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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Child's Day, by Woods Hutchinson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Child's Day
+
+Author: Woods Hutchinson
+
+Release Date: June 11, 2006 [EBook #18559]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILD'S DAY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: A GOOD SPORT FOR GIRLS AND BOYS]
+
+
+
+THE WOODS HUTCHINSON HEALTH SERIES
+
+
+
+THE CHILD'S DAY
+
+
+BY
+
+
+WOODS HUTCHINSON, A.M., M.D.
+
+
+Sometime Professor of Anatomy, University of Iowa; Professor of
+Comparative Pathology and Methods of Science Teaching, University of
+Buffalo; Lecturer, London Medical Graduates' College and University of
+London; and State Health Officer of Oregon. Author of "Preventable
+Diseases," "Conquest of Consumption," "Instinct and Health," and "A
+Handbook of Health."
+
+
+
+HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
+BOSTON   NEW YORK    CHICAGO
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY WOODS HUTCHINSON
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+"If youth only knew, if old age only could!" lamented the philosopher.
+What is the use, say some, of putting ideas about disease into
+children's heads and making them fussy about their health and anxious
+before their time?
+
+Precisely because ideas about disease are far less hurtful than
+disease itself, and because the period for richest returns from
+sensible living is childhood--and the earlier the better.
+
+It is abundantly worth while to teach a child how to protect his
+health and build up his strength; too many of us only begin to take
+thought of our health when it is too late to do us much good. Almost
+everything is possible in childhood. The heaviest life handicaps can
+be fed and played and trained out of existence in a child. Even the
+most rudimentary knowledge, the simplest and crudest of precautions,
+in childhood may make all the difference between misery and happiness,
+success and failure in life.
+
+Our greatest asset for healthful living is that most of the unspoiled
+instincts, the primitive likes and dislikes, of the child point in the
+right direction. There is no need to tell children to eat, to play, to
+sleep, to swim; all that is needed is to point out why they like to do
+these things, where to stop, what risks to avoid. The simplest and
+most natural method of doing this has seemed to be that of a sketch of
+the usual course and activities of a Child's Day, with a running
+commentary of explanation, and such outlines of our bodily structure
+and needs as are required to make clear why such and such a course is
+advisable and such another inadvisable. The greatest problem has been
+how to reach and hold the interest of the child; and the lion's share
+of such success as may have been achieved in this regard is due to the
+cooeperation of my sister, Professor Mabel Hutchinson Douglas of
+Whittier College, California.
+
+THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  GOOD MORNING
+      I. Waking Up
+     II. A Good Start
+    III. Bathing and Brushing
+
+  BREAKFAST
+
+  GOING TO SCHOOL
+      I. Getting Ready
+     II. An Early Romp
+    III. Fresh Air--Why We Need It
+     IV. Fresh Air--How We Breathe It
+
+  IN SCHOOL
+       I. Bringing the Fresh Air In
+      II. Hearing and Listening
+     III. Seeing and Reading
+      IV. A Drink of Water
+       V. Little Cooks
+      VI. Tasting and Smelling
+     VII. Talking and Reciting
+    VIII. Thinking and Answering
+
+  "ABSENT TO-DAY?"
+      I. Keeping Well
+     II. Some Foes to Fight
+    III. Protecting Our Friends
+
+  WORK AND PLAY
+      I. Growing Strong
+     II. Accidents
+    III. The City Beautiful
+
+  THE EVENING MEAL
+
+  A PLEASANT EVENING
+
+  GOOD NIGHT
+      I. Getting Ready for Bed
+     II. The Land of Nod
+
+  QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+
+
+
+THE CHILD'S DAY
+
+
+
+
+GOOD MORNING
+
+
+I. WAKING UP
+
+If there is anything that we all enjoy, it is waking up on a bright
+spring morning and seeing the sunlight pouring into the room. You all
+know the poem beginning,--
+
+  "I remember, I remember
+  The house where I was born;
+  The little window where the sun
+  Came peeping in at morn."
+
+You are feeling fresh and rested and happy after your good night's
+sleep and you are eager to be up and out among the birds and the
+flowers.
+
+You are perfectly right in being glad to say "Good morning" to the
+sun, for he is one of the best friends you have. Doesn't he make the
+flowers blossom, and the trees grow? And he makes the apples redden,
+too, and the wheat-ears fill out, and the potatoes grow under the
+ground, and the peas and beans and melons and strawberries and
+raspberries above it. All these things that feed you and keep you
+healthy are grown by the heat of the sun. So if it were not for the
+sunlight we should all starve to death.
+
+While sunlight is pouring down from the sun to the earth, it is
+warming and cleaning the air, burning up any poisonous gases, or
+germs, that may be in it. By heating the air, it starts it to rising.
+If you will watch, you can see the air shimmering and rising from an
+open field on a broiling summer day, or wavering and rushing upward
+from a hot stove or an open register in winter. Hold a little feather
+fluff or blow a puff of flour above a hot stove, and it will go
+sailing up toward the ceiling. As the heated air rises, the cooler air
+around rushes in to fill the place that it has left, and the outdoor
+"drafts" are made that we call _winds_.
+
+These winds keep the air moving about in all directions constantly,
+like water in a boiling pot, and in this way keep it fresh and pure
+and clean. If it were not for this, the air would become foul and damp
+and stagnant, like the water in a ditch or marshy pool. So the Sun
+God, as our ancestors in the Far East used to call him thousands of
+years ago, not only gives us our food to eat, but keeps the air fit
+for us to breathe.
+
+In still another way the sun is one of our best friends; for his rays
+have the wonderful power, not only of causing plants that supply us
+with food--the Green Plants, as we call them--to grow and flourish,
+but at the same time of withering and killing certain plants that do
+us harm. These plants--the Colorless Plants, we may call them--are the
+_molds_, the _fungi_, and the _bacteria_, or _germs_. You know how a
+pair of boots put away in a dark, damp closet, or left down in the
+cellar, will become covered all over with a coating of gray mold. Mold
+grows rapidly in the dark. Just so, these other Colorless Plants,
+which include most of our disease germs, grow and flourish in the
+dark, and are killed by sunlight. That is why no house, or room, is
+fit to live in, into which the sunlight does not pour freely sometime
+during the day. The more sunlight you can bring into your bedrooms and
+your playrooms and your schoolrooms, except during the heat of the day
+in the summer time, the better they will be. The Italians have a very
+shrewd and true old proverb about houses and light: "Where the
+sunlight never comes, the doctor often does."
+
+So you see that Nature is guiding you in the right direction when she
+makes you love and delight in the bright, warm, golden sunlight; for
+it is one of the very best friends that you have--indeed, you couldn't
+possibly live without it.
+
+In one sense, in fact, though this may be a little harder for you to
+understand, you are sunlight yourselves; for the power in your muscles
+and nerves that makes you able to jump and dance and sing and laugh
+and breathe is the sunlight which you have eaten in bread and apples
+and potatoes, and which the plants had drunk in through their leaves
+in the long, sunny days of spring and summer.
+
+So throw up your blinds and open your windows wide to the sunlight
+every morning; and let the sunlight pour in all day long, except only
+while you are reading or studying--when the dazzling light may hurt
+your eyes--and for six or seven of the hottest hours of the day in
+summer time. Perhaps your mothers will object that the sunlight will
+fade the carpets, or spoil the furniture; but it will put far more
+color into your faces than it will take out of the carpets. If you are
+given the choice of a bedroom, choose a room that faces south or
+southeast or southwest, never toward the north.
+
+
+II. A GOOD START
+
+When you are really awake and have had a good look to see what kind of
+morning it is, you will feel like yawning and stretching, and rubbing
+your eyes four or five times, before you jump out of bed; and it is a
+good plan to take plenty of time to do this, unless you are already
+late for breakfast or school. It starts your heart to beating and your
+lungs to breathing faster; and it limbers your muscles, so that you
+are ready for the harder work they must do as soon as you jump out of
+bed and begin to walk about and bathe and dress and run and play.
+
+When you jump out of bed, throw back the covers and turn them over the
+foot of the bed, so that the air and the sunlight can get at every
+part of them and make them clean and fresh and sweet to cover you at
+night again. Though you may not know it, all night long, while you
+have been asleep, your skin has been at work cleaning and purifying
+your blood, pouring out gases and a watery vapor that we call
+_perspiration_, or _sweat_; and these impurities have been caught by
+the sheets and blankets. So after a bed has been slept in for four or
+five nights, if it has not been thrown well open in the morning, it
+begins to have a stuffy, foul, sourish smell. You can see from this
+why it is a bad thing to sleep with your head under the bedclothes, as
+people sometimes do, or even to pull the blankets up over your head,
+because you are frightened at something or are afraid that your ears
+will get cold. Your breath has poisonous gases in it, as well as your
+perspiration; and the two together make the air under the bedclothes
+very bad.
+
+Now you are ready to wash and dress. But before you do this, it is a
+good thing to take off your nightdress, or turn it down to your waist
+and tie it there with the sleeves, and go through some good swinging
+and "windmill" movements with your arms and shoulders and back.
+
+(1) Swing your arms round and round like the sails of a windmill;
+first both together, then one in one direction, and the other in the
+other.
+
+(2) Hold your arms straight out in front of you, and swing them
+backward until the backs of your hands strike behind your back.
+
+(3) Hold your arms straight out on each side, clench your fists, and
+then smartly bend your elbows so that you almost strike yourself on
+both shoulders, and repeat quickly twenty or thirty times.
+
+(4) Swing your arms, out full length, across your chest five or ten
+times.
+
+(5) Swing forward and down with your arms stretched out, until the
+tips of your fingers touch the floor.
+
+(6) Set your feet a little apart, swing forward and downward again,
+until your hands swing back between your ankles.
+
+    [Illustration: STARTING THE DAY]
+
+When you come back from these down-swings, bend just as far back as
+you can without losing your balance, so that you put all the muscles
+along the front of your body on the stretch; and then swing down again
+between your ankles. This will help to tone up all your muscles, and
+limber all your joints, and set your blood to circulating well, and
+give you a good start for the day.
+
+
+III. BATHING AND BRUSHING
+
+Now you are ready to wash and dress. You can easily take off the gown,
+or garments, that you have worn during the night; but there is one
+coat that you cannot take off--one that is more important and useful
+and beautiful than all the rest of your clothes put together, no
+matter of how fine material they may be made, or what they have cost.
+
+Do you remember the old Bible story about Joseph and his "coat of many
+colors"? Perhaps you've wished you had one just as nice. Now, the fact
+is, your coat is more beautiful even than Joseph's; and, as for its
+uses, it is the most wonderful coat ever made!
+
+This coat of yours changes its color from time to time; sometimes it
+is pink, sometimes red, sometimes a soft milky white, and sometimes a
+dull dark blue, or purple. I wonder if you guess what it is. Sometimes
+it is dry and sometimes wet, sometimes it is hot and sometimes cold,
+sometimes rough and sometimes smoother than the softest silk--just run
+your hand gently over your cheek!
+
+Now you have guessed my riddle. This "wonderful coat" is your skin,
+which covers you from top to toe. It fits more closely than any glove,
+and yet is so easy and comfortable that it never rubs or binds or
+hurts you in any way.
+
+    [Illustration: THE SKIN-STRAINER
+
+    The little pores open in furrows of the skin. This drawing is
+    many hundred times as large as the piece of skin itself.]
+
+Will the wonderful coat wash? Yes, indeed, and look all the prettier.
+In fact, to keep it white and clear you must bathe often, not only
+your hands and face, but your whole body. Your skin is a strainer, you
+know. It is a "way out" for some of the gases and waste water from the
+blood. What will happen, then, if you don't wash your skin? The little
+holes, or _pores_, that the sweat comes through may become clogged.
+The strainer won't let the poison out, and so it will stay inside your
+body. Then, too, if you do not wash the skin, the little scales that
+are peeling off the outside coat will not be cleared away. You have
+noticed them, haven't you, sometime when you were pulling off black
+stockings? You found little white pieces, almost as fine as powder,
+clinging to the inside of the stockings. These little scales are
+always rubbing off from your skin.
+
+So every morning it is good to splash the cool water all over
+yourself, if you can, as the birds do in the puddles. You don't need a
+bathtub for this, though of course it is much pleasanter and more
+convenient if you have one. Pour the water into a basin and splash it
+with your hands all over your face, neck, chest, and arms. Then rub
+your skin well with a rough towel. Next, place the basin on the floor;
+put your feet into it and dash the water as quickly as you can over
+your legs. Then take another good rub. But you must not do this unless
+you keep warm while you are doing it, and your skin must be pink when
+you have finished. If you are chilly after rubbing, you should use
+tepid, even very hot, water for your morning bath. In summer you can
+bathe all over easily; but in winter, unless your room is warm, it is
+enough to splash the upper half of your body. Once or twice a week you
+should take a good hot bath with soap and then sponge down in cool
+water. See how the birds enjoy their bath; and you will, too, if you
+once get into the habit of bathing regularly.
+
+Now let us take a good look at this coat and see if we can find out
+what it is like.
+
+The other day I saw some boys playing basketball. They wore short
+sleeves and short trousers. Four were Indians, and five were white
+boys, and one was a negro. The skin of the white boys seemed to shine,
+it looked so white; and the negro's shone in its blackness; but the
+Indian's looked a dull rich dusky brown.
+
+Yes, you say, they belong to different races.
+
+But what causes the difference in their color?
+
+Little specks of coloring matter, or _pigment_, which lie in the outer
+layer of the skin. Even white skins contain a little pigment, they are
+not a pure white. A Chinaman's skin has a little more of this pigment,
+so that it looks yellow; an Indian's has still more; and a negro's has
+most of all, making him black.
+
+Sunlight can increase the amount of pigment in the skin. The people
+who live in the torrid zone have much darker skins than those who live
+where the days are short and cold. You have noticed, yourself, that
+when you expose the skin of your face or arms to the hot sun, you
+become freckled, or tanned. This tanning, or browning, of the outer
+layer of the skin protects the more delicate coats of skin below from
+being scorched or injured by the strong light.
+
+When you are playing and running with your schoolmates, you see that
+their faces grow very red, and even their hands. Why is this? Because
+the heart has been pumping hard and has sent the red blood out toward
+the skin. The red color shines through the outer part of the skin. The
+pigment in the Indian's skin, or the negro's, prevents the red blood
+underneath from shining through, as it does through yours.
+
+    [Illustration: THE PARTS OF THE SKIN
+
+    The pore P on the surface of the skin is the end of a tube
+    through which sweat flows out. At O are the oil sacs that feed
+    the hair H. At B are the little blood vessels that make the skin
+    look pink.]
+
+The skin, you see, is made up of different layers. When you burn
+yourself, you can see a layer of skin stand out like a blister. It is
+white; but if the blister is broken, underneath you see the coat that
+is full of tiny blood vessels, so tiny and so close together that this
+whole coat looks red. The skin, like every other part of the body, is
+made up of tiny animal cells. In the outer coat they become quite flat
+like little scales and then wear off; and their places are taken by
+the newer cells that are growing from beneath. The skin grows from
+beneath, and bit by bit it sheds its old outer coat. This is how it
+keeps itself nice and new on the outside and "grows away" the marks of
+cuts and burns.
+
+Now hold up your hand and look across it toward the light. What do you
+see? It looks fuzzy, doesn't it? Ever and ever so many tiny little
+hairs are on it. The other day a little boy asked me what made his
+skin look so rough? I looked, and saw that all the little hairs were
+standing on end, so that his skin looked like "goose-flesh." It was
+because he was cold. The muscles at the roots of the hairs had
+shortened, so that they pulled the hairs straight up and made the skin
+look rough.
+
+What part of the body has a great deal of hair on it? The head, of
+course. Isn't it strange that you have such long hair on the top of
+your head and none at all on the soles of your feet or the palms of
+your hands? The hair on your head protects you from cold and rain and
+the hot sun; but hair on your palms, would only be in the way.
+
+Now look at the ends of your fingers. There the skin has grown so hard
+that it forms _nails_. If you look at your toes, you will see that the
+same thing has happened there. These nails are little pink shells to
+protect the ends of your fingers and toes. You see what a wonderful
+coat it is that you are wearing.
+
+Does the skin coat keep you warm? Yes, and not only that, but it keeps
+you cool, too. You have often seen little drops of water on your skin,
+when you were very hot. This sweat, or perspiration, as we call it,
+cools the body by making the skin moist. You know how cold it makes
+you to be wrapped in a wet sheet. Well, the skin cools you in just the
+same way, when it becomes wet with sweat. The sweat comes from the
+blood under the skin; so that, as we saw before, by letting this
+moisture pass through, the skin acts as a sieve to let out the waste
+from the blood.
+
+Then, too, the skin covers and protects all the other parts. It is
+thin where it needs to be thin, so as not to interfere with quick
+movements, as on the eyelids and the lips; and thick where it needs to
+be thick, to stand wear and tear, as on the soles of the feet and the
+palms of the hands. I remember once taking a sliver of shingle out of
+the back of a little boy who had been sliding down a roof. I had to
+sharpen my knife and press and push and at last get a pair of scissors
+to cut out the sliver. It was just like cutting tough leather. But
+even if we do sometimes get cuts and burns and bruises, yet our skin
+coat protects us far more than we really think. It keeps out all sorts
+of poisons and the germs of blood-poisoning and such diseases. These
+enemies can attack us only through a scratch or cut in the skin, for
+that is the only way they can get into the blood. The skin is better
+than any manufactured coat, too, because, if it is torn or scratched,
+it can mend itself.
+
+    [Illustration: READING BY TOUCH INSTEAD OF SIGHT
+
+    These boys are blind; their books are printed with raised
+    letters, which they read by feeling of them.]
+
+Does your skin ever talk to you? No, of course not; yet it tells you
+ever so many things. Shut your eyes and pick up a pencil. As you touch
+it, your skin tells you that it is round and smooth, and pointed at
+one end. You can feel the soft rubber on the other end, too. Is it
+wet? No. Is it hot? Of course not. Now place a book in the palm of
+your hand. Is it flat or round, light or heavy, rough or smooth? All
+these things your skin tells you through little nerve tips, which are
+scattered thickly all over it. Still another thing the skin does; if
+you touch anything sharp or hot, it says at once that it hurts. If
+your clothes are tight or uncomfortable, the skin soon lets you know.
+You see it is always on the lookout, always ready to tell you about
+the things around you and to warn you against the things that might
+hurt you. The fifth of your "Five Senses," the sense of _touch_, is in
+your skin.
+
+There are some parts of your skin-coat that should have special care.
+
+I hardly need tell you about washing your face carefully around your
+nose and in front of your ears. Sometimes I have seen a "high-water
+mark" right down the middle of the cheek or just under the jaws or
+chin.
+
+Of course your mother has told you about washing your hands! You see,
+our hands touch so many dirty things, and handle so many things that
+other people's hands have touched, that we ought always to wash them
+before a meal for fear some of the dirt or germs on them may get into
+our mouths and cause disease.
+
+And we really need to clean our nails as often as we wash our hands,
+for that little black rim under the nail is very dangerous. Dust and
+disease germs and dirt of all kinds find it a good place in which to
+hide. Trim your nails with a file, not a knife; and clean them with a
+dull cleaner, for a sharp-pointed one will scrape the nail and roughen
+it, or push the nail away from the skin of the finger underneath.
+
+    [Illustration: USEFUL TOOLS]
+
+Trim and clean the edges of your nails carefully and thoroughly, but
+don't fuss much with the roots of them. That little fold of skin there
+may strike you as untidy, but it covers the soft growing part of the
+nail; and if you push it back with a nail-cleaner, it may cause the
+nail to crack and roughen or become inflamed and start a "hang nail"
+or "run around." If you push it back at all, do so only with the ball
+of your thumb or finger.
+
+The edges of the nails should be trimmed in a curve to match the curve
+of the end of the finger. Of course you know that you should never
+bite your nails, not only because it is a bad habit and will bring a
+good deal of dirt into your mouth, but because you may bite, or tear
+down into, the tender growing part of the nail, sometimes called the
+_quick_; and then this part may become inflamed, and you will have a
+troublesome sore on the end of your finger.
+
+    [Illustration: DO YOUR NAILS LOOK LIKE THESE?]
+
+Just as your nails are a part of your skin,--hardened from it and
+rooted in it,--so, too, are your teeth; and, like the rest of the
+skin, they should be kept thoroughly clean. Every morning and evening
+at least they should be carefully brushed. If you take good care of
+your first teeth and have them filled when they need it, you will
+probably have good permanent teeth, and you won't have to suffer with
+toothache.
+
+The skin of your head, which grows such beautiful hair, and the hair
+itself, should be kept clean. There are two things needed for this.
+
+First, the hair should be brushed and combed night and morning. The
+skin of your scalp is shedding tiny thin scales all day and all night,
+just as the rest of your skin is doing. Fortunately, your hair is
+growing from roots under the skin much in the same way as blades of
+grass grow from their roots; and, as it grows, it pushes up these
+scales from the surface of the scalp to where you can readily reach
+them with a good bristle brush. If they are not well brushed out, the
+dust and smoke from the air will mix with them, and the germs in the
+dust and smoke will breed in the mixture, and you will soon have
+"scurf" or _dandruff_ on your head. So give at least fifteen or twenty
+strokes with the brush before you use the comb. It isn't necessary to
+brush or scrape the scalp, and a comb should be used only to part the
+hair or take out the tangles.
+
+The second thing is to wash the hair and the scalp. Boys ought to wash
+their hair every week; and girls, every two weeks; and girls,
+especially, should be careful to dry their hair very thoroughly
+afterwards. You will notice after washing your hair that it feels dry
+and fluffy, and sometimes rather harsh. This is because the soap and
+hot water together have washed out of the hair its natural oil, or
+grease, which kept it bright and soft; and this is why it is better
+not to wash the hair with soap and hot water oftener than once a week
+or so. But it shouldn't be shirked when the time does come. Watch how
+hard your kitten works to keep her fur coat glossy, though it must be
+tiresome enough to lick, lick, lick.
+
+Sometimes in cold weather your lips and knuckles crack and bleed. That
+is because the skin on those parts is so thin and so often stretched
+and bruised. If you will take a little pure olive oil or cold cream
+and rub it on your lips and hands, it will make the skin softer and
+not so likely to break.
+
+    [Illustration: SHOES THAT SHOW SENSE
+
+    Low heels and plenty of room for the toes.]
+
+Sometimes your feet tell you that they need better care. Perhaps your
+shoes are too tight, or too loose and rub your toes. Soon the skin
+becomes very hard in one spot, and you have a "corn" on your toe. You
+must be very, very careful how your shoes and stockings fit. If you
+should find a corn, or the beginning of one, you had better tell your
+mother about it, and let her see that your stockings are not too big,
+so that they wrinkle into folds and chafe, or that your shoes are
+mended, or that you have a larger pair. And then, if you wash your
+feet in cold water every day, and put some vaseline or sweet oil on
+the hard spot night or morning, the corn will probably go away.
+
+Not only your shoes, but all of your clothing must be comfortable if
+your skin and the parts under it are to do their work well. Your
+clothes as well as your skin must be washed often, because the sweat,
+which is oily and greasy as well as watery, soaks into them, and the
+little white scales cling to them, and often dust and disease germs,
+too.
