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diff --git a/18559-h/18559-h.htm b/18559-h/18559-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64d6c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/18559-h/18559-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4798 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content= +"HTML Tidy for Mac OS X (vers 1 September 2005), see www.w3.org" /> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content= +"text/html; charset=us-ascii" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Child’s Day, by Woods Hutchinson</title> + +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {font-family:Georgia,serif;margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4 {text-align: center;font-variant:small-caps;margin:3em 0em;clear:both;} + h4 {margin: 1.5em 0em .1em 0em;} + pre {font-family:Courier,monospace;font-size: 0.8em;} + hr {width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {width:25%;} + + #TitlePage p {text-align:center;font-size:0.8em;margin:0em 2em;} + #TitlePage .Publisher {font-size:1.1em;margin:2em 0em;} + #Contents, #TitlePage, #Foreward {margin:2em;} + #Foreword {margin:0em 2em;} + #Contents ul {list-style-type:none;} + #Contents ul>li {margin-bottom:1.25em;font-variant:small-caps;} + #Contents ul>li>ol {list-style-type:upper-roman;margin-left:10%;font-variant:normal;} + .signature {text-align:right;font-variant:small-caps;} + + .figfull {text-align:center;margin:2.5em 0em;} + .figcen {width:95%;margin:auto;text-align:center;} + .figright {float: right; width:28%; padding:0 0 1em 1em;text-align:center;} + .figleft {float: left; width:28%; padding: 0 1em 1em 0;text-align:center;} + .figcen img, .figright img, .figleft img {border:none;} + .figfull p, .figcen p, .figright p, .figleft p {text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0em 0em 0em;font-size:0.75em;} + p.morecaption {text-align:justify;margin:0em 1em;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 87%; font-size: .7em;text-align:left;text-indent:0em;color:gray;background-color:inherit;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + a:link {color:blue; background-color:inherit; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; background-color:inherit; text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red; background-color:inherit;} + a[name] {position:absolute;} + --> +/*]]>*/ +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Child's Day, by Woods Hutchinson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Child's Day + +Author: Woods Hutchinson + +Release Date: June 11, 2006 [EBook #18559] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILD'S DAY *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure01.jpg" alt= +"A girl ice skates." id="figure01" name="figure01" width="552" +height="830" /> +<p>A GOOD SPORT FOR GIRLS AND BOYS</p> +</div> +<div id="TitlePage"> +<h3 class="superhead">THE WOODS HUTCHINSON HEALTH SERIES</h3> +<h1 id="Title">THE CHILD’S DAY</h1> +<p>BY</p> +<h2 class="Author">WOODS HUTCHINSON, A.M., M.D.</h2> +<p>Sometime Professor of Anatomy, University of Iowa; Professor of +Comparative Pathology and Methods of Science Teaching, University +of Buffalo; Lecturer, London Medical Graduates’ College and +University of London; and State Health Officer of Oregon. Author of +“Preventable Diseases,” “Conquest of +Consumption,” “Instinct and Health,” and “A +Handbook of Health.”</p> +<p class="Publisher">HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY<br /> +BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO</p> +<p>COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY WOODS HUTCHINSON</p> +</div> +<hr /> +<div id="Foreword"> +<h2>FOREWORD</h2> +<p>“If youth only knew, if old age only could!” +lamented the philosopher. What is the use, say some, of putting +ideas about disease into children’s heads and making them +fussy about their health and anxious before their time?</p> +<p>Precisely because ideas about disease are far less hurtful than +disease itself, and because the period for richest returns from +sensible living is childhood—and the earlier the better.</p> +<p>It is abundantly worth while to teach a child how to protect his +health and build up his strength; too many of us only begin to take +thought of our health when it is too late to do us much good. +Almost everything is possible in childhood. The heaviest life +handicaps can be fed and played and trained out of existence in a +child. Even the most rudimentary knowledge, the simplest and +crudest of precautions, in childhood may make all the difference +between misery and happiness, success and failure in life.</p> +<p>Our greatest asset for healthful living is that most of the +unspoiled instincts, the primitive likes and dislikes, of the child +point in the right direction. There is no need to tell children to +eat, to play, to sleep, to swim; all that is needed is to point out +why they like to do these things, where to stop, what risks to +avoid. The simplest and most natural method of doing this has +seemed to be that of a sketch of the usual course and activities of +a Child’s Day, with a running commentary of explanation, and +such outlines of our bodily structure and needs as are required to +make clear why such and such a course is advisable and such another +inadvisable. The greatest problem has been how to reach and hold +the interest of the child; and the lion’s share of such +success as may have been achieved in this regard is due to the +coöperation of my sister, Professor Mabel Hutchinson Douglas +of Whittier College, California.</p> +<p class="signature">The Author.</p> +</div> +<div id="Contents"> +<h2>Contents</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="#Ch_1">Good Morning</a> +<ol> +<li><a href="#Ch_1_1">Waking Up</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_1_2">A Good Start</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_1_3">Bathing and Brushing</a></li> +</ol> +</li> +<li><a href="#Ch_2">Breakfast</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_3">Going to School</a> +<ol> +<li><a href="#Ch_3_1">Getting Ready</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_3_2">An Early Romp</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_3_3">Fresh Air—Why We Need It</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_3_4">Fresh Air—How We Breathe It</a></li> +</ol> +</li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4">In School</a> +<ol> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_1">Bringing the Fresh Air In</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_2">Hearing and Listening</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_3">Seeing and Reading</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_4">A Drink of Water</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_5">Little Cooks</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_6">Tasting and Smelling</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_7">Talking and Reciting</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_4_8">Thinking and Answering</a></li> +</ol> +</li> +<li><a href="#Ch_5">“Absent To-Day?”</a> +<ol> +<li><a href="#Ch_5_1">Keeping Well</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_5_2">Some Foes to Fight</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_5_3">Protecting Our Friends</a></li> +</ol> +</li> +<li><a href="#Ch_6">Work and Play</a> +<ol> +<li><a href="#Ch_6_1">Growing Strong</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_6_2">Accidents</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_6_3">The City Beautiful</a></li> +</ol> +</li> +<li><a href="#Ch_7">The Evening Meal</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_8">A Pleasant Evening</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_9">Good Night</a> +<ol> +<li><a href="#Ch_9_1">Getting Ready for Bed</a></li> +<li><a href="#Ch_9_2">The Land of Nod</a></li> +</ol> +</li> +<li><a href="#Ch_10">Questions and Exercises</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page1" name= +"page1"></a>1</span></p> +<h1>THE CHILD’S DAY</h1> +<h2 id="Ch_1">GOOD MORNING</h2> +<h3 id="Ch_1_1">I. WAKING UP</h3> +<p>If there is anything that we all enjoy, it is waking up on a +bright spring morning and seeing the sunlight pouring into the +room. You all know the poem beginning,—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>“I remember, I remember</p> +<p>The house where I was born;</p> +<p>The little window where the sun</p> +<p>Came peeping in at morn.”</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>You are feeling fresh and rested and happy after your good +night’s sleep and you are eager to be up and out among the +birds and the flowers.</p> +<p>You are perfectly right in being glad to say “Good +morning” to the sun, for he is one of the best friends you +have. Doesn’t he make the flowers blossom, and the trees +grow? And he makes the apples redden, too, and the wheat-ears fill +out, and the potatoes grow under the ground, and the peas and beans +and melons and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page2" name= +"page2"></a>2</span>strawberries and raspberries above it. All +these things that feed you and keep you healthy are grown by the +heat of the sun. So if it were not for the sunlight we should all +starve to death.</p> +<p>While sunlight is pouring down from the sun to the earth, it is +warming and cleaning the air, burning up any poisonous gases, or +germs, that may be in it. By heating the air, it starts it to +rising. If you will watch, you can see the air shimmering and +rising from an open field on a broiling summer day, or wavering and +rushing upward from a hot stove or an open register in winter. Hold +a little feather fluff or blow a puff of flour above a hot stove, +and it will go sailing up toward the ceiling. As the heated air +rises, the cooler air around rushes in to fill the place that it +has left, and the outdoor “drafts” are made that we +call <em>winds</em>.</p> +<p>These winds keep the air moving about in all directions +constantly, like water in a boiling pot, and in this way keep it +fresh and pure and clean. If it were not for this, the air would +become foul and damp and stagnant, like the water in a ditch or +marshy pool. So the Sun God, as our ancestors in the Far East used +to call him thousands of years ago, not only gives us our food to +eat, but keeps the air fit for us to breathe.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page3" name="page3"></a>3</span>In +still another way the sun is one of our best friends; for his rays +have the wonderful power, not only of causing plants that supply us +with food—the Green Plants, as we call them—to grow and +flourish, but at the same time of withering and killing certain +plants that do us harm. These plants—the Colorless Plants, we +may call them—are the <em>molds</em>, the <em>fungi</em>, and +the <em>bacteria</em>, or <em>germs</em>. You know how a pair of +boots put away in a dark, damp closet, or left down in the cellar, +will become covered all over with a coating of gray mold. Mold +grows rapidly in the dark. Just so, these other Colorless Plants, +which include most of our disease germs, grow and flourish in the +dark, and are killed by sunlight. That is why no house, or room, is +fit to live in, into which the sunlight does not pour freely +sometime during the day. The more sunlight you can bring into your +bedrooms and your playrooms and your schoolrooms, except during the +heat of the day in the summer time, the better they will be. The +Italians have a very shrewd and true old proverb about houses and +light: “Where the sunlight never comes, the doctor often +does.”</p> +<p>So you see that Nature is guiding you in the right direction +when she makes you love and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page4" +name="page4"></a>4</span>delight in the bright, warm, golden +sunlight; for it is one of the very best friends that you +have—indeed, you couldn’t possibly live without it.</p> +<p>In one sense, in fact, though this may be a little harder for +you to understand, you are sunlight yourselves; for the power in +your muscles and nerves that makes you able to jump and dance and +sing and laugh and breathe is the sunlight which you have eaten in +bread and apples and potatoes, and which the plants had drunk in +through their leaves in the long, sunny days of spring and +summer.</p> +<p>So throw up your blinds and open your windows wide to the +sunlight every morning; and let the sunlight pour in all day long, +except only while you are reading or studying—when the +dazzling light may hurt your eyes—and for six or seven of the +hottest hours of the day in summer time. Perhaps your mothers will +object that the sunlight will fade the carpets, or spoil the +furniture; but it will put far more color into your faces than it +will take out of the carpets. If you are given the choice of a +bedroom, choose a room that faces south or southeast or southwest, +never toward the north.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page5" name= +"page5"></a>5</span></p> +<h3 id="Ch_1_2">II. A GOOD START</h3> +<p>When you are really awake and have had a good look to see what +kind of morning it is, you will feel like yawning and stretching, +and rubbing your eyes four or five times, before you jump out of +bed; and it is a good plan to take plenty of time to do this, +unless you are already late for breakfast or school. It starts your +heart to beating and your lungs to breathing faster; and it limbers +your muscles, so that you are ready for the harder work they must +do as soon as you jump out of bed and begin to walk about and bathe +and dress and run and play.</p> +<p>When you jump out of bed, throw back the covers and turn them +over the foot of the bed, so that the air and the sunlight can get +at every part of them and make them clean and fresh and sweet to +cover you at night again. Though you may not know it, all night +long, while you have been asleep, your skin has been at work +cleaning and purifying your blood, pouring out gases and a watery +vapor that we call <em>perspiration</em>, or <em>sweat</em>; and +these impurities have been caught by the sheets and blankets. So +after a bed has been slept in for four or five nights, if it has +not been <span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name= +"page6"></a>6</span>thrown well open in the morning, it begins to +have a stuffy, foul, sourish smell. You can see from this why it is +a bad thing to sleep with your head under the bedclothes, as people +sometimes do, or even to pull the blankets up over your head, +because you are frightened at something or are afraid that your +ears will get cold. Your breath has poisonous gases in it, as well +as your perspiration; and the two together make the air under the +bedclothes very bad.</p> +<p>Now you are ready to wash and dress. But before you do this, it +is a good thing to take off your nightdress, or turn it down to +your waist and tie it there with the sleeves, and go through some +good swinging and “windmill” movements with your arms +and shoulders and back.</p> +<p>(1) Swing your arms round and round like the sails of a +windmill; first both together, then one in one direction, and the +other in the other.</p> +<p>(2) Hold your arms straight out in front of you, and swing them +backward until the backs of your hands strike behind your back.</p> +<p>(3) Hold your arms straight out on each side, clench your fists, +and then smartly bend your elbows so that you almost strike +yourself on both shoulders, and repeat quickly twenty or thirty +times.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>7</span>(4) +Swing your arms, out full length, across your chest five or ten +times.</p> +<p>(5) Swing forward and down with your arms stretched out, until +the tips of your fingers touch the floor.</p> +<p>(6) Set your feet a little apart, swing forward and downward +again, until your hands swing back between your ankles.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure02.png" alt= +"A sketch of a boy stretching" id="figure02" name="figure02" width= +"100%" /> +<p>STARTING THE DAY</p> +</div> +<p>When you come back from these down-swings, bend just as far back +as you can without losing your balance, so that you put all the +muscles along the front of your body on the stretch; and then swing +down again between your ankles. This will help to tone up all your +muscles, and limber all your joints, and set your blood to +circulating well, and give you a good start for the day.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name= +"page8"></a>8</span></p> +<h3 id="Ch_1_3">III. BATHING AND BRUSHING</h3> +<p>Now you are ready to wash and dress. You can easily take off the +gown, or garments, that you have worn during the night; but there +is one coat that you cannot take off—one that is more +important and useful and beautiful than all the rest of your +clothes put together, no matter of how fine material they may be +made, or what they have cost.</p> +<p>Do you remember the old Bible story about Joseph and his +“coat of many colors”? Perhaps you’ve wished you +had one just as nice. Now, the fact is, your coat is more beautiful +even than Joseph’s; and, as for its uses, it is the most +wonderful coat ever made!</p> +<p>This coat of yours changes its color from time to time; +sometimes it is pink, sometimes red, sometimes a soft milky white, +and sometimes a dull dark blue, or purple. I wonder if you guess +what it is. Sometimes it is dry and sometimes wet, sometimes it is +hot and sometimes cold, sometimes rough and sometimes smoother than +the softest silk—just run your hand gently over your +cheek!</p> +<p>Now you have guessed my riddle. This “wonderful +coat” <span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name= +"page9"></a>9</span>is your skin, which covers you from top to toe. +It fits more closely than any glove, and yet is so easy and +comfortable that it never rubs or binds or hurts you in any +way.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure03.png" alt= +"A drawing of magnified cross-section of sckin" id="figure03" name= +"figure03" width="198" height="204" /> +<p>THE SKIN-STRAINER</p> +<p class="morecaption">The little pores open in furrows of the +skin. This drawing is many hundred times as large as the piece of +skin itself.</p> +</div> +<p>Will the wonderful coat wash? Yes, indeed, and look all the +prettier. In fact, to keep it white and clear you must bathe often, +not only your hands and face, but your whole body. Your skin is a +strainer, you know. It is a “way out” for some of the +gases and waste water from the blood. What will happen, then, if +you don’t wash your skin? The little holes, or +<em>pores</em>, that the sweat comes through may become clogged. +The strainer won’t let the poison out, and so it will stay +inside your body. Then, too, if you do not wash the skin, the +little scales that are peeling off the outside coat will not be +cleared away. You have noticed them, haven’t you, sometime +when you were pulling off black stockings? You found little white +pieces, almost as fine as powder, clinging to the inside of the +stockings. These little scales are always rubbing off from your +skin.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page10" name= +"page10"></a>10</span>So every morning it is good to splash the +cool water all over yourself, if you can, as the birds do in the +puddles. You don’t need a bathtub for this, though of course +it is much pleasanter and more convenient if you have one. Pour the +water into a basin and splash it with your hands all over your +face, neck, chest, and arms. Then rub your skin well with a rough +towel. Next, place the basin on the floor; put your feet into it +and dash the water as quickly as you can over your legs. Then take +another good rub. But you must not do this unless you keep warm +while you are doing it, and your skin must be pink when you have +finished. If you are chilly after rubbing, you should use tepid, +even very hot, water for your morning bath. In summer you can bathe +all over easily; but in winter, unless your room is warm, it is +enough to splash the upper half of your body. Once or twice a week +you should take a good hot bath with soap and then sponge down in +cool water. See how the birds enjoy their bath; and you will, too, +if you once get into the habit of bathing regularly.</p> +<p>Now let us take a good look at this coat and see if we can find +out what it is like.</p> +<p>The other day I saw some boys playing basketball. They wore +short sleeves and short trousers. <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page11" name="page11"></a>11</span>Four were Indians, and five +were white boys, and one was a negro. The skin of the white boys +seemed to shine, it looked so white; and the negro’s shone in +its blackness; but the Indian’s looked a dull rich dusky +brown.</p> +<p>Yes, you say, they belong to different races.</p> +<p>But what causes the difference in their color?</p> +<p>Little specks of coloring matter, or <em>pigment</em>, which lie +in the outer layer of the skin. Even white skins contain a little +pigment, they are not a pure white. A Chinaman’s skin has a +little more of this pigment, so that it looks yellow; an +Indian’s has still more; and a negro’s has most of all, +making him black.</p> +<p>Sunlight can increase the amount of pigment in the skin. The +people who live in the torrid zone have much darker skins than +those who live where the days are short and cold. You have noticed, +yourself, that when you expose the skin of your face or arms to the +hot sun, you become freckled, or tanned. This tanning, or browning, +of the outer layer of the skin protects the more delicate coats of +skin below from being scorched or injured by the strong light.</p> +<p>When you are playing and running with your schoolmates, you see +that their faces grow very red, and even their hands. Why is this? +Because <span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name= +"page12"></a>12</span>the heart has been pumping hard and has sent +the red blood out toward the skin. The red color shines through the +outer part of the skin. The pigment in the Indian’s skin, or +the negro’s, prevents the red blood underneath from shining +through, as it does through yours.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure04.jpg" alt= +"A section of skin showing a folicle" id="figure04" name="figure04" +width="179" height="512" /> +<p>THE PARTS OF THE SKIN</p> +<p class="morecaption">The pore P on the surface of the skin is the +end of a tube through which sweat flows out. At O are the oil sacs +that feed the hair H. At B are the little blood vessels that make +the skin look pink.</p> +</div> +<p>The skin, you see, is made up of different layers. When you burn +yourself, you can see a layer of skin stand out like a blister. It +is white; but if the blister is broken, underneath you see the coat +that is full of tiny blood vessels, so tiny and so close together +that this whole coat looks red. The skin, like every other part of +the body, is made up of tiny animal cells. In the outer coat they +become quite flat like little scales and then wear off; and their +places are taken by the newer cells that are growing from beneath. +The skin grows from beneath, and bit by bit it sheds its old outer +coat. This is how it keeps itself nice and new on <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>13</span>the outside and +“grows away” the marks of cuts and burns.</p> +<p>Now hold up your hand and look across it toward the light. What +do you see? It looks fuzzy, doesn’t it? Ever and ever so many +tiny little hairs are on it. The other day a little boy asked me +what made his skin look so rough? I looked, and saw that all the +little hairs were standing on end, so that his skin looked like +“goose-flesh.” It was because he was cold. The muscles +at the roots of the hairs had shortened, so that they pulled the +hairs straight up and made the skin look rough.</p> +<p>What part of the body has a great deal of hair on it? The head, +of course. Isn’t it strange that you have such long hair on +the top of your head and none at all on the soles of your feet or +the palms of your hands? The hair on your head protects you from +cold and rain and the hot sun; but hair on your palms, would only +be in the way.</p> +<p>Now look at the ends of your fingers. There the skin has grown +so hard that it forms <em>nails</em>. If you look at your toes, you +will see that the same thing has happened there. These nails are +little pink shells to protect the ends of your fingers and toes. +You see what a wonderful coat it is that you are wearing.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name= +"page14"></a>14</span>Does the skin coat keep you warm? Yes, and +not only that, but it keeps you cool, too. You have often seen +little drops of water on your skin, when you were very hot. This +sweat, or perspiration, as we call it, cools the body by making the +skin moist. You know how cold it makes you to be wrapped in a wet +sheet. Well, the skin cools you in just the same way, when it +becomes wet with sweat. The sweat comes from the blood under the +skin; so that, as we saw before, by letting this moisture pass +through, the skin acts as a sieve to let out the waste from the +blood.</p> +<p>Then, too, the skin covers and protects all the other parts. It +is thin where it needs to be thin, so as not to interfere with +quick movements, as on the eyelids and the lips; and thick where it +needs to be thick, to stand wear and tear, as on the soles of the +feet and the palms of the hands. I remember once taking a sliver of +shingle out of the back of a little boy who had been sliding down a +roof. I had to sharpen my knife and press and push and at last get +a pair of scissors to cut out the sliver. It was just like cutting +tough leather. But even if we do sometimes get cuts and burns and +bruises, yet our skin coat protects us far more than we really +think. It keeps out all sorts of <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page15" name="page15"></a>15</span>poisons and the germs of +blood-poisoning and such diseases. These enemies can attack us only +through a scratch or cut in the skin, for that is the only way they +can get into the blood. The skin is better than any manufactured +coat, too, because, if it is torn or scratched, it can mend +itself.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure05.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of boys touch-reading a large book" id="figure05" +name="figure05" width="537" height="347" /> +<p>READING BY TOUCH INSTEAD OF SIGHT</p> +<p>These boys are blind; their books are printed with raised +letters, which they read by feeling of them.</p> +</div> +<p>Does your skin ever talk to you? No, of course not; yet it tells +you ever so many things. Shut your eyes and pick up a pencil. As +you touch it, your skin tells you that it is round and smooth, and +pointed at one end. You can feel the soft rubber on the other end, +too. Is it wet? No. Is it hot? Of course not. Now place a book in +the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name= +"page16"></a>16</span>palm of your hand. Is it flat or round, light +or heavy, rough or smooth? All these things your skin tells you +through little nerve tips, which are scattered thickly all over it. +Still another thing the skin does; if you touch anything sharp or +hot, it says at once that it hurts. If your clothes are tight or +uncomfortable, the skin soon lets you know. You see it is always on +the lookout, always ready to tell you about the things around you +and to warn you against the things that might hurt you. The fifth +of your “Five Senses,” the sense of <em>touch</em>, is +in your skin.</p> +<p>There are some parts of your skin-coat that should have special +care.</p> +<p>I hardly need tell you about washing your face carefully around +your nose and in front of your ears. Sometimes I have seen a +“high-water mark” right down the middle of the cheek or +just under the jaws or chin.</p> +<p>Of course your mother has told you about washing your hands! You +see, our hands touch so many dirty things, and handle so many +things that other people’s hands have touched, that we ought +always to wash them before a meal for fear some of the dirt or +germs on them may get into our mouths and cause disease.</p> +<p>And we really need to clean our nails as often <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>17</span>as we wash our +hands, for that little black rim under the nail is very dangerous. +Dust and disease germs and dirt of all kinds find it a good place +in which to hide. Trim your nails with a file, not a knife; and +clean them with a dull cleaner, for a sharp-pointed one will scrape +the nail and roughen it, or push the nail away from the skin of the +finger underneath.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure06.png" alt= +"A nail file, cuticle scissors, cuticle stick and nail brush" id= +"figure06" name="figure06" width="100%" /> +<p>USEFUL TOOLS</p> +</div> +<p>Trim and clean the edges of your nails carefully and thoroughly, +but don’t fuss much with the roots of them. That little fold +of skin there may strike you as untidy, but it covers the soft +growing part of the nail; and if you push it back with a +nail-cleaner, it may cause the nail to crack and roughen or become +inflamed and start a “hang nail” or “run +around.” If you push it back at all, do so only with the ball +of your thumb or finger.</p> +<p>The edges of the nails should be trimmed in a curve to match the +curve of the end of the finger. Of course you know that you should +never bite your nails, not only because it is a bad habit and will +bring a good deal of dirt into your mouth, <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>18</span>but because you +may bite, or tear down into, the tender growing part of the nail, +sometimes called the <em>quick</em>; and then this part may become +inflamed, and you will have a troublesome sore on the end of your +finger.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure07.png" alt= +"A hand with neatly trimmed nails." id="figure07" name="figure07" +width="100%" /> +<p>DO YOUR NAILS LOOK LIKE THESE?</p> +</div> +<p>Just as your nails are a part of your skin,—hardened from +it and rooted in it,—so, too, are your teeth; and, like the +rest of the skin, they should be kept thoroughly clean. Every +morning and evening at least they should be carefully brushed. If +you take good care of your first teeth and have them filled when +they need it, you will probably have good permanent teeth, and you +won’t have to suffer with toothache.</p> +<p>The skin of your head, which grows such beautiful hair, and the +hair itself, should be kept clean. There are two things needed for +this.</p> +<p>First, the hair should be brushed and combed night and morning. +The skin of your scalp is shedding tiny thin scales all day and all +night, just as the rest of your skin is doing. Fortunately, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name= +"page19"></a>19</span>your hair is growing from roots under the +skin much in the same way as blades of grass grow from their roots; +and, as it grows, it pushes up these scales from the surface of the +scalp to where you can readily reach them with a good bristle +brush. If they are not well brushed out, the dust and smoke from +the air will mix with them, and the germs in the dust and smoke +will breed in the mixture, and you will soon have +“scurf” or <em>dandruff</em> on your head. So give at +least fifteen or twenty strokes with the brush before you use the +comb. It isn’t necessary to brush or scrape the scalp, and a +comb should be used only to part the hair or take out the +tangles.