diff options
Diffstat (limited to '1859-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 1859-h/1859-h.htm | 3827 |
1 files changed, 3827 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1859-h/1859-h.htm b/1859-h/1859-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd10cf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1859-h/1859-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3827 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + The Works of Max Beerbohm, by Max Beerbohm + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Works of Max Beerbohm, by Max Beerbohm + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Works of Max Beerbohm + +Author: Max Beerbohm + +Commentator: John Lane + +Release Date: November 20, 2008 [EBook #1859] +Last Updated: January 9, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF MAX BEERBOHM *** + + + + +Produced by Tom Weiss, G. Banks, and David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE WORKS OF MAX BEERBOHM + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + by Max Beerbohm + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h3> + With a Bibliography by John Lane + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <div class="mynote"> + <p> + Original Transcriber's Note: + </p> + <p> + I have transliterated the Greek passages. Here are some approximate + translations: + </p> + <p> + —philomathestatoi ton neaniskon: some of the youths most eager for + knowledge + </p> + <p> + —Nêpios: childish + </p> + <p> + —hexeis apodeiktikai: things that can be proven (Aristotle, Nic. + Ethics) + </p> + <p> + —eidôlon amauron: shadowy phantom (phrase used by Homer in The + Odyssey to describe the specter Athena sends to comfort Penelope) + </p> + <p> + —all' aiei: but always + </p> + <p> + —tina phôta megan kai kalon edegmen: I received some great and + beautiful light + </p> + <br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 'Amid all he has here already achieved, full, we may + think, of the quiet assurance of what is to come, + his attitude is still that of the scholar; he + seems still to be saying, before all + things, from first to last, "I + am utterly purposed + that I will not + offend."' + </pre> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> Dandies and Dandies </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> A Good Prince </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> 1880 </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> King George The Fourth </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> The Pervasion of Rouge </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> Poor Romeo! </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> Diminuendo </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> THE WORKS OF MAX BEERBOHM A BIBLIOGRAPHY </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKS OF MAX BEERBOHM + </a> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + Dandies and Dandies + </h2> + <p> + How very delightful Grego's drawings are! For all their mad perspective + and crude colour, they have indeed the sentiment of style, and they + reveal, with surer delicacy than does any other record, the spirit of Mr. + Brummell's day. Grego guides me, as Virgil Dante, through all the + mysteries of that other world. He shows me those stiff-necked, + over-hatted, wasp-waisted gentlemen, drinking Burgundy in the Café des + Milles Colonnes or riding through the village of Newmarket upon their fat + cobs or gambling at Crockford's. Grego's Green Room of the Opera House + always delights me. The formal way in which Mdlle. Mercandotti is standing + upon one leg for the pleasure of Lord Fife and Mr. Ball Hughes; the grave + regard directed by Lord Petersham towards that pretty little + maid-a-mischief who is risking her rouge beneath the chandelier; the + unbridled decorum of Mdlle. Hullin and the decorous debauchery of Prince + Esterhazy in the distance, make altogether a quite enchanting picture. + But, of the whole series, the most illuminative picture is certainly the + Ball at Almack's. In the foreground stand two little figures, beneath + whom, on the nether margin, are inscribed those splendid words, Beau + Brummell in Deep Conversation with the Duchess of Rutland. The Duchess is + a girl in pink, with a great wedge-comb erect among her ringlets, the Beau + très dégagé, his head averse, his chin most supercilious upon his stock, + one foot advanced, the gloved fingers of one hand caught lightly in his + waistcoat; in fact, the very deuce of a pose. + </p> + <p> + In this, as in all known images of the Beau, we are struck by the utter + simplicity of his attire. The 'countless rings' affected by D'Orsay, the + many little golden chains, 'every one of them slighter than a cobweb,' + that Disraeli loved to insinuate from one pocket to another of his vest, + would have seemed vulgar to Mr. Brummell. For is it not to his fine scorn + of accessories that we may trace that first aim of modern dandyism, the + production of the supreme effect through means the least extravagant? In + certain congruities of dark cloth, in the rigid perfection of his linen, + in the symmetry of his glove with his hand, lay the secret of Mr. + Brummell's miracles. He was ever most economical, most scrupulous of + means. Treatment was everything with him. Even foolish Grace and foolish + Philip Wharton, in their book about the beaux and wits of this period, + speak of his dressing-room as 'a studio in which he daily composed that + elaborate portrait of himself which was to be exhibited for a few hours in + the clubrooms of the town.' Mr. Brummell was, indeed, in the utmost sense + of the word, an artist. No poet nor cook nor sculptor, ever bore that + title more worthily than he. + </p> + <p> + And really, outside his art, Mr. Brummell had a personality of almost + Balzacian insignificance. There have been dandies, like D'Orsay, who were + nearly painters; painters, like Mr. Whistler, who wished to be dandies; + dandies, like Disraeli, who afterwards followed some less arduous calling. + I fancy Mr. Brummell was a dandy, nothing but a dandy, from his cradle to + that fearful day when he lost his figure and had to flee the country, even + to that distant day when he died, a broken exile, in the arms of two + religieuses. At Eton, no boy was so successful as he in avoiding that + strict alternative of study and athletics which we force upon our youth. + He once terrified a master, named Parker, by asserting that he thought + cricket 'foolish.' Another time, after listening to a reprimand from the + headmaster, he twitted that learned man with the asymmetry of his + neckcloth. Even in Oriel he could see little charm, and was glad to leave + it, at the end of his first year, for a commission in the Tenth Hussars. + Crack though the regiment was—indeed, all the commissions were + granted by the Regent himself—young Mr. Brummell could not bear to + see all his brother-officers in clothes exactly like his own; was quite as + deeply annoyed as would be some god, suddenly entering a restaurant of + many mirrors. One day, he rode upon parade in a pale blue tunic, with + silver epaulettes. The Colonel, apologising for the narrow system which + compelled him to so painful a duty, asked him to leave the parade. The + Beau saluted, trotted back to quarters and, that afternoon, sent in his + papers. Henceforth he lived freely as a fop, in his maturity, should. + </p> + <p> + His début in the town was brilliant and delightful. Tales of his elegance + had won for him there a precedent fame. He was reputed rich. It was known + that the Regent desired his acquaintance. And thus, Fortune speeding the + wheels of his cabriolet and Fashion running to meet him with smiles and + roses in St. James's, he might well, had he been worldly or a weakling, + have yielded his soul to the polite follies. But he passed them by. Once + he was settled in his suite, he never really strayed from his + toilet-table, save for a few brief hours. Thrice every day of the year did + he dress, and three hours were the average of his every toilet, and other + hours were spent in council with the cutter of his coats or with the + custodian of his wardrobe. A single, devoted life! To White's, to routs, + to races, he went, it is true, not reluctantly. He was known to have + played battledore and shuttlecock in a moonlit garden with Mr. Previté and + some other gentlemen. His elopement with a young Countess from a ball at + Lady Jersey's was quite notorious. It was even whispered that he once, in + the company of some friends, made as though he would wrench the knocker + off the door of some shop. But these things he did, not, most certainly, + for any exuberant love of life. Rather did he regard them as healthful + exercise of the body and a charm against that dreaded corpulency which, in + the end, caused his downfall. Some recreation from his work even the most + strenuous artist must have; and Mr. Brummell naturally sought his in that + exalted sphere whose modish elegance accorded best with his temperament, + the sphere of le plus beau monde. General Bucknall used to growl, from the + window of the Guards' Club, that such a fellow was only fit to associate + with tailors. But that was an old soldier's fallacy. The proper associates + of an artist are they who practise his own art rather than they who—however + honourably—do but cater for its practice. For the rest, I am sure + that Mr. Brummell was no lackey, as they have suggested. He wished merely + to be seen by those who were best qualified to appreciate the splendour of + his achievements. Shall not the painter show his work in galleries, the + poet flit down Paternoster Row? Of rank, for its own sake, Mr. Brummell + had no love. He patronised all his patrons. Even to the Regent his + attitude was always that of a master in an art to one who is sincerely + willing and anxious to learn from him. + </p> + <p> + Indeed, English society is always ruled by a dandy, and the more + absolutely ruled the greater that dandy be. For dandyism, the perfect + flower of outward elegance, is the ideal it is always striving to realise + in its own rather incoherent way. But there is no reason why dandyism + should be confused, as it has been by nearly all writers, with mere social + life. Its contact with social life is, indeed, but one of the accidents of + an art. Its influence, like the scent of a flower, is diffused + unconsciously. It has its own aims and laws, and knows none other. And the + only person who ever fully acknowledged this truth in aesthetics is, of + all persons most unlikely, the author of Sartor Resartus. That any one who + dressed so very badly as did Thomas Carlyle should have tried to construct + a philosophy of clothes has always seemed to me one of the most pathetic + things in literature. He in the Temple of Vestments! Why sought he to + intrude, another Clodius, upon those mysteries and light his pipe from + those ardent censers? What were his hobnails that they should mar the + pavement of that delicate Temple? Yet, for that he betrayed one secret + rightly heard there, will I pardon his sacrilege. 'A dandy,' he cried + through the mask of Teufelsdröck, 'is a clothes-wearing man, a man whose + trade, office, and existence consists in the wearing of clothes. Every + faculty of his soul, spirit, purse, and person is heroically consecrated + to this one object, the wearing of clothes wisely and well.' Those are + true words. They are, perhaps, the only true words in Sartor Resartus. And + I speak with some authority. For I found the key to that empty book, long + ago, in the lock of the author's empty wardrobe. His hat, that is still + preserved in Chelsea, formed an important clue. + </p> + <p> + But (behold!) as we repeat the true words of Teufelsdröck, there comes + Monsieur Barbey D'Aurevilly, that gentle moqueur, drawling, with a wave of + his hand, 'Les esprits qui ne voient pas les choses que par leur plus + petit côté, ont imaginé que le Dandysme était surtout l'art de la mise, + une heureuse et audacieuse dictature en fait de toilette et d'élégance + extérieure. Très-certainement c'est cela aussi, mais c'est bien + d'avantage. Le Dandysme est toute une manière d'être et l'on n'est pas que + par la côté matériellement visible. C'est une manière d'être entièrement + composée de nuances, comme il arrive toujours dans les sociétés + très-vieilles et très-civilisées.' It is a pleasure to argue with so suave + a subtlist, and we say to him that this comprehensive definition does not + please us. We say we think he errs. + </p> + <p> + Not that Monsieur's analysis of the dandiacal mind is worthless by any + means. Nor, when he declares that George Brummell was the supreme king of + the dandies and fut le dandysme même, can I but piously lay one hand upon + the brim of my hat, the other upon my heart. But it is as an artist, and + for his supremacy in the art of costume, and for all he did to gain the + recognition of costume as in itself an art, and for that superb taste and + subtle simplicity of mode whereby he was able to expel, at length, the + Byzantine spirit of exuberance which had possessed St. James's and + wherefore he is justly called the Father of Modern Costume, that I do most + deeply revere him. It is not a little strange that Monsieur D'Aurevilly, + the biographer who, in many ways, does seem most perfectly to have + understood Mr. Brummell, should belittle to a mere phase that which was + indeed the very core of his existence. To analyse the temperament of a + great artist and then to declare that his art was but a part—a + little part—of his temperament, is a foolish proceeding. It is as + though a man should say that he finds, on analysis, that gunpowder is + composed of potassium chloride (let me say), nitrate and power of + explosion. Dandyism is ever the outcome of a carefully cultivated + temperament, not part of the temperament itself. That manière d'être, + entièrement composée de nuances, was not more, as the writer seems to have + supposed, than attributory to Mr. Brummell's art. Nor is it even peculiar + to dandies. All delicate spirits, to whatever art they turn, even if they + turn to no art, assume an oblique attitude towards life. Of all dandies, + Mr. Brummell did most steadfastly maintain this attitude. Like the + single-minded artist that he was, he turned full and square towards his + art and looked life straight in the face out of the corners of his eyes. + </p> + <p> + It is not hard to see how, in the effort to give Mr. Brummell his due + place in history, Monsieur D'Aurevilly came to grief. It is but strange + that he should have fallen into a rather obvious trap. Surely he should + have perceived that, so long as Civilisation compels her children to wear + clothes, the thoughtless multitude will never acknowledge dandyism to be + an art. If considerations of modesty or hygiene compelled every one to + stain canvas or chip marble every morning, painting and sculpture would in + like manner be despised. Now, as these considerations do compel every one + to envelop himself in things made of cloth and linen, this common duty is + confounded with that fair procedure, elaborate of many thoughts, in whose + accord the fop accomplishes his toilet, each morning afresh, Aurora + speeding on to gild his mirror. Not until nudity be popular will the art + of costume be really acknowledged. Nor even then will it be approved. + Communities are ever jealous (quite naturally) of the artist who works for + his own pleasure, not for theirs—more jealous by far of him whose + energy is spent only upon the glorification of himself alone. Carlyle + speaks of dandyism as a survival of 'the primeval superstition, + self-worship.' 'La vanité,' are almost the first words of Monsieur + D'Aurevilly, 'c'est un sentiment contre lequel tout le monde est + impitoyable.' Few remember that the dandy's vanity is far different from + the crude conceit of the merely handsome man. Dandyism is, after all, one + of the decorative arts. A fine ground to work upon is its first postulate. + And the dandy cares for his physical endowments only in so far as they are + susceptible of fine results. They are just so much to him as to the + decorative artist is inilluminate parchment, the form of a white vase or + the surface of a wall where frescoes shall be. + </p> + <p> + Consider the words of Count D'Orsay, spoken on the eve of some duel, 'We + are not fairly matched. If I were to wound him in the face it would not + matter; but if he were to wound me, ce serait vraiment dommage!' There we + have a pure example of a dandy's peculiar vanity—'It would be a real + pity!' They say that D'Orsay killed his man—no matter whom—in + this duel. He never should have gone out. Beau Brummell never risked his + dandyhood in these mean encounters. But D'Orsay was a wayward, excessive + creature, too fond of life and other follies to achieve real greatness. + The power of his predecessor, the Father of Modern Costume, is over us + yet. All that is left of D'Orsay's art is a waistcoat and a handful of + rings—vain relics of no more value for us than the fiddle of + Paganini or the mask of Menischus! I think that in Carolo's painting of + him, we can see the strength, that was the weakness, of le jeune Cupidon. + His fingers are closed upon his cane as upon a sword. There is mockery in + the inconstant eyes. And the lips, so used to close upon the wine-cup, in + laughter so often parted, they do not seem immobile, even now. Sad that + one so prodigally endowed as he was, with the three essentials of a dandy—physical + distinction, a sense of beauty and wealth or, if you prefer the term, + credit—should not have done greater things. Much of his costume was + merely showy or eccentric, without the rotund unity of the perfect fop's. + It had been well had he lacked that dash and spontaneous gallantry that + make him cut, it may be, a more attractive figure than Beau Brummell. The + youth of St. James's gave him a wonderful welcome. The flight of Mr. + Brummell had left them as sheep without a shepherd. They had even cried + out against the inscrutable decrees of fashion and curtailed the height of + their stocks. And (lo!) here, ambling down the Mall with tasselled cane, + laughing in the window at White's or in Fop's Alley posturing, here, with + the devil in his eyes and all the graces at his elbow, was D'Orsay, the + prince paramount who should dominate London and should guard life from + monotony by the daring of his whims. He accepted so many engagements that + he often dressed very quickly both in the morning and at nightfall. His + brilliant genius would sometimes enable him to appear faultless, but at + other times not even his fine figure could quite dispel the shadow of a + toilet too hastily conceived. Before long he took that fatal step, his + marriage with Lady Harriet Gardiner. The marriage, as we all know, was not + a happy one, though the wedding was very pretty. It ruined the life of + Lady Harriet and of her mother, the Blessington. It won the poor Count + further still further from his art and sent him spinning here, there, and + everywhere. He was continually at Cleveden, or Belvoir, or Welbeck, + laughing gaily as he brought down our English partridges, or at + Crockford's, smiling as he swept up our English guineas from the board. + Holker declares that, excepting Mr. Turner, he was the finest equestrian + in London and describes how the mob would gather every morning round his + door to see him descend, insolent from his toilet, and mount and ride + away. Indeed, he surpassed us all in all the exercises of the body. He + even essayed preëminence in the arts (as if his own art were insufficient + to his vitality!) and was for ever penning impenuous verses for + circulation among his friends. There was no great harm in this, perhaps. + Even the handwriting of Mr. Brummell was not unknown in the albums. But + D'Orsay's painting of portraits is inexcusable. The aesthetic vision of a + dandy should be bounded by his own mirror. A few crayon sketches of + himself—dilectissimae imagines—are as much as he should ever + do. That D'Orsay's portraits, even his much-approved portrait of the Duke + of Wellington, are quite amateurish, is no excuse. It is the process of + painting which is repellent; to force from little tubes of lead a + glutinous flamboyance and to defile, with the hair of a camel therein + steeped, taut canvas, is hardly the diversion for a gentleman; and to have + done all this for a man who was admittedly a field-marshal.... + </p> + <p> + I have often thought that this selfish concentration, which is a part of + dandyism, is also a symbol of that einsamkeit felt in greater or less + degree by the practitioners of every art. But, curiously enough, the very + unity of his mind with the ground he works on exposes the dandy to the + influence of the world. In one way dandyism is the least selfish of all + the arts. Musicians are seen and, except for a price, not heard. Only for + a price may you read what poets have written. All painters are not so + generous as Mr. Watts. But the dandy presents himself to the nation + whenever he sallies from his front door. Princes and peasants alike may + gaze upon his masterpieces. Now, any art which is pursued directly under + the eye of the public is always far more amenable to fashion than is an + art with which the public is but vicariously concerned. Those standards to + which artists have gradually accustomed it the public will not see lightly + set at naught. Very rigid, for example, are the traditions of the theatre. + If my brother were to declaim his lines at the Haymarket in the florotund + manner of Macready, what a row there would be in the gallery! It is only + by the impalpable process of evolution that change comes to the theatre. + Likewise in the sphere of costume no swift rebellion can succeed, as was + exemplified by the Prince's effort to revive knee-breeches. Had his Royal + Highness elected, in his wisdom, to wear tight trousers strapped under his + boots, 'smalls' might, in their turn, have reappeared, and at length—who + knows?