+
+One winter a little boy came to my school. The other children told me
+they did not like to sit by him, his clothes had such an unpleasant
+smell. I talked to him about it, and what do you suppose he said!
+"Why, I can't bathe; the creek's too cold in winter." He was waiting
+till summer time to take a bath! No wonder the other children did not
+like to sit near him.
+
+Yet, with all the bathing and rubbing and brushing, your skin won't be
+clean and beautiful and able to do all that it has to do, unless your
+stomach and heart and lungs are in good working order. So you must eat
+good food, sleep ten or twelve hours a day, and play out of doors a
+great deal, if you expect your skin to be healthy.
+
+
+
+
+BREAKFAST
+
+
+When you are washed, it doesn't take you long to dress; and before you
+have finished brushing your hair, you begin to feel as if you were
+ready for breakfast. You know just where the feeling is--an empty
+sensation near the pit of your stomach, and you don't have to look at
+the clock to know that it is breakfast time.
+
+About this time something begins to smell very good downstairs; and
+down you go, two steps at a time, and out into the dining-room, or
+kitchen. You could do it with your eyes shut, just following your
+nose; and it is a pretty good guide to follow, too. If you will just
+go toward the things that smell good, and keep away from, or refuse to
+eat, those that smell bad, you will avoid a great many dangers, not
+only to your stomach, but to your general health; for a bad smell is
+one of Nature's "black marks," and you know what they are.
+
+How nice and fresh and appetizing everything looks--the white cloth,
+the clean cups and saucers, and the shining spoons and forks. You are
+sure that a good breakfast is one of the best things in the world. You
+sit down and begin to eat, and everything tastes as good as it looks.
+
+    [Illustration: MILK AND SUNLIGHT DON'T AGREE
+
+    The early riser can help a great deal by taking the milk bottles
+    in out of the sun. Milk spoils quickly if it is not kept cool.]
+
+A good breakfast would be an egg, or a slice of bacon or ham, with a
+glass of milk,--or two, if you can drink another,--and two or three
+slices of bread, or toast, with plenty of butter; and then some cereal
+with plenty of cream and sugar, or some fruit, to finish with. A
+breakfast like this will give you just about the right amount of
+strength for the morning's work. Don't begin with a cereal or
+breakfast food; for this will spoil your appetite for your real
+breakfast. Cereal has very little nourishment in proportion to its
+bulk and the way it "fills you up." Bread or mush or potato alone is
+not enough. Any one of these gives you fuel, to be sure; but it gives
+you very little with which to build up your body. For that you must
+have milk or meat or eggs or fish.
+
+It is most important that children should eat a good big breakfast.
+All the hundred-and-one things that you are going to do during the
+day--racing, jumping, shouting, studying--require strength to do; and
+that strength can be got only out of the power in your food, which is
+really, you remember, the sunlight stored up in it.
+
+Sometimes, when you come down in the morning, especially if you
+haven't had the windows of your bedroom well open so as to get plenty
+of air during the night, you may feel that you are not very hungry for
+breakfast. Or perhaps, if you have risen late, or are in a great hurry
+to get to school in time, you just swallow a cup of coffee or tea, and
+a cracker or a little piece of bread, or a small saucer of cereal.
+This is a very bad thing to do, because coffee and tea, while they
+make you feel warm and comfortable inside, have very little
+"strength," or food value, in them, and simply warm you up and stir up
+your nerves without doing you any real good at all. A cracker or a
+single piece of bread or one large saucer of cereal has only about one
+fourth of the strength in it that you will need for playing or
+studying until noontime. So after you have started to school with a
+breakfast like this, about the middle of the morning you begin to feel
+tired and empty and cross, and wonder what is the matter with
+yourself.
+
+Children of your age are growing so fast that they need plenty of
+good, wholesome food. They get so hungry that they want to be eating
+all the time. For "grown-ups" three times a day is enough; but for you
+children, whose bodies use up the food so fast, it is well to take
+also a piece of bread and butter, or two or three cookies, or a glass
+of milk with some crackers, in the middle of the morning and again
+about the middle of the afternoon. It will not hurt your appetite for
+dinner or supper, and you won't be wanting to "pick" at cake and candy
+and pickles all day long.
+
+How does eating keep you alive and make you grow? Eating is somewhat
+like mending a fire. You put wood or coal on the fire, and it keeps
+burning and giving out heat; but if you do not put fresh fuel on, the
+fire soon goes out. Just so, putting food into your body feeds the
+"body fires" and keeps you warm, and at the same time makes you grow.
+Of course the "body fires" are not just like those you see burning in
+the stove: there are no flames. But there is burning going on, just
+the same.
+
+The food you put into your body must be made soft and pulpy before it
+can burn in your muscles. Now you can guess what your teeth are for.
+They chop, crush, and grind the food; and the tongue rolls it over and
+over and mixes it with the moisture in your mouth, until it is almost
+like very thick soup. Then you make a little motion with your tongue
+and throat, and down it goes.
+
+    [Illustration: THE FOOD TUBE
+
+    Note the arrows. This is the trip made by every mouthful of
+    food.]
+
+Where does it go? It is passed down a tube that we call the _food
+tube_. While I tell you about it, you can look at the picture and then
+try to draw it yourself.
+
+The food goes quickly down the first part of the tube until it comes
+to a part much larger than the rest, which we call the _stomach_. Here
+it is churned about for a long time, and the meat you have eaten is
+melted, or dissolved. Then the food goes on into the next part of the
+tube, which has become narrow again. This lower part, which is about
+twenty-five feet long, is coiled up just below the waist, between the
+large bones that you can feel on each side of your body. These coils
+of the food tube, we call the _bowels_.
+
+Winding all around the stomach and bowels are tiny branching pipes
+full of blood. They look somewhat like the creepers on ivy, or the
+tendrils on grapevines. These suck out the melted food from the
+bowels. They take what the body can use, and carry it away in the
+blood to all parts of the body. This is the fuel that keeps the "body
+fires" going. The tougher parts of the food, which the body cannot
+use, are carried down to the lower end of the bowels and pushed out by
+strong muscles.
+
+This waste should be passed out from the body once every day and at
+the same time each day. In the morning after breakfast is perhaps the
+best time. If you do not get rid of it every day, it makes poisons,
+which go into your blood and soon make you very sick indeed. You must
+keep clean inside as well as outside.
+
+
+
+
+GOING TO SCHOOL
+
+
+I. GETTING READY
+
+As soon as you have finished breakfast, and brushed your teeth and
+gone to the toilet, you are ready to run out of doors to play, if you
+have plenty of time, or, if not, to start for school.
+
+Doesn't it seem a nuisance, in winter time, to have to put on a coat
+and overshoes and a cap or a hood, and sometimes leggings and mittens,
+too? But your mothers know what is best for you; and when you are
+young and growing fast, you have so much more surface in proportion to
+your weight than when you are grown up, that you lose heat from the
+blood in your skin very fast; and unless you are warmly dressed, you
+become chilled.
+
+When you are chilled, you are using up, in merely trying to keep
+yourself warm, some of the energy that ought to be used for growing
+and for working. It has been found out by careful tests that children
+who are not warmly dressed, and particularly whose arms and legs are
+not warmly covered, do not grow so fast as they ought to, and more
+easily catch colds and other infections. So take time to put on your
+cap and your coat, if the weather is cold; and, if it is snowy, to
+button on leggings over your stockings; and then you can play as hard
+as you like, and run through the snow, and keep warm and rosy and
+comfortable.
+
+Wool is one of the best stuffs for coats and dresses and stockings and
+gloves and caps, not only because it is warm, but also because it is
+lighter in weight than anything else you could wear that would be
+equally warm, and because it is _porous_; that is, it will let the air
+pass through it, and the perspiration from the body escape through it.
+
+Don't wear any clothes so tight that you cannot run and jump and play
+and fling your arms and legs about freely, or so fine and stylish that
+you are afraid of getting them soiled by romping and tumbling.
+
+It is best to wear fairly heavy, comfortable shoes with good thick
+soles; then you will not have to wear rubbers, except when it is
+actually pouring rain, or when there is melting snow or slush upon the
+ground. Felt, or buckskin, or heavy cloth makes very good "uppers" for
+children's shoes; but only leather makes good soles.
+
+It is best not to wear rubbers too much, because the same
+waterproofness, which keeps the rain and the snow out, keeps the
+perspiration of your feet in, and is likely to make them damp. When
+they are damp, they are as easily chilled as if they had been wet
+through with rain or puddle water. Always take off your rubbers in the
+house or in school, because they are holding in not only the water of
+perspiration, but the poisons as well; and these will poison your
+entire blood, so that you soon have a headache and feel generally
+uncomfortable.
+
+
+II. AN EARLY ROMP
+
+The minute you are outside the door, the fresh morning air strikes
+your face, and you draw four or five big breaths, as if you would like
+to fill yourself as full as you could hold. If you have had a good
+night's sleep and a good breakfast, the very feel of the outdoor air
+will make you want to run and jump and shout and throw your arms
+about. This warms you up finely and gives you a good color; but if you
+keep it up long, you will notice that two things are happening: one,
+that you are breathing faster than you were before; the other, that
+your heart is beating harder and faster, so that you can almost feel
+it throbbing without putting your hand on your chest.
+
+If you run too hard, or too far, you begin to be out of breath, and
+your heart thumps so hard that it almost hurts. What is your heart
+doing? It is pumping; it is trying to pump the blood fast out to your
+muscles to give them the strength to run with.
+
+    [Illustration: AN EARLY RUN IS A GOOD PREPARATION FOR THE DAY'S
+    WORK]
+
+Of course you have seen a pump? Perhaps some of you have to pump water
+every day at home. You take the handle in your hands, lift it up, then
+press it down, and out pours the water through the spout; and, as you
+keep pumping, the water spurts out every time you press the handle
+down. It is hard work, and your arms are soon tired; but, as you
+cannot drink the water while it is down in the well, you must pump to
+bring it up where you can reach it.
+
+    [Illustration: THE HEART-PUMP
+
+    The big tubes are the arteries and veins.]
+
+Just so the heart pumps to keep the blood flowing round and round,
+through the muscles and all over the body. If you put your finger on
+your wrist, or on the side of your neck, you can feel a little throb,
+or _pulse_, for every spurt from your heart-pump; and that means for
+every heart-beat.
+
+This heart-pump is made of muscle, and is about the size of your
+clenched fist. And just as you can squeeze water from a sponge or out
+of a bulb-syringe, by opening and shutting your hand around it, so the
+big heart muscle squeezes the blood out of the heart. It squeezes it
+out from one side of the heart; and then, when it lets go, the blood
+comes rushing in from the other side to fill the heart again. So the
+heart goes on squeezing out and sucking in the blood, all day and all
+night as long as we live.
+
+When the blood comes to the muscles, it is a beautiful bright red; but
+after the muscles have taken what they want of it for food to burn,
+and warm you up, the "ashes" and the "smoke" go back into the blood
+and dirty its color from red to purple. Then the blood is carried to
+the lungs, where the fresh air you breathe in blows away the "smoke"
+and makes the blood red again.
+
+The blood is pumped all over the body through tubes or pipes, called
+_blood vessels_. Those that carry the red blood out from the heart, we
+call _arteries_. They are deep down under the skin, and we cannot see
+them. The pipes that carry the purple blood from the muscles and other
+parts back to the heart again, we call _veins_; and some of these are
+so close to the surface that we can easily see them through the skin.
+Let your hand hang down a minute or two, then you can see the veins on
+the inside of your wrist, or on the back of your hand, if it is not
+too fat.
+
+    [Illustration: IT IS GOOD TO PLAY OUT OF DOORS TILL THE BELL
+    RINGS--EVEN IN WINTER]
+
+The muscles, the brain, the skin, and other parts of the body get
+liquid food from the blood by "sucking" it through the walls of the
+smallest of the blood vessels, for these walls are very thin. In the
+same way, when waste passes from the muscles or the skin into the
+blood, it, too, soaks through the thin walls of the tiniest blood
+tubes, called _capillaries_.
+
+Your heart beats or throbs about seventy-five times in a minute when
+you are well. Look at the second hand of a watch, while you count the
+beats in your wrist or in your neck.
+
+Does your heart ever become tired? Not while you keep well, unless you
+over-drive it by running or wrestling too hard. It can rest between
+the beats. But the heart muscle, like any other muscle, must have
+plenty of good red blood to feed on. You put food into the blood by
+eating good breakfasts and dinners. The more you run and jump and
+play, the more work the heart has to do and the stronger it grows; and
+a good morning romp before school will send the blood flowing so
+merrily round from top to toe that you will feel fresher and brighter
+all the day.
+
+
+III. FRESH AIR--WHY WE NEED IT
+
+The heart is not the only thing that goes faster and harder when you
+run about in the morning and play hard. You are breathing faster and
+deeper as well, as if there were something in the air outside that you
+needed in your body as much as food.
+
+But, of course, you know that air is not good to eat. It has no
+strength in it, as food has; it isn't even a liquid like milk or
+coffee or tea. It is so thin and light that we call it a _gas_.
+Indeed, I suppose it is pretty hard for you to believe that air is a
+real thing at all. But all outdoors is full of the gas called air, and
+everything that seems to be empty, like a room or an empty box, is
+full of it.
+
+You cannot even smell it, as you can that other gas which comes
+through pipes into our houses and burns at the gas jets; nor can you
+see it like the gas that comes out of a boiling kettle or from the
+whistle of a locomotive, and which we call _steam_. This is simply
+because air is so pure that it has no smell, and is so perfectly clear
+that we can see right through it. Almost the only way that we can
+recognize it is by feeling it when it is moving. But it is a very real
+thing for all that; and, like sunshine and food, is one of the most
+important things in the world for us.
+
+What is it that air does in the body? We must need it very much, for
+we die quickly when we cannot get it: it takes us only about three
+minutes to suffocate, or choke to death, if we can't get it.
+
+You remember that the blood is pumped out from the heart, all through
+the body. Everywhere it goes,--to the feet and the hands and the
+head,--it is carrying two things: food that it has sucked up from the
+food tube, and hundreds and hundreds of tiny red sponges called red
+_corpuscles_. These little sponges are full of air which they sucked up
+as the blood passed through the lungs. When we stop breathing,--that
+is, taking in air,--the little red sponges of course can't get any air
+to carry to the different parts of the body.
+
+The body is made up of millions of tiny, tiny animals, called
+_cells_,--so tiny that they can be seen only under a microscope. Each
+of these cells must have food and air, just like any other animal.
+They eat the food the blood brings to them, and they take the air from
+the red corpuscles in the blood. With the air as a "draft," they burn
+up the waste scraps, as we burn scraps from the kitchen, in the back
+of the stove.
+
+Suppose you light a candle and place it under a glass jar and watch
+what will happen. The flame will become weaker and weaker, and at last
+it will quite go out. You might think at first that the wind blew it
+out; but how could the wind get through or under the jar? No, the
+glass keeps all the outside air away from the flame; and that is just
+the reason why it does go out. Unless it has fresh air, it cannot
+burn. There is something--a gas--in the air that makes the flame burn,
+and when it has used up all this gas inside the glass, and can't get
+any more, it stops burning.
+
+Now you will want to know what this gas in the air is. When we write
+about it, we use its nickname, the large capital letter _O_; but its
+whole name is _Oxygen_.
+
+Just as the candle flame must have oxygen to keep it burning, so our
+cells must have oxygen to burn their impurities, or waste; and if they
+don't get the oxygen, and can't burn their impurities, they are
+poisoned by them and "go out," or die.
+
+You can see the flame when the candle is burning, but you can't see
+the fires that burn in our bodies; there are no real flames at all. I
+know it is hard for you to believe that there can be any burning when
+our bodies are so wet and damp. But if you can't see it, you can
+easily feel it. Blow on your hand. How warm your breath is! Touch your
+hand to your cheek. It is quite warm, too. If you run or play hard,
+you sometimes become so hot that you want to take off your coat. That
+is because your fires are burning faster. The muscles are using more
+food and making more scraps to be burned. You breathe faster and
+faster till at last you are "out of breath" and feel as if you would
+smother or choke. The blood has hard work to bring oxygen enough to
+keep the fires going.
+
+After the cells have burned the food scraps, they turn the "ashes" and
+"smoke" back into the blood-stream that is always flowing past them.
+If the cells did not do this, they would soon smother to death, just
+as you could not possibly live in a house without chimneys to carry
+off the smoke. And, of course, the blood wants to get rid of this
+waste just as quickly as possible.
+
+Part of the waste in the body is liquid, like water, and can flow away
+through the blood pipes without needing to be burned. Some of this
+watery waste comes out through the skin and stands in beads or drops
+upon it. That is the part we call perspiration, or sweat. The rest of
+it goes in the blood to another strainer called the _kidneys_, passes
+through this as _urine_, and is carried away from the body as the
+waste water from the bathtub and the sink is carried away from a
+house.
+
+For the "smoke" Mother Nature has still another beautiful plan. She
+sends the blood-stream flowing through the _lungs_, where it can send
+off its "smoke" and then get fresh air to carry to the cells in the
+muscles. When you breathe out, you are sending out the "smoke"; and
+when you breathe in, you are taking in fresh air.
+
+Our body "smoke" is not brown or blue, like the smoke from a fire; it
+is a clear, odorless gas, called _carbon dioxid_. This is the same gas
+that makes the choke-damp of coal mines, which suffocates the miners
+if the mine is not well ventilated; and the same gas that sometimes
+gathers at the bottom of a well, making it dangerous for anyone to go
+down into the well to clean it. And this gas is poisonous in our
+bodies just as it is in the mine or the well.
+
+You see, then, how important it is that we should live much of our
+lives in the clear pure air out of doors, and should bring the fresh
+air into our houses and schools and shops. "Fill up" with it all you
+can on your way to school, for the best of air indoors is never half
+so good as the free-blowing breezes outside.
+
+
+IV. FRESH AIR--HOW WE BREATHE IT
+
+When you are running and breathing hard, and even when you are sitting
+still and breathing quietly, air is going into your lungs and then
+coming out, going in and coming out, many times every minute. How does
+the air get in and out of the lungs? It will not run in of itself; for
+it is light and floats about, you know. Here, again, Mother Nature has
+planned it all out. She has made us an air bellows, or air pump, to
+suck it into the lungs. First we'll see what shape this pump is, and
+then how it works.
+
+    [Illustration: THE CHEST THAT HOLDS THE LUNGS
+
+    Back of the lungs is the heart; its position is shown by the
+    broken line. The black line across the chest shows how high the
+    diaphragm rises when we breathe out quietly.]
+
+Stiff rings of bone called _ribs_ run round your body, just like the
+hoops in an old hoop skirt, or like the metal rings round a barrel.
+Here is a picture of the bones of the chest. Perhaps your teacher can
+show you the skeleton of some animal. You will notice how the rings,
+or ribs, slant and are joined by hinges behind to the backbone and in
+front to the breastbone. It looks somewhat like a cage, doesn't it?
+Put your hands on the sides of your chest and you can feel your own
+ribs. Do they slant upward or downward?
+
+This chest-cage is our breathing-machine. Before I tell you how it
+pumps, I want you to get a pair of bellows and see how they work. When
+you lift up the handle of the bellows, you make the bag of the bellows
+larger so that it sucks in air; and when you press the handle down
+again, the air puffs out through the nozzle.
+
+Our air machine, though it is somewhat different from the bellows in
+shape, works in exactly the same way. You remember that you found that
+the ribs slant down and can be moved on hinges. Suppose, now, you
+place your hands against your ribs and feel the ribs lift as you draw
+in a long breath. The air will be sucked into your nose just as it was
+into the bellows when you raised the handle. By lifting your ribs, you
+have made the chest-cage larger; and the air has rushed into your
+nose, down your windpipe, and filled your lungs. If you breathe very
+deeply, you will find that your stomach, too, swells out. This shows
+that the muscular bottom of the cage, called the _diaphragm_, has been
+pulled down, making the cage larger still.
+
+In this chest-cage are millions of tiny air bags that make up the
+lungs; and every time you take a breath, the air bags are puffed out
+with the fresh air that comes rushing in. By the time you let your
+ribs sink again, the air has given its oxygen to the blood, and the
+blood has poured its carbon-dioxid smoke into the air bags for you to
+breathe out. Nature, with the same bellows, pumps in the oxygen and
+pumps out the "smoke."
+
+Now, we breathe into our lung-bellows whatever air happens to be
+around us. So we should take care that the air around us is fresh air.
+
+Unless the air were kept in motion by the heat of the sun, causing
+breezes and winds, it would become stale and wouldn't do at all for
+our lung-bellows to use. The air we breathe must be kept moving and
+fresh if it is to make us feel bright and strong and happy. Mother
+Nature has given us miles upon miles and oceans upon oceans of this
+clear, fresh air to breathe--"all outdoors," in fact, as far as we can
+see around us and for miles above our heads. She sends the winds to
+move the air about and blow away the dust and dirt; and the sunshine,
+you remember, not only to warm the air and keep it moving, but to burn
+right through it and kill the poisons. But this brings us to something
+else.
+
+You have learned that the air we breathe out would soon smother us,
+just as smoke would; and now we will see why. If you blow against the
+window pane on a cold day, the glass is no longer clear; and when you
+look at it closely, you see that it is covered with tiny drops of
+water. This is part of the breath you have just blown out. If the room
+is cold enough, you can see your breath in the air; that is, the steam
+in your breath becomes cold and appears as tiny water-drops. You have
+seen how in the same way, the steam, an inch or so from the spout of
+the teakettle, cools, making little water-drops that float in the air
+like clouds. Part of the breath, then, is water; but most of it is a
+gas, and you can't see it at all as it floats away into the air about
+you.
+
+If your teacher has a glass of limewater, and will let you breathe
+into it through a tube, you will see that your breath soon makes the
+water look milky. This shows that the gas in your breath is not like
+the air about you; because air was all over the top of the limewater,
+yet did not change it at all. The milky look is caused by carbon
+dioxid, one of the poisons in your breath.
+
+When some people come close to you, you want to turn away your head,
+because you do not like the smell of their breath. Even when one is
+quite well, the breath has a queer "mousey" odor, so that we never
+like to breathe the breath of another person. This disagreeable odor
+comes not only from the lungs but from the teeth.
+
+We are always breathing out poisons into the air. One of these you can
+see in the milky limewater, and others you can smell when you happen
+to come close to anyone else.
+
+    [Illustration: PROVING THAT THE BREATH IS NOT LIKE THE AIR]
+
+If you blow on your fingers, you feel that your breath is much warmer
+than the air. If people are crowded together in rooms with doors and
+windows shut, their breath soon heats and poisons the air, until they
+begin to have headache, and to feel dull and drowsy and uncomfortable.
+If they should be shut in too long, without any opening to let in the
+fresh air, as in a prison cell, or in the hold of a ship during a
+storm, the air would become so poisonous as to make them ill, and
+would even suffocate them and kill them outright. Even the bees found
+this out thousands of years ago; and in their hives in hot weather
+they station lines of worker-bees, one just behind another from the
+door right down each of the main passages, whose business it is to do
+nothing but keep their wings whirring rapidly, so that they fan a
+steady current of fresh air into every part of the hive.