</p> +<p>The second thing is to wash the hair and the scalp. Boys ought +to wash their hair every week; and girls, every two weeks; and +girls, especially, should be careful to dry their hair very +thoroughly afterwards. You will notice after washing your hair that +it feels dry and fluffy, and sometimes rather harsh. This is +because the soap and hot water together have washed out of the hair +its natural oil, or grease, which kept it bright and soft; and this +is why it is better not to wash the hair with soap and hot water +oftener than once a week or so. But it shouldn’t be shirked +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page20" name= +"page20"></a>20</span>when the time does come. Watch how hard your +kitten works to keep her fur coat glossy, though it must be +tiresome enough to lick, lick, lick.</p> +<p>Sometimes in cold weather your lips and knuckles crack and +bleed. That is because the skin on those parts is so thin and so +often stretched and bruised. If you will take a little pure olive +oil or cold cream and rub it on your lips and hands, it will make +the skin softer and not so likely to break.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure08.png" alt= +"A row of boots and shoes" id="figure08" name="figure08" width= +"100%" /> +<p>SHOES THAT SHOW SENSE</p> +<p class="morecaption">Low heels and plenty of room for the +toes.</p> +</div> +<p>Sometimes your feet tell you that they need better care. Perhaps +your shoes are too tight, or too loose and rub your toes. Soon the +skin becomes very hard in one spot, and you have a +“corn” on your toe. You must be very, very careful how +your shoes and stockings fit. If you should find a corn, or the +beginning of one, you had better tell your mother about it, and let +her see that your stockings are not too big, so that they wrinkle +into folds and chafe, or that your shoes are mended, or that you +have a larger pair. And then, if you wash your feet in cold water +every day, and put some vaseline or <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page21" name="page21"></a>21</span>sweet oil on the hard spot +night or morning, the corn will probably go away.</p> +<p>Not only your shoes, but all of your clothing must be +comfortable if your skin and the parts under it are to do their +work well. Your clothes as well as your skin must be washed often, +because the sweat, which is oily and greasy as well as watery, +soaks into them, and the little white scales cling to them, and +often dust and disease germs, too.</p> +<p>One winter a little boy came to my school. The other children +told me they did not like to sit by him, his clothes had such an +unpleasant smell. I talked to him about it, and what do you suppose +he said! “Why, I can’t bathe; the creek’s too +cold in winter.” He was waiting till summer time to take a +bath! No wonder the other children did not like to sit near +him.</p> +<p>Yet, with all the bathing and rubbing and brushing, your skin +won’t be clean and beautiful and able to do all that it has +to do, unless your stomach and heart and lungs are in good working +order. So you must eat good food, sleep ten or twelve hours a day, +and play out of doors a great deal, if you expect your skin to be +healthy.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page22" name= +"page22"></a>22</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_2">BREAKFAST</h2> +<p>When you are washed, it doesn’t take you long to dress; +and before you have finished brushing your hair, you begin to feel +as if you were ready for breakfast. You know just where the feeling +is—an empty sensation near the pit of your stomach, and you +don’t have to look at the clock to know that it is breakfast +time.</p> +<p>About this time something begins to smell very good downstairs; +and down you go, two steps at a time, and out into the dining-room, +or kitchen. You could do it with your eyes shut, just following +your nose; and it is a pretty good guide to follow, too. If you +will just go toward the things that smell good, and keep away from, +or refuse to eat, those that smell bad, you will avoid a great many +dangers, not only to your stomach, but to your general health; for +a bad smell is one of Nature’s “black marks,” and +you know what they are.</p> +<p>How nice and fresh and appetizing everything looks—the +white cloth, the clean cups and saucers, and the shining spoons and +forks. You are sure that a good breakfast is one of the best +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name= +"page23"></a>23</span>things in the world. You sit down and begin +to eat, and everything tastes as good as it looks.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure09.png" alt= +"A boy moves a milk bottle from a porch." id="figure09" name= +"figure09" width="100%" /> +<p>MILK AND SUNLIGHT DON’T AGREE</p> +<p class="morecaption">The early riser can help a great deal by +taking the milk bottles in out of the sun. Milk spoils quickly if +it is not kept cool.</p> +</div> +<p>A good breakfast would be an egg, or a slice of bacon or ham, +with a glass of milk,—or two, if you can drink +another,—and two or three slices of bread, or toast, with +plenty of butter; and then some cereal with plenty of cream and +sugar, or some fruit, to finish with. A breakfast like this will +give you just about the right amount of strength for the +morning’s work. Don’t begin with a cereal or breakfast +food; for this will spoil your appetite for your real breakfast. +Cereal has very little nourishment in proportion to its bulk and +the way it “fills you up.” Bread or mush or potato +alone is not enough. Any one of these gives you fuel, to be sure; +but it gives you very little with which to build up your body. For +that you must have milk or meat or eggs or fish.</p> +<p>It is most important that children should eat <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>24</span>a good big +breakfast. All the hundred-and-one things that you are going to do +during the day—racing, jumping, shouting, +studying—require strength to do; and that strength can be got +only out of the power in your food, which is really, you remember, +the sunlight stored up in it.</p> +<p>Sometimes, when you come down in the morning, especially if you +haven’t had the windows of your bedroom well open so as to +get plenty of air during the night, you may feel that you are not +very hungry for breakfast. Or perhaps, if you have risen late, or +are in a great hurry to get to school in time, you just swallow a +cup of coffee or tea, and a cracker or a little piece of bread, or +a small saucer of cereal. This is a very bad thing to do, because +coffee and tea, while they make you feel warm and comfortable +inside, have very little “strength,” or food value, in +them, and simply warm you up and stir up your nerves without doing +you any real good at all. A cracker or a single piece of bread or +one large saucer of cereal has only about one fourth of the +strength in it that you will need for playing or studying until +noontime. So after you have started to school with a breakfast like +this, about the middle of the morning you begin to feel tired and +empty and cross, and wonder what is the matter with yourself.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name= +"page25"></a>25</span>Children of your age are growing so fast that +they need plenty of good, wholesome food. They get so hungry that +they want to be eating all the time. For “grown-ups” +three times a day is enough; but for you children, whose bodies use +up the food so fast, it is well to take also a piece of bread and +butter, or two or three cookies, or a glass of milk with some +crackers, in the middle of the morning and again about the middle +of the afternoon. It will not hurt your appetite for dinner or +supper, and you won’t be wanting to “pick” at +cake and candy and pickles all day long.</p> +<p>How does eating keep you alive and make you grow? Eating is +somewhat like mending a fire. You put wood or coal on the fire, and +it keeps burning and giving out heat; but if you do not put fresh +fuel on, the fire soon goes out. Just so, putting food into your +body feeds the “body fires” and keeps you warm, and at +the same time makes you grow. Of course the “body +fires” are not just like those you see burning in the stove: +there are no flames. But there is burning going on, just the +same.</p> +<p>The food you put into your body must be made soft and pulpy +before it can burn in your muscles. Now you can guess what your +teeth are <span class="pagenum"><a id="page26" name= +"page26"></a>26</span>for. They chop, crush, and grind the food; +and the tongue rolls it over and over and mixes it with the +moisture in your mouth, until it is almost like very thick soup. +Then you make a little motion with your tongue and throat, and down +it goes.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure10.png" alt= +"A diagram of the digestive system." id="figure10" name="figure10" +width="100%" /> +<p>THE FOOD TUBE</p> +<p class="morecaption">Note the arrows. This is the trip made by +every mouthful of food.</p> +</div> +<p>Where does it go? It is passed down a tube that we call the +<em>food tube</em>. While I tell you about it, you can look at the +picture and then try to draw it yourself.</p> +<p>The food goes quickly down the first part of the tube until it +comes to a part much larger than the rest, which we call the +<em>stomach</em>. Here it is churned about for a long time, and the +meat you have eaten is melted, or dissolved. Then the food goes +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>27</span>on +into the next part of the tube, which has become narrow again. This +lower part, which is about twenty-five feet long, is coiled up just +below the waist, between the large bones that you can feel on each +side of your body. These coils of the food tube, we call the +<em>bowels</em>.</p> +<p>Winding all around the stomach and bowels are tiny branching +pipes full of blood. They look somewhat like the creepers on ivy, +or the tendrils on grapevines. These suck out the melted food from +the bowels. They take what the body can use, and carry it away in +the blood to all parts of the body. This is the fuel that keeps the +“body fires” going. The tougher parts of the food, +which the body cannot use, are carried down to the lower end of the +bowels and pushed out by strong muscles.</p> +<p>This waste should be passed out from the body once every day and +at the same time each day. In the morning after breakfast is +perhaps the best time. If you do not get rid of it every day, it +makes poisons, which go into your blood and soon make you very sick +indeed. You must keep clean inside as well as outside.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page28" name= +"page28"></a>28</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_3">GOING TO SCHOOL</h2> +<h3 id="Ch_3_1">I. GETTING READY</h3> +<p>As soon as you have finished breakfast, and brushed your teeth +and gone to the toilet, you are ready to run out of doors to play, +if you have plenty of time, or, if not, to start for school.</p> +<p>Doesn’t it seem a nuisance, in winter time, to have to put +on a coat and overshoes and a cap or a hood, and sometimes leggings +and mittens, too? But your mothers know what is best for you; and +when you are young and growing fast, you have so much more surface +in proportion to your weight than when you are grown up, that you +lose heat from the blood in your skin very fast; and unless you are +warmly dressed, you become chilled.</p> +<p>When you are chilled, you are using up, in merely trying to keep +yourself warm, some of the energy that ought to be used for growing +and for working. It has been found out by careful tests that +children who are not warmly dressed, and particularly whose arms +and legs are not warmly covered, do not grow so fast as they ought +to, and more easily catch colds and other <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>29</span>infections. So +take time to put on your cap and your coat, if the weather is cold; +and, if it is snowy, to button on leggings over your stockings; and +then you can play as hard as you like, and run through the snow, +and keep warm and rosy and comfortable.</p> +<p>Wool is one of the best stuffs for coats and dresses and +stockings and gloves and caps, not only because it is warm, but +also because it is lighter in weight than anything else you could +wear that would be equally warm, and because it is <em>porous</em>; +that is, it will let the air pass through it, and the perspiration +from the body escape through it.</p> +<p>Don’t wear any clothes so tight that you cannot run and +jump and play and fling your arms and legs about freely, or so fine +and stylish that you are afraid of getting them soiled by romping +and tumbling.</p> +<p>It is best to wear fairly heavy, comfortable shoes with good +thick soles; then you will not have to wear rubbers, except when it +is actually pouring rain, or when there is melting snow or slush +upon the ground. Felt, or buckskin, or heavy cloth makes very good +“uppers” for children’s shoes; but only leather +makes good soles.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name= +"page30"></a>30</span>It is best not to wear rubbers too much, +because the same waterproofness, which keeps the rain and the snow +out, keeps the perspiration of your feet in, and is likely to make +them damp. When they are damp, they are as easily chilled as if +they had been wet through with rain or puddle water. Always take +off your rubbers in the house or in school, because they are +holding in not only the water of perspiration, but the poisons as +well; and these will poison your entire blood, so that you soon +have a headache and feel generally uncomfortable.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_3_2">II. AN EARLY ROMP</h3> +<p>The minute you are outside the door, the fresh morning air +strikes your face, and you draw four or five big breaths, as if you +would like to fill yourself as full as you could hold. If you have +had a good night’s sleep and a good breakfast, the very feel +of the outdoor air will make you want to run and jump and shout and +throw your arms about. This warms you up finely and gives you a +good color; but if you keep it up long, you will notice that two +things are happening: one, that you are breathing faster than you +were before; the other, that your heart is beating harder and +faster, so that you can almost feel it <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page31" name="page31"></a>31</span>throbbing without putting your +hand on your chest.</p> +<p>If you run too hard, or too far, you begin to be out of breath, +and your heart thumps so hard that it almost hurts. What is your +heart doing? It is pumping; it is trying to pump the blood fast out +to your muscles to give them the strength to run with.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure11.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of boys and girls holding hands and running down the sidewalk" +id="figure11" name="figure11" width="533" height="362" /> +<p>AN EARLY RUN IS A GOOD PREPARATION FOR THE DAY’S WORK</p> +</div> +<p>Of course you have seen a pump? Perhaps some of you have to pump +water every day at home. You take the handle in your hands, lift it +up, then press it down, and out pours the water through the spout; +and, as you keep pumping, the water spurts out every time you press +the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page32" name= +"page32"></a>32</span>handle down. It is hard work, and your arms +are soon tired; but, as you cannot drink the water while it is down +in the well, you must pump to bring it up where you can reach +it.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure12.png" alt= +"Anatomical drawing of a heart." id="figure12" name="figure12" +width="100%" /> +<p>THE HEART-PUMP</p> +<p class="morecaption">The big tubes are the arteries and +veins.</p> +</div> +<p>Just so the heart pumps to keep the blood flowing round and +round, through the muscles and all over the body. If you put your +finger on your wrist, or on the side of your neck, you can feel a +little throb, or <em>pulse</em>, for every spurt from your +heart-pump; and that means for every heart-beat.</p> +<p>This heart-pump is made of muscle, and is about the size of your +clenched fist. And just as you can squeeze water from a sponge or +out of a bulb-syringe, by opening and shutting your hand around it, +so the big heart muscle squeezes the blood out of the heart. It +squeezes it out from one side of the heart; and then, when it lets +go, the blood comes rushing in from the other side to fill the +heart <span class="pagenum"><a id="page33" name= +"page33"></a>33</span>again. So the heart goes on squeezing out and +sucking in the blood, all day and all night as long as we live.</p> +<p>When the blood comes to the muscles, it is a beautiful bright +red; but after the muscles have taken what they want of it for food +to burn, and warm you up, the “ashes” and the +“smoke” go back into the blood and dirty its color from +red to purple. Then the blood is carried to the lungs, where the +fresh air you breathe in blows away the “smoke” and +makes the blood red again.</p> +<p>The blood is pumped all over the body through tubes or pipes, +called <em>blood vessels</em>. Those that carry the red blood out +from the heart, we call <em>arteries</em>. They are deep down under +the skin, and we cannot see them. The pipes that carry the purple +blood from the muscles and other parts back to the heart again, we +call <em>veins</em>; and some of these are so close to the surface +that we can easily see them through the skin. Let your hand hang +down a minute or two, then you can see the veins on the inside of +your wrist, or on the back of your hand, if it is not too fat.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page34" name= +"page34"></a>34</span></p> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure13.png" alt= +"A photograph of children playing in the snow outside of school." +id="figure13" name="figure13" width="100%" /> +<p>IT IS GOOD TO PLAY OUT OF DOORS TILL THE BELL RINGS—EVEN +IN WINTER</p> +</div> +<p>The muscles, the brain, the skin, and other parts of the body +get liquid food from the blood by “sucking” it through +the walls of the smallest <span class="pagenum"><a id="page35" +name="page35"></a>35</span>of the blood vessels, for these walls +are very thin. In the same way, when waste passes from the muscles +or the skin into the blood, it, too, soaks through the thin walls +of the tiniest blood tubes, called <em>capillaries</em>.</p> +<p>Your heart beats or throbs about seventy-five times in a minute +when you are well. Look at the second hand of a watch, while you +count the beats in your wrist or in your neck.</p> +<p>Does your heart ever become tired? Not while you keep well, +unless you over-drive it by running or wrestling too hard. It can +rest between the beats. But the heart muscle, like any other +muscle, must have plenty of good red blood to feed on. You put food +into the blood by eating good breakfasts and dinners. The more you +run and jump and play, the more work the heart has to do and the +stronger it grows; and a good morning romp before school will send +the blood flowing so merrily round from top to toe that you will +feel fresher and brighter all the day.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_3_3">III. FRESH AIR—WHY WE NEED IT</h3> +<p>The heart is not the only thing that goes faster and harder when +you run about in the morning and play hard. You are breathing +faster and deeper as well, as if there were something <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page36" name="page36"></a>36</span>in the air +outside that you needed in your body as much as food.</p> +<p>But, of course, you know that air is not good to eat. It has no +strength in it, as food has; it isn’t even a liquid like milk +or coffee or tea. It is so thin and light that we call it a +<em>gas</em>. Indeed, I suppose it is pretty hard for you to +believe that air is a real thing at all. But all outdoors is full +of the gas called air, and everything that seems to be empty, like +a room or an empty box, is full of it.</p> +<p>You cannot even smell it, as you can that other gas which comes +through pipes into our houses and burns at the gas jets; nor can +you see it like the gas that comes out of a boiling kettle or from +the whistle of a locomotive, and which we call <em>steam</em>. This +is simply because air is so pure that it has no smell, and is so +perfectly clear that we can see right through it. Almost the only +way that we can recognize it is by feeling it when it is moving. +But it is a very real thing for all that; and, like sunshine and +food, is one of the most important things in the world for us.</p> +<p>What is it that air does in the body? We must need it very much, +for we die quickly when we cannot get it: it takes us only about +three minutes to suffocate, or choke to death, if we can’t +get it.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page37" name= +"page37"></a>37</span>You remember that the blood is pumped out +from the heart, all through the body. Everywhere it goes,—to +the feet and the hands and the head,—it is carrying two +things: food that it has sucked up from the food tube, and hundreds +and hundreds of tiny red sponges called red <em>corpuscles</em>. +These little sponges are full of air which they sucked up as the +blood passed through the lungs. When we stop breathing,—that +is, taking in air,—the little red sponges of course +can’t get any air to carry to the different parts of the +body.</p> +<p>The body is made up of millions of tiny, tiny animals, called +<em>cells</em>,—so tiny that they can be seen only under a +microscope. Each of these cells must have food and air, just like +any other animal. They eat the food the blood brings to them, and +they take the air from the red corpuscles in the blood. With the +air as a “draft,” they burn up the waste scraps, as we +burn scraps from the kitchen, in the back of the stove.</p> +<p>Suppose you light a candle and place it under a glass jar and +watch what will happen. The flame will become weaker and weaker, +and at last it will quite go out. You might think at first that the +wind blew it out; but how could the wind get through or under the +jar? No, the glass keeps all <span class="pagenum"><a id="page38" +name="page38"></a>38</span>the outside air away from the flame; and +that is just the reason why it does go out. Unless it has fresh +air, it cannot burn. There is something—a gas—in the +air that makes the flame burn, and when it has used up all this gas +inside the glass, and can’t get any more, it stops +burning.</p> +<p>Now you will want to know what this gas in the air is. When we +write about it, we use its nickname, the large capital letter +<em>O</em>; but its whole name is <em>Oxygen</em>.</p> +<p>Just as the candle flame must have oxygen to keep it burning, so +our cells must have oxygen to burn their impurities, or waste; and +if they don’t get the oxygen, and can’t burn their +impurities, they are poisoned by them and “go out,” or +die.</p> +<p>You can see the flame when the candle is burning, but you +can’t see the fires that burn in our bodies; there are no +real flames at all. I know it is hard for you to believe that there +can be any burning when our bodies are so wet and damp. But if you +can’t see it, you can easily feel it. Blow on your hand. How +warm your breath is! Touch your hand to your cheek. It is quite +warm, too. If you run or play hard, you sometimes become so hot +that you want to take off your coat. That is because your fires are +burning <span class="pagenum"><a id="page39" name= +"page39"></a>39</span>faster. The muscles are using more food and +making more scraps to be burned. You breathe faster and faster till +at last you are “out of breath” and feel as if you +would smother or choke. The blood has hard work to bring oxygen +enough to keep the fires going.</p> +<p>After the cells have burned the food scraps, they turn the +“ashes” and “smoke” back into the +blood-stream that is always flowing past them. If the cells did not +do this, they would soon smother to death, just as you could not +possibly live in a house without chimneys to carry off the smoke. +And, of course, the blood wants to get rid of this waste just as +quickly as possible.</p> +<p>Part of the waste in the body is liquid, like water, and can +flow away through the blood pipes without needing to be burned. +Some of this watery waste comes out through the skin and stands in +beads or drops upon it. That is the part we call perspiration, or +sweat. The rest of it goes in the blood to another strainer called +the <em>kidneys</em>, passes through this as <em>urine</em>, and is +carried away from the body as the waste water from the bathtub and +the sink is carried away from a house.</p> +<p>For the “smoke” Mother Nature has still <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page40" name="page40"></a>40</span>another +beautiful plan. She sends the blood-stream flowing through the +<em>lungs</em>, where it can send off its “smoke” and +then get fresh air to carry to the cells in the muscles. When you +breathe out, you are sending out the “smoke”; and when +you breathe in, you are taking in fresh air.</p> +<p>Our body “smoke” is not brown or blue, like the +smoke from a fire; it is a clear, odorless gas, called <em>carbon +dioxid</em>. This is the same gas that makes the choke-damp of coal +mines, which suffocates the miners if the mine is not well +ventilated; and the same gas that sometimes gathers at the bottom +of a well, making it dangerous for anyone to go down into the well +to clean it. And this gas is poisonous in our bodies just as it is +in the mine or the well.</p> +<p>You see, then, how important it is that we should live much of +our lives in the clear pure air out of doors, and should bring the +fresh air into our houses and schools and shops. “Fill +up” with it all you can on your way to school, for the best +of air indoors is never half so good as the free-blowing breezes +outside.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page41" name= +"page41"></a>41</span></p> +<h3 id="Ch_3_4">IV. FRESH AIR—HOW WE BREATHE IT</h3> +<p>When you are running and breathing hard, and even when you are +sitting still and breathing quietly, air is going into your lungs +and then coming out, going in and coming out, many times every +minute. How does the air get in and out of the lungs? It will not +run in of itself; for it is light and floats about, you know. Here, +again, Mother Nature has planned it all out. She has made us an air +bellows, or air pump, to suck it into the lungs. First we’ll +see what shape this pump is, and then how it works.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure14.jpg" alt= +"Diagram of the chest cavity." id="figure14" name="figure14" width= +"100%" /> +<p>THE CHEST THAT HOLDS THE LUNGS</p> +<p class="morecaption">Back of the lungs is the heart; its position +is shown by the broken line. The black line across the chest shows +how high the diaphragm rises when we breathe out quietly.</p> +</div> +<p>Stiff rings of bone called <em>ribs</em> run round your body, +just like the hoops in an old hoop skirt, or like the metal rings +round a barrel. Here is a picture of the bones of the chest. +Perhaps your teacher can show you the skeleton <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page42" name="page42"></a>42</span>of some animal. +You will notice how the rings, or ribs, slant and are joined by +hinges behind to the backbone and in front to the breastbone. It +looks somewhat like a cage, doesn’t it? Put your hands on the +sides of your chest and you can feel your own ribs. Do they slant +upward or downward?</p> +<p>This chest-cage is our breathing-machine. Before I tell you how +it pumps, I want you to get a pair of bellows and see how they +work. When you lift up the handle of the bellows, you make the bag +of the bellows larger so that it sucks in air; and when you press +the handle down again, the air puffs out through the nozzle.</p> +<p>Our air machine, though it is somewhat different from the +bellows in shape, works in exactly the same way. You remember that +you found that the ribs slant down and can be moved on hinges. +Suppose, now, you place your hands against your ribs and feel the +ribs lift as you draw in a long breath. The air will be sucked into +your nose just as it was into the bellows when you raised the +handle. By lifting your ribs, you have made the chest-cage larger; +and the air has rushed into your nose, down your windpipe, and +filled your lungs. If you breathe very deeply, you will find that +your stomach, too, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page43" name= +"page43"></a>43</span>swells out. This shows that the muscular +bottom of the cage, called the <em>diaphragm</em>, has been pulled +down, making the cage larger still.</p> +<p>In this chest-cage are millions of tiny air bags that make up +the lungs; and every time you take a breath, the air bags are +puffed out with the fresh air that comes rushing in. By the time +you let your ribs sink again, the air has given its oxygen to the +blood, and the blood has poured its carbon-dioxid smoke into the +air bags for you to breathe out. Nature, with the same bellows, +pumps in the oxygen and pumps out the “smoke.”</p> +<p>Now, we breathe into our lung-bellows whatever air happens to be +around us. So we should take care that the air around us is fresh +air.</p> +<p>Unless the air were kept in motion by the heat of the sun, +causing breezes and winds, it would become stale and wouldn’t +do at all for our lung-bellows to use. The air we breathe must be +kept moving and fresh if it is to make us feel bright and strong +and happy. Mother Nature has given us miles upon miles and oceans +upon oceans of this clear, fresh air to breathe—“all +outdoors,” in fact, as far as we can see around us and for +miles above our heads. She sends the winds to move the air about +and blow away the dust and dirt; and the sunshine, you remember, +not only <span class="pagenum"><a id="page44" name= +"page44"></a>44</span>to warm the air and keep it moving, but to +burn right through it and kill the poisons. But this brings us to +something else.</p> +<p>You have learned that the air we breathe out would soon smother +us, just as smoke would; and now we will see why. If you blow +against the window pane on a cold day, the glass is no longer +clear; and when you look at it closely, you see that it is covered +with tiny drops of water. This is part of the breath you have just +blown out. If the room is cold enough, you can see your breath in +the air; that is, the steam in your breath becomes cold and appears +as tiny water-drops. You have seen how in the same way, the steam, +an inch or so from the spout of the teakettle, cools, making little +water-drops that float in the air like clouds. Part of the breath, +then, is water; but most of it is a gas, and you can’t see it +at all as it floats away into the air about you.