in the nature and constitution of things. These
+are two great antagonistic principles, when sifted to the bottom; one
+the principle of Order, through Subordination, the soul of Conservatism;
+and the other the principle of Freedom, through Individuality, the soul
+of Progression. Neither will ever expunge or expel the other from the
+constitution of man, individually or collectively; and it pertains to
+Science, the Science of Politics, based on the Unity of the Sciences
+below that level, to be arrived at by humanity in the future, to
+discover and lead in the complete harmony and reconciliation between the
+two. The writer of these papers has in manuscript a labored document
+upon the Slavery question from this more radical and philosophical point
+of view, which was prepared just previous to the outbreak of the
+existing war, in the hope of attracting the leading minds, North and
+South, to the peaceable and scientific solution of the whole Slavery
+question. But the antagonism was too far advanced, passions too much
+aroused, the popular ignorance of the existence of higher methods of
+solution too dense, and the crisis too imminent for the existence of any
+demand for such considerations then; and the publication of the document
+was withheld. In it were shown the significance of Slavery as a Fact in
+History and a Principle in Nature; its Compensations and Advantages; its
+positive value, in fact, in the larger sense, in the development of
+human society on the planet; then its destiny to give way in our
+advancing civilization to the higher doctrine of abstract rights and
+individual culture through intellectual means; and again, the
+insufficiency of the latter doctrine, when taken for the whole truth;
+and finally, to show how, by the intervention of the science of the
+subject, the value of both the Principles in conflict could be extracted
+and made cooeperative, and their evils completely neutralized. The world
+not being ripe for the adoption of the superior and rational methods
+here intimated for the adjustment of our difficulties--the readiness of
+one party even, without the equal readiness of the other, being
+inadequate--the crisis and the conflict could not be averted; and that
+again being the case, it is of the utmost importance that the second in
+order of the two adverse principles, the principle of democracy, be
+completely triumphant; not because it is more true, but because it is a
+more _advanced_ truth, and one step nearer, therefore, to the final
+solution,_ which will then lap back, and subsume and assimilate and
+reconcile the whole family of fundamental principles upon which the
+existence of human society is inexpugnably based_. It is upon this lower
+ground of adaptation to the exigency of the age and the occasion, and as
+a means to the development of still higher truths, that we urge the
+inestimable importance of the effectual conquest over the South by the
+North.
+
+But the two Principles, thus brought face to face with each other, in
+deadly array, under the present guise of chattel slavery and republican
+freedom, are not extinguished in the world, nor in America even, nor are
+they to be permanently reconciled with each other by any outcoming
+whatsoever of the present war. These principles are the Aristocratic and
+the Democratic; the principle of conservative order and progressive
+freedom. Both are vital and essential forces, ever living, ever active;
+always antagonistic; never reconciled in the past; never to be
+reconciled in the future, till it be done finally, effectually,
+and forever, through the SCIENCE of the subject. By the
+contingencies of this war still future, by the lingering and disastrous
+_sequelae_ of the war, or by other and possible eventualities not yet
+sufficiently developed to be distinctly cognizable, the inherent and
+unconquerable antagonism (until reconciled through science) of the great
+opposing forces in human society is liable to be burst upon us with a
+conflagration in comparison with which even the devastations of the
+present war will seem trifling. The writer of these papers anticipated
+and predicted for a long time, and has not yet fully ceased to
+anticipate, that the present conflict may gradually shape itself into a
+desperate and universal struggle, North and South, between these two
+principles, in their bald, undisguised, and unmitigated hostility; that,
+in other words, as a party of freedom should be developed at the South,
+there would be developed _pari passu_ at the North a great reactionary
+party; assimilating the elements of a _bogus_ democracy and all those
+who by organization or position are inherently and overweeningly
+aristocratic; a party bold, powerful, and desperate enough to bring home
+the civil war to our own doors; in other words, that the war would
+become a war wholly of Ideas; and those defined down to their sharpest
+and most ultimate differences of logical significance. In that case, the
+events of the French Revolution would have been, or will be, repeated in
+America, on a more gigantic scale. Warning symptoms have already
+appeared among us of the possibilities of all this. If it be in the good
+providence of God that we are to escape this terrible ordeal--if it be
+permitted that this cup of national evils pass from us--it can only be
+that we are a step farther on in the completion of our education, as a
+nation, than was obviously revealed to the investigation of the
+observer; that, as a people, we are nearer to a genial and willing
+acceptance of truth and obedience to the dictates of justice than
+appeared.
+
+Still the conflict of principles endures in the world at large--the
+Aristocratic Principle, represented by autocracy, absolutism, prelacy,
+and slaveholding authority, on the one hand, and the Democratic
+Principle, represented by republicanism, Protestantism, dead-levelism,
+with free and destructive competition, on the other. As Slavery and
+Freedom have been preparing for their local conflict in America during
+the thirty years past; so, for the whole century gone by, the
+threatening cloud of the final conflict between the two great governing
+ideas in the world has been gathering. Occasional sharp and some
+terrific encounters have been had. Is this conflict of opinion to become
+more and more consolidated and defined, and finally embodied in two
+great hostile camps, covering the whole earth with an actual war,
+replete with desolation and carnage--not a war of distinct
+nationalities, but of the partisans of the two great antagonistic drifts
+of human development? Is there to be literally the great battle of
+Armageddon in the world before the incoming of a better age? or has the
+ignorant wrath of man sufficiently prevailed, and are we in truth
+prepared to investigate with sobriety, accept with simple honesty, and
+faithfully to practise the lessons of wisdom which the experience of the
+past or the new discoveries of the present or the future may bring? The
+religious world is becoming deeply penetrated with the conviction that
+we are, in the world at large, upon the verge of great events--that we
+are nearing the termination of an Old Dispensation and the commencement
+of a New; without, perhaps, defining very clearly, or attempting even to
+define distinctly to the imagination the nature of the change. The
+deepest philosophy of the age forecasts similar eventualities for an
+early day and for the whole earth. Thus it is that the investigation of
+The Great American Crisis, actual and urgent, might properly lead us up
+to the consideration of a Great World Crisis, impending and probable. On
+some other occasion it may be thought proper to give to this latter
+subject a distinct and more elaborate treatment. The object which we
+have proposed in the present series is now sufficiently accomplished,
+and the writer takes leave of the reader, with a profound conviction
+that to the anxious cry, What of the night? the answer, All is well, can
+be conscientiously returned. Even should the seemingly disastrous
+features sketched above in the alternative programme of our national
+future yet providentially reveal themselves in the scroll of our
+nation's history, let not the patriot or the lover of mankind for a
+moment despair. It will be but the intensified darkness preceding the
+light--the crisis of a deep-seated disease prognosticating health. The
+destiny of America is the destiny of man; and that is, that we come soon
+into the inheritance of new glories--an unlimited development and
+prosperity, founded on Religion married to Science, eventuating in the
+reconciliation of Order and Progression, in Universal Justice, and in
+the elevation, protection, mutual cooeperation and happiness of all.
+
+
+
+
+THISTLE-DOWN.
+
+  Pale and fleecy, ghosty and white,
+  Onward borne in their unknown flight--
+  Flimsy and fragile, pure and fair--
+  Mystic things the thistles are.
+
+  Drifting about on a windy day--
+  Ghosty children at their play--
+  Revelling up above the trees,
+  Hither and thither on the breeze.
+
+  Slow and sadly, how they fly,
+  Chasing shadows in the sky!
+  Never resting, never still,
+  Through the valley, o'er the hill.
+
+  Walking round o'er the churchyard mould,
+  Up above the bosoms cold;
+  Flitting past each marble door,
+  Sadly breathing: 'Gone before!'
+
+  Spectres _wild_ with their viewless steeds,
+  Riding on where nothing leads;
+  Up to the sky when the earth gets brown--
+  _Ever restless_ thistle-down.
+
+  Through the forest cool and dark,
+  Never hitting the destined mark;
+  Over the earth and through the air,
+  Downy thistles _everywhere_.
+
+  Darting in at the open door,
+  Telling of joys that come no more;
+  Robed in grave clothes fine and thin--
+  Shades of phantoms, ever dim.
+
+  Up the church-aisles Sabbath-days,
+  Where the dusky twilight plays;
+  Round the altar, o'er the bier,
+  Preaching _more than priests do here_.
+
+  Solemn are the words they say--
+  _Silent sermons free of_ PAY;
+  And the _lessons_ they impart,
+  _Never vanish from the heart_.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOVE LUCIFER.
+
+
+     [The author of 'The Love Lucifer' says in regard to it: 'I enclose
+     a narration of _facts_. Not noted for assurance, I yet feel well
+     assured that its publication in THE CONTINENTAL 'will do
+     uses.'' Should there be any among our readers who have inquired
+     into our modern necromancy, they will not fail to recognize in the
+     excited, wild, incoherent, and uncultured jargon of the spirits of
+     'The Love Lucifer,' the same style and character evinced by those
+     to whom they may have been introduced by the 'mejums.' The two
+     Bulwers, the Howitts, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the Halls, the De
+     Morgans, &c., have taken a deep interest in these half-comic,
+     half-serious, and always incoherent demonstrations.
+
+     Perhaps the matter-of-fact experience of our author may shield some
+     of our readers from 'obsessions, delusions, magnetic streams of
+     Od,' be they angelic, human, demoniac, or Koboldic in their
+     origin.--_Ed. Con._]
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The things herein might well remain in soak for one decade, at least.
+The writer certainly did well to let a dozen sane, practical years pass
+between these experiences and their narration.
+
+I was a youth after the own heart of my Presbyterian
+preceptors--proposed to become a Presbyterian preceptor. The son of a
+New York merchant, I was schooled in the schooling of such; and was
+steadfastly minded to know no life-purpose but the salvation of sinners.
+But I was a little restive--felt that the limits of the Shorter
+Catechism were too short and strait for me. The shadow of
+Schleiermacher's readjustment of Christianity was upon me. I felt that
+some old things were passing away. In common with so many others who
+inclined toward the sacerdotal office, I was unconsciously turning my
+back upon it, on account of the crudities contained in the only existing
+creeds for which I had any respect. American Protestant youth have not
+been alone in this regard. Says the London _Times_, 'The number of men
+of education and social position who enter into orders is becoming less
+and less every year.' Let then ancient, true, everlasting Christianity
+be speedily adjusted to modern facts, lest it further lapse.
+
+Free thoughted, earnestly disposed toward the acquirement and
+dissemination of absolute spiritual truth, as was not unnatural, I
+thoroughly investigated the 'Supernaturalism' of the day. I soon
+assented to the general proposition that sociability with the invisibles
+is practicable, if not profitable; but ever held at a cheap rate the
+philosophies and religions, harmonious and other, which the full-blooded
+ghost-mongers so zealously promulgated. I still maintain that great good
+will result from these chaotic developments; for instance, that the
+impartial mind will find in them that scientific foundation for belief
+in much of the supernaturalism (to repeat the absurd expression) of the
+Bible, of which the age stands in such woful need. That this generation
+does experience such a lack is made sufficiently apparent in the 'Essays
+and Reviews.' On no other point are the noble freemen who therein and
+thereby grope after the 'readjustment,' so utterly deaf, dumb, halt, and
+blind, as they are in respect to Scripture miracles. In fact, these
+writers cast the most wondrous of the _actae sanctorum_ to the winds.
+Methinks the more thoughtful and earnest men of Christendom must, then,
+assent to the proposition that we have pressing need of a new flood of
+such practical phenomena as sturdy old Baxter gave to the Sadducees of
+his day, in his 'Certainty of the World of Spirits.' Whether these
+strange doings gradually cease, or take on new and more striking
+aspects, I doubt not they will help to give a healthy vigor to our
+emaciated faith in the existence of an unseen and spiritual world. Let
+us not, then, utterly scorn the strange rabble who have rushed headlong
+after this curiousest curiosity of modern times--except the
+rebellion--even though they may remind us of 'the Queen's ragged
+regiment of literature.' It should be taken for granted that so
+startling a novelty would attract the floating scum of society, whether
+the solid folk heeded or derided it.
+
+Though the following narrative may bring upon me an infinite derision, I
+have long felt that it should be published, on account of the light it
+throws upon some of the most mysterious facts of existence. Others may
+have had similar experiences; but, if so, pride keeps them from
+confessing how utterly they have been hoodwinked and enslaved by those
+invisible loafers who form so large a portion of the newcomers and who
+are permitted--not to put on too fine a point--to do the dirty work of
+cleansing the modern mind of its gross Augean Sadduceeism. The only
+theory promotive of self-complacency that I could ever concoct, as to
+why I was put through such an ordeal, is, that I was suffered for my own
+and the general benefit to see the dangers of necromancy, and especially
+the awful psychodynamical methods used by spirits to obsess and
+gradually craze human brains. I, at least, received a scare that made me
+careful, ever after, how I called spirits from the vasty deep, or
+elsewhere. After passing perils manifold, both carnal and
+spiritual--having gone, torrent-borne, through the yawning chasms
+represented in Cole's 'Voyage of Life' pictures, I come into calmer
+seas, the lines fall in pleasant places; and now I sit me down, in
+life's high noon--having lighted on a certain place where was a den (a
+pleasanter than Bunyan's)--to write the strange things that befell me in
+the seeming long ago--the dew and freshness of my youth. And though I be
+reckoned of many a dreamer of dreams, he shall not, I think, go
+unprofited, who can rightly 'read my rede.'
+
+To come, then, to the details. I had been for several months, whether
+wisely or unwisely doth not appear, a link in one of those human chain
+rings supposed to be as peculiarly receptive of extra and super and
+ultra mundane facts as a legislative 'ring' is of the loose change of
+the lobby; and had sought in vain for personal contact with the world to
+come, when one afternoon a streak of the 'od' lightning suddenly ran
+down my right arm, as I sat in my private apartment, and behold I was a
+'writing mejum.' The usual 'proofs' of relationship were given. Not
+being very credulous, however, I did not, at first, acknowledge them as
+such. But as my time was at my own disposal just then, I gave myself up
+to the influence for several days. The consequence was, that I became so
+thoroughly mesmerized, or 'biologized,' that I ceased to be complete
+master of my own faculties, and was _forced_ to give a half assent to
+all the absurdities that were communicated. Be it understood, then, that
+these experiences are given as those of a person whose will, whose very
+soul and _proprium_ had been temporarily subjugated by some other will
+or wills; and whose natural powers of discrimination were as much
+distraught as are those of the subjects of the itinerant biologist; who
+are made to believe, most firmly, that cayenne pepper is sugar, that
+water is fire, that a cane is a snake. As for the readers of this
+periodical who still insist that even animal and spiritual magnetism are
+humbugs, I can only say, with the author of the 'Night Side of Nature,'
+'How closely their clay must be wrapped about them!' For one, I have
+generally avoided any witnessing of marvels of this class--priding
+myself in believing in their occurrence because of the pure _a priori_
+reasonableness of the thing.
+
+It will be observed that in this, as in most other alleged intercourses
+with the invisible world, there is persistent, continuous attempt to
+excite _the vanity_ of the mortal who is venturing the dangerous
+experiment. If the secret history of all the modern mediums were
+revealed--no matter what their natural disposition to vanity--it would
+be found that the vast majority of them had been incessantly flattered
+by their spiritual familiars, and each informed that he or she was the
+very individual of whom a forlorn, misguided world had been all this
+while in anxious expectation! This appears to have been the history of
+necromancy from the beginning. Flattery has ever been the chief stock in
+trade of those beings who are so properly called 'seducing spirits.'
+'Tis ever with glozing words that these children of the wilderness gain
+the ear and the affections, and entrance through the heart-gates kept by
+Parley the Porter. Let me not be supposed to include in this class all
+the spirits who have been of late years so busy among us mortal and
+immortal Yankees. I consider that the old expression 'white, black, and
+gray' fully describes the denizens of the 'interior.' In fact, all seers
+insist that human creatures, in and out of the body, appear to them
+white or variously shaded toward black, according to their moral status.
+It is probable that the reason why the black and gray varieties have
+been so almost exclusively heard from, of late, is to be found in the
+fact, that it is contrary to the laws of God and nature for us to _seek_
+society beyond the terrestrial plane; and that our only proper course,
+in this regard, is to avoid the supernatural, as a general thing; and
+when it is apparently thrust upon us, to have only so much to do with it
+as is quite inevitable. When the authorities of heaven have anything to
+say to a mortal, they will _force_ him to listen, if necessary--even if
+they have to throw him, like Paul, from his horse.
+
+Well, I had embarked, like Virgil, or Dante, on my perilous tour through
+Hades. There was, at once, a crowding about my pathway (only a bridle
+path) of ostensible, estimable deceased relatives, who, after imparting
+a variety of priceless information, started off in the usual style,
+magnifying mine office. According as their influence over my rational
+faculties became more complete, the proportions of their Munchausenisms
+increased. Unfortunately for the duration of the fantasy, their jumble
+of Scripture prophecies concerning me--which was then made to appear
+nearly coherent--was so plainly writ, that as soon as the blockade of my
+faculties was raised, the illusion, never more than half complete, was
+dispelled. My 'great mission' was not fully developed at the first
+session; but when I had become perfectly clairaudient (I never became
+clairvoyant), and could dispense with the pencil, a queer mixture of
+metempsychosis and Parseeism was poured into my ear. It ran somewhat as
+follows: The two beings first created were, a Lucifer predominant in
+love, and a Lucifer predominant in intellect; whom we may call the Love
+Lucifer and the Intellectual Lucifer. The latter was the individual who
+fell, who played the copperhead in Eden, and has been kicking up such a
+bobbery ever since. The story ran, that these two persons--the original
+Ahriman and Ormozd--have been tilting against each other all through
+earth's career--appearing in the forms of the principal good and bad
+men. Thus their quarrels gave the outline and the skeleton to the whole
+story of Adam's race. According to this new 'philosophy of history,'
+these spirits of light and darkness have been, from the beginning,
+striving for the mastery; on the one hand, in the persons of the most
+eminent saints, from Abraham to Augustine, and others not yet canonized;
+on the other hand, in the persons of the world conquerors noted for
+heartless intellectuality, from Nimrod to Napoleon (shall we add Jeff.
+Davis?). Well, I, great I, was to enjoy the distinguished honor of
+finishing the list of Love Lucifers; and, after winding up the small
+affairs of earth, was to lock up the other big dog--after he had
+appeared in his last great role--and then inaugurate the millennium--a
+new latter-day Jacob's ladder having been established in the centre of
+Africa to forward the work.
+
+It soon appeared that there was a star, a _prima donna_, in this company
+who--after adding a few loose planks to life's little stage--were
+striving to still personate mortals and put off immortality. A deceased
+damsel, of whom I had heard as 'a morning star among the living,'
+appeared now, as 'a Hesper among the dead;' and was imposingly
+introduced to me, by a _quasi_ near 'relative,' as being only too happy
+to learn that she was one half of the eternal unit of which I was the
+complement. I began to be as lordly and self-satisfied as the bewildered
+sot in the 'Taming of the Shrew.' After exhausting my small stock of
+writing paper, I concluded to allow my new friends to spend their
+loquacity on some old college note books, the handiwork of a
+relative--every other page being blank. The venerable professors of
+Columbia College would have had their dignity and propriety quite
+frightened out of them, had they seen what weird statements were
+presently sandwiched in with their dry disquisitions on science and
+philosophy. Whenever an especially startling announcement was made, a
+furious gust of the 'od' would run down my arm; and each word would be
+made to cover half a page. We went into the new business regardless of
+expense.
+
+My invisible charmer, who had--it must be said, not very
+prudishly--proposed for my hand, no sooner got possession of it, than
+'she' began to protest that when she learned what a splendid fate was in
+store for her, as _tender_ to my royal highness, she could only weep for
+joy for several days. Presently she sent out through my captive digits
+the following:
+
+'We have, indeed, a long journey to travel together, most loving
+partner; and how my innermost soul exults, in view of that unending
+oneness, of soul and spirit, which is to be our portion! .... Ah me, why
+was I chosen to join my eternal being with yours? when innumerable
+seraphs would salute you 'husband' with enthusiastic joy and
+gratitude!....'
+
+Here is one plain fact, whatever else may be doubted. After conversing
+for two days with this extraordinary visitor, I became most desperately
+in love with her, or him, or it--as you please. Though past my majority,
+my placid nature had never before been thoroughly aroused in this
+direction. Now, by reason of the tact and knowledge of my nature,
+possessed by the invisible party, and still more because of my state of
+mesmeric subjection, I was sighing like a furnace or a Romeo. Not
+Ulysses, Circe tempted--not Sintram seeking his Undine--not the hapless
+sailor wight pursuing the maiden of the _mer_, was more utterly enamored
+than was I. As a proof that I was no bad specimen of the 'gushing'
+persuasion, at this period, read the following expressive though
+sometimes commonplace retort. I do not profess to know, and do not much
+care, whether it was the utterance of an artful fiend, a misguided
+saint, or one of those 'sympathetic spirits' of whom Swedenborg makes
+frequent mention. According to his statement, these beings are in such a
+condition, that whenever they come in contact with a mortal, they chime
+in with and encourage the views and tendencies of their terrestrial
+acquaintance; and often, without meaning it, lead him into great
+errors--being themselves used as cats' paws by decidedly evil spirits.