+
+    [Illustration: DUSTING--HOW SHALL WE DO IT?]
+
+How does Mother Nature get rid of these poisons from our breath? Of
+course, you say, "She uses the wind and the sunshine." Yes, the winds
+can whisk up the poison and blow it away so fast, and the sunshine can
+burn up the horrid smell so quickly, that even the air above big
+cities, and in their streets, is quite clean enough for us to breathe,
+except where the people are very closely crowded together and very
+dirty. Mother Nature wants all of us to help in keeping the air clean.
+This we can do by keeping ourselves and our houses clean, and by being
+careful not to leave scraps of waste, or dirty things, in the streets
+and cars and parks and other public places. And you children ought to
+be very careful about your school yard and the halls and the
+classrooms, where you spend so much of your time.
+
+
+
+
+IN SCHOOL
+
+
+I. BRINGING THE FRESH AIR IN
+
+The only place where air is absolutely sure to be fresh is out of
+doors. There, as we have seen, the sun and the winds keep it so all
+the time. But, unluckily, we cannot spend all our time outdoors,
+either when we are little or after we have grown up. So we must try in
+every way that we can to bring the outdoors indoors--to get plenty of
+fresh air and light into the houses that we live in, especially the
+bedrooms we sleep in and the schoolrooms we study in when we are
+children, and the offices or shops we work in when we are grown up.
+
+After you have your lungs and your blood well filled with air, either
+by walking briskly to school or by chasing one another about the
+school playground, you will suddenly hear the bell ring, and you march
+indoors and sit down at your desks. Here, of course, the air cannot
+blow about freely from every direction, because the walls and doors
+and windows are shutting you in on every side. The room, to be sure,
+is full of air; but if the doors and windows are shut, this air has no
+way of getting outside, nor can the fresh, pure air out of doors--even
+though it be moving quite fast, as a wind or a breeze--get inside.
+
+    [Illustration: A CLASSROOM ALMOST AS GOOD AS THE OUT-OF-DOORS
+
+    Notice the windows open top and bottom, and the high windows
+    under the roof. Why are these good?]
+
+We must let the fresh air come in and the stale air go out. This is
+one of the things that windows are for; and this is why they are hung
+upon pulleys and made to slide up and down easily. Of course, even
+when the windows are not open, they are letting in light, which, you
+remember, is a deadly enemy to germs and poisons.
+
+Bright sunlight is best for purifying the air of a room, but even
+ordinary daylight has a good deal of germ-killing power. Therefore, a
+room that is well lighted is not only much pleasanter to live in, but
+much healthier, than one that is dull and gloomy. You see why we need
+plenty of windows and doors: we must let in the breezes and the
+sunshine, and let out the poisons and the dirt. Then, too, we must
+make the air in the building move about in order to keep it fresh; for
+if the air is not fresh, we soon grow tired and sleepy and have
+headaches. That is why your teacher keeps the windows open at the top
+a foot or so. You can easily see that when there are twenty or thirty
+of you breathing out poisons, and each one of you needing about four
+bushels of fresh air every minute, the old air ought to be going out
+and the fresh air coming in all the time.
+
+    [Illustration: VENTILATION
+
+    Watch the candle flames. Which way is the air moving, and why?]
+
+That is also why your teacher gives you a recess, so that you can run
+out of doors and get some fresh air. Then she can throw open all the
+windows and doors and have the air in the room clean and fresh when
+you come back again. So when recess comes, don't hang about in the
+hallways or on the stairs or in the basement, but run right out of
+doors into the playground and shout and throw your arms about and run
+races to fill your lungs full of fresh, sweet air and stretch all your
+muscles, after the confinement and sitting still. Don't saunter about
+and whisper secrets or tell stories, but get up some lively game that
+doesn't take long to play, such as tag or steal-sticks or soak-ball,
+or duck-on-a-rock or skipping or hopscotch. These will blow all the
+"smoke" out of your lungs and send the hot blood flying all over your
+body and make you as "fresh as a daisy" for your next lesson.
+
+When you come back into the schoolroom after recess, the air will seem
+quite fresh and pure; but unless you keep the windows open, it will
+not be long before your head begins to be hot, and your eyes heavy,
+and you feel like yawning and stretching, and begin to wonder why the
+lessons are so long and tiresome. Then, if your teacher will throw
+open all the windows and have you stand up, or, better still, march
+around the room singing or go through some drill or calisthenic
+exercises, you will soon feel quite fresh and rested again.
+
+In the mild weather of the spring or early fall, all you need to do to
+keep the air fresh in the schoolroom is to keep the windows well open
+at the top. But in the winter, the air outdoors is so cold that it has
+to be heated before it is brought in; and this, in any modern and
+properly built schoolhouse, is usually arranged for. The fresh air is
+drawn in through an opening in the basement and is either heated, so
+that it rises, or is blown by fans all over the building. This sort of
+fresh air, however, is never quite so good as that which comes
+directly from outdoors; so it is generally best to keep at least two
+or three windows in each room opened at the top as well, and never to
+depend entirely upon the air that comes through the heating system.
+
+Sometimes this may mean a little draft, or current of uncomfortably
+cool air, for one or two of you who sit nearest the windows; but your
+teacher will always allow you to change your seat if this proves very
+unpleasant. If you have plenty of warmth in the room you sit in,
+unless the air outside is very cold, this "breeze" won't do you any
+harm at all; on the contrary, it will be good for you. Instead of
+catching cold from a draft like this, it is from foul, stuffy,
+poisonous air, loaded with other people's breaths and the germs
+contained in them, that you catch cold.
+
+    [Illustration: GARDENS TAKE US OUT OF DOORS]
+
+In fact, staying indoors is usually the reason why people are sick.
+They don't go out into the clean fresh air for fear they'll be too
+cold! It seems a pity we can't just live out of doors all the time.
+Perhaps we shall some day; for doctors are finding out that fresh
+outdoor air and good food are the very best medicines known, and the
+only "Sure Cures." They are pleasant to take, too. Many cities are
+providing outdoor schools for children who have weak lungs or are not
+strong in other ways. Perhaps some day all school children will be
+allowed to study in the open air at least part of every school day.
+
+
+II. HEARING AND LISTENING
+
+Now you are all ready to go to work. What are you going to work with?
+Books? pencils? paper? Yes, but you have something better than those
+and all ready for use. It is that little kit of tools that are
+sometimes called our "Five Senses." You remember that we have already
+talked about one of them, the sense of touch in the skin. Now which
+one are you going to use first this morning? If your teacher talks to
+you, I hope it will be the one we call the sense of hearing. Suppose
+we try to find out something about this sense of hearing, and begin
+with a little experiment.
+
+Take a piece of cork in your hand and lift it up high and then let it
+drop into a large basin or tub of water. What happens? The cork
+strikes and then goes bob-bob-bobbing up and down on its own waves.
+Now watch the little waves all around the cork. Where do they stop?
+They don't stop until they touch the edge of the pan; and no matter
+how big the pan is, the waves go on and on until they reach the edge.
+
+We can see these waves of water, and so we easily believe that they
+are there. Now there are, just as truly, waves of air all around us.
+We cannot see the waves, because they are too small and roll too
+quickly. But some of these, when they roll against our ears, make us
+hear. They make what we call _sound_. You have heard about sending
+messages through the air, without telegraph wires. Wireless messages
+are often sent to ships out in the middle of the ocean. This is done
+by starting tiny electric waves, which travel through the air much as
+the waves of water are traveling across the ocean beneath. Of course
+there must be a machine, called a _receiver_, to catch the waves and
+"hear" the message.
+
+Mother Nature has given each of you two very delicate little receivers
+to catch the sound waves and carry them to your brain. You know what
+they are--you can name them. But how are these wonderful little
+machines made?
+
+You have never seen the whole of your ear. The part on the outside of
+the head, of course, you can easily see and feel. Sometimes you notice
+a deaf person put his hand behind his ear and press it forward so as
+to catch the sound waves better. These waves roll in at the little
+hole you can see, and travel along a short passage till they come to a
+round _drum_, a piece of very thin skin stretched tight like a
+drumhead.
+
+Have you ever beaten a drum with a stick? You felt the drumhead quiver
+under the blow, did you not? Well, when the sound waves beat against
+the drum in the ear, it quivers and starts little waves inside the
+ear. Each little wave in turn beats against a little bone called the
+_hammer_; the hammer beats against another called the _anvil_, and
+this against a third called the _stirrup_; and the quiver of the
+stirrup is passed on to a little window, opening into a little room
+with a spiral key-board; and from this, the wave travels along a nerve
+to the brain. As the waves reach the brain, the brain hears. In this
+way we hear all sorts of sounds, from the tick of a watch to the
+whistle of a train.
+
+    [Illustration: THE WAY BY WHICH SOUND WAVES REACH THE BRAIN
+
+    A section through the right ear.]
+
+There is a sensible old saying, "Never put anything smaller than your
+elbow into the inner part of your ear." Now, of course, you can't put
+your elbow into such a tiny hole! So the old saying means, never put
+anything in. The eardrum is very thin and can easily be broken. Even a
+slap on the ear, or a loud sound too close to it, might crack and
+spoil the drum and make one deaf.
+
+The outside ear needs careful washing; there are so many little
+creases that gather dirt and dust. The deep crease behind the ear,
+too, will become sore if it is not kept clean.
+
+Besides cleaning your ears, you must train them to listen. Some boys
+and girls hear just a word or two of what is said, and then guess at
+the rest and think they are listening, or else ask to have it
+repeated. We should try to hear exactly what is said; and if we listen
+carefully, it will soon be much easier to understand at once.
+
+Of course, if you really cannot hear, the doctor can tell you what is
+the matter, and usually can help you very much. Sometimes people
+become deaf simply because the throat is swollen. Indeed, most
+deafness comes from colds and catarrhs and other inflammations of the
+nose and throat. These spread to the ear through a little tube that
+runs up to the drum cavity from the back of the throat. Sometimes,
+when you are blowing your nose, you may feel your ear go "pop"; and
+that means that you have blown air up into the ear through this little
+tube. Be sure to see a doctor if you don't hear well; and be sure,
+too, to tell your teacher, so that she may know why it is you do not
+hear what she says, and ask her to give you a seat near her, so that
+you can hear.
+
+Then, too, you should learn to notice outdoor sounds--the songs of the
+birds, the noises that the animals make, the wind in the trees, and
+the patter of the rain. The old Norsemen have a story that their god
+Heimdall had such keen ears that he could hear the grass growing in
+the meadow and the wool growing on the backs of the sheep! Your ears
+can never be so keen as that; but there are many, many happy outdoor
+sounds that you should listen for. They will help to make you happy,
+too.
+
+Careful listening may sometime save your life. You can hear the car or
+the train coming, and you can learn to tell from which direction a
+sound comes. You can learn to tell one sound from another in the midst
+of many sounds. In more ways than you can think of now, this habit of
+listening will protect you from danger.
+
+The Germans have a proverb, "Hear much and say little." What does it
+mean?
+
+    [Illustration: "DO YOU HEAR IT? CAN YOU SEE IT?"]
+
+
+III. SEEING AND READING
+
+You can learn a great deal through your ears, but think how much more
+you can learn through your eyes. Just count over all the things that
+you have had to get your eyes to tell you to-day, and then shut your
+eyes for a minute and think what it would mean never to be able to
+see. Don't you think you ought to take very good care of your eyes?
+You are going to keep them very busy all your life, and they deserve
+the very best care you can give them.
+
+    [Illustration: THE LIGHT ON THE PAGE, NOT IN THE EYES]
+
+Just as soon as lessons begin, you get out your books; and a good
+share of the day in school you have a book before you, reading it or
+studying it or copying from it. It makes a great difference to your
+eyes how you hold the book and how the light falls. In reading, you
+should always hold your book so that the light falls upon the page
+from behind you, or from over one of your shoulders. In this way, the
+brightest light that comes into your eyes is not from the window, but
+from the page of your book.
+
+If the light comes from a window in front of you, or if you sit in the
+evening with your face toward the lamp when you read, the light coming
+straight from the lamp or the window, as well as the light coming up
+from the pages of the book, pours into your eyes; and this dazzles and
+confuses your eyes, so that you can't see plainly and comfortably and
+are very likely after a while to find that your head aches. At home,
+of course, you can seat yourself with your back to the light when you
+read; and usually at school your seats are so arranged that the light
+falls from behind you or from one side. If not, by turning a little in
+your seat, you can get the light from over your shoulder.
+
+Notice how the light falls upon the blackboard. When the light comes
+from the windows behind you, or from one side, you can see what is
+written there quite plainly. But if the blackboard happens to be
+between two windows, and especially if this is the lightest side of
+the room, you will find that the light dazzles you so that you cannot
+see the writing clearly.
+
+You must have noticed, too, that if, after you have been reading from
+the blackboard you look down again suddenly to the page of your book,
+for an instant you will not see the letters plainly. Then, almost
+before you have time to notice it, you feel a little change take place
+inside your eyes, and the print upon the page of your book becomes
+quite plain. This is because your eye has to change the shape of one
+of the parts inside it, called the _lens_, before you can see clearly
+the things that are near you. This change, which is called
+_accommodation_, is made by a little muscle of the eye; and if you
+keep your eyes working at close work, like reading or writing or
+fancy-work, too long at a time, or if your eyes need glasses to make
+them see clearly, and you haven't them on, this little muscle becomes
+tired. Then the print of your book, or your writing, or the stitches
+you have taken begin to blur before your eyes. Your eyes begin to feel
+tired, and your head begins to ache. This is what we call _eye
+strain_.
+
+Sometimes this eye strain upsets your appetite or your digestion and
+makes you sleepless and worried. The trouble may be caused by your own
+carelessness: you may have been reading too long, or in a poor light,
+or with the light shining right in your face instead of coming over
+your shoulder. But sometimes it is caused by the fact that your eyes
+are not just the right shape; and then the only way to relieve it is
+to have proper glasses, or spectacles, fitted, which will make up for
+this too flat or too round shape, or too large or too small size, of
+your eyes.
+
+If you cannot see clearly what is written on the blackboard when the
+light falls upon it from behind you, or above; or if, in a good light,
+you cannot read the words in your book quite easily, without straining
+at all, when you hold the book either at arm's length or a foot from
+your face; or if your head aches or your eyes begin to feel tired or
+uncomfortable, or the letters begin to blur, after you have read
+steadily--say, for half an hour,--it is a pretty sure sign that there
+is some trouble with your eyes. Then you had better have them examined
+at once by your family doctor or by the school doctor. In many schools
+now there are doctors to test the children's eyes, and ears, too, so
+that each child may have a chance to see and hear everything that the
+other children can see and hear.
+
+Not very many years ago people thought that glasses were only for old
+people, but now we know that many children's eyes need glasses, too. I
+knew a little girl whose sight was so poor that when she was standing
+and looked down at the grass, she couldn't see the green blades. She
+thought that the grass looked like a green blur to everyone, just as
+it did to her; and so she never said anything about it. She was twelve
+or thirteen years old before she found out that she couldn't see
+clearly. Of course, trying hard to see things gave her a headache and
+made her tired and cross. So some one took her to a doctor, and he saw
+at once what was the matter and fitted her with glasses. Soon she was
+quite well and strong; and how glad she was to see the leaves and a
+hundred other things she had not seen before!
+
+    [Illustration: THE EYEBALL IN ITS SOCKET
+
+    The muscle from M to M, which helps to turn the eyeball, has
+    been cut away to show the optic nerve.]
+
+Here we have a picture of the _eyeball_, as we call it. The little
+bands fastened to it are the bands of muscle; and as soon as I say
+_muscle_ you know what they are for--to move the eyeball about, up and
+down and from side to side. There are muscles outside the eye as well
+as inside. Coming out from the back of the eyeball is a pearly white
+cord quite different from the muscle bands. This is what we call a
+_nerve_. This nerve in your eye carries to your _brain_, or thinking
+machine, picture-messages of whatever you look at.
+
+The nerve in your eye gets messages of light much as the nerve deep in
+your ear gets its messages of sound--from tiny waves in the air. The
+light waves are smaller and faster even than the sound waves, and the
+eye nerve is the only nerve that can get pictures of them. You know
+that, for wireless messages, the receiving machines are not all alike
+and cannot all take the same messages, if the messages are sent with
+different sorts of electric waves; and neither can our receiving
+machines. Some get messages of sight, and some of sound, and some of
+touch, or taste, or smell.
+
+Now shut your eyes as quickly as you can. How long did it take you? A
+minute? No, not a quarter of a second. It is about the quickest thing
+you can think of--"the twinkling of an eye." You shut your eyes "quick
+as a wink" whenever anything seems likely to fly or splash into them,
+and this is what the eyelids are for. If anything gets into the eye
+before the lids can shut, the eye "waters," and _tears_ pour out of
+it. These are made by a gland-sponge up under the upper lid, so as to
+wash any dust or sand or other harmful speck out of the eye before it
+can hurt the sensitive eyeball.
+
+Now look at some one's eyeball. It is like the picture, isn't
+it?--bright white around the edge and then a ring of color, brown or
+blue or gray; and inside the color-ring, or _iris_, a little round
+black hole that we call the _pupil_. Watch the little hole change as
+you turn the face toward the window. It becomes ever so much smaller.
+Now turn the face away from the window, back again into the shadow.
+How did the pupil change this time?
+
+    [Illustration: EYES PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST THE LIGHT]
+
+The iris, or color-ring, acts like a curtain, like the ring-shutter of
+a camera, and closes up the hole, or pupil, when the light is too
+bright and would dazzle or burn the inside of the eye; but when the
+light is dim, the iris opens again, so as to let in light enough with
+which to see. Look at the little window in your kitten's eyes. It is
+not the same shape as yours; but when you carry her to the light, you
+see how the iris closes in and leaves just a little black slit or
+line.
+
+You remember the blind children? Isn't it wonderful how they can play
+games and study, too, even though they are blind! They have to make
+their senses of touch and hearing tell them many things that you learn
+through your sense of sight. Many of these children _need not have
+been blind_, if the nurse who first took care of them when they were
+born had known enough to wash their eyes properly, not with soap and
+water, of course, but with just one or two drops of a kind of
+medicine--an _antiseptic_, as we call it--that makes the eye perfectly
+clean.
+
+But you children who have good eyes that can see, do you really see
+things when you look at them? You can train your eyes just as you can
+train your ears. You can teach them to read quickly down a page, and
+to find things in pictures, and, better still, to see things out of
+doors, in the garden and the woods and on the seashore. We hear a
+great deal about "sharp eyes," but most of us see very little of all
+we might see. Our eyes are on the lookout, too, to protect us from
+dangers that may come; with our skin and nose and ears, they are
+constantly on the watch; so the better we see the safer we are.
+
+Even if your eyes are perfect now, you will need to take good care of
+them to keep them strong. Don't let any story, no matter how
+interesting it is, tempt you to read in a dim light or a light that is
+too strong. And if you can't see the blackboard easily, or can't read
+big print, like the school calendar, across the room, tell your mother
+or your teacher, so that she can ask the doctor to find out what the
+matter is.
+
+
+IV. A DRINK OF WATER
+
+It is astonishing what thirsty work studying is! Scarcely is the
+second recitation over before your throat begins to feel dry, and up
+goes your hand--"May I get a drink?"
+
+If anyone even says the word "water," it makes you thirsty. It is so
+good that just the thought of it makes you want some. I should like
+you to notice how much water you drink every day. Perhaps a glass in
+the morning when you get up, and one at night before you go to bed,
+and three or four in between.
+
+Why do we need so much water? Well, how much do you weigh? Perhaps you
+will find it hard to believe, but more than half of that weight is
+water; and because we are always giving off water from the skin and
+from the body, we need plenty more to take its place.
+
+No living thing can grow without water. Take a bean, for instance, and
+put it in an empty glass on the window sill; and even if the sun
+shines full upon it, nothing will happen, except that after a few days
+it will shrivel and dry up. But fill the glass with water, and in a
+few hours the bean will begin to swell; and in a few days it will
+burst, and a little shoot will grow out of one end of it and a tiny
+root at the other. The water and the warmth together have made it
+sprout and grow.
+
+    [Illustration: A DRINKING-CUP EASILY MADE]
+
+Children at school and people on trains should have their own private
+cups, for serious diseases may be caught from the mouths of other
+people. You can get a metal pocket folding cup for ten or fifteen
+cents, or paper ones for a few cents a dozen. If you don't have your
+own cup, I hope you will get one and carry it. Here is a pattern for a
+paper cup that you can easily make for yourselves. Try it and see.
+When you have once learned how, you can make it very quickly and have
+a fresh cup every time you want one; but of course you should be sure
+first that the paper itself is clean.
+
+If you drink milk, this takes the place of some of the water and gives
+you food as well. It is both drink and food; and a very good food for
+children it is, too. You know, babies can live on it because it has
+everything in it to make them grow.
+
+Do you know why it is that people are so careful nowadays about having
+milk and drinking-water very clean? It is because they have found that
+the tiny plants, called germs, that make people sick are often carried
+about in these drinks. A disease called _typhoid fever_ is carried in
+this way.
+
+Fifty years ago, cities and towns used to be very careless about where
+they got their water supply, and would often take it out of streams
+into which other cities emptied their sewage. Now, however, they are
+much more particular; and the health officers, or Boards of Health,
+are insisting that public water supply, such as is brought into our
+houses in pipes, shall be taken either from some spring or
+deep-flowing well, or from a stream or lake up in the hills, into
+which no drainage from houses or farmyards, and no dirty water from
+factories, empties.
+
+    [Illustration: A PIPE FOR THE CITY WATER SUPPLY
+
+    This pipe is laid for many miles to bring water from the distant
+    hills.]
+
+We are still, however, far from being as careful as we should be about
+this; and I am sorry to say that America has had more deaths from
+typhoid fever than any other civilized country. Germany, which, of all
+countries in the world, is the most particular about keeping its water
+supply pure, has the fewest deaths from this cause, in proportion to
+its population--scarcely one fifth as many as we have.
+
+Therefore, by taking proper care, it would be quite possible to
+prevent at least two thirds of our nearly 400,000 cases of typhoid
+fever and 35,000 deaths from typhoid, every year.
+
+It is not only cities and towns that ought to be careful of their
+water supply. In fact, now, out on the farms and in the healthy
+country districts, the death rate from typhoid fever has actually
+become higher than it is in our large cities. The main cause of this
+is the custom of digging the well in such a place that the waste water
+thrown out from the house, or the drainage from the barnyard or the
+pigpen or the chicken-house may wash into it, soaking down through the
+porous soil. Far more typhoid fever now is spread by means of infected
+well water than by any other means.
+
+Most dangerous of all is the leakage from the privy vault; as, by this
+means, the germs of typhoid fever and other diseases that affect the
+food tube and digestion may drain through the soil till they reach the
+drinking water in the well. These dangers can be avoided either by
+having the well dug at some distance from the house and in higher
+ground, or by having the drainage from the house, barns, and
+out-buildings piped and carried to a safe distance from the well.
