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diff --git a/18452-h/18452-h.htm b/18452-h/18452-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a373091 --- /dev/null +++ b/18452-h/18452-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7743 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Among the Mushrooms, by Ellen M. Dallas and Caroline A. Burgin</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> + +<style type="text/css"> + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} +img {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0em;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +hr.mid {width: 50%;} +hr.tiny {width: 20%;} + +p, div, blockquote {margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0em; +line-height: 1.2;} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; +font-weight: normal; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 250%;} +h2 {font-size: 200%;} +h3 {font-size: 133%;} +h4 {font-size: 115%;} +h5 {font-size: 100%;} +h6 {font-size: 90%;} + +p.illustration {text-align: center; margin-top: 1em;} +p.caption {font-size: 90%; margin-top: 0em;} +p.quote {margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%;} +p.inset {margin-left: 2em;} +p.color {margin-right: 28px;} /* not all browsers recognize d > p */ + +.footnote {font-size: 95%; margin-right: 2em; margin-left: 2em;} + +a.tag {text-decoration: none; vertical-align: .3em; font-size: 80%; +line-height: 0em;} +a.contents {text-decoration: none;} +a.contents:link {color: #006; background-color: inherit;} +a.contents:visited {color: inherit; background-color: inherit;} + +p.hanging {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} +div.hanging {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; margin-top: 0em; +line-height: normal;} /* in tables */ + +div.keys {font-size: 95%; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em;} +div.center {text-align: center;} + +table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: .5em; +margin-bottom: .5em;} +table.keys {font-size: inherit; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;} +table.lines {border-collapse: collapse; border: thin solid;} + +td {vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-left: .5em; +padding-right: .5em;} +td.lines {border: thin solid; padding: .5em;} + +td.number {text-align: right; vertical-align: top;} +td.middle {text-align: center;} +td.inset1 {padding-left: 2em;} +td.inset2 {padding-left: 4em;} + +/* paragraph spacing */ +.chapter {margin-top: 4em;} +.section {margin-top: 2em;} +.space {margin-top: 1em;} +.nospace {margin-top: 0em;} + +/* character format */ +.smallcaps, .firstword {font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: normal;} +.boldf {font-weight: bold; font-size: 95%;} +.ital {font-style: italic; font-size: 105%;} +.smaller {font-size: 90%;} +.smallest {font-size: 80%;} +.extended {letter-spacing: 0.5em;} +.filler {padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;} + +/* colored sidenotes */ +div.color {background-repeat: repeat-y; background-position: right; +margin-right: -28px;} + +div.color.pink {background-image: url(images/pink.png);} +div.color.yellow {background-image: url(images/yellow.png);} +div.color.gray {background-image: url(images/gray.png);} +div.color.green {background-image: url(images/green.png);} +div.color.brown {background-image: url(images/brown.png);} +div.color.white {background-image: url(images/white.png);} +div.color.purple {background-image: url(images/purple.png);} + +div.color > h5 {margin-right: 3em;} /* not in all browsers */ +div.color > h6 {margin-right: 3em;} +div.glossary > p {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; margin-top: +.2em;} + +ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} +.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 3%; font-size: 95%; +font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0em; color: #333; +background-color: inherit;} + +.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; +margin: 1em 5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Among the Mushrooms, by +Ellen M. Dallas and Caroline A. Burgin + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Among the Mushrooms + A Guide For Beginners + +Author: Ellen M. Dallas and Caroline A. Burgin + +Release Date: May 26, 2006 [EBook #18452] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMONG THE MUSHROOMS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Peter Vachuska, Suzanne Lybarger +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="center"> +<p class="illustration"> +<a name="frontis"> </a> +<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="376" height="540" +alt="frontispiece"> +</p> + +<table class="nospace"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="caption"> +1. Craterellus cornucopioides.</p> +<p class="caption"> +2. Cortinarius armillatus.</p> +<p class="caption"> +3. Clitocybe laccata.</p> +<p class="caption"> +4. Tremellodon gelatinosum.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<hr> + +<h2 class="smallcaps">Among the Mushrooms</h2> + +<h3 class="chapter">A GUIDE FOR BEGINNERS</h3> + + +<h5 class="chapter">BY</h5> + +<h4>ELLEN M. DALLAS</h4> + +<h5>AND</h5> + +<h4>CAROLINE A. BURGIN</h4> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/publogo.png" width="167" height="199" +alt="Drexel Biddle / Fructu non Foliis"> +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="middle smallest" colspan="3"> +TORONTO<span class="filler"> </span>LONDON +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle smaller" colspan="3"> +DREXEL BIDDLE, PUBLISHER +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle smallest"> +NEW YORK<br> +67 Fifth Avenue </td> +<td class="middle smallest"> +PHILADELPHIA<br> +228 South Fourth St.</td> +<td class="middle smallest"> +SAN FRANCISCO<br> +319-325 Sansome St.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle smaller" colspan="3">1900</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<hr class="mid"> + +<h6>Copyright, 1900</h6> + +<h6 class="smallcaps">By A. J. DREXEL BIDDLE</h6> + + + +<h6 class="chapter">PRESS OF<br> +DREXEL BIDDLE, PHILADELPHIA</h6> + +<hr> + + +<!--png004--> +<span class="pagenum">vi</span> + +<p class="quote"> +“<i>Have you not seen in the woods on a late autumn morning a poor +fungus or mushroom—a plant without any solidity, nay, that seemed +nothing but a soft mush or jelly—by its constant total and +inconceivably gentle pushing, manage to break its way up through the +frosty ground, and actually to lift a hard crust on its head? It is the +symbol of the power of kindness.</i>”</p> + +<p class="smallcaps" align="right"> +Emerson.</p> + +<!--png005--> +<span class="pagenum">vii</span> +<h3 class="chapter">PREFACE.</h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<p> +<span class="firstword">The</span> +books which have been consulted in the preparation of this work are, +“British Fungi,” by Rev. John Stevenson; “British Fungus-Flora,” by +George Massee; “Mushrooms and their Uses,” and “Boleti of the United +States,” by Professor Charles H. Peck, State Botanist of New York; +“Moulds, Mildew and Mushrooms,” by Professor L. M. Underwood; and a +pamphlet by Mr. C. G. Lloyd, entitled “The Volvæ of the United +States.”</p> + +<p> +No attempt has been made to do more than to put in popular language the +statements of experienced botanists, and so to arrange the matter as to +aid beginners in their work.</p> + +<p> +Thanks are due to Mr. Harold Wingate for his suggestions and corrections +of the manuscript; to Mr. C. G. Lloyd for permission to print from +his photographs; to Miss Laura C. Detwiller for her paintings from +nature, which have been here reproduced; and also to Mrs. Harrison +Streeter and Miss Mary W. Nichols for their encouragement of the +undertaking and suggestions in furtherance of its success.</p> + + + + +<!--png006--> +<span class="pagenum">ix</span> +<h3 class="chapter">CONTENTS.</h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<div class="mynote"> +Transcriber’s Note:<br> +The structure of the Table of Contents does not correspond perfectly +to the book itself, but all page numbers are correct.</div> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="number smallest">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a class="contents" href="#intro"> +Introduction,</a></td> +<td class="number">13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a class="contents" href="#chap1"> +Mushrooms,</a></td> +<td class="number">23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_1"> +Antiquity of Fungi,</a></td> +<td class="number">23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_2"> +Manner of Growth,</a></td> +<td class="number">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_3"> +Odor,</a></td> +<td class="number">26</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_4"> +Duration,</a></td> +<td class="number">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_5"> +Uses,</a></td> +<td class="number">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_6"> +Habitat,</a></td> +<td class="number">28</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_7"> +Structure and growth,</a></td> +<td class="number">29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_7_1"> +Mycelium,</a></td> +<td class="number">31</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_7_2"> +The Stem,</a></td> +<td class="number">34</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_7_3"> +The Gills,</a></td> +<td class="number">34</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_7_4"> +The Spores,</a></td> +<td class="number">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_7_5"> +The Volva and Veil,</a></td> +<td class="number">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec1_7_6"> +The Tubes or Pores,</a></td> +<td class="number">38</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a class="contents" href="#chap2"> +Classification of Fungi,</a></td> +<td class="number">39</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec2_1"> +Distinctive Characteristics of Genera.</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec2_1_1"> +Hymenomycetes,</a></td> +<td class="number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec2_1_2"> +Gasteromycetes,</a></td> +<td class="number">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset2"><a class="contents" href="#sec2_1_3"> +Ascomycetes,</a></td> +<td class="number">64</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec2_2"> +By Color of the Spores,</a></td> +<td class="number">72</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a class="contents" href="#sec2_3"> +General Helps to the Memory,</a></td> +<td class="number">68</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><div class="hanging"> +<a class="contents" href="#chap3"> +Descriptions of Fungi arranged According to Color of Cap only, +</a></div></td> +<td class="number">77</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#red"> +Red or Pink,</a></td> +<td class="number">77</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#yellow"> +Yellow or Orange,</a></td> +<td class="number">88</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#gray"> +Gray,</a></td> +<td class="number">100</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#green"> +Green,</a></td> +<td class="number">106</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#white"> +White,</a></td> +<td class="number">107</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#brown"> +Brown,</a></td> +<td class="number">115</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#purple"> +Purple or Violet,</a></td> +<td class="number">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"> +<!--png007--> +<span class="pagenum">x</span> +<div class="hanging"> +<a class="contents" href="#chap4"> +Description of Some Familiar Mushrooms, without regard to color, +</a></div></td> +<td class="number">131</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a class="contents" href="#chap5"> +Direction for Using Keys,</a></td> +<td class="number">147</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec5_1"> +Key to Hymenomycetes,</a></td> +<td class="number">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec5_2"> +Key to Polyporei,</a></td> +<td class="number">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec5_3"> +Key to Hydnei,</a></td> +<td class="number">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec5_4"> +Key to Thelephorei,</a></td> +<td class="number">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec5_5"> +Key to Clavariei,</a></td> +<td class="number">153</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset1"><a class="contents" href="#sec5_6"> +Key to Gasteromycetes and Ascomycetes,</a></td> +<td class="number">153</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a class="contents" href="#glossary"> +Glossary,</a></td> +<td class="number">155</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a class="contents" href="#index"> +Index to Descriptions of Fungi,</a></td> +<td class="number">161</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><div class="hanging"> +<a class="contents" href="#appendix"> +Guide for Determining Genera of Agarics in four Tables, +</a></div></td> +<td class="number">165</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<!--png008--> +<span class="pagenum">xi</span> +<h3 class="chapter">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="number smallest">FACING<br> +PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><div class="hanging"> +<a class="contents" href="#frontis"> +Craterellus cornucopioides—Cortinarius armillatus—Clitocybe +laccata—Tremellodon gelatinosum.</a></div></td> +<td class="number smaller"><i>Frontispiece.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus1"> +Coprinus atramentarius,</a></td> +<td class="number">26</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus2"> +Amanita vaginata,</a></td> +<td class="number">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus3"> +Omphalia alboflava,</a></td> +<td class="number">47</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus4"> +Russula pectinata,</a></td> +<td class="number">76</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus5"> +Lactarius insulsus,</a></td> +<td class="number">92</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus6"> +Amanita vaginata,</a></td> +<td class="number">101</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus7"> +Psathyrella disseminata,</a></td> +<td class="number">116</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus8"> +Lepiota procera,</a></td> +<td class="number">120</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><div class="hanging"> +<a class="contents" href="#illus9"> +Boletus edulis—Hypholoma perplexum—Marasmius +rotula—Calostoma cinnebarinus,</a></div></td> +<td class="number">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="contents" href="#illus10"> +Cortinarius distans,</a></td> +<td class="number">147</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<!--png009--> +<span class="pagenum">13</span> +<a name="page13"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="intro">INTRODUCTION.