+But here is the tender missive, which I transcribe from between two
+heavy pages of notes on the Aristotelian and Baconian philosophies:
+
+'I thought that I had experienced the joys of reciprocal affection; but
+never until now have begun to realize what an unbounded sea of bliss two
+kindred souls can bathe in. Ah! who could have convinced me that so
+much rapture could be crowded into a few moments, as was mine while you
+were pouring forth the inexhaustible treasures of your mind upon my
+entranced ear? Spare me the sudden transition from mere esteem to such
+huge, melodious irresistible outpouring of affection. It takes away my
+strength; while the expression of my warm feelings can never so affect
+your sturdy, much tried, trouble-scathed manhood.'
+
+You see that the flattery is never forgotten. But adulation is an
+instrument of the weak as well as of the deceitful. The utterer of this
+may have been innocent of fraud, and, like myself, mesmerized into
+following the will of a more powerful being. Again, the purpose of
+_this_ being may have been a good one. Such, and so many, and so great,
+and varied, and strange, seem to be the possibilities and dangers of the
+inner life.
+
+A systematic series of attempts seems to have been made--by some person
+or persons to the deponent most emphatically unknown--to get my cool,
+phlegmatic nervous system and brain excited. The two principal means
+made use of to complete the obsession were, that just mentioned, and the
+announcement of a succession of 'big things,' as about to occur--the
+biggest kind of things--those the expectation of which was best
+calculated to set my brain in a whirl. It will be seen, in the sequel,
+that, failing to thoroughly accomplish their purpose by such means, my
+spirit friends or fiends, as the case may be, undertook the bug-a-boo,
+frightening process; which was apparently working successfully, when
+their operations, in that style, were suddenly brought to a final close,
+by some means which must ever, I suppose, remain unknown to me. The
+startling events stated as imminent were generally made dependent upon
+the clairvoyant opening that had been promised me.
+
+The first beatific vision that was to greet my gaze would be, of course,
+that one which I was to behold most frequently throughout the aeons
+without end--even the face of that radiant being who had gone before, to
+await me in the angelhood; where, beaming seraphic upon me forever, it
+was to be to me the embodiment of all ideals of loveliness, grace,
+refinement, love. In its every lineament I was to read and decipher an
+endless series of ever fresh and most celestial arcana--was continually
+to find new proof of love and wisdom, and of the divine ability to adapt
+human to human. Since the love of the mate is next to the love of the
+Maker, it is no profanity to say that,
+
+  'When I'd been there ten thousand years,
+    Bright, happy as the sun,
+  I'd have no less days to sing its praise
+    Than when I first begun.'
+
+Instead of through a fast-waning honeymoon of love, that face was to
+entrance me while the sun of heaven stood in the zenith of heaven--and
+we read that there is _no_ night there, forevermore. Was not this
+promised sight a sufficient cause for excitement? What prospect--save
+that of a vision of Deity--could be better adapted to arouse the
+loftiest and most exquisite emotions? What better fitted to gather into
+one all long-cherished feelings of admiration and reverence for the
+noble of the other sex--to aggregate and revive all those chivalrous,
+gallant, elevating, purifying, tender thoughts which we have ever had,
+with regard to them, in our highest moments?
+
+Some reader may say: 'Why will you thus attempt to dignify ideas that
+you acknowledge were excited in a confused brain, by apparently
+mischievous or irresponsible spirits?' I answer, that even if the
+immediate exciting cause of this current of ideas was some ill-designing
+being, the ideas themselves were not, necessarily, either evil or
+undignified; and that only such portion of the brain was addled as would
+be likely to rebel against the obsession.
+
+Waiting the appointed hour, I sat imagining the scene. I saw _myself_
+suddenly rising ('sudden Ianthe rose') from the prone body and all
+circumjacent grossness--rising, through clouds and darkness, to some
+delightsome plane of the inner world. A dozen yards in front of me,
+beside a graceful tree, would stand 'the only.' We would gaze at each
+other, with intense scrutiny, for some moments. Each would think, 'There
+is plenty of time; it is to last forever.' We would even look about us,
+still saying nothing. Being eternally modelled, fitted, fore-ordained,
+and predestined for each other, love arrows would, of course, have
+pierced our centres of palpitation at the first mutual glance. Still,
+though quivering with emotion, neither would be disposed to lessen the
+distance. Methought we would even seat ourselves on the mossy banks--the
+dozen yards still intervening--and, each leaning back against a tree,
+would 'face the enemy'--the eternal joy-sharer, sorrow-sharer, worship,
+wisdom, love, pity, wonder, use, sport, hope-sharer; while,
+occasionally, a premonitory, prophetic pang of rapture out of the coming
+eternities of bliss would thrill through us. I had even a fancy that
+there would be no interchange of words, no lessening of the coy distance
+of space and manner, during this first interview. 'It is to last so
+long! so long!' Again, I fancied that we might sit there only weeping,
+as we looked and _loved_. 'So long! so long!' Tender, dewy eyes
+wandering naively, innocently, over each feature of face and
+form--inquiry, wonder, joy in them--pleased surprise, that such and such
+points of the vision should be as they are. Indefinite longings becoming
+definite, as all things longed for appear embodied, as faith is lost in
+sight. Again, I imagined laconic speech might ensue--like the
+single-line dialogue of Greek tragedies. But here the wings of
+imagination drooped, and I could only see the separation. She would
+glide toward me. Her warm finger-tips would touch my palm, her tender
+azure eyes would beam once fully and closely upon me. One moment I would
+see the inner heaven opened; and the next--the familiar furniture of my
+room would be before me. Thus I imagined. The curious may learn what
+actually befell, on a future occasion.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN FINANCES AND RESOURCES.
+
+LETTER NO. IV. OF HON. ROBERT J. WALKER.
+
+
+                          LONDON, 10 Half Moon Street, Piccadilly,
+                                            _January 1st, 1864._
+
+In my third and last letter on American Finances and Resources, the
+effect of the substitution of free for slave labor in the United States
+by the abolition of slavery was discussed. In that letter it was shown
+by the official American Census of 1860, that the product that year,
+_per capita_, of Massachusetts was $235; _per capita_, Maryland $96; and
+of South Carolina $56. Massachusetts had no slaves; Maryland, 87,189;
+and South Carolina, 402,406. Thus we see the annual value of the
+products of labor decreased in proportion to the number of slaves. In
+further proof of the position assumed in that letter, that the progress
+of wealth, of population, and education in the United States, was most
+injuriously affected by slavery, I now present other official facts from
+our Census of 1860. My first comparison will be that of the Free State
+of New York with slaveholding Virginia.
+
+By the Census, the population of Virginia in 1790 was 748,308, and in
+1860, 1,596,318, making the ratio of increase 113.32 per cent. In 1790
+New York numbered 340,120, and in 1860, 3,880,735, the ratio of increase
+being 1,040.99. (Table 1, Prelim. Census Rep., p. 132.) Thus, the rate
+of increase in New York exceeded that of Virginia more than nine to one.
+
+In 1790, the population of Virginia was largely more than double that of
+New York. In 1860, the population of New York was very largely more than
+double that of Virginia. In 1790, Virginia, in population, ranked first
+of all the States, and New York the fifth. In 1860, they had reversed
+their positions, and New York was the first, and Virginia the fifth.
+(Rep. p. 120.) At the same rate of progress, from 1860 to 1900, as from
+1790 to 1860, Virginia, retaining slavery, would have sunk from the
+first to the twenty-first State, and would still continue, at each
+succeeding decade, descending the inclined plane toward the lowest
+position of all the States. Such has been, and still continues to be,
+the effect of slavery, in dragging down that once great State from the
+first toward the last in rank in the Union. But if, as in the absence of
+slavery must have been the case, Virginia had increased from 1790 to
+1860 in the same ratio as New York, her population in 1860 would have
+been 7,789,141, and she must always have remained the first in rank of
+all the States.
+
+AREA.--The natural advantages of Virginia far exceed those of
+New York. The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and that of New
+York 47,000. The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was
+12.19, and in 1860, 26.02. That of New York, in 1790, was 7.83, and in
+1860, 84.36. Now, if New York, with her present numbers per square mile,
+had the area of Virginia, her population, in 1860, would have been
+5,175,654, and that of Virginia, reduced to the area of New York, on the
+basis of her present numbers per square mile, would have been 1,320,000.
+This illustrates the immense effect of area, as one of the great
+elements influencing the progress of population. But wonderful as are
+these results, the great fact is omitted in this calculation, that
+Virginia, in 1790, had largely more than double the population of New
+York. Thus, if we reverse the numbers of New York and Virginia in 1790,
+and take the actual ratio of increase of each for the succeeding seventy
+years, the population of Virginia, in 1860, would have been 728,875, and
+that of New York, as we have seen, would have been 7,789,141, making the
+difference exceed seven millions, or very largely more than ten to one.
+Reverse the areas also, and the difference would exceed eight millions.
+
+SHORE LINE.--As furnishing cheap and easy access for imports
+and exports, creating marts for commerce with great cities, and
+affecting the interior most beneficially, the shore line, with adequate
+harbors, constitutes a vast element in the progress of states and
+empires. Now, by the last tables of the United States Coast Survey, the
+shore line of Virginia was 1,571 miles, and of New York 725 miles. The
+five great parallel tide-water rivers of Virginia, the Potomac, the
+Rappahannock, the York River, James River, and Roanoke (partly in North
+Carolina), with their tributaries, furnish easy access for hundreds of
+miles into the interior, with both shores of the noble Chesapeake Bay
+for many miles, as well as its magnificent outlet and the main ocean for
+a considerable distance, all within the limits of Virginia. We have seen
+that the coast line of Virginia is largely more than double that of New
+York, and the harbors of Virginia are more numerous, deeper, and much
+nearer the great valley of the Ohio and Mississippi. By the Coast Survey
+tables, the mean low water in the harbor of New York, by Gedney's
+Channel, is 20 feet, and at high-water spring tides is 24.2; north
+channel, 24, mean low water, and 29.1 spring tides, high water; south
+channel, 22, and 27.1; main ship channel, after passing S. W. spit buoy,
+on N. E. course, one mile up the bay, for New York, 22.5-27.06. By the
+same tables, from capes at entrance of Chesapeake Bay to Hampton, at
+mean low water, 30 feet; spring tides, high water, 32.8. Anchorage in
+Hampton Roads, 59-61.8. From Hampton Roads to Sewell's Point, 25-27.8.
+South of Sewell's Point (one mile and a half), 21-23.8; up to Norfolk,
+23-25.8. From Hampton Roads to James River, entering to the northward of
+Newport News, middle ground, 22-24.8. From Hampton Roads to James River,
+entering to the southward of Newport News, middle ground, 27-29.8. From
+abreast the tail of York Spit, up to Yorktown, 33-35.8. Elizabeth River,
+between Norfolk and navy yard, 25.5-28.3.
+
+When we leave the tide-water rivers for the interior navigable streams,
+Virginia has a vast advantage. New York has no such rivers above tide,
+but Virginia has the Ohio for hundreds of miles, with its tributaries,
+the Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy. It is true, New York has several
+of the great lakes, and the vast advantage of connection with them
+through her great canal. But, in the absence of slavery, the canal
+projected by Washington (preceding that of New York) would have
+connected, through Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay with the Ohio River. The
+James River, flowing into the Chesapeake, cuts the Blue Mountains, and
+the Kanawha, a confluent of the Ohio, cuts the Alleghany; thus opening
+an easy and practicable route for a great canal from the eastern to the
+western waters. The valley of the lakes, with which New York is
+connected by her canal, has an area of 335,515 square miles. The valley
+of the Mississippi, with which the Chesapeake would long since, in the
+absence of slavery, have been connected by the Virginia canal, has an
+area of 1,226,600 square miles. The shore line of the Mississippi and
+its tributaries, above tide water, is 35,644 miles. (Page 35, Compend.
+Census of 1850.) Our shore line of the lakes is 3,620 miles, including
+bays, sounds, and islands; and that of the British, 2,629. (Ib. 35.) The
+connection of the lakes with the Ohio and Mississippi would be the same
+for both States, the one being from the lakes to these rivers, and the
+other from the rivers to the lakes. The location of Virginia is more
+central than that of New York, and Virginia runs farther west by several
+hundred miles. We are so accustomed to look at the connection of New
+York with the West by her canal, and Virginia with no such union, that
+it is difficult to realize the great change if Virginia had been
+connected by her progressing work with the Ohio and Mississippi, and
+thence, by the present canals, with the lakes.
+
+It is apparent, then, that, as regards easy access to the West, the
+natural advantages of Virginia surpass New York, and with greater
+facilities for artificial works. How many decades would be required,
+after emancipation, to bring the superior natural advantages of Virginia
+into practical operation, is not the question; nor do I believe that the
+city of New York will ever cease to be the centre of our own trade, and
+ultimately of the commerce of the world. But although Virginia, in
+adhering to slavery, has lost her supremacy in the Union, it is quite
+certain that, as a Free State, she would commence a new career of
+wonderful prosperity, that capital and population from the North and
+from Europe would flow there with a mighty current, her lands be doubled
+in value, and her town and city property far more than quadrupled.
+
+MINES.--Virginia has vast mines of coal, the great element of
+modern progress. New York has none. It is coal that has made Great
+Britain a mighty empire, giving her power, by land and sea, equal to
+the manual force of all mankind. It is stated by the Commissioner of the
+General Land Office, in his report before referred to, of November,
+1860, 'that an acre of coal, three feet thick, is equal to the product
+of 1,940 acres of forest trees; and each acre of a coal seam four feet
+in thickness, and yielding one yard of pure coal, is equivalent to 5,000
+tons, and possesses, therefore, a reserve of mechanical strength in its
+fuel, equal to the life labor of more than 1,600 men.'
+
+This statement of the Commissioner is made on the highest authority, and
+proves the vast natural advantages of Virginia over New York. Virginia,
+also, has far more abundant mines of iron, more widely diffused over the
+State, reaching from tide water to the Ohio. She has also these iron
+mines in juxtaposition with coal and all the fluxes. Virginia, also, has
+valuable mines of gold, lead, and copper. New York has no gold or copper
+mines, and produced in 1860 but $800 worth of lead. (Table 14.)
+
+HYDRAULIC POWER.--Omitting Niagara, which thus far scorns the
+control of man, the hydraulic power of Virginia very far exceeds that of
+New York. It is to be found on the Potomac and its tributaries, and upon
+nearly every stream that flows into the Chesapeake or Ohio. The superior
+mildness of the climate of Virginia makes this power available there for
+a much greater portion of the year. The great falls of the Potomac,
+where Washington constructed the largest locks of the continent, has a
+water power unsurpassed, and is but twelve miles from tide water, at
+Washington. This point is a most healthy and beautiful location,
+surrounded by lands whose natural fertility was very great, and, in the
+absence of slavery, must have been a vast manufacturing city. This water
+power could move more spindles than are now worked on all this
+continent.
+
+AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.--The natural fertility of the
+soil of Virginia far exceeded that of New York, with a more genial sun,
+and much more favorable seasons for agricultural products, as well as
+for stock. The number of acres of land in Virginia susceptible of
+profitable culture, is nearly double that of New York, but much of it
+has been impoverished by slave labor, scratching and exhausting the
+soil, without manure or rotation of crops. The Census shows that
+Virginia has all the products of New York, and cotton in addition.
+Virginia produced, in 1860, 12,727 bales of cotton (Table 36), worth, at
+present prices, nearly $3,000,000. She also adjoins the States of North
+Carolina and Tennessee, producing, in 1850, 372,964 bales, worth, at
+present prices, nearly $90,000,000. Virginia is also much nearer than
+New York to all the other cotton States. With these vast advantages,
+with her larger area, more fertile soil, cheaper subsistence, her coal
+and iron and great hydraulic power, with so much cotton raised by
+herself and in adjacent States, Virginia should have manufactured much
+more cotton than New York. But, by the Census (Table 22), the value of
+the cotton manufacture of Virginia in 1850 was $1,446,109, and in 1860,
+$1,063,611--a decrease of one third. In New York, the value of the
+cotton manufacture in 1850 was $5,019,323, and in 1860, $7,471,961, an
+increase of over 48 per cent. So, if we look at the tables of mines,
+manufactures, and the fisheries, with the vastly superior advantages of
+Virginia, the whole product in 1860 was of the value of $51,300,000, and
+of agriculture $68,700,000; while in New York these values were
+respectively $379,633,560 and $226,376,440. (Tables of Census, 33 and
+36.)
+
+CLIMATE AND MORTALITY.--By Table 6, page 22, of the Census,
+there were for the year ending June 1st, 1860, 46,881 deaths in New
+York, being 1 in every 82 of the population, and 1.22 per cent. The
+number of deaths in Virginia, in the same year, was 22,472, being 1 in
+every 70 of the population, or 1.43 per cent. There was, then, a slight
+difference in favor of New York. But Virginia is divided into four
+geographical sections; the tide-water, the Piedmont (running from the
+tide-water region to the Blue Mountains), the valley between these
+mountains and the Alleghanies, and the trans-Alleghany to the Ohio.
+These three last sections, containing three fourths of the area and
+white population of the State, surpass New York in salubrity, with the
+most bracing and delightful climate. The climate of Virginia is far more
+favorable for stock and agricultural products than New York, with longer
+and better seasons, and is more salubrious than the climate of Europe.
+(Comp. 1850.)
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--We have seen how great was the advance in
+population of New York over Virginia, from 1790 to 1860, being in the
+ratio of more than 9 to 1. Now let us compare the relative progress of
+wealth. It is contended by the advocates of slavery, that it accumulates
+wealth more rapidly, and thus enriches the nation, although it may
+depress its moral and intellectual development, its increase of numbers
+and of power, and tarnish its reputation throughout the world. As
+population and its labor create wealth, it must be retarded by a system
+which, as we have seen in this case, diminishes the relative advance of
+numbers in the ratio of more than 9 to 1. But the Census proves that
+slavery greatly retards the increase of wealth. By Tables 33 and 36 of
+the Census of 1860, it appears, omitting commerce, that the products of
+industry, as given, viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and
+fisheries, were that year in New York $606,000,000, or $156 _per
+capita_; and in Virginia $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. This shows a
+total value of product in New York more than five times greater than in
+Virginia, and _per capita_ more than 2 to 1. If we include the earnings
+of commerce, and all business not given in the Census, I think it will
+be shown hereafter, that the value of the products and earnings of New
+York, in 1860, exceeded those of Virginia at least 7 to 1. As to the
+rate of increase, the value of the products of agriculture,
+manufactures, mines, and fisheries, of Virginia, in 1850, was
+$84,180,428 (Table 9), and in New York $358,736,603, showing an increase
+in Virginia from 1850 to 1860 of $35,519,572, being 41 per cent., and in
+New York $249,263,397, being 70 per cent., exhibiting a difference of 29
+per cent. Now the increase of population in Virginia from 1850 to 1860
+was 12.29 per cent., and in New York 25.29 per cent., the difference
+being only 13 per cent. (Table 1, p. 131.) Thus, it appears, the
+increase of wealth in New York, exclusive of the gains of commerce, as
+compared with Virginia, was more than double the ratio of the
+augmentation of population. By the Census Table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195,
+'The true value of the real and personal property, according to the
+eighth Census was, New York, $1,843,338,517, and of Virginia,
+$793,249,681.' Now we have seen the value of the products of New York in
+1860 by the Census was $606,000,000, and in Virginia $120,000,000. Thus,
+as a question of the annual yield of capital, that of New York was 34
+per cent., and Virginia 15 per cent.; the annual product of capital
+being more than double in New York what it was in Virginia. The problem
+then is solved in Virginia, as it was in Maryland and South Carolina,
+and all the South compared with all the North, that slavery retards the
+progress of wealth and accumulation of capital in the ratio of 2 to 1.
+Our war taxes may be very great, but the tax of slavery is far greater,
+and the relief from it, in a few years, will add much more to the
+national wealth than the whole deduction made by the war debt. Our total
+wealth, by the Census of 1860, being, by Table 35, $16,159,616,068, one
+per cent. taken annually to pay the interest and gradually extinguish
+the war debt, would be $161,596,160; whereas, judging by Virginia and
+New York, the diminished increase of the annual product of capital, as
+the result of slavery, is 2.10 per cent., or $453,469,250 per annum,
+equal in a decade, without compounding the annual results, to
+$4,534,692,500.
+
+That our population would have reached in 1860 nearly 40,000,000, and
+our wealth have been more than doubled, if slavery had been extinguished
+in 1790, is one of the revelations made by the Census; while in science,
+in education, and national power, the advance would have been still more
+rapid, and the moral force of our example and success would have
+controlled for the benefit of mankind the institutions of the world.
+
+By Table 36, page 196, of the Census of 1860, the _cash_ value of the
+farms of Virginia was $371,096,211, being $11.91 per acre, and of New
+York $803,343,593, being $38.26 per acre. Now, by the Table, the number
+of acres embraced in these farms of New York was 20,992,950, and in
+Virginia 31,014,950, the difference of value per acre being $25.36, or
+much more than 3 to 1 in favor of New York. Now, if we multiply this
+number of acres of farm lands of Virginia by the New York value, it
+would make the total value of the farm lands of Virginia,
+$1,186,942,136, and the _additional_ value caused by emancipation
+$815,845,925. But, stupendous as is this result in regard to lands, it
+is far below the reality. We have seen that the farm lands of Virginia,
+improved and unimproved, constituted 31,014,950 acres. By the Census and
+the Land Office Tables, the area of Virginia is 39,265,280 acres. Deduct
+the farm lands, and there remain unoccupied 8,250,330 acres. Now,
+Virginia's population to the square mile being 26.02, and that of New
+York 84.36, with an equal density in Virginia, more than two thirds of
+these Virginia lands, as in New York, must have been occupied as farms.