+
+Fortunately, there are only a few kinds of germs that make us sick.
+Most germs are helping us all the time; we could not live without
+them. Some of them make our butter taste good, and others make our
+crops grow, and others eat up the dirt that would make us sick. But
+since disease germs are so tiny that we cannot possibly see them with
+the naked eye, we must know where the water and milk that we use come
+from, and whether or not they are perfectly clean. Boiling the water
+will kill these germs and make the water pure. It is better not to
+boil milk if it can be had from a dairy where the stable and the cows
+and the milkmen and the pails and bottles are quite clean.
+
+The fruits and fruit juices--lemon and orange and raspberry and lime
+and grape--give nice wholesome drinks. Home-made juices are much
+better than those you buy; you can be sure that they are pure and
+really made from fruit. And just here I want to caution you against
+buying "pink lemonade" or soda water or any other drink of that sort
+from the penny venders and open stalls on the street. The drinks they
+sell are not made from pure fruit juices, but from different flavoring
+extracts that are made to taste like the fruit and are colored with
+cheap dyes. Even the sweetening in them is not pure sugar, and they
+are often made or handled in a careless, dirty manner, or exposed to
+the dust of the street, and to flies.
+
+Not long ago I was at the home of a friend where for supper we had the
+nicest grape juice I ever tasted. When I said, "How good it is!" one
+of the little girls piped up, "Billy and I picked the grapes, and
+sister made it all by herself. She learned how at cooking school."
+
+When I was packing my suitcase to leave, this little girl brought out
+a big bottle of grape juice and wanted me to take it with me to
+remember her by. It was all beautifully sealed with wax, and even this
+she had done by herself! Do you think I could have kept it that way
+very long? Perhaps not, it was so good; but if I had wanted it for a
+keepsake, I could have kept it, sealed as it was, for years and years,
+and it would have been just as sweet and fresh as when it was given to
+me.
+
+Suppose, instead of keeping it in its bottle, I had poured it out into
+a glass. Can you tell me what would have happened to it then?
+
+In a few days little bubbles would have come, one after another, up to
+the top of the juice; and soon it would have been all full of bubbles.
+What causes the bubbles? Floating all about in the air and sunshine
+are tiny specks called _spores_. These are to the tiny _yeast_ plants
+what seeds are to other plants. Seeds fall into the ground and grow,
+but these yeast spores fall into the grape juice and grow. While they
+are growing in the grape juice, they eat what they want from the
+juice; and, as they eat, they make bubbles of carbon dioxid,--which,
+you remember, forms in our lungs and looks like air,--and of another
+substance called _alcohol_. Of course, when they have changed the
+juice in this way, it tastes very different. It is then what we call
+_fermented_.
+
+_Fermented drinks are harmful_; but some people like bubbling drinks
+so much that they leave good fresh grape juice open on purpose to let
+the little yeast plants get into it and make it into what we call
+_wine_. They treat apple juice in just the same way to make _cider_;
+and they even take fresh rye and barley and corn, and mash them up,
+and put yeast plants into the mash to ferment them and make them into
+_whiskey_ and _beer_. It does seem a pity, doesn't it, to take good
+foods like wheat and apples and grapes and make them into these things
+that really do us harm if we drink them.
+
+A very wise man named Solomon, who lived thousands of years ago,
+warned people not to drink wine, not even to look at it when it
+sparkled in the cup. He said no really wise man would drink it. Of
+course not; the wise man uses the food and drink that make his body
+grow strong and his brain work true, and no fermented drink can do
+that.
+
+There is no better drink for anyone than clear pure water, and no
+better food and drink in one than pure fresh milk.
+
+    [Illustration: A SCHOOL KITCHEN WHERE BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS LEARN
+    TO COOK]
+
+
+V. LITTLE COOKS
+
+If you have to come so far to school that you cannot go back to dinner
+and so must bring a luncheon with you, be sure to take plenty of time
+to sit down and eat it slowly and chew every piece of food thoroughly.
+Many children who bring luncheons to school just grab a piece of food
+in each hand and "bolt" it down as fast as they can possibly bite it
+off and swallow it, and then rush out to play.
+
+Play is good and very important, but you had better spare ten or
+fifteen minutes of it in order to chew your lunch thoroughly and
+swallow it slowly, and then to sit or move about quietly for a few
+minutes before starting to play hard. This will give your stomach a
+chance to get all the blood it wants to use in digesting the food;
+for, you remember, when you romp and play, your blood moves outward
+toward your skin and away from your stomach. Don't think that, just
+because you "picnic" at lunch, it is not as important as any other
+meal.
+
+I hope, however, that it will not be long before almost every school
+will have a school kitchen and a lunch room; first, so that every girl
+at least can learn to cook. It is well worth while being able to do;
+indeed, no girl ought to be considered properly educated until she has
+learned to cook, and no boy either, for that matter. Then, if the
+school has this kitchen, it can be used to furnish hot luncheons, or
+dinners, for those children who cannot conveniently go home in the
+noon recess. Hot lunches are much more digestible than cold ones, and
+they taste much better, and are much less likely to be eaten in a
+hurry.
+
+But why should we learn to cook? Why shouldn't we eat our food raw
+instead of taking all this trouble and pains to cook it?
+
+I know of a boy--a big lazy fellow--who is always forgetting to do
+things. He used to go away in the morning without leaving wood enough
+for the kitchen fire. So his mother said to herself one day, "I'll
+teach him to remember." The next morning he went off again and left no
+wood. At noon he came back "hungry as a hunter." She called him in to
+dinner; and in he came, sat down, picked up the carving knife--then he
+stopped! What do you suppose was the matter? The beef was raw! Then he
+lifted the cover of the potato dish, and there lay the potatoes raw!
+Then he tried another dish and found nice green peas, but hard as
+little bullets. They were raw, too! Not even the bread had been
+cooked; it was a soft, sticky mass of dough. His mother, who is a
+jolly old lady, fairly shook with laughter when she told me about it.
+She said she never again had to tell him to split wood.
+
+Now that boy didn't need to be told one reason for cooking. We don't
+like our food raw; it doesn't taste so good. At first, perhaps, that
+doesn't sound like a very good reason; but it is more important than
+you think. For it is a fact that, just as soon as you smell food, your
+stomach begins to get ready the juice that is to digest it. If this
+very first juice, which is called the _appetite juice_, is not poured
+out, then the food may lie in the stomach some little time before it
+begins to be digested at all. So it is quite important that our food
+should smell and taste and look good, as well as have plenty of
+strength and nourishment in it.
+
+Another reason for cooking is that it either softens or crisps our
+food so that we can chew it better and digest it more readily. You
+know what a difference there is between trying to eat a raw potato and
+a nice, mealy, well-baked one, or trying to eat popcorn before it is
+popped and after.
+
+Another good thing, too, cooking does, which is very important. It
+kills any disease germs, or germs of decay, that may happen to have
+got upon the food from dust or flies, or from careless, dirty
+handling.
+
+Of course, some of our food, such as apples and other ripe fruits, and
+celery and lettuce and other green vegetables, we can eat raw and
+digest quite well; but we should be careful to see that they have been
+thoroughly washed with water that we know to be pure. Grocers often
+have a careless way of putting fruit and vegetables out upon open
+stands in front of the shop, or in open boxes or baskets inside the
+store, and leaving them there all day. This is very dangerous, because
+dust from the street, which contains horse manure and all sorts of
+germs, may blow in upon them; flies, which have been eating garbage or
+feeding at the mouths of sewers, may come in and crawl over them. You
+ought to be very sure that anything that you are going to eat raw, or
+without thorough cooking, has been well washed. And you ought to ask
+your mother to speak to your grocer, if he is careless in this way,
+and have him keep his fruit and vegetables, as well as sugar and
+crackers and beans and dried fruit, either under glass or well
+screened from flies and dust.
+
+More important than almost anything else in good cookery is to keep
+the food and the kitchen and the dishes and your hands perfectly clean
+all the way through, so that nothing that will upset your digestion
+can get into the food. After things are well cooked, it is very
+important that they should be nicely served on clean dishes, on a
+clean table cloth, with polished knives and shining spoons and forks.
+This means not only that everything about the table and the food will
+be perfectly clean and wholesome, but that you will enjoy eating it a
+great deal more. And when you enjoy your food, you remember, your
+stomach can _secrete_ the juice that is needed to digest it, very much
+faster and better than when, as you say, you are just "poking it
+down."
+
+If you have a school kitchen and a lunch room, you can learn the best
+way of cooking and serving things; and then, perhaps, you can do these
+same things at home and be a real help. Most children are fond of
+trying to cook, and I am glad that they are. Everyone, boys and girls
+both, should know how to cook simple things. Perhaps some day you will
+be stranded, like Robinson Crusoe, on a desert island! Perhaps the
+rest of the family may be sick. How nice it would be for you to be
+able to prepare breakfast for them. I know a family where the youngest
+boy often rises early and gets breakfast for five. He can fry the
+bacon and boil the eggs and make the coffee and mush and biscuit just
+as nicely as his mother can; and he takes pride in it and enjoys it.
+
+Cooking is what we call an art. Everyone, of course, can learn to do
+it; but some people can do it much better than others, just as some
+boys and girls can draw better than others. I hope some of you will be
+what we might call "artist cooks." Take pride in the art and learn all
+that you can about it. There are so many things a cook should know.
+
+A great deal of good food is spoiled by bad cookery, particularly by
+frying slowly in tepid grease, or fat, so that it becomes soaked with
+grease. You should have the frying pan just as hot as possible before
+you begin to fry; and then the meat or potatoes or cakes will be
+seared, or coated over, on the outside, so that the fat cannot soak
+into them, and they will not only taste better, but will be much more
+digestible.
+
+In baking you will have to be careful not to let the oven become too
+hot, or else the meat or bread will be burned or scorched. Even if the
+heat does not do this, it may harden and toughen the outside of the
+meat so that it is almost impossible either to chew or digest.
+
+Sugar is really a very good food if you do not eat too much at once,
+and so pure candy is good for you if you do not eat too much. The very
+best time to eat it is at the end of a meal. If you learn to make it
+at school or at home, you can always have some to eat after your
+luncheon without having to buy it. If you do buy candy, don't get the
+bright colored kind; it looks pretty, but it may hurt you. And be sure
+to see that it has been kept under a cover, where the dust and flies
+could not get at it. Dust is dirty, and flies don't wipe their feet.
+You want clean, pure candy.
+
+Of course, after cooking, you will always be very careful to wash up
+all the pots and pans and dishes that you have used. Food and scraps
+that are left sticking to dishes and cooking utensils very quickly
+turn sour and decay; and then the next time the dishes are used, you
+will perhaps have an attack of indigestion, and wonder why.
+
+There are two things you should always notice: Whether the bread you
+eat is sweet and thoroughly baked; if it is soggy and sour, it will
+make trouble in your stomach. Whether all your food is clean and fresh
+before it is cooked; this you can tell by your eyes and nose.
+
+
+VI. TASTING AND SMELLING
+
+When, at home, you give the baby a ball or a key or a watch to play
+with, what does he do with it the very first thing? He is never quite
+happy, is he, until he has put it into his mouth? Does he want to eat
+it? No, he wants to feel it; and he has not yet learned to feel very
+carefully with his hands, as you do.
+
+Can you feel with your mouth? If you have the least little hole in one
+of your teeth, you know it as soon as you rub your tongue against it.
+How big it feels and how rough the edges seem! If you take a
+looking-glass, you find, if you can see the hole at all, that it is
+just a tiny, tiny hole.
+
+Your tongue and lips, like the rest of your skin, are always touching
+and feeling things for you and sending messages to the brain. They say
+whether your milk is hot or cold, and whether the food you eat is soft
+enough and quite right in other ways. Your tongue is a very busy
+little "waiter": he passes the food about in your mouth for the teeth
+to chew, and he rolls it about at a great rate. But he does more than
+this; he tells you something about how it tastes--not everything, as
+you may think, but only whether it is _bitter_, _sweet_, _sour_, or
+_salty_. Queer as it may seem, your nose tells you the other "tastes,"
+which are really smells. It is your nose that says whether you have a
+strawberry or a piece of onion in your mouth, whether it is coffee or
+cocoa that you are drinking.
+
+Of what other use is your nose?--for only a little patch in the upper
+part is for smelling and tasting. The greater part of the nose is to
+breathe through. You see, your nose warms and moistens the outside air
+that you take in, so that, by the time it reaches your throat, it is
+as warm as your body and does not hurt your throat. Your nose also
+strains, or filters, out of the air the dust, lint, and germs that may
+be floating in it.
+
+You should always keep your lips closed and breathe through your nose.
+Whenever you cannot breathe through your nose, there is something the
+matter. It may be that your nose is swollen shut with a "cold"; but
+that will last only a few days. If, however, your nose often feels
+"stuffed up," there is probably something in it or behind it, that
+ought to be taken away. A throat doctor can easily cure you; and, when
+he has, you'll be surprised how much better you feel and how much
+faster you grow.
+
+    [Illustration: A CLEAR PASSAGE TO THE LUNGS
+
+    (Follow the arrows.)]
+
+I once knew a little girl whose nose was always blocked up. She had
+headache and felt tired most of the time and was behind in her
+classes. The doctor told her what was the matter, but her father and
+mother were afraid that it might hurt her to have the doctor take out
+what was clogging her nose. Well, what did she do? Instead of crying
+and being afraid, one day she walked right into the doctor's office
+and asked him to take out the _adenoids_, as we call these growths
+that block up the nose. And after the doctor had taken them out, she
+began to grow well and fat and strong so fast that she soon "caught
+up" in her classes.
+
+    [Illustration: A PASSAGE BLOCKED BY ADENOIDS]
+
+When you breathe well through your nose, you can smell and taste
+better, too. In fact, when your nose is clogged, you cannot smell at
+all.
+
+How does this sense of smell help us? You say we can smell the flowers
+and the fresh air after the rain, and cookies baking, and all the
+things that we like so well. Yes, and these give us pleasure; but how
+about the bad smells? The bad smells are warnings. If there is a dead
+mouse or rat about, we smell it; and that leads us to look for it and
+take it away. We smell the dirt and get rid of it, and thus keep away
+sickness. When we walk into a room, if the air is bad we smell it at
+once and open a window or a door, and so save ourselves from being
+poisoned.
+
+Some people hurt their noses by smoking tobacco. The inside skin of
+the nose is very delicate, and the smoke going back and forth through
+the nose and the throat keeps them from doing their work properly. It
+is very bad for little children even to smell tobacco smoke. It seems
+in some way to keep them from growing as they would in clear fresh
+air. What a silly habit smoking is! It does no one any good. It hurts
+not only the people who make the smoke, but the people who have to
+smell it. Most of the people who smoke tobacco have to learn to like
+it. It almost always makes them very sick when they first begin.
+
+Sir Walter Raleigh, or the men he sent to America, first taught our
+great-great-great-grandfathers to smoke. His men bought tobacco of the
+Indians here and took it back to England; and Sir Walter himself
+learned to smoke and made smoking fashionable. The first time that Sir
+Walter's servant saw him smoking, he thought his master was on fire;
+so what did he do but bring a big bucket of water and throw it all
+over him! I wish that that bucket of water had settled the matter, so
+that Sir Walter had stopped smoking and had never taught anyone else
+to smoke. If it had, think how much money might have been put to
+better use, for smoking is a very costly habit. And it is not only
+wasteful of money, but, worse still, of health; for it is the cause of
+a great deal of poor health and disease.
+
+Remember that you want the air you breathe perfectly fresh and clean
+and not spoiled and poisoned by tobacco smoke.
+
+
+VII. TALKING AND RECITING
+
+When I was little and playing with my brothers, I did not always do
+what they wanted. So they'd sometimes say, "We'll put him in Coventry,
+then he'll do it." They did not really _put_ me anywhere. They simply
+would not speak to me or answer anything I said. It was just as if I
+were entirely alone. Of course it was a quick way to make me ready to
+take my part in the game again.
+
+How do you think you would feel if you never, never could speak to
+anyone, and no one could speak to you? What a quiet world we'd have!
+Almost every day I meet a boy who can't hear and can't speak. How does
+he ask for things? He makes letters and spells words with his fingers,
+and his friends watch his fingers and read what he says. Is that the
+way you do? "No, indeed," you say, "I talk." "What do you talk with?"
+"I talk with my mouth." Yes, that's true enough; but if you did not
+use something besides your mouth, you'd never make a sound.
+
+Where does the sound come from? Feel gently with your finger and thumb
+along the front of your neck. Do you find something harder than the
+rest of your throat? That is the large tube called your _windpipe_. Do
+you feel a ridge sticking out from this? Now sing or talk a little.
+You can feel the ridge move up and down, and the sound thrill in it.
+That is where the sound comes from. That is your voice-and-music box,
+or _larynx_.
+
+You have seen the little red rubber balloons, haven't you? You blow
+into them until they are big and round; and then, when you take your
+mouth away, out comes the air, making a squawking or whistling sound.
+Now, if you look closely at the mouthpiece, you see a tiny piece of
+rubber tied across it. The air rushing past this rubber is what makes
+your balloon sing.
+
+Your own music box is made on the same plan. When you breathe out, the
+air is pushed from your lungs up the pipe that we call the windpipe.
+In the upper part of this is the little box, a corner of which you can
+feel with your thumb and finger. Across the box, inside, are stretched
+two folds of skin and muscle, just as the rubber is stretched across
+the opening of the balloon. Whenever you like, you can blow out your
+breath between these folds of skin in your voice box. Blow it out in
+one way, and what happens? You are singing. Blow it out in another
+way, and you are talking; in still another way, and you are just
+making a noise--perhaps mewing like a kitten, or neighing like a
+horse. If you pull these folds of skin close together, you can close
+your windpipe and "hold your breath." A cough is made by filling your
+chest with air, holding the folds close shut, and then suddenly
+"letting go." How many sounds you can make from one tiny music box! Of
+course the muscles of the mouth and throat, and the teeth and the
+tongue all help the voice box as much as they can.
+
+One of the best ways to keep your voice clear and strong is to dash
+cold water every morning on your throat and chest, then to rub with a
+coarse towel till your skin is pink and warm. Gargle your throat with
+cold water if your voice is husky. Singing is very good for you, too;
+but don't try to sing too hard. Sing easily and gently, and see how
+many words you can sing without taking a breath. That is good for the
+lung-bellows as well as the voice box. Always sing in fresh air, but
+not in cold air.
+
+When you talk, try to make all the words clear and distinct; open your
+mouth and let the sound out. Once I had a big grown boy in one of my
+classes who did not open his lips properly when he spoke. So I asked
+him to prop his mouth open with a piece of stick and then talk. I made
+him do it until he learned to speak much more clearly. A famous Greek
+orator, named Demosthenes, who had a habit of mumbling his words,
+trained himself to speak clearly by putting pebbles in his mouth and
+then reciting in a loud voice.
+
+When you want your voices to sound pleasant,--and that is always, of
+course,--you must call on your brain to help. That is your thinking
+machine. Always think twice before you let anything unpleasant or
+unkind come out of your voice box. How happy we could make everyone
+about us if we followed this rule!
+
+
+VIII. THINKING AND ANSWERING
+
+Suppose, as you are walking home from school to-day, you are about to
+cross the street when you see an automobile coming very fast. What do
+you do? You stop, of course; wait for it to go by, and then start on
+again. Why do you stop? "Why," you say, "if I didn't, the automobile
+might run over me." Something of that sort would just flash through
+your mind, wouldn't it, in the very same second that you first saw the
+automobile coming. Now, as you know, you think with your brain. But
+what was it this time that set your brain to thinking? "Nothing," you
+say, "I just saw the automobile coming." And that is true in a way:
+you didn't need anything more than your eyes to tell you.
+
+But how did your eyes get the message to your brain, and how did your
+brain tell your legs to stop walking? We must have in our bodies a
+kind of telephone system. And that is, in fact, just what we have. Our
+_brain_ is our "central office"; and our _nerves_ are the wires,
+running from all parts of our body to the brain, carrying messages
+back and forth.
+
+An old man and an old woman lived out on the very edge of a little
+town. One day their house caught fire and was blazing away before they
+noticed it. They rushed to their neighbor's telephone and rang up
+"Central" to tell her to "phone" for the firemen and hose cart. _Kling
+a-ling-a-ling!_ went their bell, but no "Central" answered; and while
+a man was running to town to get the firemen, the fire got such a good
+start that the house burned down.
+
+You can see from this why we need a central office in good working
+order, when we use the "phone." All the wires run into the one
+building, and there must be some one there to receive calls and see
+that they are sent out to their proper places. In this case, you see,
+"Central" should have been at her post to see that the message went on
+to the engine house, and then the fire would have been put out
+"double-quick."
+
+The "central office" of our Body Telephone System is just as important
+and just as necessary to keep in good working order. It would be very
+little use to have even the keenest of eyes and the sharpest of ears,
+with the readiest of nerve wires to carry their messages into the
+center of the body, unless we had some _organ_, or headquarters, there
+for switching the messages over to the nerves running to the right
+muscles to tell them what to do. If the brain-"Central" should fail in
+its duty, or get out of order, then the body would be in serious
+trouble at once.
+
+Every day we read in the papers of accidents because somebody didn't
+think, as well as see or hear. People see cars and automobiles coming,
+but don't give them a thought and so are run down and hurt. They hear
+the whistle of the engine at the crossing, but drive on just the same,
+without seeming to have heard it at all. They are absent-minded; the
+operator in the "central office" seems to be off duty, or busy about
+something else. But if we are going to get on in this world of cars
+and automobiles and all sorts of unexpected things, we must always
+"have our wits about us," as the saying goes, ready to send the
+messages out to the muscles in our legs and arms and fingers just as
+soon as any one of our "Five Senses" "rings up" the "Central" in our
+brain.
+
+Our body wires do not look at all like telephone wires; and the brain,
+if you could see it, would never suggest to you a central office.
+
+The nerves are fine white cords, the smallest ones finer than a hair,
+and the largest so big and strong that you could lift the body by it;
+and their branches run all over the body, to the muscles and the blood
+tubes and the skin and all the other parts, as the picture shows. You
+have already read how the skin can tell you when you feel warm and
+when you feel cold and when something hurts you.
+
+The brain is a soft wrinkled mass, partly gray and partly white. It is
+in the head; and because it is very soft and easily hurt, Mother
+Nature has put around it a strong wall, or shell, of bone--the
+_skull_, or brain box. Feel your head and see how very hard this bone
+is. Solomon, the Hebrew poet-king, called it the "golden bowl." I
+suppose he called it a "bowl" because it is round like one, and
+"golden" because it is so precious. People do not often grow well
+again if the "golden bowl" is broken or even cracked.
+
+    [Illustration: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM--OUR BODY TELEPHONE
+
+    The picture shows the brain, or "Central," and the thick nerve
+    cord that runs down through the backbone, and the principal
+    nerves of the back and the arms.]
+
+The big _nerve cable_, called the _spinal cord_, that connects the
+brain with the rest of the body, and carries all the messages backward
+and forward, runs down the back and is protected by the backbone, or
+_spine_, which is hollow, so that the cord can run down through it.