—knee-breeches. It is only by the trifling addition or + elimination, modification or extension, made by this or that dandy and + copied by the rest, that the mode proceeds. The young dandy will find + certain laws to which he must conform. If he outrage them he will be + hooted by the urchins of the street, not unjustly, for he will have + outraged the slowly constructed laws of artists who have preceded him. Let + him reflect that fashion is no bondage imposed by alien hands, but the + last wisdom of his own kind, and that true dandyism is the result of an + artistic temperament working upon a fine body within the wide limits of + fashion. Through this habit of conformity, which it inculcates, the army + has given us nearly all our finest dandies, from Alcibiades to Colonel + Br*b*z*n de nos jours. Even Mr. Brummell, though he defied his Colonel, + must have owed some of his success to the military spirit. Any parent + intending his son to be a dandy will do well to send him first into the + army, there to learn humility, as did his archetype, Apollo, in the house + of Admetus. A sojourn at one of the Public Schools is also to be + commended. The University it were well to avoid. + </p> + <p> + Of course, the dandy, like any other artist, has moments when his own + period, palling, inclines him to antique modes. A fellow-student once told + me that, after a long vacation spent in touch with modern life, he had + hammered at the little gate of Merton and felt of a sudden his hat assume + plumes and an expansive curl, the impress of a ruff about his neck, the + dangle of a cloak and a sword. I, too, have my Eliza-bethan, my Caroline + moments. I have gone to bed Georgian and awoken Early Victorian. Even + savagery has charmed me. And at such times I have often wished I could + find in my wardrobe suitable costumes. But these modish regrets are + sterile, after all, and comprimend. What boots it to defy the conventions + of our time? The dandy is the 'child of his age,' and his best work must + be produced in accord with the age's natural influence. The true dandy + must always love contemporary costume. In this age, as in all precedent + ages, it is only the tasteless who cavil, being impotent to win from it + fair results. How futile their voices are! The costume of the nineteenth + century, as shadowed for us first by Mr. Brummell, so quiet, so + reasonable, and, I say emphatically, so beautiful; free from folly or + affectation, yet susceptible to exquisite ordering; plastic, austere, + economical, may not be ignored. I spoke of the doom of swift rebellions, + but I doubt even if any soever gradual evolution will lead us astray from + the general precepts of Mr. Brummell's code. At every step in the progress + of democracy those precepts will be strengthened. Every day their fashion + is more secure, corroborate. They are acknowledged by the world. The + barbarous costumes that in bygone days were designed by class-hatred, or + hatred of race, are dying, very surely dying. The costermonger with his + pearl-emblazoned coat has been driven even from that Variety Stage, + whereon he sought a desperate sanctuary. The clinquant corslet of the + Swiss girl just survives at bals costumés. I am told that the kilt is now + confined entirely to certain of the soldiery and to a small cult of Scotch + Archaïcists. I have seen men flock from the boulevards of one capital and + from the avenues of another to be clad in Conduit Street. Even into + Oxford, that curious little city, where nothing is ever born nor anything + ever quite dies, the force of the movement has penetrated, insomuch that + tasselled cap and gown of degree are rarely seen in the streets or + colleges. In a place which was until recent times scarcely less remote, + Japan, the white and scarlet gardens are trod by men who are shod in boots + like our own, who walk—rather strangely still—in close-cut + cloth of little colour, and stop each other from time to time, laughing to + show how that they too can furl an umbrella after the manner of real + Europeans. + </p> + <p> + It is very nice, this universal acquiescence in the dress we have + designed, but, if we reflect, not wonderful. There are three apparent + reasons, and one of them is aesthetic. So to clothe the body that its + fineness be revealed and its meanness veiled has been the aesthetic aim of + all costume, but before our time the mean had never been struck. The + ancient Romans went too far. Muffled in the ponderous folds of a toga, + Adonis might pass for Punchinello, Punchinello for Adonis. The ancient + Britons, on the other hand, did not go far enough. And so it had been in + all ages down to that bright morning when Mr. Brummell, at his mirror, + conceived the notion of trousers and simple coats. Clad according to his + convention, the limbs of the weakling escape contempt, and the athlete is + unobtrusive, and all is well. But there is also a social reason for the + triumph of our costume—the reason of economy. That austerity, which + has rejected from its toilet silk and velvet and all but a few jewels, has + made more ample the wardrobes of Dives, and sent forth Irus nicely dressed + among his fellows. And lastly there is a reason of psychology, most potent + of all, perhaps. Is not the costume of today, with its subtlety and sombre + restraint, its quiet congruities of black and white and grey, supremely + apt a medium for the expression of modern emotion and modern thought? That + aptness, even alone, would explain its triumph. Let us be glad that we + have so easy, yet so delicate, a mode of expression. + </p> + <p> + Yes! costume, dandiacal or not, is in the highest degree expressive, nor + is there any type it may not express. It enables us to classify any + 'professional man' at a glance, be he lawyer, leech or what not. Still + more swift and obvious is its revelation of the work and the soul of those + who dress, whether naturally or for effect, without reference to + convention. The bowler of Mr. Jerome K. Jerome is a perfect preface to all + his works. The silk hat of Mr. Whistler is a real nocturne, his linen a + symphony en blanc majeur. To have seen Mr. Hall Caine is to have read his + soul. His flowing, formless cloak is as one of his own novels, twenty-five + editions latent in the folds of it. Melodrama crouches upon the brim of + his sombrero. His tie is a Publisher's Announcement. His boots are + Copyright. In his hand he holds the staff of The Family Herald. + </p> + <p> + But the dandy, in no wise violating the laws of fashion, can make more + subtle symbols of his personality. More subtle these symbols are for the + very reason that they are effected within the restrictions which are + essential to an art. Chastened of all flamboyance, they are from most men + occult, obvious, it may be, only to other artists or even only to him they + symbolise. Nor will the dandy express merely a crude idea of his + personality, as does, for example, Mr. Hall Caine, dressing himself always + and exactly after one pattern. Every day as his mood has changed since his + last toilet, he will vary the colour, texture, form of his costume. + Fashion does not rob him of free will. It leaves him liberty of all + expression. Every day there is not one accessory, from the butterfly that + alights above his shirt front to the jewels planted in his linen, that + will not symbolise the mood that is in him or the occasion of the coming + day. + </p> + <p> + On this, the psychological side of foppery, I know not one so expert as + him whom, not greatly caring for contemporary names, I will call Mr. Le V. + No hero-worshipper am I, but I cannot write without enthusiasm of his + simple life. He has not spurred his mind to the quest of shadows nor vexed + his soul in the worship of any gods. No woman has wounded his heart, + though he has gazed gallantly into the eyes of many women, intent, I + fancy, upon his own miniature there. Nor is the incomparable set of his + trousers spoilt by the perching of any dear little child upon his knee. + And so, now that he is stricken with seventy years, he knows none of the + bitterness of eld, for his toilet-table is an imperishable altar, his + wardrobe a quiet nursery and very constant harem. Mr. Le V. has many + disciples, young men who look to him for guidance in all that concerns + costume, and each morning come, themselves tentatively clad, to watch the + perfect procedure of his toilet and learn invaluable lessons. I myself, a + lie-a-bed, often steal out, foregoing the best hours of the day abed, that + I may attend that levée. The rooms of the Master are in St. James's + Street, and perhaps it were well that I should give some little record of + them and of the manner of their use. In the first room the Master sleeps. + He is called by one of his valets, at seven o'clock, to the second room, + where he bathes, is shampooed, is manicured and, at length, is enveloped + in a dressing-gown of white wool. In the third room is his breakfast upon + a little table and his letters and some newspapers. Leisurely he sips his + chocolate, leisurely learns all that need be known. With a cigarette he + allows his temper, as informed by the news and the weather and what not, + to develop itself for the day. At length, his mood suggests, + imperceptibly, what colour, what form of clothes he shall wear. He rings + for his valet—'I will wear such and such a coat, such and such a + tie; my trousers shall be of this or that tone; this or that jewel shall + be radiant in the folds of my tie.' It is generally near noon that he + reaches the fourth room, the dressing-room. The uninitiate can hardly + realise how impressive is the ceremonial there enacted. As I write, I can + see, in memory, the whole scene—the room, severely simple, with its + lemon walls and deep wardrobes of white wood, the young fops, + philomathestatoi ton neaniskon, ranged upon a long bench, rapt in wonder, + and, in the middle, now sitting, now standing, negligently, before a long + mirror, with a valet at either elbow, Mr. Le V., our cynosure. There is no + haste, no faltering, when once the scheme of the day's toilet has been + set. It is a calm toilet. A flower does not grow more calmly. + </p> + <p> + Any of us, any day, may see the gracious figure of Mr. Le V., as he + saunters down the slope of St. James's. Long may the sun irradiate the + surface of his tilted hat! It is comfortable to know that, though he die + to-morrow the world will not lack a most elaborate record of his foppery. + All his life he has kept or, rather, the current valets have kept for him, + a Journal de Toilette. Of this there are now fifty volumes, each covering + the space of a year. Yes, fifty springs have filled his button-hole with + their violets; the snow of fifty winters has been less white than his + linen; his boots have outshone fifty sequences of summer suns, and the + colours of all those autumns have faded in the dry light of his apparel. + The first page of each volume of the Journal de Toilette bears the + signature of Mr. Le V. and of his two valets. Of the other pages each is + given up, as in other diaries, to one day of the year. In ruled spaces are + recorded there the cut and texture of the suit, the colour of the tie, the + form of jewellery that was worn on the day the page records. No detail is + omitted and a separate space is set aside for 'Remarks.' I remember that I + once asked Mr. Le V., half in jest, what he should wear on the Judgment + Day. Seriously, and (I fancied) with a note of pathos in his voice, he + said to me, 'Young man, you ask me to lay bare my soul to you. If I had + been a saint I should certainly wear a light suit, with a white waistcoat + and a flower, but I am no saint, sir, no saint.... I shall probably wear + black trousers or trousers of some very dark blue, and a frock-coat, + tightly buttoned.' Poor old Mr. Le V.! I think he need not fear. If there + be a heaven for the soul, there must be other heavens also, where the + intellect and the body shall be consummate. In both these heavens Mr. Le + V. will have his hierarchy. Of a life like his there can be no conclusion, + really. Did not even Matthew Arnold admit that conduct of a cane is + three-fourths of life? + </p> + <p> + Certainly Mr. Le V. is a great artist, and his supremacy is in the tact + with which he suits his toilet to his temperament. But the marvellous + affinity of a dandy's mood to his daily toilet is not merely that it finds + therein its perfect echo nor that it may even be, in reflex, thereby + accentuated or made less poignant. For some years I had felt convinced + that in a perfect dandy this affinity must reach a point, when the costume + itself, planned with the finest sensibility, would change with the + emotional changes of its wearer, automatically. But I felt that here was + one of those boundaries, where the fields of art align with the fields of + science, and I hardly dared to venture further. Moreover, the theory was + not easy to verify. I knew that, except in some great emotional crisis, + the costume could not palpably change its aspect. Here was an impasse; for + the perfect dandy—the Brummell, the Mr. Le V.—cannot afford to + indulge in any great emotion outside his art; like Balzac, he has not + time. The gods were good to me, however. One morning near the end of last + July, they decreed that I should pass through Half Moon Street and meet + there a friend who should ask me to go with him to his club and watch for + the results of the racing at Goodwood. This club includes hardly any + member who is not a devotee of the Turf, so that, when we entered it, the + cloak-room displayed long rows of unburdened pegs—save where one hat + shone. None but that illustrious dandy, Lord X., wears quite so broad a + brim as this hat had. I said that Lord X. must be in the club. + </p> + <p> + 'I conceive he is too nervous to be on the course,' my friend replied. + 'They say he has plunged up to the hilt on to-day's running.' + </p> + <p> + His lordship was indeed there, fingering feverishly the sinuous ribands of + the tape-machine. I sat at a little distance, watching him. Two results + straggled forth within an hour, and, at the second of these, I saw with + wonder Lord X.'s linen actually flush for a moment and then turn deadly + pale. I looked again and saw that his boots had lost their lustre. Drawing + nearer, I found that grey hairs had begun to show themselves in his raven + coat. It was very painful and yet, to me, very gratifying. In the + cloak-room, when I went for my own hat and cane, there was the hat with + the broad brim, and (lo!) over its iron-blue surface little furrows had + been ploughed by Despair. + </p> + <p> + Rouen, 1896. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + A Good Prince + </h2> + <p> + I first saw him one morning of last summer, in the Green Park. Though + short, even insignificant, in stature and with an obvious tendency to be + obese, he had that unruffled, Olympian air, which is so sure a sign of the + Blood Royal. In a suit of white linen he looked serenely cool, despite the + heat. Perhaps I should have thought him, had I not been versed in the + Almanach de Gotha, a trifle older than he is. He did not raise his hat in + answer to my salute, but smiled most graciously and made as though he + would extend his hand to me, mistaking me, I doubt not, for one of his + friends. Forthwith, a member of his suite said something to him in an + undertone, whereat he smiled again and took no further notice of me. + </p> + <p> + I do not wonder the people idolise him. His almost blameless life has been + passed among them, nothing in it hidden from their knowledge. When they + look upon his dear presentment in the photographer's window—the + shrewd, kindly eyes under the high forehead, the sparse locks so carefully + distributed—words of loyalty only and of admiration rise to their + lips. For of all princes in modern days he seems to fulfil most perfectly + the obligation of princely rank. Nêpios he might have been called in the + heroic age, when princes were judged according to their mastery of the + sword or of the bow, or have seemed, to those mediaeval eyes that loved to + see a scholar's pate under the crown, an ignoramus. We are less exigent + now. We do but ask of our princes that they should live among us, be often + manifest to our eyes, set a perpetual example of a right life. We bid them + be the ornaments of our State. Too often they do not attain to our ideal. + They give, it may be, a half-hearted devotion to soldiering, or pursue + pleasure merely—tales of their frivolity raising now and again the + anger of a public swift to envy them their temptations. But against this + admirable Prince no such charges can be made. Never (as yet, at least) has + he cared to 'play at soldiers.' By no means has he shocked the Puritans. + Though it is no secret that he prefers the society of ladies, not one + breath of scandal has ever tinged his name. Of how many English princes + could this be said, in days when Figaro, quill in hand, inclines his ear + to every key-hole? + </p> + <p> + Upon the one action that were well obliterated from his record I need not + long insist. It seems that the wife of an aged ex-Premier came to have an + audience and pay her respects. Hardly had she spoken when the Prince, in a + fit of unreasoning displeasure, struck her a violent blow with his + clenched fist. Had His Royal Highness not always stood so far aloof from + political contention, it had been easier to find a motive for this + unmannerly blow. The incident is deplorable, but it belongs, after all, to + an earlier period of his life; and, were it not that no appreciation must + rest upon the suppression of any scandal, I should not have referred to + it. For the rest, I find no stain, soever faint, upon his life. The + simplicity of his tastes is the more admirable for that he is known to + care not at all for what may be reported in the newspapers. He has never + touched a card, never entered a play-house. In no stud of racers has he + indulged, preferring to the finest blood-horse ever bred a certain white + and woolly lamb with a blue riband to its neck. This he is never tired of + fondling. It is with him, like the roebuck of Henri Quatre, wherever he + goes. + </p> + <p> + Suave and simple his life is! Narrow in range, it may be, but with every + royal appurtenance of delight, for to him Love's happy favours are given + and the tribute of glad homage, always, here and there and every other + where. Round the flower-garden at Sandringham runs an old wall of red + brick, streaked with ivy and topped infrequently with balls of stone. By + its iron gates, that open to a vista of flowers, stand two kind policemen, + guarding the Prince's procedure along that bright vista. As his + perambulator rolls out of the gate of St. James's Palace, he stretches out + his tiny hands to the scarlet sentinels. An obsequious retinue follows him + over the lawns of the White Lodge, cooing and laughing, blowing kisses and + praising him. Yet do not imagine his life has been all gaiety! The + afflictions that befall royal personages always touch very poignantly the + heart of the people, and it is not too much to say that all England + watched by the cradle-side of Prince Edward in that dolorous hour, when + first the little battlements rose about the rose-red roof of his mouth. I + am glad to think that not one querulous word did His Royal Highness, in + his great agony, utter. They only say that his loud, incessant cries bore + testimony to the perfect lungs for which the House of Hanover is most + justly famed. Irreiterate be the horror of that epoch! + </p> + <p> + As yet, when we know not even what his first words will be, it is too + early to predict what verdict posterity will pass upon him. Already he has + won the hearts of the people; but, in the years which, it is to be hoped, + still await him, he may accomplish more. Attendons! He stands alone among + European princes—but, as yet, only with the aid of a chair. + </p> + <p> + London, 1895. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + 1880 + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Say, shall these things be forgotten + In the Row that men call Rotten, + Beauty Clare?—Hamilton Aïdé. +</pre> + <p> + 'History,' it has been said, 'does not repeat itself. The historians + repeat one another.' Now, there are still some periods with which no + historian has grappled, and, strangely enough, the period that most + greatly fascinates me is one of them. The labour I set myself is therefore + rather Herculean. But it is also, for me, so far a labour of love that I + can quite forget or even revel in its great difficulty. I would love to + have lived in those bygone days, when first society was inducted into the + mysteries of art and, not losing yet its old and elegant tenue, babbled of + blue china and white lilies, of the painter Rossetti and the poet + Swinburne. It would be a splendid thing to have seen the tableaux at + Cromwell House or to have made my way through the Fancy Fair and bartered + all for a cigarette from a shepherdess; to have walked in the Park, + straining my eyes for a glimpse of the Jersey Lily; danced the livelong + afternoon to the strains of the Manola Valse; clapped holes in my gloves + for Connie Gilchrist. + </p> + <p> + It is a pity that the historians have held back so long. For this period + is now so remote from us that much in it is nearly impossible to + understand, more than a little must be left in the mists of antiquity that + involve it. The memoirs of the day are, indeed, many, but not exactly + illuminative. From such writers as Frith, Montague Williams or the + Bancrofts, you may gain but little peculiar knowledge. That quaint old + chronicler, Lucy, dilates amusingly enough upon the frown of Sir Richard + (afterwards Lord) Cross or the tea-rose in the Prime Minister's + button-hole. But what can he tell us of the negotiations that led + Gladstone back to public life or of the secret councils of the Fourth + Party, whereby Sir Stafford was gradually eclipsed? Good memoirs must ever + be the cumulation of gossip. Gossip (alas!) has been killed by the Press. + In the tavern or the barber's-shop, all secrets passed into every ear. + From newspapers how little can be culled! Manifestations are there made + manifest to us and we are taught, with tedious iteration, the things we + knew, and need not have known, before. In my research, I have had only + such poor guides as Punch, or the London Charivari and The Queen, the + Lady's Newspaper. Excavation, which in the East has been productive of + rich material for the archaeologist, was indeed suggested to me. I was + told that, just before Cleopatra's Needle was set upon the Embankment, an + iron box, containing a photograph of Mrs. Langtry, some current coins and + other trifles of the time, was dropped into the foundation. I am sure much + might be done with a spade, here and there, in the neighbourhood of old + Cromwell House. Accursed be the obduracy of vestries! Be not I, but they, + blamed for any error, obscurity or omission in my brief excursus. + </p> + <p> + The period of 1880 and of the two successive years should ever be + memorable, for it marks a great change in the constitution of English + society. It would seem that, under the quiet régime of the Tory Cabinet, + the upper ten thousand (as they were quaintly called in those days,) had + taken a somewhat more frigid tone. The Prince of Wales had inclined to be + restful after the revels of his youth. The prolonged seclusion of Queen + Victoria, who was then engaged upon that superb work of introspection and + self-analysis, More Leaves from the Highlands, had begun to tell upon the + social system. Balls and other festivities, both at Court and in the + houses of the nobles, were notably fewer. The vogue of the Opera was + passing. Even in the top of the season, Rotten Row, I read, was not + impenetrably crowded. But in 1880 came the tragic fall of Disraeli and the + triumph of the Whigs. How great a change came then upon Westminster must + be known to any one who has studied the annals of Gladstone's incomparable + Parliament. Gladstone himself, with a monstrous majority behind him, + revelling in the old splendour of speech that not seventy summers nor six + years' sulking had made less; Parnell, deadly, mysterious, with his crew + of wordy peasants that were to set all Saxon things at naught—the + activity of these two men alone would have made this Parliament supremely + stimulating throughout the land. What of young Randolph Churchill, who, + despite his halting speech, foppish mien and rather coarse fibre of mind, + was yet the greatest Parliamentarian of his day? What of Justin Huntly + McCarthy, under his puerile mask a most dark, most dangerous conspirator, + who, lightly swinging the sacred lamp of burlesque, irradiated with + fearful clarity the wrath and sorrow of Ireland? What of Blocker Warton? + What of the eloquent atheist, Charles Bradlaugh, pleading at the Bar, + striding past the furious Tories to the very Mace, hustled down the stone + steps with the broadcloth torn in ribands from his back? Surely such + scenes will never more be witnessed at St. Stephen's. Imagine the + existence of God being made a party question! No wonder that at a time of + such turbulence fine society also should have shown the primordia of a + great change. It was felt that the aristocracy could not live by + good-breeding alone. The old delights seemed vapid, waxen. Something vivid + was desired. And so the sphere of fashion converged with the sphere of + art, and revolution was the result. + </p> + <p> + Be it remembered that long before this time there had been in the heart of + Chelsea a kind of cult for Beauty. Certain artists had settled there, + deliberately refusing to work in the ordinary official way, and 'wrought,' + as they were wont to asseverate, 'for the pleasure and sake of all that is + fair.' Little commerce had they with the brazen world. Nothing but the + light of the sun would they share with men. Quietly and unbeknown, callous + of all but their craft, they wrought their poems or their pictures, gave + them one to another, and wrought on. Meredith, Rossetti, Swinburne, + Morris, Holman Hunt were in this band of shy artificers. In fact, Beauty + had existed long before 1880. It was Mr. Oscar Wilde who managed her + début. To study the period is to admit that to him was due no small part + of the social vogue that Beauty began to enjoy. Fired by his fervid words, + men and women hurled their mahogany into the streets and ransacked the + curio-shops for the furniture of Annish days. Dados arose upon every wall, + sunflowers and the feathers of peacocks curved in every corner, tea grew + quite cold while the guests were praising the Willow Pattern of its cup. A + few fashionable women even dressed themselves in sinuous draperies and + unheard-of greens. Into whatsoever ballroom you went, you would surely + find, among the women in tiaras and the fops and the distinguished + foreigners, half a score of comely ragamuffins in velveteen, murmuring + sonnets, posturing, waving their hands. Beauty was sought in the most + unlikely