</p> +<p>If your teacher has a glass of limewater, and will let you +breathe into it through a tube, you will see that your breath soon +makes the water look milky. This shows that the gas in your breath +is not like the air about you; because air was all over the top of +the limewater, yet did not change it at all. The milky look is +caused <span class="pagenum"><a id="page45" name= +"page45"></a>45</span>by carbon dioxid, one of the poisons in your +breath.</p> +<p>When some people come close to you, you want to turn away your +head, because you do not like the smell of their breath. Even when +one is quite well, the breath has a queer “mousey” +odor, so that we never like to breathe the breath of another +person. This disagreeable odor comes not only from the lungs but +from the teeth.</p> +<p>We are always breathing out poisons into the air. One of these +you can see in the milky limewater, and others you can smell when +you happen to come close to anyone else.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure15.png" alt= +"A girl blows through a straw into a glass of water." id="figure15" +name="figure15" width="100%" /> +<p>PROVING THAT THE BREATH IS NOT LIKE THE AIR</p> +</div> +<p>If you blow on your fingers, you feel that your breath is much +warmer than the air. If people are crowded together in rooms with +doors and windows shut, their breath soon heats and poisons the +air, until they begin to have headache, and to feel dull and drowsy +and uncomfortable. If they should be shut in too long, without any +opening to let in the fresh air, as in a prison cell, or in the +hold of a ship during a storm, the air would become so poisonous as +to make them <span class="pagenum"><a id="page46" name= +"page46"></a>46</span>ill, and would even suffocate them and kill +them outright. Even the bees found this out thousands of years ago; +and in their hives in hot weather they station lines of +worker-bees, one just behind another from the door right down each +of the main passages, whose business it is to do nothing but keep +their wings whirring rapidly, so that they fan a steady current of +fresh air into every part of the hive.</p> +<div class="figcen"> +<div style="float:left;"><img src="images/figure16a.png" alt= +"A girl dusts with a feather duster, and clouds of dust are everywhere." +id="figure16a" name="figure16a" width="228" height="336" /> +<p>Breathing Dust.</p> +</div> +<div style="float:right;"><img src="images/figure16b.png" alt= +"A girl dusts with a cloth. No clouds ensue." id="figure16b" name= +"figure16b" width="199" height="336" /> +<p>Catching the dust in a cloth.</p> +</div> +<p style="clear:both;">DUSTING—HOW SHALL WE DO IT?</p> +</div> +<p>How does Mother Nature get rid of these poisons from our breath? +Of course, you say, “She uses the wind and the +sunshine.” Yes, the winds can whisk up the poison and blow it +away so fast, and the sunshine can burn up the horrid <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page47" name="page47"></a>47</span>smell so +quickly, that even the air above big cities, and in their streets, +is quite clean enough for us to breathe, except where the people +are very closely crowded together and very dirty. Mother Nature +wants all of us to help in keeping the air clean. This we can do by +keeping ourselves and our houses clean, and by being careful not to +leave scraps of waste, or dirty things, in the streets and cars and +parks and other public places. And you children ought to be very +careful about your school yard and the halls and the classrooms, +where you spend so much of your time.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page48" name= +"page48"></a>48</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_4">IN SCHOOL</h2> +<h3 id="Ch_4_1">I. BRINGING THE FRESH AIR IN</h3> +<p>The only place where air is absolutely sure to be fresh is out +of doors. There, as we have seen, the sun and the winds keep it so +all the time. But, unluckily, we cannot spend all our time +outdoors, either when we are little or after we have grown up. So +we must try in every way that we can to bring the outdoors +indoors—to get plenty of fresh air and light into the houses +that we live in, especially the bedrooms we sleep in and the +schoolrooms we study in when we are children, and the offices or +shops we work in when we are grown up.</p> +<p>After you have your lungs and your blood well filled with air, +either by walking briskly to school or by chasing one another about +the school playground, you will suddenly hear the bell ring, and +you march indoors and sit down at your desks. Here, of course, the +air cannot blow about freely from every direction, because the +walls and doors and windows are shutting you in on every side. The +room, to be sure, is full of air; but if the doors and windows are +shut, this air has no way <span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" +name="page49"></a>49</span>of getting outside, nor can the fresh, +pure air out of doors—even though it be moving quite fast, as +a wind or a breeze—get inside.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure17.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of a classroom." id="figure17" name="figure17" width= +"542" height="438" /> +<p>A CLASSROOM ALMOST AS GOOD AS THE OUT-OF-DOORS</p> +<p>Notice the windows open top and bottom, and the high windows +under the roof. Why are these good?</p> +</div> +<p>We must let the fresh air come in and the stale air go out. This +is one of the things that windows are for; and this is why they are +hung upon pulleys and made to slide up and down easily. Of course, +even when the windows are not open, they are letting in light, +which, you remember, is a deadly enemy to germs and poisons.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page50" name= +"page50"></a>50</span>Bright sunlight is best for purifying the air +of a room, but even ordinary daylight has a good deal of +germ-killing power. Therefore, a room that is well lighted is not +only much pleasanter to live in, but much healthier, than one that +is dull and gloomy. You see why we need plenty of windows and +doors: we must let in the breezes and the sunshine, and let out the +poisons and the dirt. Then, too, we must make the air in the +building move about in order to keep it fresh; for if the air is +not fresh, we soon grow tired and sleepy and have headaches. That +is why your teacher keeps the windows open at the top a foot or so. +You can easily see that when there are twenty or thirty of you +breathing out poisons, and each one of you needing about four +bushels of fresh air every minute, the old air ought to be going +out and the fresh air coming in all the time.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure18.png" alt= +"A candle at the bottom of an open window has the flame pointing in, while one at the top has a flame pointing out." +id="figure18" name="figure18" width="100%" /> +<p>VENTILATION</p> +<p class="morecaption">Watch the candle flames. Which way is the +air moving, and why?</p> +</div> +<p>That is also why your teacher gives you a recess, so that you +can run out of doors and get some fresh air. Then she can throw +open all the windows and doors and have the air in the room +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page51" name= +"page51"></a>51</span>clean and fresh when you come back again. So +when recess comes, don’t hang about in the hallways or on the +stairs or in the basement, but run right out of doors into the +playground and shout and throw your arms about and run races to +fill your lungs full of fresh, sweet air and stretch all your +muscles, after the confinement and sitting still. Don’t +saunter about and whisper secrets or tell stories, but get up some +lively game that doesn’t take long to play, such as tag or +steal-sticks or soak-ball, or duck-on-a-rock or skipping or +hopscotch. These will blow all the “smoke” out of your +lungs and send the hot blood flying all over your body and make you +as “fresh as a daisy” for your next lesson.</p> +<p>When you come back into the schoolroom after recess, the air +will seem quite fresh and pure; but unless you keep the windows +open, it will not be long before your head begins to be hot, and +your eyes heavy, and you feel like yawning and stretching, and +begin to wonder why the lessons are so long and tiresome. Then, if +your teacher will throw open all the windows and have you stand up, +or, better still, march around the room singing or go through some +drill or calisthenic exercises, you will soon feel quite fresh and +rested again.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name= +"page52"></a>52</span>In the mild weather of the spring or early +fall, all you need to do to keep the air fresh in the schoolroom is +to keep the windows well open at the top. But in the winter, the +air outdoors is so cold that it has to be heated before it is +brought in; and this, in any modern and properly built schoolhouse, +is usually arranged for. The fresh air is drawn in through an +opening in the basement and is either heated, so that it rises, or +is blown by fans all over the building. This sort of fresh air, +however, is never quite so good as that which comes directly from +outdoors; so it is generally best to keep at least two or three +windows in each room opened at the top as well, and never to depend +entirely upon the air that comes through the heating system.</p> +<p>Sometimes this may mean a little draft, or current of +uncomfortably cool air, for one or two of you who sit nearest the +windows; but your teacher will always allow you to change your seat +if this proves very unpleasant. If you have plenty of warmth in the +room you sit in, unless the air outside is very cold, this +“breeze” won’t do you any harm at all; on the +contrary, it will be good for you. Instead of catching cold from a +draft like this, it is from foul, stuffy, poisonous air, loaded +with other people’s breaths and <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page53" name="page53"></a>53</span>the germs contained in them, +that you catch cold.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure19.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of a boy planting in a garden" id="figure19.jpg" +name="figure19.jpg" width="538" height="333" /> +<p>GARDENS TAKE US OUT OF DOORS</p> +</div> +<p>In fact, staying indoors is usually the reason why people are +sick. They don’t go out into the clean fresh air for fear +they’ll be too cold! It seems a pity we can’t just live +out of doors all the time. Perhaps we shall some day; for doctors +are finding out that fresh outdoor air and good food are the very +best medicines known, and the only “Sure Cures.” They +are pleasant to take, too. Many cities are providing outdoor +schools for children who have weak lungs or are not strong in other +ways. Perhaps some day all school children will be allowed to study +in the open air at least part of every school day.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name= +"page54"></a>54</span></p> +<h3 id="Ch_4_2">II. HEARING AND LISTENING</h3> +<p>Now you are all ready to go to work. What are you going to work +with? Books? pencils? paper? Yes, but you have something better +than those and all ready for use. It is that little kit of tools +that are sometimes called our “Five Senses.” You +remember that we have already talked about one of them, the sense +of touch in the skin. Now which one are you going to use first this +morning? If your teacher talks to you, I hope it will be the one we +call the sense of hearing. Suppose we try to find out something +about this sense of hearing, and begin with a little +experiment.</p> +<p>Take a piece of cork in your hand and lift it up high and then +let it drop into a large basin or tub of water. What happens? The +cork strikes and then goes bob-bob-bobbing up and down on its own +waves. Now watch the little waves all around the cork. Where do +they stop? They don’t stop until they touch the edge of the +pan; and no matter how big the pan is, the waves go on and on until +they reach the edge.</p> +<p>We can see these waves of water, and so we easily believe that +they are there. Now there are, just as truly, waves of air all +around us. We cannot see the waves, because they are too small +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page55" name="page55"></a>55</span>and +roll too quickly. But some of these, when they roll against our +ears, make us hear. They make what we call <em>sound</em>. You have +heard about sending messages through the air, without telegraph +wires. Wireless messages are often sent to ships out in the middle +of the ocean. This is done by starting tiny electric waves, which +travel through the air much as the waves of water are traveling +across the ocean beneath. Of course there must be a machine, called +a <em>receiver</em>, to catch the waves and “hear” the +message.</p> +<p>Mother Nature has given each of you two very delicate little +receivers to catch the sound waves and carry them to your brain. +You know what they are—you can name them. But how are these +wonderful little machines made?</p> +<p>You have never seen the whole of your ear. The part on the +outside of the head, of course, you can easily see and feel. +Sometimes you notice a deaf person put his hand behind his ear and +press it forward so as to catch the sound waves better. These waves +roll in at the little hole you can see, and travel along a short +passage till they come to a round <em>drum</em>, a piece of very +thin skin stretched tight like a drumhead.</p> +<p>Have you ever beaten a drum with a stick? You felt the drumhead +quiver under the blow, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name= +"page56"></a>56</span>did you not? Well, when the sound waves beat +against the drum in the ear, it quivers and starts little waves +inside the ear. Each little wave in turn beats against a little +bone called the <em>hammer</em>; the hammer beats against another +called the <em>anvil</em>, and this against a third called the +<em>stirrup</em>; and the quiver of the stirrup is passed on to a +little window, opening into a little room with a spiral key-board; +and from this, the wave travels along a nerve to the brain. As the +waves reach the brain, the brain hears. In this way we hear all +sorts of sounds, from the tick of a watch to the whistle of a +train.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure20.png" alt= +"A diagram of the structure of the ear." id="figure20" name= +"figure20" width="100%" /> +<p>THE WAY BY WHICH SOUND WAVES REACH THE BRAIN</p> +<p class="morecaption">A section through the right ear.</p> +</div> +<p>There is a sensible old saying, “Never put anything +smaller than your elbow into the inner part of your ear.” +Now, of course, you can’t put your elbow into such a tiny +hole! So the old saying means, never put anything in. The eardrum +is very thin and can easily be broken. Even a slap on the ear, or a +loud sound too close to it, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" +name="page57"></a>57</span>might crack and spoil the drum and make +one deaf.</p> +<p>The outside ear needs careful washing; there are so many little +creases that gather dirt and dust. The deep crease behind the ear, +too, will become sore if it is not kept clean.</p> +<p>Besides cleaning your ears, you must train them to listen. Some +boys and girls hear just a word or two of what is said, and then +guess at the rest and think they are listening, or else ask to have +it repeated. We should try to hear exactly what is said; and if we +listen carefully, it will soon be much easier to understand at +once.</p> +<p>Of course, if you really cannot hear, the doctor can tell you +what is the matter, and usually can help you very much. Sometimes +people become deaf simply because the throat is swollen. Indeed, +most deafness comes from colds and catarrhs and other inflammations +of the nose and throat. These spread to the ear through a little +tube that runs up to the drum cavity from the back of the throat. +Sometimes, when you are blowing your nose, you may feel your ear go +“pop”; and that means that you have blown air up into +the ear through this little tube. Be sure to see a doctor if you +don’t hear well; and be sure, too, to tell your teacher, so +that she <span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name= +"page58"></a>58</span>may know why it is you do not hear what she +says, and ask her to give you a seat near her, so that you can +hear.</p> +<p>Then, too, you should learn to notice outdoor sounds—the +songs of the birds, the noises that the animals make, the wind in +the trees, and the patter of the rain. The old Norsemen have a +story that their god Heimdall had such keen ears that he could hear +the grass growing in the meadow and the wool growing on the backs +of the sheep! Your ears can never be so keen as that; but there are +many, many happy outdoor sounds that you should listen for. They +will help to make you happy, too.</p> +<p>Careful listening may sometime save your life. You can hear the +car or the train coming, and you can learn to tell from which +direction a sound comes. You can learn to tell one sound from +another in the midst of many sounds. In more ways than you can +think of now, this habit of listening will protect you from +danger.</p> +<p>The Germans have a proverb, “Hear much and say +little.” What does it mean?</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page59" name= +"page59"></a>59</span></p> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure21.jpg" alt= +"A group of children with their teacher stand in the forest and stare at a tree." +id="figure21" name="figure21" width="537" height="768" /> +<p>“DO YOU HEAR IT? CAN YOU SEE IT?”</p> +</div> +<h3 id="Ch_4_3">III. SEEING AND READING</h3> +<p>You can learn a great deal through your ears, but think how much +more you can learn through <span class="pagenum"><a id="page60" +name="page60"></a>60</span>your eyes. Just count over all the +things that you have had to get your eyes to tell you to-day, and +then shut your eyes for a minute and think what it would mean never +to be able to see. Don’t you think you ought to take very +good care of your eyes? You are going to keep them very busy all +your life, and they deserve the very best care you can give +them.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure22.png" alt= +"A girl reads with her back to a window." id="figure22" name= +"figure22" width="100%" /> +<p>THE LIGHT ON THE PAGE, NOT IN THE EYES</p> +</div> +<p>Just as soon as lessons begin, you get out your books; and a +good share of the day in school you have a book before you, reading +it or studying it or copying from it. It makes a great difference +to your eyes how you hold the book and how the light falls. In +reading, you should always hold your book so that the light falls +upon the page from behind you, or from over one of your shoulders. +In this way, the brightest light that comes into your eyes is not +from the window, but from the page of your book.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name= +"page61"></a>61</span>If the light comes from a window in front of +you, or if you sit in the evening with your face toward the lamp +when you read, the light coming straight from the lamp or the +window, as well as the light coming up from the pages of the book, +pours into your eyes; and this dazzles and confuses your eyes, so +that you can’t see plainly and comfortably and are very +likely after a while to find that your head aches. At home, of +course, you can seat yourself with your back to the light when you +read; and usually at school your seats are so arranged that the +light falls from behind you or from one side. If not, by turning a +little in your seat, you can get the light from over your +shoulder.</p> +<p>Notice how the light falls upon the blackboard. When the light +comes from the windows behind you, or from one side, you can see +what is written there quite plainly. But if the blackboard happens +to be between two windows, and especially if this is the lightest +side of the room, you will find that the light dazzles you so that +you cannot see the writing clearly.</p> +<p>You must have noticed, too, that if, after you have been reading +from the blackboard you look down again suddenly to the page of +your book, for an instant you will not see the letters plainly. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page62" name= +"page62"></a>62</span>Then, almost before you have time to notice +it, you feel a little change take place inside your eyes, and the +print upon the page of your book becomes quite plain. This is +because your eye has to change the shape of one of the parts inside +it, called the <em>lens</em>, before you can see clearly the things +that are near you. This change, which is called +<em>accommodation</em>, is made by a little muscle of the eye; and +if you keep your eyes working at close work, like reading or +writing or fancy-work, too long at a time, or if your eyes need +glasses to make them see clearly, and you haven’t them on, +this little muscle becomes tired. Then the print of your book, or +your writing, or the stitches you have taken begin to blur before +your eyes. Your eyes begin to feel tired, and your head begins to +ache. This is what we call <em>eye strain</em>.</p> +<p>Sometimes this eye strain upsets your appetite or your digestion +and makes you sleepless and worried. The trouble may be caused by +your own carelessness: you may have been reading too long, or in a +poor light, or with the light shining right in your face instead of +coming over your shoulder. But sometimes it is caused by the fact +that your eyes are not just the right shape; and then the only way +to relieve it is to have proper <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page63" name="page63"></a>63</span>glasses, or spectacles, fitted, +which will make up for this too flat or too round shape, or too +large or too small size, of your eyes.</p> +<p>If you cannot see clearly what is written on the blackboard when +the light falls upon it from behind you, or above; or if, in a good +light, you cannot read the words in your book quite easily, without +straining at all, when you hold the book either at arm’s +length or a foot from your face; or if your head aches or your eyes +begin to feel tired or uncomfortable, or the letters begin to blur, +after you have read steadily—say, for half an hour,—it +is a pretty sure sign that there is some trouble with your eyes. +Then you had better have them examined at once by your family +doctor or by the school doctor. In many schools now there are +doctors to test the children’s eyes, and ears, too, so that +each child may have a chance to see and hear everything that the +other children can see and hear.</p> +<p>Not very many years ago people thought that glasses were only +for old people, but now we know that many children’s eyes +need glasses, too. I knew a little girl whose sight was so poor +that when she was standing and looked down at the grass, she +couldn’t see the green blades. She thought that the grass +looked like a green blur <span class="pagenum"><a id="page64" name= +"page64"></a>64</span>to everyone, just as it did to her; and so +she never said anything about it. She was twelve or thirteen years +old before she found out that she couldn’t see clearly. Of +course, trying hard to see things gave her a headache and made her +tired and cross. So some one took her to a doctor, and he saw at +once what was the matter and fitted her with glasses. Soon she was +quite well and strong; and how glad she was to see the leaves and a +hundred other things she had not seen before!</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure23.png" alt= +"A diagram of an eye." id="figure23" name="figure23" width= +"100%" /> +<p>THE EYEBALL IN ITS SOCKET</p> +<p class="morecaption">The muscle from M to M, which helps to turn +the eyeball, has been cut away to show the optic nerve.</p> +</div> +<p>Here we have a picture of the <em>eyeball</em>, as we call it. +The little bands fastened to it are the bands of muscle; and as +soon as I say <em>muscle</em> you know what they are for—to +move the eyeball about, up and down and from side to side. There +are muscles outside the eye as well as inside. Coming out from the +back of the eyeball is a pearly white cord quite different from the +muscle bands. This is what we call a <em>nerve</em>. This nerve in +your eye carries to your <em>brain</em>, or <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>65</span>thinking +machine, picture-messages of whatever you look at.</p> +<p>The nerve in your eye gets messages of light much as the nerve +deep in your ear gets its messages of sound—from tiny waves +in the air. The light waves are smaller and faster even than the +sound waves, and the eye nerve is the only nerve that can get +pictures of them. You know that, for wireless messages, the +receiving machines are not all alike and cannot all take the same +messages, if the messages are sent with different sorts of electric +waves; and neither can our receiving machines. Some get messages of +sight, and some of sound, and some of touch, or taste, or +smell.</p> +<p>Now shut your eyes as quickly as you can. How long did it take +you? A minute? No, not a quarter of a second. It is about the +quickest thing you can think of—“the twinkling of an +eye.” You shut your eyes “quick as a wink” +whenever anything seems likely to fly or splash into them, and this +is what the eyelids are for. If anything gets into the eye before +the lids can shut, the eye “waters,” and <em>tears</em> +pour out of it. These are made by a gland-sponge up under the upper +lid, so as to wash any dust or sand or other harmful speck out of +the eye before it can hurt the sensitive eyeball.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name= +"page66"></a>66</span>Now look at some one’s eyeball. It is +like the picture, isn’t it?—bright white around the +edge and then a ring of color, brown or blue or gray; and inside +the color-ring, or <em>iris</em>, a little round black hole that we +call the <em>pupil</em>. Watch the little hole change as you turn +the face toward the window. It becomes ever so much smaller. Now +turn the face away from the window, back again into the shadow. How +did the pupil change this time?</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure24.png" alt= +"A cat in shadow and a cat in light." id="figure24" name="figure24" +width="434" height="169" /> +<p>EYES PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST THE LIGHT</p> +</div> +<p>The iris, or color-ring, acts like a curtain, like the +ring-shutter of a camera, and closes up the hole, or pupil, when +the light is too bright and would dazzle or burn the inside of the +eye; but when the light is dim, the iris opens again, so as to let +in light enough with which to see. Look at the little window in +your kitten’s eyes. It is not the same shape as yours; but +when you carry her to the light, you see how the iris closes in and +leaves just a little black slit or line.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name= +"page67"></a>67</span>You remember the blind children? Isn’t +it wonderful how they can play games and study, too, even though +they are blind! They have to make their senses of touch and hearing +tell them many things that you learn through your sense of sight. +Many of these children <em>need not have been blind</em>, if the +nurse who first took care of them when they were born had known +enough to wash their eyes properly, not with soap and water, of +course, but with just one or two drops of a kind of +medicine—an <em>antiseptic</em>, as we call it—that +makes the eye perfectly clean.</p> +<p>But you children who have good eyes that can see, do you really +see things when you look at them? You can train your eyes just as +you can train your ears. You can teach them to read quickly down a +page, and to find things in pictures, and, better still, to see +things out of doors, in the garden and the woods and on the +seashore. We hear a great deal about “sharp eyes,” but +most of us see very little of all we might see. Our eyes are on the +lookout, too, to protect us from dangers that may come; with our +skin and nose and ears, they are constantly on the watch; so the +better we see the safer we are.</p> +<p>Even if your eyes are perfect now, you will need to take good +care of them to keep them <span class="pagenum"><a id="page68" +name="page68"></a>68</span>strong. Don’t let any story, no +matter how interesting it is, tempt you to read in a dim light or a +light that is too strong. And if you can’t see the blackboard +easily, or can’t read big print, like the school calendar, +across the room, tell your mother or your teacher, so that she can +ask the doctor to find out what the matter is.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_4_4">IV. A DRINK OF WATER</h3> +<p>It is astonishing what thirsty work studying is! Scarcely is the +second recitation over before your throat begins to feel dry, and +up goes your hand—“May I get a drink?”</p> +<p>If anyone even says the word “water,” it makes you +thirsty. It is so good that just the thought of it makes you want +some. I should like you to notice how much water you drink every +day. Perhaps a glass in the morning when you get up, and one at +night before you go to bed, and three or four in between.</p> +<p>Why do we need so much water? Well, how much do you weigh? +Perhaps you will find it hard to believe, but more than half of +that weight is water; and because we are always giving off water +from the skin and from the body, we need plenty more to take its +place.</p> +<p>No living thing can grow without water. Take <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page69" name="page69"></a>69</span>a bean, for +instance, and put it in an empty glass on the window sill; and even +if the sun shines full upon it, nothing will happen, except that +after a few days it will shrivel and dry up. But fill the glass +with water, and in a few hours the bean will begin to swell; and in +a few days it will burst, and a little shoot will grow out of one +end of it and a tiny root at the other. The water and the warmth +together have made it sprout and grow.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure25.png" alt= +"A sheet of paper folded into a cone." id="figure25" name= +"figure25" width="100%" /> +<p>A DRINKING-CUP EASILY MADE</p> +</div> +<p>Children at school and people on trains should have their own +private cups, for serious diseases may be caught from the mouths of +other people. You can get a metal pocket folding cup for ten or +fifteen cents, or paper ones for a few cents a <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page70" name="page70"></a>70</span>dozen. If you +don’t have your own cup, I hope you will get one and carry +it. Here is a pattern for a paper cup that you can easily make for +yourselves. Try it and see. When you have once learned how, you can +make it very quickly and have a fresh cup every time you want one; +but of course you should be sure first that the paper itself is +clean.</p> +<p>If you drink milk, this takes the place of some of the water and +gives you food as well. It is both drink and food; and a very good +food for children it is, too. You know, babies can live on it +because it has everything in it to make them grow.</p> +<p>Do you know why it is that people are so careful nowadays about +having milk and drinking-water very clean? It is because they have +found that the tiny plants, called germs, that make people sick are +often carried about in these drinks. A disease called <em>typhoid +fever</em> is carried in this way.