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<p> +<span class="firstword">This</span> +book is intended for those who, though ignorant on the subject, desire +to know something about mushrooms. The first question which such an one +asks upon finding a mushroom is, “What is its name?” If there is no one +near to tell him, then follows the second inquiry, “How can I find it +out for myself?” If wild flowers were concerned, Gray’s little book, +“How the Plants Grow,” could be used; and there is also Mrs. Dana’s book +on “The Wild Flowers,” that has given so much pleasure. In the case of +mushrooms, however, but one answer can be returned to all questions: +“There is no American text-book on mushrooms, there is no manual for +beginners.”</p> + +<p> +There are many books on British fungi for students, but we want some +popular work easy to understand, with no technical expressions.</p> + +<p> +This necessity for a simple guide-book has been felt by many. Let us +give our own experience. +<!--png010--> +<span class="pagenum">14</span> +<a name="page14"> </a> +We procured a list of works on fungi, and looked for some volume not too +deep for our comprehension nor too costly for our purse. Among those we +found were “Handbook for Students” (Taylor); “Edible and Poisonous +Fungi” (Cooke), and a pamphlet by Professor Peck, “Mushrooms and Their +Uses.” This seemed to be the one that we could comprehend most easily, +and so, armed with it, and another pamphlet by Professor Underwood, +called “Suggestions to Collectors of Fleshy Fungi,” which contained a +simple key, we started out to make discoveries. We afterward procured +some publications of Mr. C. G. Lloyd, which were of great +assistance, and lastly a glossary published by the Boston Mycological +Society, a necessary addition to our library.</p> + +<p> +We found Professor Peck’s book was confined to edible mushrooms, and it +soon became too limited to satisfy our craving for further +knowledge—it incited a longing to know something of inedible +fungi.</p> + +<p> +The rest is soon told. We were advised to get either a copy of +Stevenson’s “British Fungi” or of Massee’s works. We did so, but found +them too advanced to be readily +<!--png011--> +<span class="pagenum">15</span> +<a name="page15"> </a> +used by the unlearned. Then the idea arose, How can we help others in +their difficulties? This little book is the answer. It will not be of +use to advanced students, they will only criticise and discover how much +has been left unsaid; but the beginner is more easily satisfied with the +extent of information gained, and if a taste for knowledge is encouraged +the object of this book is attained.</p> + +<p> +This explanation will also account for the use of simple terms. We find +a tiny fungus which looks like a brownish bird’s nest, with some +miniature eggs in it, or a shining white mushroom, and we are told its +name in Latin; it is described in terms meaningless to the ignorant, we +lose interest, and our attention flags. We began for pleasure and +recreation, but it became irksome and fatiguing, and the subject which +might have amused us and helped to pass many an idle hour is put aside +and abandoned. Yet this study is a most fascinating one. We all long for +pleasant subjects of thought in our leisure hours, and there can be +nothing more diverting and absorbing than the investigation of the +beautiful and familiar plants around us.</p> + +<p> +When we leave the bustling, noisy streets of +<!--png012--> +<span class="pagenum">16</span> +<a name="page16"> </a> +a city and go into the quiet fields and woods the contrast is very +great. A walk for exercise alone is often dull and tiresome. We cannot +be assured of pleasant companions, nor is there always a fine view or +picturesque scenery to reward us during our strolls, but there are +plants to be found and gathered, and when these fail us, then the +bright-hued mushrooms may arrest our attention. The discovery of new +specimens, the learning their names, the knowledge of their curious +organizations, will all add an interest to our lives. It will inspire us +with a love of nature, and open our eyes to many objects of which we +have before been unobservant. Besides this it obliges us to be accurate. +Our descriptions must be exact or they are of no use.</p> + +<p> +Let us imagine ourselves taking a stroll in the woods or down some shady +lane, and see what we can find there.</p> + +<p> +The golden-rod and asters adorn the roadsides, the odors of the sweet +gale and scented fern are wafted gratefully to our senses as we pass +along the lanes, and there, among the fallen leaves, at the very edge of +the woods, peers out a bright yellow mushroom, brighter from the +contrast to the dead leaves around, and then +<!--png013--> +<span class="pagenum">17</span> +<a name="page17"> </a> +another, close by, and then a shining white cap; further on a +mouse-colored one, gray, and silky in texture. What a contrast of +colors. What are they? By what names shall we call them?</p> + +<p> +Let us first carefully dig up the yellow one. We have brought a basket +and trowel, and can examine them thoroughly. We must dig down deep so as +not to break off the stem. There is a ring or collar around it near the +top. There is a bulb at the base, with some slight membrane attached. +The cap is orange color, almost smooth, covered with a few spots like +warts, and there are some lines on the margin. The gills are not +attached to the stem, and are white with a creamy hue. The stem is also +white, tinged faintly with yellow. We will take a penknife and divide it +into halves, cutting straight through the stem and cap. We find the stem +is filled with a spongy substance, and we can now see more clearly the +position of the gills. Our specimen measures 2 inches across the cap, +and the stem is 2 or 3 inches long. It is an Amanita, resembling the Fly +Amanita, which we will probably soon discover. Our fungus is Frost’s +Amanita, named after the botanist who first placed it on the list, +Frost. It is not among the British fungi. It is American.</p> + +<p> +<!--png014--> +<span class="pagenum">18</span> +<a name="page18"> </a> +Now let us dig up the shining white one. It is much larger than the +yellow fungus, handsome, pure-looking, with a rather slender stem. The +cap is nearly 4 inches across, the flesh is white. The stem is long, +solid, with a bulbous base. There is a wide, loose ring high up on the +stem. The membrane around the base is large and thick. The stem is scaly +and shining white like the cap. This pure-looking, handsome mushroom is +one of the most poisonous of its kind. It is called Amanita +virosa—the poisonous Amanita, from a Latin word meaning poison. We +have never found any specimen with insects on it. They seem to know its +deadly qualities and shun its acquaintance.</p> + +<p> +Let us look at the gray mushroom and see how it differs from the others. +It has no ring, its color is a soft gray or mouse color, the margin is +deeply grooved. The cap is almost flat, the flesh does not reach to the +margin, and is white. It is very smooth, but another time we might find +the same mushroom with scales upon it. The cap measures 3 inches across. +The stem tapers upward, is slender, and is 4 inches long. The gills are +free, not attached to the stem, and are swollen in the middle. They are +not very close together and are shining white. The +<!--png015--> +<span class="pagenum">19</span> +<a name="page19"> </a> +base extends deep into the ground, and is sheathed with a membrane that +is loose and easily broken off. It is a very common mushroom, and we +shall often find it, but it varies in color; it is sometimes umber, +often white, and even has a faint yellowish or greenish hue in the +centre.</p> + +<p> +So far we have only looked at Amanitas. They are conspicuous, and the +large rings and colors are striking and interesting to the novice; but +look at that clay bank that borders on our road, and perhaps we may +discover some Boleti. Even a beginner in the study of mushrooms can tell +the difference between a boletus and those we have been examining. Here +are two or three mushrooms growing together. What is there different +about them? We see no ring, no membrane around the base of stem, and +what are these tubes beneath the cap so unlike the gills of the others? +They have the appearance somewhat of a sponge. These are the pores or +tubes that contain the spores. Let us divide the fungus. At the first +touch of the knife, through the stem, the color begins to change, and in +a moment stem, tubes, and cap turn to a bright blue. We can see the +color steal along, at first faintly, and then deepen into a darker blue. +The cap +<!--png016--> +<span class="pagenum">20</span> +<a name="page20"> </a> +is a light brownish yellow color, 2 inches broad, covered with woolly +scales. The tubes are free from the stem. They have been white, but are +changing to yellow. The mouths or openings of the tubes are becoming +bluish-green. The stem is swollen in the middle. It is covered with a +bloom. It is stuffed with a pith, and tapers toward the apex. It is like +the cap in color, and measures 1½ inch in length. The mouths of the +tubes are round. This is Boletus cyanescens, or the bluing Boletus, as +named by Professor Peck in his work on Boleti. He says it grows more in +the North, and sometimes is much larger than the one we found.</p> + +<p> +We turn to the bank in hopes of discovering another, and see, instead, +what appears to be a mass of jelly half-hidden in the clay, and in the +midst some bright scarlet cherries, or at least something that resembles +them. We take the trowel and loosen them from the earth, and there, +among the gelatinous matter, we find small round balls as large as a +common marble, covered by a bright red skin. When cut in half we see +they are filled with a pure white substance, like the inside of a young +puff-ball. This is quite a discovery. We must look in our books for its +name. It is not in our British +<!--png017--> +<span class="pagenum">21</span> +<a name="page21"> </a> +manual, but we learn from Professor Peck that it is called Calostoma +cinnabarinus. Calostoma is a Greek word meaning beautiful mouth, and +cinnabarinus is taken from cinnabaris, which means dragon’s-blood. We +are not responsible for the names given to plants, but cannot help +wishing that some might be changed or shortened.</p> + +<p> +We could go on prolonging our search, and describe many wonderful fungi, +so easily found on a summer day, but as our object is to excite +curiosity and interest and not fatigue the reader, we will here pause, +and afterward arrange the descriptions of mushrooms in a separate +section. The ones we have described may be found in the Middle States +and in New England.</p> + + +<!--png018--> +<span class="pagenum">23</span> +<a name="page23"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="chap1">MUSHROOMS.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec1_1">ANTIQUITY OF +FUNGI.</a></h5> + +<p> +<span class="firstword">Fungi</span> +have existed from early geological ages. They flourished in the +Carboniferous period, when the enormous beds of coal were formed, a +space of time that occupied many millions of years. Bessey says that the +oldest known member of the order of membrane fungi, Hymenomycetes, was +called by the name of “Polyporites Bowmanii.” During the Tertiary period +members of the genera now known under the names of Lenzites, Polyporus, +and Hydnum were all in existence. It is interesting to know that even +before the Tertiary period the undergrowth consisted of ferns and fleshy +fungi. What a time of delight for the botanist! But there were no human +beings in those days to roam amongst that luxuriant undergrowth, and +only the fossil remains in the deposits of coal and peat are left to +tell of their former existence.</p> + + +<!--png019--> +<span class="pagenum">24</span> +<a name="page24"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec1_2">MANNER OF +GROWTH.</a></h5> + +<p> +Fungi are either solitary, grow in clusters, in groups, or in rings and +arcs of circles.</p> + +<p> +The species called the Fairy mushroom, Marasmius oreades, is the most +familiar of all those that grow in rings. Besides this there is the +Horse mushroom, Agaricus arvensis; the Chantarelle, Cantharellus +cibarius; the Giant mushroom, Clitocybe maximus, and St. George’s +mushroom, Tricholoma gambosa. The latter species is reproduced in rings +every year. It is a popular saying that when the ring is unbroken there +will be a plentiful harvest the following season. It is an early +mushroom, appearing in April. It derives its name from the fact of its +appearing about April 23d, which is St. George’s day in the English +calendar. Besides these mushrooms there is another Tricholoma, +T. tigrinus, the Tiger mushroom, which sometimes appears in +circles. The word tigrinus means a tiger. The cap is variegated with +dark brown spots, hence the name. Then there is the Limp Clitocybe, +C. flaccida, so called because flaccida means limp. It also appears +in rings (according to Stevenson), while the stems are united under the +soil.</p> + +<p> +<!--png020--> +<span class="pagenum">25</span> +<a name="page25"> </a> +The waxy Clitocybe, C. laccata, is not spoken of as having that +mode of growth in circles, but we have seen many of these mushrooms +appearing in arcs of circles, and forming almost perfect rings, +particularly after showers of rain, and always on the sides of +roads.</p> + +<p> +Many fairy rings have lasted for years and are very old. We have read of +one, in the county of Essex, England, that measured 120 feet across. The +grass that covered it was coarse and of a dark green color. What causes +these fairy rings? An explanation is given in a newspaper extract from +“Knowledge,” in which it is said: “A patch of spawn arising from a +single spore or a number of spores spreads centrifugally in every +direction, and forms a common circular felt, from which the fruit arises +at its extreme edge; the soil in the inner part of the disc is +exhausted, and the spawn dies or becomes effete there, while it spreads +all around in an outward direction and produces another crop whose spawn +spreads again. The circle is thus continually enlarged, and extends +indefinitely until some cause intervenes to destroy it. The peculiarity +of growth first arises from a tendency of certain fungi to assume a +circular form.”</p> + +<p> +<!--png021--> +<span class="pagenum">26</span> +<a name="page26"> </a> +The perplexing mushroom, Hypholoma perplexum, often grows in clusters, +and so does the inky Coprinus, C. atramentarius, also the +glistening Coprinus, C. micaceus. The honey-colored mushroom, +Armillaria melloea, is often found in crowded clusters, and this growth +is common to many fungi.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec1_3">ODOR.</a></h5> + +<p> +Many mushrooms have distinct odors and are distinguished by this +feature. The genus Marasmius may be known by the garlic-like smell +peculiar to it, but it never has a mealy perfume. There is one species, +the disgusting mushroom, M. impudicus, that Stevenson says has a +strong, unpleasant odor; this is also the case in two other species, the +ill-odored mushroom, M. fœtidus, and the penetrating mushroom, +M. perfurans.</p> + +<p> +The Chantarelle, Cantharellus cibarius, has the smell of a ripe apricot, +a delicious odor and easily detected. One of the Lepiotas, the tufted +Lepiota, L. cristata, has a powerful smell of radishes. Some +Tricholomas have a strong odor of new meal. The fragrant Clitocybe, +C. odora, has the smell of anise.</p> + +<!