places. Young painters found her mobled in the fogs, and + bank-clerks, versed in the writings of Mr. Hamerton, were heard to + declare, as they sped home from the City, that the Underground Railway was + beautiful from London Bridge to Westminster, but not from Sloane Square to + Notting Hill Gate. + </p> + <p> + Aestheticism (for so they named the movement,) did indeed permeate, in a + manner, all classes. But it was to the haut monde that its primary appeal + was made. The sacred emblems of Chelsea were sold in the fashionable + toy-shops, its reverently chanted creeds became the patter of the + boudoirs. The old Grosvenor Gallery, that stronghold of the few, was + verily invaded. Never was such a fusion of delightful folk as at its + Private Views. There was Robert Browning, the philosopher, doffing his hat + with a courtly sweep to more than one Duchess. There, too, was Theo + Marzials, poet and eccentric, and Charles Colnaghi, the hero of a hundred + tea-fights, and young Brookfield, the comedian, and many another good + fellow. My Lord of Dudley, the virtuoso, came there, leaning for support + upon the arm of his fair young wife. Disraeli, with his lustreless eyes + and face like some seamed Hebraic parchment, came also, and whispered + behind his hand to the faithful Corry. And Walter Sickert spread the + latest mot of 'the Master,' who, with monocle, cane and tilted hat, + flashed through the gay mob anon. + </p> + <p> + Autrement, there was Coombe Wood, in whose shade the Lady Archibald + Campbell suffered more than one of Shakespeare's plays to be enacted. + Hither, from the garish, indelicate theatre that held her languishing, + Thalia was bidden, if haply, under the open sky, she might resume her old + charm. All Fashion came to marvel and so did all the Aesthetes, in the + heart of one of whose leaders, Godwin, that superb architect, the idea was + first conceived. Real Pastoral Plays! Lest the invited guests should get + any noxious scent of the footlights across the grass, only amateurs were + accorded parts. They roved through a real wood, these jerkined amateurs, + with the poet's music upon their lips. Never under such dark and griddled + elms had the outlaws feasted upon their venison. Never had any Rosalind + traced with such shy wonder the writing of her lover upon the bark, nor + any Orlando won such laughter for his not really sportive dalliance. + Fairer than the mummers, it may be, were the ladies who sat and watched + them from the lawn. All of them wore jerseys and tied-back skirts. Zulu + hats shaded their eyes from the sun. Bangles shimmered upon their wrists. + And the gentlemen wore light frock-coats and light top-hats with black + bands. And the aesthetes were in velveteen, carrying lilies. + </p> + <p> + Not that Art and Fashion shunned the theatre. They began in 1880 to affect + it as never before. The one invaded Irving's premières at the Lyceum. The + other sang paeans in praise of the Bancrofts. The French plays, too, were + the feigned delight of all the modish world. Not to have seen Chaumont in + Totot chez Tata was held a solecism. The homely mesdames and messieurs + from the Parisian boards were 'lionised' (how strangely that phrase rings + to modern ears!) in ducal drawing-rooms. In fact, all the old prejudice of + rank was being swept away. Even more significant than the reception of + players was a certain effort, made at this time, to raise the average of + aristocratic loveliness—an effort that, but a few years before, + would have been surely scouted as quite undignified and outrageous. What + the term 'Professional Beauty' signified, how any lady gained a right to + it, we do not and may never know. It is certain, however, that there were + many ladies of tone, upon whom it was bestowed. They received special + attention from the Prince of Wales, and hostesses would move heaven and + earth to have them in their rooms. Their photographs were on sale in the + window of every shop. Crowds assembled every morning to see them start + from Rotten Row. Preëminent among Professional Beauties were Lady Lonsdale + (afterwards Lady de Grey), Mrs. Wheeler, who always 'appeared in black,' + and Mrs. Corowallis West, who was Amy Robsart in the tableaux at Cromwell + House, when Mrs. Langtry, cette Cléopatre de son siècle appeared also, + stepping across an artificial brook, in the pink kirtle of Effie Deans. We + may doubt whether the movement, represented by these ladies, was quite in + accord with the dignity and elegance that always should mark the best + society. Any effort to make Beauty compulsory robs Beauty of its chief + charm. But, at the same time, I do believe that this movement, so far as + it was informed by a real wish to raise a practical standard of feminine + charm for all classes, does not deserve the strictures that have been + passed upon it by posterity. One of its immediate sequels was the + incursion of American ladies into London. Then it was that these pretty + creatures, 'clad in Worth's most elegant confections,' drawled their way + through our greater portals. Fanned, as they were, by the feathers of the + Prince of Wales, they had a great success, and they were so strange that + their voices and their dresses were mimicked partout. The English beauties + were rather angry, especially with the Prince, whom alone they blamed for + the vogue of their rivals. History credits His Royal Highness with many + notable achievements. Not the least of these is that he discovered the + inhabitants of America. + </p> + <p> + It will be seen that in this renaissance the keenest students of the + exquisite were women. Nevertheless, men were not idle, neither. Since the + day of Mr. Brummell and King George, the noble art of self-adornment had + fallen partially desuete. Great fops like Bulwer and le jeune Cupidon had + come upon the town, but never had they formed a school. Dress, therefore, + had become simpler, wardrobes smaller, fashions apt to linger. In 1880 + arose the sect that was soon to win for itself the title of 'The Mashers.' + What this title exactly signified I suppose no two etymologists will ever + agree. But we can learn clearly enough, from the fashion-plates of the + day, what the Mashers were in outward semblance; from the lampoons, their + mode of life. Unlike the dandies of the Georgian era, they pretended to no + classic taste and, wholly contemptuous of the Aesthetes, recognised no art + save the art of dress. Much might be written about the Mashers. The + restaurant—destined to be, in after years, so salient a delight of + London—was not known to them, but they were often admirable upon the + steps of clubs. The Lyceum held them never, but nightly they gathered at + the Gaiety Theatre. Nightly the stalls were agog with small, sleek heads + surmounting collars of interminable height. Nightly, in the foyer, were + lisped the praises of Kate Vaughan, her graceful dancing, or of Nellie + Farren, her matchless fooling. Never a night passed but the dreary + stage-door was cinct with a circlet of fools bearing bright bouquets, of + flaxen-headed fools who had feet like black needles, and graceful fools + incumbent upon canes. A strange cult! I once knew a lady whose father was + actually present at the first night of 'The Forty Thieves,' and fell + enamoured of one of the coryphées. By such links is one age joined to + another. + </p> + <p> + There is always something rather absurd about the past. For us, who have + fared on, the silhouette of Error is sharp upon the past horizon. As we + look back upon any period, its fashions seem grotesque, its ideals + shallow, for we know how soon those ideals and those fashions were to + perish, and how rightly; nor can we feel a little of the fervour they did + inspire. It is easy to laugh at these Mashers, with their fantastic + raiment and languid lives, or at the strife of the Professional Beauties. + It is easy to laugh at all that ensued when first the mummers and the + stainers of canvas strayed into Mayfair. Yet shall I laugh? For me the + most romantic moment of a pantomime is always when the winged and wired + fairies begin to fade away, and, as they fade, clown and pantaloon tumble + on joppling and grimacing, seen very faintly in that indecisive twilight. + The social condition of 1880 fascinates me in the same way. Its contrasts + fascinate me. + </p> + <p> + Perhaps, in my study of the period, I may have fallen so deeply beneath + its spell that I have tended, now and again, to overrate its real import. + I lay no claim to the true historical spirit. I fancy it was a chalk + drawing of a girl in a mob-cap, signed 'Frank Miles, 1880,' that first + impelled me to research. To give an accurate and exhaustive account of + that period would need a far less brilliant pen than mine. But I hope + that, by dealing, even so briefly as I have dealt, with its more strictly + sentimental aspects, I may have lightened the task of the scientific + historian. And I look to Professor Gardiner and to the Bishop of Oxford. + </p> + <p> + 'Cromwell House.' The residence of Lady Freake, a famous hostess of the + day and founder of a brilliant salon, 'where even Royalty was sure of a + welcome. The writer of a recent monograph declares that, 'many a modern + hostess would do well to emulate Lady Freake, not only in her taste for + the Beautiful in Art but also for the Intellectual in Conversation.' + </p> + <p> + 'Fancy Fair.' For a full account of this function, see pp. 102-124 of the + 'Annals of the Albert Hall.' + </p> + <p> + 'Jersey Lily.' A fanciful title bestowed, at this time, upon the beautiful + Mrs. Langtry, who was a native of Jersey Island. + </p> + <p> + 'Manola Valse.' Supposed to have been introduced by Albert Edward, Prince + of Wales, who, having heard it in Vienna, was pleased, for a while, by its + novelty, but soon reverted to the more sprightly deux-temps. + </p> + <p> + 'Private Views.' This passage, which I found in a contemporary chronicle, + is so quaint and so instinct with the spirit of its time that I am fain to + quote it: + </p> + <p> + 'There were quaint, beautiful, extraordinary costumes walking about—ultra-aesthetics, + artistic-aesthetics, aesthetics that made up their minds to be daring, and + suddenly gave way in some important point—put a frivolous bonnet on + the top of a grave and flowing garment that Albert Durer might have + designed for a mantle. There were fashionable costumes that Mrs. Mason or + Madame Eliot might have turned out that morning. The motley crowd mingled, + forming into groups, sometimes dazzling you by the array of colours that + you never thought to see in full daylight.... Canary-coloured garments + flitted cheerily by garments of the saddest green. A hat in an agony of + pushes and angles was seen in company with a bonnet that was a gay garland + of flowers. A vast cape that might have enshrouded the form of a Mater + Dolorosa hung by the side of a jauntily-striped Langtry-hood.' + </p> + <p> + The 'Master.' By this title his disciples used to address James Whistler, + the author-artist. Without echoing the obloquy that was lavished at first + nor the praise that was lavished later upon his pictures, we must admit + that he was, as least, a great master of English prose and a + controversialist of no mean power. + </p> + <p> + 'Masher.' One authority derives the title, rather ingeniously, from 'Ma + Chère,' the mode of address used by the gilded youth to the barmaids of + the period—whence the corruption, 'Masher.' Another traces it to the + chorus of a song, which, at that time, had a great vogue in the + music-halls: 'I'm the slashing, dashing, mashing Montmorency of the day.' + This, in my opinion, is the safer suggestion, and may be adopted. + </p> + <p> + London, 1894. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + King George The Fourth + </h2> + <p> + They say that when King George was dying, a special form of prayer for his + recovery, composed by one of the Archbishops, was read aloud to him and + that His Majesty, after saying Amen 'thrice, with great fervour,' begged + that his thanks might be conveyed to its author. To the student of royalty + in modern times there is something rather suggestive in this incident. I + like to think of the drug-scented room at Windsor and of the King, livid + and immobile among his pillows, waiting, in superstitious awe, for the + near moment when he must stand, a spirit, in the presence of a perpetual + King. I like to think of him following the futile prayer with eyes and + lips, and then, custom resurgent in him and a touch of pride that, so long + as the blood moved ever so little in his veins, he was still a king, + expressing a desire that the dutiful feeling and admirable taste of the + Prelate should receive a suitable acknowledgment. It would have been + impossible for a real monarch like George, even after the gout had turned + his thoughts heavenward, really to abase himself before his Maker. But he + could, so to say, treat with Him, as he might have treated with a + fellow-sovereign, in a formal way, long after diplomacy was quite useless. + How strange it must be to be a king! How delicate and difficult a task it + is to judge him! So far as I know, no attempt has been made to judge King + George the Fourth fairly. The hundred and one eulogies and lampoons, + irresponsibly published during and immediately after his reign, are not + worth a wooden hoop in Hades. Mr. Percy Fitzgerald has published a history + of George's reign, in which he has so artistically subordinated his own + personality to his subject, that I can scarcely find, from beginning to + end of the two bulky volumes, a single opinion expressed, a single idea, a + single deduction from the admirably-ordered facts. All that most of us + know of George is from Thackeray's brilliant denunciation. Now, I yield to + few in my admiration of Thackeray's powers. He had a charming style. We + never find him searching for the mot juste as for a needle in a bottle of + hay. Could he have looked through a certain window by the river at + Croisset or in the quadrangle at Brasenose, how he would have laughed! He + blew on his pipe, and words came tripping round him, like children, like + pretty little children who are perfectly drilled for the dance, or came, + did he will it, treading in their precedence, like kings, gloomily. And I + think it is to the credit of the reading mob that, by reason of his + beautiful style, all that he said was taken for the truth, without + questioning. But truth after all is eternal, and style transient, and now + that Thackeray's style is becoming, if I may say so, a trifle 1860, it may + not be amiss that we should inquire whether his estimate of George is in + substance and fact worth anything at all. It seems to me that, as in his + novels, so in his history of the four Georges, Thackeray made no attempt + at psychology. He dealt simply with types. One George he insisted upon + regarding as a buffoon, another as a yokel. The Fourth George he chose to + hold up for reprobation as a drunken, vapid cad. Every action, every phase + of his life that went to disprove this view, he either suppressed or + distorted utterly. 'History,' he would seem to have chuckled, 'has nothing + to do with the First Gentleman. But I will give him a niche in Natural + History. He shall be King of the Beasts.' He made no allowance for the + extraordinary conditions under which all monarchs live, none for the + unfortunate circumstances by which George, especially, was from the first + hampered. He judged him as he judged Barnes Newcome and all the scoundrels + lie created. Moreover, he judged him by the moral standard of the + Victorian Age. In fact, he applied to his subject the wrong method, in the + wrong manner, and at the wrong time. And yet every one has taken him at + his word. I feel that my essay may be scouted as a paradox; but I hope + that many may recognise that I am not, out of mere boredom, endeavouring + to stop my ears against popular platitude, but rather, in a spirit of real + earnestness, to point out to the mob how it has been cruel to George. I do + not despair of success. I think I shall make converts. The mob is really + very fickle and sometimes cheers the truth. + </p> + <p> + None, at all events, will deny that England stands to-day otherwise than + she stood a hundred and thirty-two years ago, when George was born. To-day + we are living a decadent life. All the while that we are prating of + progress, we are really so deteriorate! There is nothing but feebleness in + us. Our youths, who spend their days in trying to build up their + constitutions by sport or athletics and their evenings in undermining them + with poisonous and dyed drinks; our daughters, who are ever searching for + some new quack remedy for new imaginary megrim, what strength is there in + them? We have our societies for the prevention of this and the promotion + of that and the propagation of the other, because there are no individuals + among us. Our sexes are already nearly assimilate. Women are becoming + nearly as rare as ladies, and it is only at the music-halls that we are + privileged to see strong men. We are born into a poor, weak age. We are + not strong enough to be wicked, and the Nonconformist Conscience makes + cowards of us all. + </p> + <p> + But this was not so in the days when George was walking by his tutor's + side in the gardens of Kew or of Windsor. London must have been a splendid + place in those days—full of life and colour and wrong and revelry. + There was no absurd press nor vestry to protect the poor at the expense of + the rich and see that everything should be neatly adjusted. Every man had + to shift for himself and, consequently, men were, as Mr. Clement Scott + would say, manly, and women, as Mr. Clement Scott would say, womanly. In + those days, a young man of wealth and family found open to him a vista of + such licence as had been unknown to any since the barbatuli of the Roman + Empire. To spend the early morning with his valet, gradually assuming the + rich apparel that was not then tabooed by a hard sumptuary standard; to + saunter round to White's for ale and tittle-tattle and the making of + wagers; to attend a 'drunken déjeuner' in honour of 'la très belle + Rosaliné or the Strappini; to drive some fellow-fool far out into the + country in his pretty curricle, 'followed by two well-dressed and + well-mounted grooms, of singular elegance certainly,' and stop at every + tavern on the road to curse the host for not keeping better ale and a + wench of more charm; to reach St. James's in time for a random toilet and + so off to dinner. Which of our dandies could survive a day of pleasure + such as this? Which would be ready, dinner done, to scamper off again to + Ranelagh and dance and skip and sup in the rotunda there? Yet the youth of + that period would not dream of going to bed or ever he had looked in at + Crockford's—tanta lubido rerum—for a few hours' faro. + </p> + <p> + This was the kind of life that young George found opened to him, when, at + length, in his nineteenth year, they gave him an establishment in + Buckingham House. How his young eyes must have sparkled, and with what + glad gasps must he have taken the air of freedom into his lungs! Rumour + had long been busy with the damned surveillance under which his childhood + had been passed. A paper of the time says significantly that 'the Prince + of Wales, with a spirit which does him honour, has three times requested a + change in that system.' King George had long postponed permission for his + son to appear at any balls, and the year before had only given it, lest he + should offend the Spanish Minister, who begged it as a personal favour. I + know few pictures more pathetic than that of George, then an overgrown boy + of fourteen, tearing the childish frill from around his neck and crying to + one of the Royal servants, 'See how they treat me! 'Childhood has always + seemed to me the tragic period of life. To be subject to the most odious + espionage at the one age when you never dream of doing wrong, to be + deceived by your parents, thwarted of your smallest wish, oppressed by the + terrors of manhood and of the world to come, and to believe, as you are + told, that childhood is the only happiness known; all this is quite + terrible. And all Royal children, of whom I have read, particularly + George, seem to have passed through greater trials in childhood than do + the children of any other class. Mr. Fitzgerald, hazarding for once an + opinion, thinks that 'the stupid, odious, German, sergeant-system of + discipline that had been so rigorously applied was, in fact, responsible + for the blemishes of the young Prince's character.' Even Thackeray, in his + essay upon George III., asks what wonder that the son, finding himself + free at last, should have plunged, without looking, into the vortex of + dissipation. In Torrens' Life of Lord Melbourne we learn that Lord Essex, + riding one day with the King, met the young Prince wearing a wig, and that + the culprit, being sternly reprimanded by his father, replied that he had + 'been ordered by his doctor to wear a wig, for he was subject to cold.' + Whereupon the King, to vent the aversion he already felt for his son, or, + it may have been, glorying in the satisfactory result of his discipline, + turned to Lord Essex and remarked, 'A lie is ever ready when it is + wanted.' George never lost this early-ingrained habit of lies. It is to + George's childish fear of his guardians that we must trace that + extraordinary power of bamboozling his courtiers, his ministry, and his + mistresses that distinguished him through his long life. It is + characteristic of the man that he should himself have bitterly deplored + his own untruthfulness. When, in after years, he was consulting Lady + Spencer upon the choice of a governess for his child, he made this + remarkable speech, 'Above all, she must be taught the truth. You know that + I don't speak the truth and my brothers don't, and I find it a great + defect, from which I would have my daughter free. We have been brought up + badly, the Queen having taught us to equivocate.' You may laugh at the + picture of the little chubby, curly-headed fellows learning to equivocate + at their mother's knee, but pray remember that the wisest master of ethics + himself, in his theory of hexeis apodeiktikai, similarly raised virtues, + such as telling the truth, to the level of regular accomplishments, and, + before you judge poor George harshly in his entanglements of lying, think + of the cruelly unwise education he had undergone. + </p> + <p> + However much we may deplore this exaggerated tyranny, by reason of its + evil effect upon his moral nature, we cannot but feel glad that it + existed, to afford a piquant contrast to the life awaiting him. Had he + passed through the callow dissipations of Eton and Oxford, like other + young men of his age, he would assuredly have lacked much of that + splendid, pent vigour with which he rushed headlong into London life. He + was so young and so handsome and so strong, that can we wonder if all the + women fell at his feet? 