</p> +<p>Fifty years ago, cities and towns used to be very careless about +where they got their water supply, and would often take it out of +streams into which other cities emptied their sewage. Now, however, +they are much more particular; and the health officers, or Boards +of Health, are insisting that public water supply, such as is +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name= +"page71"></a>71</span>brought into our houses in pipes, shall be +taken either from some spring or deep-flowing well, or from a +stream or lake up in the hills, into which no drainage from houses +or farmyards, and no dirty water from factories, empties.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure26.jpg" alt= +"A pipe in a trench." id="figure26" name="figure26" width="544" +height="366" /> +<p>A PIPE FOR THE CITY WATER SUPPLY</p> +<p>This pipe is laid for many miles to bring water from the distant +hills.</p> +</div> +<p>We are still, however, far from being as careful as we should be +about this; and I am sorry to say that America has had more deaths +from typhoid fever than any other civilized country. Germany, +which, of all countries in the world, is the most particular about +keeping its water supply pure, has the fewest deaths from this +cause, in proportion to its population—scarcely one fifth as +many as we have.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name= +"page72"></a>72</span>Therefore, by taking proper care, it would be +quite possible to prevent at least two thirds of our nearly 400,000 +cases of typhoid fever and 35,000 deaths from typhoid, every +year.</p> +<p>It is not only cities and towns that ought to be careful of +their water supply. In fact, now, out on the farms and in the +healthy country districts, the death rate from typhoid fever has +actually become higher than it is in our large cities. The main +cause of this is the custom of digging the well in such a place +that the waste water thrown out from the house, or the drainage +from the barnyard or the pigpen or the chicken-house may wash into +it, soaking down through the porous soil. Far more typhoid fever +now is spread by means of infected well water than by any other +means.</p> +<p>Most dangerous of all is the leakage from the privy vault; as, +by this means, the germs of typhoid fever and other diseases that +affect the food tube and digestion may drain through the soil till +they reach the drinking water in the well. These dangers can be +avoided either by having the well dug at some distance from the +house and in higher ground, or by having the drainage from the +house, barns, and out-buildings piped and carried to a safe +distance from the well.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page73" name= +"page73"></a>73</span>Fortunately, there are only a few kinds of +germs that make us sick. Most germs are helping us all the time; we +could not live without them. Some of them make our butter taste +good, and others make our crops grow, and others eat up the dirt +that would make us sick. But since disease germs are so tiny that +we cannot possibly see them with the naked eye, we must know where +the water and milk that we use come from, and whether or not they +are perfectly clean. Boiling the water will kill these germs and +make the water pure. It is better not to boil milk if it can be had +from a dairy where the stable and the cows and the milkmen and the +pails and bottles are quite clean.</p> +<p>The fruits and fruit juices—lemon and orange and raspberry +and lime and grape—give nice wholesome drinks. Home-made +juices are much better than those you buy; you can be sure that +they are pure and really made from fruit. And just here I want to +caution you against buying “pink lemonade” or soda +water or any other drink of that sort from the penny venders and +open stalls on the street. The drinks they sell are not made from +pure fruit juices, but from different flavoring extracts that are +made to taste like the fruit and are colored with cheap +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page74" name= +"page74"></a>74</span>dyes. Even the sweetening in them is not pure +sugar, and they are often made or handled in a careless, dirty +manner, or exposed to the dust of the street, and to flies.</p> +<p>Not long ago I was at the home of a friend where for supper we +had the nicest grape juice I ever tasted. When I said, “How +good it is!” one of the little girls piped up, “Billy +and I picked the grapes, and sister made it all by herself. She +learned how at cooking school.”</p> +<p>When I was packing my suitcase to leave, this little girl +brought out a big bottle of grape juice and wanted me to take it +with me to remember her by. It was all beautifully sealed with wax, +and even this she had done by herself! Do you think I could have +kept it that way very long? Perhaps not, it was so good; but if I +had wanted it for a keepsake, I could have kept it, sealed as it +was, for years and years, and it would have been just as sweet and +fresh as when it was given to me.</p> +<p>Suppose, instead of keeping it in its bottle, I had poured it +out into a glass. Can you tell me what would have happened to it +then?</p> +<p>In a few days little bubbles would have come, one after another, +up to the top of the juice; and soon it would have been all full of +bubbles. What <span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name= +"page75"></a>75</span>causes the bubbles? Floating all about in the +air and sunshine are tiny specks called <em>spores</em>. These are +to the tiny <em>yeast</em> plants what seeds are to other plants. +Seeds fall into the ground and grow, but these yeast spores fall +into the grape juice and grow. While they are growing in the grape +juice, they eat what they want from the juice; and, as they eat, +they make bubbles of carbon dioxid,—which, you remember, +forms in our lungs and looks like air,—and of another +substance called <em>alcohol</em>. Of course, when they have +changed the juice in this way, it tastes very different. It is then +what we call <em>fermented</em>.</p> +<p><em>Fermented drinks are harmful</em>; but some people like +bubbling drinks so much that they leave good fresh grape juice open +on purpose to let the little yeast plants get into it and make it +into what we call <em>wine</em>. They treat apple juice in just the +same way to make <em>cider</em>; and they even take fresh rye and +barley and corn, and mash them up, and put yeast plants into the +mash to ferment them and make them into <em>whiskey</em> and +<em>beer</em>. It does seem a pity, doesn’t it, to take good +foods like wheat and apples and grapes and make them into these +things that really do us harm if we drink them.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page76" name= +"page76"></a>76</span>A very wise man named Solomon, who lived +thousands of years ago, warned people not to drink wine, not even +to look at it when it sparkled in the cup. He said no really wise +man would drink it. Of course not; the wise man uses the food and +drink that make his body grow strong and his brain work true, and +no fermented drink can do that.</p> +<p>There is no better drink for anyone than clear pure water, and +no better food and drink in one than pure fresh milk.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page77" name= +"page77"></a>77</span></p> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure27.jpg" alt= +"Children in smocks and chef hats are busy at big tables." id= +"figure27" name="figure27" width="100%" /> +<p>A SCHOOL KITCHEN WHERE BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS LEARN TO COOK</p> +</div> +<h3 id="Ch_4_5">V. LITTLE COOKS</h3> +<p>If you have to come so far to school that you cannot go back to +dinner and so must bring a luncheon with you, be sure to take +plenty of time to sit down and eat it slowly and chew every piece +of food thoroughly. Many children who bring luncheons to school +just grab a piece of food in each hand and “bolt” it +down as fast as they can possibly bite it off and swallow it, and +then rush out to play.</p> +<p>Play is good and very important, but you had better spare ten or +fifteen minutes of it in order to chew your lunch thoroughly and +swallow it slowly, and then to sit or move about quietly for a few +minutes before starting to play hard. <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page78" name="page78"></a>78</span>This will give your stomach a +chance to get all the blood it wants to use in digesting the food; +for, you remember, when you romp and play, your blood moves outward +toward your skin and away from your stomach. Don’t think +that, just because you “picnic” at lunch, it is not as +important as any other meal.</p> +<p>I hope, however, that it will not be long before almost every +school will have a school kitchen and a lunch room; first, so that +every girl at least can learn to cook. It is well worth while being +able to do; indeed, no girl ought to be considered properly +educated until she has learned to cook, and no boy either, for that +matter. Then, if the school has this kitchen, it can be used to +furnish hot luncheons, or dinners, for those children who cannot +conveniently go home in the noon recess. Hot lunches are much more +digestible than cold ones, and they taste much better, and are much +less likely to be eaten in a hurry.</p> +<p>But why should we learn to cook? Why shouldn’t we eat our +food raw instead of taking all this trouble and pains to cook +it?</p> +<p>I know of a boy—a big lazy fellow—who is always +forgetting to do things. He used to go away in the morning without +leaving wood enough for the kitchen fire. So his mother said +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page79" name="page79"></a>79</span>to +herself one day, “I’ll teach him to remember.” +The next morning he went off again and left no wood. At noon he +came back “hungry as a hunter.” She called him in to +dinner; and in he came, sat down, picked up the carving +knife—then he stopped! What do you suppose was the matter? +The beef was raw! Then he lifted the cover of the potato dish, and +there lay the potatoes raw! Then he tried another dish and found +nice green peas, but hard as little bullets. They were raw, too! +Not even the bread had been cooked; it was a soft, sticky mass of +dough. His mother, who is a jolly old lady, fairly shook with +laughter when she told me about it. She said she never again had to +tell him to split wood.</p> +<p>Now that boy didn’t need to be told one reason for +cooking. We don’t like our food raw; it doesn’t taste +so good. At first, perhaps, that doesn’t sound like a very +good reason; but it is more important than you think. For it is a +fact that, just as soon as you smell food, your stomach begins to +get ready the juice that is to digest it. If this very first juice, +which is called the <em>appetite juice</em>, is not poured out, +then the food may lie in the stomach some little time before it +begins to be digested at all. So it is quite important that our +food should smell and taste <span class="pagenum"><a id="page80" +name="page80"></a>80</span>and look good, as well as have plenty of +strength and nourishment in it.</p> +<p>Another reason for cooking is that it either softens or crisps +our food so that we can chew it better and digest it more readily. +You know what a difference there is between trying to eat a raw +potato and a nice, mealy, well-baked one, or trying to eat popcorn +before it is popped and after.</p> +<p>Another good thing, too, cooking does, which is very important. +It kills any disease germs, or germs of decay, that may happen to +have got upon the food from dust or flies, or from careless, dirty +handling.</p> +<p>Of course, some of our food, such as apples and other ripe +fruits, and celery and lettuce and other green vegetables, we can +eat raw and digest quite well; but we should be careful to see that +they have been thoroughly washed with water that we know to be +pure. Grocers often have a careless way of putting fruit and +vegetables out upon open stands in front of the shop, or in open +boxes or baskets inside the store, and leaving them there all day. +This is very dangerous, because dust from the street, which +contains horse manure and all sorts of germs, may blow in upon +them; flies, which have been eating garbage <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page81" name="page81"></a>81</span>or feeding at +the mouths of sewers, may come in and crawl over them. You ought to +be very sure that anything that you are going to eat raw, or +without thorough cooking, has been well washed. And you ought to +ask your mother to speak to your grocer, if he is careless in this +way, and have him keep his fruit and vegetables, as well as sugar +and crackers and beans and dried fruit, either under glass or well +screened from flies and dust.</p> +<p>More important than almost anything else in good cookery is to +keep the food and the kitchen and the dishes and your hands +perfectly clean all the way through, so that nothing that will +upset your digestion can get into the food. After things are well +cooked, it is very important that they should be nicely served on +clean dishes, on a clean table cloth, with polished knives and +shining spoons and forks. This means not only that everything about +the table and the food will be perfectly clean and wholesome, but +that you will enjoy eating it a great deal more. And when you enjoy +your food, you remember, your stomach can <em>secrete</em> the +juice that is needed to digest it, very much faster and better than +when, as you say, you are just “poking it down.”</p> +<p>If you have a school kitchen and a lunch <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page82" name="page82"></a>82</span>room, you can +learn the best way of cooking and serving things; and then, +perhaps, you can do these same things at home and be a real help. +Most children are fond of trying to cook, and I am glad that they +are. Everyone, boys and girls both, should know how to cook simple +things. Perhaps some day you will be stranded, like Robinson +Crusoe, on a desert island! Perhaps the rest of the family may be +sick. How nice it would be for you to be able to prepare breakfast +for them. I know a family where the youngest boy often rises early +and gets breakfast for five. He can fry the bacon and boil the eggs +and make the coffee and mush and biscuit just as nicely as his +mother can; and he takes pride in it and enjoys it.</p> +<p>Cooking is what we call an art. Everyone, of course, can learn +to do it; but some people can do it much better than others, just +as some boys and girls can draw better than others. I hope some of +you will be what we might call “artist cooks.” Take +pride in the art and learn all that you can about it. There are so +many things a cook should know.</p> +<p>A great deal of good food is spoiled by bad cookery, +particularly by frying slowly in tepid grease, or fat, so that it +becomes soaked with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page83" name= +"page83"></a>83</span>grease. You should have the frying pan just +as hot as possible before you begin to fry; and then the meat or +potatoes or cakes will be seared, or coated over, on the outside, +so that the fat cannot soak into them, and they will not only taste +better, but will be much more digestible.</p> +<p>In baking you will have to be careful not to let the oven become +too hot, or else the meat or bread will be burned or scorched. Even +if the heat does not do this, it may harden and toughen the outside +of the meat so that it is almost impossible either to chew or +digest.</p> +<p>Sugar is really a very good food if you do not eat too much at +once, and so pure candy is good for you if you do not eat too much. +The very best time to eat it is at the end of a meal. If you learn +to make it at school or at home, you can always have some to eat +after your luncheon without having to buy it. If you do buy candy, +don’t get the bright colored kind; it looks pretty, but it +may hurt you. And be sure to see that it has been kept under a +cover, where the dust and flies could not get at it. Dust is dirty, +and flies don’t wipe their feet. You want clean, pure +candy.</p> +<p>Of course, after cooking, you will always be very careful to +wash up all the pots and pans and dishes that you have used. Food +and scraps <span class="pagenum"><a id="page84" name= +"page84"></a>84</span>that are left sticking to dishes and cooking +utensils very quickly turn sour and decay; and then the next time +the dishes are used, you will perhaps have an attack of +indigestion, and wonder why.</p> +<p>There are two things you should always notice: Whether the bread +you eat is sweet and thoroughly baked; if it is soggy and sour, it +will make trouble in your stomach. Whether all your food is clean +and fresh before it is cooked; this you can tell by your eyes and +nose.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_4_6">VI. TASTING AND SMELLING</h3> +<p>When, at home, you give the baby a ball or a key or a watch to +play with, what does he do with it the very first thing? He is +never quite happy, is he, until he has put it into his mouth? Does +he want to eat it? No, he wants to feel it; and he has not yet +learned to feel very carefully with his hands, as you do.</p> +<p>Can you feel with your mouth? If you have the least little hole +in one of your teeth, you know it as soon as you rub your tongue +against it. How big it feels and how rough the edges seem! If you +take a looking-glass, you find, if you can see the hole at all, +that it is just a tiny, tiny hole.</p> +<p>Your tongue and lips, like the rest of your skin, <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page85" name="page85"></a>85</span>are always +touching and feeling things for you and sending messages to the +brain. They say whether your milk is hot or cold, and whether the +food you eat is soft enough and quite right in other ways. Your +tongue is a very busy little “waiter”: he passes the +food about in your mouth for the teeth to chew, and he rolls it +about at a great rate. But he does more than this; he tells you +something about how it tastes—not everything, as you may +think, but only whether it is <em>bitter</em>, <em>sweet</em>, +<em>sour</em>, or <em>salty</em>. Queer as it may seem, your nose +tells you the other “tastes,” which are really smells. +It is your nose that says whether you have a strawberry or a piece +of onion in your mouth, whether it is coffee or cocoa that you are +drinking.</p> +<p>Of what other use is your nose?—for only a little patch in +the upper part is for smelling and tasting. The greater part of the +nose is to breathe through. You see, your nose warms and moistens +the outside air that you take in, so that, by the time it reaches +your throat, it is as warm as your body and does not hurt your +throat. Your nose also strains, or filters, out of the air the +dust, lint, and germs that may be floating in it.</p> +<p>You should always keep your lips closed and breathe through your +nose. Whenever you cannot <span class="pagenum"><a id="page86" +name="page86"></a>86</span>breathe through your nose, there is +something the matter. It may be that your nose is swollen shut with +a “cold”; but that will last only a few days. If, +however, your nose often feels “stuffed up,” there is +probably something in it or behind it, that ought to be taken away. +A throat doctor can easily cure you; and, when he has, you’ll +be surprised how much better you feel and how much faster you +grow.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure28.jpg" alt= +"A side-view diagram of the mouth, nose and throat." id="figure28" +name="figure28" width="100%" /> +<p>A CLEAR PASSAGE TO THE LUNGS</p> +<p>(Follow the arrows.)</p> +</div> +<p>I once knew a little girl whose nose was always blocked up. She +had headache and felt tired most of the time and was behind in her +classes. The doctor told her what was the matter, but her father +and mother were afraid that it might hurt her to have the doctor +take out what was clogging her nose. Well, what did she do? Instead +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page87" name="page87"></a>87</span>of +crying and being afraid, one day she walked right into the +doctor’s office and asked him to take out the +<em>adenoids</em>, as we call these growths that block up the nose. +And after the doctor had taken them out, she began to grow well and +fat and strong so fast that she soon “caught up” in her +classes.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure29.jpg" alt= +"A diagram of the nose and the back of the throat." id="figure29" +name="figure29" width="100%" /> +<p>A PASSAGE BLOCKED BY ADENOIDS</p> +</div> +<p>When you breathe well through your nose, you can smell and taste +better, too. In fact, when your nose is clogged, you cannot smell +at all.</p> +<p>How does this sense of smell help us? You say we can smell the +flowers and the fresh air after the rain, and cookies baking, and +all the things that we like so well. Yes, and these give us +pleasure; but how about the bad smells? The bad smells are +warnings. If there is a dead mouse or rat about, we smell it; and +that leads us to look for it and take it away. We smell the dirt +and get rid of it, and thus keep away sickness. When we walk into a +room, if the air is bad we <span class="pagenum"><a id="page88" +name="page88"></a>88</span>smell it at once and open a window or a +door, and so save ourselves from being poisoned.</p> +<p>Some people hurt their noses by smoking tobacco. The inside skin +of the nose is very delicate, and the smoke going back and forth +through the nose and the throat keeps them from doing their work +properly. It is very bad for little children even to smell tobacco +smoke. It seems in some way to keep them from growing as they would +in clear fresh air. What a silly habit smoking is! It does no one +any good. It hurts not only the people who make the smoke, but the +people who have to smell it. Most of the people who smoke tobacco +have to learn to like it. It almost always makes them very sick +when they first begin.</p> +<p>Sir Walter Raleigh, or the men he sent to America, first taught +our great-great-great-grandfathers to smoke. His men bought tobacco +of the Indians here and took it back to England; and Sir Walter +himself learned to smoke and made smoking fashionable. The first +time that Sir Walter’s servant saw him smoking, he thought +his master was on fire; so what did he do but bring a big bucket of +water and throw it all over him! I wish that that bucket of water +had settled the matter, so that Sir Walter had stopped <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page89" name="page89"></a>89</span>smoking and had +never taught anyone else to smoke. If it had, think how much money +might have been put to better use, for smoking is a very costly +habit. And it is not only wasteful of money, but, worse still, of +health; for it is the cause of a great deal of poor health and +disease.</p> +<p>Remember that you want the air you breathe perfectly fresh and +clean and not spoiled and poisoned by tobacco smoke.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_4_7">VII. TALKING AND RECITING</h3> +<p>When I was little and playing with my brothers, I did not always +do what they wanted. So they’d sometimes say, +“We’ll put him in Coventry, then he’ll do +it.” They did not really <em>put</em> me anywhere. They +simply would not speak to me or answer anything I said. It was just +as if I were entirely alone. Of course it was a quick way to make +me ready to take my part in the game again.</p> +<p>How do you think you would feel if you never, never could speak +to anyone, and no one could speak to you? What a quiet world +we’d have! Almost every day I meet a boy who can’t hear +and can’t speak. How does he ask for things? He makes letters +and spells words with his fingers, and his friends watch his +fingers and read what <span class="pagenum"><a id="page90" name= +"page90"></a>90</span>he says. Is that the way you do? “No, +indeed,” you say, “I talk.” “What do you +talk with?” “I talk with my mouth.” Yes, +that’s true enough; but if you did not use something besides +your mouth, you’d never make a sound.</p> +<p>Where does the sound come from? Feel gently with your finger and +thumb along the front of your neck. Do you find something harder +than the rest of your throat? That is the large tube called your +<em>windpipe</em>. Do you feel a ridge sticking out from this? Now +sing or talk a little. You can feel the ridge move up and down, and +the sound thrill in it. That is where the sound comes from. That is +your voice-and-music box, or <em>larynx</em>.</p> +<p>You have seen the little red rubber balloons, haven’t you? +You blow into them until they are big and round; and then, when you +take your mouth away, out comes the air, making a squawking or +whistling sound. Now, if you look closely at the mouthpiece, you +see a tiny piece of rubber tied across it. The air rushing past +this rubber is what makes your balloon sing.</p> +<p>Your own music box is made on the same plan. When you breathe +out, the air is pushed from your lungs up the pipe that we call the +windpipe. In the upper part of this is the little box, a +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page91" name= +"page91"></a>91</span>corner of which you can feel with your thumb +and finger. Across the box, inside, are stretched two folds of skin +and muscle, just as the rubber is stretched across the opening of +the balloon. Whenever you like, you can blow out your breath +between these folds of skin in your voice box. Blow it out in one +way, and what happens? You are singing. Blow it out in another way, +and you are talking; in still another way, and you are just making +a noise—perhaps mewing like a kitten, or neighing like a +horse. If you pull these folds of skin close together, you can +close your windpipe and “hold your breath.” A cough is +made by filling your chest with air, holding the folds close shut, +and then suddenly “letting go.” How many sounds you can +make from one tiny music box! Of course the muscles of the mouth +and throat, and the teeth and the tongue all help the voice box as +much as they can.</p> +<p>One of the best ways to keep your voice clear and strong is to +dash cold water every morning on your throat and chest, then to rub +with a coarse towel till your skin is pink and warm. Gargle your +throat with cold water if your voice is husky. Singing is very good +for you, too; but don’t try to sing too hard. Sing easily and +gently, and see how many words you can sing without <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page92" name="page92"></a>92</span>taking a +breath. That is good for the lung-bellows as well as the voice box. +Always sing in fresh air, but not in cold air.</p> +<p>When you talk, try to make all the words clear and distinct; +open your mouth and let the sound out. Once I had a big grown boy +in one of my classes who did not open his lips properly when he +spoke. So I asked him to prop his mouth open with a piece of stick +and then talk. I made him do it until he learned to speak much more +clearly. A famous Greek orator, named Demosthenes, who had a habit +of mumbling his words, trained himself to speak clearly by putting +pebbles in his mouth and then reciting in a loud voice.</p> +<p>When you want your voices to sound pleasant,—and that is +always, of course,—you must call on your brain to help. That +is your thinking machine. Always think twice before you let +anything unpleasant or unkind come out of your voice box. How happy +we could make everyone about us if we followed this rule!</p> +<h3 id="Ch_4_8">VIII. THINKING AND ANSWERING</h3> +<p>Suppose, as you are walking home from school to-day, you are +about to cross the street when you see an automobile coming very +fast. What do you do? You stop, of course; wait for it to go +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page93" name="page93"></a>93</span>by, +and then start on again. Why do you stop? “Why,” you +say, “if I didn’t, the automobile might run over +me.” Something of that sort would just flash through your +mind, wouldn’t it, in the very same second that you first saw +the automobile coming. Now, as you know, you think with your brain. +But what was it this time that set your brain to thinking? +“Nothing,” you say, “I just saw the automobile +coming.” And that is true in a way: you didn’t need +anything more than your eyes to tell you.</p> +<p>But how did your eyes get the message to your brain, and how did +your brain tell your legs to stop walking? We must have in our +bodies a kind of telephone system. And that is, in fact, just what +we have. Our <em>brain</em> is our “central office”; +and our <em>nerves</em> are the wires, running from all parts of +our body to the brain, carrying messages back and forth.</p> +<p>An old man and an old woman lived out on the very edge of a +little town. One day their house caught fire and was blazing away +before they noticed it. They rushed to their neighbor’s +telephone and rang up “Central” to tell her to +“phone” for the firemen and hose cart. <em>Kling +a-ling-a-ling!</em> went their bell, but no “Central” +answered; and while a man was running to town <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page94" name="page94"></a>94</span>to get the +firemen, the fire got such a good start that the house burned +down.</p> +<p>You can see from this why we need a central office in good +working order, when we use the “phone.” All the wires +run into the one building, and there must be some one there to +receive calls and see that they are sent out to their proper +places. In this case, you see, “Central” should have +been at her post to see that the message went on to the engine +house, and then the fire would have been put out +“double-quick.”</p> +<p>The “central office” of our Body Telephone System is +just as important and just as necessary to keep in good working +order. It would be very little use to have even the keenest of eyes +and the sharpest of ears, with the readiest of nerve wires to carry +their messages into the center of the body, unless we had some +<em>organ</em>, or headquarters, there for switching the messages +over to the nerves running to the right muscles to tell them what +to do. If the brain-“Central” should fail in its duty, +or get out of order, then the body would be in serious trouble at +once.</p> +<p>Every day we read in the papers of accidents because somebody +didn’t think, as well as see or hear. People see cars and +automobiles coming, but don’t give them a thought and so are +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page95" name="page95"></a>95</span>run +down and hurt. They hear the whistle of the engine at the crossing, +but drive on just the same, without seeming to have heard it at +all. They are absent-minded; the operator in the “central +office” seems to be off duty, or busy about something else. +But if we are going to get on in this world of cars and automobiles +and all sorts of unexpected things, we must always “have our +wits about us,” as the saying goes, ready to send the +messages out to the muscles in our legs and arms and fingers just +as soon as any one of our “Five Senses” “rings +up” the “Central” in our brain.</p> +<p>Our body wires do not look at all like telephone wires; and the +brain, if you could see it, would never suggest to you a central +office.