--png022--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 26</i>]</span> +<a name="illus1"> </a> +<img src="images/pic026.jpg" width="419" height="320" +alt="photograph"><br> +Coprinus atramentarius.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + +<p> +<!--png023--> +<span class="pagenum">27</span> +<a name="page27"> </a> +There is a very small white, scaly mushroom, never more than an inch +across the cap, and with a stem hardly two inches high, that has the +distinction of possessing the strongest smell of all the membrane fungi +(Hymenomycetes). It is called the narcotic Coprinus, C. narcoticus, +and it derives its name from its odor. It is very fragile and grows on +heaps of manure.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec1_4">DURATION.</a></h5> + +<p> +There is another Coprinus, the radiating Coprinus, C. radiatus, so +called from the radiating folds on the cap, that may carry off the honor +of being the shortest-lived of all the membrane fungi. Stevenson says +“it withers up with a breath.” It is often overlooked, as it perishes +after sunrise. It grows in troops, and is perhaps the most tender of all +mushrooms.</p> + +<p> +The genus Marasmius, belonging to the white spored Agarics, has the +power of reviving under moisture after withering, so it may represent a +genus that endures longest. None of the fleshy fungi have long +lives.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec1_5">USES.</a></h5> + +<p> +Besides the uses of fungi as scavengers of creation, there are some +which have a commercial +<!--png024--> +<span class="pagenum">28</span> +<a name="page28"> </a> +value and yield an article called “amadou.” This is a French word, used +for a sort of tinder or touch-wood, an inflammable substance which is +prepared from a fungus,<a class="tag" name="tag1_1" href="#note1_1">1</a> Boletus igniarius, and grows upon the cherry, ash and +other trees. It is made by steeping it in a strong solution of saltpetre +and cutting it in small pieces. It is also called German tinder. Thomé +says that Boletus laricis and Polyporus fomentarius yield the “amadou” +of commerce. Then, again, the birch Polyporus, P. betulinus, is +used for razor strops. We need not say anything on the uses of fungi as +articles of food. This subject has been exhausted by many able +mycologists, and, excepting the mere mention of some mushrooms that are +edible, the authors have abstained from this part of the subject.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec1_6">HABITAT.</a></h5> + +<p> +It is interesting to observe where different mushrooms love to dwell. +Some are always found on roadsides, as if seeking the notice of +passers-by. These are the Clitocybes and Stropharia, and many of the +cup-fungi, while the Boleti take shelter in clay banks and hide in +<!--png025--> +<span class="pagenum">29</span> +<a name="page29"> </a> +every cranny and nook that they can find. Russulas are seen in open +woods, rising out of the earth, also the Lactarius, which seems to like +the shade of trees. The Cortinarius also prefers their shelter. The +Coprinus loves the pastures and fields, near houses and barns, and +dwells in groups upon the lawns. The Hypholoma grows in clusters on the +stumps of trees. Marasmius is found among dead twigs and leaves. The +white Amanitas flourish in woods and open ground. There are some, like +Pleurotus, that grow in trunks of trees, and make their way through +openings in the bark. Every dead tree or branch in the forest is crowded +with all species of Polyporus, while carpets, damp cellars, plaster +walls and sawdust are favorite abodes of many fungi.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec1_7">STRUCTURE AND +GROWTH.</a></h5> + +<p> +Mushrooms consist wholly of cells. These cells do not contain either +starch or the green coloring-matter, called chlorophyll, which exists in +other plants. They are either parasites or scavengers, and sometimes +both. The food of fungi must form a part of some animal or plant. When +they commence to grow it is by the division +<!--png026--> +<span class="pagenum">30</span> +<a name="page30"> </a> +of cells, not laterally, but in one direction, upward. As the mushroom +grows the stem lengthens, the cap expands and bursts the veil that +surrounds it, and gradually gains its perfect shape.</p> + +<p> +Every mushroom has a spore-bearing layer of cells, which is called the +hymenium. This hymenium is composed of a number of swollen, club-shaped +cells, called basidia, and close to them, side by side, are sterile, +elongated cells, named paraphyses. In the family called Hymenomycetes +there are mixed with these, and closely packed together, one-celled +sterile structures named cystidia.</p> + +<p> +The basidia are called mother-cells because they produce the spores.</p> + +<p> +There is one great group of fungi called Basidiomycetes, so named from +having their stalked spores produced on basidia.</p> + +<p> +The basidia are formed on the end of threadlike branched bodies which +grow at the apex, and are called hyphæ. On top of the basidia are minute +stalk-like branches, called sterigmata (singular sterigma), and each +branch carries a naked spore. They are usually four in number. This +group of Basidiomycetes is divided into (1) Stomach fungi +(Gasteromycetes), +<!--png027--> +<span class="pagenum">31</span> +<a name="page31"> </a> +(2) Spore sac fungi (Ascomycetes), and (3) Membrane fungi +(Hymenomycetes).</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf"><a name="sec1_7_1">MYCELIUM.</a></h6> + +<p> +The Mycelium is commonly called the spawn of mushrooms.</p> + +<p> +It is the vegetative part of the fungus, and is composed of minute, +cylindrical, thread-like branching bodies called hyphæ. When we wish to +cultivate mushrooms we plant the spawn not the spores. The thread-like +branches permeate the earth or whatever the mushroom grows upon. The +color of the mycelium is generally white, but it may also be yellow or +red. Its structural details are only visible through a microscope.</p> + +<p> +Every fungus does not bear the spores exposed upon the cap nor +underneath it. The first group of Gasteromycetes, or “Stomach fungi,” as +Professor Peck has called them in his work on “Mushrooms and Their +Uses,” have the spore-bearing surface enclosed in a sac-like envelope in +the interior of the plant. The genus Lycoperdon belongs to this group, +and it contains the puff-balls so common in this country.</p> + +<p> +<!--png028--> +<span class="pagenum">32</span> +<a name="page32"> </a> +In the second group, Ascomycetes, or “Spore sac fungi,” the spores are +produced in delicate sacs called asci. The fruit-bearing part is often +cup-shaped, disc-like, or club-shaped, thicker at the top or covered +with irregular swellings and depressions like the human brain.</p> + +<p> +The Morels and Helvellas belong to this group. One often meets with +mushrooms of the former genus in the spring, and they are striking and +interesting looking fungi. There are many of both genera that are +edible. They will be described in detail later.</p> + +<p> +Botanists have classified Agarics by means of the color of the spores, +and it is the only sure way of determining to what class they belong. We +propose in this work also to enumerate the mushrooms according to the +color of the pileus or cap, and give a list, with a description of each, +after this arrangement. This, of course, is merely superficial, but may +interest and attract a beginner in the study of fungi. This list will be +placed at the end of the book.</p> + +<p> +The descriptions will be preceded by a classification according to color +of spores, some hints to students, and aids to learning which have been +found useful to others.</p> + +<p> +It is appalling to a beginner when he first +<!--png029--> +<span class="pagenum">33</span> +<a name="page33"> </a> +reads the long list of names of classes, genera, and species, as the +latter are so closely allied in resemblance. One has not always the time +nor inclination to condense facts for himself, nor to collect necessary +information so as to remember it most easily, all which has to be done +in the absence of an American manual or textbook. A great deal has been +written for us, it is true, by experienced botanists, but a general and +comprehensive work has yet to be compiled.</p> + +<p> +Before we begin our list of fungi, let us learn what a mushroom is, and +know something of its component parts. A mushroom consists of a stem and +a cap, or pileus. The cap is the most conspicuous part. The color varies +from white and the lightest hues of brown up to the brightest yellow and +scarlet. Its size is from an eighth of an inch to sixteen inches and +more in diameter. The surface is smooth or covered with little grains +(granular) or with minute scales (squamulose) shining like satin, or +kid-like in its texture. It may be rounded and depressed (concave), +elevated (convex), level (plane), or with a little mound in the centre +(umbonate). It may be covered with warts, marked with lines (striate), +or zoned with circles. +<!--png030--> +<span class="pagenum">34</span> +<a name="page34"> </a> +The margin may be acute or obtuse, rolled backward or upward (revolute), +or rolled inward (involute); it may be thick or thin.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf"><a name="sec1_7_2">THE STEM.</a></h6> + +<p> +The stem is the stalk that supports the cap. It is sometimes attached to +one side, and then it is said to be lateral or between the centre and +side, and it is called eccentric; when it is in the middle, or nearly +so, it is central.</p> + +<p> +It is either solid, fleshy, stuffed with pith, or hollow, fibrous, firm +and tough (cartilaginous). It is often brittle and breaks easily, or it +will not divide evenly in breaking. Its color and size both vary, like +the cap. It may taper toward the base, or toward the apex, be even or +cylindrical. Its surface may be smooth (glabrous), covered with scales +(squamulose), rough (scabrous), dotted, lacerated, or be marked with a +network of veins (reticulated). The base may be bulbous, or only swollen +(incrassated), and it may root in the ground.</p> + +<!--png031--> +<span class="pagenum">35</span> +<a name="page35"> </a> +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/page35.png" width="331" height="505" +alt="Sections of gill bearing mushrooms. +Gills adnexed/ Gills free/ Gills adnate/ +Gills decurrent/ Gills sinuous/ Gills serrated/ +Pileus umbonate/ Pileus umbilicate/ +Margin involute/ Margin revolute" +title="Sections of gill bearing mushrooms. +Gills adnexed/ Gills free/ Gills adnate/ +Gills decurrent/ Gills sinuous/ Gills serrated/ +Pileus umbonate/ Pileus umbilicate/ +Margin involute/ Margin revolute"> +</p> + +<h6 class="boldf"><a name="sec1_7_3">THE GILLS.</a></h6> + +<p> +The gills or lamellæ are the radiating parts, like knife blades, that +extend from the centre +<!--png032--> +<span class="pagenum">36</span> +<a name="page36"> </a> +to the margin underneath the cap. They contain the spores. The group of +mushrooms that have gills are called Agaracini or Agarics. The gills +vary in color; sometimes they change color when mature. When they are +close together they are called crowded, and when far apart distant. +There are often smaller gills between the others, and sometimes they are +two-forked (bifurcate), and are connected by veins.</p> + +<p> +They are narrow or wide, swell out in the middle (ventricose), are +curved like a bow (arcuate), and have a sudden wave or sinus in the edge +near the stem (sinuate).</p> + +<p> +There are various modes of attachment to the stem. Where the gills are +not attached to it they are called free; slightly so, adnexed; and when +wholly fastened they are adnate. They may run down on the stem, and are +then called decurrent.</p> + +<!--png033--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 36</i>]</span> +<a name="illus2"> </a> +<img src="images/pic036.jpg" width="317" height="377" +alt="photograph"><br> +Amanita vaginata<br> +(breaking from volva).<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + + +<h6 class="boldf"><a name="sec1_7_4">THE SPORES.</a></h6> + +<p> +The color of the spores can be seen by cutting off the cap, and laying +it gills downward, on a sheet of paper, two or three hours or more. The +impression will remain on the paper. It is better to use blue paper, so +that the white spores +<!--png034--> +<span class="pagenum">37</span> +<a name="page37"> </a> +can be seen more clearly. The Agarics are divided into classes according +to the color of the spores, so it is of great importance to examine +them. The shape and size of the spores can only be learned by the use of +a microscope. We have not attempted in this elementary work to do more +than mention them.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf"><a name="sec1_7_5">THE VOLVA AND VEIL.</a></h6> + +<p> +The universal veil or volva is a thin covering which encloses the entire +young plant. The cap grows and expands and bursts this veil into +fragments. That part of the veil which breaks away from the cap, called +the secondary veil, forms the annulus or ring. It resembles a collar, +and is generally fastened to the stem. It is not always permanent or +fixed in one place. It may disappear when the plant is mature. It is +often fragile, loose and torn, and sometimes is movable on the stem.</p> + +<p> +The name volva is particularly given to that part of the universal veil +which remains around the base of the stem, either sheathing it or +appressed closely to it, or in torn fragments. The volva and ring, or +annulus, are not always present in mushrooms. The rupture of the +<!--png035--> +<span class="pagenum">38</span> +<a name="page38"> </a> +veil often causes a part of it to remain on the cap in the shape of +warts or scales. These may disappear as the plant grows older, and are +sometimes washed off by a heavy rain.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf"><a name="sec1_7_6">THE TUBES OR PORES.</a></h6> + +<p> +There is a group of fungi called Polyporei, which have tubes or pores +instead of gills. They are placed under the pileus just as the gills are +situated, and contain the spores. The length of the tubes varies. The +mouths or openings are also of different shapes and sizes. They are +sometimes round, and at other times irregular. The color of the mouths +is often different from the tubes, and changes when mature. The mouths, +too, are sometimes stuffed when young. The attachment to the pileus is +to be noted. They may be free or easily detached, depressed around the +stem or fastened to it (adnate.)</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note1_1" href="#tag1_1">1.</a> +Worcester’s Dictionary, citing Brande.</div> + + +<!--png036--> +<span class="pagenum">39</span> +<a name="page39"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="chap2">CLASSIFICATION OF +FUNGI.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<p> +<span class="firstword">The</span> +color of both gills and tubes is an important feature in the +classification of fungi.</p> + +<p> +We have now arrived at a point where the amateur may become wearied at +the reading of long names and the enumeration of classes and genera. +Stevenson has said in his preface to his work on British Fungi that +“there is no royal road to the knowledge of fungi,” and if we become +enough interested to pursue the subject we will probably discover it at +this point. We will try and make this part as simple as possible, and +only mention those genera which are most common.