'The graces of his person,' says one whom he + honoured by an intrigue, 'the irresistible sweetness of his smile, the + tenderness of his melodious, yet manly voice, will be remembered by me + till every vision of this changing scene are forgotten. The polished and + fascinating ingenuousness of his manners contributed not a little to + enliven our promenade. He sang with exquisite taste, and the tones of his + voice, breaking on the silence of the night, have often appeared to my + entranced senses like more than mortal melody.' But besides his graces of + person, he had a most delightful wit, he was a scholar who could bandy + quotations with Fox or Sheridan, and, like the young men of to-day, he + knew all about Art. He spoke French, Italian, and German perfectly. + Crossdill had taught him the violoncello. At first, as was right for one + of his age, he cared more for the pleasures of the table and of the ring, + for cards and love. He was wont to go down to Ranelagh surrounded by a + retinue of bruisers—rapscallions, such as used to follow Clodius + through the streets of Rome—and he loved to join in the scuffles + like any commoner. Pugilism he learnt from Angelo, and he was considered + by some to be a fine performer. On one occasion, too, at an exposition + d'escrime, when he handled the foils against the maître, he 'was highly + complimented upon his graceful postures.' In fact, despite all his + accomplishments, he seems to have been a thoroughly manly young fellow. He + was just the kind of figure-head Society had long been in need of. A + certain lack of tone had crept into the amusements of the haut monde, due, + doubtless, to the lack of an acknowledged leader. The King was not yet + mad, but he was always bucolic, and socially out of the question. So at + the coming of his son Society broke into a gallop. Balls and masquerades + were given in his honour night after night. Good Samaritans must have + approved when they found that at these entertainments great ladies and + courtesans brushed beautiful shoulders in utmost familiarity, but those + who delighted in the high charm of society probably shook their heads. We + need not, however, find it a flaw in George's social bearing that he did + not check this kind of freedom. At the first, as a young man full of life, + of course he took everything as it came, joyfully. No one knew better than + he did, in later life, that there is a time for laughing with great ladies + and a time for laughing with courtesans. But as yet it was not possible + for him to exert influence. How great that influence became I will suggest + hereafter. + </p> + <p> + I like to think of him as he was at this period, charging about, in + pursuit of pleasure, like a young bull. The splendid taste for building + had not yet come to him. His father would not hear of him patronising the + Turf. But already he was implected with a passion for dress and seems to + have erred somewhat on the side of dressing up, as is the way of young + men. It is fearful to think of him, as Cyrus Redding saw him, 'arrayed in + deep-brown velvet, silver embroidered, with cut-steel buttons, and a gold + net thrown over all.' Before that 'gold net thrown over all,' all the + mistakes of his afterlife seem to me to grow almost insignificant. Time, + however, toned his too florid sense of costume, and we should at any rate + be thankful that his imagination never deserted him. All the delightful + munditiae that we find in the contemporary 'fashion-plates for gentlemen' + can be traced to George himself. His were the much-approved 'quadruple + stock of great dimension,' the 'cocked grey-beaver,' 'the pantaloons of + mauve silk negligently crinkled' and any number of other little pomps and + foibles of the kind. As he grew older and was obliged to abandon many of + his more vigorous pastimes, he grew more and more enamoured of the + pleasures of the wardrobe. He would spend hours, it is said, in designing + coats for his friends, liveries for his servants, and even uniforms. Nor + did he ever make the mistake of giving away outmoded clothes to his + valets, but kept them to form what must have been the finest collection of + clothes that has been seen in modern times. With a sentimentality that is + characteristic of him, he would often, as he sat, crippled by gout, in his + room at Windsor, direct his servant to bring him this or that coat, which + he had worn ten or twenty or thirty years before, and, when it was brought + to him, spend much time in laughing or sobbing over the memories that lay + in its folds. It is pleasant to know that George, during his long and + various life, never forgot a coat, however long ago worn, however seldom. + </p> + <p> + But in the early days of which I speak he had not yet touched that + self-conscious note which, in manner and mode of life, as well as in + costume, he was to touch later. He was too violently enamoured of all + around him, to think very deeply of himself. But he had already realised + the tragedy of the voluptuary, which is, after a little time, not that he + must go on living, but that he cannot live in two places at once. We have, + at this end of the century, tempered this tragedy by the perfection of + railways, and it is possible for our good Prince, whom Heaven bless, to + waken to the sound of the Braemar bagpipes, while the music of Mdlle. + Guilbert's latest song, cooed over the footlights of the Concerts + Parisiens, still rings in his ears. But in the time of our Prince's + illustrious great-uncle there were not railways; and we find George + perpetually driving, for wagers, to Brighton and back (he had already + acquired that taste for Brighton which was one of his most loveable + qualities) in incredibly short periods of time. The rustics who lived + along the road were well accustomed to the sight of a high, tremulous + phaeton flashing past them, and the crimson face of the young Prince + bending over the horses. There is something absurd in representing George + as, even before he came of age, a hardened and cynical profligate, an + Elagabalus in trousers. His blood flowed fast enough through his veins. + All his escapades were those of a healthful young man of the time. Need we + blame him if he sought, every day, to live faster and more fully? + </p> + <p> + In a brief essay like this, I cannot attempt to write, as I hope one day + to do, in any detail a history of George's career, during the time when he + was successively Prince of Wales and Regent and King. Merely is it my wish + at present to examine some of the principal accusations that have been + brought against him, and to point out in what ways he has been harshly and + hastily judged. Perhaps the greatest indignation against him was, and is + to this day, felt by reason of his treatment of his two wives, Mrs. + Fitzherbert and Queen Caroline. There are some scandals that never grow + old, and I think the story of George's married life is one of them. It was + a real scandal. I can feel it. It has vitality. Often have I wondered + whether the blood with which the young Prince's shirt was saturate when + Mrs. Fitzherbert was first induced to visit him at Carlton House, was + merely red paint, or if, in a frenzy of love, he had truly gashed himself + with a razor. Certain it is that his passion for the virtuous and obdurate + lady was a very real one. Lord Holland describes how the Prince used to + visit Mrs. Fox, and there indulge in 'the most extravagant expressions and + actions—rolling on the floor, striking his forehead, tearing his + hair, falling into hysterics, and swearing that he would abandon the + country, forego the crown, &c.' He was indeed still a child, for + Royalties, not being ever brought into contact with the realities of life, + remain young far longer than other people. Cursed with a truly royal lack + of self-control, he was unable to bear the idea of being thwarted in any + wish. Every day he sent off couriers to Holland, whither Mrs. Fitzherbert + had retreated, imploring her to return to him, offering her formal + marriage. At length, as we know, she yielded to his importunity and + returned. It is difficult indeed to realise exactly what was Mrs. + Fitzherbert's feeling in the matter. The marriage must be, as she knew, + illegal, and would lead, as Charles James Fox pointed out in his powerful + letter to the Prince, to endless and intricate difficulties. For the + present she could only live with him as his mistress. If, when he reached + the legal age of twenty-five, he were to apply to Parliament for + permission to marry her, how could permission be given, when she had been + living with him irregularly? Doubtless, she was flattered by the + attentions of the Heir to the Throne, but, had she really returned his + passion, she would surely have preferred 'any other species of connection + with His Royal Highness to one leading to so much misery and mischief.' + Really to understand her marriage, one must look at the portraits of her + that are extant. That beautiful and silly face explains much. One can well + fancy such a lady being pleased to live after the performance of a + mock-ceremony with a prince for whom she felt no passion. Her view of the + matter can only have been social, for, in the eyes of the Church, she + could only live with the Prince as his mistress. Society, however, once + satisfied that a ceremony of some kind had been enacted, never regarded + her as anything but his wife. The day after Fox, inspired by the Prince, + had formally denied that any ceremony had taken place, 'the knocker of her + door,' to quote her own complacent phrase, 'was never still.' The + Duchesses of Portland, Devonshire and Cumber-land were among her visitors. + </p> + <p> + How much pop-limbo has been talked about the Prince's denial of the + marriage! I grant that it was highly improper to marry Mrs. Fitzherbert at + all. But George was always weak and wayward, and he did, in his great + passion, marry her. That he should afterwards deny it officially seems to + me to have been utterly inevitable. His denial did her not the faintest + damage, as I have pointed out. It was, so to speak, an official quibble, + rendered necessary by the circumstances of the case. Not to have denied + the marriage in the House of Commons would have meant ruin to both of + them. As months passed, more serious difficulties awaited the unhappily + wedded pair. What boots it to repeat the story of the Prince's great debts + and desperation? It was clear that there was but one way of getting his + head above water, and that was to yield to his father's wishes and + contract a real marriage with a foreign princess. Fate was dogging his + footsteps relentlessly. Placed as he was, George could not but offer to + marry as his father willed. It is well, also, to remember that George was + not ruthlessly and suddenly turning his shoulder upon Mrs. Fitzherbert. + For some time before the British plenipotentiary went to fetch him a bride + from over the waters, his name had been associated with that of the + beautiful and unscrupulous Countess of Jersey. + </p> + <p> + Poor George! Half-married to a woman whom he no longer worshipped, + compelled to marry a woman whom he was to hate at first sight! Surely we + should not judge a prince harshly. 'Princess Caroline very gauche at + cards,' 'Princess Caroline very missish at supper,' are among the entries + made in his diary by Lord Malmesbury, while he was at the little German + Court. I can conceive no scene more tragic than that of her presentation + to the Prince, as related by the same nobleman. 'I, according to the + established etiquette,' so he writes, 'introduced the Princess Caroline to + him. She, very properly, in consequence of my saying it was the right mode + of proceeding, attempted to kneel to him. He raised her gracefully enough, + and embraced her, said barely one word, turned round, retired to a distant + part of the apartment, and calling to me, said: 'Harris, I am not well: + pray get me a glass of brandy.' At dinner that evening, in the presence of + her betrothed, the Princess was 'flippant, rattling, affecting wit.' Poor + George, I say again! Deportment was his ruling passion, and his bride did + not know how to behave. Vulgarity—hard, implacable, German vulgarity—was + in everything she did to the very day of her death. The marriage was + solemnised on Wednesday, April 8th, 1795, and the royal bridegroom was + drunk. + </p> + <p> + So soon as they were separated, George became implected with a morbid + hatred for his wife, which was hardly in accord with his light and variant + nature and shows how bitterly he had been mortified by his marriage of + necessity. It is sad that so much of his life should have been wasted in + futile strainings after divorce. Yet we can scarcely blame him for seizing + upon every scrap of scandal that was whispered of his wife. Besides his + not unnatural wish to be free, it was derogatory to the dignity of a + prince and a regent that his wife should be living an eccentric life at + Blackheath with a family of singers named Sapio. Indeed, Caroline's + conduct during this time was as indiscreet as ever. Wherever she went she + made ribald jokes about her husband, 'in such a voice that all, + by-standing, might hear.' 'After dinner,' writes one of her servants, 'Her + Royal Highness made a wax figure as usual, and gave it an amiable pair of + large horns; then took three pins out of her garment and stuck them + through and through, and put the figure to roast and melt at the fire. + What a silly piece of spite! Yet it is impossible not to laugh when one + sees it done.' Imagine the feelings of the First Gentleman in Europe when + the unseemly story of these pranks was whispered to him! + </p> + <p> + For my own part, I fancy Caroline was innocent of any infidelity to her + unhappy husband. But that is neither here nor there. Her behaviour was + certainly not above suspicion. It fully justified George in trying to + establish a case for her divorce. When, at length, she went abroad, her + vagaries were such that the whole of her English suite left her, and we + hear of her travelling about the Holy Land attended by another family, + named Bergami. When her husband succeeded to the throne, and her name was + struck out of the liturgy, she despatched expostulations in absurd English + to Lord Liverpool. Receiving no answer, she decided to return and claim + her right to be crowned Queen of England. Whatever the unhappy lady did, + she always was ridiculous. One cannot but smile as one reads of her + posting along the French roads in a yellow travelling-chariot drawn by + cart-horses, with a retinue that included an alderman, a reclaimed + lady-in-waiting, an Italian count, the eldest son of the alderman, and 'a + fine little female child, about three years old, whom Her Majesty, in + conformity with her benevolent practices on former occasions, had + adopted.' The breakdown of her impeachment, and her acceptance of an + income formed a fitting anti-climax to the terrible absurdities of her + position. She died from the effects of a chill caught when she was trying + vainly to force a way to her husband's coronation. Unhappy woman! Our + sympathy for her is not misgiven. Fate wrote her a most tremendous + tragedy, and she played it in tights. Let us pity her, but not forget to + pity her husband, the King, also. + </p> + <p> + It is another common accusation against George that he was an undutiful + and unfeeling son. If this was so, it is certain that not all the blame is + to be laid upon him alone. There is more than one anecdote which shows + that King George disliked his eldest son, and took no trouble to conceal + his dislike, long before the boy had been freed from his tutors. It was + the coldness of his father and the petty restrictions he loved to enforce + that first drove George to seek the companionship of such men as Egalité + and the Duke of Cumberland, both of whom were quick to inflame his + impressionable mind to angry resentment. Yet, when Margaret Nicholson + attempted the life of the King, the Prince immediately posted off from + Brighton that he might wait upon his father at Windsor—a graceful + act of piety that was rewarded by his father's refusal to see him. Hated + by the Queen, who at this time did all she could to keep her husband and + his son apart, surrounded by intriguers, who did all they could to set him + against his father, George seems to have behaved with great discretion. In + the years that follow, I can conceive no position more difficult than that + in which he found himself every time his father relapsed into lunacy. That + he should have by every means opposed those who through jealousy stood + between him and the regency was only natural. It cannot be said that at + any time did he show anxiety to rule, so long as there was any immediate + chance of the King's recovery. On the contrary, all impartial seers of + that chaotic Court agreed that the Prince bore himself throughout the + intrigues, wherein he himself was bound to be, in a notably filial way. + </p> + <p> + There are many things that I regret in the career of George IV., and what + I most of all regret is the part that he played in the politics of the + period. Englishmen to-day have at length decided that Royalty shall not + set foot in the political arena. I do not despair that some day we shall + place politics upon a sound commercial basis, as they have already done in + America and France, or leave them entirely in the hands of the police, as + they do in Russia. It is horrible to think that, under our existing + régime, all the men of noblest blood and highest intellect should waste + their time in the sordid atmosphere of the House of Commons, listening for + hours to nonentities talking nonsense, or searching enormous volumes to + prove that somebody said something some years ago that does not quite + tally with something he said the other day, or standing tremulous before + the whips in the lobbies and the scorpions in the constituencies. In the + political machine are crushed and lost all our best men. That Mr. + Gladstone did not choose to be a cardinal is a blow under which the Roman + Catholic Church still staggers. In Mr. Chamberlain Scotland Yard missed + its smartest detective. What a fine voluptuary might Lord Rosebery have + been! It is a platitude that the country is ruled best by the permanent + officials, and I look forward to the time when Mr. Keir Hardie shall hang + his cap in the hall of No. 10 Downing Street, and a Conservative working + man shall lead Her Majesty's Opposition. In the lifetime of George, + politics were not a whit finer than they are to-day. I feel a genuine + indignation that he should have wasted so much of tissue in mean intrigues + about ministries and bills. That he should have been fascinated by that + splendid fellow, Fox, is quite right. That he should have thrown himself + with all his heart into the storm of the Westminster election is most + natural. But it is awful inverideed to find him, long after he had reached + man's estate, indulging in back-stair intrigues with Whigs and Tories. It + is, of course, absurd to charge him with deserting his first friends, the + Whigs. His love and fidelity were given, not to the Whigs, but to the men + who led them. Even after the death of Fox, he did, in misplaced piety, do + all he could for Fox's party. What wonder that, when he found he was + ignored by the Ministry that owed its existence to him, he turned his back + upon that sombre couple, the 'Lords G. and G.,' whom he had always hated, + and went over to the Tories? Among the Tories he hoped to find men who + would faithfully perform their duties and leave him leisure to live his + own beautiful life. I regret immensely that his part in politics did not + cease here. The state of the country and of his own finances, and also, I + fear, a certain love that he had imbibed for political manipulation, + prevented him from standing aside. How useless was all the finesse he + displayed in the long-drawn question of Catholic Emancipation! How + lamentable his terror of Lord Wellesley's rude dragooning! And is there + not something pitiable in the thought of the Regent at a time of + ministerial complications lying prone on his bed with a sprained ankle, + and taking, as was whispered, in one day as many as seven hundred drops of + laudanum? Some said he took these doses to deaden the pain. But others, + and among them his brother Cumberland, declared that the sprain was all a + sham. I hope it was. The thought of a voluptuary in pain is very terrible. + In any case, I cannot but feel angry, for George's own sake and that of + his kingdom, that he found it impossible to keep further aloof from the + wearisome troubles of political life. His wretched indecision of character + made him an easy prey to unscrupulous ministers, while his extraordinary + diplomatic powers and almost extravagant tact made them, in their turn, an + easy prey to him. In these two processes much of his genius was spent + untimely. I must confess that he did not quite realise where his duties + ended. He wished always to do too much. If you read his repeated appeals + to his father that he might be permitted to serve actively in the British + army against the French, you will acknowledge that it was through no fault + of his own that he did not fight. It touches me to think that in his + declining years he actually thought that he had led one of the charges at + Waterloo. He would often describe the whole scene as it appeared to him at + that supreme moment, and refer to the Duke of Wellington, saying, 'Was it + not so, Duke?' 'I have often heard you say so, your Majesty,' the old + soldier would reply, grimly. I am not sure that the old soldier was at + Waterloo himself. In a room full of people he once referred to the battle + as having been won upon the playing-fields of Eton. This was certainly a + most unfortunate slip, seeing that all historians are agreed that it was + fought on a certain field situate a few miles from Brussels. + </p> + <p> + In one of his letters to the King, craving for a military appointment, + George urges that, whilst his next brother, the Duke of York, commanded + the army, and the younger branches of the family were either generals or + lieutenant-generals, he, who was Prince of Wales, remained colonel of + dragoons. And herein, could he have known it, lay the right limitation of + his life. As Royalty was and is constituted, it is for the younger sons to + take an active part in the services, whilst the eldest son is left as the + ruler of Society. Thousands and thousands of guineas were given by the + nation that the Prince of Wales, the Regent, the King, might be, in the + best sense of the word, ornamental. It is not for us, at this moment, to + consider whether Royalty, as a wholly Pagan institution, is not out of + place in a community of Christians. It is enough that we should inquire + whether the god, whom our grand-fathers set up and worshipped and crowned + with offerings, gave grace to his worshippers. + </p> + <p> + That George was a moral man, in our modern sense, I do not for one moment + pretend. It were idle to deny that he was profligate. When he died there + were found in one of his cabinets more than a hundred locks of women's + hair. Some of these were still plastered with powder and pomatum, some + were mere little golden curls, such as grow low down upon a girl's neck, + others were streaked with grey. The whole of this collection subsequently + passed into the hands of Adam, the famous Scotch henchman of the Regent. + In his family, now resident in Glasgow, it is treasured as an heirloom. I + myself have been privileged to look at all these locks of hair, and I have + seen a clairvoyante take them one by one, and, pinching them between her + lithe fingers, tell of the love that each symbolised. I have heard her + tell of long rides by night, of a boudoir hung with grass-green satin, and + of a tryst at Windsor; of one, the wife of a hussar at York, whose little + lap-dog used to bark angrily whenever the Regent came near his mistress; + of a milkmaid who, in her great simpleness, thought her child would one + day be King of England; of an arch-duchess with blue eyes, and a silly + little flautist from Portugal; of women that were wantons and fought for + his favour, great ladies that he loved dearly, girls that gave themselves + to him humbly. If we lay all pleasures at the feet of our Prince, we can + scarcely hope he will remain virtuous. Indeed, we do not wish our Prince + to be an examplar of godliness, but a perfect type of happiness. It may be + foolish of us to insist upon apolaustic happiness, but that is the kind of + happiness that we can ourselves, most of us, best understand, and so we + offer it to our ideal. In Royalty we find our Bacchus, our Venus. + </p> + <p> + Certainly George was, in the practical sense of the word, a fine king. His + wonderful physique, his wealth, his brilliant talents, he gave them all + without stint to Society. From the time when, at Madame Cornelys', he + gallivanted with rips and demireps, to the time when he sat, a stout and + solitary old king, fishing in the artificial pond at Windsor, his life was + beautifully ordered. He indulged to the full in all the delights that + England could offer him. That he should have, in his old age, suddenly + abandoned his career of vigorous enjoyment is, I confess, rather + surprising. The Royal voluptuary generally remains young to the last. No + one ever tires of pleasure. It is the pursuit of pleasure, the trouble to + grasp it, that makes us old. Only the soldiers who enter Capua with + wounded feet leave it demoralised. And yet George, who never had to wait + or fight for a pleasure, fell enervate long before his death. I can but + attribute this to the constant persecution to which he was subjected by + duns and ministers, parents and wives. + </p> + <p> + Not that I regret the manner in which he spent his last years. On the + contrary, I think it was exceedingly cosy. I like to think of the King, at + Windsor, lying a-bed all the morning in his darkened room, with all the + sporting papers