</p> +<p>The nerves are fine white cords, the smallest ones finer than a +hair, and the largest so big and strong that you could lift the +body by it; and their branches run all over the body, to the +muscles and the blood tubes and the skin and all the other parts, +as the picture shows. You have already read how the skin can tell +you when you feel warm and when you feel cold and when something +hurts you.</p> +<p>The brain is a soft wrinkled mass, partly gray and partly white. +It is in the head; and because <span class="pagenum"><a id="page96" +name="page96"></a>96</span>it is very soft and easily hurt, Mother +Nature has put around it a strong wall, or shell, of bone—the +<em>skull</em>, or brain box. Feel your head and see how very hard +this bone is. Solomon, the Hebrew poet-king, called it the +“golden bowl.” I suppose he called it a +“bowl” because it is round like one, and +“golden” because it is so precious. People do not often +grow well again if the “golden bowl” is broken or even +cracked.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure30.jpg" alt= +"A diagram of the nerves from the brain through the upper body." +id="figure30" name="figure30" width="100%" /> +<p>THE NERVOUS SYSTEM—OUR BODY TELEPHONE</p> +<p class="morecaption">The picture shows the brain, or +“Central,” and the thick nerve cord that runs down +through the backbone, and the principal nerves of the back and the +arms.</p> +</div> +<p>The big <em>nerve cable</em>, called the <em>spinal cord</em>, +that connects the brain with the rest of the body, and carries all +the messages backward and forward, runs down the back and is +protected by the backbone, or <em>spine</em>, which <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page97" name="page97"></a>97</span>is hollow, so +that the cord can run down through it. This backbone is jointed +together so beautifully, too, that you can bend your back about and +stoop over, and carry heavy weights on your back, and yet the bony +tube still protects the cord inside. Solomon calls this the +“silver cord,” because it is so white and shiny that it +looks like silver. You see, our bodies are full of beautiful as +well as wonderful things.</p> +<p>Probably sometime when your teacher has asked you to recite a +poem you have all learned, someone in the class has answered, +“I don’t remember it,” or has stood up and +recited the first few lines and then stopped, and thought, and +finally had to say, “I can’t go on.”</p> +<p>Now what is the matter with this boy, or girl? He looks bright +enough, and you will probably remember that he was in the class +when you learned the poem. “Oh,” you say, “the +poem didn’t stay in his head.” No, it didn’t +“stick” in his memory; but why didn’t it?</p> +<p>Some of the messages that the Five Senses carry to the brain are +answered at once, as when we move away from danger, or reach out +our hands and help ourselves to butter, or take off a shoe to shake +out a pebble. But there are other messages that do not call for an +immediate <span class="pagenum"><a id="page98" name= +"page98"></a>98</span>reply, and are just stored away for future +use in the big “central office” of our Body Telephone, +in what we call our <em>memory</em>. And later, when the proper +message is sent in by our eyes or ears, or other sense organs, +which reminds us of this message which they sent before, perhaps +several weeks, months, or even years ago, it wakes up the old +message stored away in the memory, and we say we +“remember” what happened to us, or what we learned at +that time.</p> +<p>So, when your teacher asks you to recite a certain poem, and +your ears hear the title or the first line, you recall the rest of +the verses and the lesson about it. How many things does the word +“Christmas” wake up out of your memory? or the sight of +soldiers marching? or the first taste of strawberries in May?</p> +<p>You think about a great many things that you never <em>do</em>. +Really you are thinking almost all the time you are awake. And +besides the messages that “Central” just stores away +for future use, there are a great many messages being carried back +and forth along the “telephone system” all the time, +that you don’t keep track of at all—the messages that +keep the stomach and the heart and the lungs and everything in your +body working together properly.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page99" name= +"page99"></a>99</span>How are we to take care of the telephone +lines and “Central” of our <em>nervous system</em>? +Whatever you do to build up and help the other parts of the body +will help your brain to <em>feel</em> and <em>think</em> and +<em>remember</em>; and will help your muscles and nerves to answer +promptly and truly whatever the message may be. Plenty of good +food, plenty of sleep and fresh air, plenty of play, will keep your +nerves and brain healthy and growing.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name= +"page100"></a>100</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_5">“ABSENT TO-DAY?”</h2> +<h3 id="Ch_5_1">I. KEEPING WELL</h3> +<p>How many times have you been absent this term? No oftener than +you were obliged to be, I am sure; for it’s almost as bad as +being “put in Coventry” to come back and hear about the +good time the rest of the class have been having, and feel that you +“weren’t in it.” Of course, sometimes, when you +are not well, you have to be absent; it is best that you should be. +But it is better still to know how to keep well, so you won’t +have to be absent, and won’t have to miss any good times in +work or play all your life.</p> +<p>You remember that all the parts of your body are fed and +ventilated by the blood, which is pumped to them from the heart. So +long as this blood is pure and has plenty of oxygen in it, it does +good to every part of the body to which it comes. But the moment +that poisons and dirt and waste begin to pile up in the blood, then +the blood that comes to the different parts of the body may be +poisonous to them, instead of helpful.</p> +<p>Such poisons in the blood are particularly <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>101</span>harmful to +the nerves and the brain, because these are among the most delicate +and sensitive of all the structures in the body.</p> +<p>Often we think of the body as a beautiful house. Now a house +does not look very beautiful when it has dust and crumbs on the +floor, buckets of greasy dishwater in the kitchen, and smoke from +the furnace in the air! You could not live in such a place. No, the +smoke must go out up the chimney, the dust and crumbs must be swept +away, the dirty water must be drained off in pipes; the house must +be not only cleaned, but kept clean all the time. This is true of +your body, too.</p> +<p>Now Mother Nature sends the smoke from the body out through the +lungs, and the crumbs and solid dirt down and out by means of the +food tube. But the waste water—how does she get rid of that? +The waste water, you remember, is in the blood vessels, mixed with +the blood. How does she get it out of the blood? She sends it +through three magic cleaners, or strainers,—the +<em>skin</em>, the <em>liver</em>, the <em>kidneys</em>.</p> +<p>That the skin is a strainer, you already know; for you know how +the skin lets out the waste water in perspiration, or sweat, and +how important it is that we keep the little holes of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name= +"page102"></a>102</span>strainer open and clean. And you know, too, +that most of the water that passes out of the body goes first to +the kidneys.</p> +<p>The liver, however, is the largest cleaning machine of all and +has to work very hard. The blood comes to it full of foods and +poisons. This wonderful cleaner picks out the food it needs and +takes up many of the poisons, too. “What does it do with the +poisons?” you ask. Some of them it changes into good food, +and others it makes harmless and sends away down the food tube in a +fluid called <em>bile</em>. If we are strong and healthy, the liver +has the power to kill many of the disease germs that get into the +body. That is why sometimes, when you have had a chance to take +mumps or grippe or some other “catching” disease, you +don’t take it. Your liver kills the germs, or seeds. See how +carefully Mother Nature has planned that we may be clean inside as +well as outside.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure31.png" alt= +"A diagram of the liver, stomach and colon." id="figure31" name= +"figure31" width="100%" /> +<p>THE POSITION OF THE LIVER</p> +<p class="morecaption">Compare this with the diagram on <a href= +"#page26">page 26</a>, and see how the liver partly overlaps the +stomach.</p> +</div> +<p>But you must not over-work your liver. If you do, it may become +too tired to do anything <span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" +name="page103"></a>103</span>at all. Then all these poisons will +spread through the body; the skin and the whites of the eyes will +grow yellow, and you will be what is called “bilious.” +When this happens, the poisons go to your brain, too, and make you +feel sad; your tongue looks white instead of pink, and you have a +disagreeable taste in your mouth. Your happiness depends very much +on your liver.</p> +<p>“How shall I keep my liver rested and in good working +order?” By eating only sound, wholesome, pure food, and +avoiding dirty milk; by going to the toilet regularly every morning +after breakfast; by keeping your windows open and avoiding the +poisons and disease germs in foul air. Then, if you run and play +and work out of doors, so that the muscles move a great deal and +you breathe in plenty of oxygen to keep the body fires burning +briskly, that will help a great deal.</p> +<p>Last summer up in the mountains I saw a big log close by the +path. It had been sawed across so that the end was smooth. It was +brown and weather-stained, so of course I knew that it had lain +there a long time. How surprised I was to see a pile of fine fresh +sawdust on the ground beside it. As I came nearer, I saw piece +after piece of sawdust dropping, dropping, dropping, one after the +other, from a hole in the log. I <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page104" name="page104"></a>104</span>looked into the hole, and +what do you think I saw? Hundreds of little brown ants, busy as +could be carrying the sawdust, throwing it out, and then scurrying +back to get some more. Several feet inside the log, other ants were +cutting the sawdust, hollowing out the rooms of their house; and in +another part others were getting food for the workers, and still +others taking care of the baby ants. They were all helping one +another, and whatever one ant did helped all the rest. That is the +way with the parts, or organs, of the body. When one part works +well, it helps all the rest; when one squad of tiny cells in the +muscles or liver or heart is doing its duty, like the little ants, +it helps all the other cell-workers in the body to keep +healthy.</p> +<p>If you eat proper food, you help not only your stomach but your +liver, too; for it has not so many poisons to get rid of. While you +are helping your stomach and your liver, you are helping your heart +and your brain, and so on. So what you do to help one helps +all.</p> +<p>There are, however, some poisons that the liver cannot get rid +of; but these the skin or the kidneys carry away. Have you ever +seen kidney beans? The bean is the shape of a kidney. The +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name= +"page105"></a>105</span>kidneys are in the middle of your back, +packed close to your backbone, on a line with your waist. This is a +picture of them. Do you see the little tubes leading down from the +kidneys, carrying the waste water and poison down into a kind of +bag? The walls of this bag, called the <em>bladder</em>, will +stretch, and it will hold about a pint of waste water. From the +bladder a tube carries the water down out of the body.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure32.png" alt= +"A diagram of the kidneys, ureter and bladder." id="figure32" name= +"figure32" width="100%" /> +<p>THE KIDNEYS AND THE BLADDER</p> +<p class="morecaption">The large tubes are the artery and the vein +that carry blood to and from this part of the body.</p> +</div> +<p>You can help your kidney-strainers by emptying your bladder at +certain times each day. Some children have to empty the bladder +much oftener than others, but most children can form what we call +<em>regular habits</em> about it, by trying to do it at the same +times each day. If you are quite strong, five times a day is often +enough: when you first get up, at recess, at noon, at four +o’clock, and at bedtime. Many children do it much oftener +than this; but as they grow older and the muscles grow stronger, +they slowly outgrow this trouble, if they try to form the right +habits.</p> +<p>There are many diseases of the kidneys; for, <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>106</span>like the +liver, they are sometimes over-worked and do not carry the poisons +from the body. You are helping your kidneys when you drink plenty +of fresh clean water every day, and also when you play or work hard +enough to get into a good perspiration; for, as perspiring carries +out some of the poisons, it leaves less for the kidneys to pour +out. You ought to get into a good perspiration at least once every +day, or better, three or four times, if you wish to keep healthy. +The Bible says, “In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat +bread”; and you must earn health and happiness at the same +price.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_5_2">II. SOME FOES TO FIGHT</h3> +<p>You have seen that sitting or sleeping in rooms where the air is +bad, or eating the wrong kind of food, or working after you are +badly tired, will poison your blood and hinder the proper working +of that beautiful machine, your body. These poisons are made inside +your body, and you can prevent them by living healthfully and +wholesomely. But there are other poisons, which may get into the +blood from outside the body; and while it is best for you not to +think too much about these, or to worry over dangers that may never +come, yet it is well to know just enough <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>107</span>about some +of them to be able to keep out of their way, as far as +possible.</p> +<p>The most dangerous form of poisons from outside the body are +those made by the germs of some rather common diseases, which, +because you can “catch” them from some one else who has +them, are called “catching,” or <em>infectious</em>, or +<em>contagious</em>.</p> +<p>Some of the germs of these “catching” diseases, like +the germs of typhoid fever, of which we have spoken in connection +with our drinking water, are carried in the water or milk that we +drink, or upon the food that we eat; and one of the worst carriers +of germs is the ordinary household fly.</p> +<p>Not so very many years ago, people did not know that <em>dirt +makes people sick</em>. You see, they did not know anything about +the disease seeds (germs) that grow so fast in dirt. They did not +like to have flies about, because flies look so dirty and bite +people and crawl over things and spot them. But nowadays, we will +not have flies about because we know that they have been in dirty +places where disease germs live, and that one little fly can carry +thousands and thousands of these germs on his feet.</p> +<p>Have you ever looked at a fly through a magnifying <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>108</span>glass or +under a microscope? If you haven’t, try it sometime. You will +see that his legs are covered with little hairs; and it is on these +little hairs that the germs lodge. They are too small for you to +see except with a very powerful glass; but scientists have proved +that they are there, and they have found that there are always +typhoid germs among them.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure33.jpg" alt= +"A diagram of a very large version of a house fly." id="figure33" +name="figure33" width="429" height="348" /> +<p>THE COMMON HOUSE FLY</p> +<p>As he appears through a magnifying glass.</p> +</div> +<p>Did you ever see a fly wipe his feet before he came into the +house? No, indeed; and he goes anywhere he pleases, over the bread +and into the cream. Yet he was born in dirt and bred in dirt, and +he lives in dirty places all the time he is not crawling over your +clean things and spoiling them.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name= +"page109"></a>109</span>Flies are hatched from eggs; and these eggs +can hatch only in piles of dirt, such as heaps of manure, or places +where garbage and scraps from the house are dumped or thrown. We +call the common fly the "domestic" or "house" fly, because he lives +only in the neighborhood of houses and barnyards where heaps of +manure and piles of dirt are allowed to gather.</p> +<p>When the fly first hatches from the egg, it is a little white, +wriggling worm called a <em>maggot</em>, like those that some of +you may have seen in decaying meat or fish or cheese. The maggots +must have decaying substances to eat and live upon while they are +growing, and this is why the eggs are laid in manure heaps and +garbage piles.</p> +<div class="figright"><a href="images/figure34.png"><img src= +"images/figure34.png" alt= +"A diagram of a finger-like worm emerging from a disc." id= +"figure34" name="figure34" width="100%" /></a> +<p>A MAGGOT HATCHING FROM THE EGG</p> +<p>(Greatly magnified.)</p> +</div> +<p>It takes the maggot about five days to grow to its full size, +and then it turns into a <em>chrysalis</em>. That is, it is shut up +in a kind of case that it has spun for itself, like the cocoon of +the silkworm or the caterpillar. In about five days more it breaks +out of this cocoon and appears as a fly with wings.</p> +<p>So, you see, the eggs must stay in that manure heap about two +weeks if they are to hatch. If, <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page110" name="page110"></a>110</span>within that time, the manure +is carted away and thrown out somewhere where it will dry, the +little unhatched flies will be killed, or prevented from hatching. +All we have to do, then, to be entirely rid of flies about our +houses is to see that the heaps of manure and all piles of cans and +garbage are taken away at least once a week.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure35.png" alt= +"An illustration; the maggots are each about twice the size of the printed letters." +id="figure35" name="figure35" width="100%" /> +<p>FLY MAGGOTS ON OLD NEWSPAPER</p> +<p class="morecaption">Note the size of the maggot compared with +the newspaper type.</p> +</div> +<p>If manure heaps or piles of dirt cannot, for any reason, be +carried away as often as this, then they can be sprinkled with +something that is poisonous to flies, such as arsenic or kerosene. +This will kill the maggots. If we keep every kind of waste and +scraps from the house, and all the manure from the barn and the +pig-pen and the hen-house carefully cleaned up, or sprinkled with +some poison, we shall get rid of flies entirely and never need to +use screens at the doors and windows. Until we do this, it is best +to put screens at the doors and <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page111" name="page111"></a>111</span>windows in the summer time, +and particularly to screen carefully any place where food is kept +or cooked; for we know that a great many cases of typhoid and of +other diseases of the stomach and bowels, such as <em>summer +sickness</em>, or summer <em>diarrhea</em>, and <em>cholera +morbus</em>, are carried to our food by the dirty feet of +flies.</p> +<p>Many of the germs of “catching” diseases—most +of them, in fact—are carried in the air, in scales that have +rubbed off the skin of the persons sick with them, or in spray that +they have coughed into the air, or in saliva that they have spit +upon the floor.</p> +<p>There is one sickness of this kind that I ought to tell you +about, because it kills so many thousand people here in our own +country every year. We sometimes call it the “Great White +Plague.” Its common name is <em>consumption</em>, and the +doctors call it <em>tuberculosis</em>. I dare say you have heard of +it and wondered what it meant.</p> +<p>A few years ago people thought it could not be cured. They +thought that children had it because their parents had had it +before them. But now, the cheering thing about it is that we have +found that Mother Nature herself can cure it with fresh air and +sunshine and wholesome food. We have found, too, that people catch +it <span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name= +"page112"></a>112</span>from others who are sick with it, and need +not have it just because their parents did.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name= +"page113"></a>113</span></p> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure36.jpg" alt= +"Hospital beds outdoors on the ledge of a building." id="figure36" +name="figure36" width="100%" /> +<p>FRESH AIR AND SUNLIGHT ARE GOOD DOCTORS</p> +</div> +<p>This means, then, that thousands of people who have it need not +die, but can be cured simply by living and sleeping out of doors +and eating plenty of milk, eggs, and meat, nuts and fruit. There +are camps for them in almost every state in the Union now. The +fresh air gives them such a big appetite that they can eat more +than most healthy people, and they soon get strong and well.</p> +<p>If all the people who now have consumption were taken out into +the country and cured, there would be no one left for the rest of +us to catch it from, and the disease would soon die. Some day our +Boards of Health will decide to do this, and then consumption will +become as rare as smallpox is now, and will kill only a few hundred +people a year in the United States instead of 150,000 every year, +as it does now.</p> +<p>People and governments are giving great sums of money, not only +to cure the people who now have consumption, but to do something +towards stopping the disease by keeping things so clean and people +so strong that no one will ever have it. Even little children can +help to fight and kill this “Great White Plague,” and +I’ll tell you how.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name= +"page114"></a>114</span>We know that, when people have consumption +in their lungs, what they cough and spit out of their mouths and +blow out of their noses (we call it <em>sputum</em>) has the germs, +or seeds, of the disease in it. So, to keep other people from +catching the disease, they must hold something before the face when +they cough, and they must catch the sputum in paper (newspapers or +paper napkins are very good for this) and burn it, for burning +kills the germs. Then, too, they must not kiss other people on the +mouth, and others must not kiss them. They must use their own +drinking-cups, and never lend or borrow a cup. You see, you can +look out for these things, yourselves. When grown people kiss you, +just turn your cheek to them, instead of your mouth. Your cheek +will not carry anything to your windpipe and lungs. And be sure to +carry your own drinking-cup, or, better still, make the one for +which you already have the pattern, every time you need one.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure37.png" alt= +"A drawing of a boy with a towel over his shoulder and a cup in his hand." +id="figure37" name="figure37" width="143" height="311" /> +<p>HIS OWN CUP AND TOWEL</p> +</div> +<p>This sounds easy enough; and it is, too. But sometimes people +don’t know when they have this “plague,” and of +course they do not feel <span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name= +"page115"></a>115</span>that they must be careful. What is to be +done, then?</p> +<p>If people won’t take care of themselves, then the +government has to make health laws to protect them, and the health +officers have to see that the laws are obeyed. In many of the +states and cities, laws have been made so that nobody is allowed to +spit on the sidewalk or in the cars or in any other public place; +and common drinking-cups are forbidden at all park fountains and at +the water-coolers in schools and trains and stations and other +public places.</p> +<p>You ought to know about these things, because, as I have just +said, other sicknesses, too, are carried about in the nose and +mouth. <em>Grippe</em>, <em>pneumonia</em> or lung fever, and what +we call <em>colds</em> are caught in exactly the same way. We used +to think we caught them by being chilled; but we are much more +likely to take them by being shut up in a hot, stuffy room with +other people who already have them. Mother Nature never gave us +such things in her beautiful, clean outdoors. We must wear clothes +enough to keep us warm when we go out, and have bedclothes enough +to keep us warm while we sleep; but we need not be afraid of +catching any sickness from the clean outside air, either by day or +by night. Drafts <span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name= +"page116"></a>116</span>are not dangerous, except when our blood is +already full of poisons and germs from foul air.</p> +<p>Of course it is foolish even for strong, healthy people to run +any risks that can be avoided, and there is one other thing that +you should keep on the watch against doing; and that is, touching +or kissing or playing with other children who may be sick. It is +better not even to sit in the same room with them if you can avoid +it.</p> +<p>Many of the infectious diseases—and nearly three fourths +of all the diseases that children have are infectious—are +caught, as we have seen, from germs that are carried in the air. +That is one reason why so many infectious diseases are likely to +begin with running at the nose, or sneezing, or cold in the head, +or sore throat. The germs, having been breathed in with the air, +catch on the sides of the nostrils or at the back of the throat, +and start inflammation and soreness wherever they land. This is +just the way that <em>measles</em>, <em>scarlet fever</em>, +<em>chicken pox</em>, <em>whooping cough</em>, and +<em>diphtheria</em> begin. Nearly all colds in the head, and sore +throats with coughing, are infectious; so the best thing to do +whenever you have a bad cold in the head, or a sore throat, is to +keep out in the open air as much as you can, until it is better. Of +course, a cold is not such a serious <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page117" name="page117"></a>117</span>thing in itself; but, if it +is neglected, it may lead to some very dangerous troubles, +particularly to inflammation of the lungs, and sometimes even of +the kidneys or the liver or the heart. Several of these infectious +diseases—measles, chicken pox, and scarlet fever, for +instance—have a rash, or breaking-out, called an +<em>eruption</em>, upon the skin. This is another thing easy to +look out for; and if you see anyone with a rash upon his face and +hands, it is a good thing to keep away from him and not let him +touch you. Even if he should not have measles or scarlet fever or +chicken pox, but only a disease of the skin itself, he still might +spread the infection of that; for most diseases that cause a +breaking-out upon the surface of the skin are infectious.</p> +<p>Some of these infectious diseases are so common among children +that they are called <em>Children’s Diseases</em>, or the +<em>Diseases of Infancy</em>, just as if it were natural for you to +have them while you are children, and as if they were something +that you have to have as a matter of course, before you grow +up.</p> +<p>But it isn’t necessary at all to have them, if you will +take care of yourselves and help your doctors and the Board of +Health of your county or town or city to prevent their spreading. +These <span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name= +"page118"></a>118</span>diseases, although usually very mild, never +do anyone any good whatever, and may do serious harm; for their +poisons may stay in the blood and injure the heart or the kidneys +or the nerves.</p> +<p>One thing I should like to urge you to do if you happen to get +one of these “children’s diseases”; and that is, +to stay in bed or out of school or away from work just as long as +your doctor tells you to. This is important, because it is very +dangerous indeed to become over-tired or overheated or chilled, or +to get your feet wet or romp too hard or sit up too late, before +you have fully recovered; and you will not have fully recovered +until at least three or four weeks after you are able to be out of +bed. But if you take good care of yourselves for three or four +weeks after measles or chicken pox or whooping cough or a very bad +cold, you will avoid almost all danger of their poisons injuring +your heart or kidneys or nerves, and causing chronic diseases, like +Bright’s disease or heart disease, later in life.</p> +<p>Perhaps now I have told you enough about poisons and sickness. +You must not be frightened about them. I have told you these things +so that you may understand why you must bathe, and brush your +teeth, and wash your face and hands, and wear clean clothes, and +breathe fresh air, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name= +"page119"></a>119</span>and keep your windows open, and play out of +doors—in fact, keep your bodies clean inside and out. I know +you will be glad enough to do these things, troublesome though some +of them may be, if you know the reason why. The best of it is that +when you keep perfectly clean and healthy, not even the +“Great White Plague” and cold seeds, or germs, can hurt +you, even though they get into your mouth or nose; for Mother +Nature gives healthy bodies the power to kill germs, and quite +without our knowing it.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure38.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of boys playing in a pond." id="figure38" name= +"figure38" width="533" height="328" /> +<p>ENJOYING “ALL OUTDOORS”</p> +<p>Very discouraging to disease germs!</p> +</div> +<h3 id="Ch_5_3">III. PROTECTING OUR FRIENDS</h3> +<p>If you knew that some of your little friends were sick with an +infectious disease like measles <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page120" name="page120"></a>120</span>or scarlet fever, of course +you would keep away from them, so as to avoid catching the disease. +And if they knew that they had a disease that was infectious, of +course they would want to let all their friends know of it, so as +to prevent them from coming and catching it. But how can they let +all their friends know? Sick people don’t feel like writing +letters; and, even if they did, some diseases can be carried in +letters. So that might not be at all a friendly thing to do.</p> +<p>This has always been the greatest difficulty in preventing the +spread of infectious diseases—how to let other people know. +So about fifty or sixty years ago, people got together and decided +that the best thing to do was to appoint an officer known as a +<em>Health Officer</em>, or a committee known as a <em>Board of +Health</em>, in each town and in each county, whose business it +should be to find out cases of infectious disease, and to warn +other people against them.