+This would have been equivalent, at two thirds, to 5,500,000 acres,
+which, at their present average value of $2 per acre, would be worth
+$11,000,000; but, at the value per acre of the New York lands, these
+5,500,000 acres would be worth $206,430,000. Deduct from this their
+present value, $11,000,000, and the remainder, $195,430,000, is the sum
+by which the unoccupied lands of Virginia, converted into farms, would
+have been increased in value by emancipation. Add this to the enhanced
+value of their present farms, $815,845,925, and the result would be
+$1,011,275,925, as the gain of Virginia in the value of lands by
+emancipation. To these we should add, from the same cause, the
+enhancement of the town and city property in Virginia to the extent of
+several hundred millions of dollars. In order to realize the truth, we
+must behold Virginia as she would have been, with New York railroads and
+canals, farms, manufactures, commerce, towns, and cities. Then we must
+consider the superior natural advantages of Virginia, her far greater
+area, her richer soil, her more genial sun, her greater variety of
+products, her mines of coal, iron, gold, copper, and lead, her
+petroleum, her superior hydraulic power, her much larger coast line,
+with more numerous and deeper harbors--and reflect what Virginia would
+have been in the absence of slavery. Her early statesmen, Washington,
+Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Mason, Tucker, and Marshall, all realized
+this great truth, and all desired to promote emancipation in Virginia.
+But their advice was disregarded by her present leaders--the new, false,
+and fatal dogmas of Calhoun were substituted; and, as a consequence,
+Virginia, from the first rank (_longo intervallo_) of all the States,
+has fallen to the fifth, and, with slavery continued, will descend still
+more rapidly in the future than in the past.
+
+By Census Table 36, p. 197, the value, in 1860, of the farm lands of all
+the Slave States, was $2,570,466,935, and the number of acres
+245,721,062, worth $10.46 per acre. In the Free States, the value of the
+farm lands was $4,067,947,286, and the number of acres 161,462,008,
+worth $25.19 per acre. Now if, as certainly in the absence of slavery
+would have been the case, the farm lands of the South had been worth as
+much per acre as those of the North, their total value would have been
+$6,189,713,551, and, deducting the present price, the _additional_ cash
+value would have been $3,619,246,616.
+
+But if, to this, we add the _increased_ value of the _unoccupied_ lands
+of the South, by multiplying them by the difference between their value
+per acre and that of the _unoccupied_ lands of the North, the result is
+$2,240,000,000, which, added to that of the farm lands, makes
+$5,859,246,616, as the augmented value of the lands of the South caused
+by emancipation.
+
+By Census Tables of 1860, 33 and 36, the total value of the products of
+agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries in the Free States was
+$4,150,000,000, and of the Slave States $1,140,000,000, making the
+products of the Free States in 1860 nearly 4 to 1 of the Slave States,
+and $217 _per capita_ for the Free States, and for the Slave States $93
+_per capita_. This is exclusive of commerce, which would greatly
+increase the ratio in favor of the North, that of New York alone being
+nearly equal to that of all the Slave States. Now, multiplying the
+population of the Slave States by the value of the products _per capita_
+of the Free States, and the result is $2,653,631,032, making, by
+emancipation, the increased annual product of the Slave States
+$1,511,031,032, and in ten years, exclusive of the yearly accumulations,
+$15,110,310,320.
+
+By the Table 35, Census of 1860, the total value of all the property,
+real and personal, of the Free States, was $10,852,081,681, and of the
+Slave States, $5,225,307,034. Now, the product, in 1860, of the Free
+States, being $4,150,000,000, the annual yield on the capital was 39 per
+cent.; and, the product of the Slave States being $1,140,000,000, the
+yield on the capital was 22 per cent. This was the gross product in both
+cases. I have worked out these amazing results from the Census Tables,
+to illustrate the fact, that the same law, by which slavery retarded the
+progress of wealth in Virginia, as compared with New York, and of
+Maryland and South Carolina, as compared with Massachusetts, rules the
+relative advance in wealth of all the Slave States, as compared with
+that of all the Free States. I have stated that the statistics of
+commerce, omitted in these tables, would vastly increase the difference
+in favor of the Free States as compared with the Slave States, and of
+New York as contrasted with Virginia. I shall now resume the latter
+inquiry, so as to complete the comparison between New York and Virginia.
+By commerce is embraced, in this examination, all earnings not included
+under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the mines, or fisheries.
+
+RAILROADS.--The number of miles of railroads in operation in
+New York, in 1860, including city roads, was 2,842 miles,[3] costing
+$138,395,055; and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807. (Census
+Table of 1860, No. 38, pp. 230 and 233.) Now, by the same Census Report,
+p. 105, the value of the freights of the New York roads for 1860 was as
+follows: Product of the forest--tons carried, 373,424; value per ton,
+$20; total value, $7,468,480. Of animals--895,519 tons; value per ton,
+$200; total value, $179,103,800. Vegetable food--1,103,646 tons; value
+per ton, $50; total value, $55,182,000. Other agricultural
+products--143,219 tons; value per ton, $15; total value, $2,148,055.
+Manufactures--511,916 tons; value per ton, $500; total value,
+$391,905,500. Other articles--930,244 tons; value $10 per ton; total
+value, $9,302,440. Grand total, 4,741,773 tons carried; value per ton,
+$163. Total values, $773,089,275. Deducting one quarter for duplication,
+makes 3,556,330 tons carried on the New York roads in 1860; and the
+value, $579,681,790. The values of the freights on the Virginia roads,
+as estimated, is $60,000,000, giving an excess to those of New York of
+$519,681,790, on the value of railroad freights in 1860. The passenger
+account, not given, would largely increase the disparity in favor of New
+York.
+
+CANALS.--The number of miles of canals in New York is 1,038,
+and their cost $67,567,972. In Virginia, the number of miles is 178, and
+the cost $7,817,000. (Census Table 39, p. 238.) The estimated value of
+the freight on the New York canals is 19 times that of the freight on
+the Virginia canals. (Census.)
+
+TONNAGE.--The tonnage of vessels built in New York in 1860 was
+31,936 tons, and in Virginia 4,372. (Census, p. 107.)
+
+BANKS.--The number of banks in New York in 1860 was 303;
+capital $111,441,320, loans $200,351,332, specie $20,921,545,
+circulation $29,959,506, deposits $101,070,273: and in Virginia the
+number was 65; capital $16,005,156, loans $24,975,792, specie
+$2,943,652; circulation $9,812,197, deposits $7,729,652. (Table 34, p.
+193, Census.)
+
+INSURANCE COMPANIES.--The risks taken in New York were
+$916,474,956, or nearly one third of those in the whole Union. Virginia,
+estimated at $100,000,000; difference in favor of New York $816,474,956.
+(Census, p. 79.)
+
+EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, ETC.--Our exports abroad from New York for
+the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, were $145,555,449, and the
+foreign imports $248,489,877; total of both, $394,045,326. The
+clearances same year from New York were 4,574,285 tons, and the entries
+4,836,448 tons; total of both, 9,410,733 tons. In Virginia, the exports
+the same year were $5,858,024, and the imports $1,326,249; total of
+both, $7,184,273; clearances, 80,381 tons, entries, 97,762 tons; total
+of both, 178,143 tons. (Table 14, Register of United States Treasury.)
+Revenue collected from customs same year in New York, $37,788,969, and
+in Virginia $189,816, or 200 to 1 in favor of New York. (Tables U. S.
+Com. of Customs.) No returns are given for the coastwise and internal
+trade of either State, but the tables of the railway and canal
+transportation of States show nearly the same proportion in favor of New
+York as in the foreign trade. Thus the _domestic_ exports from New York
+for the above year abroad were $126,060,967, and from Virginia
+$5,833,370. (Same Table, 14.) And yet Virginia, as we have seen, had
+much greater natural advantages than New York for commerce, as well as
+for mines, manufactures, and agriculture. But slavery has almost
+expelled commerce from Virginia, and nearly paralyzed all other
+pursuits.
+
+These Tables, taken from the Census and the Treasury records, prove
+incontestably, that slavery retards the progress of wealth and
+population throughout the South, but especially in Virginia. Nor can the
+Tariff account for the results; for Virginia, as we have seen, possesses
+far greater advantages than New York for manufactures. Besides, the
+commerce of New York far surpasses that of Virginia, and this is the
+branch of industry supposed to be affected most injuriously by high
+tariffs, and New York has generally voted against them with as much
+unanimity as Virginia. But there is a still more conclusive proof. The
+year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs, and yet, from
+1790 to 1820, as proved by the Census, the percentage of increase of New
+York over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to 1860. Thus, by Table 1
+of the Census, p. 124, the increase of population in Virginia was as
+follows:
+
+   From 1790 to 1800  17.63 per cent.
+     "  1800  " 1810  10.73    "
+     "  1810  " 1820   9.31    "
+     "  1820  " 1830  13.71    "
+     "  1830  " 1840   2.34    "
+     "  1840  " 1850  14.60    "
+     "  1850  " 1860  12.29    "
+
+The increase of population in New York was:
+
+  From 1790 to 1800  72.51 per cent.
+    "  1800  " 1810  63.45    "
+    "  1810  " 1820  43.14    "
+    "  1820  " 1830  39.76    "
+    "  1830  " 1840  26.60    "
+    "  1840  " 1850  27.52    "
+    "  1850  " 1860  25.29    "
+
+In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318, in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of New York was 340,120, in
+1820, 1,372,111, and in 1860, 3,880,735. Thus, from 1790 to 1820, before
+the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase of the
+population of New York, as compared with Virginia, was very far greater
+than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the Tariff had no
+influence whatever in depressing the progress of Virginia as compared
+with New York.
+
+We have heretofore proved by the Census the same position as regards the
+relative progress of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the same principle
+applies as between all the Free, as compared with all the Slave States.
+In New York, we have seen that from 1790 to 1820, in the absence of high
+tariffs, and even before the completion of her great canal, her advance
+in population was much more rapid than from 1820 to 1860. Indeed, it is
+quite clear that, so far as the Tariff had any influence, it was far
+more unfavorable to New York than to Virginia, New York being a much
+greater agricultural as well as commercial State.
+
+Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in New York in 1860 was 542, of which 365 were political, 56
+religious, 63 literary, 58 miscellaneous; and the number of copies
+circulated in 1860 was 320,930,884. (Census Tables, Nos. 15, 37.) The
+number in Virginia was 139; of which 117 were political, 13 religious, 3
+literary, 6 miscellaneous; and the number of copies circulated in 1860
+was 26,772,568. Thus, the annual circulation of the press in New York
+was twelve times as great as that of Virginia. As to periodicals: New
+York had 69 monthlies, of which 2 were political, 25 religious, 24
+literary, and 18 miscellaneous; 10 quarterlies, of which 5 were
+religious, and 5 literary; 6 annuals, of which 2 were political, 2
+religious, and 2 miscellaneous. Virginia had 5 monthlies, of which 1 was
+political, 2 religious, 1 literary, and 1 miscellaneous; and no
+quarterlies or annuals. The annual circulation of the New York monthlies
+was 2,045,000; that of Virginia was 43,900; or more than 43 to 1 in
+favor of New York.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged
+and printed. The number of public schools in New York in 1850 was
+11,580, teachers 13,965, pupils 675,221; colleges, academies, etc.,
+pupils 52,001; attending school during the year, as returned by
+families, 693,329; native adults of the State who cannot read or write,
+23,341. Public libraries, 11,013; volumes, 1,760,820. Value of churches
+$21,539,561. (Comp. Census, 1850.)
+
+The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937, teachers
+3,005, pupils 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils 10,326;
+attending school during the year, as returned by families, 109,775;
+native white adults of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868.
+Public libraries, 54; volumes, 88,462. Value of churches, $2,902,220.
+(Compend. of Census of 1850.) By Table 155, same compend., the
+percentage of native free population in Virginia over 20 years of age
+who cannot read or write is 19.90, and in New York 1.87, in North
+Carolina 30.34, in Maryland 11.10, in Massachusetts 0.32, or less than
+one third of one per cent. In New England, the percentage of native
+whites who cannot read or write is 0.42, or less than one half of one
+per cent.; and in the Southern States 20.30, or 50 to 1 in favor of New
+England. (Compend., Table 571.) But, if we take the whole adult
+population of Virginia, including whites, free blacks, and slaves, 42.05
+per cent., or nearly one half, cannot read or write; and in North
+Carolina, more than one half cannot read or write. We have seen, by the
+above official tables of the Census of 1850, that New York, compared
+with Virginia, had nearly ten times as many pupils at schools, colleges,
+and academies, twenty times as many books in libraries, and largely more
+than seven times the value of churches; while the ratio of native white
+adults who cannot read or write was more than 10 to 1 in Virginia,
+compared with New York. We have seen, also, that in North Carolina
+nearly one third of the native white adults, and in Virginia nearly one
+fifth, cannot read or write, and in New England 1 in every 400, in New
+York 1 in every 131, in the South and Southwest 1 in every 42 of the
+native white adults. (Comp. p. 153.)
+
+My next comparison will be that of two great new Western
+States--Illinois, a Free State, and Missouri, slaveholding.
+
+The comparison is just, for while Missouri has increased since 1810 in
+wealth and population, much more rapidly than any of the Slave States,
+there are several Free States whose relative advance has exceeded that
+of Illinois. The rapid growth of Missouri is owing to her immense area,
+her fertile soil, her mighty rivers (the Mississippi and Missouri), her
+central and commanding position, and to the fact that she has so small a
+number of slaves to the square mile, as well as to the free population.
+
+The population of Illinois, in 1810, was 12,282, and in 1860, 1,711,951;
+the ratio of increase from 1810 to 1860 being 13,838.70. (Table 1, Cens.
+1860.) The population of Missouri in 1810, was 20,845, and in 1860,
+1,182,012; the ratio of increase from 1810 to 1860 being 5,570.48. (Ib.)
+The rank of Missouri in 1810 was 22, and of Illinois 23. The rank of
+Missouri in 1860 was 8, and of Illinois, 4.
+
+AREA.--The area of Missouri is 67,380 square miles, being the
+4th in rank, as to area, of all the States. The area of Illinois is
+55,405 square miles, ranking the 10th. Missouri, then, has 11,875 more
+square miles than Illinois. This excess is greater by 749 square miles
+than the aggregate area of Massachusetts, Delaware, and Rhode Island,
+containing in 1860 a population of 1,517,902. The population of Missouri
+per square mile in 1810 exceeded that of Illinois .08; but, in 1860, the
+population of Missouri per square mile was 17.54, ranking the 22d, and
+that of Illinois, 30.90, ranking the 13th. Illinois, with her ratio to
+the square mile and the area of Missouri, would have had in 1860 a
+population of 2,082,042; and Missouri, with her ratio and the area of
+Illinois, would have had in 1860 a population of 971,803, making a
+difference in favor of Illinois of 1,110,239 instead of 529,939. The
+absolute increase of population of Illinois per square mile from 1850 to
+1860 was 15.54, and of Missouri 7.43, Illinois ranking the 6th in this
+ratio and Missouri the 14th. These facts prove the vast advantages which
+Missouri possessed in her larger area as compared with Illinois.
+
+But Missouri in 1810, we have seen, had nearly double the population of
+Illinois. Now, reversing their numbers in 1810, the ratio of increase of
+each remaining the same, the population of Illinois in 1860 would have
+been 2,905,014, and of Missouri, 696,983. If we bring the greater area
+of Missouri as an element into this calculation, the population of
+Illinois in 1860 would have exceeded that of Missouri more than two
+millions and a half.
+
+MINES.--By Census Tables, 9, 10, 13, and 14, Missouri produced,
+in 1860, pig iron of the value of $575,000; Illinois, none. Bar and
+rolled iron--Missouri, $535,000; Illinois, none. Lead--Missouri,
+$356,660; Illinois, $72,953. Coal--Missouri, $8,200; Illinois, $964,187.
+Copper--Missouri, $6,000; Illinois, none. As to mines, then, Missouri
+has a decided advantage over Illinois. Indeed, the iron mountains of
+Missouri are unsurpassed in the world. That Illinois approaches so near
+to Missouri in mineral products, is owing to her railroads and canals,
+and not to equal natural advantages. The number of miles of railroad in
+operation in 1860 was, 2,868 in Illinois, and 817 in Missouri; of
+canals, Illinois, 102 miles; Missouri, none. (Tables 38, 39.) But if
+Missouri had been a Free State, she would have at least equalled
+Illinois in internal improvements, and the Pacific Railroad would have
+long since united San Francisco, St. Louis, and Chicago.
+
+Illinois is increasing in a _progressive_ ratio as compared with
+Missouri. Thus, from 1840 to 1850 the increase of numbers in Illinois
+was 78.81, and from 1850 to 1860, 101.01 per cent., while the increase
+of Missouri from 1840 to 1850 was 77.75, and from 1850 to 1860, 73.30.
+Thus, the ratio is augmenting in Illinois, and decreasing in Missouri.
+If Illinois and Missouri should each increase from 1860 to 1870, in the
+same ratio as from 1850 to 1860, Illinois would then number 3,441,448,
+and Missouri, 2,048,426. (Table 1.) In 1850, Chicago numbered 29,963,
+and in 1860, 109,260. St. Louis, 77,860 in 1850, and 160,773 in 1860.
+(Table 40.) From 1840 to 1850 the ratio of increase of Chicago was
+570.31, and from 1850 to 1860, 264.65, and of St. Louis, from 1840 to
+1850, 372.26 per cent., and from 1850 to 1860, 106.49. If both increased
+in their respective ratios from 1860 to 1870 as from 1850 to 1860,
+Chicago would number 398,420 in 1870, and St. Louis, 331,879. It would
+be difficult to say which city has the greatest natural advantages, and
+yet when St. Louis was a city, Chicago was but the site of a fort.
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--By Census Table 36, the cash value of the
+farms of Illinois in 1860, was $432,531,072, and of Missouri,
+$230,632,126, making a difference in favor of Illinois of $201,898,946,
+which is the loss which Missouri has sustained by slavery in the single
+item of the value of her farm lands. Abolish slavery there, and the
+value of the farm lands of Missouri would soon equal those of Illinois,
+and augment the wealth of the farmers of Missouri over two hundred
+millions of dollars. But these farm lands of Missouri embrace only
+19,984,809 acres (Table 36), leaving unoccupied 23,138,391 acres. The
+difference between the value of the unoccupied lands of Missouri and
+Illinois, is six dollars per acre, at which rate the increased value of
+the unoccupied lands of Missouri, in the absence of slavery, is
+$148,830,346. Thus it appears, that the loss to Missouri in the value of
+her lands, caused by slavery, is $340,729,292. If we add to this the
+diminished value of town and city property in Missouri, from the same
+cause, the total loss in that State in the value of real estate, exceeds
+$400,000,000, which is nearly twenty times the value of her slaves. By
+Table 35, the increase in the value of the real and personal property of
+Illinois from 1850 to 1860, was $715,595,276, being 457.93 per cent.,
+and of Missouri, $363,966,691, being 265.18 per cent. At the same rate
+of increase from 1860 to 1870, the total wealth of Illinois would then
+be $3,993,000,000, and of Missouri, $1,329,000,000, making the
+difference against Missouri, in 1870, caused by slavery, $2,664,000,000,
+which is more than double the whole debt of the nation, and more than
+twice the value of all the slaves in the Union.
+
+The total wealth of the Union in 1860 exceeded $16,000,000,000. If this
+were increased $1,000,000,000 in time, by the augmented wealth of
+Missouri, and our revenue from duties and taxes should be $220,000,000,
+the increased income, being one seventeenth of the whole, would exceed
+$12,000,000 per annum; or, if the increase of wealth should be only
+$200,000,000, then the augmented proportional annual revenue would be
+$2,750,000, or nearly one eightieth part of the whole revenue.
+
+By overthrowing the rebellion, the taxes to pay the national debt will
+be collected from all the States, instead of being confined to those
+that are loyal. The rebel Confederate debt, never having had any
+existence in law or justice, but having been created only to support a
+wicked rebellion, will of course be expunged by the reestablishment of
+the Union. All the rebel States' debt incurred since the revolt, for the
+purpose of overthrowing the Government, will, of course, have no legal
+existence. Under the Federal Constitution, no State Legislature can have
+any lawful existence, except in conformity with its provisions,
+accompanied by a prior oath of every member to support the Constitution
+of the United States. These assemblages, then, since the revolt in the
+several States, calling themselves State Legislatures, never had any
+legal existence or authority, and were mere assemblages of traitors.
+Such is the clear provision of the Federal Constitution, and of the law
+of nations and of justice. It would be strange, indeed, if conventicles
+of traitors in revolted States could legally or rightfully impose taxes
+on the people of such States, loyal or disloyal, to overthrow the
+Government. Indeed, if justice could have her full sway, the whole debt
+of this Government, incurred to suppress this rebellion, ought to be
+paid by the traitors alone.
+
+My next comparison will be that of the Free State of Pennsylvania with
+Virginia.
+
+Virginia was a considerable colony when Pennsylvania was occupied only
+by Indian tribes. In 1790, Virginia was first in rank of all the States,
+her number of inhabitants being 748,308. (Census Rep., 120, 121.)
+Pennsylvania then ranked the second, numbering 434,373 persons. (Ib.) In
+1860 the population of Virginia was 1,596,318, ranking the fifth;
+Pennsylvania still remaining the second, and numbering 2,905,115. (Ib.)