scattered over his quilt and a little decanter of the + favourite cherry-brandy within easy reach. I like to think of him sitting + by his fire in the afternoon and hearing his ministers ask for him at the + door and piling another log upon the fire, as he heard them sent away by + his servant. It was not, I acknowledge, a life to kindle popular + enthusiasm. But most people knew little of its mode. For all they knew, + His Majesty might have been making his soul or writing his memoirs. In + reality, George was now 'too fat by far' to brook the observation of + casual eyes. Especially he hated to be seen by those whose memories might + bear them back to the time when he had yet a waist. Among his elaborate + precautions of privacy was a pair of avant-couriers, who always preceded + his pony-chaise in its daily progress through Windsor Great Park and had + strict commands to drive back any intruder. In The Veiled Majestic Man, + Where is the Graceful Despot of England? and other lampoons not extant, + the scribblers mocked his loneliness. At White's, one evening, four + gentlemen of high fashion vowed, over their wine, they would see the + invisible monarch. So they rode down next day to Windsor, and secreted + themselves in the branches of a holm-oak. Here they waited perdus, + beguiling the hours and the frost with their flasks. When dusk was + falling, they heard at last the chime of hoofs on the hard road, and saw + presently a splash of the Royal livery, as two grooms trotted by, peering + warily from side to side, and disappeared in the gloom. The conspirators + in the tree held their breath, till they caught the distant sound of + wheels. Nearer and louder came the sound, and soon they saw a white, + postillioned pony, a chaise and, yes, girth immensurate among the + cushions, a weary monarch, whose face, crimson above the dark accumulation + of his stock, was like some ominous sunset.... He had passed them and they + had seen him, monstrous and moribund among the cushions. He had been borne + past them like a wounded Bacchanal. The King! The Regent!... They + shuddered in the frosty branches. The night was gathering and they climbed + silently to the ground, with an awful, indispellible image before their + eyes. + </p> + <p> + You see, these gentlemen were not philosophers. Remember, also, that the + strangeness of their escapade, the cramped attitude they had been + compelled to maintain in the branches of the holm-oak, the intense cold + and their frequent resort to the flask must have all conspired to + exaggerate their emotions and prevent them from looking at things in a + rational way. After all, George had lived his life. He had lived more + fully than any other man. And it was better really that his death should + be preceded by decline. For every one, obviously, the most desirable kind + of death is that which strikes men down, suddenly, in their prime. Had + they not been so dangerous, railways would never have ousted the old + coaches from popular favour. But, however keenly we may court such a death + for ourselves or for those who are near and dear to us, we must always be + offended whenever it befall one in whom our interest is aesthetic merely. + Had his father permitted George to fight at Waterloo, and had some fatal + bullet pierced the padding of that splendid breast, I should have been + really annoyed, and this essay would never have been written. Sudden death + mars the unity of an admirable life. Natural decline, tapering to + tranquillity, is its proper end. As a man's life begins, faintly, and + gives no token of childhood's intensity and the expansion of youth and the + perfection of manhood, so it should also end, faintly. The King died a + death that was like the calm conclusion of a great, lurid poem. Quievit. + </p> + <p> + Yes, his life was a poem, a poem in the praise of Pleasure. And it is + right that we should think of him always as the great voluptuary. Only let + us note that his nature never became, as do the natures of most + voluptuaries, corroded by a cruel indifference to the happiness of others. + When all the town was agog for the fête to be given by the Regent in + honour of the French King, Sheridan sent a forged card of invitation to + Romeo Coates, the half-witted dandy, who used at this time to walk about + in absurd ribbons and buckles, and was the butt of all the streetsters. + The poor fellow arrived at the entrance of Carlton House, proud as a + peacock, and he was greeted with a tremendous cheer from the bystanding + mob, but when he came to the lackeys he was told that his card was a hoax + and sent about his business. The tears were rolling down his cheeks as he + shambled back into the street. The Regent heard later in the evening of + this sorry joke, and next day despatched a kindly-worded message, in which + he prayed that Mr. Coates would not refuse to come and 'view the + decorations, nevertheless.' Though he does not appear to have treated his + inferiors with the extreme servility that is now in vogue, George was + beloved by the whole of his household, and many are the little tales that + are told to illustrate the kindliness and consideration he showed to his + valets and his jockeys and his stable-boys. That from time to time he + dropped certain of his favourites is no cause for blaming him. Remember + that a Great Personage, like a great genius, is dangerous to his + fellow-creatures. The favourites of Royalty live in an intoxicant + atmosphere. They become unaccountable for their behaviour. Either they get + beyond themselves, and, like Brummell, forget that the King, their friend, + is also their master, or they outrun the constable and go bankrupt, or + cheat at cards in order to keep up their position, or do some other + foolish thing that makes it impossible for the King to favour them more. + Old friends are generally the refuge of unsociable persons. Remembering + this also, gauge the temptation that besets the very leader of Society to + form fresh friendships, when all the cleverest and most charming persons + in the land are standing ready, like supers at the wings, to come on and + please him! At Carlton House there was a constant succession of wits. + Minds were preserved for the Prince of Wales, as coverts are preserved for + him to-day. For him Sheridan would flash his best bon-mot, and Theodore + Hook play his most practical joke, his swiftest chansonette. And Fox would + talk, as only he could, of Liberty and of Patriotism, and Byron would look + more than ever like Isidore de Lara as he recited his own bad verses, and + Sir Walter Scott would 'pour out with an endless generosity his store of + old-world learning, kindness, and humour.' Of such men George was a + splendid patron. He did not merely sit in his chair, gaping princely at + their wit and their wisdom, but quoted with the scholars and argued with + the statesmen and jested with the wits. Doctor Burney, an impartial + observer, says that he was amazed by the knowledge of music that the + Regent displayed in a half-hour's discussion over the wine. Croker says + that 'the Prince and Scott were the two most brilliant story-tellers, in + their several ways, he had ever happened to meet. Both exerted themselves, + and it was hard to say which shone the most.' Indeed His Royal Highness + appears to have been a fine conversationalist, with a wide range of + knowledge and great humour. We, who have come at length to look upon + stupidity as one of the most sacred prerogatives of Royalty, can scarcely + realise that, if George's birth had been never so humble, he would have + been known to us as a most admirable scholar and wit, or as a connoisseur + of the arts. It is pleasing to think of his love for the Flemish school of + painting, for Wilkie and Sir Thomas Lawrence. The splendid portraits of + foreign potentates that hang in the Banqueting Room at Windsor bear + witness to his sense of the canvas. In his later years he exerted himself + strenuously in raising the tone of the drama. His love of the classics + never left him. We know he was fond of quoting those incomparable poets, + Homer, at great length, and that he was prominent in the 'papyrus-craze.' + Indeed, he inspired Society with a love of something more than mere + pleasure, a love of the 'humaner delights.' He was a giver of tone. At his + coming, the bluff, disgusting ways of the Tom and Jerry period gave way to + those florid graces that are still called Georgian. + </p> + <p> + A pity that George's predecessor was not a man, like the Prince Consort, + of strong chastening influence! Then might the bright flamboyance which he + gave to Society have made his reign more beautiful than any other—a + real renaissance. But he found London a wild city of taverns and + cock-pits, and the grace which in the course of years he gave to his + subjects never really entered into them. The cock-pits were gilded and the + taverns painted with colour, but the heart of the city was vulgar, even as + before. The simulation of higher things did indeed give the note of a very + interesting period, but how shallow that simulation was and how merely it + was due to George's own influence, we may see in the light of what + happened after his death. The good that he had done died with him. The + refinement he had laid upon vulgarity fell away, like enamel from withered + cheeks. It was only George himself who had made the sham endure. The + Victorian era came soon, and the angels rushed in and drove the nymphs + away and hung the land with reps. + </p> + <p> + I have often wondered whether it was with a feeling that his influence + would be no more than life-long, that George allowed Carlton House, that + dear structure, the very work of his life and symbol of his being, to be + rased. I wish that Carlton House were still standing. I wish we could + still walk through those corridors, whose walls were 'crusted with + ormolu,' and parquet-floors were 'so glossy that, were Narcissus to come + down from heaven, he would, I maintain, need no other mirror for his + beauté.' I wish that we could see the pier-glasses and the girandoles and + the twisted sofas, the fauns foisted upon the ceiling and the rident + goddesses along the wall. These things would make George's memory dearer + to us, help us to a fuller knowledge of him. I am glad that the Pavilion + still stands here in Brighton. Its trite lawns and wanton cupolae have + taught me much. As I write this essay, I can see them from my window. Last + night, in a crowd of trippers and townspeople, I roamed the lawns of that + dishonoured palace, whilst a band played us tunes. Once I fancied I saw + the shade of a swaying figure and of a wine-red face. + </p> + <p> + Brighton, 1894. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + The Pervasion of Rouge + </h2> + <p> + Nay, but it is useless to protest. Artifice must queen it once more in the + town, and so, if there be any whose hearts chafe at her return, let them + not say, 'We have come into evil times,' and be all for resistance, + reformation, or angry cavilling. For did the king's sceptre send the sea + retrograde, or the wand of the sorcerer avail to turn the sun from its old + course? And what man or what number of men ever stayed that inexorable + process by which the cities of this world grow, are very strong, fail, and + grow again? Indeed, indeed, there is charm in every period, and only fools + and flutterpates do not seek reverently for what is charming in their own + day. No martyrdom, however fine, nor satire, however splendidly bitter, + has changed by a little tittle the known tendency of things. It is the + times that can perfect us, not we the times, and so let all of us wisely + acquiesce. Like the little wired marionettes, let us acquiesce in the + dance. + </p> + <p> + For behold! The Victorian era comes to its end and the day of sancta + simplicitas is quite ended. The old signs are here and the portents to + warn the seer of life that we are ripe for a new epoch of artifice. Are + not men rattling the dice-box and ladies dipping their fingers in the + rouge-pot? At Rome, in the keenest time of her degringolade, when there + was gambling even in the holy temples, great ladies (does not Lucian tell + us?) did not scruple to squander all they had upon unguents from Arabia. + Nero's mistress and unhappy wife, Poppaea, of shameful memory, had in her + travelling retinue fifteen—or, as some say, fifty—she-asses, + for the sake of their milk, that was thought an incomparable guard against + cosmetics with poison in them. Last century, too, when life was lived by + candle-light, and ethics was but etiquette, and even art a question of + punctilio, women, we know, gave the best hours of the day to the crafty + farding of their faces and the towering of their coiffures. And men, + throwing passion into the wine-bowl to sink or swim, turned out thought to + browse upon the green cloth. Cannot we even now in our fancy see them, + those silent exquisites round the long table at Brooks's, masked, all of + them, 'lest the countenance should betray feeling,' in quinze masks, + through whose eyelets they sat peeping, peeping, while macao brought them + riches or ruin! We can see them, those silent rascals, sitting there with + their cards and their rouleaux and their wooden money-bowls, long after + the dawn had crept up St. James's and pressed its haggard face against the + window of the little club. Yes, we can raise their ghosts—and, more, + we can see many where a devotion to hazard fully as meek as theirs. In + England there has been a wonderful revival of cards. Baccarat may rival + dead faro in the tale of her devotees. We have all seen the sweet English + chatelaine at her roulette wheel, and ere long it may be that tender + parents will be writing to complain of the compulsory baccarat in our + public schools. + </p> + <p> + In fact, we are all gamblers once more, but our gambling is on a finer + scale than ever it was. We fly from the card-room to the heath, and from + the heath to the City, and from the City to the coast of the + Mediterranean. And just as no one seriously encourages the clergy in its + frantic efforts to lay the spirit of chance that has thus resurged among + us, so no longer are many faces set against that other great sign of a + more complicated life, the love for cosmetics. No longer is a lady of + fashion blamed if, to escape the outrageous persecution of time, she fly + for sanctuary to the toilet-table; and if a damosel, prying in her mirror, + be sure that with brush and pigment she can trick herself into more charm, + we are not angry. Indeed, why should we ever have been? Surely it is + laudable, this wish to make fair the ugly and overtop fairness, and no + wonder that within the last five years the trade of the makers of + cosmetics has increased immoderately—twentyfold, so one of these + makers has said to me. We need but walk down any modish street and peer + into the little broughams that flit past, or (in Thackeray's phrase) under + the bonnet of any woman we meet, to see over how wide a kingdom rouge + reigns. + </p> + <p> + And now that the use of pigments is becoming general, and most women are + not so young as they are painted, it may be asked curiously how the + prejudice ever came into being. Indeed, it is hard to trace folly, for + that it is inconsequent, to its start; and perhaps it savours too much of + reason to suggest that the prejudice was due to the tristful confusion man + has made of soul and surface. Through trusting so keenly to the detection + of the one by keeping watch upon the other, and by force of the thousand + errors following, he has come to think of surface even as the reverse of + soul. He seems to suppose that every clown beneath his paint and lip-salve + is moribund and knows it (though in verity, I am told, clowns are as + cheerful a class of men as any other), that the fairer the fruit's rind + and the more delectable its bloom, the closer are packed the ashes within + it. The very jargon of the hunting-field connects cunning with a mask. And + so perhaps came man's anger at the embellishment of women—that + lovely mask of enamel with its shadows of pink and tiny pencilled veins, + what must lurk behind it? Of what treacherous mysteries may it not be the + screen? Does not the heathen lacquer her dark face, and the harlot paint + her cheeks, because sorrow has made them pale? + </p> + <p> + After all, the old prejudice is a-dying. We need not pry into the secret + of its birth. Rather is this a time of jolliness and glad indulgence. For + the era of rouge is upon us, and as only in an elaborate era can man, by + the tangled accrescency of his own pleasures and emotions, reach that + refinement which is his highest excellence, and by making himself, so to + say, independent of Nature, come nearest to God, so only in an elaborate + era is woman perfect. Artifice is the strength of the world, and in that + same mask of paint and powder, shadowed with vermeil tinct and most trimly + pencilled, is woman's strength. + </p> + <p> + For see! We need not look so far back to see woman under the direct + influence of Nature. Early in this century, our grandmothers, sickening of + the odour of faded exotics and spilt wine, came out into the daylight once + more and let the breezes blow around their faces and enter, sharp and + welcome, into their lungs. Artifice they drove forth and they set Martin + Tupper upon a throne of mahogany to rule over them. A very reign of terror + set in. All things were sacrificed to the fetish Nature. Old ladies may + still be heard to tell how, when they were girls, affectation was not; + and, if we verify their assertion in the light of such literary + authorities as Dickens, we find that it is absolutely true. Women appear + to have been in those days utterly natural in their conduct—flighty, + fainting, blushing, gushing, giggling, and shaking their curls. They knew + no reserve in the first days of the Victorian era. No thought was held too + trivial, no emotion too silly, to express. To Nature everything was + sacrificed. Great heavens! And in those barren days what influence did + women exert! By men they seem not to have been feared nor loved, but + regarded rather as 'dear little creatures' or 'wonderful little beings,' + and in their relation to life as foolish and ineffectual as the landscapes + they did in water-colour. Yet, if the women of those years were of no + great account, they had a certain charm, and they at least had not begun + to trespass upon men's ground; if they touched not thought, which is + theirs by right, at any rate they refrained from action, which is ours. + Far more serious was it when, in the natural trend of time, they became + enamoured of rinking and archery and galloping along the Brighton Parade. + Swiftly they have sped on since then from horror to horror. The invasion + of the tennis-courts and of the golf-links, the seizure of the bicycle and + of the typewriter, were but steps preliminary in that campaign which is to + end with the final victorious occupation of St. Stephen's. But stay! The + horrific pioneers of womanhood who gad hither and thither and, confounding + wisdom with the device on her shield, shriek for the unbecoming, are + doomed. Though they spin their bicycle-treadles so amazingly fast, they + are too late. Though they scream victory, none follow them. Artifice, that + fair exile, has returned. + </p> + <p> + Yes, though the pioneers know it not, they are doomed already. For of the + curiosities of history not the least strange is the manner in which two + social movements may be seen to overlap, long after the second has, in + truth, given its death-blow to the first. And, in like manner, as one has + seen the limbs of a murdered thing in lively movement, so we need not + doubt that, though the voices of those who cry out for reform be very + terribly shrill, they will soon be hushed. Dear Artifice is with us. It + needed but that we should wait. + </p> + <p> + Surely, without any of my pleading, women will welcome their great and + amiable protectrix, as by instinct. For (have I not said?) it is upon her + that all their strength, their life almost, depends. Artifice's first + command to them is that they should repose. With bodily activity their + powder will fly, their enamel crack. They are butterflies who must not + flit, if they love their bloom. Now, setting aside the point of view of + passion, from which very many obvious things might be said (and probably + have been by the minor poets), it is, from the intellectual point of view, + quite necessary that a woman should repose. Hers is the resupinate sex. On + her couch she is a goddess, but so soon as ever she put her foot to the + ground—ho, she is the veriest little sillypop, and quite done for. + She cannot rival us in action, but she is our mistress in the things of + the mind. Let her not by second-rate athletics, nor indeed by any exercise + soever of the limbs, spoil the pretty procedure of her reason. Let her be + content to remain the guide, the subtle suggester of what we must do, the + strategist whose soldiers we are, the little architect whose workmen. + </p> + <p> + 'After all,' as a pretty girl once said to me, 'women are a sex by + themselves, so to speak,' and the sharper the line between their worldly + functions and ours, the better. This greater swiftness and less erring + subtlety of mind, their forte and privilege, justifies the painted mask + that Artifice bids them wear. Behind it their minds can play without let. + They gain the strength of reserve. They become important, as in the days + of the Roman Empire were the Emperor's mistresses, as was the Pompadour at + Versailles, as was our Elizabeth. Yet do not their faces become lined with + thought; beautiful and without meaning are their faces. + </p> + <p> + And, truly, of all the good things that will happen with the full revival + of cosmetics, one of the best is that surface will finally be severed from + soul. That damnable confusion will be solved by the extinguishing of a + prejudice which, as I suggest, itself created. Too long has the face been + degraded from its rank as a thing of beauty to a mere vulgar index of + character or emotion. We had come to troubling ourselves, not with its + charm of colour and line, but with such questions as whether the lips were + sensuous, the eyes full of sadness, the nose indicative of determination. + I have no quarrel with physiognomy. For my own part I believe in it. But + it has tended to degrade the face aesthetically, in such wise as the study + of cheirosophy has tended to degrade the hand. And the use of cosmetics, + the masking of the face, will change this. We shall gaze at a woman merely + because she is beautiful, not stare into her face anxiously, as into the + face of a barometer. + </p> + <p> + How fatal it has been, in how many ways, this confusion of soul and + service! Wise were the Greeks in making plain masks for their mummers to + play in, and dunces we not to have done the same! Only the other day, an + actress was saying that what she was most proud of in her art—next, + of course, to having appeared in some provincial pantomime at the age of + three—was the deftness with which she contrived, in parts demanding + a rapid succession of emotions, to dab her cheeks quite quickly with rouge + from the palm of her right hand or powder from the palm of her left. + Gracious goodness! why do not we have masks upon the stage? Drama is the + presentment of the soul in action. The mirror of the soul is the voice. + Let the young critics, who seek a cheap reputation for austerity, by + cavilling at 'incidental music,' set their faces rather against the + attempt to justify inferior dramatic art by the subvention of a quite + alien art like painting, of any art, indeed, whose sphere is only surface. + Let those, again, who sneer, so rightly, at the 'painted anecdotes of the + Academy,' censure equally the writers who trespass on painters' ground. It + is a proclaimed sin that a painter should concern himself with a good + little girl's affection for a Scotch greyhound, or the keen enjoyment of + their port by elderly gentlemen of the early 'forties. Yet, for a painter + to prod the soul with his paint-brush is no worse than for a novelist to + refuse to dip under the surface, and the fashion of avoiding a + psychological study of grief by stating that the owner's hair turned white + in a single night, or of shame by mentioning a sudden rush of scarlet to + the cheeks, is as lamentable as may be. But! But with the universal use of + cosmetics and the consequent secernment of soul and surface, upon which, + at the risk of irritating a reader, I must again insist, all those old + properties that went to bolster up the ordinary novel—the trembling + lips, the flashing eyes, the determined curve of the chin, the nervous + trick of biting the moustache, aye, and the hectic spot of red on either + cheek—will be made spiflicate, as the puppets were spiflicated by + Don Quixote. Yes, even now Demos begins to discern. The same spirit that + has revived rouge, smote his mouth as it grinned at the wondrous painter + of mist and river, and now sends him sprawling for the pearls that + Meredith dived for in the deep waters of romance. + </p> + <p> + Indeed the revival of cosmetics must needs be so splendid an influence, + conjuring boons innumerable, that one inclines almost to mutter against + that inexorable law by which Artifice must perish from time to time. That + such branches of painting as the staining of glass or the illuminating of + manuscripts should fall into disuse seems, in comparison, so likely; these + were esoteric arts; they died with the monastic spirit. But personal + appearance is art's very basis. The painting of the face is the first kind + of painting men can have known. To make beautiful things—is it not + an impulse laid upon few? But to make oneself beautiful is an universal + instinct. Strange that the resultant art could ever perish! So fascinating + an art too! So various in its materials from stimmis, psimythium, and + fuligo to bismuth and arsenic, so simple in that its ground and its + subject-matter are one, so marvellous in that its very subject-matter + becomes lovely when an artist has selected it! For surely this is no idle + nor fantastic saying. To deny that 'making up' is an art, on the pretext + that the finished work of its exponents depends for beauty and excellence + upon the ground chosen for the work, is absurd. At the touch of a true + artist, the plainest face turns comely. As subject-matter the face is no + more than suggestive, as ground, merely a loom round which the beatus + artifex may spin the threads of any golden fabric: + </p> + <p> + 'Quae nunc nomen habent operosi signa Maronis Pondus iners quondam duraque + massa fuit. Multa viros nescire decet; pars maxima rerum Offendat, si non + interiora tegas,' + </p> + <p> + and, as Ovid would seem to suggest, by pigments any tone may be set aglow + on a woman's cheek, from enamel the features take any form. Insomuch that + surely the advocates of soup-kitchens and free-libraries and other devices + for giving people what Providence did not mean them to receive should send + out pamphlets in the praise of self-embellishment. For it will place + Beauty within easy reach of many who could not otherwise hope to attain to + it. + </p> + <p> + But of course Artifice is rather exacting. In return for the repose she + forces—so wisely!