</p> +<p>These officers first ask all the doctors in the town to report +to this Central Health Office, or Board of Health, every case of a +patient with an infectious disease. Then, when the case has been +reported, that office sends some one with a card on which the name +of the disease is printed in large letters, and he tacks the card +upon the front <span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name= +"page121"></a>121</span>of the house or upon the fence around the +lot, so that everyone who goes near the house may know that there +is danger, and keep away from it. Then, sometimes, a messenger from +the Board of Health goes into the house and talks to the family, +and tells them how they can keep the patient in a room by himself, +so as to prevent the rest of the family from catching the disease; +and how they can best take care of the patient, and keep from +carrying the infection through clothing or food or anything +else.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure39.jpg" alt= +"A form with SCARLET FEVER in large letters on it." id="figure39" +name="figure39" width="537" height="362" /> +<p>ONE WAY IN WHICH THE BOARD OF HEALTH PROTECTS US</p> +</div> +<p>Then, because anyone who has been sick with an infectious +disease will still be shedding the germs of the disease and +spitting or coughing, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name= +"page122"></a>122</span>not only as long as he is sick, but for two +or three weeks after he is beginning to feel better, the messenger +will tell the family that the patient must stay either in his own +room or within his own house or yard, for so many days or weeks. +This is called keeping <em>quarantine</em>. The word comes from the +Italian word <em>quaranta</em>, “forty”; because in the +early days when the practice was first begun, the patients used to +be kept by themselves in this way for forty days. While sometimes +this is very inconvenient and hard and troublesome, it is really +the only safe way of stopping the spread of these diseases; and I +am sure anyone of you would be willing to take this extra trouble +sooner than let any of your friends catch a disease from you, and +perhaps die of it. Quarantine is also the best and safest thing for +the patient, because it keeps him quiet and at rest until he has +completely recovered, and until all danger that the poison of the +disease will attack his lungs or heart or kidneys is over.</p> +<p>In some of the best schools now there is an examination of all +the children every morning, by a visiting doctor sent by the Board +of Health. If the doctor finds any child that has red and watery +eyes, or is running at the nose, or sneezing, or coughing, or has a +sore throat, he usually sends <span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" +name="page123"></a>123</span>him home at once, so that the other +children will not catch the infection. The school doctor is not +thinking only about what seems to be a cold, although, as you know, +it is very important that anyone with a cold should take good care +of himself and should not let others catch it from him. The doctor +sends the child home because this is just the way in which several +other infectious diseases may begin—<em>measles</em>, +<em>scarlet fever</em>, <em>chicken pox</em>, <em>whooping +cough</em>, and <em>diphtheria</em>. For most infectious diseases, +as you will remember, are caught from germs floating in the air and +breathed into the nose and throat.</p> +<p>The Board of Health takes care of the public in many ways +besides these. It keeps a very careful watch upon the water supply +of the town, or city, so as to keep the houses and factories from +running their drainage, or <em>sewage</em>, into it; for this, as +you already know, might cause the spread of typhoid fever and of +other diseases of the bowels and stomach.</p> +<p>The Board of Health sends men to examine, or inspect, the milk +the dairymen bring, to see that it is sweet and pure, and that +there are no infectious germs in it. And it sends men out into the +country to examine the dairy farms and see that the cows are +properly fed, and that the barns <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page124" name="page124"></a>124</span>in which they are milked are +kept clean; and that the water in which the milk pans and bottles +are washed comes from clean, pure wells or springs.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure40.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of cows in a barn." id="figure40" name="figure40" +width="532" height="377" /> +<p>WHAT MILK INSPECTION MEANS</p> +<p>Clean barns, cows, pails, and milkers mean clean milk. The cows +here stand in fresh, clean sawdust.</p> +</div> +<p>Another thing that the Board of Health does is to send an +inspector round to look very carefully at all the meat that is sold +in the butcher shops, and at all the fruits and vegetables at the +grocers’. If he finds any meat that is diseased or tainted or +bad, or any fruit or vegetables that are beginning to spoil, or any +flour, sugar, or canned goods that have been mixed with cheaper +stuffs that are not good to eat,—in fact, are what the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name= +"page125"></a>125</span>law calls <em>adulterated</em>,—he +may seize the bad and dangerous foods and destroy them, and summon +to court the dealers who are trying to sell them. Then the dealers +are fined or perhaps sent to prison.</p> +<p>So, you see, the Board of Health is one of the very best friends +that you have, trying to keep your food pure and good, the water +that you drink clean and wholesome, and the milk sweet and free +from dirt or disease germs. You ought to help these officers and +their inspectors in every way that you can. I know that it is +sometimes troublesome to obey all their rules; and perhaps when you +don’t know what the dangers are which they are trying to +guard you against, it seems to you that they are too particular +about a great many things. But just see what they have done already +to make our cities and houses healthier and pleasanter places to +live in.</p> +<p>Only one hundred and fifty years ago, for instance, that +terrible disease called <em>smallpox</em> killed hundreds of +thousands of people every year in Europe; and it attacked the eyes +and blinded so many of those who recovered from it, that nearly +half the poor blind people in the blind asylums had had their sight +destroyed by it. In smallpox there is a terrible eruption, or +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name= +"page126"></a>126</span>breaking out, upon the skin, which is +likely to leave it pitted and scarred; and even fifty years ago it +was exceedingly common to see people who had been pitted by +smallpox, or, as the expression was, “pock-marked.”</p> +<p>Cows have a disease somewhat like this, but much less dangerous, +called cow-pox. Years ago, before dairies were inspected as they +are now, dairy maids often caught this disease from the cows they +milked, so that their hands would break out with pock-marks.</p> +<p>About a hundred years ago, a Dr. Richard Jenner discovered that +the dairy maids in the country district in which he lived, who had +caught this mild infection from the cows they milked, never caught +smallpox even when they were exposed to it. So after studying over +the subject for some years, he took a little of the matter, or pus, +from the eruption on the udder of a cow that had cow-pox, scratched +the arm of a little patient of his, and rubbed some of the pus into +it. Only a short time after, the family of this little boy was +exposed to smallpox, and all the other children took it badly, but +he escaped.</p> +<p>This was the beginning of what we call <em>vaccination</em>; and +as soon as it was found that this scratching of the arm and putting +a little of this <span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name= +"page127"></a>127</span><em>vaccine</em> matter into it would cause +only a few days of feverishness, and then after that give complete +protection against smallpox, the Boards of Health all over the +civilized world took it up and insisted upon everybody’s +being vaccinated when a baby.</p> +<p>As a result, smallpox has become one of the rarest, instead of +the commonest, of our infectious diseases. Only a few dozen people +die of it each year in Europe, instead of several hundred +thousands; scarcely one one-hundredth of the people now in our +blind asylums have been sent there by smallpox, and I dare say that +many of you have never even seen a pock-marked person.</p> +<p>Another disease that used to be very dangerous to little +children is <em>diphtheria</em>. It was not only very infectious, +but very deadly; and nearly half of the children who took it died +of it, and the doctors didn’t know anything that would cure +it. About twenty years ago, two great scientists, one a Frenchman +named Roux—a student of the great Professor Louis Pasteur, of +whom I am sure you have heard—and the other, a German, named +Behring, discovered an <em>antitoxin</em> for diphtheria; that is, +something to defeat the poison of the diphtheria germ. When this +antitoxin is injected into the blood, it will cure diphtheria.</p> +<p>The doctors and the Boards of Health took <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>128</span>this up too, +and insisted upon its being used in all cases; with the result that +where the antitoxin is used early, scarcely one in twenty of the +patients dies, instead of eight or ten out of twenty, as +before.</p> +<p>You know how careful we are all trying to be not to let +consumption spread. By insisting that all houses shall be built so +as to give plenty of light and fresh air to everyone; and by +forbidding spitting upon the streets; and by insisting that food to +be sold, especially milk, shall be clean,—by preventing the +spread of the disease in every way, our Boards of Health have cut +down the number of deaths from this disease nearly one half; and +people in the United States, for instance, or in England, where +these health laws are enforced, live now almost exactly twice as +long on the average as they did one hundred years ago, or as they +do now in India and in Turkey, for instance, where the people are +ignorant and dirty and careless.</p> +<p>So you see that even if some of the health regulations do seem +rather troublesome and fussy, it is well worth while to try to +follow them and help the health inspectors in every way. Even +little children can help very much in keeping the houses and the +cities in which they live clean and healthful and beautiful.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name= +"page129"></a>129</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_6">WORK AND PLAY</h2> +<h3 id="Ch_6_1">I. GROWING STRONG</h3> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure41.jpg" alt= +"Gardening implements." id="figure41" name="figure41" width= +"100%" /> +<p>BETTER TO TAKE THAN MEDICINE</p> +</div> +<p>When school is over, out you go with a rush, into the open air. +You have worked hard all day, and now you have two hours before +supper to do just as you like.</p> +<p>Perhaps you will play tag, or prisoner’s base, or stealing +sticks, or town ball. They are all fine fun, and they exercise +every muscle in your body and make your lungs breathe deeper and +your heart beat faster, and make every part of you grow +stronger.</p> +<p>Perhaps you have a few chores to do or errands to run; but even +these are almost as much fun as play and give you good exercise in +the open air and, what is better still, a feeling that you are +being of some use in the world, which is one of the happiest and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name= +"page130"></a>130</span>most satisfactory feelings that you will +ever have, if you live to be a hundred years old.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name= +"page131"></a>131</span></p> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure42.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of a school group in a park." id="figure42" name= +"figure42" width="100%" /> +<p>OUT FOR AN AFTERNOON IN THE PARK</p> +</div> +<p>But when you have finished your work, you must not forget to +play real, lively, jolly games out of doors—ball and tag and +hide-and-seek, and all those games that children love.</p> +<p>Hide-and-seek is a good game, because, when you are caught, you +can stand still a few minutes and rest. When you are hiding, you +can take a good breath for the home-run you have to make. Most +games, in fact, are planned like this—a run and a rest, and +then another run. While you rest, some one else is taking his turn +at the bat, or at being “It,” or whatever is the +hardest part of the work. This is one reason why games are so good +for you to play.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure43.jpg" alt= +"A drawing of a skeleton" id="figure43" name="figure43" width= +"100%" /> +<p>SKELETON OF A MAN</p> +</div> +<p>You see, when you run, you are working your muscles and +heart-pump very hard; and if you kept running all the time, you +would burn up so much food in the muscles that the heart +couldn’t pump blood fast enough to wash away all the waste, +and would just chug-chug-chug till it tired itself out. When you +are tired, it is time to stop and rest; for being tired means that +the poisons are not being carried away from the muscles fast +enough, and that your heart is working too hard.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name= +"page132"></a>132</span>What is it in your body that gives it +stiffening to stand upright, and makes levers in your legs and arms +to move it about? When you feel your body and arms and head with +your fingers, what are they like? Isn’t there something hard +and then a soft kind of pad over it? We call the hard things +<em>bones</em>. Your teacher will show you some. These are white +and chalky looking; but when they were alive, they were a beautiful +pinkish white color.</p> +<p>So you have a pretty pearl-colored framework, the shape of your +body. This, which is called your <em>skeleton</em>, makes you stiff +enough to stand up and walk about. <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page133" name="page133"></a>133</span>Now bend your arm and turn +your wrist and open and close your hand. You find that your +frame-work is jointed. When you are tired standing, you can bend +your joints and sit down. If you want an apple, you can close your +fingers and pick it up.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure44.jpg" alt= +"A diagram of an extended arm, showing the muscles." id="figure44" +name="figure44" width="546" height="184" /> +<p>THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM</p> +</div> +<p>What are the soft pads that you felt over the bones of your arms +and legs? Stretch your right arm straight out in front of you and +take hold of the upper part of it with your left hand. Now clench +your right fist and bring it toward your shoulder. Can you feel the +elastic pads, or bands, moving? What are they doing? They are +pulling your hand up to your shoulder. <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page134" name="page134"></a>134</span>When you walk, you can feel +the elastic bands moving your legs along. So every move we make, +these elastic ropes are at work pulling us about and letting us sit +down and making us run and jump. We call them <em>muscles</em>.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure45.png" alt= +"A diagram of an arm with elbow bent." id="figure45" name= +"figure45" width="100%" /> +<p>WHEN THE MUSCLES SHORTEN</p> +</div> +<p>You have perhaps seen jointed dolls. The strings and rubber +bands on their joints help to make them move; but the dolls +don’t act as if they were alive. They have no telephone +system to tell their bodies how to move.</p> +<p>If you will stop and think how many “moves” you make +in a day, you’ll know how hard your muscles have to work. +They’d be quite tired out if they did not have plenty to feed +on all the time and did not rest at least nine hours a day. I told +you how the food is melted and carried about in the blood. It is +the blood that brings the muscles their food and keeps them alive +and makes them strong enough to move the joints and the bones.</p> +<p>What does all this playing do for you? It makes you grow not +only big, but strong, too. What puny little things you’d be +if you couldn’t get out and run and play and make your +muscles strong and your nerves do just what you tell them to +do.</p> +<p>I know of ten or twelve little chickens that <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>135</span>hatched a +few weeks ago. There are so many cats about, that the poor little +chicks have to be shut up in the barn all day. At first they ran +and played and jumped on their mother’s back, but now they +hump their shoulders and hang their heads and don’t seem +hungry and look sad and sick. They are not so big as some that +hatched later. Can you tell me why? Of course you can. You know +that it is outdoor exercise and play that chickens need, and that +you need to make you grow big and strong, too. Of course, you will +have to keep your backbone straight and your chest out and your +head up; but all these things will be easy for you if you are +perfectly well and strong.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure46.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of a skating area." id="figure46" name="figure46" +width="530" height="313" /> +<p>A SKATING POND MADE OUT OF A GARDEN</p> +<p>The school garden is flooded in winter—a fine place to +skate right after school.</p> +</div> +<p>The school tries to take just as good care of your health and +growth as it can. Your lessons are short, and you change from one +to another frequently, with perhaps drills or calisthenic exercises +between, so that you need not sit still too long at a time; and the +seats and desks are of different sizes so that you need not sit at +a desk that does not fit you. When your teacher urges you to go out +of doors and play at recess time, even if you do not want to, you +must think to yourself, “It will rest me and make me grow big +and straight and strong.”</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name= +"page136"></a>136</span>When you come home from school, go out of +doors and stay out just as long as you can. Don’t let dolls +or toys or picture books tempt you to stay in the house. The +pictures out of doors are ever so much prettier, as soon as you +learn to see them. But some of you live in crowded cities. I hope +you are near a park or a playground, where you can have a good romp +with other children, and use the swings and see-saws and bars, and +the skating pond in winter, and the swimming pool in summer.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure47.jpg" alt= +"Boys playing in a swimming pool." id="figure47" name="figure47" +width="100%" /> +<p>SPLENDID EXERCISE FOR LUNGS AND MUSCLES</p> +</div> +<p>What fun swimming is! You can learn easily if you have a safe +place and an older person to teach you the stroke. You can roll +over on your back in the water, and float, and dive; but you +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name= +"page137"></a>137</span>must not stay in longer than twenty +minutes, and not so long as that sometimes. As soon as you begin to +feel chilly, come out. Swimming not only cleans your skin, but is +splendid exercise for your lungs and muscles.</p> +<p>All this play out of doors will help your appetite, and that +will make you ready to eat the right kind of food, and this food +will get into your blood and keep your muscles firm and strong.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_6_2">II. ACCIDENTS</h3> +<p>I am going to tell you what to do in the case of some of the +little accidents that may happen to anyone, and especially of the +kind that children meet with in playing; but I don’t want you +to stop playing for fear you’ll be hurt. Mother <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>138</span>Nature can +usually heal all the bumps and cuts and scratches that come from +wholesome play.</p> +<p>You can, however, help her very much by keeping the +<em>scratch</em> or <em>cut perfectly clean</em>. This is the chief +thing to remember. Wash it thoroughly in clean water. Hold it under +the pump, or faucet, and let the water pour down on it.</p> +<p>If you can, pour some <em>antiseptic</em>, or germ killer, over +the cut, and wrap it up in a clean cloth. There is a medicine +called <em>peroxid of hydrogen</em>, which is good for cuts and +wounds, but an older person will have to put it on for you.</p> +<p>If the scratch is from a finger nail or the claw of a cat, or if +the wound is the bite of some animal, you must be sure to have your +mother or a doctor clean the wound with strong medicine. You see, +nails and claws and teeth are, as a rule, dirty, and have on them +germs that will get into the cut and make it swell and be very sore +indeed.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure48.png" alt= +"A drawing of an arm with a bandage on it." id="figure48" name= +"figure48" width="179" height="338" /> +<p>THE TIGHT BANDAGE HIGHER THAN THE CUT</p> +</div> +<p>Sometime you may have a cut that is deep. You will see the +bright red blood spurt from it. This means that you have cut one +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name= +"page139"></a>139</span>of the blood pipes called arteries. If the +cut is on the arm or the leg, you should take a cloth or bandage +and tie it tightly around the arm or leg <em>above</em> the cut; +and if that does not check the blood, put a piece of stick under +the cloth and twist the stick, as in the picture. For a cut like +this you must get help as soon as possible, and keep quiet, or else +you will increase the flow of blood.</p> +<p>If you get anything in your eye, be sure not to rub the eye; +don’t even wink hard if you can help it. You will only make +the pain worse, because you will scratch the eyeball. Let some one +take out the bit of dust or the cinder or the fly, or whatever it +is, as quickly as possible. Often, if you close the lids gently and +hold them so, the tears will wash the speck down for you.</p> +<p>If you should bruise yourself, the best way to treat the bruise +is to pour either quite cold or quite warm water over it, and keep +this up for several minutes; or to put it into a bowl of hot water. +Then tie it up in a bandage of soft cotton cloth or gauze and pour +over it a lotion containing a little alcohol—about one sixth +or one fourth. This, by evaporating, cools off the bruise and +relieves the pain.</p> +<p>If your ear, or nose, or a finger should happen to be frozen or +frost bitten, the best thing to do <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page140" name="page140"></a>140</span>is to rub it hard with snow +until it thaws out and becomes pink again. Above all, don’t +go too near the fire, and don’t go into a very warm room too +soon.</p> +<p>If you get one of those uncomfortable itchy swellings on your +feet called <em>chilblains</em>, which come from cold floors in +your houses, or from wet feet, or from wearing too thin shoes and +stockings, don’t put your feet too near the fire, but rub +them well with turpentine just before going to bed at night. This +will often take all the pain and itching out of them.</p> +<p>Sometimes people make the mistake of drinking something that is +poisonous. Of course, one good way to prevent this is to have +<em>every bottle in the house carefully marked</em> and never to +take anything from a bottle without reading the mark, or label. +Another good way is <em>not to have poisons about</em> any more +than we actually need to.</p> +<p>Still, even so, sometimes a mistake is made. If you ever make +such a mistake, the best thing to do is to drink as much warm water +as you can, and into the second cupful to put a tablespoonful of +dry mustard or two heaping tablespoonfuls of salt. This will make +you vomit, and up will come the poison. The water makes the poison +weaker. If this doesn’t make you throw up the poison, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name= +"page141"></a>141</span>have some one tickle the back of your +throat with a feather. There are a great many kinds of poison and +as many things to take to cure them; but this is the only remedy I +shall tell you about, because, by the time you have tried this, +some older person will probably have come to help you.</p> +<p>All the medicines that you see advertised as “Headache +Cures” are dangerous poisons if taken in too large doses; and +most of them in small doses weaken the heart. They are what we call +narcotics; they just deaden the nerves to pain without doing +anything whatever to relieve or remove the cause.</p> +<p>If you have a headache, the best thing to do is to go and lie +down quietly and rest or sleep, until it goes away. A headache +always means that something is wrong; it is one of Nature’s +most valuable danger signals. When your head aches, Nature is +telling you that you have been over-straining your eyes, or +breathing foul air, or eating some food that does not agree with +you, or forgetting to go to the toilet regularly, or not getting +sleep enough. The sensible thing to do is not to swallow some +medicine to deaden your nerves to the pain, but to find out what +you have been doing that is unhealthful for you, and then stop +it.</p> +<p>Most of the medicines called “patent medicines,” +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name= +"page142"></a>142</span>which are advertised to “cure” +all sorts of pains and troubles, contain poisons, and are +particularly dangerous because they easily lead one to form the +habit of taking them. Nine tenths of them are either absolute +frauds,—of no strength or use whatever,—or else they +contain alcohol, or opium, or some of the dangerous drugs made out +of coal tar.</p> +<p>Now about <em>burns</em>. You need not wash them, because the +heat has killed the troublesome germs. They need to be covered from +the air, if the blister is broken. Cover them thickly with olive +oil or vaseline, or common baking soda mixed with a few drops of +water. This makes a good paste to put over them, and it will ease +the pain. (This is the way to treat a <em>wasp</em> or <em>bee +sting</em>, too, after you have pulled out the +“stinger.”) If the blister of the burn is not broken, +just keep putting vaseline or sweet oil on it every half hour or +so, and the blister won’t break; for the oil will make it +limber and prevent it from bursting.</p> +<p>If ever your clothes should catch fire, <em>do not run</em>; the +wind you make will only fan the flames, so that they burn faster. +<em>Lie down and roll over and over</em>, as fast as you can. If +there is a rug or a quilt handy, wrap yourself up tight in it. My +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name= +"page143"></a>143</span>youngest brother once saved a little +child’s life this way. He was not very old, but he remembered +to put the child on the floor and roll him up in a rug.</p> +<p>However, the best way to prevent accidents with fire is to let +fire and lamps and matches and kerosene and sparklers and +firecrackers alone.</p> +<p>I am so glad that people are becoming sensible about keeping our +nation’s birthday, the Fourth of July, and are doing away +with the firecrackers that have killed so many thousands of +children. The burns you get from firecrackers are much more +dangerous than other burns. A dirt-germ often gets into them that +may cause <em>lockjaw</em>. The name tells what it is: it locks the +jaws together so that its victim cannot eat; and, of course, if he +cannot eat, he cannot live very long. Next Fourth of July try +getting flags and bunting and drums and horns, if you like, instead +of these dangerous fireworks.</p> +<p>In keeping the Fourth one year not long ago, one hundred and +seventy-one children lost one or more fingers; forty-one lost a +leg, an arm, or a hand; thirty-six lost one eye, and sixteen lost +both eyes; and two hundred and fifteen children were killed! This +accounts for only the children; counting everybody, five thousand +three hundred <span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name= +"page144"></a>144</span>and seven people were killed or hurt. No +wonder we begin to think that we ought to keep the Fourth in some +other way.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure49.png" alt= +"A boy lies in bed with a bandage over his eyes." id="figure49" +name="figure49" width="100%" /> +<p>A RESULT OF CELEBRATING THE FOURTH IN THE OLD WAY</p> +</div> +<p>In the City of Washington, on one Fourth of July, one hundred +and four people were taken to the hospital; but the following year +when no fireworks were allowed to be sold, the hospitals did not +have a single patient from the accidents of the day.</p> +<p>Water, as well as fire, has its dangers. If you ever fall into +the water, <em>be sure to keep your mouth shut and your hands below +your chin</em>. Then paddle with your hands gently, and +you’ll swim, just as any other young animal does when first +thrown into the water. Even your cat, who hates water, can swim +easily when she falls in. If you keep your wits as she does, you +will get along as well. Some people learn to swim just by trying by +themselves.</p> +<div class="figright"><img src="images/figure50.png" alt= +"Two drawings, showing one boy pushing the back of another boy lying face down." +id="figure50" name="figure50" width="100%" /> +<p>WORKING TO START HIS BREATHING AGAIN</p> +</div> +<p>If anyone in your party, when you are out boating or swimming, +should be nearly drowned, the best way to revive him is to lay him, +as quickly as possible, flat on his face on level <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>145</span>ground, just +turning his head a little to one side so that his nose and mouth +will not be blocked. Then, kneeling astride of his legs, put both +your hands on the small of his back and press downward with all +your weight while you count three. This squeezes the abdomen and +the lower part of the chest so as to drive the air out of the +lungs. Then swing backward so as to take the weight off your hands, +while you count three again; and then swing forward again and press +down, again forcing the air out of the lungs. Keep up this +swing-pumping about ten or fifteen times a minute for at least ten +or fifteen minutes, unless the person begins to breathe of himself +before this. Don’t waste any time trying to hold him up by +the feet, or roll him over a barrel so as to get the water out of +his lungs. Just turn him over on his <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page146" name="page146"></a>146</span>face as quickly as possible +and get to work making a weight-pump of yourself on his back.</p> +<p>If there is any life left in the body at all when it is taken +out of the water, you will succeed in saving it. It is very seldom, +however, that anyone who has been under water more than five +minutes can be revived.</p> +<p>And now the thing that I want you to be sure to remember, I have +saved for the last. No matter what kind of accident happens, keep +your wits about you and keep cool. Be calm and <em>think</em> what +it is best to do, instead of letting yourself be frightened. Of +course, get some one to help you as soon as you can and, if need +be, call for help as loud as your lungs will let you. But use that +wonderful “phone” system to send in and out the +messages that will help you to help yourself by telling your +muscles what to do.