+In 1790 the population of Virginia exceeded that of Pennsylvania
+313,925; in 1860 the excess in favor of Pennsylvania was 1,308,797. The
+ratio of increase of population of Virginia from 1790 to 1860 was 113.32
+per cent., and of Pennsylvania in the same period, 569.03. At the same
+relative ratio of increase for the next seventy years, Virginia would
+contain a population of 3,405,265 in 1930; and Pennsylvania 19,443,934,
+exceeding that of England. Such has been and would continue to be the
+effect of slavery in retarding the progress of Virginia, and such the
+influence of freedom in the rapid advance of Pennsylvania. Indeed, with
+the maintenance and perpetuity of the Union in all its integrity, the
+destiny of Pennsylvania will surpass the most sanguine expectations.
+
+The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was 12.19, and in
+1860, 26.02; whilst that of Pennsylvania in 1790 was 9.44, and in 1860,
+63.18. (Ib.) The absolute increase of the population of Virginia per
+square mile, from 1790 to 1860, was 13.83, and from 1850 to 1860, 2.85;
+whilst that of Pennsylvania from 1790 to 1860, was 53.74, and from 1850
+to 1860, 12.93. (Ib.)
+
+AREA.--The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and of
+Pennsylvania 46,000, the difference being 15,352 square miles, which is
+greater by 758 square miles than the aggregate area of Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, and Delaware, containing in 1860 a population of
+1,803,429. (Ib.) Retaining their respective ratios of increase per
+square mile from 1790 to 1860, and reversing their areas, that of
+Virginia in 1860 would have been 1,196,920, and of Pennsylvania
+3,876,119. Reversing the numbers of each State in 1790, the ratio of
+increase in each remaining the same, the population of Pennsylvania in
+1860 would have been 5,408,424, and that of Virginia, 926,603. Reversing
+both the areas and numbers in 1790, and the population of Pennsylvania
+would have exceeded that of Virginia in 1860 more than six millions.
+
+SHORE LINE.--By the Tables of the Coast Survey, the shore line
+of Virginia is 1,571 miles, and of Pennsylvania only 60 miles. This
+vastly superior coast line of Virginia, with better, deeper, more
+capacious, and much more numerous harbors, unobstructed by ice, and with
+easy access for so many hundred miles by navigable bays and tide-water
+rivers leading so far into the interior, gives to Virginia great
+advantages over Pennsylvania in commerce and every branch of industry.
+Indeed, in this respect, Virginia stands unrivalled in the Union. The
+hydraulic power of Virginia greatly exceeds that of Pennsylvania.
+
+MINES.--Pennsylvania excels every other State in mineral
+wealth, but Virginia comes next.
+
+SOIL.--In natural fertility of soil, the two States are about
+equal; but the seasons in Virginia are more favorable, both for crops
+and stock, than in Pennsylvania. Virginia has all the agricultural
+products of Pennsylvania, with cotton in addition. The area, however, of
+Virginia (39,265,280 acres) being greater by 9,825,280 acres than that
+of Pennsylvania (29,440,000 acres), gives to Virginia vast advantages.
+
+In her greater area, her far superior coast line, harbors, rivers, and
+hydraulic power, her longer and better seasons for crops and stock, and
+greater variety of products, Virginia has vast natural advantages, and
+with nearly double the population of Pennsylvania in 1790. And yet,
+where has slavery placed Virginia? Pennsylvania exceeds her now in
+numbers 1,308,797, and increased in population from 1790 to 1860, in a
+ratio more than five to one. Such is the terrible contrast between free
+and slave institutions!
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--By Census Tables (1860) 33 and 36, it
+appears (omitting commerce) that the products of industry, as given,
+viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, were that year
+in Pennsylvania, of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 _per capita_; and
+in Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. This shows a total value
+of product in Pennsylvania much more than three times that of Virginia,
+and, _per capita_, nearly two to one. That is, the average value of the
+product of the labor of each person in Pennsylvania is nearly double
+that of each person, including slaves, in Virginia. Thus is proved the
+vast superiority of free over slave labor, and the immense national loss
+occasioned by the substitution of the latter for the former.
+
+As to the rate of increase: the value of the products of Virginia in
+1850 was $84,480,428 (Table 9), and in Pennsylvania, $229,567,131,
+showing an increase in Virginia, from 1850 to 1860, of $35,519,572,
+being 41 per cent.; and in Pennsylvania, $170,032,869, being 51 per
+cent.; exhibiting a difference of 10 per cent. in favor of Pennsylvania.
+By the Census Table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195, the true value then of the
+real and personal property was, in Pennsylvania, $1,416,501,818, and of
+Virginia, $793,249,681. Now, we have seen, the value of the products in
+Pennsylvania in 1860 was $399,600,000, and in Virginia, $120,000,000.
+Thus, as a question of the annual yield of capital, that of Pennsylvania
+was 29 per cent., and of Virginia, 15 per cent. By Census Table 35, the
+total value of the real and personal property of Pennsylvania was
+$722,486,120 in 1850, and $1,416,501,818 in 1860, showing an increase,
+in that decade, of $694,015,698, being 96.05 per cent.; and in Virginia,
+$430,701,082 in 1850, and $793,249,681 in 1860, showing an increase of
+$362,548,599, or 84.17 per cent.
+
+By Table 36, p. 196, Census of 1860, the _cash_ value of the farms of
+Virginia was $371,092,211, being $11.91 per acre; and of Pennsylvania,
+$662,050,707, being $38.91 per acre. Now, by this table, the number of
+acres embraced in these farms of Pennsylvania was 17,012,153 acres, and
+in Virginia, 31,014,950; the difference of value per acre being $27, or
+largely more than three to one in favor of Pennsylvania. Now, if we
+multiply the farm lands of Virginia by the Pennsylvania value per acre,
+it would make the total value of the farm lands of Virginia
+$1,204,791,804; and the _additional_ value, caused by emancipation,
+$835,699,593. But the whole area of Virginia is 39,265,280 acres,
+deducting from which the farm lands, there remain unoccupied 8,250,330
+acres. Now, if (as would be in the absence of slavery) the population
+per square mile of Virginia equalled that of Pennsylvania, three fifths
+of these lands would have been occupied as farms, viz. 4,950,198, which,
+at the Pennsylvania value per acre, would have been worth $188,207,524.
+Deduct from this their present average value of $2 per acre, $9,800,396,
+and the remainder, $178,407,128, is the sum by which the unoccupied
+lands of Virginia, converted into farms, would have been increased in
+value by emancipation. Add this to the enhanced value of their present
+farms, and the result is $1,014,106,721 as the gain, on this basis, of
+Virginia in the value of her lands, by emancipation. To these we should
+add the increased value of town and city lots and improvements, and of
+personal property, and, with emancipation, Virginia would now have an
+augmented wealth of at least one billion and a half of dollars.
+
+The earnings of commerce are not given in the Census Tables, which would
+vastly increase the difference in the value of their annual products in
+favor of Pennsylvania as compared with Virginia. These earnings include
+all not embraced under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the
+mines, and fisheries. Let us examine some of these statistics.
+
+RAILROADS.--The number of miles of railroad in operation in
+Pennsylvania in 1860, including city roads, was 2,690.49 miles,[4]
+costing $147,283,410; and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807.
+(Census Table of 1860, No. 38, pp. 230, 232.) The annual value of the
+freight carried on these roads is estimated at $200,000,000 more in
+Pennsylvania than in Virginia, and the passenger account would still
+more increase the disparity.
+
+CANALS.--The number of miles of canals in Pennsylvania in 1860
+was 1,259, and their cost, $42,015,000. In Virginia the number of miles
+was 178, and the cost, $7,817,000. (Census Table 39, p. 238.) The
+estimated value of the freight on the Pennsylvania canals is ten times
+that of the freight on the Virginia canals.
+
+TONNAGE.--The tonnage of vessels built in Pennsylvania in 1860
+was 21,615 tons, and in Virginia, 4,372. (Census, p. 197.)
+
+BANKS.--The number of banks in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 90;
+capital, $25,565,582; loans, $50,327,127; specie, $8,378,474;
+circulation, $13,132,892; deposits, $26,167,143;--and in Virginia the
+number was 65; capital, $16,005,156; loans, $24,975,792; specie,
+$2,943,652; circulation, $9,812,197; deposits, $7,729,652. (Census Table
+35, p. 193.)
+
+EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, ETC.--Our exports abroad from
+Pennsylvania, for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, and foreign
+imports, were of the value of $20,262,608. The clearances, same year,
+from Pennsylvania, and entries were 336,848 tons. In Virginia the
+exports the same year and foreign imports were of the value of
+$7,184,273; clearances and entries, 178,143 tons. (Table 14, Register of
+U. S. Treasury.) Revenue from customs, same year, in Pennsylvania,
+$2,552,924, and in Virginia, $189,816; or more than twelve to one in
+favor of Pennsylvania. (Tables U. S. Commissioner of Customs.) No returns
+are given for the coastwise and internal trade of either State; but the
+railway and canal transportation of both States shows a difference of
+ten to one in favor of Pennsylvania. And yet, Virginia, as we have seen,
+had much greater natural advantages than Pennsylvania for commerce,
+foreign and internal, her shore line up to head of tide water being
+1,571 miles, and Pennsylvania only 60 miles.
+
+We have seen that, exclusive of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania
+in 1860 were of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 _per capita_; and in
+Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. But, if we add the earnings
+of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania must have exceeded those of
+Virginia much more than four to one, and have reached, _per capita_,
+nearly three to one. What but slavery could have produced such amazing
+results? Indeed, when we see the same effects in _all_ the Free States
+as compared with _all_ the Slave States, and in _any_ of the Slave
+States, as compared with _any_ of the Free States, the uniformity of
+results establishes the law beyond all controversy, that slavery retards
+immensely the progress of wealth and population.
+
+That the Tariff has produced none of these results, is shown by the fact
+that the agriculture and commerce of Pennsylvania vastly exceed those of
+Virginia, and yet these are the interests supposed to be most
+injuriously affected by high tariffs. But there is still more conclusive
+proof. The year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs,
+and yet, from 1790 to 1820, as proved by the Census, the percentage of
+increase of Pennsylvania over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to
+1860. Thus, by Table 1 of the Census, p. 124, the increase of population
+in Virginia was as follows:
+
+  From 1790 to 1800  17.63 per cent.
+    "  1800 "  1810  10.73    "
+    "  1810 "  1820   9.31    "
+    "  1820 "  1830  13.71    "
+    "  1830 "  1840   2.34    "
+    "  1840 "  1850  14.60    "
+    "  1850 "  1860  12.29    "
+
+The increase of population in Pennsylvania was:
+
+  From 1790 to 1800  38.67 per cent.
+    "  1800 "  1810  34.49    "
+    "  1810 "  1820  29.55    "
+    "  1820 "  1830  28.47    "
+    "  1830 "  1840  27.87    "
+    "  1840 "  1850  34.09    "
+    "  1850 "  1860  25.71    "
+
+In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318; in 1820, 1,065,129, and
+in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of Pennsylvania was 434,373;
+in 1820, 1,348,233, and in 1860, 2,906,115. Thus, from 1790 to 1820,
+before the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase
+of the population of Pennsylvania, as compared with Virginia, was very
+far greater than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the
+tariff had no influence in depressing the progress of Virginia as
+compared with Pennsylvania.
+
+Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
+retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
+intellectual development.
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 367, of which 277 were
+political, 43 religious, 25 literary, 22 miscellaneous; and the total
+number of copies circulated in 1860 was 116,094,480. (Census Tables,
+Nos. 15, 37.) The number in Virginia was 139, of which 117 were
+political, 13 religious, 3 literary, 6 miscellaneous; and the number of
+copies circulated in 1860 was 26,772,568, being much less than one
+fourth that of Pennsylvania. The number of copies of monthly periodicals
+circulated in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 464,684; and in Virginia, 43,900:
+or much more than ten to one in favor of Pennsylvania.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged or
+printed. The number of public schools in Pennsylvania in 1850 was 9,061;
+teachers, 10,024; pupils, 413,706; colleges, academies, &c., pupils,
+26,142; attending school during the year, as returned by families,
+504,610; native adults of the State who cannot read or write, 51,283;
+public libraries, 393; volumes, 363,400; value of churches, $11,853,291;
+percentage of native free population (adults) who cannot read or write,
+4.56. (Comp. Census of 1850.)
+
+The number of public schools in Virginia in 1850 was 2,937; teachers,
+3,005; pupils, 67,438; colleges, academies, etc., pupils, 10,326;
+attending school, as returned by families, 109,775; native white adults
+of the State who cannot read or write, 75,868; public libraries, 54;
+volumes, 88,462; value of churches, $2,902,220; percentage of native
+free adults of Virginia who cannot read or write, 19.90. (Comp. Census
+of 1850.) Thus, the church and educational statistics of Pennsylvania,
+and especially of free adults who cannot read or write, is as five to
+one nearly in favor of Pennsylvania. When we recollect that nearly one
+third of the population of Pennsylvania are of the great German race and
+speak the noble German language, to which they are greatly attached, and
+hence the difficulty of introducing common _English_ public schools in
+the State, the advantage, in this respect, of Pennsylvania over Virginia
+is most extraordinary.
+
+My last comparison will be that of our two smallest States--Rhode
+Island, a Free State, and Delaware, slaveholding.
+
+In 1790 the population of Rhode Island was 69,110, and that of Delaware
+59,096. In 1860, the former numbered 174,620, the latter 112,216. Thus,
+from 1790 to 1860, the ratio of increase of population of Rhode Island
+was 152.67 per cent., and of Delaware, 89.88. At the same relative rate
+of increase, for the next, as for the last seventy years, the population
+of Rhode Island in 1930, would be 441,212, and of Delaware, 213,074.
+Thus in 1790, Rhode Island numbered but 10,014 more than Delaware,
+62,404 more in 1860, and, at the same ratio of increase, 228,138 more in
+1930. Such has been and would be the effect of slavery in retarding the
+increase of Delaware, as compared with Rhode Island. (Census Table,
+1860, No. 1.)
+
+The population of Rhode Island per square mile in 1790, was 52.15, and
+in 1860, 133.71; that of Delaware, 27.87 in 1790, and 59.93 in 1860. The
+absolute increase of population of Rhode Island, per square mile, from
+1790 to 1860, was 80.79, and from 1850 to 1860, 20.74; that of Delaware,
+from 1790 to 1860, was 25.05, and from 1850 to 1860, 9.76. (Ib.)
+
+AREA.--The area of Rhode Island is 1,306 square miles, and of
+Delaware, 2,120, being 38 per cent., or much more than one third larger
+than Rhode Island. Retaining their respective ratios of increase, per
+square mile, from 1790 to 1860, and reversing their areas, the
+population of Rhode Island in 1860, would have been 283,465, and of
+Delaware, 78,268.
+
+In natural fertility of soil Delaware is far superior to Rhode Island,
+the seasons much more favorable for crops and stock, and with more than
+double the number of acres of arable land.
+
+PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--By Census Tables 33 and 36 (omitting
+commerce), it appears that the products of industry as given, viz., of
+agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, were that year, in
+Rhode Island, of the value of $52,400,000, or $300 _per capita_, and in
+Delaware, $16,100,000, or $143 _per capita_. That is, the average
+annual value of the product of the labor of each person in Rhode Island
+is greatly more than double that of the labor of each person in
+Delaware, including slaves. This, we have seen, would make the value of
+the products of labor in Rhode Island in 1930, $132,368,600, and in
+Delaware, only $30,469,582, notwithstanding the far greater area and
+superior natural advantages of Delaware as compared with Rhode Island.
+
+As to the rate of increase: the value of the products of Delaware in
+1850 was $7,804,992, in 1860, $16,100,000; and in Rhode Island, in 1850,
+$24,288,088, and in 1860, $52,400,000. (Table 9, Treas. Rep., 1856),
+exhibiting a large difference in the ratio in favor of Rhode Island.
+
+By Table 36, p. 196, Census of 1860, the cash value of the farm lands of
+Rhode Island in 1860 was $19,385,573, or $37.30 per acre (519,698
+acres), and of Delaware, $31,426,357, or $31.39 per acre (1,004,295
+acres). Thus, if the farm lands of Delaware were of the cash value of
+those of Rhode Island per acre, it would increase the value of those of
+Delaware $5,935,385, whereas the whole value of her slaves is but
+$539,400.
+
+But by Table 35, Census of 1860, the total value of the real and
+personal property in Rhode Island in 1860, was $135,337,588, and of
+Delaware, $46,242,181, making a difference in favor of Rhode Island,
+$89,095,497, whereas, we have seen, in the absence of slavery, Delaware
+must have far exceeded Rhode Island in wealth and population.
+
+The earnings of commerce are not given by the Census, but, to how vast
+an extent this would swell the difference in favor of Rhode Island, we
+may learn from the Census, Bank Table No. 34. The number of the banks of
+Rhode Island in 1860, was 91; capital, $20,865,569; loans, $26,719,877;
+circulation, $3,558,295; deposits, $3,553,104. In Delaware, number of
+banks, 12, capital, $1,640,675; loans, $3,150,215; circulation,
+$1,135,772; deposits, $976,223.
+
+Having shown how much slavery has retarded the material progress of
+Delaware, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and intellectual
+development.
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and
+periodicals in Rhode Island in 1860, was 26, of which 18 were political,
+6 literary, and 2 miscellaneous. (Census, Table No. 37.) The number in
+Delaware was 14, of which 13 were political, and 1 literary. Of
+periodicals, Delaware had none; Rhode Island 1. The number of copies of
+newspapers and periodicals issued in Rhode Island in 1860 was 5,289,280,
+and in Delaware only 1,010,776, or largely more than five to one in
+favor of Rhode Island.
+
+As regards schools, colleges, academies, libraries, and churches, I must
+take the Census of 1850, those tables for 1860 not being yet arranged or
+published. The number of public schools in Rhode Island in 1850 was 426,
+teachers 518, pupils 23,130; attending school during the year, as
+returned by families, whites, 28,359; native adults of the State who
+cannot read or write, 1,248; public libraries, 96; volumes, 104,342;
+value of churches, $1,293,600; percentage of native free adults who
+cannot read or write, 149. Colleges and academies, pupils, 3,664. (Comp.
+Census of 1850.) The number of public schools in Delaware in 1850, was
+194, teachers, 214, pupils, 8,970; attending school during the year,
+whites, as returned by families, 14,216; native free adults of the State
+who cannot read or write, 9,777; public libraries, 17; volumes, 17,950;
+value of churches, $340,345; percentage of native free adults who cannot
+read or write, 23.03; colleges and academies, pupils, 764. (Comp.
+Census, 1850.)
+
+The subject will be continued in my next letter. R. J. WALKER.
+
+
+
+
+WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?
+
+_PART THE LAST._
+
+     'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one _lives_
+     it--to not many is it _known_; and seize it where you will, it is
+     interesting.'--GOETHE.
+
+     'SUCCESSFUL.--Terminating in accomplishing what is wished
+     or intended.'--WEBSTER'S _Dictionary_.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+About two weeks after Hiram's interview with Dr. Ephraim Peters, he had
+occasion to spend a long evening in company with certain influential
+members (of which he, of course, was the most influential) of St.
+Jude's.
+
+It was past eleven o'clock when the meeting broke up. It was a clear,
+cold, December night, and Hiram buttoned his coat quite to his chin as
+he descended the steps to commence his walk home. Some had carriages in
+waiting; but he, fully alive to his brother's advice, preferred to go on
+foot. One gentleman kept him company for a couple of blocks; after that,
+he proceeded alone.
+
+As he passed the corner of a street which ran at right angles to the one
+he was pursuing, a man came suddenly upon him, and, standing square in
+his path, demanded in a savage tone, 'Do you want your wood split?'
+
+Hiram turned quickly aside, to avoid the questioner; but he had time to
+observe that he was an athletic man, with a limping gait, and a fierce,
+demoniacal countenance. He carried in his hand something like a
+butcher's cleaver; and before Hiram could escape, he repeated the
+question: 'Do you want your wood split?'
+
+Hiram uttered a hasty 'No,' in response, and walked swiftly forward.
+
+The stranger was not to be so easily disposed of. He put himself before
+the millionnaire a second time, and repeated his question.
+
+Hiram Meeker was not a coward--that is, so far as his brain served him;
+and we all know he had enough of that.
+
+Finding he was not to get rid of the unknown so readily, he stopped and
+regarded him with careful scrutiny.
+
+The other repeated his question still again: 'Do you want your wood
+split?'
+
+Hiram was not slow to perceive that the man was insane, and he
+endeavored to humor him.
+
+'Yes,' he said, 'I want my wood split very much indeed. It is too late
+to-night; but come to my house to-morrow, and you shall have the job.'
+
+'Oh, no, no, no!' cried the other, 'I work only by night--only by
+night--and I cannot go to your house--you must come to mine!'
+
+He laid hold of Hiram's arm with a tenacious grasp.
+
+'I must first go home,' said Hiram, calmly, 'and send my wood round for
+you to split.'
+
+'Not so, not so,' retorted the maniac. 'It has already been sent. Come
+and see!'--and he began pulling at Hiram's arm--not with ferocity, but
+with a doggedness almost worse.
+
+Hiram looked up and down the street. Not a soul was visible. The
+creature who stopped his way was a powerful man--was armed with a deadly
+weapon--was mad.