</p> + +<p><a name="sec2_1"> +Mushrooms may be divided into three great classes:</a></p> + +<p> +I. Gasteromycetes, or “Stomach fungi,” where the spores are +produced within the plant.</p> + +<p> +II. Ascomycetes, or “Spore sac fungi,” where the spores are produced in +delicate sacs called asci.</p> + +<p> +III. Hymenomycetes, or “Membrane fungi,” +<!--png037--> +<span class="pagenum">40</span> +<a name="page40"> </a> +where the spores are produced on the lower surface of the cap.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec2_1_1"> +<span class="smallcaps">Class III.</span> +HYMENOMYCETES, OR MEMBRANE FUNGI.</a></h5> + +<p> +This class is divided into six orders:</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Gill-bearing mushrooms, Agarics, or Agaricini.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Fungi with pores or tubes, Polyporei.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Fungi with awl-shaped teeth or spines, Hydnei.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Fungi with an even spore-bearing or slightly wrinkled surface, +Thelephorei.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Plants, club-shaped and simple, or bush-like and branched, +Clavariei.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Gelatinous plants, irregularly expanded, Tremellinei.</p> + +<p> +The first order, the Agarics, contains most of the well-known mushrooms, +as well as most of the edible ones. They have been divided into +different classes according to the color of the spores. In a great many +cases the color is the same as that of the gills; but this is not always +the case, especially in the young plants. The Agarics are divided into +four sections:</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. White spores, Leucosporæ.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +<!--png038--> +<span class="pagenum">41</span> +<a name="page41"> </a> + 2. Rosy, salmon or pinkish spores, Rhodosporæ.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Brown or ochraceous spores, Ochrosporæ.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Dark purplish or black spores, Melanosporæ.</p> + +<p> +There are an infinite number of mushrooms we shall not mention. The +study of fungi has only begun in this country, and there is an immense +vista for future students. The amateur or beginner may be well satisfied +if after one summer spent in studying mushrooms he can remember the +distinguishing types of the various genera, and can say with certainty, +“This is a Russula, or this a Cortinarius, or this a Tricholoma.” He +will then feel he has taken one important step in this “royal road.”</p> + + +<h5 class="section">DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERA OF +HYMENOMYCETES.</h5> + +<h5 class="boldf"><span class="smallcaps">Order 1.</span> +AGARICS.</h5> + +<p> +The names of the genera are all derived from Greek and Latin words. +Stevenson, in his book on British Fungi, has given the original words +and also their meanings. We take the liberty of copying the English term +only, and will place it beside the name of each genus.</p> + + +<!--png039--> +<span class="pagenum">42</span> +<a name="page42"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Section 1.</span> +WHITE SPORES, OR LEUCOSPORÆ.</h5> + +<p> +The first genus we will mention is:</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">HYGROPHORUS, from a word meaning moist.</h6> + +<p> +This genus contains plants growing on the ground. They soon decay. The +cap is sticky or watery, the gills often branched. It has a peculiarity +in the fact that the hymenial cells, or the layer of mother cells, +contained in the gills, change into a waxy mass, at length removable +from the trama. The trama is that substance which extends with and is +like in structure to the layer of mother cells.<a class="tag" name="tag2_1" href="#note2_1">1</a> It lies between the two layers of gills +in Agarics. The gills seem full of watery juice, and they are more or +less decurrent, <i>i. e.</i>, extend down the stem. This genus +contains many bright-colored and shining species.</p> + +<p> +We are obliged to refer to the hymenial layer in this place, though the +beginner will scarcely understand the meaning of the term. The +distinguishing peculiarity of this genus consists in the cells changing +to a waxy mass. In the chapter on the structure of mushrooms we have +<!--png040--> +<span class="pagenum">43</span> +<a name="page43"> </a> +tried to explain something about the cells and the Hymenium.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">LACTARIUS = milk.</h6> + +<p> +This genus is fleshy, growing on the ground; the cap is often depressed +in the centre. The gills are adnato-decurrent, that is, partly attached +and prolonged down the stem. They are waxy, rather rigid and acute at +the edge. The distinctive feature is the milk that flows when the gills +are cut. Sometimes the milk changes color.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">RUSSULA = red.</h6> + +<p> +This genus grows on the ground, is fleshy, and soon decays. The cap is +depressed, or becomes so at a later stage of growth. The stem is +polished, generally white, and is very brittle. The gills are rigid, +fragile, with an acute edge, and mostly equal in length. Some species +exude watery drops. It contains many species of beautiful colors.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">CANTHARELLUS = vase or cup.</h6> + +<p> +The principal characteristic of this genus consists in the fold-like +nature of its gills. The gills are thick, with an obtuse edge, and are +<!--png041--> +<span class="pagenum">44</span> +<a name="page44"> </a> +branched and decurrent. The genus is fleshy, soft, and putrescent, and +has no veil. Some plants grow on the ground and others on mosses.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">MARASMIUS = to wither.</h6> + +<p> +The genus is tough and dry, not decaying, but shrivelling, and reviving +when wet. The stem is tough (cartilaginous.) The gills are rather +distant, the edge acute and entire. The plants often have a peculiar +smell and taste, like garlic. They are small and thin, commonly growing +on the outside of another plant (epiphytal) on the ground, on putrid +leaves, or on roots of grasses.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA.</h6> + +<p> +The origin of this name is doubtful. Galen, an ancient Greek physician, +is said to have given the name to some edible fungi (Stevenson). It is +distinguished as the only genus that has <i>both volva and ring</i>. The +young plant is enveloped by a universal veil which bursts at maturity. +The volva around the base of the stem is formed by the splitting or +bursting of the veil, and its different modes of rupture mark the +several species. It is sometimes +<!--png042--> +<span class="pagenum">45</span> +<a name="page45"> </a> +shaped very prettily, and has the appearance of a cup around the stem. +It contains many poisonous as well as edible mushrooms.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">LEPIOTA = a scale.</h6> + +<p> +This genus has a universal veil. The gills are free. Sometimes the ring, +or annulus, is movable on the stem. The cap is often covered with warts, +or the skin torn into scales, and the stem sometimes inserted in a cup +or socket.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">ARMILLARIA = ring or bracelet.</h6> + +<p> +There is no universal veil in this genus, only a partial one that forms +a ring, or sometimes only indicating the ring by scales. The species +usually grow on the ground.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">TRICHOLOMA = from two Greek words, hair and +fringe.</h6> + +<p> +This genus is especially noted for its sinuate gills. They have a tooth +next to the stem. All grow on the ground and are fleshy. There are +sometimes fibrils which adhere to the margin of the cap, the remains of +the veil. There are no plants in this genus that are considered +poisonous.</p> + + +<!--png043--> +<span class="pagenum">46</span> +<a name="page46"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">CLITOCYBE = a declivity.</h6> + +<p> +The gills in this genus are attenuated behind and are attached to stem +(adnate) or run down it (decurrent.) The cap is generally plano +depressed or funnel-shaped (infundibuliform). Some are fragrant; the +odor resembles fresh apricots.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">COLLYBIA = a small coin.</h6> + +<p> +The stem in this genus is tough or stuffed with a pith, and covered with +a cartilaginous rind. The margin of the cap is smooth and turned under +at first (involute). The gills are soft, free, or only adnexed behind. +The plants grow on the outside of wood and leaves, even on fungi, but +are often rooted on the ground, and do not dry up. The gills are +sometimes brightly colored.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">MYCENA = a fungus.</h6> + +<p> +In this genus also the stem is cartilaginous, the cap is sometimes +bell-shaped (campanulate) and slender. The plants are generally small +and fragile. The cap is from ⅛ to 1½ inch broad. The stem is sometimes +filiform, and they grow on stumps and sticks, dead wood, twigs and +leaves. They may be found +<!--png045--> +<span class="pagenum">47</span> +<a name="page47"> </a> +early in the season, but oftener from August to November.</p> + +<!--png044--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 46</i>]</span> +<a name="illus3"> </a> +<img src="images/pic046.jpg" width="419" height="319" +alt="photograph"><br> +Omphalia alboflava.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">OMPHALIA = depressed.</h6> + +<p> +The stem in this genus is cartilaginous. The gills run down the stem. +The cap is somewhat membranaceous. It is oftener depressed and +funnel-shaped. The gills are often branched. The species grow in moist +places. The plants are generally small. The largest only measure 2 +inches, the smallest only ½ inch across the cap.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">PLEUROTUS = side and an ear.</h6> + +<p> +In this genus the stem is sometimes wanting, or it grows on the side, or +between the centre and margin (eccentric). The plants rarely grow on the +ground. They are irregular and fleshy or membranaceous. The time of +growth is generally in the autumn. There are a few edible species.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Section 2.</span> +RHODOSPORÆ, RED OR PINK SPORES.</h5> + +<p> +In this section of Agarics the spores are red, pink, or salmon +color.</p> + + +<!--png046--> +<span class="pagenum">48</span> +<a name="page48"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">PLUTEUS = a penthouse.</h6> + +<p> +This genus has neither volva nor ring. The gills are rounded behind and +free, entirely separate from stem, white, then flesh-colored, but often +tinged with yellow. The cuticle is sometimes covered with fibres, or +with a bloom upon it (pruinose). The apex of the stem is inserted in the +cap like a peg, and in this it resembles the Lepiotas. The species grow +on or near trunks, appear early, and last until late in the season.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">ENTOLOMA = within and fringe.</h6> + +<p> +This genus resembles Tricholoma, which belongs to the white-spored +Agarics and Hebeloma, which is rosy-spored. The species grow on the +ground, and are found chiefly after rain. The stem is fleshy or fibrous, +soft, sometimes waxy. The cap has the margin incurved, the gills have a +tooth (sinuate), and are adnexed to the stem. Some species smell of +fresh meal.</p> + + +<!--png047--> +<span class="pagenum">49</span> +<a name="page49"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Section 3.</span> +OCHROSPORÆ, BROWN OR OCHRACEOUS SPORES.</h5> + + +<h6 class="boldf">CORTINARIUS = a veil.</h6> + +<p> +This genus has a veil resembling a cobweb. The gills generally become +cinnamon-colored. They grow on the ground in woods, during late summer +and autumn. Some of our most beautiful mushrooms belong to this group. +The veil is not persistent, and soon disappears.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">PHOLIOTA = a scale.</h6> + +<p> +This genus mostly grows on trunks. The partial or secondary veil takes +the form of a ring. The cap is often covered with scales.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">INOCYBE = fibre and head.</h6> + +<p> +This genus is distinguished by the silky fibrilose covering of the cap, +which never has a distinct pellicle, and by the veil which is lasting +and of like nature to the fibrils of the cap. All grow upon the +ground.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">HEBELOMA = youth and fringe.</h6> + +<p> +In this genus the margin of the cap is at first incurved. The gills are +attached with a tooth, +<!--png048--> +<span class="pagenum">50</span> +<a name="page50"> </a> +with the edge more or less of a different color, often whitish. The stem +is fleshy, fibrous, somewhat mealy at the apex. They grow on the ground +and are strong-smelling, appear early in the autumn, and continue until +late in the season.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">PAXILLUS = a small stake.</h6> + +<p> +This genus is fleshy, putrescent; at first the cap has the margin turned +under (involute), then it unfolds gradually and dilates. There are some +species of both Tricholoma and Clitocybe that resemble it. The gills +separate easily from the cap, and in this it is similar to the Boleti, +where the tubes separate also with ease.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Section 4.</span> +MELANOSPORÆ, DARK PURPLE OR BLACK SPORES.</h5> + + +<h6 class="boldf">PSALLIOTA = a ring or collar.</h6> + +<p> +The common mushroom Agaricus campestris belongs to this group. The gills +are rounded behind and free, the stem has a collar. There are many +edible mushrooms in this genus. They grow in pastures, and the larger +ones are called Champignons. In former times when one spoke of eating +mushrooms the species A. +<!--png049--> +<span class="pagenum">51</span> +<a name="page51"> </a> +campestris, or campester, was always the one denoted.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">STROPHARIA = a sword belt.</h6> + +<p> +This genus has a ring. The gills are generally attached to the stem; +some species grow on the ground, and some grow on other fungi. They are +sometimes bell-shaped and then flattened, often with a mound or +umbo.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">HYPHOLOMA = web and fringe.</h6> + +<p> +The veil in this genus is woven in a web which adheres to the margin of +the cap. The cap is more or less fleshy, and the margin at first +incurved. The gills are attached or have a tooth. There is no ring. The +plants grow in tufts on wood, or at the base of trees in the autumn.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">PSILOCYBE = naked and head.</h6> + +<p> +The cap in this genus is fleshy, smooth, and the margin at first +incurved. Gills turn dusky purple. The stem is cartilaginous, hollow or +stuffed. No veil is visible. They grow on the ground.</p> + + +<!--png050--> +<span class="pagenum">52</span> +<a name="page52"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">PSATHYRA = friable.