+This backbone is jointed together so beautifully, too, that you can
+bend your back about and stoop over, and carry heavy weights on your
+back, and yet the bony tube still protects the cord inside. Solomon
+calls this the "silver cord," because it is so white and shiny that it
+looks like silver. You see, our bodies are full of beautiful as well
+as wonderful things.
+
+Probably sometime when your teacher has asked you to recite a poem you
+have all learned, someone in the class has answered, "I don't remember
+it," or has stood up and recited the first few lines and then stopped,
+and thought, and finally had to say, "I can't go on."
+
+Now what is the matter with this boy, or girl? He looks bright enough,
+and you will probably remember that he was in the class when you
+learned the poem. "Oh," you say, "the poem didn't stay in his head."
+No, it didn't "stick" in his memory; but why didn't it?
+
+Some of the messages that the Five Senses carry to the brain are
+answered at once, as when we move away from danger, or reach out our
+hands and help ourselves to butter, or take off a shoe to shake out a
+pebble. But there are other messages that do not call for an immediate
+reply, and are just stored away for future use in the big "central
+office" of our Body Telephone, in what we call our _memory_. And
+later, when the proper message is sent in by our eyes or ears, or
+other sense organs, which reminds us of this message which they sent
+before, perhaps several weeks, months, or even years ago, it wakes up
+the old message stored away in the memory, and we say we "remember"
+what happened to us, or what we learned at that time.
+
+So, when your teacher asks you to recite a certain poem, and your ears
+hear the title or the first line, you recall the rest of the verses
+and the lesson about it. How many things does the word "Christmas"
+wake up out of your memory? or the sight of soldiers marching? or the
+first taste of strawberries in May?
+
+You think about a great many things that you never _do_. Really you
+are thinking almost all the time you are awake. And besides the
+messages that "Central" just stores away for future use, there are a
+great many messages being carried back and forth along the "telephone
+system" all the time, that you don't keep track of at all--the
+messages that keep the stomach and the heart and the lungs and
+everything in your body working together properly.
+
+How are we to take care of the telephone lines and "Central" of our
+_nervous system_? Whatever you do to build up and help the other parts
+of the body will help your brain to _feel_ and _think_ and _remember_;
+and will help your muscles and nerves to answer promptly and truly
+whatever the message may be. Plenty of good food, plenty of sleep and
+fresh air, plenty of play, will keep your nerves and brain healthy and
+growing.
+
+
+
+
+"ABSENT TO-DAY?"
+
+
+I. KEEPING WELL
+
+How many times have you been absent this term? No oftener than you
+were obliged to be, I am sure; for it's almost as bad as being "put in
+Coventry" to come back and hear about the good time the rest of the
+class have been having, and feel that you "weren't in it." Of course,
+sometimes, when you are not well, you have to be absent; it is best
+that you should be. But it is better still to know how to keep well,
+so you won't have to be absent, and won't have to miss any good times
+in work or play all your life.
+
+You remember that all the parts of your body are fed and ventilated by
+the blood, which is pumped to them from the heart. So long as this
+blood is pure and has plenty of oxygen in it, it does good to every
+part of the body to which it comes. But the moment that poisons and
+dirt and waste begin to pile up in the blood, then the blood that
+comes to the different parts of the body may be poisonous to them,
+instead of helpful.
+
+Such poisons in the blood are particularly harmful to the nerves and
+the brain, because these are among the most delicate and sensitive of
+all the structures in the body.
+
+Often we think of the body as a beautiful house. Now a house does not
+look very beautiful when it has dust and crumbs on the floor, buckets
+of greasy dishwater in the kitchen, and smoke from the furnace in the
+air! You could not live in such a place. No, the smoke must go out up
+the chimney, the dust and crumbs must be swept away, the dirty water
+must be drained off in pipes; the house must be not only cleaned, but
+kept clean all the time. This is true of your body, too.
+
+Now Mother Nature sends the smoke from the body out through the lungs,
+and the crumbs and solid dirt down and out by means of the food tube.
+But the waste water--how does she get rid of that? The waste water,
+you remember, is in the blood vessels, mixed with the blood. How does
+she get it out of the blood? She sends it through three magic
+cleaners, or strainers,--the _skin_, the _liver_, the _kidneys_.
+
+That the skin is a strainer, you already know; for you know how the
+skin lets out the waste water in perspiration, or sweat, and how
+important it is that we keep the little holes of the strainer open and
+clean. And you know, too, that most of the water that passes out of
+the body goes first to the kidneys.
+
+The liver, however, is the largest cleaning machine of all and has to
+work very hard. The blood comes to it full of foods and poisons. This
+wonderful cleaner picks out the food it needs and takes up many of the
+poisons, too. "What does it do with the poisons?" you ask. Some of
+them it changes into good food, and others it makes harmless and sends
+away down the food tube in a fluid called _bile_. If we are strong and
+healthy, the liver has the power to kill many of the disease germs
+that get into the body. That is why sometimes, when you have had a
+chance to take mumps or grippe or some other "catching" disease, you
+don't take it. Your liver kills the germs, or seeds. See how carefully
+Mother Nature has planned that we may be clean inside as well as
+outside.
+
+    [Illustration: THE POSITION OF THE LIVER
+
+    Compare this with the diagram on page 26, and see how the liver
+    partly overlaps the stomach.]
+
+But you must not over-work your liver. If you do, it may become too
+tired to do anything at all. Then all these poisons will spread
+through the body; the skin and the whites of the eyes will grow
+yellow, and you will be what is called "bilious." When this happens,
+the poisons go to your brain, too, and make you feel sad; your tongue
+looks white instead of pink, and you have a disagreeable taste in your
+mouth. Your happiness depends very much on your liver.
+
+"How shall I keep my liver rested and in good working order?" By
+eating only sound, wholesome, pure food, and avoiding dirty milk; by
+going to the toilet regularly every morning after breakfast; by
+keeping your windows open and avoiding the poisons and disease germs
+in foul air. Then, if you run and play and work out of doors, so that
+the muscles move a great deal and you breathe in plenty of oxygen to
+keep the body fires burning briskly, that will help a great deal.
+
+Last summer up in the mountains I saw a big log close by the path. It
+had been sawed across so that the end was smooth. It was brown and
+weather-stained, so of course I knew that it had lain there a long
+time. How surprised I was to see a pile of fine fresh sawdust on the
+ground beside it. As I came nearer, I saw piece after piece of sawdust
+dropping, dropping, dropping, one after the other, from a hole in the
+log. I looked into the hole, and what do you think I saw? Hundreds of
+little brown ants, busy as could be carrying the sawdust, throwing it
+out, and then scurrying back to get some more. Several feet inside the
+log, other ants were cutting the sawdust, hollowing out the rooms of
+their house; and in another part others were getting food for the
+workers, and still others taking care of the baby ants. They were all
+helping one another, and whatever one ant did helped all the rest.
+That is the way with the parts, or organs, of the body. When one part
+works well, it helps all the rest; when one squad of tiny cells in the
+muscles or liver or heart is doing its duty, like the little ants, it
+helps all the other cell-workers in the body to keep healthy.
+
+If you eat proper food, you help not only your stomach but your liver,
+too; for it has not so many poisons to get rid of. While you are
+helping your stomach and your liver, you are helping your heart and
+your brain, and so on. So what you do to help one helps all.
+
+There are, however, some poisons that the liver cannot get rid of; but
+these the skin or the kidneys carry away. Have you ever seen kidney
+beans? The bean is the shape of a kidney. The kidneys are in the
+middle of your back, packed close to your backbone, on a line with
+your waist. This is a picture of them. Do you see the little tubes
+leading down from the kidneys, carrying the waste water and poison
+down into a kind of bag? The walls of this bag, called the _bladder_,
+will stretch, and it will hold about a pint of waste water. From the
+bladder a tube carries the water down out of the body.
+
+    [Illustration: THE KIDNEYS AND THE BLADDER
+
+    The large tubes are the artery and the vein that carry blood to
+    and from this part of the body.]
+
+You can help your kidney-strainers by emptying your bladder at certain
+times each day. Some children have to empty the bladder much oftener
+than others, but most children can form what we call _regular habits_
+about it, by trying to do it at the same times each day. If you are
+quite strong, five times a day is often enough: when you first get up,
+at recess, at noon, at four o'clock, and at bedtime. Many children do
+it much oftener than this; but as they grow older and the muscles grow
+stronger, they slowly outgrow this trouble, if they try to form the
+right habits.
+
+There are many diseases of the kidneys; for, like the liver, they are
+sometimes over-worked and do not carry the poisons from the body. You
+are helping your kidneys when you drink plenty of fresh clean water
+every day, and also when you play or work hard enough to get into a
+good perspiration; for, as perspiring carries out some of the poisons,
+it leaves less for the kidneys to pour out. You ought to get into a
+good perspiration at least once every day, or better, three or four
+times, if you wish to keep healthy. The Bible says, "In the sweat of
+thy brow shalt thou eat bread"; and you must earn health and happiness
+at the same price.
+
+
+II. SOME FOES TO FIGHT
+
+You have seen that sitting or sleeping in rooms where the air is bad,
+or eating the wrong kind of food, or working after you are badly
+tired, will poison your blood and hinder the proper working of that
+beautiful machine, your body. These poisons are made inside your body,
+and you can prevent them by living healthfully and wholesomely. But
+there are other poisons, which may get into the blood from outside the
+body; and while it is best for you not to think too much about these,
+or to worry over dangers that may never come, yet it is well to know
+just enough about some of them to be able to keep out of their way, as
+far as possible.
+
+The most dangerous form of poisons from outside the body are those
+made by the germs of some rather common diseases, which, because you
+can "catch" them from some one else who has them, are called
+"catching," or _infectious_, or _contagious_.
+
+Some of the germs of these "catching" diseases, like the germs of
+typhoid fever, of which we have spoken in connection with our drinking
+water, are carried in the water or milk that we drink, or upon the
+food that we eat; and one of the worst carriers of germs is the
+ordinary household fly.
+
+Not so very many years ago, people did not know that _dirt makes
+people sick_. You see, they did not know anything about the disease
+seeds (germs) that grow so fast in dirt. They did not like to have
+flies about, because flies look so dirty and bite people and crawl
+over things and spot them. But nowadays, we will not have flies about
+because we know that they have been in dirty places where disease
+germs live, and that one little fly can carry thousands and thousands
+of these germs on his feet.
+
+Have you ever looked at a fly through a magnifying glass or under a
+microscope? If you haven't, try it sometime. You will see that his
+legs are covered with little hairs; and it is on these little hairs
+that the germs lodge. They are too small for you to see except with a
+very powerful glass; but scientists have proved that they are there,
+and they have found that there are always typhoid germs among them.
+
+    [Illustration: THE COMMON HOUSE FLY
+
+    As he appears through a magnifying glass.]
+
+Did you ever see a fly wipe his feet before he came into the house?
+No, indeed; and he goes anywhere he pleases, over the bread and into
+the cream. Yet he was born in dirt and bred in dirt, and he lives in
+dirty places all the time he is not crawling over your clean things
+and spoiling them.
+
+Flies are hatched from eggs; and these eggs can hatch only in piles of
+dirt, such as heaps of manure, or places where garbage and scraps from
+the house are dumped or thrown. We call the common fly the "domestic"
+or "house" fly, because he lives only in the neighborhood of houses
+and barnyards where heaps of manure and piles of dirt are allowed to
+gather.
+
+When the fly first hatches from the egg, it is a little white,
+wriggling worm called a _maggot_, like those that some of you may have
+seen in decaying meat or fish or cheese. The maggots must have
+decaying substances to eat and live upon while they are growing, and
+this is why the eggs are laid in manure heaps and garbage piles.
+
+    [Illustration: A MAGGOT HATCHING FROM THE EGG
+
+    (Greatly magnified.)]
+
+It takes the maggot about five days to grow to its full size, and then
+it turns into a _chrysalis_. That is, it is shut up in a kind of case
+that it has spun for itself, like the cocoon of the silkworm or the
+caterpillar. In about five days more it breaks out of this cocoon and
+appears as a fly with wings.
+
+So, you see, the eggs must stay in that manure heap about two weeks if
+they are to hatch. If, within that time, the manure is carted away and
+thrown out somewhere where it will dry, the little unhatched flies
+will be killed, or prevented from hatching. All we have to do, then,
+to be entirely rid of flies about our houses is to see that the heaps
+of manure and all piles of cans and garbage are taken away at least
+once a week.
+
+    [Illustration: FLY MAGGOTS ON OLD NEWSPAPER
+
+    Note the size of the maggot compared with the newspaper type.]
+
+If manure heaps or piles of dirt cannot, for any reason, be carried
+away as often as this, then they can be sprinkled with something that
+is poisonous to flies, such as arsenic or kerosene. This will kill the
+maggots. If we keep every kind of waste and scraps from the house, and
+all the manure from the barn and the pig-pen and the hen-house
+carefully cleaned up, or sprinkled with some poison, we shall get rid
+of flies entirely and never need to use screens at the doors and
+windows. Until we do this, it is best to put screens at the doors and
+windows in the summer time, and particularly to screen carefully any
+place where food is kept or cooked; for we know that a great many
+cases of typhoid and of other diseases of the stomach and bowels, such
+as _summer sickness_, or summer _diarrhea_, and _cholera morbus_, are
+carried to our food by the dirty feet of flies.
+
+Many of the germs of "catching" diseases--most of them, in fact--are
+carried in the air, in scales that have rubbed off the skin of the
+persons sick with them, or in spray that they have coughed into the
+air, or in saliva that they have spit upon the floor.
+
+There is one sickness of this kind that I ought to tell you about,
+because it kills so many thousand people here in our own country every
+year. We sometimes call it the "Great White Plague." Its common name
+is _consumption_, and the doctors call it _tuberculosis_. I dare say
+you have heard of it and wondered what it meant.
+
+A few years ago people thought it could not be cured. They thought
+that children had it because their parents had had it before them. But
+now, the cheering thing about it is that we have found that Mother
+Nature herself can cure it with fresh air and sunshine and wholesome
+food. We have found, too, that people catch it from others who are
+sick with it, and need not have it just because their parents did.
+
+    [Illustration: FRESH AIR AND SUNLIGHT ARE GOOD DOCTORS]
+
+This means, then, that thousands of people who have it need not die,
+but can be cured simply by living and sleeping out of doors and eating
+plenty of milk, eggs, and meat, nuts and fruit. There are camps for
+them in almost every state in the Union now. The fresh air gives them
+such a big appetite that they can eat more than most healthy people,
+and they soon get strong and well.
+
+If all the people who now have consumption were taken out into the
+country and cured, there would be no one left for the rest of us to
+catch it from, and the disease would soon die. Some day our Boards of
+Health will decide to do this, and then consumption will become as
+rare as smallpox is now, and will kill only a few hundred people a
+year in the United States instead of 150,000 every year, as it does
+now.
+
+People and governments are giving great sums of money, not only to
+cure the people who now have consumption, but to do something towards
+stopping the disease by keeping things so clean and people so strong
+that no one will ever have it. Even little children can help to fight
+and kill this "Great White Plague," and I'll tell you how.
+
+We know that, when people have consumption in their lungs, what they
+cough and spit out of their mouths and blow out of their noses (we
+call it _sputum_) has the germs, or seeds, of the disease in it. So,
+to keep other people from catching the disease, they must hold
+something before the face when they cough, and they must catch the
+sputum in paper (newspapers or paper napkins are very good for this)
+and burn it, for burning kills the germs. Then, too, they must not
+kiss other people on the mouth, and others must not kiss them. They
+must use their own drinking-cups, and never lend or borrow a cup. You
+see, you can look out for these things, yourselves. When grown people
+kiss you, just turn your cheek to them, instead of your mouth. Your
+cheek will not carry anything to your windpipe and lungs. And be sure
+to carry your own drinking-cup, or, better still, make the one for
+which you already have the pattern, every time you need one.
+
+    [Illustration: HIS OWN CUP AND TOWEL]
+
+This sounds easy enough; and it is, too. But sometimes people don't
+know when they have this "plague," and of course they do not feel that
+they must be careful. What is to be done, then?
+
+If people won't take care of themselves, then the government has to
+make health laws to protect them, and the health officers have to see
+that the laws are obeyed. In many of the states and cities, laws have
+been made so that nobody is allowed to spit on the sidewalk or in the
+cars or in any other public place; and common drinking-cups are
+forbidden at all park fountains and at the water-coolers in schools
+and trains and stations and other public places.
+
+You ought to know about these things, because, as I have just said,
+other sicknesses, too, are carried about in the nose and mouth.
+_Grippe_, _pneumonia_ or lung fever, and what we call _colds_ are
+caught in exactly the same way. We used to think we caught them by
+being chilled; but we are much more likely to take them by being shut
+up in a hot, stuffy room with other people who already have them.
+Mother Nature never gave us such things in her beautiful, clean
+outdoors. We must wear clothes enough to keep us warm when we go out,
+and have bedclothes enough to keep us warm while we sleep; but we need
+not be afraid of catching any sickness from the clean outside air,
+either by day or by night. Drafts are not dangerous, except when our
+blood is already full of poisons and germs from foul air.
+
+Of course it is foolish even for strong, healthy people to run any
+risks that can be avoided, and there is one other thing that you
+should keep on the watch against doing; and that is, touching or
+kissing or playing with other children who may be sick. It is better
+not even to sit in the same room with them if you can avoid it.
+
+Many of the infectious diseases--and nearly three fourths of all the
+diseases that children have are infectious--are caught, as we have
+seen, from germs that are carried in the air. That is one reason why
+so many infectious diseases are likely to begin with running at the
+nose, or sneezing, or cold in the head, or sore throat. The germs,
+having been breathed in with the air, catch on the sides of the
+nostrils or at the back of the throat, and start inflammation and
+soreness wherever they land. This is just the way that _measles_,
+_scarlet fever_, _chicken pox_, _whooping cough_, and _diphtheria_
+begin. Nearly all colds in the head, and sore throats with coughing,
+are infectious; so the best thing to do whenever you have a bad cold
+in the head, or a sore throat, is to keep out in the open air as much
+as you can, until it is better. Of course, a cold is not such a
+serious thing in itself; but, if it is neglected, it may lead to some
+very dangerous troubles, particularly to inflammation of the lungs,
+and sometimes even of the kidneys or the liver or the heart. Several
+of these infectious diseases--measles, chicken pox, and scarlet fever,
+for instance--have a rash, or breaking-out, called an _eruption_, upon
+the skin. This is another thing easy to look out for; and if you see
+anyone with a rash upon his face and hands, it is a good thing to keep
+away from him and not let him touch you. Even if he should not have
+measles or scarlet fever or chicken pox, but only a disease of the
+skin itself, he still might spread the infection of that; for most
+diseases that cause a breaking-out upon the surface of the skin are
+infectious.
+
+Some of these infectious diseases are so common among children that
+they are called _Children's Diseases_, or the _Diseases of Infancy_,
+just as if it were natural for you to have them while you are
+children, and as if they were something that you have to have as a
+matter of course, before you grow up.
+
+But it isn't necessary at all to have them, if you will take care of
+yourselves and help your doctors and the Board of Health of your
+county or town or city to prevent their spreading. These diseases,
+although usually very mild, never do anyone any good whatever, and may
+do serious harm; for their poisons may stay in the blood and injure
+the heart or the kidneys or the nerves.
+
+One thing I should like to urge you to do if you happen to get one of
+these "children's diseases"; and that is, to stay in bed or out of
+school or away from work just as long as your doctor tells you to.
+This is important, because it is very dangerous indeed to become
+over-tired or overheated or chilled, or to get your feet wet or romp
+too hard or sit up too late, before you have fully recovered; and you
+will not have fully recovered until at least three or four weeks after
+you are able to be out of bed. But if you take good care of yourselves
+for three or four weeks after measles or chicken pox or whooping cough
+or a very bad cold, you will avoid almost all danger of their poisons
+injuring your heart or kidneys or nerves, and causing chronic
+diseases, like Bright's disease or heart disease, later in life.
+
+Perhaps now I have told you enough about poisons and sickness. You
+must not be frightened about them. I have told you these things so
+that you may understand why you must bathe, and brush your teeth, and
+wash your face and hands, and wear clean clothes, and breathe fresh
+air, and keep your windows open, and play out of doors--in fact, keep
+your bodies clean inside and out. I know you will be glad enough to do
+these things, troublesome though some of them may be, if you know the
+reason why. The best of it is that when you keep perfectly clean and
+healthy, not even the "Great White Plague" and cold seeds, or germs,
+can hurt you, even though they get into your mouth or nose; for Mother
+Nature gives healthy bodies the power to kill germs, and quite without
+our knowing it.
+
+    [Illustration: ENJOYING "ALL OUTDOORS"
+
+    Very discouraging to disease germs!]
+
+
+III. PROTECTING OUR FRIENDS
+
+If you knew that some of your little friends were sick with an
+infectious disease like measles or scarlet fever, of course you would
+keep away from them, so as to avoid catching the disease. And if they
+knew that they had a disease that was infectious, of course they would
+want to let all their friends know of it, so as to prevent them from
+coming and catching it. But how can they let all their friends know?
+Sick people don't feel like writing letters; and, even if they did,
+some diseases can be carried in letters. So that might not be at all a
+friendly thing to do.
+
+This has always been the greatest difficulty in preventing the spread
+of infectious diseases--how to let other people know. So about fifty
+or sixty years ago, people got together and decided that the best
+thing to do was to appoint an officer known as a _Health Officer_, or
+a committee known as a _Board of Health_, in each town and in each
+county, whose business it should be to find out cases of infectious
+disease, and to warn other people against them.
+
+These officers first ask all the doctors in the town to report to this
+Central Health Office, or Board of Health, every case of a patient
+with an infectious disease. Then, when the case has been reported,
+that office sends some one with a card on which the name of the
+disease is printed in large letters, and he tacks the card upon the
+front of the house or upon the fence around the lot, so that everyone
+who goes near the house may know that there is danger, and keep away
+from it. Then, sometimes, a messenger from the Board of Health goes
+into the house and talks to the family, and tells them how they can
+keep the patient in a room by himself, so as to prevent the rest of
+the family from catching the disease; and how they can best take care
+of the patient, and keep from carrying the infection through clothing
+or food or anything else.
+
+    [Illustration: ONE WAY IN WHICH THE BOARD OF HEALTH PROTECTS US]
+
+Then, because anyone who has been sick with an infectious disease will
+still be shedding the germs of the disease and spitting or coughing,
+not only as long as he is sick, but for two or three weeks after he is
+beginning to feel better, the messenger will tell the family that the
+patient must stay either in his own room or within his own house or
+yard, for so many days or weeks. This is called keeping _quarantine_.
+The word comes from the Italian word _quaranta_, "forty"; because in
+the early days when the practice was first begun, the patients used to
+be kept by themselves in this way for forty days. While sometimes this
+is very inconvenient and hard and troublesome, it is really the only
+safe way of stopping the spread of these diseases; and I am sure
+anyone of you would be willing to take this extra trouble sooner than
+let any of your friends catch a disease from you, and perhaps die of
+it. Quarantine is also the best and safest thing for the patient,
+because it keeps him quiet and at rest until he has completely
+recovered, and until all danger that the poison of the disease will
+attack his lungs or heart or kidneys is over.