+
+Hiram came swiftly to a conclusion. He would appear to yield, and in the
+walk he was about to take it was almost a certainty that they would
+encounter some one. So he replied, in a good-natured manner: 'Well, if
+the wood has been sent to you, we had better go and have it split at
+once.'
+
+'That's the talk--that's the talk! But we must hurry. Come on--come
+quick, and you will see how I will do it up.'
+
+He did not relax his hold of Hiram's arm. The two walked rapidly
+forward--much more rapidly than Hiram desired; but the crazy man kept
+exclaiming: 'We must make haste, I promised _him_ I would not leave the
+room. No more would I; but you see, if I can earn the money, I am all
+right--all right--all right!'
+
+'How much have _you_ got?' he asked, stopping abruptly, and turning
+suddenly on Hiram.
+
+'I have got ever so much. Now I think of it, suppose I pay you on the
+spot, so that you can go ahead and split the wood? It is getting late,
+you see.'
+
+'That won't do--that won't do. I want _him_ to have the money!
+Come--come along, and give it to him.'
+
+On they pressed, till at length the man exclaimed: 'Here we are! Don't
+you perceive?'
+
+He had stopped before an old and very common-looking house. In the
+second story one could see a light burning. The madman motioned Hiram to
+enter. The millionnaire was glad to discover that he was so near the end
+of his journey, and in a perfectly respectable neighborhood. Not
+doubting that he would find the apartment occupied, and quite sure there
+were inhabitants in the other part of the house, he proceeded to mount
+the stairs with alacrity, his companion following close at his heels.
+
+It was with a sense of quiet relief that Hiram opened the door into a
+well-lighted room. This feeling was suddenly changed to one of horror on
+ascertaining that there was no one in the apartment, but that on a bed
+at the farther end of it was extended the corpse of a woman, already
+laid out and ready for the coffin! He stepped quickly backward, but it
+was too late. The madman was close behind him, and egress was out of the
+question.
+
+'Come,' he said, 'you need not be afraid; she won't hurt you.'
+
+The poor creature walked to the bedside, and it seemed as if sanity was
+vainly struggling to regain its place.
+
+'Come closer,' he exclaimed to Hiram, who was standing near him.
+
+Hiram advanced at the word of command, and the other again took his arm;
+and both stood very still, looking at the dead woman.
+
+'Had we better wake her, think you?'
+
+Hiram shook his head.
+
+'You are right. I must first earn the money--earn the money. Then--then
+I will wake her. Yes, then I will wake her.'
+
+'Is it your wife?' demanded Hiram, timidly, impelled by an irresistible
+impulse to ask the question.
+
+'Wife!' shouted the other, glaring on Hiram--'wife! who talks to me
+about wife? Do you? Say quick!--do you?'--and he raised the cleaver in a
+menacing manner.
+
+'It was not I,' said Hiram, with as much calmness as he could command,
+while he looked at the other fixedly--'it was not I.'
+
+'Glad to hear you say so. If it had been, I would have made kindling
+wood of you--yes, kindling wood of you!--That's all got along with,' he
+added, lowering the cleaver. 'Now take a seat.'
+
+The madman sat down on one side of a small table, and motioned Hiram to
+occupy the chair opposite.
+
+He did so.
+
+'Now we are comfortable. Don't you think so? Shan't have to move, shall
+we? Old Meeker, d----n his soul!--don't own this house. Come, let's have
+a gay old time!'--and he commenced, half shouting, half singing:
+
+  'Ain't I glad to get out of the wilderness--
+      To get out of the wilderness,
+      To get out of the wilderness?--
+  Ain't I glad to get out of the wilderness?
+             Hip, hip, hurrah!'
+
+Hiram sat pale, but not trembling. He knew his very life depended on his
+composure, and he believed that the noise which the madman was making
+would soon bring persons to the spot.
+
+'You don't seem to like my little song,' he exclaimed, 'I will give you
+another.' And he shouted on:
+
+  'I wish I was a horse, as big as any elephant--
+      As big as any elephant,
+      As big as any elephant--
+  I wish I was a horse, as big as any elephant--
+         Hip, hip, hurrah!'
+
+'That's better, ain't it?' Suddenly he turned and looked at the corpse.
+
+'Wife--wife! who said 'wife' to me?--who said 'wife' to me?' And he
+burst forth more furiously than ever:
+
+  'My wife's dead, and I want another one--
+      And I want another one,
+      And I want another one--
+  My wife's dead, and I want another one--
+         Hip, hip, hurrah!'
+
+The man had now become so much excited, that he commenced walking
+rapidly around the room, brandishing his weapon in a most reckless
+manner.
+
+Hiram's situation was becoming critical. He did not lose his
+self-possession, but began to balance the chances of attempting to
+escape by moving swiftly to the door, against keeping his seat and
+closely watching the maniac.
+
+As if divining what was passing in his mind, the madman suddenly placed
+his back to the door, as if to bar any egress, and commenced singing
+again.
+
+Relief came at last.
+
+Hiram, whose every sense was on the alert, thought he saw the knob of
+the door turn. He was not mistaken; for now it commenced partially to
+open.
+
+The maniac, feeling the pressure, turned about, leaving the entrance
+free--and Dr. Ephraim Peters entered.
+
+He seemed to take in matters at a glance. Addressing the madman in a
+calm but commanding tone, he said: 'How is it that you have disobeyed
+me? I shall not trust you again. Sit down.'
+
+The effect was electrical. An entire change came over the countenance
+and bearing of the maniac; he dropped the cleaver, and, passing to the
+other side of the room, took a seat in close proximity to the corpse.
+
+Then turning, the young doctor addressed Hiram: 'Is your presence here
+forced or voluntary?'
+
+'Purely accidental.'
+
+'I supposed so. A word with you outside.'
+
+To Hiram this was a joyful summons, and he responded with alacrity.
+
+As they went out, the doctor closed the door, and the two stood together
+in the gloomy hall at the top of the staircase.
+
+'Mr. Meeker, you recognize me, doubtless?'
+
+There was no reply.
+
+'I am Dr. Peters, who called to see you about two weeks ago, on behalf
+of a poor woman whose dead body is now in that room. I told you, if she
+had to be moved, it would kill her. Your agent drove her out, and she
+lies here dead! It has made her husband crazy--a temporary lunacy, I
+trust--but, whatever it is, there you see the whole.
+
+'I am expecting some persons every moment,' he continued, 'who will
+remain here all night, and I will detain you no longer.'
+
+The doctor spoke in such a tone of quiet dignity, that it was impossible
+for Hiram to reply. He fumbled for a moment in his coat, and then drew
+out his pocket book. Producing several bills, he offered them to the
+doctor, muttering half inaudibly something about his desire to pay
+funeral expenses.
+
+The young physician drew back, as if in danger of contamination.
+
+'Your money perish with you!' he said, solemnly. 'Think you charity
+consists in bank notes?'
+
+The doctor turned and reentered the chamber; and Hiram Meeker proceeded
+slowly down the stairs and into the street.
+
+His thoughts, as he walked homeward, were not of an enviable nature. I
+confess I have no desire to attempt to portray them.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Hiram's slumbers that night were much disturbed.
+
+His rest was broken by strange dreams, frightful or preposterous, which,
+running into each other, became blended in a confused mass of floating
+fancies.
+
+At last he woke. He opened big eyes. It was perfectly dark.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Suddenly he realized just what he was. No business--no money--no
+earth--no foothold--nothing but a naked soul.
+
+Hiram lay breathing with slow respirations. Even his piety was not
+present to support him. The world was swept from under him.
+
+Then came a stern sense--a patent conviction--of all he had counted on:
+nothing--nothing!
+
+He turned over, and fell asleep again. But still refreshing slumber was
+denied him; still were the night visions terrifying.
+
+At last these appeared to take a definite shape. Heaving, working,
+revolving, the chaotic mass assumed form and grew luminous.
+
+All of a sudden, IT changed to one great, bright, burning
+_eye_. Then _he_ was the eye--all eye--nothing but eye! What sights were
+presented! The eye was gifted with a wonderful vision. It could discern
+true from false--real from counterfeit--what was genuine from sham and
+pretence.
+
+More than this. The _eye_--which was Hiram--could discriminate between
+what men considered valuable and available and important, and also good
+and essential, and by all means to be secured: I say, the _eye_ had the
+power to distinguish between these, and what was in truth and in very
+deed good and just and right, and truly to be desired and sought after.
+
+How things changed places!
+
+Some shrank into littleness and utter insignificance, which formerly had
+large proportions and a towering importance; others, which before seemed
+puny and of little worth, grew grandly into magnitude, and power, and
+might.
+
+At a great distance could be observed the habitations of the children of
+men. They appeared like objects seen through an inverted telescope--far
+off and exceedingly diminished.
+
+On the shore of the sea, Hiram Meeker was discovered.
+
+He looked no larger than a man's thumb. He had fenced off a portion of
+the sands, so that no one except himself (and many attempted) could have
+access thereto. He was engaged transporting these sands in the most
+careful manner, one by one, into a large warehouse, for better security,
+as it would seem.
+
+What is wonderful in all this is, that Hiram, the whole time, thought it
+gold he was storing, whereas the _eye_ could perceive it to be sand
+only--glittering sand.
+
+At length the vision faded away. Hiram started up in a mortal agony. The
+effort woke him, and he gazed wildly around. It was not yet light. Weary
+and exhausted by what he had passed through, he soon fell asleep, and
+this time slumbered peacefully.
+
+When he opened his eyes, the sun was shining cheerfully into his room.
+The whole aspect of things was changed. The old scenes were shifted into
+place, the old machinery set in motion--Hiram was himself again!
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Burnsville!
+
+I hope the reader is willing to revisit this charming spot. For I
+confess that I myself feel impelled to do so. Indeed, I sometimes regret
+following the fortunes of Hiram Meeker to New York. Far more agreeable
+would it have been to have continued the story of Joel Burns, and showed
+what a good man may achieve, notwithstanding the workings of the
+'ancient leaven,' and the divers contests which spring up daily within
+and around him.
+
+But my task once undertaken, I did not feel at liberty to leave it.
+
+I propose, therefore, only a brief visit to the place which the reader
+may recollect was commenced by Joel Burns in his youth, when his love
+for Ellen Bellows lent to his already energetic spirit a tenfold force
+and vigor and perseverance.
+
+The twenty-five years which have told with such effect on New York, have
+also produced great changes and great improvements in Burnsville. It was
+a thriving village when we last knew it. Now it is a large town. The
+higher portion is covered with fine buildings. Churches, hotels,
+academies, and various institutions for which New England is remarkable,
+seem specially to flourish here.
+
+There are some old landmarks which I am sure we shall recognize--Joel
+Burns's house, for example, and the little brick 'office' from which
+Hiram sallied one morning before daylight to take the stage for New
+York, to attack Joslin the paper dealer.
+
+The improvements have been astonishing. Beautiful trees skirt the
+principal streets, and form an arch above. Everywhere you behold
+displayed signs of admirable taste.
+
+Below, in the valley, is the railroad; and opposite the 'paper mill' has
+been erected one of the finest 'stations' in the State. Here has sprung
+up a large manufacturing place, rivalling in size and business
+importance the 'ridge,' as we used to call it, but leaving the latter
+free from the noise and bustle of the mills and factories and machinery
+of our now famous 'Slab City.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Egerton married Sarah Burns, as you have long since guessed. He is
+one of the few men of talent who has no ambition to quit his happy home
+to adventure in a large city. He is celebrated far and near, but nothing
+can draw him away from the spot where a youth he came to watch over a
+young girl whose life was trembling in the balance.
+
+And Sarah, think you she is not repaid for her fidelity to her father?
+By it she escaped the grasp of Hiram Meeker, and is now--she has been
+for years--a loving, trustful, joyous wife.
+
+Happy Sarah Burns! I commenced this narrative by recounting an _un_happy
+incident in your life. How grateful is the task of recording your
+triumph over the greatest danger which can threaten a maiden--the danger
+of _loving unworthily_!
+
+Joel Burns! I confess that, of all at Burnsville, it is in you my
+feelings of interest centre--you, whose romantic fidelity to your wife's
+memory has thrown a charm over your whole existence. It is a great
+treasure--is it not?--a heart so true, so loyal, so pure and faithful,
+that not one, no, not one of all the young and fair and good and
+fascinating from out this world's fair creation can divert it for a
+moment, or change its even, constant, ever-loving pulsations. Such a
+heart you possess, Joel Burns!
+
+Joel Burns was 'mated' as well as 'married;' and when his wife died, he
+did not really lose her. In spirit she attended him wherever he
+went--always near him--more actually present, Joel used sometimes to
+think, than she ever was before.
+
+How could he wish to marry again, when his wife was all the time by his
+side--an ever-present, ever-abiding comfort and consolation?
+
+I say, herein lay the charm and the glory of Joel's life. His influence
+on his place, after it grew beyond the proportions of a village, and
+became one of the largest towns in the State, was just as great as when
+it had but a dozen buildings.
+
+Joel did not permit the desire to accumulate to become a passion. On the
+contrary, he diffused his wealth--not by direct gifts in charity, but by
+affording everybody around him opportunity to get on and prosper, just
+exactly as if the world was common to all, and as if all should be
+allowed a fair chance to live in it!
+
+You have no idea how the attempt to practise this principle enriched the
+life and nature of Joel Burns.
+
+[There are two Spirits--towering, gigantic Genii--who attend on man: one
+the Absorbing, the other the Imparting, Spirit. Both are active,
+energetic, untiring. The former, if it gains access to the soul,
+commences at once to narrow and impoverish it; while the latter enlarges
+and makes the soul rich. Herein is explained the old enigma which a
+dying man is said to have uttered:
+
+  'What I kept, I've not;
+  What I gave, I've got.']
+
+I have remarked that Burnsville was one of the largest towns in the
+State. This was not only the case, but the immense manufactories in
+'Slab City' made it much more prominent than any other, and brought it
+into more direct communication with New York.
+
+Hiram Meeker heard, from time to time, of all that Joel was doing. In
+fact, impelled by a strong impulse, he took pains to ascertain what
+progress he made from year to year. But Hiram could not, with all his
+penetration, fathom a nature like that of Joel. It was always a puzzle
+to him. For it was not given to a man, who had all his life harbored the
+wicked Demon _Absorption_, to understand the excellency and happiness of
+such a life.
+
+But he watched Burnsville. Indeed, he was tempted to make some heavy
+investments there when the railroad was constructed--of which event, as
+the leading capitalist of the country, he had the earliest information.
+He abandoned the idea, however, for he shrank from coming in contact
+with his old employer.
+
+So Joel Burns lived on his noble, God-given existence.
+
+But, reader, if you think I am endeavoring to depict a faultless person,
+you are much mistaken. Faultless is lifeless, when applied to human
+beings. It is in the contest with our faults that the glory of our
+humanity shines forth. It is this which binds our race together in one
+great brotherhood. Pray, tell me what we could do with a faultless man
+or woman. What have we in common with any such person? What sympathy
+have we with either, or either with us?
+
+Joel Burns was constitutionally ardent and energetic, not to say
+impetuous. With such characteristics are always strong attending
+imperfections. He had his share of these. But his motives were honest,
+his principles right, his intents true; and I declare I think it to be a
+real felicity and blessing to observe the faults of such a man, and
+witness how he encounters and battles with, and conquers them--or if for
+a moment overcome, to behold his genuine regret and contrition.
+
+I will pursue this no further. I have some work to do in the metropolis.
+If I linger at Burnsville, I shall be quite unfitted for it--I shall,
+indeed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Joel--Joel Burns--farewell!
+
+Ellen Bellows--Ellen Burns--don't you see that Joel has remembered your
+dying injunction, and has tried to 'live right?' Yes, you do. It was for
+this that you have never forsaken him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sarah Egerton smiles on me as I pass out of the gate. A group of
+children, half grown, and full grown, give me joyous greeting; and the
+Doctor waves his hand from his carriage, as he drives along on his
+errands of mercy and benevolence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I must make haste. There is no stage to wait five minutes for me. The
+time table is a despot.
+
+The train approaches. It has stopped. It is off again, and I am in it.
+
+Burnsville, pleasant Burnsville, adieu!
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+The _denouement_ happened in this way:
+
+There was to be a large party at Mrs. Caruther's, a married daughter of
+Mrs. Bennett. The Bennetts and the Meekers, by the way, always kept up
+their intimacy. Mr. Bennett is dead. He died the year he was seventy,
+leaving a large fortune. The widow lives in the old house, and the
+children are married, and are bringing out _their_ children now.
+
+I say, Mrs. Caruthers was to give a large party. Mrs. Meeker, who
+invariably attended her daughter, could not go. Belle must not go alone.
+She arranged, so she said, to drive early in the evening to Mrs.
+Caruther's, and to stay there all night.
+
+For two or three weeks previous, Belle, under the inspiration of Signor
+Barbone, who now exercised a complete control over her, had been making,
+quietly but very efficiently, her arrangements for quitting her father's
+roof.
+
+By degrees, and with an amazing display of secretiveness, she managed to
+convey out of the house all that she might require for a considerable
+absence.
+
+Her jewels were not lost sight of, nor anything else of value. The
+Signor had provided proper receptacles for all these articles--indeed,
+had greatly aided the young lady in the selection of what to take. More
+than this--Signor Barbone (_proh pudor!_) had suggested that she should
+fortify herself with such sums of money as she might be able to get
+together without exciting suspicion.
+
+Strange as you may think, Belle was possessed of so little delicacy,
+that she actually entered into the spirit of the enterprise--regarding
+the affair as a capital joke, enabling her to hold out against papa
+should he prove obstinate, as he might for a few days (it could only be
+for a few days), and inclined to be severe.
+
+What with all her jewels, including some recent expensive purchases,
+made for the first time in her life without payment on the spot (this
+also at the suggestion of the Signor), and with sums quietly got
+together for several weeks, including some considerable amounts coaxed
+from her father on various pretences, and a pretty large sum borrowed
+over night from mamma--I say, with all this, the 'happy pair' were
+pretty well fortified for their first campaign.
+
+The trying moment arrived.
+
+Mrs. Caruthers, of course, knew nothing of Belle's tale to her mother,
+that she was to pass the night at her house. She simply expected Belle
+to grace her party.
+
+Quite early in the day the young lady ordered a handsome ball dress
+placed in a box, and directed it to be taken to her dressmaker, to
+receive some trifling alterations before evening. She would call in good
+season there, so she told her mother, and order it sent to Mrs.
+Caruthers's.
+
+Then, waiting for Mrs. Meeker, to take her morning drive, she went to
+her room and hurried on a travelling dress.
+
+She was going down stairs, when Harriet's nurse opened the door of her
+young mistress's apartment, and asked her to step a moment into the
+room.
+
+Belle turned with all the composure she could muster; she curbed her
+impatience, and looked amiable.
+
+'Oh, are you going out, Belle?'
+
+'Yes, dear; you know I am to be early at Mrs. Caruthers's. Mamma can't
+go with me--so I am to stay all night.'
+
+'Why, you have on your travelling dress!'
+
+'It looks odd, doesn't it I--I have sent my ball dress to Laroche, to be
+altered a little; and I have to call there now, and I want her to see me
+in this. Do you know, I don't think she has fitted me well at all?'
+
+'It seems to me quite perfect.'
+
+'Hatty, dear, did you want me?'
+
+This she said still standing, as if in haste to go.
+
+'Oh, no. I thought you were going into the parlor, and I was about to
+ask you to sit with me a little while. I have something to say to you
+about Gus. I want you to talk to papa. You know papa will listen to
+_you_. Tell him--never mind, dear, to-morrow will do as well--I hope you
+will have a pleasant evening.'
+
+'Thank you, dear. Good-by.'
+
+She turned and opened the door.
+
+By a sort of instinctive tenderness not denied to any human creature,
+Belle paused and looked back, and, hesitating a moment, returned; going
+to where her sister was reclining, she kissed her affectionately,
+without speaking one word.
+
+Harriet's eyes suffused; she was quite unused to such a demonstration.
+
+'My darling sister,' she whispered.
+
+Belle was already out of the room. She bounded down the staircase,
+passed hastily through the hall, and was soon walking rapidly along the
+street.
+
+One hour from that time she was on her way to New Jersey.
+
+A clergyman had been provided in that State to perform the marriage
+ceremony.
+
+When the six o'clock New York train for Philadelphia passed through
+Newark, it received on board Mr. and Mrs. Filippo Barbone, who were just
+starting on their wedding excursion.
+
+It was the commencement of the honeymoon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No wonder, the next day, that Belle is late. We who are in the secret
+will not be astonished; neither does Mrs. Meeker think it at all strange
+that Belle should not return in the morning after the excitement of a
+grand evening display such as Mrs. Caruthers will be sure to have.
+
+The day wears on. As the dinner hour approaches, Mrs. Meeker decides to
+send the carriage for her.
+
+The coachman soon drives up before Mrs. Caruthers's; and the footman,
+descending, announces simply that he has called for Miss Belle. The
+answer which is brought to him is, that Miss Belle is not in the house.
+He returns and reports accordingly.
+
+Although this little incident is very annoying to Mrs. Meeker, still she
+has no other idea than that Belle has stopped to make some call or do
+some shopping on her way home.
+
+Had she considered a moment, she would have perceived how unreasonable
+was such a supposition. But, as Mrs. Meeker could not have the slightest
+suspicion of the truth, she was forced to imagine something.
+
+In the midst of her perplexity, Hiram entered. He was so accustomed, and
+especially of late, to his daughter's greeting at the door, that he
+missed these affectionate tokens of her presence when he entered the
+house.