</h6> + +<p> +The cap is conical and soft, the margin at first straight, and then +pressed to the stem. The plants are slender, fragile and moist. Gills +become purple. They grow on the ground, or on trunks of trees.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">COPRINUS = dung.</h6> + +<p> +In this genus the spores are black. It has two distinctive features: +one, that the gills cohere at first, and are not separated when young; +and the other, that they dissolve into an inky fluid. The gills are also +scissile, that is, they can be split, and are linear and swollen in the +middle. The plants last but a short time. Some are edible.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 2.</span> +POLYPOREI, OR TUBE-BEARING FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +We now pass to the next order, the Polyporei. We will mention four +genera:</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS.</h6> + +<p> +The name is that of a fungus much prized for its delicacy by the Romans, +and is derived +<!--png051--> +<span class="pagenum">53</span> +<a name="page53"> </a> +from a Greek word meaning a clod, which denotes the round figure of the +plant.</p> + +<p> +The Boleti grow on the ground, are fleshy and putrescent with central +stems. The tubes are packed closely together and are easily +separated.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">FISTULINA = a pipe.</h6> + +<p> +In this genus the tubes are free and distinct from one another. They are +somewhat fleshy and grow upon wood.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS = many pores.</h6> + +<p> +The pores or tubes in this genus are not separate from one another. They +are persistent fungi, most of them growing upon wood.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">DAEDALEA = curiously wrought.</h6> + +<p> +The name of this genus is derived from Daedalus, who constructed the +labyrinth at Crete, in which the monster Minotaur was kept. It was one +of the seven wonders of the world.</p> + +<p> +These fungi grow on wood, and become hard. The pores are firm when fully +grown; they are sinuous and labyrinthine.</p> + + +<!--png052--> +<span class="pagenum">54</span> +<a name="page54"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 3.</span> +HYDNEI, OR SPINE-BEARING FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +The name is derived from a word meaning a spine. This order contains +many genera, two of which we will mention, Hydnum and Tremellodon.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">HYDNUM.</h6> + +<p> +Hydnum is derived from a Greek word, the name of an edible fungus. The +plants in this genus are furnished with spines or teeth, instead of +gills or tubes, and these contain the spores. The species are divided +according to the stem. In some it is central and grows on the ground, in +others it is lateral, and the cap is semicircular (dimidiate), and +others again have no stem. There are some species that have no cap, and +the spines are either straight or oblique. There are a few that are +edible, but generally they have a bitter taste. However, some writers +say that Hydnum repandum, or the spreading Hedgehog, is “delicious.” +This mushroom and the one named “Medusa’s head,” H. caput Medusæ, +are perhaps the most conspicuous of the order. The latter is very large. +Its color is at first white, then becoming ashy gray. The spines on the +upper surface are twisted, while +<!--png053--> +<span class="pagenum">55</span> +<a name="page55"> </a> +the lower ones are long and straight. It grows on trunks of trees. In +the spreading Hydnum the margin of the cap is arched and irregular. It +grows on the ground.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">TREMELLODON = jelly and a tooth.</h6> + +<p> +The fungi in this genus are gelatinous. The cap is nearly semicircular +in shape, sometimes fan-shaped and rounded in front. The spines or teeth +are soft, white and delicate. We found one specimen in the month of +September in the mountains of the State of New York.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 4.</span> +THELEPHOREI, OR EVEN SURFACE FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +In this order the lower surface of the cap is smooth and even, or +slightly wrinkled. It is divided into several genera, only two of which +we will enumerate, Craterellus and Stereum.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">CRATERELLUS = a bowl.</h6> + +<p> +The species called the “horn of plenty,” Craterellus cornucopioides, +belongs to this genus, and is often found. Stevenson says it is common. +It is trumpet-shaped (tubiform). +<!--png054--> +<span class="pagenum">56</span> +<a name="page56"> </a> +The cap is of a dingy black color, and the stem is hollow, smooth, and +black. We found quite a small specimen, the pileus not more than 1½ inch +broad, but it may measure 3 inches. The spore-bearing surface was of an +ash color. The margin of the cap was wavy, and it was hollow right +through to the base. It was only 2 inches high, and there was scarcely +any stem.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">STEREUM = hard.</h6> + +<p> +The genus Stereum is woody and leathery in nature, somewhat zoned, and +looks like some Polyporci. It grows on wood, on stumps, and on dead +wood.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 5.</span> +CLAVARIEI, OR CLUB FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +This order contains several genera, but one only will be mentioned, that +of Clavaria.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">CLAVARIA = club.</h6> + +<p> +The common name often given to this genus is “Fairy Clubs.” We have +described several species in our list of fungi, and will only say that +these are fleshy fungi, either simple or branched. The expression +fleshy, so often met +<!--png055--> +<span class="pagenum">57</span> +<a name="page57"> </a> +with in these pages, is used in speaking of plants when they are +succulent and composed of juicy, cellular tissue. They do not become +leathery. In the genus Clavaria the fungi have no caps, but they have +stems. There are a few edible species. One can scarcely walk any +distance without seeing some species of Clavaria. They are conspicuous, +sometimes attractive looking, and interesting in their variety.</p> + +<p> +The genus Cortinarius, one of the order of Agarics, has been already +described, but it contains so many species that it deserves especial +mention.</p> + +<p> +They are difficult to define. The genus has been subdivided by botanists +into tribes which it may be well to enumerate. We have followed +Stevenson’s arrangement.</p> + +<p> +He divides Cortinarius into six tribes.</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Phlegacium = clammy moisture. In this tribe the cap is fleshy +and sticky (viscous), while the stem is firm and dry. In all Cortinarii +the gills become cinnamon-colored. There are many large-sized mushrooms +in this tribe, the cap sometimes measuring 6 inches across.</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 2. Myxacium = mucous. This tribe has the stem sticky (viscous), +and the universal veil is +<!--png056--> +<span class="pagenum">58</span> +<a name="page58"> </a> +glutinous. The cap is fleshy but thin. Gills attached to stem and +decurrent.</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 3. Inoloma = fibre and fringe. It contains distinguished species. +The cap is at first silky, with innate scales or fibrils, is equally +fleshy and dry. The stem is fleshy and rather bulbous.</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 4. Dermocybe = skin and head. The cap and stem are both thinner +in this tribe than in Inoloma. The pileus becomes thin when old, and is +dry, not moist. It is at first silky. The color of the gills is +changeable, which makes it hard to distinguish the species.</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 5. Telamonia = lint. Pileus moist; at first smooth or sprinkled +with superficial whitish fibres of the veil. Flesh thin, or becoming so +abruptly at the margin; the veil is somewhat double, which is a +distinguishing characteristic of this tribe.</p> + +<p class="inset"> + 6. Hygrocybe = moist and head. Cap in this tribe is smooth or +only covered with white superficial fibrils, not gluey, but moist when +fresh, and changing color when dry. Flesh thin.</p> + + +<!--png057--> +<span class="pagenum">59</span> +<a name="page59"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec2_1_2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Class I.</span> +GASTEROMYCETES, OR STOMACH FUNGI.</a></h5> + +<p> +The Basidia-bearing fungi, or Basidiomycetes, are divided into three +classes, as has been already stated. The third class, Hymenomycetes, or +Membrane fungi, has been described, but there remain two other groups of +which we will now speak more fully. They may be considered too difficult +for beginners, and we would not venture to enter further into the +subject were it not that some of the most familiar fungi belong to these +classes—such as Puff-balls, Morels, and Helvellas.</p> + +<p> +The first class, called the Gasteromycetes, or Stomach fungi, matures +its spores on the inside of the plant. The distinction between this +class and that of the Membrane fungi, which ripens its spores on the +outside, may be more readily understood by one familiar with the +structure of the fig, whose flowers are situated on the interior of its +pear-shaped, hollow axis, which is the fruit.</p> + +<p> +We will divide the Stomach fungi into four orders—1, the +thick-skinned fungi (Sclerodermæ); 2, the Bird’s-nest fungi (Nidulariæ); +<!--png058--> +<span class="pagenum">60</span> +<a name="page60"> </a> +3, the Puff-balls (Lycoperdons); 4, the Stink horns (Phalloidæ.)</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 1.</span> +SCLERODERMÆ, THE THICK-SKINNED FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +Our attention will be confined to only one genus, and, indeed, one +species of this family. We often see in our walks what at a first glance +look like potatoes lying along the road, and the suggestion arises that +some careless boy has been losing potatoes from his basket on his way +home from the country store. We stoop to pick them up, and find them +rooted to the ground and covered with warts and scales. We cut them open +and find them a purplish-black color inside. It is a mass of closely +packed unripe spores. In a few days the upper part of the outside +covering decays, bursts open, and the ripe spores escape. This is called +the common hard-rind fungus, or Scleroderma vulgare.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 2.</span> +NIDULARIÆ, THE BIRD’S-NEST FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +This is again divided into three genera. The Crucible (crucibulum), the +Cup (Cyathus), the Bird’s-nest proper (Nidularia.)</p> + +<p> +<!--png059--> +<span class="pagenum">61</span> +<a name="page61"> </a> +We often find on a wood-pile or a fallen tree some of the members of the +Bird’s-nest family. It is fascinating to examine them in their various +stages of development. First we see a tiny buff knot, cottony in texture +and closely covered; next, another rather larger, with its upper +covering thrown aside, displaying the tiny eggs, which prompts one to +look around for the miniature mother bird; then we find a nest empty +with the fledglings flown. The characteristic that distinguishes the +Bird’s-nest fungi from others consists in the fact that the spores are +produced in small envelopes that do not split open, and which are +enclosed in a common covering, called the peridium. One species is known +by the fluted inside of the covering, which is quite beautiful. They are +all small and grow in groups.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 3.</span> +LYCOPERDONS, THE PUFF-BALLS.</h5> + +<p> +The Lycoperdons contain several genera, among which we select the +Puff-balls proper and the Earth stars.</p> + +<p> +What child is there who lives in the country and does not know the +Puff-ball? With what gusto he presses it and watches what he calls +<!--png060--> +<span class="pagenum">62</span> +<a name="page62"> </a> +the smoke pouring from the chimney. Indeed, the outpouring of myriads of +spores in its ripe stage does suggest smoke from a chimney. The +puff-ball, when young, is of a firm texture, nearly round, grayish, or +brownish outside, but of a pure white within. There are several genera, +but we have selected two—1, Lycoperdon; and 2, Earth Star, or +Geaster.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">LYCOPERDON = the puff-ball.</h6> + +<p> +The puff-balls vary greatly in size, the smallest measure ½ inch up to +the largest, about 15 inches. Professor Peck describes them thus: +“Specimens of medium size are 8 to 12 inches in diameter. The largest in +the State Museum is about 15 inches in the dry state. When fresh it was +probably 20 inches or more. The color is whitish, afterward yellowish or +brownish. The largest size was called the Giant Puff-ball (Calvatia +bovista).”</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">GEASTER = the earth star.</h6> + +<p> +These vary greatly in size. The small ones grow on pine needles on the +ground or among leaves. Some are mounted on pedicels, some are sessile +or seated directly on the earth, but +<!--png061--> +<span class="pagenum">63</span> +<a name="page63"> </a> +the family likeness is so pronounced that even the novice need not be +doubtful as to the name of the fungus when found. There are two species +that have slender, elongated stems. The name is well chosen. In moist +weather the points expand and roll back or lie flat on the earth. Then +the round puff-ball in the centre is plainly seen.</p> + +<p> +In dry weather the star-like divisions are rigidly turned in and cover +closely the round portion. “When dry it is sometimes rolled about by the +wind; when it is wet by the rain or abundant dew it absorbs the moisture +and spreads itself out, and rests from its journey, again to take up its +endless wandering as sun and rain appear to reduce it once more to a +ball and set it rolling.” (Underwood.)</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><span class="smallcaps">Order 4.</span> +PHALLOIDS, THE STINK HORN FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +We come now to the fourth and last order of the Stomach fungi +(Gasteromycetes) that we shall mention. In spite of their appellation +these fungi are strikingly beautiful, but their odor is most offensive. +They grow in woods, and are also found in cellars. Their history has +been carefully investigated by mycologists, +<!--png062--> +<span class="pagenum">64</span> +<a name="page64"> </a> +and the novice will find many beautiful illustrations in various works. +In their early stage they are enclosed in an egg-shaped veil (volva), +having a gelatinous inner layer. Some are bright-colored, others are +pure white, and the stems of one species look as if covered with lace +work. The most familiar one, Phallus impudicus, “the fetid wood witch,” +we have placed in the list of fungi at the end of this book, with its +description.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec2_1_3"> +<span class="smallcaps">Class II.</span> +ASCOMYCETES, OR SPORE SAC FUNGI.