—upon her followers when the sun is high or + the moon is blown across heaven, she demands that they should pay her long + homage at the sun's rising. The initiate may not enter lightly upon her + mysteries. For, if a bad complexion be inexcusable, to be ill-painted is + unforgivable; and, when the toilet is laden once more with the fulness of + its elaboration, we shall hear no more of the proper occupation for women. + And think, how sweet an energy, to sit at the mirror of coquetry! See the + dear merits of the toilet as shown upon old vases, or upon the walls of + Roman ruins, or, rather still, read Böttiger's alluring, scholarly + description of 'Morgenscenen im Puttzimmer Einer Reichen Römerin.' Read of + Sabina's face as she comes through the curtain of her bed-chamber to the + chamber of her toilet. The slavegirls have long been chafing their white + feet upon the marble floor. They stand, those timid Greek girls, + marshalled in little battalions. Each has her appointed task, and all + kneel in welcome as Sabina stalks, ugly and frowning, to the toilet chair. + Scaphion steps forth from among them, and, dipping a tiny sponge in a bowl + of hot milk, passes it lightly, ever so lightly, over her mistress' face. + The Poppaean pastes melt beneath it like snow. A cooling lotion is poured + over her brow, and is fanned with feathers. Phiale comes after, a clever + girl, captured in some sea-skirmish on the Aegean. In her left hand she + holds the ivory box wherein are the phucus and that white powder, + psimythium; in her right a sheaf of slim brushes. With how sure a touch + does she mingle the colours, and in what sweet proportion blushes and + blanches her lady's upturned face. Phiale is the cleverest of all the + slaves. Now Calamis dips her quill in a certain powder that floats, liquid + and sable, in the hollow of her palm. Standing upon tip-toe and with lips + parted, she traces the arch of the eyebrows. The slaves whisper loudly of + their lady's beauty, and two of them hold up a mirror to her. Yes, the + eyebrows are rightly arched. But why does Psecas abase herself? She is + craving leave to powder Sabina's hair with a fine new powder. It is made + of the grated rind of the cedar-tree, and a Gallic perfumer, whose stall + is near the Circus, gave it to her for a kiss. No lady in Rome knows of + it. And so, when four special slaves have piled up the headdress, out of a + perforated box this glistening powder is showered. Into every little brown + ringlet it enters, till Sabina's hair seems like a pile of gold coins. + Lest the breezes send it flying, the girls lay the powder with sprinkled + attar. Soon Sabina will start for the Temple of Cybele. + </p> + <p> + Ah! Such are the lures of the toilet that none will for long hold aloof + from them. Cosmetics are not going to be a mere prosaic remedy for age or + plainness, but all ladies and all young girls will come to love them. Does + not a certain blithe Marquise, whose lettres intimes from the Court of + Louis Seize are less read than their wit deserves, tell us how she was + scandalised to see 'même les toutes jeunes demoiselles émaillées comme ma + tabatièré? So it shall be with us. Surely the common prejudice against + painting the lily can but be based on mere ground of economy. That which + is already fair is complete, it may be urged—urged implausibly, for + there are not so many lovely things in this world that we can afford not + to know each one of them by heart. There is only one white lily, and who + that has ever seen—as I have—a lily really well painted could + grudge the artist so fair a ground for his skill? Scarcely do you believe + through how many nice metamorphoses a lily may be passed by him. In like + manner, we all know the young girl, with her simpleness, her goodness, her + wayward ignorance. And a very charming ideal for England must she have + been, and a very natural one, when a young girl sat even on the throne. + But no nation can keep its ideal for ever, and it needed none of Mr. + Gilbert's delicate satire in 'Utopia' to remind us that she had passed out + of our ken with the rest of the early Victorian era. What writer of plays, + as lately asked some pressman, who had been told off to attend many first + nights and knew what he was talking about, ever dreams of making the young + girl the centre of his theme? Rather he seeks inspiration from the tried + and tired woman of the world, in all her intricate maturity, whilst, by + way of comic relief, he sends the young girl flitting in and out with a + tennis-racket, the poor eidôlon amauron of her former self. The season of + the unsophisticated is gone by, and the young girl's final extinction + beneath the rising tides of cosmetics will leave no gap in life and will + rob art of nothing. + </p> + <p> + 'Tush,' I can hear some damned flutterpate exclaim, 'girlishness and + innocence are as strong and as permanent as womanhood itself! Why, a few + months past, the whole town went mad over Miss Cissie Loftus! Was not hers + a success of girlish innocence and the absence of rouge? If such things as + these be outmoded, why was she so wildly popular?' Indeed, the triumph of + that clever girl, whose début made London nice even in August, is but + another witness to the truth of my contention. In a very sophisticated + time, simplicity has a new dulcedo. Hers was a success of contrast. + Accustomed to clever malaperts like Miss Lloyd or Miss Reeve, whose + experienced pouts and smiles under the sun-bonnet are a standing burlesque + of innocence and girlishness, Demos was really delighted, for once and + away, to see the real presentment of these things upon his stage. Coming + after all those sly serios, coming so young and mere with her pink frock + and straightly combed hair, Miss Cissie Loftus had the charm which things + of another period often do possess. Besides, just as we adored her for the + abrupt nod with which she was wont at first to acknowledge the applause, + so we were glad for her to come upon the stage with nothing to tinge the + ivory of her cheeks. It seemed so strange, that neglect of convention. To + be behind footlights and not rouged! Yes, hers was a success of contrast. + She was like a daisy in the window at Solomons'. She was delightful. And + yet, such is the force of convention, that when last I saw her, playing in + some burlesque at the Gaiety, her fringe was curled and her pretty face + rouged with the best of them. And, if further need be to show the + absurdity of having called her performance 'a triumph of naturalness over + the jaded spirit of modernity,' let us reflect that the little mimic was + not a real old-fashioned girl after all. She had none of that restless + naturalness that would seem to have characterised the girl of the early + Victorian days. She had no pretty ways—no smiles nor blushes nor + tremors. Possibly Demos could not have stood a presentment of girlishness + unrestrained. + </p> + <p> + But, with her grave insouciance, Miss Cissie Loftus had much of the + reserve that is one of the factors of feminine perfection, and to most + comes only, as I have said, with artifice. Her features played very, very + slightly. And in truth, this may have been one of the reasons of her great + success. For expression is but too often the ruin of a face; and, since we + cannot, as yet, so order the circumstances of life that women shall never + be betrayed into 'an unbecoming emotion,' when the brunette shall never + have cause to blush nor La Gioconda to frown, the safest way by far is to + create, by brush and pigments, artificial expression for every face. + </p> + <p> + And this—say you?—will make monotony? You are mistaken, tots + caelo mistaken. When your mistress has wearied you with one expression, + then it will need but a few touches of that pencil, a backward sweep of + that brush, and ho, you will be revelling in another. For though, of + course, the painting of the face is, in manner, most like the painting of + canvas, in outcome it is rather akin to the art of music—lasting, + like music's echo, not for very long. So that, no doubt, of the many + little appurtenances of the Reformed Toilet Table, not the least vital + will be a list of the emotions that become its owner, with recipes for + simulating them. According to the colour she wills her hair to be for the + time—black or yellow or, peradventure, burnished red—she will + blush for you, sneer for you, laugh or languish for you. The good + combinations of line and colour are nearly numberless, and by their means + poor restless woman will be able to realise her moods in all their shades + and lights and dappledoms, to live many lives and masquerade through many + moments of joy. No monotony will be. And for us men matrimony will have + lost its sting. + </p> + <p> + But that in the world of women they will not neglect this art, so ripping + in itself, in its result so wonderfully beneficent, I am sure indeed. + Much, I have said, is already done for its full revival. The spirit of the + age has made straight the path of its professors. Fashion has made Jezebel + surrender her monopoly of the rouge-pot. As yet, the great art of + self-embellishment is for us but in its infancy. But if Englishwomen can + bring it to the flower of an excellence so supreme as never yet has it + known, then, though Old England lose her martial and commercial supremacy, + we patriots will have the satisfaction of knowing that she has been + advanced at one bound to a place in the councils of aesthetic Europe. And, + in sooth, is this hoping too high of my countrywomen? True that, as the + art seems always to have appealed to the ladies of Athens, and it was not + until the waning time of the Republic that Roman ladies learned to love + the practice of it, so Paris, Athenian in this as in all other things, has + been noted hitherto as a far more vivid centre of the art than London. But + it was in Rome, under the Emperors, that unguentaria reached its zenith, + and shall it not be in London, soon, that unguentaria shall outstrip its + Roman perfection! Surely there must be among us artists as cunning in the + use of brush and puff as any who lived at Versailles. Surely the splendid, + impalpable advance of good taste, as shown in dress and in the decoration + of houses, may justify my hope of the preëminence of Englishwomen in the + cosmetic art. By their innate delicacy of touch they will accomplish much, + and much, of course, by their swift feminine perception. Yet it were well + that they should know something also of the theoretical side of the craft. + Modern authorities upon the mysteries of the toilet are, it is true, + rather few; but among the ancients many a writer would seem to have been + fascinated by them. Archigenes, a man of science at the Court of + Cleopatra, and Criton at the Court of the Emperor Trajan, both wrote + treatises upon cosmetics—doubtless most scholarly treatises that + would have given many a precious hint. It is a pity they are not extant. + From Lucian or from Juvenal, with his bitter picture of a Roman levée, + much may be learnt; from the staid pages of Xenophon and Aristophanes' + dear farces. But best of all is that fine book of the Ars Amatoria that + Ovid has set aside for the consideration of dyes, perfumes, and pomades. + Written by an artist who knew the allurement of the toilet and understood + its philosophy, it remains without rival as a treatise upon Artifice. It + is more than a poem, it is a manual; and if there be left in England any + lady who cannot read Latin in the original, she will do well to procure a + discreet translation. In the Bodleian Library there is treasured the only + known copy of a very poignant and delightful rendering of this one book of + Ovid's masterpiece. It was made by a certain Wye Waltonstall, who lived in + the days of Elizabeth, and, seeing that he dedicated it to 'the Vertuous + Ladyes and Gentlewomen of Great Britain,' I am sure that the gallant + writer, could he know of our great renaissance of cosmetics, would wish + his little work to be placed once more within their reach. 'Inasmuch as to + you, ladyes and gentlewomen,' so he writes in his queer little dedication, + 'my booke of pigments doth first addresse itself, that it may kisse your + hands and afterward have the lines thereof in reading sweetened by the + odour of your breath, while the dead letters formed into words by your + divided lips may receive new life by your passionate expression, and the + words marryed in that Ruby coloured temple may thus happily united, + multiply your contentment.' It is rather sad to think that, at this crisis + in the history of pigments, the Vertuous Ladyes and Gentlewomen cannot + read the libellus of Wye Waltonstall, who did so dearly love pigments. + </p> + <p> + But since the days when these great critics wrote their treatises, with + what gifts innumerable has Artifice been loaded by Science! Many little + partitions must be added to the narthecium before it can comprehend all + the new cosmetics that have been quietly devised since classical days, and + will make the modern toilet chalks away more splendid in its + possibilities. A pity that no one has devoted himself to the compiling of + a new list; but doubtless all the newest devices are known to the + admirable unguentarians of Bond Street, who will impart them to their + clients. Our thanks, too, should be given to Science for ridding us of the + old danger that was latent in the use of cosmetics. Nowadays they cannot, + being purged of any poisonous element, do harm to the skin that they make + beautiful. There need be no more sowing the seeds of destruction in the + furrows of time, no martyrs to the cause like Maria, Countess of Coventry, + that fair dame but infelix, who died, so they relate, from the effect of a + poisonous rouge upon her lips. No, we need have no fears now. Artifice + will claim not another victim from among her worshippers. + </p> + <p> + Loveliness shall sit at the toilet, watching her oval face in the oval + mirror. Her smooth fingers shall flit among the paints and powder, to tip + and mingle them, catch up a pencil, clasp a phial, and what not and what + not, until the mask of vermeil tinct has been laid aptly, the enamel quite + hardened. And, heavens, how she will charm us and ensorcel our eyes! + Positively rouge will rob us for a time of all our reason; we shall go mad + over masks. Was it not at Capua that they had a whole street where nothing + was sold but dyes and unguents? We must have such a street, and, to fill + our new Seplasia, our Arcade of the Unguents, all herbs and minerals and + live creatures shall give of their substance. The white cliffs of Albion + shall be ground to powder for Loveliness, and perfumed by the ghost of + many a little violet. The fluffy eider-ducks, that are swimming round the + pond, shall lose their feathers, that the powder-puff may be moonlike as + it passes over Loveliness' lovely face. Even the camels shall become + ministers of delight, giving many tufts of their hair to be stained in her + splendid colour-box, and across her cheek the swift hare's foot shall fly + as of old. The sea shall offer her the phucus, its scarlet weed. We shall + spill the blood of mulberries at her bidding. And, as in another period of + great ecstasy, a dancing wanton, la belle Aubrey, was crowned upon a + church's lighted altar, so Arsenic, that 'greentress'd goddess,' ashamed + at length of skulking between the soup of the unpopular and the test-tubes + of the Queen's analyst, shall be exalted to a place of consummate honour + upon the toilet-table of Loveliness. + </p> + <p> + All these things shall come to pass. Times of jolliness and glad + indulgence! For Artifice, whom we drove forth, has returned among us, and, + though her eyes are red with crying, she is smiling forgiveness. She is + kind. Let us dance and be glad, and trip the cockawhoop! Artifice, + sweetest exile, is come into her kingdom. Let us dance her a welcome! + </p> + <p> + Oxford, 1894. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Poor Romeo! + </h2> + <p> + Even now Bath glories in his legend, not idly, for he was the most + fantastic animal that ever stepped upon her pavement. Were ever a statue + given him (and indeed he is worthy of a grotesque in marble), it would be + put in Pulteney Street or the Circus. I know that the palm trees of + Antigua overshadowed his cradle, that there must be even now in Boulogne + many who set eyes on him in the time of his less fatuous declension, that + he died in London. But Mr. Coates (for of that Romeo I write) must be + claimed by none of these places. Bath saw the laughable disaster of his + début, and so, in a manner, his whole life seems to belong to her, and the + story of it to be a part of her annals. + </p> + <p> + The Antiguan was already on the brink of middle-age when he first trod the + English shore. But, for all his thirty-seven years, he had the heart of a + youth, and his purse being yet as heavy as his heart was light, the + English sun seemed to shine gloriously about his path and gild the letters + of introduction that he scattered everywhere. Also, he was a gentleman of + amiable, nearly elegant mien, and something of a scholar. His father had + been the most respectable resident Antigua could show, so that little + Robert, the future Romeo, had often sat at dessert with distinguished + travellers through the Indies. But in the year 1807 old Mr. Coates had + died. As we may read in vol. lxxviii. of The Gentleman's Magazine, 'the + Almighty, whom he alone feared, was pleased to take him from this life, + after having sustained an untarnished reputation for seventy-three years,' + a passage which, though objectionable in its theology, gives the true + story of Romeo's antecedents and disposes of the later calumnies that + declared him the son of a tailor. Realising that he was now an orphan, an + orphan with not a few grey hairs, our hero had set sail in quest of + amusing adventure. + </p> + <p> + For three months he took the waters of Bath, unobtrusively, like other + well-bred visitors. His attendance was solicited for all the most + fashionable routs, and at assemblies he sat always in the shade of some + titled turban. In fact, Mr. Coates was a great success. There was an air + of most romantic mystery that endeared his presence to all the damsels + fluttering fans in the Pump Room. It set them vying for his conduct + through the mazes of the Quadrille or of the Triumph, and blushing at the + sound of his name. Alas! their tremulous rivalry lasted not long. Soon + they saw that Emma, sole daughter of Sir James Tylney Long, that wealthy + baronet, had cast a magic net about the warm Antiguan heart. In the wake + of her chair, by night and day, Mr. Coates was obsequious. When she cried + that she would not drink the water without some delicacy to banish the + iron taste, it was he who stood by with a box of vanilla-rusks. When he + shaved his great moustachio, it was at her caprice. And his devotion to + Miss Emma was the more noted for that his own considerable riches were + proof that it was true and single. He himself warned her, in some verses + written for him by Euphemia Boswell, against the crew of penniless + admirers who surrounded her: + </p> + <p> + 'Lady, ah! too bewitching lady! now beware Of artful men that fain would + thee ensnare Not for thy merit, but thy fortune's sake. Give me your hand—your + cash let venals take.' + </p> + <p> + Miss Emma was his first love. To understand his subsequent behaviour, let + us remember that Cupid's shaft pierces most poignantly the breast of + middle-age. Not that Mr. Coates was laughed at in Bath for a + love-a-lack-a-daisy. On the contrary, his mien, his manner, were as yet so + studiously correct, his speech so reticent, that laughter had been + unusually inept. The only strange taste evinced by him was his devotion to + theatricals. He would hold forth, by the hour, upon the fine conception of + such parts as Macbeth, Othello and, especially, Romeo. Many ladies and + gentlemen were privileged to hear him recite, in this or that + drawing-room, after supper. All testified to the real fire with which he + inflamed the lines of love or hatred. His voice, his gesture, his + scholarship, were all approved. A fine symphony of praise assured Mr. + Coates that no suitor worthier than he had ever courted Thespis. The lust + for the footlights' glare grew lurid in his mothish eye. What, after all, + were these poor triumphs of the parlour? It might be that contemptuous + Emma, hearing the loud salvos of the gallery and boxes, would call him at + length her lord. + </p> + <p> + At this time there arrived at the York House Mr. Pryse Gordon, whose + memoirs we know. Mr. Coates himself was staying at number ** Gay Street, + but was in the habit of breakfasting daily at the York House, where he + attracted Mr. Gordon's attention by 'rehearsing passages from Shakespeare, + with a tone and gesture extremely striking both to the eye and the ear.' + Mr. Gordon warmly complimented him and suggested that he should give a + public exposition of his art. The cheeks of the amateur flushed with + pleasure. 