+
+'Where is Belle?' he said, as he came into the parlor.
+
+'Belle has not returned yet from Mrs. Caruthers's. It is rather strange.
+I have just sent the carriage for her. Wakeman brings back word that she
+is not there.'
+
+'Wakeman is an idiot!' exclaimed Hiram, with a degree of temper so
+unusual, that Mrs. Meeker started--'an idiot! I dare say he did not make
+his message intelligible.'
+
+Now, 'Wakeman' was Mrs. Meeker's private servant--a family servant, she
+was pleased to say; thereby meaning, not that he had been in the employ
+of her father, honest Thorn the plumber, nor yet in the service of her
+mother, the "poor relation," but that in fact he was her servant before
+she was married, and had remained _par excellence_ her servant ever
+since.
+
+She therefore rose in arms at once, in vindication of her favorite, and
+was about to work herself into one of her customary manifestations,
+which Hiram was evidently in no state of mind to bear, when there was
+suddenly a ring at the door. An instant's parley, and the servant
+entered, bearing a note to Mr. Meeker.
+
+The superscription was in Belle's handwriting.
+
+A 'terrible sagacity' informed Hiram's heart of something dreadful about
+to shock it. He tore open the envelope with fierceness, and read as
+follows:
+
+     'DEAR PAPA: Don't be angry with me. I was married
+     yesterday to Filippo Barbone. I married him because I love him, and
+     could never love any one else. I knew you would not consent, but I
+     could not live without him. Forgive your little girl, dear papa,
+     and write me to come back to you with my dear Filippo. Oh, I know
+     you will like _him_. Send to me at the Gresham House, Philadelphia.
+     I shall be in agony till I hear from you. Love to dear mamma and
+     Harriet. If I only had your forgiveness, how happy I should be,
+     dear, dear papa!
+
+           'Your little           Belle.'
+
+[This letter, mainly the production of the Signor, was prepared and put
+into the hands of his accomplice before the runaways set off, with
+directions to watch for Hiram's entrance into his house, and deliver
+immediately after.]
+
+Never before did Hiram Meeker give way to such an exhibition of rage.
+
+He glared fiercely about him, as if endeavoring to find some person on
+whom to vent it.
+
+There was no one but his wife, who stood directly before him, her angry
+reply in favor of 'Wakeman' having been cut short by the entrance of the
+servant with the note.
+
+As Hiram's glance fell on her, a sudden suspicion seized him that she
+was in some way privy to the affair. In an instant he had grasped her
+arm, and, shaking her with all his might, he exclaimed:
+'Wretch!--monster!--she-devil!--limb of Satan!'
+
+The affair was seriously enough certainly, but it had a ludicrous
+aspect. There was Arabella, without having the slightest idea of what
+could cause such a violent outbreak, tossed about like a whirligig by
+the usually calm, sedate, and self-possessed Hiram, who seemed suddenly
+transported into a very demon.
+
+Portions of her headdress began to come down. A pair of side curls
+dropped--a first-rate shot, a sportsman would say--the effect of a
+double shake and a sudden fetch-up. Next a profusion of hair from the
+back of the head tumbled off. Teeth began to chatter, and various
+portions of the structure in which she was encased, to give way.
+
+All this time, Arabella was vainly endeavoring to give utterance to
+various exclamations, but she could only gasp out some unintelligible
+sound, while her eyes flashed fire and her cheeks burned with rage.
+
+At last Hiram was exhausted, and with exhaustion came some little
+thought of what he had been doing. He relinquished his hold of his wife,
+picked up the note which he had dropped on the floor, put it into her
+hands, and quit the room.
+
+Hiram stood a moment in the hall, quite overcome by the revulsion that
+succeeded the storm. Then he slowly mounted the stairs, and proceeded to
+the room of his invalid child.
+
+Harriet was so struck with the change in her father's countenance, that
+she started up and exclaimed: 'Why, papa, what is the matter?'
+
+'We are disgraced, my child!' said Hiram, in a hollow voice.
+
+'How? What do you mean?'
+
+'Your sister has run away with a low, vile swindler. My curse rest on
+her forever!'
+
+'Oh, not so--say not so!' replied Harriet, imploringly.
+
+'Tell me, my child,' said Hiram, mournfully, while he seated himself by
+her side and took her hand--'tell your father truly, did you know
+anything about this?'
+
+'No, papa. I do not even now know what you mean.'
+
+Quite calmly Hiram told his daughter what had occurred. The travelling
+dress, and Belle's last kiss, flashed on her mind. She repeated the
+circumstance.
+
+'And you know nothing of this Filippo Barbone?' said Hiram, forcing
+himself with difficulty to pronounce the name.
+
+'Nothing.'
+
+'And your mother?' continued he, slowly, and in a tone which terrified
+his child.
+
+'Oh, I am sure she knew nothing about it, perfectly sure. I know she did
+not wish Belle to go to Mrs. Caruthers's, because she could not go with
+her; and even after Belle made the arrangement to stay all night, mamma
+did not seem to be at all satisfied.'
+
+Hiram was convinced, and the want of an object on which to wreak his
+anger now served to exhaust it.
+
+He leaned his face upon the side of his daughter's couch, and groaned.
+
+Harriet put her hand gently upon his cheek. 'Papa,' she said, timidly,
+'may I tell you what to do?'
+
+Hiram raised his head. His face was very haggard, but he made no reply.
+
+'Send for Belle to come back, and her husband too, and let us make them
+happy,' said Harriet, almost abruptly.
+
+'Never! My curse is on her! She is no longer my child--I disinherit
+her!'
+
+'Give her my portion, then--I shall not require it.'
+
+Hiram started--a new idea had struck him. It was as if somehow he had
+received a new accession of wealth by the surrender of Harriet's share.
+A strange confusion of ideas, certainly; but the thought grew on him, as
+we shall see by-and-by. Now, however, it gave place to the dominant
+feeling.
+
+Harriet, encouraged by his silence, broke in again: 'Won't you, papa?'
+she whispered.
+
+Hiram turned and looked at her angrily, but was compelled to lower his
+countenance before his daughter's earnest, truthful, heavenly gaze.
+
+He started up and went back to the parlor. He began to feel ashamed of
+his violence toward his wife, and was anxious to dispose of the matter
+as soon as possible.
+
+To return to Arabella.
+
+As soon as her husband had left her, she proceeded to read the note he
+placed in her hands. That accomplished, she took the precaution to ring
+the bell several times with great energy; and, having disposed of the
+little articles which lay scattered on the floor, she threw herself on
+the sofa, in violent hysterics.
+
+When Hiram entered, these were at once renewed. Her husband understood
+this phase of her constitution; and, directing the maid servants to
+remove their mistress to her own room, he ordered dinner to be served.
+
+I will do him the justice to say he ate little or nothing.
+
+Two or three times the waiter observed that his master put his hand to
+his head and then to his heart, as if endeavoring to tranquillize
+himself.
+
+After dinner, he mounted his horse, and rode several miles. When he
+returned, one would not have known, to look at him, that anything
+unusual had happened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the nest week Hiram was occupied in making his will. A new and
+important idea seemed to have possession of him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From that period he never permitted his daughter's name to be mentioned,
+and would receive no communication from her.
+
+Arabella's hysterics continued, at intervals for several days. Her
+husband, in view of his violence toward her, was very considerate, but
+the affair was never alluded to by either.
+
+Arabella, perhaps, felt that she deserved some punishment for tolerating
+the 'Count in disguise;' and Hiram never got over a certain feeling of
+mortification when he thought of the scene in the parlor.
+
+Here we leave all the parties for the present.
+
+
+
+
+THE MECHANICAL TENDENCY IN MODERN SOCIETY.
+
+
+There is no greater absurdity than the attempt to demonstrate anything
+from historical evidence, or to frame from it an argument whose cogency
+shall even approach to a demonstration. Granting the hypothesis that
+like causes will always produce like effects, we find ourselves unable
+to show that the cases are exactly, or even proximately, the same.
+History is not a record of every circumstance, but of those only that
+were deemed worthy of perpetuation; and even were all circumstances
+known to us, we must receive them as seen through the opinions of the
+historian, while the present is as it seems to us; so two cases, while
+appearing to agree, may in reality be very unlike. And, in addition to
+this, so many are the events that precede any given effect, that it is
+impossible to determine which is the cause, and which only the
+circumstance attending that cause. So, while our literature is flooded,
+with so many 'demonstrations from history,' many a philosopher finds
+himself in the situation of the sage who demonstrated that 'Tenterton
+steeple' was the 'cause of Godwin Sands.'
+
+From this it has arisen that practical men have come to despise not only
+all reasonings from history, but social science altogether, deeming it a
+pleasant tissue of thoughts that may amuse a leisure hour, but nothing
+of practical importance. On most subjects this is unfortunately true,
+but sometimes in the state of a nation there are indications, repeated
+again and again, showing the existence of a cause which, unless
+counteracted, will eventually produce certain disastrous effects. Though
+seen and pointed out by many wise men, still the existence of the cause
+cannot be logically proved, nor the time of its effect mathematically
+calculated. Such were the terrible premonitions which foretold the
+French Revolution, and such are the signs showing over and over again
+the existence of a mechanical tendency in our own social state. Very
+seldom, almost never, do we have mathematical certainty as the ground of
+our action, but the greater part of our lives is directed by moral or
+probable evidence; and though most of our reasoning on this subject must
+be derived from history or social science, we deem it worthy of the same
+treatment that is given, to other questions. If the probabilities be not
+as great, let it pass with other schemes and theories, but if those
+probabilities be great enough to make it of practical and vital
+importance, then let it become an element in every man's consideration.
+
+There is a great deal of possible confusion in this word _mechanical_.
+To most readers it would bring the idea of invention, the increasing
+number of cotton mills and iron founderies, of steamships and power
+presses, and such progress would be considered in the highest degree
+praiseworthy; but the sense in which we use the word is somewhat more
+general. A machine differs from a man in this respect: the former acts
+without intelligence and without volition, in accordance with certain
+laws impressed upon it from without; while a man chooses his own end by
+his own volition, in the light of his own intelligence, and in the same
+manner decides upon the means for obtaining that end. A mechanical
+condition would therefore be one wherein an individual acts without
+intelligence or volition, according to certain laws or habits coming to
+him from others; a mechanical state of society, one wherein the
+government moves on according to the will of one or more men, without
+thought, love, or even attention from the mass of the people, content
+only with their acquiescence. On the other hand, a rational condition,
+both of society and of the individual, would be that in which the
+thought, will, and love of the individual gave strength and life to
+every act.
+
+The question whether our social state is becoming mechanical, losing
+personal thought and volition, is of great and vital importance, on
+account of the terrible major premise that lies beneath. For prove but
+once that this is the fact, and there comes upon us the great general
+truth: 'The nation that is growing mechanical is hastening toward its
+destruction.' The proof of this assertion is written everywhere in
+history. The limits of this article render it impossible that a tithe of
+the proof should be brought forward in its support, and therefore only
+the most general truths can be laid down for the reader to verify from
+his own historical knowledge. No fact is more indisputable than that
+every preceding civilization has had its birth, progress, and death,
+differing only in length from the life of a mortal man; and in the state
+of each one, in proportion as this mechanical tendency increased, in
+that proportion their national life departed.
+
+The first period in every nation has been that called the heroic or
+golden age. Whether this was, in reality, or only in poetic dream, the
+best age, depends upon another question: What is the true aim in the
+life of men and nations? If it be but to live comfortably and without
+confusion, then the architecture and laws of later times are a proof of
+progress; but if the great end be to develop the whole man, and live a
+brave, thoughtful, truthful life, with or without tumult, then is the
+first the golden age; for, entering on a new mode of life, undirected by
+habits of thought or action from his ancestors, each man makes use of
+his personal thought in finding out, and volition in choosing, his
+method of life. No history has recorded the internal state of such a
+nation, but only the fact that it has always been successful in
+preserving its liberties against invasion.
+
+The next is the age of leaders, when individual thought has so far
+departed that they begin to look to others not yet as governors, but
+directors. This, to a superficial view the noblest age, marks the
+beginning of a decline. Its great power of invasion, as under Pericles
+or Caesar, comes from the fact that, while strength enough is left to
+carry out the details, there is not enough of independence in thought to
+mar the unity in the plan of its leader. Its brilliant literature
+springs from division of labor; life has become so complex that each man
+cannot comprehend it all--so one takes the department of thought,
+another of action. The man of thought tries to bring back that courage
+and virtue which he sees are departing, by singing beautiful songs in
+their praise; while the man of action, feeling their waning power in
+himself, makes up, by repeating these praises, the lack of a heroic
+life.
+
+The next is the mechanical age of society, which life has so outgrown
+the mind that the man cannot attend to both his own affairs and the
+state, which latter, therefore, he gladly yields to others. This is the
+age of standing armies, hired to protect a people too careless to
+protect themselves. This is the age of tyrants, as the lesser Caesars or
+Philip of Macedon. This is the age which ushers in the last period of
+the nation, a mechanical state of the individual, when thought has so
+departed that the man is not able to attend even to his own life, and,
+like a passive machine, the state is impelled and directed in even the
+least things by one tyranny from without. It is hardly necessary to add
+that Alexander in Greece, Elagabalus in Rome, Louis XVI in France, were
+followed by a destruction as certain as the fact that God meant the
+earth to be inhabited by men and not machines.
+
+Having shown the grave consequence that lies beneath it, we come now to
+the all-important consideration, whether our own social state has this
+mechanical tendency. The preceding sketch not only shows the truth which
+we have deduced from it, that this tendency is a prelude to a nation's
+death, but it also points out another, namely, that civilization
+contains within itself certain causes which finally work its
+destruction. We may, by a diligent study, find out these causes, such
+as increase of outward knowledge, division of labor, a complexity of
+outward relations, and a consequent hurried life that leaves no time for
+thought; but a careful analysis of all these reduces them to one great
+cause--an undue attention to physical prosperity. This cause existed
+among ancient nations in sufficient force to bring about their
+destruction, but it possessed not a tithe of the universality and
+strength which it holds among the modern, for, whereas it was once
+individual, it is now national, pervading every part of the social
+state.
+
+Before the world was thickly settled and the nations established, it was
+held that the power of a nation consisted in the extent of its
+dominions, so that while the individual strove for wealth in
+agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, the state despised such low
+pursuits, and turned its attention to increase of territory. But when,
+after the fall of Rome, it was found that the earth was too fully
+peopled and national power too well established for such means of
+strength, attention was turned to another source of power in the
+cultivation of a people's own resources and increase of its wealth.
+Wealth is obtained by the addition of mental power to physical products,
+increasing their value for supplying the wants of man. So that attention
+to physical comfort and prosperity which was despised by the brave
+nations of antiquity, is now the leading object of government: treaties
+are made, wars are declared, rebellions break out, not on account of
+national glory or right, but in consideration of cotton manufacture,
+facilities of commerce, or freedom of trade. Nations as well as men are
+absorbed in the same great pursuit, adding mind to matter for production
+of wealth.
+
+From this undue attention to physical prosperity spring certain
+subordinate causes, which, upon examination, are found to be the exact
+_differentia_ of modern times. The characteristics which distinguish our
+age from all others are the very ones which have been found so
+destructive to preexistent civilizations. The first characteristic of
+this kind is the abundance of outward knowledge. In the pursuit of
+wealth, the ocean, the desert, the isles of the sea have been ransacked
+for commodities to gratify the desires of man, and, in order that nature
+may be pliable for the same purpose in the hands of the artisan, its
+laws have been studied with the greatest success; the bowels of the
+earth, the depths of the air, the prison of the arctic seas, have all
+been subject to the same strict scrutiny in this design.
+
+The knowledge thus obtained comes pouring in by lightning and steam, and
+is scattered over the world within the reach of the poorest by means of
+the printing press. The man of to-day is a citizen of the world; he
+seems to be ubiquitous. It is as though he had a thousand eyes and ears,
+and, alas! only one mind. Thought has two conditions: first, knowledge,
+as food and stimulus; second, time for distributing and digesting that
+knowledge. But the first is so superabundantly fufilled that it entirely
+obliterates the second. Knowledge comes pouring in from all quarters so
+rapidly, that the man can hardly receive, much less arrange and think
+out, the enormous mass of facts daily accumulating upon him. The boasted
+age of printing presses and newspapers, of penny magazines, and penny
+cyclopaedias, is not necessarily the age of thought. There is a world-
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcribers note: It is regretted that page 354 is missing|
+|and cannot be traced.                                      |
++-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+will be the result; but to the working-man division of labor is mental
+death. The ancients might call these masses the _ignobile vulgus_, the
+French nobles might sneer at them as _sans-culottes_, we may deride them
+as the 'common herd,' all attempting to ignore their existence in
+history or politics; but it will be all in vain--for in the end it is
+the people that rule, be the government of the surface what it may.
+Either they will raise their rulers by their intelligent freedom, or
+drag the brilliant crowd down with them to destruction in spite of
+theory or law. Not only in mad sedition and revolution, but always, the
+masses govern.
+
+The next great characteristic of the age is the increased complexity of
+outward relations, while the inner mental power does not increase in the
+same ratio. The former causes had a mechanical tendency in that they
+lessened the mental strength, for all volition must have its foundation
+in thought; but this has the same tendency, inasmuch as it increases the
+objects of thought beyond the power of the mind to satisfy the demand.
+If any intelligent man should stop in the midst of his life, and
+consider the relations by which he is surrounded, and for the satisfying
+of which he is responsible, he will shrink amazed from their enormous
+complexity: demands from the state for support and thoughtful fidelity,
+demands from his fellow men for love and charity, children demanding
+education and training, his own nature demanding cultivation and
+development, and, last of all, or rather first of all, his God demanding
+thoughtful love and service. When he proceeds to consider how he may
+best satisfy all these, there pours in upon him knowledge unbounded,
+schemes, theories, and methods innumerable, so that he retreats at last
+in despair and returns to his business--so he calls it, as though to
+make money were all that a man was sent into the world for, as though
+his children, his country, his fellow man, were not all his business.
+The outer world seems to have risen to overwhelm him, and the reason of
+it lies in this same great cause of undue attention to outward
+prosperity.
+
+In the pursuit of wealth, men have aggregated themselves into towns and
+cities, whose area is measured by square miles, and their population by
+hundreds of thousands or millions; the mind meanwhile, instead of
+increasing in proportion to the demands thus made upon it, has rather
+diminished in power. Added to this, each man finds his own private
+affairs in the same state. The social barrier of birth is either gone or
+fast departing, and each man recognizes wealth as the only way to power;
+but the concentrated attention of men and nations in this direction has
+so complicated its pursuit that he must give his whole mind and heart to
+this alone, if he would hope to succeed in it, or even comprehend it.
+While these two worlds, the objective and the thinking subjective, have
+thus grown so enormously out of proportion, the world has found a remedy
+again in division of labor. The different relations, which are the
+unalienable obligations of every man, have been parcelled out among all,
+and each takes but one as his vocation, leaving all the rest to the
+vicarious performance of others. Politicians care for the state,
+teachers for the children, charitable societies for each man's neighbor,
+and preachers fulfil his duty to God.
+
+The first mistake in the world's action is this. In this partition,
+thoughts and actions have become separated, the world is filled and the
+individual confounded by new religions, methods of education, theories
+of government, propounded by those _par excellence_ called the thinking
+men, while the men who work have no time for thought. Wisdom is theory
+proved by experience, but here, alas! the reasoning man and the
+practical man are separated, so that we are farther than ever from the
+living truth.
+
+  Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers, and I linger on the shore,
+  And the individual withers, and the world is more and more.'
+
+
+Behind this first mistake, that one man can do the thinking for another,
+the great error in the world's reasoning on this subject is this, that
+one man can perform another's duties at all. The duty is his, the
+responsibility is his, and none can perform the one or assume the other.
+Granting that he may supply the thought or mechanical; the dynamical,
+the love and soul power which would make that logic effectual, can come
+only from each individual himself.
+
+The duty which each man owes to his children is education and training.
+Schools and teachers may supply schemes of education, improved methods
+of study, and instil some facts or even ideas into the mind; but that
+which vivifies the intellect and brings out every power in its fullest
+development is the motive of love; and it was meant that the filial
+affection of the child toward its parent should be the life of its
+opening mind. The mere logic of religion, Sunday schools and teachers,
+may supply one day out of seven; but to animate that logic and make it a
+practical thing, a faith instead of a belief, it must be made concrete
+and living in the loving life of home. In this case no one does the duty
+or assumes the responsibility of the parent.
+
+Our duty to our fellow men is not charity as we use the word--a bill
+dropped into the contribution box, or a subscription to a charitable
+society; but [Greek: charis] in the old meaning of love and help.
+Poverty springs from two causes--improvidence, a lack of the
+_savoir-faire_ in the affairs of life, or overwhelming circumstances,
+which have broken the spirit of the man and made him sit down
+discouraged and despairing. In either case, money is no remedy. If the
+man be improvident, it only helps the evil for a moment, and the want
+soon returns: what the man needs is instruction and care from those
+better versed in the art of living. And in the second case, to give
+money is no avail, but rather an evil; for instead of thus recognizing
+his degradation, the man needs encouragement, the enthusiasm of a strong
+and successful heart, giving life and light to him who thus sits in
+darkness. This demands the time and careful thought of every man, or the
+duty is left undone. Charitable institutions are well enough: the only
+error is in supposing that they can assume the responsibility of the
+individual. 'This ye ought to have done, and not to have left the other
+undone.'