</a></h5> + +<p> +This is the second division of the Basidia-bearing fungi. It includes +all the fungi that have the spores enveloped in delicate sacs called +asci. It is divided into several orders, but we will only mention the +one which contains the most familiar plants. This order is named the +Disc-like fungi (Discomycetes). In this the spore-bearing surface is on +the upper or outside surface of the mushroom cap. It is divided into +many genera, of which we shall mention three—the Cup fungi, or +Pezizas, the Morels or Morchellas, and the Yellowish fungi or +Helvellas.</p> + + +<!--png063--> +<span class="pagenum">65</span> +<a name="page65"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">PEZIZAS = the Cup fungi.</h6> + +<p> +These form a very large group, mostly growing on decaying plants. They +are typically disc-shaped or cup-shaped, and when young are closed or +nearly so, opening when mature. They vary in size from minute species to +large fleshy ones, 3 to 4 inches in diameter. They are generally small, +thin, and tough. They grow on twigs, leaves, dead wood, or on the +ground. Many are stemless. They are both solitary and densely clustered. +The color varies from pale brown to a dark gray, resembling, when moist, +india-rubber cloth, and then, again, there are many of brilliant +hues—red and orange. Some are erect, some are split down at the +side like the ear of a hare. The Cup fungi are found in August and +September, growing near ditches, and by the roadside where there is +moisture. The ear-shaped Pezizas somewhat resemble the Jew’s ear, and +the beginner might easily confound them. This latter fungus belongs to +the third class of membrane fungi (Hymenomycetes), and it is included in +the descriptions of fungi.</p> + + +<!--png064--> +<span class="pagenum">66</span> +<a name="page66"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">THE MORELS or MORCHELLAS = the honey-combed +fungi.</h6> + +<p> +The collector during the months of April and May will enjoy a new +experience when he first finds a fungus of a bright brown color, deeply +pitted, spongy looking, cone-shaped or nearly round; its head supported +on an erect, white stem. He will probably find it on a grassy hillside +or along a running brook under some forest trees. He has perhaps seen +its picture and at once exclaims, “my first Morel.” He will notice its +peculiar honey-combed depression, and then cutting it open will find +both the head and the stem hollow. Where are the spores? There are no +gills as in the Agarics, nor are they concealed in a covering +(peridium), as in the Puff-balls, but they are contained in delicate +sacs on the cap. The exterior surface of the cap is the spore-bearing +portion, and the spores are developed in their sacs, but only seen under +a microscope.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">HELVELLA = the yellowish mushroom.</h6> + +<p> +This genus may be readily recognized by the form of the cap, which is +lobed and irregularly +<!--png065--> +<span class="pagenum">67</span> +<a name="page67"> </a> +waved and drooping, often attached to the stem. They grow on the ground +in the woods, and sometimes on rotten wood. The genus comprises the +largest of the Disc fungi known, some species weighing over a pound. +Cicero mentions the Helvellas as a favorite dish of the Romans.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">THE TRUFFLE = delicacy.</h6> + +<p> +It will be well to finish this section with the mention of the Truffle. +It may yet be found in the United States, but hitherto its place of +growth has been on the continent of Europe, and especially in France, +where it forms an article of commerce, and is highly prized as food. It +is subterranean, and requires for its discovery a higher sense of smell +than man possesses. It is generally found by the hog and the dog, who +are trained to help the truffle hunters. There are some species in our +country that resemble it, and grow underneath the ground. One, found in +the Southern States, called Rhizopogon, grows in sandy soil. This +species, however, does not belong to Class II., but to Class I., the +Gasteromycetes, or Stomach fungi. It is not likely that the beginner +will find this mushroom, so no description will be given.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note2_1" href="#tag2_1">1.</a> +In the young plant it forms the framework of the gills.</div> + + +<!--png066--> +<span class="pagenum">68</span> +<a name="page68"> </a> +<h5 class="section"><a name="sec2_3">GENERAL HELPS TO THE +MEMORY.</a></h5> + +<p> +There are certain facts which if committed to memory will be of great +help to beginners in classifying mushrooms. There are distinctive +features belonging to different genera, which will be enumerated as +follows. These facts apply to the order of Agarics, containing the +largest number of familiar mushrooms. They have been placed in tables +for the convenience of the beginner, and are arranged without regard to +family relationship.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms Containing both Volva and Ring +(Annulus).</h5> + +<p> +There is only one genus that has both volva and ring. Amanita.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms with Ring and no Volva.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Pholiota.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Annularia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Stropharia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Psalliota.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Armillaria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Lepiota.</p> + +<!--png067--> +<span class="pagenum">69</span> +<a name="page69"> </a> +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms that have the stem attached on the side +(lateral)<br> +or between Margin and Centre (eccentric).</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Crepidotus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Claudopus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Pleurotus.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms with tough or cartilaginous Stems.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Psathyra.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Nolanea.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Mycena.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Marasmius.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Naucoria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Leptonia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 7. Omphalia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 8. Collybia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 9. Psilocybe.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +10. Galera.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms, Stemless.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Schizophyllum.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Trogia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Lenzites.</p> + +<!--png068--> +<span class="pagenum">70</span> +<a name="page70"> </a> +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms that have the Cap bell-shaped +(campanulate)<br> +and Marked with Lines (striate).</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Psathyra.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Galera.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Nolanea.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Mycena.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms with Gills attached to Stem and a +Ring.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Stropharia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Armillaria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Pholiota.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms Having Gills with serrated edge.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Lentinus.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms with Free Gills not attached to Stem.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Chitonia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Psalliota.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Pluteolus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Pluteus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Volvaria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Lepiota.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 7. Amanita.</p> + +<!--png069--> +<span class="pagenum">71</span> +<a name="page71"> </a> +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms with emarginate sinuate Gills, or with +notch near to Stem.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Hypholoma.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Tricholoma.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Hebeloma.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Entoloma.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms that are corky and leathery.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Lenzites.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Lentinus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Schizophyllum.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Panus.</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms with Gills running down Stem more or less +(decurrent).</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Gomphidius.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Paxillus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Tubaria (some species).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Flammula (some adnate).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Eccilia (truly decurrent).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Clitopilus (somewhat decurrent).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 7. Panus (some species decurrent).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 8. Lentinus (mostly decurrent).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 9. Cantharellus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +10. Hygrophorus (mostly decurrent).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +11. Pleurotus (some decurrent).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +<!--png070--> +<span class="pagenum">72</span> +<a name="page72"> </a> +12. Omphalia (truly decurrent).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +13. Clitocybe (decurrent or adnate).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +14. Lactarius (decurrent or adnato-decurrent).</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Mushrooms that are deliquescent or turn into inky +fluid.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Coprinus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Bolbitius.</p> + +<p> +It will also be useful to the beginner to see a list of Agarics +classified according to botanists by the color of their spores.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section"><a name="sec2_2">CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS BY COLOR OF SPORES.</a></h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Leucosporæ (white spores).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Rhodosporæ (rosy or salmon spores).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Ochrosporæ (ochraceous spores).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Melanosporæ (dark purple or black spores).</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Leucosporæ, or White Spores.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Amanita.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Lepiota.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Armillaria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Tricholoma.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +<!--png071--> +<span class="pagenum">73</span> +<a name="page73"> </a> + 5. Clitocybe.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Collybia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 7. Mycena.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 8. Omphalia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 9. Pleurotus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +10. Trogia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +11. Hygrophorus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +12. Lactarius.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +13. Russula.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +14. Cantharellus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +15. Marasmius.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +16. Lentinus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +17. Panus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +18. Xerotus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +19. Schizophyllum.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +20. Lenzites.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +21. Arrhenia (pallid spores).</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Rhodosporæ, Rosy or Salmon Spores.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Volvaria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Pluteus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Enteloma.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Leptonia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Nolanea.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Eccilia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 7. Claudopus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 8. Clitopilus.</p> + +<!--png072--> +<span class="pagenum">74</span> +<a name="page74"> </a> +<h5 class="ital">Ochrosporæ, or Ochraceous Spores.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Pholiota.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Inocybe.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Hebeloma.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Flammula.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Naucoria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Pluteolus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 7. Galera.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 8. Tubaria.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 9. Crepidotus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +10. Cortinarius.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +11. Acetabularia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +12. Paxillus (spores are ferruginous or dingy white).</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +13. Bolbitius (ferruginous spores).</p> + +<h5 class="ital">Melanosporæ, Dark Purple or Black Spores.</h5> + +<p class="inset"> + 1. Chitonia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 2. Psalliota.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 3. Stropharia.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 4. Hypholoma.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 5. Psilocybe.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 6. Psathyra.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 7. Panæolus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> + 8. Psathyrella.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +<!--png073--> +<span class="pagenum">75</span> +<a name="page75"> </a> + 9. Coprinus.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +10. Gomphidius.</p> + +<p class="inset nospace"> +11. Anellaria.</p> + +<p> +Having arranged these lists of mushrooms by their different +characteristics, and then by the color of the spores, we will give a +list of fungi familiar to most persons, classified according to the +colors of the cap. The far greater number have been analyzed by the +writers, and a full description is given to enable the beginner more +easily to identify them.