+
+In some of the best schools now there is an examination of all the
+children every morning, by a visiting doctor sent by the Board of
+Health. If the doctor finds any child that has red and watery eyes, or
+is running at the nose, or sneezing, or coughing, or has a sore
+throat, he usually sends him home at once, so that the other children
+will not catch the infection. The school doctor is not thinking only
+about what seems to be a cold, although, as you know, it is very
+important that anyone with a cold should take good care of himself and
+should not let others catch it from him. The doctor sends the child
+home because this is just the way in which several other infectious
+diseases may begin--_measles_, _scarlet fever_, _chicken pox_,
+_whooping cough_, and _diphtheria_. For most infectious diseases, as
+you will remember, are caught from germs floating in the air and
+breathed into the nose and throat.
+
+The Board of Health takes care of the public in many ways besides
+these. It keeps a very careful watch upon the water supply of the
+town, or city, so as to keep the houses and factories from running
+their drainage, or _sewage_, into it; for this, as you already know,
+might cause the spread of typhoid fever and of other diseases of the
+bowels and stomach.
+
+The Board of Health sends men to examine, or inspect, the milk the
+dairymen bring, to see that it is sweet and pure, and that there are
+no infectious germs in it. And it sends men out into the country to
+examine the dairy farms and see that the cows are properly fed, and
+that the barns in which they are milked are kept clean; and that the
+water in which the milk pans and bottles are washed comes from clean,
+pure wells or springs.
+
+    [Illustration: WHAT MILK INSPECTION MEANS
+
+    Clean barns, cows, pails, and milkers mean clean milk. The cows
+    here stand in fresh, clean sawdust.]
+
+Another thing that the Board of Health does is to send an inspector
+round to look very carefully at all the meat that is sold in the
+butcher shops, and at all the fruits and vegetables at the grocers'.
+If he finds any meat that is diseased or tainted or bad, or any fruit
+or vegetables that are beginning to spoil, or any flour, sugar, or
+canned goods that have been mixed with cheaper stuffs that are not
+good to eat,--in fact, are what the law calls _adulterated_,--he may
+seize the bad and dangerous foods and destroy them, and summon to
+court the dealers who are trying to sell them. Then the dealers are
+fined or perhaps sent to prison.
+
+So, you see, the Board of Health is one of the very best friends that
+you have, trying to keep your food pure and good, the water that you
+drink clean and wholesome, and the milk sweet and free from dirt or
+disease germs. You ought to help these officers and their inspectors
+in every way that you can. I know that it is sometimes troublesome to
+obey all their rules; and perhaps when you don't know what the dangers
+are which they are trying to guard you against, it seems to you that
+they are too particular about a great many things. But just see what
+they have done already to make our cities and houses healthier and
+pleasanter places to live in.
+
+Only one hundred and fifty years ago, for instance, that terrible
+disease called _smallpox_ killed hundreds of thousands of people every
+year in Europe; and it attacked the eyes and blinded so many of those
+who recovered from it, that nearly half the poor blind people in the
+blind asylums had had their sight destroyed by it. In smallpox there
+is a terrible eruption, or breaking out, upon the skin, which is
+likely to leave it pitted and scarred; and even fifty years ago it was
+exceedingly common to see people who had been pitted by smallpox, or,
+as the expression was, "pock-marked."
+
+Cows have a disease somewhat like this, but much less dangerous,
+called cow-pox. Years ago, before dairies were inspected as they are
+now, dairy maids often caught this disease from the cows they milked,
+so that their hands would break out with pock-marks.
+
+About a hundred years ago, a Dr. Richard Jenner discovered that the
+dairy maids in the country district in which he lived, who had caught
+this mild infection from the cows they milked, never caught smallpox
+even when they were exposed to it. So after studying over the subject
+for some years, he took a little of the matter, or pus, from the
+eruption on the udder of a cow that had cow-pox, scratched the arm of
+a little patient of his, and rubbed some of the pus into it. Only a
+short time after, the family of this little boy was exposed to
+smallpox, and all the other children took it badly, but he escaped.
+
+This was the beginning of what we call _vaccination_; and as soon as
+it was found that this scratching of the arm and putting a little of
+this _vaccine_ matter into it would cause only a few days of
+feverishness, and then after that give complete protection against
+smallpox, the Boards of Health all over the civilized world took it up
+and insisted upon everybody's being vaccinated when a baby.
+
+As a result, smallpox has become one of the rarest, instead of the
+commonest, of our infectious diseases. Only a few dozen people die of
+it each year in Europe, instead of several hundred thousands; scarcely
+one one-hundredth of the people now in our blind asylums have been
+sent there by smallpox, and I dare say that many of you have never
+even seen a pock-marked person.
+
+Another disease that used to be very dangerous to little children is
+_diphtheria_. It was not only very infectious, but very deadly; and
+nearly half of the children who took it died of it, and the doctors
+didn't know anything that would cure it. About twenty years ago, two
+great scientists, one a Frenchman named Roux--a student of the great
+Professor Louis Pasteur, of whom I am sure you have heard--and the
+other, a German, named Behring, discovered an _antitoxin_ for
+diphtheria; that is, something to defeat the poison of the diphtheria
+germ. When this antitoxin is injected into the blood, it will cure
+diphtheria.
+
+The doctors and the Boards of Health took this up too, and insisted
+upon its being used in all cases; with the result that where the
+antitoxin is used early, scarcely one in twenty of the patients dies,
+instead of eight or ten out of twenty, as before.
+
+You know how careful we are all trying to be not to let consumption
+spread. By insisting that all houses shall be built so as to give
+plenty of light and fresh air to everyone; and by forbidding spitting
+upon the streets; and by insisting that food to be sold, especially
+milk, shall be clean,--by preventing the spread of the disease in
+every way, our Boards of Health have cut down the number of deaths
+from this disease nearly one half; and people in the United States,
+for instance, or in England, where these health laws are enforced,
+live now almost exactly twice as long on the average as they did one
+hundred years ago, or as they do now in India and in Turkey, for
+instance, where the people are ignorant and dirty and careless.
+
+So you see that even if some of the health regulations do seem rather
+troublesome and fussy, it is well worth while to try to follow them
+and help the health inspectors in every way. Even little children can
+help very much in keeping the houses and the cities in which they live
+clean and healthful and beautiful.
+
+
+
+
+WORK AND PLAY
+
+
+I. GROWING STRONG
+
+When school is over, out you go with a rush, into the open air. You
+have worked hard all day, and now you have two hours before supper to
+do just as you like.
+
+Perhaps you will play tag, or prisoner's base, or stealing sticks, or
+town ball. They are all fine fun, and they exercise every muscle in
+your body and make your lungs breathe deeper and your heart beat
+faster, and make every part of you grow stronger.
+
+    [Illustration: BETTER TO TAKE THAN MEDICINE]
+
+Perhaps you have a few chores to do or errands to run; but even these
+are almost as much fun as play and give you good exercise in the open
+air and, what is better still, a feeling that you are being of some
+use in the world, which is one of the happiest and most satisfactory
+feelings that you will ever have, if you live to be a hundred years
+old.
+
+    [Illustration: OUT FOR AN AFTERNOON IN THE PARK]
+
+But when you have finished your work, you must not forget to play
+real, lively, jolly games out of doors--ball and tag and
+hide-and-seek, and all those games that children love.
+
+Hide-and-seek is a good game, because, when you are caught, you can
+stand still a few minutes and rest. When you are hiding, you can take
+a good breath for the home-run you have to make. Most games, in fact,
+are planned like this--a run and a rest, and then another run. While
+you rest, some one else is taking his turn at the bat, or at being
+"It," or whatever is the hardest part of the work. This is one reason
+why games are so good for you to play.
+
+You see, when you run, you are working your muscles and heart-pump
+very hard; and if you kept running all the time, you would burn up so
+much food in the muscles that the heart couldn't pump blood fast
+enough to wash away all the waste, and would just chug-chug-chug till
+it tired itself out. When you are tired, it is time to stop and rest;
+for being tired means that the poisons are not being carried away from
+the muscles fast enough, and that your heart is working too hard.
+
+What is it in your body that gives it stiffening to stand upright, and
+makes levers in your legs and arms to move it about? When you feel
+your body and arms and head with your fingers, what are they like?
+Isn't there something hard and then a soft kind of pad over it? We
+call the hard things _bones_. Your teacher will show you some. These
+are white and chalky looking; but when they were alive, they were a
+beautiful pinkish white color.
+
+    [Illustration: SKELETON OF A MAN]
+
+So you have a pretty pearl-colored framework, the shape of your body.
+This, which is called your _skeleton_, makes you stiff enough to stand
+up and walk about. Now bend your arm and turn your wrist and open and
+close your hand. You find that your frame-work is jointed. When you
+are tired standing, you can bend your joints and sit down. If you want
+an apple, you can close your fingers and pick it up.
+
+    [Illustration: THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM]
+
+    [Illustration: WHEN THE MUSCLES SHORTEN]
+
+What are the soft pads that you felt over the bones of your arms and
+legs? Stretch your right arm straight out in front of you and take
+hold of the upper part of it with your left hand. Now clench your
+right fist and bring it toward your shoulder. Can you feel the elastic
+pads, or bands, moving? What are they doing? They are pulling your
+hand up to your shoulder. When you walk, you can feel the elastic
+bands moving your legs along. So every move we make, these elastic
+ropes are at work pulling us about and letting us sit down and making
+us run and jump. We call them _muscles_.
+
+You have perhaps seen jointed dolls. The strings and rubber bands on
+their joints help to make them move; but the dolls don't act as if
+they were alive. They have no telephone system to tell their bodies
+how to move.
+
+If you will stop and think how many "moves" you make in a day, you'll
+know how hard your muscles have to work. They'd be quite tired out if
+they did not have plenty to feed on all the time and did not rest at
+least nine hours a day. I told you how the food is melted and carried
+about in the blood. It is the blood that brings the muscles their food
+and keeps them alive and makes them strong enough to move the joints
+and the bones.
+
+What does all this playing do for you? It makes you grow not only big,
+but strong, too. What puny little things you'd be if you couldn't get
+out and run and play and make your muscles strong and your nerves do
+just what you tell them to do.
+
+I know of ten or twelve little chickens that hatched a few weeks ago.
+There are so many cats about, that the poor little chicks have to be
+shut up in the barn all day. At first they ran and played and jumped
+on their mother's back, but now they hump their shoulders and hang
+their heads and don't seem hungry and look sad and sick. They are not
+so big as some that hatched later. Can you tell me why? Of course you
+can. You know that it is outdoor exercise and play that chickens need,
+and that you need to make you grow big and strong, too. Of course, you
+will have to keep your backbone straight and your chest out and your
+head up; but all these things will be easy for you if you are
+perfectly well and strong.
+
+The school tries to take just as good care of your health and growth
+as it can. Your lessons are short, and you change from one to another
+frequently, with perhaps drills or calisthenic exercises between, so
+that you need not sit still too long at a time; and the seats and
+desks are of different sizes so that you need not sit at a desk that
+does not fit you. When your teacher urges you to go out of doors and
+play at recess time, even if you do not want to, you must think to
+yourself, "It will rest me and make me grow big and straight and
+strong."
+
+When you come home from school, go out of doors and stay out just as
+long as you can. Don't let dolls or toys or picture books tempt you to
+stay in the house. The pictures out of doors are ever so much
+prettier, as soon as you learn to see them. But some of you live in
+crowded cities. I hope you are near a park or a playground, where you
+can have a good romp with other children, and use the swings and
+see-saws and bars, and the skating pond in winter, and the swimming
+pool in summer.
+
+    [Illustration: A SKATING POND MADE OUT OF A GARDEN
+
+    The school garden is flooded in winter--a fine place to skate
+    right after school.]
+
+What fun swimming is! You can learn easily if you have a safe place
+and an older person to teach you the stroke. You can roll over on your
+back in the water, and float, and dive; but you must not stay in
+longer than twenty minutes, and not so long as that sometimes. As soon
+as you begin to feel chilly, come out. Swimming not only cleans your
+skin, but is splendid  exercise for your lungs and muscles.
+
+All this play out of doors will help your appetite, and that will make
+you ready to eat the right kind of food, and this food will get into
+your blood and keep your muscles firm and strong.
+
+    [Illustration: SPLENDID EXERCISE FOR LUNGS AND MUSCLES]
+
+
+II. ACCIDENTS
+
+I am going to tell you what to do in the case of some of the little
+accidents that may happen to anyone, and especially of the kind that
+children meet with in playing; but I don't want you to stop playing
+for fear you'll be hurt. Mother Nature can usually heal all the bumps
+and cuts and scratches that come from wholesome play.
+
+You can, however, help her very much by keeping the _scratch_ or _cut
+perfectly clean_. This is the chief thing to remember. Wash it
+thoroughly in clean water. Hold it under the pump, or faucet, and let
+the water pour down on it.
+
+If you can, pour some _antiseptic_, or germ killer, over the cut, and
+wrap it up in a clean cloth. There is a medicine called _peroxid of
+hydrogen_, which is good for cuts and wounds, but an older person will
+have to put it on for you.
+
+If the scratch is from a finger nail or the claw of a cat, or if the
+wound is the bite of some animal, you must be sure to have your mother
+or a doctor clean the wound with strong medicine. You see, nails and
+claws and teeth are, as a rule, dirty, and have on them germs that
+will get into the cut and make it swell and be very sore indeed.
+
+    [Illustration: THE TIGHT BANDAGE HIGHER THAN THE CUT]
+
+Sometime you may have a cut that is deep. You will see the bright red
+blood spurt from it. This means that you have cut one of the blood
+pipes called arteries. If the cut is on the arm or the leg, you should
+take a cloth or bandage and tie it tightly around the arm or leg
+_above_ the cut; and if that does not check the blood, put a piece of
+stick under the cloth and twist the stick, as in the picture. For a
+cut like this you must get help as soon as possible, and keep quiet,
+or else you will increase the flow of blood.
+
+If you get anything in your eye, be sure not to rub the eye; don't
+even wink hard if you can help it. You will only make the pain worse,
+because you will scratch the eyeball. Let some one take out the bit of
+dust or the cinder or the fly, or whatever it is, as quickly as
+possible. Often, if you close the lids gently and hold them so, the
+tears will wash the speck down for you.
+
+If you should bruise yourself, the best way to treat the bruise is to
+pour either quite cold or quite warm water over it, and keep this up
+for several minutes; or to put it into a bowl of hot water. Then tie
+it up in a bandage of soft cotton cloth or gauze and pour over it a
+lotion containing a little alcohol--about one sixth or one fourth.
+This, by evaporating, cools off the bruise and relieves the pain.
+
+If your ear, or nose, or a finger should happen to be frozen or frost
+bitten, the best thing to do is to rub it hard with snow until it
+thaws out and becomes pink again. Above all, don't go too near the
+fire, and don't go into a very warm room too soon.
+
+If you get one of those uncomfortable itchy swellings on your feet
+called _chilblains_, which come from cold floors in your houses, or
+from wet feet, or from wearing too thin shoes and stockings, don't put
+your feet too near the fire, but rub them well with turpentine just
+before going to bed at night. This will often take all the pain and
+itching out of them.
+
+Sometimes people make the mistake of drinking something that is
+poisonous. Of course, one good way to prevent this is to have _every
+bottle in the house carefully marked_ and never to take anything from
+a bottle without reading the mark, or label. Another good way is _not
+to have poisons about_ any more than we actually need to.
+
+Still, even so, sometimes a mistake is made. If you ever make such a
+mistake, the best thing to do is to drink as much warm water as you
+can, and into the second cupful to put a tablespoonful of dry mustard
+or two heaping tablespoonfuls of salt. This will make you vomit, and
+up will come the poison. The water makes the poison weaker. If this
+doesn't make you throw up the poison, have some one tickle the back of
+your throat with a feather. There are a great many kinds of poison and
+as many things to take to cure them; but this is the only remedy I
+shall tell you about, because, by the time you have tried this, some
+older person will probably have come to help you.
+
+All the medicines that you see advertised as "Headache Cures" are
+dangerous poisons if taken in too large doses; and most of them in
+small doses weaken the heart. They are what we call narcotics; they
+just deaden the nerves to pain without doing anything whatever to
+relieve or remove the cause.
+
+If you have a headache, the best thing to do is to go and lie down
+quietly and rest or sleep, until it goes away. A headache always means
+that something is wrong; it is one of Nature's most valuable danger
+signals. When your head aches, Nature is telling you that you have
+been over-straining your eyes, or breathing foul air, or eating some
+food that does not agree with you, or forgetting to go to the toilet
+regularly, or not getting sleep enough. The sensible thing to do is
+not to swallow some medicine to deaden your nerves to the pain, but to
+find out what you have been doing that is unhealthful for you, and
+then stop it.
+
+Most of the medicines called "patent medicines," which are advertised
+to "cure" all sorts of pains and troubles, contain poisons, and are
+particularly dangerous because they easily lead one to form the habit
+of taking them. Nine tenths of them are either absolute frauds,--of no
+strength or use whatever,--or else they contain alcohol, or opium, or
+some of the dangerous drugs made out of coal tar.
+
+Now about _burns_. You need not wash them, because the heat has killed
+the troublesome germs. They need to be covered from the air, if the
+blister is broken. Cover them thickly with olive oil or vaseline, or
+common baking soda mixed with a few drops of water. This makes a good
+paste to put over them, and it will ease the pain. (This is the way to
+treat a _wasp_ or _bee sting_, too, after you have pulled out the
+"stinger.") If the blister of the burn is not broken, just keep
+putting vaseline or sweet oil on it every half hour or so, and the
+blister won't break; for the oil will make it limber and prevent it
+from bursting.
+
+If ever your clothes should catch fire, _do not run_; the wind you
+make will only fan the flames, so that they burn faster. _Lie down and
+roll over and over_, as fast as you can. If there is a rug or a quilt
+handy, wrap yourself up tight in it. My youngest brother once saved a
+little child's life this way. He was not very old, but he remembered
+to put the child on the floor and roll him up in a rug.
+
+However, the best way to prevent accidents with fire is to let fire
+and lamps and matches and kerosene and sparklers and firecrackers
+alone.
+
+I am so glad that people are becoming sensible about keeping our
+nation's birthday, the Fourth of July, and are doing away with the
+firecrackers that have killed so many thousands of children. The burns
+you get from firecrackers are much more dangerous than other burns. A
+dirt-germ often gets into them that may cause _lockjaw_. The name
+tells what it is: it locks the jaws together so that its victim cannot
+eat; and, of course, if he cannot eat, he cannot live very long. Next
+Fourth of July try getting flags and bunting and drums and horns, if
+you like, instead of these dangerous fireworks.
+
+In keeping the Fourth one year not long ago, one hundred and
+seventy-one children lost one or more fingers; forty-one lost a leg,
+an arm, or a hand; thirty-six lost one eye, and sixteen lost both
+eyes; and two hundred and fifteen children were killed! This accounts
+for only the children; counting everybody, five thousand three hundred
+and seven people were killed or hurt. No wonder we begin to think that
+we ought to keep the Fourth in some other way.
+
+In the City of Washington, on one Fourth of July, one hundred and four
+people were taken to the hospital; but the following year when no
+fireworks were allowed to be sold, the hospitals did not have a single
+patient from the accidents of the day.
+
+    [Illustration: A RESULT OF CELEBRATING THE FOURTH IN THE OLD WAY]
+
+Water, as well as fire, has its dangers. If you ever fall into the
+water, _be sure to keep your mouth shut and your hands below your
+chin_. Then paddle with your hands gently, and you'll swim, just as
+any other young animal does when first thrown into the water. Even
+your cat, who hates water, can swim easily when she falls in. If you
+keep your wits as she does, you will get along as well. Some people
+learn to swim just by trying by themselves.
+
+    [Illustration: WORKING TO START HIS BREATHING AGAIN]
+
+If anyone in your party, when you are out boating or swimming, should
+be nearly drowned, the best way to revive him is to lay him, as
+quickly as possible, flat on his face on level ground, just turning
+his head a little to one side so that his nose and mouth will not be
+blocked. Then, kneeling astride of his legs, put both your hands on
+the small of his back and press downward with all your weight while
+you count three. This squeezes the abdomen and the lower part of the
+chest so as to drive the air out of the lungs. Then swing backward so
+as to take the weight off your hands, while you count three again; and
+then swing forward again and press down, again forcing the air out of
+the lungs. Keep up this swing-pumping about ten or fifteen times a
+minute for at least ten or fifteen minutes, unless the person begins
+to breathe of himself before this. Don't waste any time trying to hold
+him up by the feet, or roll him over a barrel so as to get the water
+out of his lungs. Just turn him over on his face as quickly as
+possible and get to work making a weight-pump of yourself on his back.
+
+If there is any life left in the body at all when it is taken out of
+the water, you will succeed in saving it. It is very seldom, however,
+that anyone who has been under water more than five minutes can be
+revived.
+
+And now the thing that I want you to be sure to remember, I have saved
+for the last. No matter what kind of accident happens, keep your wits
+about you and keep cool. Be calm and _think_ what it is best to do,
+instead of letting yourself be frightened. Of course, get some one to
+help you as soon as you can and, if need be, call for help as loud as
+your lungs will let you. But use that wonderful "phone" system to send
+in and out the messages that will help you to help yourself by telling
+your muscles what to do.
+
+
+III. THE CITY BEAUTIFUL
+
+One morning I stopped a moment on the street to speak to a friend. Her
+little nephew had just finished eating some candy, and down went his
+candy-bag on the pavement. His aunt happened to see it. "Oh, no,
+Claude," she said, "don't you see the big green can there? Better put
+it into that." But Claude was only three years old; and the can was so
+tall that he could not tell what it was, till we led him up to it.
+
+Do you have cans like these in your town, too? It is good to think
+that every one of us, even such little fellows as Claude, can help to
+keep the city beautiful. But it is not simply to make things look nice
+that we have so many cans--cans for ashes, cans for papers, cans for
+food scraps. No indeed, it is to keep the city clean and make it fit
+for people to live in; for if dirty papers and scraps were left to
+blow about the streets, they would fill the air with germs and filth.
+
+Any dust that blows about the streets is likely to be carrying disease
+germs with it. That is why we have sprinklers driven through the
+streets to wet them and to keep down the dust; and why, in large
+cities, the streets are thoroughly flooded at night. If the streets
+are kept damp and clean, then the air above them is cool and fresh and
+pure.
+
+How does the city get rid of all the dirt and waste? From every house
+there are two kinds of waste. Some is taken away in pipes from the
+sink and bathroom out into pipes that run under the street, and these
+carry it away from the city to some stream or deep water that takes it
+entirely away from the town.
+
+The waste stuffs that are not watery, but solid--cabbage leaves, apple
+cores, potato parings, and other scraps from the kitchen are carted
+away and burned or fed to pigs. The ashes and tin cans are carted
+away, also, and used in making new land or filling up hollow places.