'I am ready and willing,' he replied, 'to play Romeö to a Bath + audience, if the manager will get up the play and give me a good "Juliet"; + my costume is superb and adorned with diamonds, but I have not the + advantage of knowing the manager, Dimonds.' Pleased by the stranger's + ready wit, Mr. Gordon scribbled a note of introduction to Dimonds there + and then. So soon as he had 'discussed a brace of muffins and so many + eggs,' the new Romeo started for the playhouse, and that very day bills + were posted to the effect that 'a Gentleman of Fashion would make his + first appearance on February 9 in a rôle of Shakespeare.' All the lower + boxes were immediately secured by Lady Belmore and other lights of Bath. + 'Butlers and Abigails,' it is said, 'were commanded by their mistresses to + take their stand in the centre of the pit and give Mr. Coates a capital, + hearty clapping.' Indeed, throughout the week that elapsed before the + première, no pains were spared in assuring a great success. Miss Tylney + Long showed some interest in the arrangements. Gossip spoke of her as a + likely bride. + </p> + <p> + The night came. Fashion, Virtue, and Intellect thronged the house. Nothing + could have been more cordial than the temper of the gallery. All were + eager to applaud the new Romeo. Presently, when the varlets of Verona had + brawled, there stepped into the square—what!—a mountebank, a + monstrosity. Hurrah died upon every lip. The house was thunderstruck. + Whose legs were in those scarlet pantaloons? Whose face grinned over that + bolster-cravat, and under that Charles II. wig and opera-hat? From whose + shoulders hung that spangled sky-blue cloak? Was this bedizened scarecrow + the Amateur of Fashion, for sight of whom they had paid their shillings? + At length a voice from the gallery cried, 'Good evening, Mr. Coates,' and, + as the Antiguan—for he it was—bowed low, the theatre was + filled with yells of merriment. Only the people in the boxes were still + silent, staring coldly at the protégé who had played them so odious a + prank. Lady Belmore rose and called for her chariot. Her example was + followed by several ladies of rank. The rest sat spellbound, and of their + number was Miss Tylney Long, at whose rigid face many glasses were, of + course, directed. Meanwhile the play proceeded. Those lines that were not + drowned in laughter Mr. Coates spoke in the most foolish and extravagant + manner. He cut little capers at odd moments. He laid his hand on his heart + and bowed, now to this, now to that part of the house, always with a grin. + In the balcony-scene he produced a snuff-box, and, after taking a pinch, + offered it to the bewildered Juliet. Coming down to the footlights, he + laid it on the cushion of the stage-box and begged the inmates to refresh + themselves, and to 'pass the golden trifle on.' The performance, so + obviously grotesque, was just the kind of thing to please the gods. The + limp of Hephaestus could not have called laughter so unquenchable from + their lips. It is no trifle to set Englishmen laughing, but once you have + done it, you can hardly stop them. Act after act of the beautiful + love-play was performed without one sign of satiety from the seers of it. + The laughter rather swelled in volume. Romeo died in so ludicrous a way + that a cry of 'encoré arose and the death was actually twice repeated. At + the fall of the curtain there was prolonged applause. Mr. Coates came + forward, and the good-humoured public pelted him with fragments of the + benches. One splinter struck his right temple, inflicting a scar, of which + Mr. Coates was, in his old age, not a little proud. Such is the + traditional account of this curious début. Mr. Pryse Gordon, however, in + his memoirs tells another tale. He professes to have seen nothing peculiar + in Romeo's dress, save its display of fine diamonds, and to have admired + the whole interpretation. The attitude of the audience he attributes to a + hostile cabal. John R. and Hunter H. Robinson, in their memoir of Romeo + Coates, echo Mr. Pryse Gordon's tale. They would have done well to weigh + their authorities more accurately. + </p> + <p> + I had often wondered at this discrepancy between document and tradition. + Last spring, when I was in Bath for a few days, my mind brooded especially + on the question. Indeed, Bath, with her faded memories, her tristesse, + drives one to reverie. Fashion no longer smiles from her windows nor + dances in her sunshine, and in her deserted parks the invalids build up + their constitutions. Now and again, as one of the frequent chairs glided + past me, I wondered if its shadowy freight were the ghost of poor Romeo. I + felt sure that the traditional account of his début was mainly correct. + How could it, indeed, be false? Tradition is always a safer guide to truth + than is the tale of one man. I might amuse myself here, in Bath, by + verifying my notion of the début or proving it false. + </p> + <p> + One morning I was walking through a narrow street in the western quarter + of Bath, and came to the window of a very little shop, which was full of + dusty books, prints and engravings. I spied in one corner of it the + discoloured print of a queer, lean figure, posturing in a garden. In one + hand this figure held a snuff-box, in the other an opera-hat. Its sharp + features and wide grin, flanked by luxuriant whiskers, looked strange + under a Caroline wig. Above it was a balcony and a lady in an attitude of + surprise. Beneath it were these words, faintly lettered: Bombastes Coates + wooing the Peerless Capulet, that's 'nough (that snuff) 1809. I coveted + the print. I went into the shop. + </p> + <p> + A very old man peered at me and asked my errand. I pointed to the print of + Mr. Coates, which he gave me for a few shillings, chuckling at the pun + upon the margin. + </p> + <p> + 'Ah,' he said, 'they're forgetting him now, but he was a fine figure, a + fine sort of figure.' + </p> + <p> + 'You saw him?' + </p> + <p> + 'No, no. I'm only seventy. But I've known those who saw him. My father had + a pile of such prints.' + </p> + <p> + 'Did your father see him?' I asked, as the old man furled my treasure and + tied it with a piece of tape. + </p> + <p> + 'My father, sir, was a friend of Mr. Coates,' he said. 'He entertained him + in Gay Street. Mr. Coates was my father's lodger all the months he was in + Bath. A good tenant, too. Never eccentric under my father's roof—never + eccentric.' + </p> + <p> + I begged the old bookseller to tell me more of this matter. It seemed that + his father had been a citizen of some consequence, and had owned a house + in modish Gay Street, where he let lodgings. Thither, by the advice of a + friend, Mr. Coates had gone so soon as he arrived in the town, and had + stayed there down to the day after his début, when he left for London. + </p> + <p> + 'My father often told me that Mr. Coates was crying bitterly when he + settled the bill and got into his travelling-chaise. He'd come back from + the playhouse the night before as cheerful as could be. He'd said he + didn't mind what the public thought of his acting. But in the morning a + letter was brought for him, and when he read it he seemed to go quite + mad.' + </p> + <p> + 'I wonder what was in the letter!' I asked. 'Did your father never know + who sent it?' + </p> + <p> + 'Ah,' my greybeard rejoined, 'that's the most curious thing. And it's a + secret. I can't tell you.' + </p> + <p> + He was not as good as his word. I bribed him delicately with the purchase + of more than one old book. Also, I think, he was flattered by my eager + curiosity to learn his long-pent secret. He told me that the letter was + brought to the house by one of the footmen of Sir James Tylney Long, and + that his father himself delivered it into the hands of Mr. Coates. + </p> + <p> + 'When he had read it through, the poor gentleman tore it into many + fragments, and stood staring before him, pale as a ghost. "I must not stay + another hour in Bath," he said. When he was gone, my father (God forgive + him!) gathered up all the scraps of the letter, and for a long time he + tried to piece them together. But there were a great many of them, and my + father was not a scholar, though he was affluent.' + </p> + <p> + 'What became of the scraps?' I asked. 'Did your father keep them?' + </p> + <p> + 'Yes, he did. And I used to try, when I was younger, to make out something + from them. But even I never seemed to get near it. I've never thrown them + away, though. They're in a box.' + </p> + <p> + I got them for a piece of gold that I could ill spare—some score or + so of shreds of yellow paper, traversed with pale ink. The joy of the + archaeologist with an unknown papyrus, of the detective with a clue, + surged in me. Indeed, I was not sure whether I was engaged in private + inquiry or in research; so recent, so remote was the mystery. After two + days' labour, I marshalled the elusive words. This is the text of them: + </p> + <p> + MR. COATES, SIR, + </p> + <p> + They say Revenge is sweet. I am fortunate to find it is so. I have + compelled you to be far more a Fool than you made me at the fête-champêtre + of Lady B. & I, having accomplished my aim, am ready to forgive you + now, as you implored me on the occasion of the fête. But pray build no + Hope that I, forgiving you, will once more regard you as my Suitor. For + that cannot ever be. I decided you should show yourself a Fool before many + people. But such Folly does not commend your hand to mine. Therefore + desist your irksome attention &, if need be, begone from Bath. I have + punished you, & would save my eyes the trouble to turn away from your + person. I pray that you regard this epistle as privileged and private. + </p> + <p> + E. T. L. 10 of February. + </p> + <p> + The letter lies before me as I write. It is written throughout in a firm + and very delicate Italian hand. Under the neat initials is drawn, instead + of the ordinary flourish, an arrow, and the absence of any erasure in a + letter of such moment suggests a calm, deliberate character and, probably, + rough copies. I did not, at the time, suffer my fancy to linger over the + tessellated document. I set to elucidating the reference to the + fête-champêtre. As I retraced my footsteps to the little bookshop, I + wondered if I should find any excuse for the cruel faithlessness of Emma + Tylney Long. + </p> + <p> + The bookseller was greatly excited when I told him I had re-created the + letter. He was very eager to see it. I did not pander to his curiosity. He + even offered to buy the article back at cost price. I asked him if he had + ever heard, in his youth, of any scene that had passed between Miss Tylney + Long and Mr. Coates at some fête-champêtre. The old man thought for some + time, but he could not help me. Where then, I asked him, could I search + old files of local news-papers? He told me that there were supposed to be + many such files mouldering in the archives of the Town Hall. + </p> + <p> + I secured access, without difficulty, to these files. A whole day I spent + in searching the copies issued by this and that journal during the months + that Romeo was in Bath. In the yellow pages of these forgotten prints I + came upon many complimentary allusions to Mr. Coates: 'The visitor + welcomed (by all our aristocracy) from distant Ind,' 'the ubiquitous,' + 'the charitable riche.' Of his 'forthcoming impersonation of Romeo and + Juliet' there were constant puffs, quite in the modern manner. The + accounts of his début all showed that Mr. Pryse Gordon's account of it was + fabulous. In one paper there was a bitter attack on 'Mr. Gordon, who was + responsible for this insult to Thespian art, the gentry, and the people, + for he first arranged the whole production'—an extract which makes + it clear that this gentleman had a good motive for his version of the + affair. + </p> + <p> + But I began to despair of ever learning what happened at the + fête-champêtre. There were accounts of 'a grand garden-party, whereto Lady + Belper, on March the twenty-eighth, invited a host of fashionable + persons.' The names of Mr. Coates and of 'Sir James Tylney Long and his + daughter' were duly recorded in the lists. But that was all. I turned at + length to a tiny file, consisting of five copies only, Bladud's Courier. + Therein I found this paragraph, followed by some scurrilities which I will + not quote: + </p> + <p> + 'Mr. C**t*s, who will act Romeo (Wherefore art thou Romeo?) this coming + week for the pleasure of his fashionable circle, incurred the contemptuous + wrath of his Lady Fair at the Fête. It was a sad pity she entrusted him to + hold her purse while she fed the gold-fishes. He was very proud of the + honour till the gold fell from his hand among the gold-fishes. How + appropriate was the misadventure! But Miss Black Eyes, angry at her loss + and her swain's clumsiness, cried: "Jump into the pond, sir, and find my + purse instanter!" Several wags encouraged her, and the ladies were of the + opinion that her adorer should certainly dive for the treasure. "Alas," + the fellow said, "I cannot swim, Miss. But tell me how many guineas you + carried and I will make them good to yourself." There was a great deal of + laughter at this encounter, and the haughty damsel turned on her heel, nor + did shoe vouchsafe another word to her elderly lover. + </p> + <p> + 'When recreant man Meets lady's wrath, &c. &c.' + </p> + <p> + So the story of the début was complete! Was ever a lady more inexorable, + more ingenious, in her revenge? One can fancy the poor Antiguan going to + the Baronet's house next day with a bouquet of flowers and passionately + abasing himself, craving her forgiveness. One can fancy the wounded vanity + of the girl, her shame that people had mocked her for the disobedience of + her suitor. Revenge, as her letter shows, became her one thought. She + would strike him through his other love, the love of Thespis. 'I have + compelled you,' she wrote afterwards, in her bitter triumph, 'to be a + greater Fool than you made me.' She, then, it was that drove him to his + public absurdity, she who insisted that he should never win her unless he + sacrificed his dear longing for stage-laurels and actually pilloried + himself upon the stage. The wig, the pantaloons, the snuff-box, the grin, + were all conceived, I fancy, in her pitiless spite. It is possible that + she did but say: 'The more ridiculous you make yourself, the more hope for + you.' But I do not believe that Mr. Coates, a man of no humour, conceived + the means himself. They were surely hers. + </p> + <p> + It is terrible to think of the ambitious amateur in his bedroom, secretly + practising hideous antics or gazing at his absurd apparel before a mirror. + How loath must he have been to desecrate the lines he loved so dearly and + had longed to declaim in all their beauty and their resonance! And then, + what irony at the daily rehearsal! With how sad a smile must he have + received the compliments of Mr. Dimonds on his fine performance, knowing + how different it would all be 'on the night! 'Nothing could have steeled + him to the ordeal but his great love. He must have wavered, had not the + exaltation of his love protected him. But the jeers of the mob were music + in his hearing, his wounds love-symbols. Then came the girl's cruel + contempt of his martyrdom. + </p> + <p> + Aphrodite, who has care of lovers, did not spare Miss Tylney Long. She + made her love, a few months after, one who married her for her fortune and + broke her heart. In years of misery the wayward girl worked out the + penance of her unpardonable sin, dying, at length, in poverty and despair. + Into the wounds of him who had so truly loved her was poured, after a + space of fourteen years, the balsam of another love. On the 6th September + 1823, at St. George's, Hanover Square, Mr. Coates was married to Miss Anne + Robinson, who was a faithful and devoted wife to him till he died. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile, the rejected Romeo did not long repine. Two months after the + tragedy at Bath, he was at Brighton, mingling with all the fashionable + folk, and giving admirable recitations at routs. He was seen every day on + the Parade, attired in an extravagant manner, very different to that he + had adopted in Bath. A pale-blue surtout, tasselled Hessians, and a cocked + hat were the most obvious items of his costume. He also affected a very + curious tumbril, shaped like a shell and richly gilded. In this he used to + drive around, every afternoon, amid the gapes of the populace. It is + evident that, once having tasted the fruit of notoriety, he was loath to + fall back on simpler fare. He had become a prey to the love of absurd + ostentation. A lively example of dandyism unrestrained by taste, he + parodied in his person the foibles of Mr. Brummell and the King. His + diamonds and his equipage and other follies became the gossip of every + newspaper in England. Nor did a day pass without the publication of some + little rigmarole from his pen. Wherever there was a vacant theatre—were + it in Cheltenham, Birmingham, or any other town—he would engage it + for his productions. One night he would play his favourite part, Romeo, + with reverence and ability. The next, he would repeat his first travesty + in all its hideous harlequinade. Indeed, there can be little doubt that + Mr. Coates, with his vile performances, must be held responsible for the + decline of dramatic art in England and the invasion of the amateur. The + sight of such folly, strutting unabashed, spoilt the prestige of the + theatre. To-day our stage is filled with tailors'-dummy heroes, with + heroines who have real curls and can open and shut their eyes and, at a + pinch, say 'mamma' and 'papa.' We must blame the Antiguan, I fear, for + their existence. It was he—the rascal—who first spread that + scenae sacra fames. Some say that he was a schemer and impostor, feigning + eccentricity for his private ends. They are quite wrong; Mr. Coates was a + very good man. He never made a penny out of his performances; he even lost + many hundred pounds. Moreover, as his speeches before the curtain and his + letters to the papers show, he took himself quite seriously. Only the + insane take themselves quite seriously. + </p> + <p> + It was the unkindness of his love that maddened him. But he lived to be + the lightest-hearted of lunatics and caused great amusement for many + years. Whether we think of him in his relation to history or psychology, + dandiacal or dramatic art, he is a salient, pathetic figure. That he is + memorable for his defects, not for his qualities, I know. But Romeo, in + the tragedy of his wild love and frail intellect, in the folly that + stretched the corners of his 'peculiar grin' and shone in his diamonds and + was emblazoned upon his tumbril, is more suggestive than some sages. He + was so fantastic an animal that Oblivion were indeed amiss. If no more, he + was a great Fool. In any case, it would be fun to have seen him. + </p> + <p> + London, 1896. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Diminuendo + </h2> + <p> + In the year of grace 1890, and in the beautiful autumn of that year, I was + a freshman at Oxford. I remember how my tutor asked me what lectures I + wished to attend, and how he laughed when I said that I wished to attend + the lectures of Mr. Walter Pater. Also I remember how, one morning soon + after, I went into Ryman's to order some foolish engraving for my room, + and there saw, peering into a portfolio, a small, thick, rock-faced man, + whose top-hat and gloves of bright dog-skin struck one of the many + discords in that little city of learning or laughter. The serried bristles + of his moustachio made for him a false-military air. I think I nearly went + down when they told me that this was Pater. + </p> + <p> + Not that even in those more decadent days of my childhood did I admire the + man as a stylist. Even then I was angry that he should treat English as a + dead language, bored by that sedulous ritual wherewith he laid out every + sentence as in a shroud—hanging, like a widower, long over its + marmoreal beauty or ever he could lay it at length in his book, its + sepulchre. From that laden air, the so cadaverous murmur of that + sanctuary, I would hook it at the beck of any jade. The writing of Pater + had never, indeed, appealed to me, all' aiei, having regard to the couth + solemnity of his mind, to his philosophy, his rare erudition, tina phôta + megan kai kalon edegmen [I received some great and beautiful light]. And I + suppose it was when at length I saw him that I first knew him to be + fallible. + </p> + <p> + At school I had read Marius the Epicurean in bed and with a dark lantern. + Indeed, I regarded it mainly as a tale of adventure, quite as fascinating + as Midshipman Easy, and far less hard to understand, because there were no + nautical terms in it. Marryat, moreover, never made me wish to run away to + sea, whilst certainly Pater did make me wish for more 'colour' in the + curriculum, for a renaissance of the Farrar period, when there was always + 'a sullen spirit of revolt against the authorities'; when lockers were + always being broken into and marks falsified, and small boys prevented + from saying their prayers, insomuch that they vowed they would no longer + buy brandy for their seniors. In some schools, I am told, the pretty old + custom of roasting a fourth-form boy, whole, upon Founder's Day still + survives. But in my school there was less sentiment. I ended by + acquiescing in the slow revolution of its wheel of work and play. I felt + that at Oxford, when I should be of age to matriculate, a 'variegated + dramatic lifé was waiting for me. I was not a little too sanguine, alas! + </p> + <p> + How sad was my coming to the university! Where were those sweet conditions + I had pictured in my boyhood? Those antique contrasts? Did I ride, one + sunset, through fens on a palfrey, watching the gold reflections on + Magdalen Tower? Did I ride over Magdalen Bridge and hear the consonance of + evening-bells and cries from the river below? Did I rein in to wonder at + the raised gates of Queen's, the twisted pillars of St. Mary's, the little + shops, lighted with tapers? Did bull-pups snarl at me, or dons, with bent + backs, acknowledge my salute? Any one who knows the place as it is, must + see that such questions are purely rhetorical. To him I need not explain + the disappointment that beset me when, after being whirled in a cab from + the station to a big hotel, I wandered out into the streets. On aurait dit + a bit of Manchester through which Apollo had once passed; for here, among + the hideous trains and the brand-new bricks—here, glared at by the + electric-lights that hung from poles, screamed at by boys with the Echo + and the Star—here, in a riot of vulgarity, were remnants of beauty, + as I discerned. There were only remnants. + </p> + <p> + Soon also I found that the life of the place, like the place, had lost its + charm and its tradition. Gone were the contrasts that made it wonderful. + That feud between undergraduates and dons—latent, in the old days, + only at times when it behoved the two academic grades to unite against the + townspeople—was one of the absurdities of the past. The townspeople + now looked just like undergraduates and the dons just like townspeople. So + splendid was the train-service between Oxford and London that, with + hundreds of passengers daily, the one had become little better than a + suburb of the other. What more could extensionists demand? As for me, I + was disheartened. Bitter were the comparisons I drew between my coming to + Oxford and the coming of Marius to Rome. Could it be that there was at + length no beautiful environment wherein a man might sound the harmonies of + his soul? Had civilisation made beauty, besides adventure, so rare? I + wondered what counsel Pater, insistent always upon contact with comely + things, would offer to one who could nowhere find them. I had been + wondering that very day when I went into Ryman's and saw him there. + </p> + <p> + When the tumult of my disillusioning was past, my mind grew clearer. I + discerned that the scope of my quest for emotion must be narrowed. That + abandonment of one's self to life, that merging of one's soul in bright + waters, so often suggested in Pater's writing, were a counsel impossible + for to-day. The quest of emotions must be no less keen, certainly, but the + manner of it must be changed forthwith. To unswitch myself from my + surroundings, to guard my soul from contact with the unlovely things that + compassed it about, therein lay my hope. I must approach the Benign Mother + with great caution. And so, while most of the freshmen 'were doing her + honour with wine and song and wreaths of smoke, I stood aside, pondered. + In such seclusion I passed my first term—ah, how often did I wonder + whether I was not wasting my days, and, wondering, abandon my meditations + upon the right ordering of the future! Thanks be to Athene, who threw her + shadow over me in those moments of weak folly! + </p> + <p> + At the end of term I came to London. Around me seethed swirls, eddies, + torrents, violent cross-currents of human activity. What uproar! Surely I + could have no part in modern life. Yet, yet for a while it was fascinating + to watch the ways of its children. The prodigious life of the Prince of + Wales fascinated me above all; indeed, it still fascinates me. What + experience has been withheld from His Royal High-ness? Was ever so + supernal a type, as he, of mere Pleasure? How often he has watched, at + Newmarket, the scud-a-run of quivering homuncules over the vert on horses, + or, from some night-boat, the holocaust of great wharves by the side of + the Thames; raced through the blue Solent; threaded les coulisses! He has + danced in every palace of every capital, played in every club. He has + hunted eleplants through the jungles of India, boar through the forests of + Austria, pigs over the plains of Massachusetts. From the Castle of + Abergeldie he has led his Princess into the frosty night, Highlanders + lighting with torches the path to the deer-larder, where lay the wild + things that had fallen to him on the crags. He has marched the Grenadiers + to chapel through the white streets of Windsor. He has ridden through + Moscow, in strange apparel, to kiss the catafalque of more than one Tzar. + For him the Rajahs of India have spoiled their temples, and Blondin has + crossed Niagara along the tight-rope, and the Giant Guard done drill + beneath the chandeliers of the Neue Schloss. Incline he to scandal, + lawyers are proud to whisper their secrets in his ear. Be he gallant, the + ladies are at his feet. Ennuyé, all the wits from Bernal Osborne to Arthur + Roberts have jested for him. He has been 'present always at the focus + where the greatest number of forces unite in their purest energy,' for it + is his presence that makes those forces unite. + </p> + <p> + 'Ennuyé?' I asked. Indeed he never is. How could he be when Pleasure hangs + constantly upon his arm! It is those others, overtaking her only after + arduous chase, breathless and footsore, who quickly sicken of her company, + and fall fainting at her feet. And for me, shod neither with rank nor + riches, what folly to join the chase! I began to see how small a thing it + were to sacrifice those external 'experiences,' so dear to the heart of + Pater, by a rigid, complex civilisation made so hard to gain. They gave + nothing but lassitude to those who had gained them through suffering. Even + to the kings and princes, who so easily gained them, what did they yield + besides themselves? I do not suppose that, if we were invited to give + authenticated instances of intelligence on the part of our royal pets, we + could fill half a column of the Spectator. In fact, their lives are so + full they have no time for thought, the highest energy of man. Now, it was + to thought that my life should be dedicated. Action, apart from its + absorption of time, would war otherwise against the pleasures of + intellect, which, for me, meant mainly the pleasures of imagination. It is + only (this is a platitude) the things one has not done, the faces or + places one has not seen, or seen but darkly, that have charm. It is only + mystery—such mystery as besets the eyes of children—that makes + things superb. I thought of the voluptuaries I had known—they seemed + so sad, so ascetic almost, like poor pilgrims, raising their eyes never or + ever gazing at the moon of tarnished endeavour. I thought of the round, + insouciant faces of the monks at whose monastery I once broke bread, and + how their eyes sparkled when they asked me of the France that lay around + their walls. I thought, pardie, of the lurid verses written by young men + who, in real life, know no haunt more lurid than a literary public-house. + It was, for me, merely a problem how I could best avoid 'sensations,' + 'pulsations,' and 'exquisite moments' that were not purely intellectual. I + would not attempt to combine both kinds, as Pater seemed to fancy a man + might. I would make myself master of some small area of physical life, a + life of quiet, monotonous simplicity, exempt from all outer disturbance. I + would shield my body from the world that my mind might range over it, not + hurt nor fettered. As yet, however, I was in my first year at Oxford. + There were many reasons that I should stay there and take my degree, + reasons that I did not combat. Indeed, I was content to wait for my life. + </p> + <p> + And now that I have made my adieux to the Benign Mother, I need wait no + longer. I have been casting my eye over the suburbs of London. I have + taken a most pleasant little villa in ——ham, and here I shall + make my home. Here there is no traffic, no harvest. Those of the + inhabitants who do anything go away each morning and do it elsewhere. Here + no vital forces unite. Nothing happens here. The days and the months will + pass by me, bringing their sure recurrence of quiet events. In the + spring-time I shall look out from my window and see the laburnum flowering + in the little front garden. In summer cool syrups will come for me from + the grocer's shop. Autumn will make the boughs of my mountain-ash scarlet, + and, later, the asbestos in my grate will put forth its blossoms of flame. + The infrequent cart of Buszard or Mudie will pass my window at all + seasons. Nor will this be all. I shall have friends. Next door, there is a + retired military man who has offered, in a most neighbourly way, to lend + me his copy of the Times. On the other side of my house lives a charming + family, who perhaps will call on me, now and again. I have seen them sally + forth, at sundown, to catch the theatre-train; among them walked a young + lady, the charm of whose figure was ill concealed by the neat waterproof + that overspread her evening dress. Some day it may be...but I anticipate. + These things will be but the cosy accompaniment of my days. For I shall + contemplate the world. + </p> + <p> + I shall look forth from my window, the laburnum and the mountain-ash + becoming mere silhouettes in the foreground of my vision. I shall look + forth and, in nay remoteness, appreciate the distant pageant of the world. + Humanity will range itself in the columns of my morning paper. No pulse of + life will escape me. The strife of politics, the intriguing of courts, the + wreck of great vessels, wars, dramas, earthquakes, national griefs or + joys; the strange sequels to divorces, even, and the mysterious suicides + of land-agents at Ipswich—in all such phenomena I shall steep my + exhaurient mind. Delicias quoque bibliothecae experiar. Tragedy, comedy, + chivalry, philosophy will be mine. I shall listen to their music + perpetually and their colours will dance before my eyes. I shall soar from + terraces of stone upon dragons with shining wings and make war upon + Olympus. From the peaks of hills I shall swoop into recondite valleys and + drive the pigmies, shrieking little curses, to their caverns. It may be my + whim to wander through infinite parks where the deer lie under the + clustering shadow of their antlers and flee lightly over the grass; to + whisper with white prophets under the elms or bind a child with a + daisy-chain or, with a lady, thread my way through the acacias. I shall + swim down rivers into the sea and outstrip all ships. Unhindered I shall + penetrate all sanctuaries and snatch the secrets of every dim + confessional. + </p> + <p> + Yes! among books that charm, and give wings to the mind, will my days be + spent. I shall be ever absorbing the things great men have written; with + such experience I will charge my mind to the full. Nor will I try to give + anything in return. Once, in the delusion that Art, loving the recluse, + would make his life happy, I wrote a little for a yellow quarterly and had + that succès de fiasco which is always given to a young writer of talent. + But the stress of creation soon overwhelmed me. Only Art with a capital H + gives any consolations to her henchmen. And I, who crave no knighthood, + shall write no more. I shall write no more. Already I feel myself to be a + trifle outmoded. I belong to the Beardsley period. Younger men, with + months of activity before them, with fresher schemes and notions, with + newer enthusiasm, have pressed forward since then. Cedo junioribus. + Indeed, I stand aside with no regret. For to be outmoded is to be a + classic, if one has written well. I have acceded to the hierarchy of good + scribes and rather like my niche. + </p> + <p> + Chicago, 1895. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE WORKS OF MAX BEERBOHM A BIBLIOGRAPHY + </h2> + <h3> + By John Lane + </h3> + <p> + <a name="link2H_PREF" id="link2H_PREF"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + PREFACE + </h2> + <p> + After some considerable experience in the field of bibliography I cannot + plead as palliation for any imperfections that may be discovered in this, + that it is the work of a 'prentice hand. Difficult as I found my + self-imposed task in the case of the Meredith and Hardy bibliographies, + here my labour has been still more herculean. + </p> + <p> + It is impossible for one to compile a bibliography of a great man's works + without making it in some sense a biography—and indeed, in the minds + of not a few people, I have found a delusion that the one is identical + with the other. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Beerbohm, as will be seen from the page headed Personalia, was born in + London, August 24, 1872. In searching the files of the Times I naturally + looked for other remarkable occurrences on that date. There was only one + worth recording. On the day upon which Mr. Beerbohm was born, there + appeared in the first column of the Times, this announcement: + </p> + <p> + 'On [Wednesday], the 21st August, at Brighton, the wife of V.P. Beardsley, + Esq., of a son.' + </p> + <p> + That the same week should have seen the advent in this world of two such + notable reformers as Aubrey Beardsley and Max Beerbohm is a coincidence to + which no antiquary has previously drawn attention. Is it possible to + over-estimate the influence of these two men in the art and literature of + the century? + </p> + <p> + Like two other great essayists, Addison and Steele, Mr. Beerbohm was + educated at Charterhouse, and, like the latter, at Merton College, Oxford. + At Charterhouse he is still remembered for his Latin verses, and for the + superb gallery of portraits of the masters that he completed during his + five years' sojourn there. There are still extant a few copies of his + satire, in Latin elegiacs, called Beccerius, privately printed at the + suggestion of Mr. A. H. Tod, his form-master. The writer has said 'Let it + lie,' however, and in such a matter the author's wish should surely be + regarded. I have myself been unable to obtain a sight of a copy, but a + more fortunate friend has furnished me with a careful description of the + opusculum, which I print in its place in the bibliography. + </p> + <p> + He matriculated at Merton in 1890, and immediately applied himself to the + task he had set before him, namely, a gallery of portraits of the Dons. + </p> + <p> + I am aware that he contributed to The Clown and other undergraduate + journals: also that he was a member of the Myrmidons' Club. It was during + his residence at Oxford that his famous treatise on Cosmetics appeared in + the pages of an important London Quarterly, sets of which are still + occasionally to be found in booksellers' catalogues at a high price, + though the American millionaire collector has made it one of the rarest of + finds. These were the days of his youth, the golden age of 'decadence.' + For is not decadence merely a fin de siècle literary term synonymous with + the 'sowing his wild oats' of our grandfathers? a phrase still surviving + in agricultural districts, according to Mr. Andrew Lang, Mr. Edward Clodd, + and other Folk-Lorists. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Beerbohm, of course, was not the only writer of his period who + appeared as the champion of artifice. A contemporary, one Richard Le + Gallienne, an eminent Pose Fancier, has committed himself somewhere to the + statement that 'The bravest men that ever trod this planet have worn + corsets.' + </p> + <p> + But what is so far away as yester-year? In 1894, Mr. Beerbohm, in virtue + of his 'Defence of Cosmetics,' was but a pamphleteer. In 1895 he was the + famous historian, for in that year appeared the two earliest of his + profound historical studies, The History of the Year 1880, and his work on + King George the Fourth. During the growth of these masterpieces, his was a + familiar figure in the British Museum and the Record Office, and tradition + asserts that the enlargement of the latter building, which took place some + time shortly afterwards, was mainly owing to his exertions. + </p> + <p> + Attended by his half-brother, Mr. Tree, Mrs. Tree and a numerous + theatrical suite, he sailed on the 16th of January 1895, for America, with + a view, it is said, to establishing a monarchy in that land. Mr. Beerbohm + does not appear to have succeeded in this project, though he was + interviewed in many of the newspapers of the States. He returned, re + infecta, to the land of his birth, three months later. + </p> + <p> + After that he devoted himself to the completion of his life-work, here set + forth. + </p> + <p> + The materials for this collection were drawn, with the courteous + acquiescence of various publishers, from The Pageant, The Savoy, The Chap + Book, and The Yellow Book. Internal evidence shows that Mr. Beerbohm took + fragments of his writings from Vanity (of New York) and The Unicorn, that + he might inlay them in the First Essay, of whose scheme they are really a + part. The Third Essay he re-wrote. The rest he carefully revised, and to + some he gave new names. + </p> + <p> + Although it was my privilege on one occasion to meet Mr. Beerbohm—at + five-o'clock tea—when advancing years, powerless to rob him of one + shade of his wonderful urbanity, had nevertheless imprinted evidence of + their flight in the pathetic stoop, and the low melancholy voice of one + who, though resigned, yet yearns for the happier past, I feel that too + precise a description of his personal appearance would savour of + impertinence. The curious, on this point, I must refer to Mr. Sickert's + and Mr. Rothenstein's portraits, which I hear that Mr. Lionel Cust is + desirous of acquiring for the National Portrait Gallery. + </p> + <p> + It is needless to say that this bibliography has been a labour of love, + and that any further information readers may care to send me will be + gladly incorporated in future editions. + </p> + <p> + I must here express my indebtedness to Dr. Garnett, C.B., Mr. Bernard + Quaritch, Mr. Clement K. Shorter, Mr. L. F. Austin, Mr. J. M. Bullock, Mr. + Lewis Hind, Mr. and Mrs. H. Beerbohm Tree, Mrs. Leverson, and Miss Grace + Conover, without whose assistance my work would have been far more + arduous. + </p> + <p> + J.L. THE ALBANY, May 1896. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKS OF MAX BEERBOHM + </h2> + <h3> + 1886. + </h3> + <p> + A Letter to the Editor. The Carthusian, Dec. 1886, signed Diogenes. A + bitter cry of complaint against the dulness of the school paper. [Not + reprinted.] + </p> + <p> + [1890.] + </p> + <p> + Beccerius | a Latin fragment | with explanatory notes by M.B. [N.D. About + twelve couplets printed on rough yellow paper, pp. 1 to 4, cr. 8vo, notes + in double columns at foot of page. No publisher's or printer's name. + </p> + <p> + 1894. + </p> + <p> + A Defence of Cosmetics. The Yellow Book, Vol. I., April 1894, pp. 65-82. + Reprinted in 'The Works' under the title of 'The Pervasion of Rouge.' + </p> + <p> + Lines suggested by Miss Cissy Loftus. The Sketch, May 9, 1894, p. 71. A + Caricature. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Phil May and Mr. Aubrey Beardsley. The Pall Mall Budget, June 7, 1894. + Two Caricatures. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Two Eminent Statesmen (the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour and the Rt. Hon. Sir Wm. + Harcourt). Pall Mall Budget, July 5, 1894. Two Caricatures. [Not + reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Two Eminent Actors (Mr. Beerbohm Tree and Mr. Edward Terry). Pall Mall + Budget, July 26, 1894. Two Caricatures. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + A Letter to the Editor. The Yellow Book, Vol. II., July 1894, pp. 281-284. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Gus Elen (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Sept. 15, 1894. [Not + reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Oscar Wilde (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Sept. 22, 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: R. G. Knowles, 'There's a picture for you!' + (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Sept. 29, 1894. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + M. Henri Rochefort and Mr. Arthur Roberts. Pall Mall Budget, Oct. 4, 1894. + Two Caricatures. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Henry Arthur Jones (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Oct. 6, + 1894. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Harry Furniss (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Oct. 13, 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + A Caricature of George the Fourth. The Yellow Book, Vol. III., Oct. 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + A Note on George the Fourth. The Yellow Book, Vol. III., Oct. 1894, pp. + 247-269. Reprinted in 'The Works' under the title of 'King George the + Fourth.' A parody of this appeared under the title of 'A Phalse Note on + George the Fourth,' in Punch, October 27, 1894, p. 204. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Lord Lonsdale (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Oct 20, 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: W. S. Gilbert (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Oct. 27, 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: L. Raven Hill (Caricature). Pick- Me-Up, Nov. 3, 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: The Marquis of Queensberry (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, + Nov. 17, 1894. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Ada Reeve (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Nov. 24, 1894. [Not + reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Seymour Hicks (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Dec. 1, 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Corney Grain (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Dec. 8, 1894. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Lord Randolph Churchill (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Dec. + 22, 1894. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Dutch Daly (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Dec. 29, 1894. [Not + reprinted. + </p> + <p> + 1895. + </p> + <p> + Character Sketches of 'The Chieftain' at the Savoy. I. Mr. Courtice + Pounds. II. Mr. Scott Fishe. III. Mr. Walter Passmore. Pick-Me-Up, Jan. 5, + 1895. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Henry Irving (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Jan. 5, 1895. + </p> + <p> + '1880.' The Yellow Book, Vol. IV., Jan. 1895, pp. 275-283. Reprinted in + 'The Works.' A parody of this appeared, under the title of '1894,' by Max + Mereboom, in Punch, February 2, 1895, p. 58. + </p> + <p> + Character Sketches of 'An Ideal Husband' at the Haymarket. I. Mr. Bishop. + II. Mr. Charles Hawtrey. III. Miss Julia Neilson. Pick-Me-Up, Jan. 19, + 1895. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Harry Marks (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Jan. 19, 1895. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: F. C. Burnand (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Jan. 26, 1895. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Dandies and Dandies. Vanity (New York). Feb. 7, 1895. The above has been + reprinted with additions and alterations in 'The Works.' + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Arthur Pinero (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, Feb. 9, 1895. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Dandies and Dandies. Vanity (New York). Feb. 14, 1895. + </p> + <p> + Dandies and Dandies. Vanity (New York). Feb. 21, 1895. The above have been + reprinted with additions and alterations in 'The Works.' + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: The Rt. Hon. Sir William Vernon Harcourt (Caricature). + Pick-Me-Up, Feb. 23, 1895. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Dandies and Dandies. Vanity (New York). Feb. 28, 1895. The above has been + reprinted with additions and alterations in 'The Works.' + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Earl Spencer (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, March 9, 1895. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Arthur Balfour (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, March 16, 1895. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: S. B. Bancroft (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, March 23, 1895. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Paderewski (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, March 30, 1895. . + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Colonel North (Caricature). Pick-Me-Up, April 6, 1895. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Personal Remarks: Alfred de Rothschild. Pick-Me-Up, April 20, 189;. [Not + reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Merton. (The Warden of Merton.) The Octopus, May 25, 1895. A Caricature. + [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Seen on the Towpath. The Octopus, May 29, 1895. A Caricature. [Not + reprinted. + </p> + <p> + An Evening of Peculiar Delirium. The Sketch, July 24, 1895. [Not + reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Notes in Foppery. The Unicorn, Sept. 18, 1895. + </p> + <p> + Notes in Foppery. The Unicorn, Sept. 25, 1895. The above have been + reprinted with additions and alterations in 'The Works,' under the title + of 'Dandies and Dandies.' + </p> + <p> + Press Notices on 'Punch and Judy,' selected by Max Beerbohm. The Sketch, + Oct. 16, 1895 (p. 644). [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + Be it Cosiness. The Pageant, Christmas, 1895, pp. 230-235. Reprinted in + 'The Works' under the title of 'Diminuendo.' A parody of this appeared, + under the title of 'Be it Cosiness,' by Max Mereboom, in Punch, Dec. 21, + 1895, p. 297. + </p> + <p> + 1896. + </p> + <p> + A Caricature of Mr. Beerbohm Tree, a wood engraving after the drawing by + Max Beerbohm. The Savoy, No. 1, Jan. 1896, p. 125. [Not reprinted. + </p> + <p> + A Good Prince. The Savoy, No. 1, Jan. 1896, pp. 45-7. [Reprinted in 'The + Works.' + </p> + <p> + De Natura Barbatulorum. The Chap-Book, Feb. 15, 1896, pp. 305-312. The + above has been reprinted with additions and alterations in 'The Works,' + under the title of 'Dandies and Dandies.' + </p> + <p> + Poor Romeo! The Yellow Book, Vol. IX., April '96, pp. 169-181. [Reprinted + in 'The Works.' + </p> + <p> + A Caricature of Aubrey Beardsley. A wood engraving after the drawing by + Max Beerbohm. The Savoy, No. 2, April 1896, p. 161. + </p> + <p> + PERSONALIA. + </p> + <p> + On the 24th instant, at 57 Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington, the wife of + J. E. Beerbohm, Esq., of a son. The Times, Aug. 26, 1872. + </p> + <p> + A few words with Mr. Max Beerbohm. (An interview by Ada Leverson.) The + Sketch, Jan. 2, 1895, p. 439. + </p> + <p> + Max Beerbohm: an interview by Isabel Brooke Alder. Woman, April 29, 1896, + pp. 8 & 9. + </p> + <p> + On Mr. Beerbohm leaving Oxford in July 1895, he took up his residence at + 19 Hyde Park Place, formerly the residence of another well-known historian—W. + C. Kinglake. Woman, April 29, 1896, p. 8. + </p> + <p> + PORTRAITS OF MR. MAX BEERBOHM. + </p> + <p> + Max Beerbohm in 'Boyhood.' The Sketch, Jan. 2, 189;, p. 439. + </p> + <p> + Max Beerbohm. Oxford Characters. Lithographs by Will Rothenstein. Part 6. + It is believed this artist did several pastels of Mr. Beerbohm. + </p> + <p> + Portrait of Mr. Beerbohm standing before a picture of George the Fourth, + by Walter Sickert. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Max Beerbohm. Woman, April 29, 1896, p. 8. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Works of Max Beerbohm, by Max Beerbohm + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF MAX BEERBOHM *** + +***** This file should be named 1859-h.htm or 1859-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/5/1859/ + +Produced by Tom Weiss, G. Banks, and David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + </body> +</html> |