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_6_3">III. THE CITY BEAUTIFUL</h3> +<p>One morning I stopped a moment on the street to speak to a +friend. Her little nephew had just finished eating some candy, and +down went his candy-bag on the pavement. His aunt happened to see +it. “Oh, no, Claude,” she said, “don’t you +see the big green can there? Better put it into that.” But +Claude was only three years old; and <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page147" name="page147"></a>147</span>the can was so tall that he +could not tell what it was, till we led him up to it.</p> +<p>Do you have cans like these in your town, too? It is good to +think that every one of us, even such little fellows as Claude, can +help to keep the city beautiful. But it is not simply to make +things look nice that we have so many cans—cans for ashes, +cans for papers, cans for food scraps. No indeed, it is to keep the +city clean and make it fit for people to live in; for if dirty +papers and scraps were left to blow about the streets, they would +fill the air with germs and filth.</p> +<p>Any dust that blows about the streets is likely to be carrying +disease germs with it. That is why we have sprinklers driven +through the streets to wet them and to keep down the dust; and why, +in large cities, the streets are thoroughly flooded at night. If +the streets are kept damp and clean, then the air above them is +cool and fresh and pure.</p> +<p>How does the city get rid of all the dirt and waste? From every +house there are two kinds of waste. Some is taken away in pipes +from the sink and bathroom out into pipes that run under the +street, and these carry it away from the city to some stream or +deep water that takes it entirely away from the town.</p> +<p>The waste stuffs that are not watery, but <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page148" name= +"page148"></a>148</span>solid—cabbage leaves, apple cores, +potato parings, and other scraps from the kitchen are carted away +and burned or fed to pigs. The ashes and tin cans are carted away, +also, and used in making new land or filling up hollow places.</p> +<p>Besides taking away the dirt, cities are careful to get clear, +pure drinking water. They are very, very careful about this; and +they usually have the water tested often, because, as you have +learned, even water that looks perfectly pure may give people +typhoid fever. That is why, when you are out in the country, on a +picnic perhaps, you must not drink from the streams. They may +receive the drainage from a farmer’s barnyard, or the sewage +from some house.</p> +<p>The more we all learn about these things, the more careful will +the city be to protect her people. To be sure, most cities now have +Boards of Health who employ men and women to go about and see that +the food in the stores is clean—no flies, no dust, and no +tobacco smoke on it. They have laws, too, about keeping milk clean; +and in New York alone these laws have saved the lives of thousands +of babies. And they have laws about the care of streets and +buildings and cars and parks and a great many other things.</p> +<p>In all these things we have been talking about, <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>149</span>I want you +to be thinking how you can help. For a city is made up of +people—boys and girls and men and women. The city is what its +people make it; and everyone must help, even the smallest children, +no older than little Claude.</p> +<p>The first and most important thing for you to do is to keep +yourself clean and tidy. And the next thing is for you to keep your +back yard as well as your front yard and the school yard and the +street free from papers and sticks and cans and old playthings. You +can put away your things when you are through playing; or, if you +are making a railroad or a town or a playhouse, you can leave it +looking nice and tidy. You can help chiefly by putting away your +own things. You know the old saying, “A workman is known by +his chips”; and a good workman always works in an orderly +way.</p> +<p>When you eat apples or bananas or oranges, don’t throw the +skins or peelings about, but put them in a garbage can or swill +bucket or cover them with soft dirt in the garden or stable yard; +and don’t throw peanut shells, or scraps of paper and the +like, about the streets or parks. You should begin to notice all +these things and talk about them, and that will make other people +begin to think about them, too.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name= +"page150"></a>150</span>Then you can make gardens instead of +leaving bare, untidy back yards. I think that nicely kept vegetable +gardens are almost as pretty as flower gardens. If you cannot mow +the lawn, you can at least cut the long grass on the edges; and +that makes such a difference! It is wonderful how much boys and +girls can do in making and keeping a city really beautiful.</p> +<p>I hope that you have plenty of room to play in now. Of course, +when you grow up, you will see that there are plenty of playgrounds +and parks for the children. We are beginning to find out that the +richest and the most beautiful city is the one whose streets are +lined with families of happy, rosy-cheeked children. So, you see, +the “City Beautiful” is the one that takes best care of +her children, and she can do this only by keeping her streets and +houses perfectly clean and seeing that the food her people get is +fresh and good, and their drinking water pure. If the city or town +you live in is not like this, be sure you do your very best to make +it better.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name= +"page151"></a>151</span></p> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure51a.jpg" alt= +"An unkempt house and garden." id="figure51a" name="figure51a" +width="532" height="420" /> +<p>WOULD YOU RATHER HAVE A BACK YARD LIKE THIS?</p> +</div> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure51b.jpg" alt= +"The same house and garden, neatly trimmed and cleaned." id= +"figure51b" name="figure51b" width="532" height="425" /> +<p>OR LIKE THIS?</p> +</div> +<p>There is one great evil that for hundreds and hundreds of years +has been known wherever people are crowded together, and even in +the open country, too; and which has been the cause of more +untidiness and uncleanliness and unhappiness <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>152</span>and disease +than any other evil ever known. And that is the drinking of +alcohol. People don’t drink clear alcohol, but they can get a +great deal of it—enough to poison them badly—in the +fermented drinks you learned about some time ago.</p> +<p>In the days when your grandfather was a little boy, every man +thought that ale and wine and whiskey were good foods for him when +he was well; and good medicine when he was sick. He believed that +they gave him an appetite, and increased his strength. But now we +have found, by carefully studying the effects of alcohol, in +laboratories and in hospitals, that these beliefs were almost +entirely mistaken. We know that all that wine, beer, and whiskey do +is to make people feel better for a little while, without making +them actually stronger or better in any way. In fact, in most +respects these drinks make them weaker and worse instead.</p> +<p>Perhaps you will ask, “How do whiskey and wine and beer do +us harm?” And here is only part of the answer: (1) They tire +the heart and, by enlarging the blood pipes in the skin, make the +heart pump too much of the blood out to the skin. In this way they +make a person feel warmer when he really is not any warmer. (2) +They make the liver work too hard. (3) They dull the <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>153</span>brain, so +that it cannot think so clearly or so well. (4) If one drinks them +frequently, it is harder for him to get well when he is sick; more +people die out of those who drink alcohol than out of those who do +not.</p> +<p>Alcohol is a <em>narcotic</em>; that is, it deadens our nerves, +for the time being, to any sensations of pain or discomfort, much +in the same way that a very small dose of <em>morphine</em> or +<em>opium</em> would. We may imagine it does us good because, for a +little while after drinking it, we may cease to feel pain or +fatigue or cold; but, instead of making us really better and able +to do more work, it is dulling our nerves so that we work more +slowly and more clumsily. Men who have carefully measured the +amount of work that they do have found that they do less work on +days when they take one or two glasses of beer or wine than they do +on days when they drink only water.</p> +<p>The great insurance companies have found that those of their +policy holders who drink no alcohol at all live nearly one fourth +longer and have nearly one third fewer sicknesses than those who +drink alcohol even in moderate amounts.</p> +<p>Indeed, so strong is the evidence as to the bad effects of +alcohol, and so steadily is it increasing, that it will probably +not be very many years <span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name= +"page154"></a>154</span>more before the drinking of wine or beer by +intelligent, thoughtful people will have become less than half as +common as it is now.</p> +<p>Strong, healthy men may be able for a long time to drink small +amounts of liquor without noticing any harmful effects; but all the +time the alcohol may be doing serious harm to their nerves and +brain and kidneys and liver and blood vessels, which they will not +find out until it is too late to stop the trouble.</p> +<p>Useless and bad as alcohol is for full-grown men and women, it +is even worse for young and growing children; and no child, and no +boy or girl under the age of twenty-one, should ever touch a drop +of it, except in those rare instances where it may be prescribed as +a medicine by a doctor, just as many other drugs are, which in +larger doses would be poisons.</p> +<p>Fortunately, it will be no trouble for you children to let it +alone entirely; for not one of you would like the taste of it the +first time—or, indeed, for the matter of that, for the first +ten or twelve times—that you tried to drink it, if you should +be so foolish. This is one striking difference between alcohol and +all other foods and drinks. Children have absolutely no natural +liking, or taste, for the drinks that contain it, as <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>155</span>they have +for meat, milk, sugar, apples, and the other real foods. This is +Nature’s way of telling them that it is not a real food, and +not needed in any way for their growth and health. Let it alone +absolutely, until you are at least twenty-one years old; and by +that time you will probably have become so convinced of the harm +that it is doing that you will never begin using it at all.</p> +<p>What we have been saying so far applies, of course, only to the +moderate use of alcohol. How terrible the effects of the long or +excessive use of alcohol are, you don’t need to learn from a +book. All you have to do is to keep your eyes open on the streets, +and see the drunken men reeling along the sidewalk, and the wrecks +of men that hang around the saloons. The poorhouses and the jails +and the insane asylums are filled with them. The most terrible +thing that can happen to anyone is to become a drunkard. The best +and safest and only sensible thing to do is to keep away from the +only stuff that makes drunkards. It may do you the most terrible +harm, and it cannot do you the slightest good.</p> +<p>Your city can never become the “City Beautiful” so +long as this evil mars it; and, as you grow up, I hope you will do +all you can toward making the right kind of city and home.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name= +"page156"></a>156</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_7">THE EVENING MEAL</h2> +<p>When you have had some good games of play after school, and have +finished whatever errands you may have to run, or have done the +chores about the barn or the garden or the house, you will begin to +feel as if there were something missing somewhere. It won’t +take you very long to discover where that missing feeling is; and +when you hear a call from the house, or a ring of the bell in the +hall, you come running in for supper. If you have worked well in +school and played hard and done your chores well, you will have a +splendid appetite. In fact, you will think there is no other meal +in the day that tastes quite so good.</p> +<p>Is your evening meal supper or dinner? If you have had a hot +dinner at noon, you probably do not want anything more than a good +supper. But if you had only luncheon, then you are ready to eat +something hot and hearty about six o’clock.</p> +<p>What are some of the things that you like for dinner? Meat and +eggs and bread and butter and jam and rice and potatoes and onions +and celery and cookies and apples and oranges and oh, so many, many +other things! Mother Nature <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" +name="page157"></a>157</span>has given us all these good things, +that we may have not only enough to eat but plenty of different +kinds. We soon grow tired of one kind, and that is how she tells us +that we need many kinds.</p> +<p>When I was little, oranges were not so common as they are now; +and I never but once had as many as I wanted. That once, my father +told me to eat all I liked, and I did; but for weeks afterwards I +didn’t want even to see an orange! Did you ever feel that way +too, though perhaps not about oranges? Nature sometimes has to +teach us not to eat too much of one kind at a time.</p> +<p>Some people like one thing, and some another. Do all of you like +onions? I think not; but those who do, like them very much. The +same thing is true of tomatoes and sweet potatoes and red +raspberries and oysters and many other things. But there are some +things that almost everybody likes; and our grandfathers and +great-grandfathers and great-great-grandfathers ate them. One of +them is called the “staff of life” because we lean, or +depend, on it so much; we have it for breakfast, dinner, and +supper. That is bread, of course. Meat and eggs and milk and +butter, too, are among the foods that we all like.</p> +<p>These might be called our “main foods,” and we +should eat one or two or even three of them <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>158</span>at each +meal. Meat and milk and eggs and butter, animals give us. But these +are not enough; we need besides some of the foods that plants give +us, because, as I have told you, we need different kinds of food at +one time to keep the body fires going briskly.</p> +<p>What are some of the foods that plants give us? Bread is made +from a plant—from wheat. Oatmeal comes from the oat plant; +and hominy, from corn. Some of our plant foods, such as potatoes, +turnips, onions, sweet potatoes, parsnips, and radishes, grow under +ground. Some, such as peas and beans, grow on vines. Then there are +lettuce and cabbage and celery. And there are +fruits—cherries, apples, peaches, plums, pears, melons, +tomatoes, berries.</p> +<p>Nature has given us all these foods, and many more; and she +wants us to use them all. She wants us to use, every day and every +meal, some foods that come from plants and some that come from +animals.</p> +<p>A good dinner would be a slice of roast beef or mutton, a +potato, a helping of some sort of vegetable like peas or beans or +onions or tomatoes or celery; and a dish of milk pudding or apple +dumpling, or stewed fruit with bread and butter, or pie that has +only an upper crust or its under <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page159" name="page159"></a>159</span>crust very well baked. When +you are eating bread, remember that the crusts are the very best +part, because they are well cooked and really taste the best. They +are good for your teeth, too.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name= +"page160"></a>160</span></p> +<div class="figfull"><img src="images/figure52.jpg" alt= +"An illustration of a family at table." id="figure52" name= +"figure52" width="543" height="811" /> +<p>ONE OF THE HAPPIEST TIMES OF THE DAY</p> +</div> +<p>Perhaps, while I am talking about a good meal, I ought to talk a +little about the way to eat and how to make mealtime pleasant.</p> +<p>Of course, to make our food soft, we must take little bites, eat +slowly, and chew each mouthful a long time. Be sure to remember +this. So many of the children I know eat so fast that you’d +think they had to catch a train! Did you ever see anyone try to +talk and chew at the same time or forget to shut his mouth while he +was chewing? Wasn’t it a very awkward, disagreeable sight? +Think a moment, if you are tempted to talk with your mouth full, or +put your knife into your mouth, or make a noise while you are +eating, that these things are not pleasant for your neighbors.</p> +<p>Do you tell funny stories at the table and talk about happy +tramps you have taken or games you have played, or about your pets +or your books? If you do, your food will do you more good, and you +will be helping the other people at the table, too. Mealtimes +should be the happiest times in the day.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name= +"page161"></a>161</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_8">A PLEASANT EVENING</h2> +<p>When the supper things have been cleared away, you have two +hours or so before going to bed, and I dare say you look forward to +these as one of the pleasantest parts of the day.</p> +<p>It is always best for you to take things rather easily and +quietly and pleasantly for at least fifteen or twenty minutes after +every meal; and after the heaviest meal of the day, whether this +comes at noon or in the evening, it is better to stretch the time +to half or three quarters of an hour. If you try to work or play +hard right after a hearty meal, you will be drawing away to your +brain or to your muscles, the blood that the stomach is trying to +get for the digesting and melting of your food. I suppose that you +have all found this out for yourselves; for, if you run and play +too hard right after dinner, you are very soon out of breath, and +if you keep up the exercise, you are quite likely to have an attack +of indigestion or stomach ache. If you sit down to study directly +after a meal, you soon feel heavy and lazy, and what you read +doesn’t seem clear to you, and in a little while you probably +have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name= +"page162"></a>162</span>a headache and an unpleasant taste in your +mouth. If you try to do two important things like digestion and +hard work with your brain or the muscles of your arms and legs at +the same time, you will be very likely to do both of them +badly.</p> +<p>Even if you have studying to do at night, it will be much better +for you to spend half an hour or an hour in laughing and chatting, +or in reading some good story, or in playing some of the many +pleasant parlor games that rest you instead of tiring you, before +you settle down to your books. You will find that when you do start +to work, you get your lessons much more quickly and easily than if +you had started in after eating.</p> +<p>Perhaps your sister is just waiting to show you that girls can +play checkers better than boys can—“So there!” Or +some of your friends have come in for a game of dominoes or authors +or snap or parcheesi or stage coach or pussy-wants-a-corner, or to +try that new song you learned last week; and you will be surprised +how quickly the time flies away and bedtime or study hour +comes.</p> +<p>Most evenings, however, you will probably get out your favorite +magazine, or that good story that you are reading, and you will all +sit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name= +"page163"></a>163</span>around the big lamp on the center table and +go off on adventures to the uttermost parts of the earth, with the +best and most lasting friends that you will ever make—friends +who will never grow tired of you and will always come when you want +them and are always willing to talk or play—the people that +live in books. Be sure to pick out the best of them for your +chums—the bravest and the kindest and the most courteous, and +the cleanest and the most honorable. You have the whole world to +choose from; and it is never worth your while to get acquainted +with cheap, badly behaved, second-rate people when you can have +your pick of the best. Your mother and your father and your teacher +will help you to choose, and you will soon find that what they call +“good literature” is good stories, and about the right +sort of men and women and boys and girls—the kind that you +would like to know, and that you would want to be like. Once try +it, and you find that you like that kind of reading better than you +do the cheap, slangy, trashy stuff, just as you like, and never get +tired of, good bread and butter and roast beef and apples and milk +and cream and pudding and pie. Good sound stories of home life and +adventure and travel are just as important in making <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>164</span>your minds +wholesome and happy as these good foods are in keeping your bodies +strong and healthy.</p> +<p>Be sure that the paper of the books and magazines you read is +white and <em>not</em> glossy, and is fairly thick and firm; for +this makes them much easier to read and strains your eyes less. +See, too, that the type is large and clear; for small, close type +and yellow or shiny paper are very hard on the eyes.</p> +<p>Be sure, of course, when you sit down to read <em>not</em> to +sit with your face to the lamp and your head bending forward; but +settle yourself in a comfortable chair with your back to the light, +and hold your book so that you can keep your chin up and your head +erect while you read. You can breathe better, and read better, and +enjoy what you read better in this position than in any other.</p> +<p>Even if you have sums or writing to do, it is better to sit with +your back, or at least your left side, toward the light; and often +you will find it a great help to sit down with your back to the +light in a large easy chair and do your writing on a big, thin +book, or light piece of board, on a cushion on your knee.</p> +<p>In winter, you will find that for the first half <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>165</span>hour or so +that you are reading after supper, you will want to keep fairly +near the fire, because the blood is being drawn in from your skin +to your stomach for purposes of digestion; but be sure to see that +at least one, and better two, windows in the room are open six +inches or so at the top, so that there is plenty of fresh air +pouring into the room.</p> +<div class="figcen"><img src="images/figure53.jpg" alt= +"A photograph of a living room with fireplace." id="figure53" name= +"figure53" width="353" height="314" /> +<p>A COZY NOOK WHEN EVENING COMES</p> +</div> +<p>When study hour comes, take up your books and go briskly to +work, forgetting that there is anything else in the world, and you +will be astonished how quickly you will learn your lessons. +Besides, you will be learning one of the most valuable lessons in +life—to do with your might whatever your hands, or minds, +find to do.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name= +"page166"></a>166</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_9">GOOD NIGHT</h2> +<h3 id="Ch_9_1">I. GETTING READY FOR BED</h3> +<p>By and by the clock strikes eight or nine, and your mother says, +“Children, time to go to bed!”</p> +<p>Sometimes you will have just come to the interesting point in +the story, and would give anything to go on and finish it. But +often you will be just nodding over your book, or beginning to +wonder why the story is not quite so interesting as it was, or why +the lines seem to be running into one another, and the book +inclined to swing up and bump your nose.</p> +<p>If you have had a lively, busy, happy day, you are quite sleepy +enough to be ready for bed—that is, if you could drop into it +with all your clothes on, without all the bother and fuss of +undressing. So you pull yourself together bravely and answer, +“All right, mother,” and say “Good night” +to everybody, and upstairs you go.</p> +<p>Of course, you must take off your clothes, because you would +find them most uncomfortable to sleep in. Besides, the little pores +all over your skin have been pouring out perspiration all day long; +and a great deal of this has been <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page167" name="page167"></a>167</span>caught by your clothes, just +as it is caught by the bedclothes while you sleep.</p> +<p>So it is a good thing to take off your clothes, and let your +skin be well aired and cooled. Don’t leave your clothes all +in a heap on the floor just where you happen to shed them, but hang +them up over the back of a chair or on pegs, so that the air can +blow through them all night long and sweeten and clean and dry +them. Clothes that are worn continuously become sour with +perspiration, and for this same reason your mother gives you +regularly, once or twice a week, clean underwear and clean shirts +or dresses.</p> +<p>After you have undressed for bed, wash your face and neck and +hands; and if you have a nice warm room or bathroom, take a quick +splash, or sponge bath, all over, before you put on your nightgown. +This will wash away from your skin everything that the perspiration +has been leaving on it all day long, as well as any dust, or dirt, +that may have got on it during the day.</p> +<p>If the room is not warm enough for you to do this, it is a good +thing for you to strip to your waist and then to swing your arms +about, much as you did in the morning, only not quite so long, and +to rub your arms and neck and shoulders all over with your hands. +This gives them an <span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name= +"page168"></a>168</span><em>air bath</em>, and rubs off any of the +little scales of skin that may be ready to be shed, and gives you a +sort of dry wash, which is next best to a wet one.</p> +<p>Then, when you have put on your nightdress, give your hair a +thorough brushing. This is the best time of the day to do it. Dust, +smoke, soot, and germs have been blowing into your hair all day +long, and a thoroughly good brushing will not only get these out of +it before they have had time to work their way in and lodge on the +scalp, but will keep the hair bright and healthy.</p> +<p>Before you get into bed, give your nails a quick scrub with a +nail brush and hot water and soap, and go over them with a +<em>blunt</em>-pointed nail cleaner, cleaning out any dirt that may +be under their edges, and rounding off any ragged or broken points +with the file. Once a week or so, when you take your hot bath, it +is a good thing to go over your toe nails in the same way, trimming +them and cleaning them. Remember, however, not to round off your +toe nails at the corners, but to leave them square, as in this way +you will prevent them from ingrowing under the pressure of your +shoes.</p> +<p>There is one thing that you should be very sure of before you +get into bed, and that is that <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page169" name="page169"></a>169</span>your teeth are as clean as +it is possible for you to make them. If you attended to this also +directly after supper, so much the better; for just as it is +important to clean the dishes and knives and forks that you have +been using, so it is important to thoroughly clean the ivory knives +and forks that grow in your mouth. Talk about being “born +with a silver spoon in your mouth”! You were born with +something much prettier and far more valuable.</p> +<p>Even though your teeth make a firm and even line in front and on +their cutting edges, yet there are many little gaps and spaces +between their roots, where bits of food can stick. If these scraps +of food are not thoroughly and carefully removed after each meal, +the warmth and moisture in the mouth makes them begin to decay. The +acids from this decay will be likely not only to upset your stomach +and digestion, but to act upon the glassy coating of your teeth. +After a little while, spots will begin to form on the surface of +your teeth; they will lose their bright, shiny, pearly look; the +acids will eat further into the teeth, and very soon there will be +holes, or <em>cavities</em>.</p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/figure54.png" alt= +"A cut-away view of the mouth, showing teeth and their roots." id= +"figure54" name="figure54" width="100%" /> +<p>HEALTHY GUMS MEAN HEALTHY TEETH</p> +<p class="morecaption">If the gums are not kept clean and healthy, +the second teeth that are getting ready to push out the first teeth +will not come in strong and good, nor will the teeth remain good. +This picture shows how the teeth grow. Notice the gaps between the +teeth, where food may lodge.</p> +</div> +<p>Though your teeth are very hard and glassy looking on the +surface, they are much softer and chalkier inside; this glassy +coating covers only <span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name= +"page170"></a>170</span>the <em>crown</em>, or free part, of the +tooth, which you can see. It leaves the softer inside part of the +tooth bare just at the edge of the gums, and particularly between +the roots of the teeth, where little scraps of food lodge and +decay. When the acids that are formed by the decaying food have +eaten away a good deal of the inside of the tooth, the hard, shiny +surface is left just like a thin shell; and one day you happen to +bite down upon a piece of bone in your food, or try to crack a nut +with your teeth, and “crack” goes this brittle shell of +your hollow tooth.</p> +<p>Right in the middle of each tooth is a tiny hollow, or cavity, +filled with a soft, living pulp containing one or two very +sensitive nerves; and when the decay has eaten into the tooth far +enough to reach this nerve pulp, it makes it ache, and then you +have <em>toothache</em>.</p> +<p>The one and only thing that is necessary in <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>171</span>order to +avoid all this decay and breaking away of your teeth, and throbbing +toothache, is to keep the surface of your teeth, and particularly +the sides where they are next one another, clean and smooth and +unbroken. And all that is needed to keep your teeth perfectly clean +and smooth is to use your toothbrush thoroughly after every meal +and at bedtime; and then, if there are any little scraps of food +between the teeth that have not been brushed away, to pick them out +gently with a quill toothpick, or take a piece of silk or linen +thread, push it up between the teeth, and gently saw backward and +forward until you have cleaned out the space between the roots. You +should take at least three to five minutes after every meal and +before you go to bed at night to brush your teeth; and you should +brush not only your teeth, but the whole surface of your gums close +up to where they join the lips.