</p> + +<p> +The reader will notice that in the lists of fungi given above there are +certain genera not elsewhere mentioned in this book. He will understand +that it is inadvisable in a short primer to allude to all the genera +that exist. It was, however, impossible to give a complete table without +including them in it.</p> + +<!--png074--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 76</i>]</span> +<a name="illus4"> </a> +<img src="images/pic076.jpg" width="389" height="323" +alt="photograph"><br> +Russula pectinata.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + + + + +<!--png075--> +<span class="pagenum">77</span> +<a name="page77"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="chap3">DESCRIPTIONS OF FUNGI, ARRANGED +ACCORDING TO COLOR OF CAP ONLY.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<div class="color pink"> + +<h5><a name="red">MUSHROOMS WITH RED OR PINK COLORED CAP.</a></h5> + +<p class="color"> +<span class="firstword">The</span> +genus Russula probably contains the largest number of mushrooms with +reddish caps, the word Russula meaning reddish.</p> + + +<h6 class="boldf">RUSSULA EMETICA = a vomit.<br> +The Nauseating Russula.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> bright blood red, at first rosy, then blood color, tawny when +old, 3 to 4 inches broad, first bell-shaped, then flattened or +depressed, polished, margin at length grooved (sulcate), flesh white, +reddish under the cuticle. <b>Stem</b> 1½ to 3 inches long, ¾ of an inch +thick, white or with a reddish hue, spongy, stuffed, stout, elastic when +young, fragile when old, even, tapering slightly upward. <b>Gills</b> +free, broad, rather distant, white.</p> + +<p class="color"> +<!--png076--> +<span class="pagenum">78</span> +<a name="page78"> </a> +This is found on the ground among dead leaves, in the woods and open +places from July to December. It has a bitter taste, and is said to be +poisonous. Those eating it are often affected as if they had taken an +emetic. It is easily distinguished by the fact of the flesh turning red +immediately under the skin when it is peeled off. There are numerous +varieties of it, in one the stem has minute wrinkles running lengthwise. +We found it in different localities. The taste was acrid. It was one of +the first and the last mushrooms that we gathered. (Poisonous.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">RUSSULA SANGUINEA = blood.<br> +The Blood-colored Russula.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> blood red, becoming pale at margin, 2 to 3 inches broad, at +first convex, then depressed, and funnel-shaped (infundibuliform), +irregularly swollen in the centre, polished, even, margin acute, moist +in damp weather. Flesh firm, cheesy, white. <b>Stem</b> stout, spongy, +stuffed, at first contracted at apex, then equal, slightly marked with +lines white or reddish. <b>Gills</b> at first fastened to stem and then +decurrent, crowded, narrow, connected by +<!--png077--> +<span class="pagenum">79</span> +<a name="page79"> </a> +veins, fragile, somewhat forked, shining white, afterward turning +ochraceous color. The taste is acrid and peppery. It is found in woods +from August to September, and is not common. (Poisonous.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">RUSSULA ROSEIPES = rosy stem.<br> +The Rosy Stemmed Russula.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This is a striking-looking mushroom. The colors are pretty, and the +tinge of red in the stem adds to its beauty. There are other species of +Russula that also have red tints in the stem. <b>Cap</b> rosy red, with +pink and orange hues, 1 to 2 inches broad, convex, becoming nearly plane +or slightly depressed; at first viscid, soon dry, slightly marked with +lines on the thin margin, taste mild. <b>Gills</b> moderately close, +nearly entire, rounded behind and slightly adnexed, swollen in the +middle, whitish, becoming yellow. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 2 inches long, 3 to 4 +lines thick, slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, white, tinged +with red. It is distinguished from other species by its mild taste, rosy +cap, commonly dry and but slightly striate on margin, its gills changing +from white to yellow or slightly ochraceous, and being partially +<!--png078--> +<span class="pagenum">80</span> +<a name="page80"> </a> +attached to the stem, and its stem being slightly stained with rosy red. +It grows in pine and hemlock woods, and is found in July and August. +(Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">RUSSULA LEPIDA = neat or elegant.<br> +The Elegant Russula.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> at first is a bright red, but becomes a dull reddish-pink, +paler at the disc, 3 inches broad, dry, fleshy, convex; then expanded, +scarcely depressed, obtuse and polished, afterward cracked (rimose), and +with minute scales (squamulose). The margin spreading and rounded, +obtuse, <i>not</i> striate. <b>Stem</b> about 3 inches long, from 1 to +1½ inch thick, even, solid, white, or rose color. <b>Gills</b> rounded +behind, rather thick, somewhat crowded, often forked, connected by +veins, white, often red at edge. Taste mild. We found our specimen in +mixed woods. The stem was only tinged with pink. (Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">LACTARIUS VOLEMUS = a kind of large pear. (From its +shape.)<br> +The Orange Brown Lactarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> 3 to 5 inches broad, reddish-orange color, becoming pale, +compact, rigid, obtuse, +<!--png079--> +<span class="pagenum">81</span> +<a name="page81"> </a> +with the margin bent inward, depressed, at length marked with lines like +a river (rimose). Flesh white, turning brown. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 3 inches +long, ¾ to 1¼ inch thick, stout, stuffed, then hollow, paler at apex, +with a bloom, same color as cap, with lengthwise lines. <b>Gills</b> +adnato-decurrent, yellowish turning ochraceous, broad, thin, crowded, +milk sweet and plentiful. Stevenson says that the taste of this +Lactarius is delicious, that it is savory even when raw. It should not +be kept too long before cooking, or it will emit a strong, unpleasant +odor. It is abundant in chestnut or oak woods from July to September. +Our specimen was much wrinkled on the margin. The milk was abundant. +(Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">LACTARIUS ICHORATUS = lymph.<br> +The Colorless Lactarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +The name of this species is given on account of the color of the milk +(Stevenson). <b>Cap</b> a tawny pinkish-red color, 3 to 4 inches broad, +zoned, plano-depressed, margin often wavy, dry, flesh creamy white or +pallid. <b>Stem</b> 1½ to 3 inches long, thick, solid, afterward spongy, +equal, smooth, the same color as the cap, lighter +<!--png080--> +<span class="pagenum">82</span> +<a name="page82"> </a> +at the apex. <b>Gills</b> adnate, slightly decurrent, not crowded, +creamy white, turning ochraceous. Milk white, sweet. It has a strong +smell. In the specimen we found the stem was slightly marked with lines +and the milk plentiful. It is not spoken of as edible.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">LACTARIUS MITISSIMUS = mild.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +The name only applies to the taste of the milk. (Stevenson.)</p> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a light, bright reddish-orange, golden tawny color, 1 to 4 +inches broad, even, then depressed, smooth, sticky when moist, flesh +whitish, turning yellow. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 4 inches long, thick, stuffed, +then hollow, even, smooth, same color as cap. <b>Gills</b> slightly +running down the stem, rounded at one end, broad, yellowish. Milk mild, +then bitterish and plentiful. It is found in pine and mixed woods from +August until November. It has a beautiful color, and resembles in that +particular L. volemus.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CORTINARIUS ARMILLATUS = a ring or bracelet.<br> +The Zoned Cortinarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a tawny reddish-yellow, brick red, 2 to 5 inches broad, +fleshy, bell-shaped or almost +<!--png081--> +<span class="pagenum">83</span> +<a name="page83"> </a> +conical, then convex, dry, smooth, marked with reddish specks, darker +toward the centre, flesh white, turning red and narrowing toward the +margin. <b>Stem</b> 3 to 6 inches long, ½ inch thick, solid, firm, +slightly tapering toward the apex, very bulbous at base, same color as +cap, stuffed with brown pith inside. There are two or three reddish +oblique zones encircling the stem. <b>Gills</b> adnate, swollen in the +middle, distant, variable, at first pale cinnamon color, and then dark +brown. We found them at the end of August in great numbers, sometimes +united in tufts (cæspitose) in all stages of growth, the younger ones +covered with a cobwebby veil, which is paler in color than the zones. +They grow in mixed woods.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CLITOCYBE LACCATA = a resinous substance.<br> +The Waxy Clitocybe.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This species is small in size. <b>Cap</b> is about 1 inch broad, thin, +convex and almost plane. Sometimes with a depression (umbilicate). When +moist it has a water-soaked look, and becomes pale in drying. When wet +it has a peculiar flesh color, but when dry it is a pale yellowish-red +hue. <b>Stem</b> is long and slender, +<!--png082--> +<span class="pagenum">84</span> +<a name="page84"> </a> +tough and of same color as cap, 2 lines thick, fibrous, stuffed, often +twisted and white, with soft, weak hairs at base (villous). <b>Gills</b> +are attached to stem with a decurrent tooth, broad, distant, of a +peculiar flesh color. We found several varieties. One had gills of a +beautiful violet color (Var. amethystina), in another the gills were +pale (Var. pallidifolia). (Peck.) A small form with radiating lines +extending from near the centre to the margin (Var. striatula), Peck, is +an interesting species and often seen. They grow closely together on the +sides of roads, in groups, all through the season. Sometimes the cap is +very small, ¼ inch across. It often grows in arcs of circles.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CLITOCYBE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS = funnel-shaped.<br> +The Funnel-shaped Clitocybe.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a pale red color, 2 to 3 inches broad, convex when young, +then slightly raised in the middle, umbonate, afterward the margin is +elevated and the cap becomes funnel-shaped and the margin wavy. Flesh +thin and white. <b>Stem</b> 1½ to 3 inches long, 2 to 3 lines thick, +smooth, paler colored than the cap, tapering upward. <b>Gills</b> rather +decurrent, arc-shaped, broad, distant, +<!--png083--> +<span class="pagenum">85</span> +<a name="page85"> </a> +whitish, not yellow, netted with veins. This is also a variable species +and grows in woods. It is pretty, and is easily known by its shape.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS MURRAYI.<br> +Murray’s Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> dark red, 1 to 3 inches broad, granulated, convex, with a +slight mound or umbo, margin turned upward, flesh yellow. <b>Stem</b> ½ +inch long, yellow. Tubes lemon color, angular and round, irregular. The +stem in our specimen was granulated like the cap.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS CHROMAPES = chrome yellow and foot.<br> +The Chrome-footed Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> tawny red, 2 to 4 inches broad, convex or nearly plane, flesh +white. Tubes almost attached (subadnate), depressed around the stem, +whitish, turning a pinkish-brown color. <b>Stem</b> equal or tapering +upward, rough whitish color, with reddish specks upon it, but chrome +yellow at the base, both outside and inside, and spongy within. Stem 2 +to 4 inches long, about ½ inch thick. This is not a hard boletus to +distinguish on account of the yellow color at +<!--png084--> +<span class="pagenum">86</span> +<a name="page86"> </a> +the base of the stem. The Boleti seem to be most abundant from the +beginning of July until early in September. There are many varieties of +beautiful colors, and they are a most interesting group, especially to +beginners. This may be partly owing to the fact that Professor Peck’s +pamphlet on “Boleti” is clearly expressed, and the descriptions so vivid +and plain that one has less trouble in naming them than any other class +of fungi.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">HYGROPHORUS MINEATUS = vermilion.<br> +The Vermilion Hygophorus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> 1 inch broad, at first vermilion color and then paler, broad, +flattened and then even, depressed in centre by the margin becoming +elevated. It is thin and fragile at first, even, smooth, and then scaly. +<b>Stem</b> from 1 to 2 inches long, slender, 1 line thick, a little +paler than the cap, equal, round, somewhat stuffed, smooth, shining. +<b>Gills</b> attached, seldom decurrent, distant, distinct, yellow +color, shaded with red. This species is very fragile. It grows in woods +or in open country, on mosses or on dead leaves. It may be cæspitose, or +grows singly from July to October.</p> + +<!--png085--> +<span class="pagenum">87</span> +<a name="page87"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">HYGROPHORUS COCCINEUS = scarlet color.<br> +The Scarlet Hygrophorus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b>, first bright scarlet and then changing to a paler hue. One +to 2 inches broad and even more, convex, plane, often unequal, obtuse, +sticky, and even, smooth, flesh of the same color as cap. <b>Stem</b> 2 +inches long, 3 to 4 lines thick, hollow, then compressed and rather +even, scarlet color like cap, but always yellow at the base. +<b>Gills</b> wholly attached, decurrent, with a tooth, distant, +connected by veins, soft, watery, when full grown, purplish at the base, +light yellow in the middle, powdery at the edge, fragile. This species +grows in pastures, and is common. It is found from August to +November.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">HYGROPHORUS PUNICEUS = blood red.<br> +The Blood-red Hygrophorus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> 2 to 4 inches broad, glittering blood scarlet, when older +becomes paler, at first bell-shaped, obtuse, commonly spread out or +lobed, irregular, even, smooth, sticky. Flesh of the same color as cap, +fragile. <b>Stem</b> 3 inches long, 1 to 1½ inch thick. Solid when +young, at length hollow, very stout, swollen in middle, thinner at +<!--png086--> +<span class="pagenum">88</span> +<a name="page88"> </a> +both ends, marked with lines and generally scaly at apex; when dry +either yellow or same color as the cap, always white at first, and often +incurved at the base. <b>Gills</b> ascending, swollen in middle, 2 to 4 +lines broad, distant, thick, white or light yellow, or yellow, and often +reddish at base. This is a very handsome species. It is found in +pastures from July to November.</p> +</div> + +<div class="color yellow"> +<h5 class="section"><a name="yellow">MUSHROOMS WITH YELLOW OR ORANGE +COLORED CAP.</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS = food.<br> +The Chantarelle.