+
+Our country cannot be left to politicians, for its first great demand is
+the careful thought of every man in the direction of its affairs; and
+this, no single man or class of men can supply. The action of Government
+should be conditioned by the needs of the people, and these can be known
+only by the people themselves. It is for every man, therefore, to keep
+an earnest and heedful eye to his own needs and the wants of those about
+him, if the _vox populi_ would be _vox Dei_, the utterance of God's
+truth; otherwise the opinion of the people will be the voice of
+demagogues, which is as far as possible from the voice of God. Another
+need is that of continual watchfulness, lest the country be defrauded,
+or its rulers become corrupt. No class of men can be appointed as
+watchmen, lest they also go in the same way: but it is the unalienable
+duty of the whole people. When the emergency of defence arises, no man
+can really perform his duty by the payment of money or the providing of
+a substitute; for that which makes a country strong is not armies or
+cannon, but life. The Moors held Grenada, in the midst of Spain, for
+years, the Swiss have remained amid the storms of Europe for centuries,
+a Rome of huts went out to conquer the world, while a Rome of palaces is
+doomed to invasion and death. Every nation has money enough, if it have
+only patriotism and its attendant courage. Even if war has become
+mechanical and men fight at a distance, so that the courage of a hand to
+hand conflict is of no avail, it finally comes to the same result; a
+nation needs not cannon or armies, but men whose hands are strong and
+whose minds are quick because of the love in their hearts. No man
+performs his duty unless he sends a substitute of equal bravery and
+patriotism to that which he should himself possess, and then he must do
+the substitute's duty by going in his place. Politicians and hired
+soldiery can neither govern nor protect a country; it needs the people
+themselves as individuals.
+
+In religion, no man pretends to say that a class of men can perform the
+duty which each man owes to God, and the person who should say such a
+thing would be considered in jest or partially deranged. Yet it is so
+tacitly held, and practically believed. As the man sits in his cushioned
+seat on the Lord's day, and looks up at the stately edifice which he has
+helped to build, and hears the eloquent words of the preacher whom he in
+part pays, he has a comfortable feeling that his work is done. To be
+sure, no man can love God without knowing Him, and none can know Him
+well without a careful and intelligent study of His works in creation
+and revelation; but the man himself has no time for this, he has
+something else to do, and if he but hire another to dig out these
+truths, and present them to him, as it were ready made, of a Sunday, he
+considers that it is enough. The preacher performs the thinking and the
+architect the acting of man's duty to God. So the world goes on;
+religion is merely logical, mechanical, a kind of 'greatest amount of
+happiness' affair, a lubricant to make the wheels of society move on
+smoothly, instead of being from the soul, dynamical, giving love and
+life to the world.
+
+This mechanical tendency has also an element which makes it worse than
+any corresponding state in former times, for these at least contained a
+faith which was positive, while ours is utterly negative; theirs sprang
+from want of mental power, ours from want of time. When in times past a
+people felt the power of thought going from them, and became conscious
+of their inability to solve the great riddle of life which was
+perplexing them, they chose the best remedy for what was irremediable,
+and turned to wiser men than they for direction and help. From thence
+sprang faith, reverence, hero worship, which stands next in rank to
+independent thought. But we, having no time to attend to these things,
+have yet no faith in those to whom they are entrusted, and no hope of
+their successful issue; we but shrug our shoulders at the thought, say,
+'I cannot attend to it,' and let it go. So _laisser aller_ is the cry of
+the age, a dead negation of thought and volition.
+
+By proving the existence of the causes that produce it, we have shown
+the presence of a mechanical tendency in our social state; the same
+thing may be done in another way, by proving the existence of effects
+that flow from it. The truest index of a people's condition is found in
+the meaning which they attach to certain, words. A history of the word
+_virtus_, manhood, is a history of the social condition of the Roman
+people. If, then, we find that the conceptions which we attach to such
+words as God, man, and society are mechanical, then society must have
+such a tendency, for these words lie at the foundation of all
+government, all social movements, and all individual actions.
+
+First, the meaning of the word God. We, as a people, neither deny nor
+pretend to deny, in words, the existence of a Being, infinite in power
+and wisdom, who governs the universe according to his will; yet
+practically we have ignored His existence, and deified the laws of
+nature instead, given up the idea of a free volition, worshipping a
+mechanical necessity of cause and effect. The cause of this dates back
+to Bacon's 'Novum Organum,' the introduction of the Inductive
+Philosophy. He laid down the principle that nature must be interrogated
+if she would be understood, that from a careful study of the effects we
+must deduce the cause, instead of presuming the cause, and explaining
+the effects on this hypothesis.
+
+This form of study and the study itself are well enough when confined to
+their right proportion; but desire for wealth, in its endeavor to adapt
+nature to the wants of man, has forced the study out of its proportion,
+and deduced from it an untruth. In proving the being of a God from
+nature alone, we get only the idea of power joined to a dead necessity
+of laws; and it must be in the study of the human soul, with its
+personality and volition, that we shall get the other ideas, which,
+joined to that of power, prove to us the being of a personal God. Nature
+has been studied and analyzed and searched with all the social and
+individual power of the age, while the science of mind and soul has
+stood still; and so it is that men no longer believe there is any God
+but cause and effect; not the nation which is right is successful, but
+'God is always on the side which has the most cannon;' not the just man,
+but the shrewd man, will succeed; not God but rain and sunshine, will
+bring forth the harvest.
+
+Give us back the time when men fought hand to hand in ordeal of battle,
+or bared their feet to walk over burning ploughshares in their firm
+trust that God would defend the right; give them back with all their
+superstitions and darkness, if with them we may receive again the lost
+knowledge of a God who is 'Our Father,' a God who loves and protects His
+children. If there is anywhere on the earth a soul that trusts and
+prays, then must the world be wrong in its belief. A law is a rule of
+conduct, a law of nature is a rule of God's conduct, and though we have
+abstracted the personality and freedom, they are none the less there.
+There is also a mitigated form of this atheism as follows: many believe
+in a personal God, yet conceive Him to be fettered by his own laws; as
+if He had made the machine of the universe, wound it up, and could now
+only stand helplessly aside to see it go. Prayer is of no avail to such
+a God; thus the first need of the soul is left unsatisfied, and man
+stands in the universe alone. Herein is their error: because He has
+always acted in this manner, they reason that He always will, and then
+go farther and think He always must; not seeing how He stands behind and
+moves the law. When the hammer in the pianoforte rises, the wire will
+sound; but there is one who sits unseen at the key board and controls
+the wires of the hammer. When the lightning bolt falls, the tree is
+shattered; but God holds the lightning in His hands.
+
+Succeeding a mechanical idea of God, we have a similar idea of man. The
+fundamental question of human nature is that of free will or necessity.
+The history of philosophy is but a history of the conflict of these two
+ideas: in the life of the individual also, the same great question
+arises, whether he can be what he will, or will be what he must. From
+this come all those articles on 'Nature and Circumstances,' 'Genius and
+Labor,' with which college magazines are filled--endeavors of the young
+mind to solve this most vital problem. Modern society has declared
+itself on the side of necessity: while acknowledging man preeminently
+free in his relations to others, it yet considers him as the bondslave
+of motives. When God is the mere bondsman of necessity, and his religion
+only the means of the greatest amount of happiness, surely his creature
+must be in the same slavery. There are three great motives that sway
+men--love for themselves, love to others, and love to God. The first of
+these is measurable, the others immeasurable. In the first, given a
+greater means of happiness, ten thousand dollars instead of nine
+thousand, and the action follows in that direction as a matter of
+necessity. But love of children, patriotism, benevolence, love of God
+rise above this logical and mechanical, to the region of free and
+incalculable volition.
+
+Society, ignoring any such thing as soul, has declared that only the
+measurable and necessary remains in man. Thence has arisen the science
+of averages, pretending to foretell with mathematical certainty what a
+man must do under given circumstances. Thence also has arisen this
+maxim, so often quoted as final in all such questions, 'Every man has
+his price.' Perhaps there is some ground too for this opinion. We have
+before shown how, by division of labor, affection and volition have been
+abstracted from life, while only a formal performance of duties by
+others remains, and it would be strange if, under such _regime_, these
+parts of the human nature should not become shrunken. But the soul is
+not wholly gone yet; the world is mistaken--a little is left which
+cannot be measured by dollars and cents, enough of benevolence yet to
+make tolerable, enough of faith and love in the hearts of a few holy men
+to keep the world from corruption.
+
+Society was called by the Great Master a brotherhood. Even in heathen
+times men were held by ties of kindred and country; now they acknowledge
+practically no bond but that of interest. The word that is continually
+in our mouths is 'framework of society,' 'social mechanism,' as though
+it were impelled by a force from without, instead of being a living and
+vital thing, moved and governed by its own vital forces. 'Law of
+averages,' 'honesty is the best policy,' 'law of supply and demand,' are
+supposed to be the forces that drive the affair, while any such power as
+love or faith is ignored. But as with individuals, so with society. The
+world is not so bad as it declares itself to be. Enough of patriotism is
+still left to affect the gold market at times, enough of faith to keep
+alive the effete aristocracy of Europe, enough of courage and honor to
+rally around and bravely uphold a tattered flag in a battle for
+constitutional freedom.
+
+Although we have shown the existence of a mechanical tendency, yet our
+labor is incomplete and practically useless unless we have shown how it
+may be retarded or wholly counterbalanced. Some countervailing element
+there must be, as is evident from the fact that, while the causes that
+produce this tendency exist in modern society in tenfold greater power
+than they ever had in ancient life, yet their operation has been, by
+far, less rapid. Greece and Rome existed barely a thousand years, while
+Anglo-Saxon civilization has already flourished much longer than that,
+and as yet shows no signs of immediate decay.
+
+The retarding cause is war. This does not strike at the root of the
+matter and eradicate the love of physical prosperity, but only retards
+the movement, by awaking men to see that their interests are inseparable
+from those of the state. In the midst of war they see that one cannot
+perform the duty of another, that hired soldiery cannot protect a state,
+but their own hearts and arms must be enlisted unless they would be
+buried in its ruins. It wakes up the dormant dynamical powers of courage
+and heroism, and checks for a moment the selfish individualism that was
+taking the life from the nation.
+
+This only retards, it does not counterbalance or neutralize this
+tendency. War was common to ancient and modern times alike; but that
+cause which has so long held our society from ruin, and on which we base
+our hope of an indestructible civilization, is the Christian religion.
+This strikes at the root of the matter, being antagonistic not only to
+the one simple cause, but to each of the subordinate causes that are
+derived from it. Disproportionate attention to outward prosperity
+springs from the idea that the happiness of men and nations is
+inseparable from wealth. Directly opposed to this is the teaching of
+religion, that happiness and strength come from performing truly the
+duties of life. The first derivative cause which we found under this was
+an accumulation of facts which overburden the mind and destroy its
+power. Religion has little to do with outward facts, it taxes but little
+the receptive power; it has to do rather with changing knowledge into
+wisdom, applying the few vital facts to the life. This knowledge, we
+have found, is objective, ignoring the [Greek: Gnothi seauton]; but
+religious thought is intensely subjective; all other things it esteems
+as of no avail, except those that relate to the outward condition and
+tendency of the individual. Know thyself in relation to man and
+God--this it continually demands. No man can be religious without
+thought--continual, earnest thought, perceiving and defining duties;
+therefore, wherever religion comes, even the mind that was sunken in
+weakness is raised to renewed life. It is in this way that religion
+counterbalances the influence of division of labor. While this takes
+away the last incentive to thought on the part of the workman, degrading
+him to a cunning but expensive machine, religion gives to him a new
+spring of thought, vivifies his blunted mind by the power of transformed
+affections, and makes him again a man.
+
+The next derivative was lack of time, taking affection and volition from
+life by dividing the duties of the individual among others. In immediate
+antagonism to this, religion declares that the individual stands alone
+in his duties and responsibilities before God. It recognizes no
+institution of charity or social partition, but reiterates the command,
+'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself,' which includes everything.
+
+Religion is opposed to this tendency, not only in its causes, but in its
+effects. It brings back to us the idea of a personal God. It makes no
+mention of nature, but simply says: 'The heavens declare the glory of
+God,' 'He sendeth his rain on the just and the unjust.' No laws of
+nature are spoken of as conditioning the action of God, but He sees the
+sparrow's fall and provides for it; He hears and answers the prayer of
+His children. It declares man to be more than a slave driven by motives,
+with every action necessitated; it declares him a creature of free
+volition, whose action can neither be calculated nor controlled. It
+declares him possessed of powers of love and hate, which defy
+mathematics; a being above all price, to whom honesty may be more than
+'the best policy,' even the loving obedience of a child to a loving
+Father. It declares society to be no mere framework tied together by
+interest, but a brotherhood, like a living soul, having a common Father,
+Saviour, and Home. In place of supply and demand, policy, interest, it
+enunciates but one word, _love_.
+
+It would be worse than useless if we had come so far in reasoning, and
+obtained no practical result, which might be embodied in each man's
+action. We have shown the existence of this tendency, and the powers
+that are antagonistic to it. We cannot prove the result, for there is no
+analogy in any preceding case which history affords; we cannot calculate
+the strength of the opposing powers, for the issue lies in man's
+volition, which is above mathematics. Yet practically, the result, as
+far as regards us individually, is as valuable as though this were
+possible. The result depends upon the world's decision, and each man is
+responsible for his part of that decision, whether he will give his
+heart to outward or inward prosperity. If he would have his children, to
+unnumbered generations, rise up to bless the age in which he lived, and
+him who lived therein; if he would do what he can to make his country's
+civilization perpetual, and his own life truly happy, let him give up
+all thought of _laissez faire_, 'it will last my time,' and begin to
+lead an earnest, thoughtful life, sacrificing, if need be, something of
+outward prosperity for the sake of fulfilling his duty in love and
+action to his fellow men and to God.
+
+
+
+
+AN INDIAN LOVE-SONG.
+
+
+  From his ambush in thy shadowy eyes young Love an arrow shot,
+  When beneath thy father's wigwam my youthful brain grew hot.
+  My heart is all a-quiver, but hear me while I sing;
+  Oh let me be thy beau, and I will never snap the string!
+    Then clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;
+    For I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.
+
+  Not with the glittering wampum have I come thy smiles to woo;
+  But I offer a cabin passage down life's river in my canoe;
+  And to beguile the voyage, if thou wilt come aboard,
+  Till sunset fire the waters the fire-water shall be poured.
+    While clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;
+    And I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.
+
+  Though my pipe of peace thy cruelty has shattered, stem and bowl,
+  A thousand thongs from thy dear hide are knotted round my soul.
+  From every murderous tomahawk my dove shall shielded be;
+  And if famine stare us in the face, I'll jerk my heart for thee.
+    So, clad in noiseless moccasons the feet of the years shall fall;
+    And I will cherish thee, my love, till Time shall scalp us all.
+
+
+
+
+LITERARY NOTICES.
+
+
+POEMS FROM THE INNER LIFE. By LIZZIE DOTEN. Boston:
+Wm. White & Co., 'Banner of Light' Office, 158 Washington street, New
+York: A. J. Davis, 274 Canal street.
+
+This book was written from what is called 'the plane of spiritual
+experience' of which we, being neither clairvoyant, clairaudient, nor
+clairsentient, know positively nothing.' Miss Doten says: 'I claim both
+a general and particular inspiration. I know that many sincere and
+earnest souls will decide, in the integrity of their well-trained
+intellects, that my claim to an intercourse with the invisible world is
+an extravagant assumption, and has no foundation in truth. I cannot
+conscientiously deny that in the mysteries of my inner life I have been
+acted upon decidedly and directly by disembodied intelligences, and this
+sometimes by an inspiration characteristic of the individual, or by a
+psychological influence similar to that whereby mind acts upon mind in
+the body. Many of the poems were given by direct spirit influence before
+public audiences. For many of them I could not obtain the authorship,
+but for such as I could the names are given.'
+
+Strange statements truly, and yet we see no reason to doubt that Miss
+Doten fully believes them to be simple records of facts known to
+herself. We do not doubt her truth and good faith; but we confess
+ourselves puzzled with the contradictory and inconsequent phenomena of
+modern spiritualism. These developments never bring any accession to our
+knowledge. In addition to the curious circumstances attending the
+creation of these poems, many of them are very beautiful. In those
+purporting to have been dictated by the spirit of Poe, the similarity of
+style is quite remarkable. His alliterations, his frequent assonances
+and rhymes, his chiming and ever-musical rhythms are wonderfully well
+reproduced. But has he learned nothing new to tell us in those 'supernal
+spheres'? Has he struck upon no new path in those weird regions, grasped
+no fresh and startling thought to weave into the perfect music of his
+lines? Nay, has he learned no new tunes, chimes, or rhythms 'where the
+angels' feet make music over all the starry floor'? Could he not lift
+for us the veil of Isis? The 'inspiration' from Shakspeare we regard as
+a total failure. He who never repeated himself on earth, comes to us who
+love him, after his long residence in heaven, and travesties his own
+matchless dramas by weak quotations from them, as if he had been
+cogitating only his own words through the new scenes of glory which had
+opened before him. Our great Shakspeare has grown none in the passing
+centuries--comes from the empyrean to gabble like a dotard of the
+visions of his youth? We quote from the poem:
+
+  'Man learns in this Valhalla of his soul
+  To love, nor ever finds 'Love's Labor Lost.'
+  No two-faced Falstaff proffers double suit;
+  No Desdemona mourns Iago's art;
+  And every Romeo finds his Juliet.'
+
+Trust us, fair and gifted Miss Doten, the spirit who sang this into your
+soul was not Shakspeare, nor, unless we are much mistaken, even one of
+his acquaintances.
+
+FAITH AND FANCY. By JOHN SAVAGE, Author of 'Sibyl, a
+Tragedy.' New York: James B. Kirker, 599 Broadway. Washington, D. C.:
+Philip & Solomon.
+
+We are glad to welcome this little volume of poems, some of which were
+published anonymously, and received general praise from critics and
+readers. They are vigorous, patriotic, rhythmical, and many of them are
+marked with imaginative power. The 'Muster of the North' is a bold and
+striking poem.
+
+LIFE OF EDWARD LIVINGSTON. By CHARLES HAVENS HUNT.
+With an Introduction by GEORGE BANCROFT. New York: D. Appleton
+& Co., 443 and 445 Broadway.
+
+Mr. Hunt has had great advantages in the preparation of this interesting
+life, the only surviving members of Mr. Livingston's immediate family
+having placed in his hands the whole mass of papers left by him at his
+death. The work has a double interest. As a man, Mr. Livingston claims
+our sympathies from his domestic virtues, his unvarying sweetness of
+demeanor, his high ability and culture; as jurist and statesman, he is
+closely related to the great epochs of our country. It fell to his lot,
+after our acquisition of Louisiana, to adjust the old municipal laws
+derived from France and Spain, to the new condition of the connection
+with America. 'The code which he prepared at the instance of the State
+of Louisiana,' says Mr. Bancroft, 'is in its simplicity, completeness,
+and humanity at once an impersonation of the man and an exposition of
+the American Constitution. If it has never been adopted as a whole, it
+has proved an unfailing fountain of reforms, suggested by its
+principles.' Mr. Livingston will live historically with such men as
+Bacon, Montesquieu, Beccaria, and Bentham. His great work in its final
+form was styled 'A System of Penal Law,' and was divided into 'A Code of
+Crimes and Punishments,' 'A Code of Procedure,' 'A Code of Evidence,'
+and 'A Code of Reform and Prison Discipline,' besides 'A Book of
+Definitions.' This work is marked by great unity of design, by the
+shunning of legal ambiguity, by the preventing rather than avenging
+crime, and by bringing 'mercy to season justice.'
+
+Space fails to follow Mr. Livingston through his congressional career,
+his social and domestic life, his many and pleasant relations with
+General Jackson, George M. Dallas, and most of the leading men of his
+own times. We close this short notice with a quotation from Charles J.
+Ingersoll: 'A purer, sweeter, or superior spirit seldom has departed. He
+belonged to a peerage of which there are very few members.' We doubt not
+this important record will obtain a wide recognition.
+
+RAMBLES AMONG WORDS: their Poetry, History, and Wisdom. By
+WILLIAM SWINTON. Revised Edition. New York: Dion Thomas, 142
+Nassau street.
+
+We are glad to welcome a new edition of this interesting book. Some
+fifteen hundred illustrations of the Poetry, History, and Wisdom of
+Words are presented to the reader in these pages, the greater number of
+which have never before been etymologically analyzed. Mr. Swinton's
+classifications are ingenious and suggestive. We have 'The Work of the
+Senses, 'The Idealism of Words,' 'Fossil Poetries,' 'Fossil Histories,'
+'Words of Abuse,' 'Growth of Words,' 'Verbal Ethics,' 'English in
+America,' &c. Our author says: 'In the growth of Words all the
+activities of the mind conspire. Language is the mirror of the living
+inward consciousness. Language is concrete metaphysics. What rays does
+it let in on the mind's subtile workings! There is more of what there is
+of essential in metaphysics--more of the structural action of the human
+mind, in Words, than in the concerted introspection of all the
+psychologists.' And very skilfully has Mr. Swinton elicited the pregnant
+meanings, the rich coloring, the 'concrete metaphysics,' the terrors,
+delights, and wonders of words. Thoughtlessly enough we use them, but
+they are coins of matchless worth, stamped with the history and marked
+by the complicated powers of the being in the fire of whose soul they
+are fused. Truthfulness of derivation, history, erudition, poetry, and
+imagination meet in the charming pages before us, and enthral the
+interest. We recommend the work not only to the student, but to all
+readers of intelligence. Those already familiar with the subject will
+find much rare and original matter; while those to whom it is new will
+be astonished and startled with the unsuspected resources of the magical
+regions through which 'Rambles among Words' will conduct them.