+
+Besides taking away the dirt, cities are careful to get clear, pure
+drinking water. They are very, very careful about this; and they
+usually have the water tested often, because, as you have learned,
+even water that looks perfectly pure may give people typhoid fever.
+That is why, when you are out in the country, on a picnic perhaps, you
+must not drink from the streams. They may receive the drainage from a
+farmer's barnyard, or the sewage from some house.
+
+The more we all learn about these things, the more careful will the
+city be to protect her people. To be sure, most cities now have Boards
+of Health who employ men and women to go about and see that the food
+in the stores is clean--no flies, no dust, and no tobacco smoke on it.
+They have laws, too, about keeping milk clean; and in New York alone
+these laws have saved the lives of thousands of babies. And they have
+laws about the care of streets and buildings and cars and parks and a
+great many other things.
+
+In all these things we have been talking about, I want you to be
+thinking how you can help. For a city is made up of people--boys and
+girls and men and women. The city is what its people make it; and
+everyone must help, even the smallest children, no older than little
+Claude.
+
+The first and most important thing for you to do is to keep yourself
+clean and tidy. And the next thing is for you to keep your back yard
+as well as your front yard and the school yard and the street free
+from papers and sticks and cans and old playthings. You can put away
+your things when you are through playing; or, if you are making a
+railroad or a town or a playhouse, you can leave it looking nice and
+tidy. You can help chiefly by putting away your own things. You know
+the old saying, "A workman is known by his chips"; and a good workman
+always works in an orderly way.
+
+When you eat apples or bananas or oranges, don't throw the skins or
+peelings about, but put them in a garbage can or swill bucket or cover
+them with soft dirt in the garden or stable yard; and don't throw
+peanut shells, or scraps of paper and the like, about the streets or
+parks. You should begin to notice all these things and talk about
+them, and that will make other people begin to think about them, too.
+
+Then you can make gardens instead of leaving bare, untidy back yards.
+I think that nicely kept vegetable gardens are almost as pretty as
+flower gardens. If you cannot mow the lawn, you can at least cut the
+long grass on the edges; and that makes such a difference! It is
+wonderful how much boys and girls can do in making and keeping a city
+really beautiful.
+
+I hope that you have plenty of room to play in now. Of course, when
+you grow up, you will see that there are plenty of playgrounds and
+parks for the children. We are beginning to find out that the richest
+and the most beautiful city is the one whose streets are lined with
+families of happy, rosy-cheeked children. So, you see, the "City
+Beautiful" is the one that takes best care of her children, and she
+can do this only by keeping her streets and houses perfectly clean and
+seeing that the food her people get is fresh and good, and their
+drinking water pure. If the city or town you live in is not like this,
+be sure you do your very best to make it better.
+
+    [Illustration: WOULD YOU RATHER HAVE A BACK YARD LIKE THIS?]
+
+    [Illustration: OR LIKE THIS?]
+
+There is one great evil that for hundreds and hundreds of years has
+been known wherever people are crowded together, and even in the open
+country, too; and which has been the cause of more untidiness and
+uncleanliness and unhappiness and disease than any other evil ever
+known. And that is the drinking of alcohol. People don't drink clear
+alcohol, but they can get a great deal of it--enough to poison them
+badly--in the fermented drinks you learned about some time ago.
+
+In the days when your grandfather was a little boy, every man thought
+that ale and wine and whiskey were good foods for him when he was
+well; and good medicine when he was sick. He believed that they gave
+him an appetite, and increased his strength. But now we have found, by
+carefully studying the effects of alcohol, in laboratories and in
+hospitals, that these beliefs were almost entirely mistaken. We know
+that all that wine, beer, and whiskey do is to make people feel better
+for a little while, without making them actually stronger or better in
+any way. In fact, in most respects these drinks make them weaker and
+worse instead.
+
+Perhaps you will ask, "How do whiskey and wine and beer do us harm?"
+And here is only part of the answer: (1) They tire the heart and, by
+enlarging the blood pipes in the skin, make the heart pump too much of
+the blood out to the skin. In this way they make a person feel warmer
+when he really is not any warmer. (2) They make the liver work too
+hard. (3) They dull the brain, so that it cannot think so clearly or
+so well. (4) If one drinks them frequently, it is harder for him to
+get well when he is sick; more people die out of those who drink
+alcohol than out of those who do not.
+
+Alcohol is a _narcotic_; that is, it deadens our nerves, for the time
+being, to any sensations of pain or discomfort, much in the same way
+that a very small dose of _morphine_ or _opium_ would. We may imagine
+it does us good because, for a little while after drinking it, we may
+cease to feel pain or fatigue or cold; but, instead of making us
+really better and able to do more work, it is dulling our nerves so
+that we work more slowly and more clumsily. Men who have carefully
+measured the amount of work that they do have found that they do less
+work on days when they take one or two glasses of beer or wine than
+they do on days when they drink only water.
+
+The great insurance companies have found that those of their policy
+holders who drink no alcohol at all live nearly one fourth longer and
+have nearly one third fewer sicknesses than those who drink alcohol
+even in moderate amounts.
+
+Indeed, so strong is the evidence as to the bad effects of alcohol,
+and so steadily is it increasing, that it will probably not be very
+many years more before the drinking of wine or beer by intelligent,
+thoughtful people will have become less than half as common as it is
+now.
+
+Strong, healthy men may be able for a long time to drink small amounts
+of liquor without noticing any harmful effects; but all the time the
+alcohol may be doing serious harm to their nerves and brain and
+kidneys and liver and blood vessels, which they will not find out
+until it is too late to stop the trouble.
+
+Useless and bad as alcohol is for full-grown men and women, it is even
+worse for young and growing children; and no child, and no boy or girl
+under the age of twenty-one, should ever touch a drop of it, except in
+those rare instances where it may be prescribed as a medicine by a
+doctor, just as many other drugs are, which in larger doses would be
+poisons.
+
+Fortunately, it will be no trouble for you children to let it alone
+entirely; for not one of you would like the taste of it the first
+time--or, indeed, for the matter of that, for the first ten or twelve
+times--that you tried to drink it, if you should be so foolish. This
+is one striking difference between alcohol and all other foods and
+drinks. Children have absolutely no natural liking, or taste, for the
+drinks that contain it, as they have for meat, milk, sugar, apples,
+and the other real foods. This is Nature's way of telling them that it
+is not a real food, and not needed in any way for their growth and
+health. Let it alone absolutely, until you are at least twenty-one
+years old; and by that time you will probably have become so convinced
+of the harm that it is doing that you will never begin using it at
+all.
+
+What we have been saying so far applies, of course, only to the
+moderate use of alcohol. How terrible the effects of the long or
+excessive use of alcohol are, you don't need to learn from a book. All
+you have to do is to keep your eyes open on the streets, and see the
+drunken men reeling along the sidewalk, and the wrecks of men that
+hang around the saloons. The poorhouses and the jails and the insane
+asylums are filled with them. The most terrible thing that can happen
+to anyone is to become a drunkard. The best and safest and only
+sensible thing to do is to keep away from the only stuff that makes
+drunkards. It may do you the most terrible harm, and it cannot do you
+the slightest good.
+
+Your city can never become the "City Beautiful" so long as this evil
+mars it; and, as you grow up, I hope you will do all you can toward
+making the right kind of city and home.
+
+
+
+
+THE EVENING MEAL
+
+
+When you have had some good games of play after school, and have
+finished whatever errands you may have to run, or have done the chores
+about the barn or the garden or the house, you will begin to feel as
+if there were something missing somewhere. It won't take you very long
+to discover where that missing feeling is; and when you hear a call
+from the house, or a ring of the bell in the hall, you come running in
+for supper. If you have worked well in school and played hard and done
+your chores well, you will have a splendid appetite. In fact, you will
+think there is no other meal in the day that tastes quite so good.
+
+Is your evening meal supper or dinner? If you have had a hot dinner at
+noon, you probably do not want anything more than a good supper. But
+if you had only luncheon, then you are ready to eat something hot and
+hearty about six o'clock.
+
+What are some of the things that you like for dinner? Meat and eggs
+and bread and butter and jam and rice and potatoes and onions and
+celery and cookies and apples and oranges and oh, so many, many other
+things! Mother Nature has given us all these good things, that we may
+have not only enough to eat but plenty of different kinds. We soon
+grow tired of one kind, and that is how she tells us that we need many
+kinds.
+
+When I was little, oranges were not so common as they are now; and I
+never but once had as many as I wanted. That once, my father told me
+to eat all I liked, and I did; but for weeks afterwards I didn't want
+even to see an orange! Did you ever feel that way too, though perhaps
+not about oranges? Nature sometimes has to teach us not to eat too
+much of one kind at a time.
+
+Some people like one thing, and some another. Do all of you like
+onions? I think not; but those who do, like them very much. The same
+thing is true of tomatoes and sweet potatoes and red raspberries and
+oysters and many other things. But there are some things that almost
+everybody likes; and our grandfathers and great-grandfathers and
+great-great-grandfathers ate them. One of them is called the "staff of
+life" because we lean, or depend, on it so much; we have it for
+breakfast, dinner, and supper. That is bread, of course. Meat and eggs
+and milk and butter, too, are among the foods that we all like.
+
+These might be called our "main foods," and we should eat one or two
+or even three of them at each meal. Meat and milk and eggs and butter,
+animals give us. But these are not enough; we need besides some of the
+foods that plants give us, because, as I have told you, we need
+different kinds of food at one time to keep the body fires going
+briskly.
+
+What are some of the foods that plants give us? Bread is made from a
+plant--from wheat. Oatmeal comes from the oat plant; and hominy, from
+corn. Some of our plant foods, such as potatoes, turnips, onions,
+sweet potatoes, parsnips, and radishes, grow under ground. Some, such
+as peas and beans, grow on vines. Then there are lettuce and cabbage
+and celery. And there are fruits--cherries, apples, peaches, plums,
+pears, melons, tomatoes, berries.
+
+Nature has given us all these foods, and many more; and she wants us
+to use them all. She wants us to use, every day and every meal, some
+foods that come from plants and some that come from animals.
+
+A good dinner would be a slice of roast beef or mutton, a potato, a
+helping of some sort of vegetable like peas or beans or onions or
+tomatoes or celery; and a dish of milk pudding or apple dumpling, or
+stewed fruit with bread and butter, or pie that has only an upper
+crust or its under crust very well baked. When you are eating bread,
+remember that the crusts are the very best part, because they are well
+cooked and really taste the best. They are good for your teeth, too.
+
+    [Illustration: ONE OF THE HAPPIEST TIMES OF THE DAY]
+
+Perhaps, while I am talking about a good meal, I ought to talk a
+little about the way to eat and how to make mealtime pleasant.
+
+Of course, to make our food soft, we must take little bites, eat
+slowly, and chew each mouthful a long time. Be sure to remember this.
+So many of the children I know eat so fast that you'd think they had
+to catch a train! Did you ever see anyone try to talk and chew at the
+same time or forget to shut his mouth while he was chewing? Wasn't it
+a very awkward, disagreeable sight? Think a moment, if you are tempted
+to talk with your mouth full, or put your knife into your mouth, or
+make a noise while you are eating, that these things are not pleasant
+for your neighbors.
+
+Do you tell funny stories at the table and talk about happy tramps you
+have taken or games you have played, or about your pets or your books?
+If you do, your food will do you more good, and you will be helping
+the other people at the table, too. Mealtimes should be the happiest
+times in the day.
+
+
+
+
+A PLEASANT EVENING
+
+
+When the supper things have been cleared away, you have two hours or
+so before going to bed, and I dare say you look forward to these as
+one of the pleasantest parts of the day.
+
+It is always best for you to take things rather easily and quietly and
+pleasantly for at least fifteen or twenty minutes after every meal;
+and after the heaviest meal of the day, whether this comes at noon or
+in the evening, it is better to stretch the time to half or three
+quarters of an hour. If you try to work or play hard right after a
+hearty meal, you will be drawing away to your brain or to your
+muscles, the blood that the stomach is trying to get for the digesting
+and melting of your food. I suppose that you have all found this out
+for yourselves; for, if you run and play too hard right after dinner,
+you are very soon out of breath, and if you keep up the exercise, you
+are quite likely to have an attack of indigestion or stomach ache. If
+you sit down to study directly after a meal, you soon feel heavy and
+lazy, and what you read doesn't seem clear to you, and in a little
+while you probably have a headache and an unpleasant taste in your
+mouth. If you try to do two important things like digestion and hard
+work with your brain or the muscles of your arms and legs at the same
+time, you will be very likely to do both of them badly.
+
+Even if you have studying to do at night, it will be much better for
+you to spend half an hour or an hour in laughing and chatting, or in
+reading some good story, or in playing some of the many pleasant
+parlor games that rest you instead of tiring you, before you settle
+down to your books. You will find that when you do start to work, you
+get your lessons much more quickly and easily than if you had started
+in after eating.
+
+Perhaps your sister is just waiting to show you that girls can play
+checkers better than boys can--"So there!" Or some of your friends
+have come in for a game of dominoes or authors or snap or parcheesi or
+stage coach or pussy-wants-a-corner, or to try that new song you
+learned last week; and you will be surprised how quickly the time
+flies away and bedtime or study hour comes.
+
+Most evenings, however, you will probably get out your favorite
+magazine, or that good story that you are reading, and you will all
+sit around the big lamp on the center table and go off on adventures
+to the uttermost parts of the earth, with the best and most lasting
+friends that you will ever make--friends who will never grow tired of
+you and will always come when you want them and are always willing to
+talk or play--the people that live in books. Be sure to pick out the
+best of them for your chums--the bravest and the kindest and the most
+courteous, and the cleanest and the most honorable. You have the whole
+world to choose from; and it is never worth your while to get
+acquainted with cheap, badly behaved, second-rate people when you can
+have your pick of the best. Your mother and your father and your
+teacher will help you to choose, and you will soon find that what they
+call "good literature" is good stories, and about the right sort of
+men and women and boys and girls--the kind that you would like to
+know, and that you would want to be like. Once try it, and you find
+that you like that kind of reading better than you do the cheap,
+slangy, trashy stuff, just as you like, and never get tired of, good
+bread and butter and roast beef and apples and milk and cream and
+pudding and pie. Good sound stories of home life and adventure and
+travel are just as important in making your minds wholesome and happy
+as these good foods are in keeping your bodies strong and healthy.
+
+Be sure that the paper of the books and magazines you read is white
+and _not_ glossy, and is fairly thick and firm; for this makes them
+much easier to read and strains your eyes less. See, too, that the
+type is large and clear; for small, close type and yellow or shiny
+paper are very hard on the eyes.
+
+Be sure, of course, when you sit down to read _not_ to sit with your
+face to the lamp and your head bending forward; but settle yourself in
+a comfortable chair with your back to the light, and hold your book so
+that you can keep your chin up and your head erect while you read. You
+can breathe better, and read better, and enjoy what you read better in
+this position than in any other.
+
+Even if you have sums or writing to do, it is better to sit with your
+back, or at least your left side, toward the light; and often you will
+find it a great help to sit down with your back to the light in a
+large easy chair and do your writing on a big, thin book, or light
+piece of board, on a cushion on your knee.
+
+In winter, you will find that for the first half hour or so that you
+are reading after supper, you will want to keep fairly near the fire,
+because the blood is being drawn in from your skin to your stomach for
+purposes of digestion; but be sure to see that at least one, and
+better two, windows in the room are open six inches or so at the top,
+so that there is plenty of fresh air pouring into the room.
+
+    [Illustration: A COZY NOOK WHEN EVENING COMES]
+
+When study hour comes, take up your books and go briskly to work,
+forgetting that there is anything else in the world, and you will be
+astonished how quickly you will learn your lessons. Besides, you will
+be learning one of the most valuable lessons in life--to do with your
+might whatever your hands, or minds, find to do.
+
+
+
+
+GOOD NIGHT
+
+
+I. GETTING READY FOR BED
+
+By and by the clock strikes eight or nine, and your mother says,
+"Children, time to go to bed!"
+
+Sometimes you will have just come to the interesting point in the
+story, and would give anything to go on and finish it. But often you
+will be just nodding over your book, or beginning to wonder why the
+story is not quite so interesting as it was, or why the lines seem to
+be running into one another, and the book inclined to swing up and
+bump your nose.
+
+If you have had a lively, busy, happy day, you are quite sleepy enough
+to be ready for bed--that is, if you could drop into it with all your
+clothes on, without all the bother and fuss of undressing. So you pull
+yourself together bravely and answer, "All right, mother," and say
+"Good night" to everybody, and upstairs you go.
+
+Of course, you must take off your clothes, because you would find them
+most uncomfortable to sleep in. Besides, the little pores all over
+your skin have been pouring out perspiration all day long; and a great
+deal of this has been caught by your clothes, just as it is caught by
+the bedclothes while you sleep.
+
+So it is a good thing to take off your clothes, and let your skin be
+well aired and cooled. Don't leave your clothes all in a heap on the
+floor just where you happen to shed them, but hang them up over the
+back of a chair or on pegs, so that the air can blow through them all
+night long and sweeten and clean and dry them. Clothes that are worn
+continuously become sour with perspiration, and for this same reason
+your mother gives you regularly, once or twice a week, clean underwear
+and clean shirts or dresses.
+
+After you have undressed for bed, wash your face and neck and hands;
+and if you have a nice warm room or bathroom, take a quick splash, or
+sponge bath, all over, before you put on your nightgown. This will
+wash away from your skin everything that the perspiration has been
+leaving on it all day long, as well as any dust, or dirt, that may
+have got on it during the day.
+
+If the room is not warm enough for you to do this, it is a good thing
+for you to strip to your waist and then to swing your arms about, much
+as you did in the morning, only not quite so long, and to rub your
+arms and neck and shoulders all over with your hands. This gives them
+an _air bath_, and rubs off any of the little scales of skin that may
+be ready to be shed, and gives you a sort of dry wash, which is next
+best to a wet one.
+
+Then, when you have put on your nightdress, give your hair a thorough
+brushing. This is the best time of the day to do it. Dust, smoke,
+soot, and germs have been blowing into your hair all day long, and a
+thoroughly good brushing will not only get these out of it before they
+have had time to work their way in and lodge on the scalp, but will
+keep the hair bright and healthy.
+
+Before you get into bed, give your nails a quick scrub with a nail
+brush and hot water and soap, and go over them with a _blunt_-pointed
+nail cleaner, cleaning out any dirt that may be under their edges, and
+rounding off any ragged or broken points with the file. Once a week or
+so, when you take your hot bath, it is a good thing to go over your
+toe nails in the same way, trimming them and cleaning them. Remember,
+however, not to round off your toe nails at the corners, but to leave
+them square, as in this way you will prevent them from ingrowing under
+the pressure of your shoes.
+
+There is one thing that you should be very sure of before you get into
+bed, and that is that your teeth are as clean as it is possible for
+you to make them. If you attended to this also directly after supper,
+so much the better; for just as it is important to clean the dishes
+and knives and forks that you have been using, so it is important to
+thoroughly clean the ivory knives and forks that grow in your mouth.
+Talk about being "born with a silver spoon in your mouth"! You were
+born with something much prettier and far more valuable.
+
+Even though your teeth make a firm and even line in front and on their
+cutting edges, yet there are many little gaps and spaces between their
+roots, where bits of food can stick. If these scraps of food are not
+thoroughly and carefully removed after each meal, the warmth and
+moisture in the mouth makes them begin to decay. The acids from this
+decay will be likely not only to upset your stomach and digestion, but
+to act upon the glassy coating of your teeth. After a little while,
+spots will begin to form on the surface of your teeth; they will lose
+their bright, shiny, pearly look; the acids will eat further into the
+teeth, and very soon there will be holes, or _cavities_.
+
+Though your teeth are very hard and glassy looking on the surface,
+they are much softer and chalkier inside; this glassy coating covers
+only the _crown_, or free part, of the tooth, which you can see. It
+leaves the softer inside part of the tooth bare just at the edge of
+the gums, and particularly between the roots of the teeth, where
+little scraps of food lodge and decay. When the acids that are formed
+by the decaying food have eaten away a good deal of the inside of the
+tooth, the hard, shiny surface is left just like a thin shell; and one
+day you happen to bite down upon a piece of bone in your food, or try
+to crack a nut with your teeth, and "crack" goes this brittle shell of
+your hollow tooth.
+
+    [Illustration: HEALTHY GUMS MEAN HEALTHY TEETH
+
+    If the gums are not kept clean and healthy, the second teeth
+    that are getting ready to push out the first teeth will not come
+    in strong and good, nor will the teeth remain good. This picture
+    shows how the teeth grow. Notice the gaps between the teeth,
+    where food may lodge.]
+
+Right in the middle of each tooth is a tiny hollow, or cavity, filled
+with a soft, living pulp containing one or two very sensitive nerves;
+and when the decay has eaten into the tooth far enough to reach this
+nerve pulp, it makes it ache, and then you have _toothache_.
+
+The one and only thing that is necessary in order to avoid all this
+decay and breaking away of your teeth, and throbbing toothache, is to
+keep the surface of your teeth, and particularly the sides where they
+are next one another, clean and smooth and unbroken. And all that is
+needed to keep your teeth perfectly clean and smooth is to use your
+toothbrush thoroughly after every meal and at bedtime; and then, if
+there are any little scraps of food between the teeth that have not
+been brushed away, to pick them out gently with a quill toothpick, or
+take a piece of silk or linen thread, push it up between the teeth,
+and gently saw backward and forward until you have cleaned out the
+space between the roots. You should take at least three to five
+minutes after every meal and before you go to bed at night to brush
+your teeth; and you should brush not only your teeth, but the whole
+surface of your gums close up to where they join the lips.
+
+It is almost as important to keep your gums pink and hard and healthy
+as it is to keep your teeth clean; and the same thorough brushing will
+do both. If the gums are perfectly healthy, they will come well down
+over the roots of the teeth, and keep them safely covered right down
+to where the glassy outer coating begins, and so leave no gap where
+the acids of decay can attack the teeth. Be sure to brush your teeth,
+not merely straight backward and forward, but up and down and round
+and round as well, both to clean out thoroughly all the grooves and
+openings between them and to brush the gums well down over the teeth.
+
+It may seem strange, but one of the best ways to keep your teeth from
+growing crooked and irregular is to keep your nose clear and healthy,
+so that you can breathe through it freely at all times, both day and
+night. Crooked jaws and irregular teeth are more often caused by mouth
+breathing than by any other one thing.
+
+You can see why it is best to be careful not to get grit or dirt or
+bits of bone in your food, and not to crack nuts or hard candy with
+your teeth. If you do, you may crack or scratch the delicate glassy
+coating of your teeth. But, on the other hand, it is a good thing to
+give the teeth plenty to do, and particularly to eat the crusts of
+bread, and some of the tougher parts of meat, and parched corn or
+other grains, and to eat celery, apples, and other foods that take a
+great deal of chewing. The teeth are like everything else in the
+body--they need plenty of vigorous work in order to keep them healthy.
+
+Be very careful, though, to keep out of your mouth anything that might
+possibly crack or scratch the glassy coating, such as pins, pennies,
+pieces of wire, or slate pencils. It is best not even to try to bite
+off threads or pieces of string. There is, of course, another reason
+for not putting pencils and pennies and such things into your mouth:
+they may have dirt, or germs, on them and infect you with disease or
+at least upset your digestion.