</p> +<p>It is almost as important to keep your gums pink and hard and +healthy as it is to keep your teeth clean; and the same thorough +brushing will do both. If the gums are perfectly healthy, they will +come well down over the roots of the teeth, and keep them safely +covered right down to where the glassy outer coating begins, and so +leave no gap where the acids of decay can attack <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>172</span>the teeth. +Be sure to brush your teeth, not merely straight backward and +forward, but up and down and round and round as well, both to clean +out thoroughly all the grooves and openings between them and to +brush the gums well down over the teeth.</p> +<p>It may seem strange, but one of the best ways to keep your teeth +from growing crooked and irregular is to keep your nose clear and +healthy, so that you can breathe through it freely at all times, +both day and night. Crooked jaws and irregular teeth are more often +caused by mouth breathing than by any other one thing.</p> +<p>You can see why it is best to be careful not to get grit or dirt +or bits of bone in your food, and not to crack nuts or hard candy +with your teeth. If you do, you may crack or scratch the delicate +glassy coating of your teeth. But, on the other hand, it is a good +thing to give the teeth plenty to do, and particularly to eat the +crusts of bread, and some of the tougher parts of meat, and parched +corn or other grains, and to eat celery, apples, and other foods +that take a great deal of chewing. The teeth are like everything +else in the body—they need plenty of vigorous work in order +to keep them healthy.</p> +<p>Be very careful, though, to keep out of your <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>173</span>mouth +anything that might possibly crack or scratch the glassy coating, +such as pins, pennies, pieces of wire, or slate pencils. It is best +not even to try to bite off threads or pieces of string. There is, +of course, another reason for not putting pencils and pennies and +such things into your mouth: they may have dirt, or germs, on them +and infect you with disease or at least upset your digestion.</p> +<h3 id="Ch_9_2">II. THE LAND OF NOD</h3> +<p>Now you are all ready for bed; and the white pillow and the +nice, clean sheets and the warm blankets look very good to you, and +you are ready to go to the “Land of Nod.”</p> +<p>You need not be afraid of the cold at night. Open your bedroom +windows. Have plenty of light-weight, warm covers; then the cold +breezes won’t hurt you, but will make you strong. Just think +how many hours you are in bed,—nearly half of your +life,—and you need fresh, moving air all the time. Be sure to +open your windows from the top as well as from the bottom. You know +why: your breath is warm so that it floats and rises like smoke; +and if you open the window only at the bottom, this bad air, which +rises to the top of the room, can’t get out. It is best to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name= +"page174"></a>174</span>have windows on two sides of a bedroom, so +that the air can be kept moving through it all night long. If you +don’t breathe fresh air while you sleep, you will feel dull +and stupid in the morning and perhaps have a headache.</p> +<p>So run your window shades right up to the top and throw your +curtains, or shutters, back, as well as open the windows. If you +don’t, the fresh air cannot blow through the room properly. +Even if this does let more light or noise into the room, this is of +no importance whatever compared with abundance of fresh air. If you +have played long enough out of doors in the daytime and have eaten +a good supper and not stayed up too late, you will sleep soundly +without being bothered at all by either lights or noises coming in +through the windows. And no matter how cold or how light it is, +don’t put your head under the bedclothes. Why?</p> +<p>It is best for you to close your mouth while you are going to +sleep, and breathe through your nose, so that the air will be +properly purified and warmed before it reaches your lungs. If you +can’t do this, your mother can perhaps give you something to +wash out your nose, so that you can breathe freely. If that does +not help, you had better see a doctor, and he will find some way +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name= +"page175"></a>175</span>to clear your head so that you can use your +nose comfortably.</p> +<p>Suppose you take a pencil and paper and write down all you did +yesterday. Wasn’t it enough to make you tired and sleepy and +want a chance to rest? Even while you sleep, your heart keeps +beating, and you don’t stop breathing, of course. But your +muscles are quiet, and your food tube rests. Your brain rests, +too,—better in sleep than at any other time,—so that +when morning comes you are as “lively as a cricket” and +quite ready for the new day.</p> +<p>Yet even in sleep your brain does not stop working entirely, but +goes on receiving messages from the stomach and the skin and the +memory, and mixing them up together in the strangest fashion, so +that you <em>dream</em>, as you say. You ought not to dream very +much if you are perfectly well; but as long as your dreams are +pleasant or amusing, you need not pay any attention to them. But if +you have had bad dreams, or you dream so hard all night long that +you don’t feel rested in the morning, then you had better +speak to your mother about it, and let her see what is the matter +with your digestion or your nerves, or take you to a doctor. Bad +dreams are always a sign of ill health and are a very disagreeable +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name= +"page176"></a>176</span>thing, from which there is no need that you +should suffer any more than from headache or indigestion or colic. +Dreams, of course, do not mean or foretell anything whatever, +except simply how bad, or good, the state of your digestion and +your nerves is.</p> +<p>Now, how much time should you spend in bed? Well, I think at +your age nearly half the time. Ten or eleven hours of sleep make +you ready for all the hours of work and play, and you don’t +become cross and tired half so easily if you have plenty of sleep. +Though you are lying so quietly, you are not by any means wasting +your time, for you probably are growing faster when you are asleep +than when awake. Babies, who are growing very fast, you know, sleep +nearly all the time.</p> +<p>So after you have opened all the windows wide, put out the light +and jump into bed and lie down for a good night’s rest +without thinking about anything except how comfortable the bed +feels when you are tired.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name= +"page177"></a>177</span></p> +<h2 id="Ch_10">QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES</h2> +<h3>Good Morning</h3> +<h4>I. Waking Up.</h4> +<ol> +<li>If you were choosing a bedroom, on which side of the +house—facing which direction—would you choose it, and +why?</li> +<li>How does the air “down cellar” feel?</li> +<li>Why do people often keep fresh fruit and vegetables there?</li> +<li>What are <em>bacteria</em>?</li> +<li>How can we prevent bacteria that cause disease from growing in +our houses?</li> +<li>How would you know, without being told, that sunshine is good +for you?</li> +<li>What does this book mean by saying that we are made of +sunshine?</li> +</ol> +<h4>II. A Good Start.</h4> +<ol> +<li>When you jump out of bed in the morning, what do you do with +the bedclothes? Why?</li> +<li>Stand in front of the class and show them the exercises that +are good to do every morning.</li> +<li>Tell the class why they are good.</li> +<li>Do them every morning for a week, and then tell the class how +you feel about keeping them up.</li> +</ol> +<h4>III. Bathing and Brushing.</h4> +<ol> +<li>If you grow very warm exercising, what change do you notice in +your skin? What makes it turn pink? Where does the moisture come +from?</li> +<li>What kind of bathing do you like best?</li> +<li>What do we wash off besides perspiration and dust?</li> +<li>If a scab forms over a scratch or cut in your skin, what should +you do to it? Why? When will the scab come off of itself?</li> +<li>What makes the skin freckle or tan?</li> +<li>Could your face stand the same hard rubbing as your hands? Why +not?</li> +<li>How do you take care of your hair?</li> +<li>What other parts of the skin can you tell about?</li> +<li>Look at your nails; which of the “tools” on +<a href="#page17">p. 17</a> do they need now?</li> +<li>How, and when, do you care for your teeth? Why is this brushing +very necessary?</li> +<li>Why must our clothes be washed every week? Name each of your +<em>Five Senses</em>.</li> +<li>What can your skin tell you that your eyes and ears +cannot?</li> +<li>Do you know of any trade or occupation in which it is necessary +to train one’s sense of touch? Tell about it.</li> +<li>What are the blind children in the picture doing? (Their +alphabet does not look like yours, for the letters are represented +by groups of raised dots or dashes or curves, which are more easily +and quickly felt.)</li> +<li>What must you do besides washing and brushing to keep your skin +in good order and looking well?</li> +</ol> +<h3>Breakfast</h3> +<ol> +<li>Why do we need to eat?</li> +<li>Do you like the breakfast suggested here? Why do you need so +much?</li> +<li>Which of these foods come from animals? Which from plants? +Which of them are the best “to grow <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page178" name= +"page178"></a>178</span>on”?</li> +<li>How much milk is there in the two bottles in the picture on +<a href="#page23">p. 23</a>? What is the difference between milk +and cream? Why is it better to buy bottled milk than milk dipped +out of a can?</li> +<li>Suppose that you are going to get the breakfast in this house; +how will you use some of the milk in preparing it? How will you +take care of what is left?</li> +<li>Why is milk much better for you than coffee or tea? Where does +the food strength in the milk come from?</li> +<li>Suppose that you have just bitten off a mouthful of food; what +is the story of this mouthful before it is taken into your blood? +Where does most of it enter the blood? What becomes of the part +that the blood cannot use? Why is it very necessary that this be +disposed of regularly?</li> +</ol> +<h3>Going to School</h3> +<h4>I. Getting Ready.</h4> +<ol> +<li>How is it best to dress in winter? Why? (If this is hard to +understand, think which would cool faster—hot soup in a deep +cup or the same soup poured out into a plate? In which dish would +the soup have the larger surface from which to let off the heat? +You may now weigh only half as much as you will when you are fully +grown, but you already have much more than half as much size or +surface.)</li> +<li>What quality should all clothing material have, and why?</li> +</ol> +<h4>II. An Early Romp.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Which makes you more tired, to walk slowly, just “lagging +along,” for about twenty minutes, or to walk briskly for the +same time? Why?</li> +<li>How do you make your muscles strong? What is your heart made +of? How can you make your heart strong?</li> +<li>Why do you need a heart?</li> +<li>What is your <em>pulse</em>? Where can you easily feel a pulse? +Count the pulse of someone else for half a minute by a watch. Do +this accurately. How many beats would there be in a minute? Try +this with different classmates.</li> +<li>What do we call the tubes through which the blood flows away +from the heart? The tubes through which it flows back to the +heart?</li> +<li>What is happening to the blood on its “round trip”? +Where does it get the liquid food that it delivers to the muscles? +Why must the blood be carried away from the muscles?</li> +</ol> +<h4>III. Fresh Air—Why We Need It.</h4> +<ol> +<li>If you were asked how we can tell that air is everywhere, what +could you say?</li> +<li>What do we call a thin light substance like air?</li> +<li>What proof have we that the body needs it? How does it get +around to the different parts of the body?</li> +<li>What is the body—its muscle, bone, skin, and +all—made up of? How do these cells use the air? Why do you +need to breathe so often?</li> +<li>In the candle experiment, is all the air under the glass used +up? What is used up? How can we compare a person in a closed room +to the burning candle under the glass?</li> +<li>What is the gas that we breathe out?</li> +<li>In what three ways does the body “clean +house”?</li> +</ol> +<h4>IV. Fresh Air—How We Breathe It.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Where are your lungs?</li> +<li>Draw a picture of the ribs.</li> +<li>In what position are they when the <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page179" name="page179"></a>179</span>lungs are filled with air? +In what position is the diaphragm then?</li> +<li>What are the lungs giving off in the breath besides carbon +dioxid? How can you prove this?</li> +<li>How can you prove that the gas in your breath is not like the +gas in the fresh air around you?</li> +<li>Why does a room with people in it grow very warm if the doors +and windows are kept closed?</li> +<li>How does Nature keep the outdoor air clean? What makes the +winds?</li> +<li>Are you careful to keep your breath as clean as possible? How? +How do you help keep the air in your house clean?</li> +</ol> +<h3>In School</h3> +<h4>I. Bringing the Fresh Air In.</h4> +<ol> +<li>What do we mean by fresh air? Why must the air we breathe have +oxygen in it?</li> +<li>Is the air in the room now the best you can have in it? How is +the air moving?</li> +<li>Is there always the same amount of air in the room? Then, if +there is more fresh air, there must be—bad air? If there is +less fresh air, there must be—bad air? What is the quickest +way to let the bad air out and the fresh air in? Why are you given +recess?</li> +<li>What is a draft? Are drafts dangerous?</li> +<li>Will night air hurt you? What air can you have in the house at +night except night air?</li> +</ol> +<h4>II. Hearing and Listening.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Have you ever slept in a house close to a railway? What did you +notice whenever a heavy train went by? What made the bed +tremble?</li> +<li>If you have stood very near a moving train, how did your ears +feel? Why?</li> +<li>How far do sound waves travel after they enter the ear? Could a +person be deaf who had two perfect ears? Where would the trouble +be?</li> +<li>Draw a picture to show the parts of your <em>left</em> ear, and +name each part.</li> +<li>How do you take care of your ears?</li> +<li>Comment on doing each of these things:—firing a bean +shooter at anyone; throwing gravel or sand; firing off a cap or +torpedo close to some one’s head; boxing a person on the ear; +running a nail cleaner or pencil point into your ear; putting on +the baby’s cap so that the ears are folded forward; asking +your teacher to repeat her question.</li> +<li>Have you tried to train your ears? How?—and why?</li> +<li>Find out about some business, or occupation, in which it is +necessary to have very keen hearing, and write a little story about +it.</li> +</ol> +<h4>III. Seeing and Reading.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Are you seated now in the best way for reading or not? +Why?</li> +<li>Why is it well to look up often, as you read?</li> +<li>How far from your eyes ought you to be able to hold this book +to read it easily? If you cannot, what should you do?</li> +<li>Draw a picture of someone’s eye, as you see it, naming +the parts.</li> +<li>Draw a picture of your eye as it would look if you could see +the eyeball from the <em>left</em> side, and name the parts.</li> +<li>What takes the sight message to the brain?</li> +<li>How does the nerve of the eye (the <em>optic nerve</em>) get +its messages? What, then, is <em>light</em>? If the light waves +enter the ear, can they make you hear? Why not?</li> +<li>When a baby is born, what care should be taken <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>180</span>of its eyes +immediately, and why?</li> +<li>Have you ever played any games in which the sharpest eyes won? +What were they?</li> +<li>Write a little story about the picture on <a href="#page59">p. +59</a>.</li> +</ol> +<h4>IV. A Drink of Water.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Why do we want to drink water? How would you know that your +body must have a great deal of liquid in it?</li> +<li>Do you know where the water you drink at school comes from? If +you don’t, try to find out; and find out also just how it is +brought to the school and why it flows up to the faucets.</li> +<li>If you get drinking water from a well, either at home or at +school, tell where this well is—how near the house or the +out-buildings. Do you think that any waste from these buildings +could drain into the well? Why?</li> +<li>At your sand table or from a sandpile in the yard, lay out a +farmyard, showing where the house, the barn, the chicken yard, and +the pig-sty, also the privy vault, are. Now locate the well so that +it cannot receive drainage from any of these places.</li> +<li>What is the danger in using drinking water from a stream?</li> +<li>How could the germs of typhoid fever get into the milk we +drink?</li> +<li>What do we mean by <em>fermented</em> drinks? Name some. What +is in these drinks that is so very harmful?</li> +</ol> +<h4>V. Little Cooks.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Do you bring luncheon to school? What do you like to have for +your luncheon? Talk about this in class with your teacher, and find +out what things are best for school luncheons.</li> +<li>How is your luncheon packed? Why ought it to be neatly +done?</li> +<li>How long do you take for luncheon, or for dinner at home? Is +this time enough?</li> +<li>What do you do right after eating? Is this what you ought to +do? Why?</li> +<li>What foods do you know how to cook? Write out the recipe for +something you have made, showing what you mixed and how you did it; +and in what, and how long, you cooked it.</li> +<li>Give three reasons for cooking food.</li> +<li>How is fried food so often made indigestible?</li> +<li>Are sweet foods good or harmful? What does sugar come from? How +is it made?</li> +<li>Write a little story about one of these things: My First Lesson +in Cooking; Our Taffy Party; How I Kept Flies out of the Kitchen; +How We Boys Cooked Breakfast (or Supper); My Marketing.</li> +</ol> +<h4>VI. Tasting and Smelling.</h4> +<ol> +<li>If anyone asked you how a lemon tastes, what would you say? +What would you say about sugar? Salt? Pepper? Pickles? +Strawberries? Cheese? Onions? Radishes? How did you learn about +each of these?</li> +<li>What does your tongue do besides receiving tastes? Note in the +picture (<a href="#page86">p. 86</a>) how strongly your tongue is +rooted; point to the tip of it in the picture.</li> +<li>How does your nose help your throat and your lungs? How else +may it help you?</li> +<li>Draw a picture to show how air reaches the lungs.</li> +<li>What are <em>adenoids</em>? How may you know if you have +adenoids? If you have, what ought you to do? Why?</li> +<li>Where do the men who want to smoke in the open trolley car have +to sit? Why? If children breathe tobacco smoke, what effect will it +have on them? Why is smoking a foolish habit? How is it often +harmful?</li> +</ol> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name= +"page181"></a>181</span></p> +<h4>VII. Talking and Reciting.</h4> +<ol> +<li>When you are reciting in class, do you think how your voice and +the words sound to the other people in the room? Show the class how +you can make your speech sound just as you want it to.</li> +<li>Give three ways in which you can take care of your throat and +voice. Put your hand on the place where your voice is made. How is +it made?</li> +<li>On your own picture of the throat, show where those little +folds of skin are (the picture on <a href="#page86">p. 86</a> +shows, of course, only the fold of skin, or <em>vocal cord</em>, on +the right half of the windpipe).</li> +</ol> +<h4>VIII. Thinking and Answering.</h4> +<ol> +<li>With two or three of your classmates, play telephone;—one +must be “Central” and one “Information” at +the central office, and one must receive your message and answer +it. A number of the other children may join hands to make a long +“wire” on each side of “Central”; they will +repeat the message softly from one to another all down their +“wire.”</li> +<li>Now, suppose that you all represent the telephone system in the +body. Could you act out this “Body-Telephone” +call:—The eye sees a burning match on the floor, and sends +the message to its center in the brain; this center consults the +memory (“Information”) as to what to do. Memory recalls +that burning matches are likely to set fire to other things and +ought to be put out. So the brain sends a message to the muscles of +the foot to get to work and stamp out the flame. In this play, what +will you each call yourselves?</li> +<li>Make up some other “Body-Telephone” plays.</li> +<li>What are some of the messages that are being carried by your +nerves, that you know nothing about?</li> +<li>Think how many messages a baby stores away before he is ready +to answer them; what are some of these? Why can he not answer them +at once? What makes his brain and nerves and muscles grow? How can +you take the best care of yours?</li> +<li>In the picture on <a href="#page96">p. 96</a>, point to the +brain; to the spinal cord. How near the surface of your back is +your spinal cord? What keeps it from being easily injured?</li> +</ol> +<h3>“Absent To-day?”</h3> +<h4>I. Keeping Well.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Why do our bodies need “housecleaning”? How do we +get rid of the waste part that is a gas? Of the part that is water? +What carries the carbon dioxid to the lungs? What carries the waste +water to the sweat tubes and the kidneys? What other waste is there +to be gotten rid of?</li> +<li>Suppose that you and your chum each have an equal chance to +take a bad cold from someone else; your chum catches it, and you +don’t. What might be one reason why you don’t? Place +your hand over your liver. How can you keep it in good working +order?</li> +<li>What is the bladder? Why is it so very necessary to empty the +bladder regularly? When you perspire freely, how does that help the +kidneys?</li> +</ol> +<h4>II. Some Foes to Fight.</h4> +<ol> +<li>You have seen moldy bread? What is, the mold? What makes it +spread?</li> +<li>Suppose you take some pieces of moldy bread or potato and turn +a glass jar or bowl over them. Catch a few flies and put them under +the glass, and leave them to crawl over the <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>182</span>moldy food. +After a day, put the flies under another glass with some pieces of +fresh bread or potato. If you find that the fresh food quickly +becomes moldy, how will you think that the mold germs came to it? +(If you keep the jars in a warm place, the germs will grow faster, +and you won’t have so long to wait before you can see the +mold.)</li> +<li>What other kinds of germs do flies carry? How do they carry +them?</li> +<li>A Board of Health caused a liveryman to be fined because he +allowed a manure pile to remain behind his stable. Why was his act +a misdemeanor? From what do flies come, and how do they grow?</li> +<li>On your way to and from school, what have you noticed that +could breed or attract flies? How could these things have been +avoided?</li> +<li>The next time you go into a butcher shop or grocery store, +notice how the things are kept and be ready to tell the class what +you think about it.</li> +<li>In what ways may germs be carried, besides by flies?</li> +<li>What do we mean by the “Great White Plague”? Why is +it called this? What are people doing to try to cure it?</li> +<li>What can you do to help prevent it?</li> +<li>Why ought you to stay away from other people when you have a +cold? What do you need most in order to get well?</li> +<li>Do you always have your own towel to use? Why should you?</li> +<li>Write a little story about the picture on <a href="#page112">p. +112</a>.</li> +</ol> +<h4>III. Protecting Our Friends.</h4> +<ol> +<li>Is there a Board of Health in your town? If not, what takes its +place? See if you can find out some of the things that the Board or +the Officers have done for the town.</li> +<li>What do we mean by <em>quarantine</em>? What is the +<em>quarantine station</em> in ports where passenger steamers land? +See if you can find out about any time when a city or port was +guarding its people against an infectious disease.</li> +<li>Have you been vaccinated? How was it done? Why was it done? How +do we all know that it is a very wise thing to have done?</li> +<li>How can you help the Health Officers to keep your town a +healthful place?</li> +</ol> +<h3>Work and Play</h3> +<h4>I. Growing Strong.</h4> +<ol> +<li>When you play out of doors, what do you exercise? What do you +exercise when you study? How ought you to play and study so as to +get the most good from each? Why is it good to play, and work too, +out of doors?</li> +<li>What games have you played in the last day or two? How did the +players divide the muscle exercise of the game? Did they divide up +the thinking part, too?</li> +<li>Why must the blood be sent to the muscles? Why must it be +carried away again? When you feel tired, what is happening in your +body?</li> +<li>What are muscles like? Show how the elastic bands of your legs +work when you sit on your heels. What makes the muscles at the back +of your legs feel thicker?</li> +<li>What bones of your body can you feel? Put your hands on them, +as you tell what you can about each.</li> +<li>Why do we need bones? What do we call our whole framework of +bones?</li> +<li>Have you ever seen anyone who had to stay all the time in bed +or sit in a wheeled chair? How did this person show the lack of +exercise?</li> +<li>What is the meaning of the <span class="pagenum"><a id= +"page183" name="page183"></a>183</span>picture on <a href= +"#page129">p. 129</a>?</li> +<li>Choose one of the other pictures in this chapter and write a +story about it to show how to grow strong.</li> +</ol> +<h4>II. Accidents.</h4> +<ol> +<li>When you hear the word <em>accident</em>, what do you think of? +What have you to help you to prevent accidents? If you have used +your “look-out department” as well as you can, and +still the accident happens, what will you do then?</li> +<li>Show the class how to care for a very deep cut. What do we call +a medicine that kills disease germs?</li> +<li>How would you treat a bruise? A burn? Frost-bitten ears? +Chilblains? A bee sting?</li> +<li>If you are told to take some medicine from a certain bottle or +box, do you always look at the label? Why is it dangerous not to? +What do you think of having medicines about not labeled or poured +into old bottles with wrong labels?</li> +<li>If you should happen to swallow something poisonous, what ought +you to do right away?</li> +<li>Suppose your clothes or your hair should catch fire; what would +you do?</li> +<li>How did you celebrate last Fourth of July? Write a short story +about the picture on <a href="#page144">p. 144</a>.</li> +<li>With one of your classmates, show how you would try to restore +a person who had just been saved from drowning. How can you try to +save yourself if you fall into the water?</li> +</ol> +<h3>III. The City Beautiful.</h3> +<ol> +<li>Have you a park near your home? When the people leave at the +end of the day, how do the lawns and paths look? Are there cans in +the park to hold the papers and scraps?</li> +<li>How are the streets in your town cleaned in winter? In +summer?</li> +<li>How do the houses get rid of their waste?</li> +<li>If the waste goes into a river, is the river water used for +drinking? Who decides where the drinking water for the town shall +come from?</li> +<li>Why are drinks containing alcohol harmful to take (give four +reasons)? What is a <em>narcotic</em>? How does drinking alcohol +lead to crime?</li> +<li>Write down five ways in which you can help to keep your town or +city beautiful. Five ways in which you can help to keep your own +home beautiful.</li> +<li>Why should every city have parks for the children?</li> +</ol> +<h3>The Evening Meal</h3> +<ol> +<li>Play housekeeping, and order the dinner.</li> +<li>Write down a list of things for a good supper.</li> +<li>Why does Nature give us so many different kinds of food? How +does she teach us not to eat too much of one kind at a time?</li> +<li>Write down on the board as many of each of these kinds of food +as you can:—meats; vegetables; fruits; breads; sweet foods; +fish; grains; food (not fruit) that does not need cooking; food to +drink.</li> +<li>How do you help to make meal times pleasant? Make up a story +about the picture on <a href="#page159">p. 159</a>, and tell it in +class.</li> +</ol> +<h3>A Pleasant Evening</h3> +<ol> +<li>Just after a meal, what is your stomach doing? How can you help +your digestion?</li> +<li>Have you played any of the games mentioned here? <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>184</span>How did you +play them?</li> +<li>Look at the picture on <a href="#page165">p. 165</a>; why is +this a good after-supper corner? How do you sit and hold your book +when you read in the evening?</li> +<li>What parts of your body are you exercising and taking care of +when you read? Of what use is a healthy, vigorous body without a +healthy, vigorous mind? How can you keep your mind healthy? How can +you keep it vigorous?</li> +<li>What kind of books do you like best to read? Tell the class the +names of some good ones.</li> +</ol> +<h3>Good Night</h3> +<h4>I. Getting Ready for Bed.</h4> +<ol> +<li>At what hour do you go to bed? When do you get up? How many +hours’ sleep does this give you? Is this enough? Why do you +need so much sleep?</li> +<li>As you undress, what do you do with the clothes you take off? +Why should you air your clothes every night? How can you take an +air bath? Is this as good as a wash?</li> +<li>How do you care for your hair at night?</li> +<li>Do you ever go to bed without brushing your teeth? If you do, +what happens all night long to the food scraps that were left +around and between your teeth? As these scraps decay, what harm do +they do? What makes a tooth ache?</li> +<li>Draw a little picture of your own teeth as you see them in a +looking-glass. Are there any spaces that you can see where food +might lodge and stay? How can you keep your teeth quite free from +scraps of food?</li> +<li>Why are teeth necessary? How must they grow to make good +cutting tools? If they are not straight or sound, what can you do +about it?</li> +<li>Why ought children’s first teeth to be thoroughly brushed +every day?</li> +</ol> +<h4>II. The Land of Nod.</h4> +<ol> +<li>When you are ready for bed, how do you fix your windows? Why is +it even more necessary to have the air blowing through the room at +night than in the daytime?</li> +<li>How else is your body being purified at night? Does your body +do any work while you are sleeping? What work?</li> +<li>What kind of sleep should you have if you are perfectly +well?</li> +</ol> +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Child's Day, by Woods Hutchinson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILD'S DAY *** + +***** This file should be named 18559-h.htm or 18559-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/5/5/18559/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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