+
+THE VAGABONDS. By J. T. TROWBRIDGE. With Illustrations
+by F. O. C. Darley. New York: James G. Gregory, 46 Walker street.
+
+Most of the readers of the _Atlantic Monthly_ will remember 'The
+Vagabonds'--a poem remarkable for its truth and pathos. Darley has
+caught the spirit of the 'two travellers'--indeed, the expression of
+love and pity in the face of the dog is almost human. If we but read
+this poem aright, a moral lies in every verse, teaching us compassion
+for erring humanity, and mercy to the dumb creatures whom no sin or
+degradation can alienate from their loyal affections. We thank Darley
+for these exquisite and tender illustrations. They are worthy of his
+fame. May they save our poor four-footed 'Rogers' many a kick, and
+elicit a deeper sympathy for earth's unfortunate vagabonds!
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+THE METROPOLITAN FAIR IN AID OF THE UNITED STATES SANITARY COMMISSION.
+
+Believing it to be the duty of all public and private citizens, of all
+journals and publications, to do whatsoever may be in their power to aid
+the Metropolitan Fair in the effort to sustain the Sanitary Commission
+in its important functions, we propose devoting to this purpose the
+pages of our Editor's Table.
+
+Fort Sumter fell on the 15th of April, 1861; on the 16th, the
+President's proclamation calling out seventy-five thousand troops to
+suppress an armed rebellion was issued. The effect was electric,
+startling the loyal States into sudden activity. Men rushed to arms, and
+women thronged together to devise means to alleviate suffering likely
+soon to occur among the brave fellows speeding to face death in behalf
+of their country. Surgeons and physicians were invited to meet with them
+and instruct them how to make lint, prepare bandages, and educate
+nurses.
+
+About fifty ladies met during this juncture at the New York Infirmary
+for women, April 25th, 1861, and a committee was appointed to organize
+the benevolence of our women into a Central Association. A meeting was
+called in the Cooper Institute, April 29th, attended by the largest
+assembly of ladies ever drawn together before. It was presided over by
+D. D. Field, Esq.[5] Rev. Dr. Bellows explained the object of the
+meeting, and an eloquent address was made by Vice-President Hamlin. Dr.
+Crawford, since Brigadier-General Crawford, who had been at Fort Sumter,
+followed him. Drs. Wood, Mott, Stevens, etc., urged the merits of the
+enterprise. Articles of organization were brought in, which, under the
+name of the Women's Central Association of Relief, united the women of
+New York in a society whose objects were to collect and distribute
+authentic information with regard to the wants of the army; to establish
+a recognized union with the New York Medical Association for the supply
+of lint, bandages, etc.; to solicit the aid of all local associations;
+and to take measures for training and securing a supply of nurses
+against any possible demand of war. Dr. Mott was appointed President of
+the Association; Rev. Dr. Bellows, Vice-President; G. F. Allen, Esq.,
+Secretary; and Howard Potter, of Brown Brothers & Co., Treasurer.
+
+Wise questions were put to the Chief Medical Purveyor of the U. S. Army
+by the Association, to which kind and patient verbal answers were
+returned. But it was evident that he regarded its solicitude as
+exaggerated, and its proffer of aid as almost superfluous, believing the
+Medical Department was fully aroused to its duties, and able to meet
+them. There can be no doubt that this opinion was perfectly honest,
+loyal, and faithful. But the women still believed that something might
+be done for the objects of their solicitude. A committee, consisting of
+Dr. W. H. Van Buren, Dr. Elisha Harris, Dr. Jacob Harsen, and Rev. Dr.
+Bellows, etc., was appointed to visit Washington, and confer with the
+medical authorities and the War Department in regard to the whole
+subject of volunteer aid to the army. The committee came to the
+conclusion, after some weeks' observation in and about Washington, that
+neither the Government, the War Department, the Bureau, the army, nor
+the people understood the gigantic nature of the business entered upon,
+or were half prepared to meet the necessities which must in a few weeks
+or months fall crushingly upon them. Such facts convinced them of the
+necessity of a much more extensive system than had been contemplated at
+the period of their organization, and thus the idea of a Sanitary
+Commission, with an office and resident staff at Washington, presented
+itself to them as alone able to meet the views of the Central
+Association and the emergencies of the case. The ordering of a Sanitary
+Commission _without rights or powers_ was finally granted, the _duties_
+being enough to satisfy the most active. The order for the Commission
+was issued by the Secretary of War June 9th, and approved by the
+President June 13th, 1861. Women feel that our soldiers belong to the
+_nation_, and thus local, and personal prejudices have yielded to the
+truly _federal_ principles of the Sanitary Commission. They are
+withdrawn from local politics, and have felt the assault upon the life
+of the nation in its true national aspect. They have been the first to
+appreciate and understand the all-embracing duties of the Sanitary
+Commission. With Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Louisville,
+Pittsburg, Philadelphia, New York, Brooklyn, New Haven, Hartford,
+Providence, Boston, Portland, and Concord for centres, there are at
+least 15,000 Soldiers' Aid Societies, all under the control of women,
+employed in supplying, through the Sanitary Commission, the wants of the
+sick and wounded in the great Federal Army. The skill and business
+energies of the women managing the vast operations of the chief centres
+of supply unfold a new and glowing page in the history of the capacities
+of the sex.
+
+Why does the Sanitary Commission need so much money? Because the present
+machinery of the Commission, supported by the Central Treasury cannot be
+kept in motion without large expenditures; and large as the cost is, the
+results for good are almost infinitely larger. The Sanitary distributes
+the supplies sent, embraces Sanitary Inspection by medical men of
+general hospitals, Sanitary Inspection by medical men of camps and field
+hospitals, Special Relief with all its agencies and in all its various
+departments, and the Hospital Directory with its register and its
+500,000 names. Every dollar expended meets some real want, or helps to
+save a life. Do the people wish this agency in behalf of the soldiers in
+tent, hospital, and on the battle field--at the East--West--South, to
+cease? or is it their will to continue it in its largeness of plan, its
+scientific exactness, its ability to do all that the friends at home
+would themselves desire to do for our soldiers? Our generous and loyal
+people have given their entire confidence to the Sanitary
+Commission--they have decided that it shall not die for lack of material
+aid, estimating beyond all money and all price the lives and health of
+the brave men now in the field for the defence of the country, and
+grateful that they may repose in the certitude that every cent
+contributed will be used in the surest manner to effect the results
+required. To aid in sustaining this beneficent institution, New York is
+about to inaugurate a great Metropolitan Fair. She asks in the sacred
+name of freedom and humanity that her children come together with the
+works of their hands, the results of their enterprise, the achievements
+of their talents, the bloom of their genius, to do her honor in a Great
+Exhibition of Art, Industry, Commerce, all devoted to the cause of human
+progress. She begs of her children to do the work which is given them to
+do, with a spirit of love and patriotism, remembering no private griefs,
+no unworthy animosities; remembering only the bleeding sons of the
+Republic, who threw themselves, in their youth and strength, into the
+yawning gulf which opened before them, hoping that, propitiated by such
+a sacrifice, it might close again--willing to die, or live maimed and
+suffering, that a happy, peaceful and united people might again possess
+the fairest land which God has given to mankind. Chicago, Cincinnati,
+and Boston have already done nobly in this direction, and New York
+should contribute in proportion to her means and advantages. The
+Atlantic seaboard should make great exertions, seeing that more than one
+half of the money received by the Commission has been contributed from
+the shores of the Pacific--California having sent more than five hundred
+and twenty-five thousand dollars.
+
+The Managers of the Fair invite all Merchants, Manufacturers, and
+Artisans to contribute of their wares to its stores, giving such goods
+as they make or deal in--such goods as are made profitable to them by
+the prosperity of the country which our soldiers are fighting to
+maintain.
+
+Painters and Sculptors, who have done so much for the honor of their
+country, all who are connected with the Fine Arts, either as creators,
+as dealers, or possessors of Art Treasures, are asked to send their
+contributions for _exhibition_ or _sale_.
+
+Farmers are invited to bring to the Fair gifts from their barns, stalls,
+dairies, and poultry yards.
+
+Publishers and Booksellers are confidently looked to for aid. A
+_Second-hand Book Stall_ will be attached to this Department, to which
+contributions are asked from the shelves of those who are cumbered with
+duplicate copies, or who have books which they no longer use. Connected
+with this Department will be a table for the exposition and sale of
+valuable Autographs.
+
+On the Musicians, Musical Instrument Makers, and Music Dealers, the
+Managers confidently rely for a worthy representation of the beautiful
+art of which they are ministers, by the giving of Musical Performances
+and of instruments and music for sale.
+
+The Managers and Artists of the various Theatres are invited to set
+apart one evening during the Fair, the performances on which shall be
+for the benefit of the fund.
+
+It is hoped that the Public Schools and Public Institutions of a
+benevolent character may contribute in some fitting manner to the Fair.
+
+It is also hoped, from the well-known patriotism of the Fire Department
+and the Police, that they will bear an honorable and conspicuous part in
+this life-preserving and humane undertaking.
+
+A Department of Arms and Trophies will be established, to which not only
+arms and flags captured in the present war, but all articles of this
+kind having a historic or intrinsic interest, will be acceptable
+contributions, either for sale or exhibition.
+
+An Old Curiosity Shop will afford all who have interesting relics of the
+past in their possession an opportunity to enable others to share the
+pleasure of examining them. Valuable contributions have been already
+received in this department. Let it be clearly stated whether articles
+of this kind are for sale or only for exhibition.
+
+A Newspaper will be published daily, which, in addition to the latest
+telegraphic news, will contain short and piquant articles upon the
+incidents of the day, and especially of the Fair.
+
+A Post Office will also be established.
+
+A Restaurant will be under the charge of an accomplished public caterer.
+
+It is intended that, so far as practicable, each city in the State
+desiring that its contributions shall be kept together, shall have a
+separate space set apart for them, and that each of these cities shall
+be represented in the General Committee of Management.
+
+A certain number of each Executive Committee will be at its Office--the
+Ladies at No. 2 Great Jones street, the Gentlemen at No. 842
+Broadway--every day, from 10 A. M. to 4 P. M.
+
+Contributions are to be sent to the Receiving Depot, No. 2 Great Jones
+street, where they will be credited to their givers, and their receipt
+acknowledged by the proper committee.
+
+It is particularly requested that each contribution be plainly marked
+with the name of the contributor, for exposition during the Fair, and
+that each article be accompanied by a memorandum of its value.
+
+
+REGULATIONS.
+
+1. Every application by note for contributions shall be upon paper
+bearing the symbol of the Fair, and signed in writing by a member of the
+Executive Committee; and every member of a special committee shall be
+provided with a similar certificate of authority.
+
+2. It is earnestly requested that all contributions in money be sent to
+the Treasurer, to whose order all checks should be made payable.
+
+3. At the Fair, every article shall be sold at its current value, when
+that is determinable.
+
+4. In all raffles, the number of tickets sold shall not exceed the
+original valuation of the articles raffled for.
+
+5. No person shall be importuned to buy articles or tickets for raffles.
+
+6. In every department, a cashier shall be appointed to receive money
+and make change.
+
+7. No punch shall be sold.
+
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Ladies' Association.
+
+  MRS. HAMILTON FISH, _President_.
+   "   DAVID LANE, _Vice-President_.
+   "   A. V. STOUT, _Second Vice-President_.
+   "   ELLEN R. STRONG, _Treasurer_.
+   "   JOHN SHERWOOD, _Secretary_.
+  MISS CATHERINE NASH, _Assistant Secretary_.
+
+_Executive Committee._
+
+Office, No. 2 Great Jones street.
+
+  Mrs. Marshall O. Roberts.
+   "   Francis Lieber.
+   "   Wm. H. Van Buren.
+   "   Richard M. Hunt.
+   "   Jonathan Sturges.
+   "   A. Schermerhorn.
+   "   David D. Field.
+   "   S. G. Courtney.
+   "   Daniel Le Roy.
+   "   Benjamin Nathan.
+   "   John Jacob Astor.
+   "   Gurdon Buck.
+   "   Ogden Hoffman.
+   "   Josiah S. Colgate.
+   "   Frank E. Howe.
+   "   John A. Dix.
+   "   A. Hamilton, jr.
+   "   Thomas F. Meagher.
+   "   Philip Hamilton.
+   "   Frederick Billings.
+   "   Morris Ketchum.
+  Miss Catherine Hone.
+
+
+Gentlemen's Association.
+
+  MAJOR-GEN. JOHN A. DIX, _President_.
+  MR. JONATHAN STURGES, _First Vice-President_.
+   "  JAMES T. BRADY, _Second Vice-President_.
+   "  WILSON G. HUNT, _Chairman of Gen. Com_.
+   "  RICHARD GRANT WHITE, _Secretary_.
+
+_Executive Committee._
+
+Office, No. 842 Broadway.
+
+  Mr. George Griswold Gray, _Chairman_.
+   "  R. G. White, _Secretary_.
+
+  Mr. Marshall O. Roberts.
+   "  Arthur Leary.
+   "  James L. Kennedy.
+   "  Charles H. Marshall.
+   "  A. Van Rensselaer.
+   "  Nathan'l P. Hosack.
+   "  Peter Marie.
+   "  Abr'm M. Cozzens.
+   "  L. R. Jerome.
+   "  Wm. T. Blodgett.
+   "  Fletcher Harper.
+   "  Lloyd Aspinwall.
+   "  Wm. Scharfenberg.
+   "  Levi P. Morton.
+   "  Chris'n E. Detmold.
+   "  Henry Chauncey.
+   "  Charles A. Bristed.
+   "  Thomas Acton.
+   "  C. Godfrey Gunther.
+   "  Henry S. Fearing.
+   "  A. R. Macdonough.
+   "  Francis A. Stout.
+   "  James A. Roosevelt.
+   "  Le Grand B. Cannon.
+   "  Edward Delano.
+   "  John F. Kensett.
+   "  James F. Ruggles.
+   "  Moses Lazarus.
+   "  Joseph G. Heywood.
+   "  Philetus T. Holt.
+   "  Uriel A. Murdock.
+   "  Elliott F. Shepard.
+   "  Edward Matthews.
+   "  S. B. Janes.
+
+We have deemed it best thus to gather together from all available
+sources all the information we could glean from the circulars, etc., of
+the Metropolitan Fair, with the names of its officers, and the addresses
+of the Executive Committees, that we might give all possible information
+to our widely spread circle of readers. We give, from the excellent
+article in the January number of the _North American Review_ already
+quoted, a vivid description of scenes occurring in the great Northwest,
+upon a similar occasion.
+
+     'In Chicago, for instance, the Branch has lately held a fair of
+     colossal proportions, to which the whole Northwest was invited to
+     send supplies, and to come in mass! On the 26th of October last,
+     when it opened, a procession of three miles in length, composed of
+     wagon loads of supplies, and of people in various ways interested,
+     paraded through the streets of Chicago; the stores being closed,
+     and the day given up to patriotic sympathies. For fourteen days the
+     fair lasted, and every day brought reenforcements of supplies, and
+     of people and purchasers. The country people, from hundreds of
+     miles about, sent in upon the railroads all the various products of
+     their farms, mills, and hands. Those who had nothing else sent the
+     poultry from their barnyards; the ox or bull or calf from the
+     stall; the title deed of a few acres of land; so many bushels of
+     grain, or potatoes, or onions. Loads of hay, even, were sent in
+     from ten or a dozen miles out, and sold at once in the hay market.
+     On the roads entering the city were seen rickety and lumbering
+     wagons, made of poles, loaded with a mixed freight,--a few
+     cabbages, a bundle of socks, a coop of tame ducks, a few barrels of
+     turnips, a pot of butter, and a bag of beans,--with the proud and
+     humane farmer driving the team, his wife behind in charge of the
+     baby, while two or three little children contended with the boxes
+     and barrels and bundles for room to sit or lie. Such were the
+     evidences of devotion and self-sacrificing zeal the Northwestern
+     farmers gave, as, in their long trains of wagons, they trundled
+     into Chicago, from twenty and thirty miles' distance, and unloaded
+     their contents at the doors of the Northwestern Fair, for the
+     benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission. The mechanics and
+     artisans of the towns and cities were not behind the farmers. Each
+     manufacturer sent his best piano, plough, threshing machine, or
+     sewing machine. Every form of agricultural implement, and every
+     product of mechanical skill, was represented. From the watchmaker's
+     jewelry to horse shoes and harness; from lace, cloth, cotton, and
+     linen, to iron and steel; from wooden and waxen and earthen ware to
+     butter and cheese, bacon and beef;--nothing came amiss, and nothing
+     failed to come, and the ordering of all this was in the hands of
+     women. They fed in the restaurant, under 'the Fair,' at fifty cents
+     a meal, 1,500 mouths a day, for a fortnight, from food furnished,
+     cooked, and served by the women of Chicago; and so orderly and
+     convenient, so practical and wise were the arrangements, that, day
+     by day, they had just what they had ordered and what they counted
+     on, always enough, and never too much. They divided the houses of
+     the town, and levied on No. 16 A street, for five turkeys, on
+     Monday; No. 37 B street, for 12 apple pies, on Tuesday; No. 49 C
+     street, for forty pounds of roast beef, on Wednesday; No. 23 D
+     street was to furnish so much pepper on Thursday; No. 33 E street,
+     so much salt on Friday. In short, every preparation was made in
+     advance, at the least inconvenience possible to the people, to
+     distribute in the most equal manner the welcome burden of feeding
+     the visitors at the fair, at the expense of the good people of
+     Chicago, but for the pecuniary benefit of the Sanitary Commission.
+     Hundreds of lovely young girls, in simple uniforms, took their
+     places as waiters behind the vast array of tables, and everybody
+     was as well served as at a first-class hotel, at a less expense to
+     himself, and with a great profit to the fair. Fifty thousand
+     dollars, it is said, will be the least net return of this gigantic
+     fair to the treasury of the Branch at Chicago.'
+
+We cannot believe that there is the least necessity to urge upon our
+generous people the absolute _duty_ of contributing largely to the
+support of the Sanitary Commission, the strong and helpful angel of our
+bloody battle fields. Our sick soldiers, burning with fever, shivering
+with the debility of disease, with pallid faces and emaciated frames,
+ask from us that its healing dews shall still be suffered to descend
+upon them. Stricken down upon the battle field in the full bloom of
+manly vigor, lying festering in their ghastly wounds among the dead and
+dying, exposed to the dews of night, the broiling fervors of the midday
+sun, we may hear them implore us that the ambulances of the Sanitary may
+be allowed to aid in bringing them shelter, aid, strength to live, or
+patience to die. Bleeding stumps of manly limbs are piteously held forth
+to us that surgeons may be supplied for amputation, that balls buried in
+the flesh or lodged in the bone may be extracted by hands skilful in the
+use of knife and probe. Let these brave fellows feel that the arms of
+the men and women of this country are clasped around them in sustaining
+love. Ah, have we not all dear ones in this grand army? answer me, fair
+and true daughters of our soil.
+
+  'The subtile sense, the faith intense, of woman's heart and brain,
+  Give her a prophet's power to see, to suffer, and maintain.'
+
+Let us not stop to measure what is prudent for us to give, but let us
+give freely, promptly, as we would do if we saw before us the suffering
+victims of this holy war! Every dollar may save a life, every penny a
+pang. O God! shall we stop to count pence with our stricken brave
+_dying_ and bleeding before us? Every gift, however small, from a loyal
+soul, will be greeted, every good giver welcomed. Let us listen to the
+most sublime of all music, the great heart-throbs of a free people
+chiming together in the vigorous rhythm of the Divine charities. Let our
+nation comprehend from within the march of its vast destinies, its true
+and ever-growing force in the love and self-sacrifice of its children.
+Let the benediction of our American Evangel, 'All men are born free and
+equal,' sound on until all voices swell in the grand diapason of
+everywhere harmonious and united Humanity, for this is the strength of
+man and the true meaning of our Union.
+
+  'From the vine-land, from the Rhine-land,
+    From the Shannon, from the Scheldt,
+  From the ancient homes of genius,
+    From the sainted home of Celt,
+  From Italy, from Hungary,
+    All as brothers join and come,
+  To the sinew-bearing bugle
+    And the foot-propelling drum:
+  Too glad beneath the starry flag to die, and keep secure
+  The Liberty they dreamed of by the Danube, Elbe, and Suir.'
+
+Let us at least prove ourselves worthy of the century in which we live,
+and show the astonished world how a free people honors, guards, cares
+for, and shelters its suffering heroes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Or Black Head. There is great confusion in names in this part of the
+range.
+
+[2] Dr. Neumann has removed from Munich to Berlin within a year past.
+
+[3] Now over 3,000 miles.
+
+[4] Now 2,907 miles.
+
+[5] For most of these facts, see Article on the Sanitary Commission in
+the _North American Review_ for January, 1864.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol V.  Issue
+III.  March, 1864, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:54:17 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:54:17 -0700
commit	f9351bcfab408d323ae91a54031f1ad71f6c2cab (patch)
tree	3bfed0dc4570083b570216715767a09aba3eb80c