+
+
+II. THE LAND OF NOD
+
+Now you are all ready for bed; and the white pillow and the nice,
+clean sheets and the warm blankets look very good to you, and you are
+ready to go to the "Land of Nod."
+
+You need not be afraid of the cold at night. Open your bedroom
+windows. Have plenty of light-weight, warm covers; then the cold
+breezes won't hurt you, but will make you strong. Just think how many
+hours you are in bed,--nearly half of your life,--and you need fresh,
+moving air all the time. Be sure to open your windows from the top as
+well as from the bottom. You know why: your breath is warm so that it
+floats and rises like smoke; and if you open the window only at the
+bottom, this bad air, which rises to the top of the room, can't get
+out. It is best to have windows on two sides of a bedroom, so that the
+air can be kept moving through it all night long. If you don't breathe
+fresh air while you sleep, you will feel dull and stupid in the
+morning and perhaps have a headache.
+
+So run your window shades right up to the top and throw your curtains,
+or shutters, back, as well as open the windows. If you don't, the
+fresh air cannot blow through the room properly. Even if this does let
+more light or noise into the room, this is of no importance whatever
+compared with abundance of fresh air. If you have played long enough
+out of doors in the daytime and have eaten a good supper and not
+stayed up too late, you will sleep soundly without being bothered at
+all by either lights or noises coming in through the windows. And no
+matter how cold or how light it is, don't put your head under the
+bedclothes. Why?
+
+It is best for you to close your mouth while you are going to sleep,
+and breathe through your nose, so that the air will be properly
+purified and warmed before it reaches your lungs. If you can't do
+this, your mother can perhaps give you something to wash out your
+nose, so that you can breathe freely. If that does not help, you had
+better see a doctor, and he will find some way to clear your head so
+that you can use your nose comfortably.
+
+Suppose you take a pencil and paper and write down all you did
+yesterday. Wasn't it enough to make you tired and sleepy and want a
+chance to rest? Even while you sleep, your heart keeps beating, and
+you don't stop breathing, of course. But your muscles are quiet, and
+your food tube rests. Your brain rests, too,--better in sleep than at
+any other time,--so that when morning comes you are as "lively as a
+cricket" and quite ready for the new day.
+
+Yet even in sleep your brain does not stop working entirely, but goes
+on receiving messages from the stomach and the skin and the memory,
+and mixing them up together in the strangest fashion, so that you
+_dream_, as you say. You ought not to dream very much if you are
+perfectly well; but as long as your dreams are pleasant or amusing,
+you need not pay any attention to them. But if you have had bad
+dreams, or you dream so hard all night long that you don't feel rested
+in the morning, then you had better speak to your mother about it, and
+let her see what is the matter with your digestion or your nerves, or
+take you to a doctor. Bad dreams are always a sign of ill health and
+are a very disagreeable thing, from which there is no need that you
+should suffer any more than from headache or indigestion or colic.
+Dreams, of course, do not mean or foretell anything whatever, except
+simply how bad, or good, the state of your digestion and your nerves
+is.
+
+Now, how much time should you spend in bed? Well, I think at your age
+nearly half the time. Ten or eleven hours of sleep make you ready for
+all the hours of work and play, and you don't become cross and tired
+half so easily if you have plenty of sleep. Though you are lying so
+quietly, you are not by any means wasting your time, for you probably
+are growing faster when you are asleep than when awake. Babies, who
+are growing very fast, you know, sleep nearly all the time.
+
+So after you have opened all the windows wide, put out the light and
+jump into bed and lie down for a good night's rest without thinking
+about anything except how comfortable the bed feels when you are
+tired.
+
+
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
+
+
+GOOD MORNING
+
+I. WAKING UP. 1. If you were choosing a bedroom, on which side of the
+house--facing which direction--would you choose it, and why? 2. How
+does the air "down cellar" feel? 3. Why do people often keep fresh
+fruit and vegetables there? 4. What are _bacteria_? 5. How can we
+prevent bacteria that cause disease from growing in our houses? 6. How
+would you know, without being told, that sunshine is good for you? 7.
+What does this book mean by saying that we are made of sunshine?
+
+II. A GOOD START. 1. When you jump out of bed in the morning, what do
+you do with the bedclothes? Why? 2. Stand in front of the class and
+show them the exercises that are good to do every morning. 3. Tell the
+class why they are good. 4. Do them every morning for a week, and then
+tell the class how you feel about keeping them up.
+
+III. BATHING AND BRUSHING. 1. If you grow very warm exercising, what
+change do you notice in your skin? What makes it turn pink? Where does
+the moisture come from? 2. What kind of bathing do you like best? 3.
+What do we wash off besides perspiration and dust? 4. If a scab forms
+over a scratch or cut in your skin, what should you do to it? Why?
+When will the scab come off of itself? 5. What makes the skin freckle
+or tan? 6. Could your face stand the same hard rubbing as your hands?
+Why not? 7. How do you take care of your hair? 8. What other parts of
+the skin can you tell about? 9. Look at your nails; which of the
+"tools" on p. 17 do they need now? 10. How, and when, do you care for
+your teeth? Why is this brushing very necessary? 11. Why must our
+clothes be washed every week? Name each of your _Five Senses_. 12.
+What can your skin tell you that your eyes and ears cannot? 13. Do you
+know of any trade or occupation in which it is necessary to train
+one's sense of touch? Tell about it. 14. What are the blind children
+in the picture doing? (Their alphabet does not look like yours, for
+the letters are represented by groups of raised dots or dashes or
+curves, which are more easily and quickly felt.) 15. What must you do
+besides washing and brushing to keep your skin in good order and
+looking well?
+
+
+BREAKFAST
+
+1. Why do we need to eat? 2. Do you like the breakfast suggested here?
+Why do you need so much? 3. Which of these foods come from animals?
+Which from plants? Which of them are the best "to grow on"? 4. How
+much milk is there in the two bottles in the picture on p. 23? What is
+the difference between milk and cream? Why is it better to buy bottled
+milk than milk dipped out of a can? 5. Suppose that you are going to
+get the breakfast in this house; how will you use some of the milk in
+preparing it? How will you take care of what is left? 6. Why is milk
+much better for you than coffee or tea? Where does the food strength
+in the milk come from? 7. Suppose that you have just bitten off a
+mouthful of food; what is the story of this mouthful before it is
+taken into your blood? Where does most of it enter the blood? What
+becomes of the part that the blood cannot use? Why is it very
+necessary that this be disposed of regularly?
+
+
+GOING TO SCHOOL
+
+I. GETTING READY. 1. How is it best to dress in winter? Why? (If this
+is hard to understand, think which would cool faster--hot soup in a
+deep cup or the same soup poured out into a plate? In which dish would
+the soup have the larger surface from which to let off the heat? You
+may now weigh only half as much as you will when you are fully grown,
+but you already have much more than half as much size or surface.) 2.
+What quality should all clothing material have, and why?
+
+II. AN EARLY ROMP. 1. Which makes you more tired, to walk slowly, just
+"lagging along," for about twenty minutes, or to walk briskly for the
+same time? Why? 2. How do you make your muscles strong? What is your
+heart made of? How can you make your heart strong? 3. Why do you need
+a heart? 4. What is your _pulse_? Where can you easily feel a pulse?
+Count the pulse of someone else for half a minute by a watch. Do this
+accurately. How many beats would there be in a minute? Try this with
+different classmates. 5. What do we call the tubes through which the
+blood flows away from the heart? The tubes through which it flows back
+to the heart? 6. What is happening to the blood on its "round trip"?
+Where does it get the liquid food that it delivers to the muscles? Why
+must the blood be carried away from the muscles?
+
+III. FRESH AIR--WHY WE NEED IT. 1. If you were asked how we can tell
+that air is everywhere, what could you say? 2. What do we call a thin
+light substance like air? 3. What proof have we that the body needs
+it? How does it get around to the different parts of the body? 4. What
+is the body--its muscle, bone, skin, and all--made up of? How do these
+cells use the air? Why do you need to breathe so often? 5. In the
+candle experiment, is all the air under the glass used up? What is
+used up? How can we compare a person in a closed room to the burning
+candle under the glass? 6. What is the gas that we breathe out? 7. In
+what three ways does the body "clean house"?
+
+IV. FRESH AIR--HOW WE BREATHE IT. 1. Where are your lungs? 2. Draw a
+picture of the ribs. 3. In what position are they when the lungs are
+filled with air? In what position is the diaphragm then? 4. What are
+the lungs giving off in the breath besides carbon dioxid? How can you
+prove this? 5. How can you prove that the gas in your breath is not
+like the gas in the fresh air around you? 6. Why does a room with
+people in it grow very warm if the doors and windows are kept closed?
+7. How does Nature keep the outdoor air clean? What makes the winds?
+8. Are you careful to keep your breath as clean as possible? How? How
+do you help keep the air in your house clean?
+
+
+IN SCHOOL
+
+I. BRINGING THE FRESH AIR IN. 1. What do we mean by fresh air? Why
+must the air we breathe have oxygen in it? 2. Is the air in the room
+now the best you can have in it? How is the air moving? 3. Is there
+always the same amount of air in the room? Then, if there is more
+fresh air, there must be--bad air? If there is less fresh air, there
+must be--bad air? What is the quickest way to let the bad air out and
+the fresh air in? Why are you given recess? 4. What is a draft? Are
+drafts dangerous? 5. Will night air hurt you? What air can you have in
+the house at night except night air?
+
+II. HEARING AND LISTENING. 1. Have you ever slept in a house close to
+a railway? What did you notice whenever a heavy train went by? What
+made the bed tremble? 2. If you have stood very near a moving train,
+how did your ears feel? Why? 3. How far do sound waves travel after
+they enter the ear? Could a person be deaf who had two perfect ears?
+Where would the trouble be? 4. Draw a picture to show the parts of
+your _left_ ear, and name each part. 5. How do you take care of your
+ears? 6. Comment on doing each of these things:--firing a bean shooter
+at anyone; throwing gravel or sand; firing off a cap or torpedo close
+to some one's head; boxing a person on the ear; running a nail cleaner
+or pencil point into your ear; putting on the baby's cap so that the
+ears are folded forward; asking your teacher to repeat her question.
+7. Have you tried to train your ears? How?--and why? 8. Find out about
+some business, or occupation, in which it is necessary to have very
+keen hearing, and write a little story about it.
+
+III. SEEING AND READING. 1. Are you seated now in the best way for
+reading or not? Why? 2. Why is it well to look up often, as you read?
+3. How far from your eyes ought you to be able to hold this book to
+read it easily? If you cannot, what should you do? 4. Draw a picture
+of someone's eye, as you see it, naming the parts. 5. Draw a picture
+of your eye as it would look if you could see the eyeball from the
+_left_ side, and name the parts. 6. What takes the sight message to
+the brain? 7. How does the nerve of the eye (the _optic nerve_) get
+its messages? What, then, is _light_? If the light waves enter the
+ear, can they make you hear? Why not? 8. When a baby is born, what
+care should be taken of its eyes immediately, and why? 9. Have you
+ever played any games in which the sharpest eyes won? What were they?
+10. Write a little story about the picture on p. 59.
+
+IV. A DRINK OF WATER. 1. Why do we want to drink water? How would you
+know that your body must have a great deal of liquid in it? 2. Do you
+know where the water you drink at school comes from? If you don't, try
+to find out; and find out also just how it is brought to the school
+and why it flows up to the faucets. 3. If you get drinking water from
+a well, either at home or at school, tell where this well is--how near
+the house or the out-buildings. Do you think that any waste from these
+buildings could drain into the well? Why? 4. At your sand table or
+from a sandpile in the yard, lay out a farmyard, showing where the
+house, the barn, the chicken yard, and the pig-sty, also the privy
+vault, are. Now locate the well so that it cannot receive drainage
+from any of these places. 5. What is the danger in using drinking
+water from a stream? 6. How could the germs of typhoid fever get into
+the milk we drink? 7. What do we mean by _fermented_ drinks? Name
+some. What is in these drinks that is so very harmful?
+
+V. LITTLE COOKS. 1. Do you bring luncheon to school? What do you like
+to have for your luncheon? Talk about this in class with your teacher,
+and find out what things are best for school luncheons. 2. How is your
+luncheon packed? Why ought it to be neatly done? 3. How long do you
+take for luncheon, or for dinner at home? Is this time enough? 4. What
+do you do right after eating? Is this what you ought to do? Why? 5.
+What foods do you know how to cook? Write out the recipe for something
+you have made, showing what you mixed and how you did it; and in what,
+and how long, you cooked it. 6. Give three reasons for cooking food.
+7. How is fried food so often made indigestible? 8. Are sweet foods
+good or harmful? What does sugar come from? How is it made? 9. Write a
+little story about one of these things: My First Lesson in Cooking;
+Our Taffy Party; How I Kept Flies out of the Kitchen; How We Boys
+Cooked Breakfast (or Supper); My Marketing.
+
+VI. TASTING AND SMELLING. 1. If anyone asked you how a lemon tastes,
+what would you say? What would you say about sugar? Salt? Pepper?
+Pickles? Strawberries? Cheese? Onions? Radishes? How did you learn
+about each of these? 2. What does your tongue do besides receiving
+tastes? Note in the picture (p. 86) how strongly your tongue is
+rooted; point to the tip of it in the picture. 3. How does your nose
+help your throat and your lungs? How else may it help you? 4. Draw a
+picture to show how air reaches the lungs. 5. What are _adenoids_? How
+may you know if you have adenoids? If you have, what ought you to do?
+Why? 6. Where do the men who want to smoke in the open trolley car
+have to sit? Why? If children breathe tobacco smoke, what effect will
+it have on them? Why is smoking a foolish habit? How is it often
+harmful?
+
+VII. TALKING AND RECITING. 1. When you are reciting in class, do you
+think how your voice and the words sound to the other people in the
+room? Show the class how you can make your speech sound just as you
+want it to. 2. Give three ways in which you can take care of your
+throat and voice. Put your hand on the place where your voice is made.
+How is it made? 3. On your own picture of the throat, show where those
+little folds of skin are (the picture on p. 86 shows, of course, only
+the fold of skin, or _vocal cord_, on the right half of the windpipe).
+
+VIII. THINKING AND ANSWERING. 1. With two or three of your classmates,
+play telephone;--one must be "Central" and one "Information" at the
+central office, and one must receive your message and answer it. A
+number of the other children may join hands to make a long "wire" on
+each side of "Central"; they will repeat the message softly from one
+to another all down their "wire." 2. Now, suppose that you all
+represent the telephone system in the body. Could you act out this
+"Body-Telephone" call:--The eye sees a burning match on the floor, and
+sends the message to its center in the brain; this center consults the
+memory ("Information") as to what to do. Memory recalls that burning
+matches are likely to set fire to other things and ought to be put
+out. So the brain sends a message to the muscles of the foot to get to
+work and stamp out the flame. In this play, what will you each call
+yourselves? 3. Make up some other "Body-Telephone" plays. 4. What are
+some of the messages that are being carried by your nerves, that you
+know nothing about? 5. Think how many messages a baby stores away
+before he is ready to answer them; what are some of these? Why can he
+not answer them at once? What makes his brain and nerves and muscles
+grow? How can you take the best care of yours? 6. In the picture on p.
+96, point to the brain; to the spinal cord. How near the surface of
+your back is your spinal cord? What keeps it from being easily
+injured?
+
+
+"ABSENT TO-DAY?"
+
+I. KEEPING WELL. 1. Why do our bodies need "housecleaning"? How do we
+get rid of the waste part that is a gas? Of the part that is water?
+What carries the carbon dioxid to the lungs? What carries the waste
+water to the sweat tubes and the kidneys? What other waste is there to
+be gotten rid of? 2. Suppose that you and your chum each have an equal
+chance to take a bad cold from someone else; your chum catches it, and
+you don't. What might be one reason why you don't? Place your hand
+over your liver. How can you keep it in good working order? 3. What is
+the bladder? Why is it so very necessary to empty the bladder
+regularly? When you perspire freely, how does that help the kidneys?
+
+II. SOME FOES TO FIGHT. 1. You have seen moldy bread? What is, the
+mold? What makes it spread? 2. Suppose you take some pieces of moldy
+bread or potato and turn a glass jar or bowl over them. Catch a few
+flies and put them under the glass, and leave them to crawl over the
+moldy food. After a day, put the flies under another glass with some
+pieces of fresh bread or potato. If you find that the fresh food
+quickly becomes moldy, how will you think that the mold germs came to
+it? (If you keep the jars in a warm place, the germs will grow faster,
+and you won't have so long to wait before you can see the mold.) 3.
+What other kinds of germs do flies carry? How do they carry them? 4. A
+Board of Health caused a liveryman to be fined because he allowed a
+manure pile to remain behind his stable. Why was his act a
+misdemeanor? From what do flies come, and how do they grow? 5. On your
+way to and from school, what have you noticed that could breed or
+attract flies? How could these things have been avoided? 6. The next
+time you go into a butcher shop or grocery store, notice how the
+things are kept and be ready to tell the class what you think about
+it. 7. In what ways may germs be carried, besides by flies? 8. What do
+we mean by the "Great White Plague"? Why is it called this? What are
+people doing to try to cure it? 9. What can you do to help prevent it?
+10. Why ought you to stay away from other people when you have a cold?
+What do you need most in order to get well? 11. Do you always have
+your own towel to use? Why should you? 12. Write a little story about
+the picture on p. 112.
+
+III. PROTECTING OUR FRIENDS. 1. Is there a Board of Health in your
+town? If not, what takes its place? See if you can find out some of
+the things that the Board or the Officers have done for the town. 2.
+What do we mean by _quarantine_? What is the _quarantine station_ in
+ports where passenger steamers land? See if you can find out about any
+time when a city or port was guarding its people against an infectious
+disease. 3. Have you been vaccinated? How was it done? Why was it
+done? How do we all know that it is a very wise thing to have done? 4.
+How can you help the Health Officers to keep your town a healthful
+place?
+
+
+WORK AND PLAY
+
+I. GROWING STRONG. 1. When you play out of doors, what do you
+exercise? What do you exercise when you study? How ought you to play
+and study so as to get the most good from each? Why is it good to
+play, and work too, out of doors? 2. What games have you played in the
+last day or two? How did the players divide the muscle exercise of the
+game? Did they divide up the thinking part, too? 3. Why must the blood
+be sent to the muscles? Why must it be carried away again? When you
+feel tired, what is happening in your body? 4. What are muscles like?
+Show how the elastic bands of your legs work when you sit on your
+heels. What makes the muscles at the back of your legs feel thicker?
+5. What bones of your body can you feel? Put your hands on them, as
+you tell what you can about each. 6. Why do we need bones? What do we
+call our whole framework of bones? 7. Have you ever seen anyone who
+had to stay all the time in bed or sit in a wheeled chair? How did
+this person show the lack of exercise? 8. What is the meaning of the
+picture on p. 129? 9. Choose one of the other pictures in this chapter
+and write a story about it to show how to grow strong.
+
+II. ACCIDENTS. 1. When you hear the word _accident_, what do you think
+of? What have you to help you to prevent accidents? If you have used
+your "look-out department" as well as you can, and still the accident
+happens, what will you do then? 2. Show the class how to care for a
+very deep cut. What do we call a medicine that kills disease germs? 3.
+How would you treat a bruise? A burn? Frost-bitten ears? Chilblains? A
+bee sting? 4. If you are told to take some medicine from a certain
+bottle or box, do you always look at the label? Why is it dangerous
+not to? What do you think of having medicines about not labeled or
+poured into old bottles with wrong labels? 5. If you should happen to
+swallow something poisonous, what ought you to do right away? 6.
+Suppose your clothes or your hair should catch fire; what would you
+do? 7. How did you celebrate last Fourth of July? Write a short story
+about the picture on p. 144. 8. With one of your classmates, show how
+you would try to restore a person who had just been saved from
+drowning. How can you try to save yourself if you fall into the water?
+
+III. THE CITY BEAUTIFUL. 1. Have you a park near your home? When the
+people leave at the end of the day, how do the lawns and paths look?
+Are there cans in the park to hold the papers and scraps? 2. How are
+the streets in your town cleaned in winter? In summer? 3. How do the
+houses get rid of their waste? 4. If the waste goes into a river, is
+the river water used for drinking? Who decides where the drinking
+water for the town shall come from? 5. Why are drinks containing
+alcohol harmful to take (give four reasons)? What is a _narcotic_? How
+does drinking alcohol lead to crime? 6. Write down five ways in which
+you can help to keep your town or city beautiful. Five ways in which
+you can help to keep your own home beautiful. 7. Why should every city
+have parks for the children?
+
+
+THE EVENING MEAL
+
+1. Play housekeeping, and order the dinner. 2. Write down a list of
+things for a good supper. 3. Why does Nature give us so many different
+kinds of food? How does she teach us not to eat too much of one kind
+at a time? 4. Write down on the board as many of each of these kinds
+of food as you can:--meats; vegetables; fruits; breads; sweet foods;
+fish; grains; food (not fruit) that does not need cooking; food to
+drink. 5. How do you help to make meal times pleasant? Make up a story
+about the picture on p. 159, and tell it in class.
+
+
+A PLEASANT EVENING
+
+1. Just after a meal, what is your stomach doing? How can you help
+your digestion? 2. Have you played any of the games mentioned here?
+How did you play them? 3. Look at the picture on p. 165; why is this a
+good after-supper corner? How do you sit and hold your book when you
+read in the evening? 4. What parts of your body are you exercising and
+taking care of when you read? Of what use is a healthy, vigorous body
+without a healthy, vigorous mind? How can you keep your mind healthy?
+How can you keep it vigorous? 5. What kind of books do you like best
+to read? Tell the class the names of some good ones.
+
+
+GOOD NIGHT
+
+I. GETTING READY FOR BED. 1. At what hour do you go to bed? When do
+you get up? How many hours' sleep does this give you? Is this enough?
+Why do you need so much sleep? 2. As you undress, what do you do with
+the clothes you take off? Why should you air your clothes every night?
+How can you take an air bath? Is this as good as a wash? 3. How do you
+care for your hair at night? 4. Do you ever go to bed without brushing
+your teeth? If you do, what happens all night long to the food scraps
+that were left around and between your teeth? As these scraps decay,
+what harm do they do? What makes a tooth ache? 5. Draw a little
+picture of your own teeth as you see them in a looking-glass. Are
+there any spaces that you can see where food might lodge and stay? How
+can you keep your teeth quite free from scraps of food? 6. Why are
+teeth necessary? How must they grow to make good cutting tools? If
+they are not straight or sound, what can you do about it? 7. Why ought
+children's first teeth to be thoroughly brushed every day?
+
+II. THE LAND OF NOD. 1. When you are ready for bed, how do you
+fix your windows? Why is it even more necessary to have the air
+blowing through the room at night than in the daytime? 2. How else is
+your body being purified at night? Does your body do any work while
+you are sleeping? What work? 3. What kind of sleep should you have if
+you are perfectly well?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Child's Day, by Woods Hutchinson
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