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> bright orange or egg color, first convex, and then depressed, +at length top-shaped and smooth. The margin lobed and turning under +(involute). Flesh thick and white. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 1½ inch long, +thickened upward, solid, fleshy. <b>Gills</b> running down the stem, +thick, distant, fold-like. Stevenson does not give the size of the cap, +but our specimen measured 2 inches in breadth. It had an odor like ripe +apricots, and a pleasant taste. It is often tufted in its growth. It is +found in woods from July to December. This is a very striking +<!--png087--> +<span class="pagenum">89</span> +<a name="page89"> </a> +looking mushroom and easily distinguished. It often grows in rings or +arcs of circles. (Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">HYPHOLOMA FASCICULARE = a small bundle.<br> +The Tufted Hypholoma.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a beautiful reddish color, like a peach; the disc darker, +about 2 inches broad, fleshy, thin, convex, then plane, with a slight +mound or umbo, even, smooth, dry; flesh a light yellow. <b>Stem</b> +variable in length, 2 to 9 inches long, 2 lines thick, hollow, thin, +incurved or curved, covered with fibres of same color as cap. +<b>Gills</b> adnate, very crowded, linear, somewhat liquid when mature +(deliquescent), sulphur yellow, and then becoming green, taste bitter. +It grows in crowded clusters. It is said to be poisonous.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA MUSCARIA = a fly.<br> +The Fly Amanita.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> at first red, then orange, then becoming pale, about 4 inches +broad, convex, and then flat, covered with thick fragments of volva; +margin when grown slightly marked with lines; flesh white, yellow under +the cuticle. +<!--png088--> +<span class="pagenum">90</span> +<a name="page90"> </a> +<b>Stem</b> white, sometimes yellowish, 2 inches long, torn into scales, +at first stuffed, then hollow; the attached base of the volva forms an +oval-shaped bulb, which is bordered with concentric scales, that is, +having a common centre, as a series of rings one within the other. +<b>Ring</b> very soft, torn, even, inserted at the apex of the stem, +which is often dilated. <b>Gills</b> free but reaching the stem, +decurrent, in the form of lines, crowded, broader in front, white, +rarely becoming yellow. It grows in woods from July to November. This +mushroom is easily identified by its orange-colored cap, covered with +white warts and <i>pure white stem and gills</i>. We found several +specimens in the woods, all of a most beautiful striking color. +(Poisonous.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA FROSTIANA.<br> +Frost’s Amanita.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a bright yellow, almost orange color, 1½ inch broad, convex +or expanded, covered with warts, but sometimes nearly smooth, the margin +marked with lines (striate.) <b>Gills</b> white or tinged with yellow, +free from the stem. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 3 inches long, white or yellowish, +stuffed, slender, bearing a slight evanescent +<!--png089--> +<span class="pagenum">91</span> +<a name="page91"> </a> +ring; bulbous at the base, bulb slightly margined by the volva. We found +several specimens growing in mixed woods. It is smaller than +A. muscaria, more slender, with a beautiful color.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">TRICHOLOMA EQUESTRE = a knight.<br> +The Canary Mushroom, so called from its color.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> pale yellow, 3 to 5 inches broad, darker at disc, tinged with +a brick red hue, and yellow near margin, convex, then plane, wavy, +irregular; flesh white, thick. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 2 inches long, and ½ to +⅔ inch thick, generally white, sometimes yellow, stout and solid. +<b>Gills</b> close, deeply notched near the stem, a beautiful pale +yellow color, scarcely adnexed, broad, somewhat swollen in middle. It +grows in pine woods and appears in the autumn.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">TRICHOLOMA SULPHUREUM = sulphur.<br> +The Sulphury Tricholoma.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> dingy sulphur yellow color, ½ to 4 inches broad, at first +round with a slight umbo, at length depressed, rather silky, then smooth +and even. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 4 inches long, 3 to 4 lines thick, stuffed, +somewhat equal but often curved, rather smooth, striate, sulphur yellow, +<!--png090--> +<span class="pagenum">92</span> +<a name="page92"> </a> +of same color as cap. <b>Gills</b> adnexed, narrowed behind, rather +thick, distant, distinct, brighter than the cap. This is also found in +autumn in the woods, and is quite common. It has a strange disagreeable +odor.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS = delicious.<br> +The Delicious Lactarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> orange brick color, 2 to 6 inches broad, becoming pale, +fleshy, when young depressed in centre, margin turned under (involute), +then flat and depressed, or funnel-shaped, with margin unfolded, smooth, +zoned, slightly sticky. The zones become faded in the old plants. The +flesh is whitish or tinged with yellow. <b>Stem</b> a little paler than +the cap, with spots of deeper orange, 1 to 4 inches long, ⅓ to ⅔ of an +inch thick, stuffed, then hollow, fragile. <b>Gills</b> running down the +stem (decurrent), orange color, crowded, narrow, becoming pale and green +when wounded. The milk is orange color. It grows in pine woods and in +wet, mossy swamps. It resembles the orange brown Lactarius in size and +shape, but the color is different, so we have placed it in the +orange-colored section and L. volemus in the red division of +colors.</p> + +<!--png091--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 92</i>]</span> +<a name="illus5"> </a> +<img src="images/pic092.jpg" width="436" height="323" +alt="photograph"><br> +Lactarius insulsus.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + +<!--png092--> +<span class="pagenum">93</span> +<a name="page93"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">STROPHARIA SICCAPES = dry and foot.<br> +The Dry Stropharia.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +Stropharia is taken from a Greek word meaning sword belt, referring to +its ring (Stevenson). Siccapes is from two words meaning dry and foot. +It grows on horse manure. Stevenson does not mention this species. It is +described by Mr. Peck in the State reports. <b>Cap</b> is a light +yellow, darker in the centre, ¼ inch to 1 inch broad, bell-shaped, +sticky, shiny when dry, even. <b>Stem</b> sometimes 4 inches long, +slender, straight, dry, base almost club-shaped. <b>Ring</b> scarcely +perceptible, but forming a whitish zone, shining, persistent, apex of +stem whitish, and slightly striate. <b>Gills</b> dark gray, almost +blackish, the margin paler, adfixed, thin. We found a great many in one +place, of all sizes, from 1 line across cap to 1 inch. In some specimens +the ring was wanting, but in others it was apparent.</p> + +<!--png093--> +<span class="pagenum">94</span> +<a name="page94"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">CANTHARELLUS AURANTIACUS = orange yellow.<br> +The Orange Chanterelle.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This species takes its name from its color. <b>Cap</b> is orange yellow, +2 to 3 inches broad, fleshy, soft, depressed, often eccentric, with the +stem between centre and margin, and wavy, somewhat tomentose and +involute at the margin. <b>Stem</b> 2 inches long, stuffed, and then +hollow, somewhat incurved and unequal, yellowish. <b>Gills</b> +decurrent, tense, and straight, repeatedly dividing by pairs from below +upward (dichotomous) and crowded, often crisped at base, orange color. +This species grows in woods, and is often found there during the months +of autumn. Some consider it poisonous.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CANTHARELLUS INFUNDIBULIFORMIS = funnel-shaped.<br> +The Funnel-Shaped Chantarelle.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> yellow when moist, 1 to 2 inches broad, umbilicate, then +funnel-shaped, wrinkled on the surface, at length wavy at margin. +<b>Stem</b> 2 to 3 inches long, 2 lines thick, hollow (fistulose), a +little thickened at the base, even, +<!--png094--> +<span class="pagenum">95</span> +<a name="page95"> </a> +smooth, always a light yellow. <b>Gills</b> decurrent, thick, distant, +dichotomous, straight, light yellow; when old, ash color (cinereous.) +This is found in the woods from July to October.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS HEMICHRYSUS = half and golden.<br> +The Half Golden Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +The descriptions of the Boleti are all written after comparing the +specimens we found with those described in Professor Peck’s work on +Boleti. We examined and analyzed all those placed on the list. The +descriptions written by Professor Peck are so clear and faithful to +nature that it makes the task of calling them by name much easier than +any other fungi we have studied. <b>Cap</b> bright golden yellow, 1½ to +2½ inches broad, convex plane and depressed, with minute wooly scales +(floccose squamulose), and covered with a yellow powder (pulverulent), +sometimes with cracks (rimose). Flesh thick and yellow. Tubes decurrent, +yellow, becoming brown; mouths large, angular. <b>Stem</b> short, about +1 inch long, 3 to 6 lines thick, irregular, narrowing toward the base, +sprinkled with a yellowish dust, tinged with +<!--png095--> +<span class="pagenum">96</span> +<a name="page96"> </a> +red. We found it growing on an old stump, in pine woods, in the month of +August.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS GRANULATUS = granules.<br> +The Granulated Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This Boletus varies much in color. In our specimen it was a +pinkish-yellow, and covered with yellow spots of a darker shade. We +found it in all sizes, from 2 to 4 inches broad. <b>Cap</b> was convex, +nearly plane, viscid when moist. It became more of a yellow color when +it was dry. Flesh pale yellow. The tubes were adnate, short and +yellowish. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 2 inches long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Some were +united in tufts (cæspitose), others were gregarious (in groups) or +solitary. They grew on the edge of pine woods, and near the roadside. +The stem was dotted in the upper part with glandules and was pale +yellow.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS CYANESCENS = bright blue.<br> +The Bluing Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a light pale brownish-yellow, or a light yellow color +(alutaceous), 2 to 5 inches broad, with minute wooly scales, convex or +nearly plane. Flesh white, changing quickly to blue +<!--png096--> +<span class="pagenum">97</span> +<a name="page97"> </a> +when cut. Tubes free, white, afterward yellow; mouths small, round. +Tubes change also to a bluish-green when bruised. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 4 +inches long, ¾ to ½ inch thick, swollen in the middle (ventricose), +covered with a bloom (pruinose), stuffed and then hollow, tapering +toward the apex, colored like the cap. This is a very easy Boletus to +distinguish from others, and interesting to the beginner on account of +the striking and beautiful change of color. Found in hemlock and pine +woods toward the end of August.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PHOLIOTA ADIPOSA = fat.<br> +The Stout Pholiota.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> bright yellowish or orange color, 3 to 7 inches broad, +convex, then flattened, gibbous, that is, more convex on one side than +on the other; viscid, covered with woolly (floccose) scales, which often +separate. Flesh whitish. <b>Stem</b> 3 to 6 inches long, ½ to 1 inch +thick, solid, large at base, first white and then light yellow, with +darker scales. <b>Ring</b> yellow, and then ironrust color +(ferruginous.) <b>Gills</b> adnate, slightly rounded, broad at first, +yellow +<!--png097--> +<span class="pagenum">98</span> +<a name="page98"> </a> +and then darker. We were driving through a thick woods when we saw the +bright yellow cap of this mushroom peering among the bushes. There was +no apparent ring and few scales except on the margin. It was irregularly +shaped, fleshy and thick. It was not a typical specimen, and a beginner +would have found it difficult to name. The then recent hard rains had +washed nearly all the scales from the cap, and the ring was hardly to be +seen. It grew on the trunk of a tree in the month of September. Not +edible.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PHOLIOTA SPECTABILIS = showy.<br> +The Showy Pholiota.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This Pholiota was found much later in the season. <b>Cap</b> is from 2 +to 5 inches broad, a golden yellow, then growing paler, fleshy, torn +into squamules, dry, flesh thick, hard, sulphur yellow. <b>Stem</b> +about 3 inches long and 1 inch thick, solid, hard, swollen in the +middle, and extending into a spindle-shaped root. It is sometimes smooth +and shining and sometimes scaly, sulphur yellow color and mealy +<i>above</i> the ring. <b>Gills</b> adnate, crowded, narrow, at first +pure yellow and afterward ironrust color. Gills +<!--png098--> +<span class="pagenum">99</span> +<a name="page99"> </a> +have sometimes a small decurrent tooth (Stevenson), but our specimen had +none. It grew together (cæspitose) on a stump. Not edible.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">MARASMIUS OREADES = a mountain nymph.<br> +The Fairy Ring Mushroom.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> when young and moist is of a pale yellowish-red, but fades +when dry to pale yellow. It is from 1 to 2 inches broad, fleshy, tough, +convex, then plane, somewhat umbonate, even, smooth, slightly striate at +margin when moist. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 2 inches long and less than ¼ inch +thick; slender, solid, tough, equal, sometimes cartilaginous, straight, +covered with a close woven skin that can be rubbed off. <b>Gills</b> +free or slightly attached, whitish or creamy yellow, broad, distant, the +alternate ones shorter, rounded, or deeply notched at inner end. These +mushrooms grow in circles and are called fairy rings. They are found +chiefly on lawns and pastures from May till October. We saw one specimen +in October. It grew in a waste lot at Kaighn’s Point, Camden, N. J. +It was solitary, of a brownish-yellow color, the cap 1 inch broad, and +the stem 1 inch long. It was growing amidst some ballast plants, the +only mushroom there.</p> + +<!--png099--> +<span class="pagenum">100</span> +<a name="page100"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">COPRINUS MICACEUS = mica.<br> +The Glistening Coprinus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> varies from buff to tawny yellow, 1 to 2 inches broad, +bell-shaped (campanulate) or conical (cone-shaped), thin, marked with +lengthwise lines, which extend half-way up from the margin. The disc is +even and is more highly colored. It is often sprinkled with shiny atoms +when young. <b>Gills</b> at first whitish, then brown or black. +<b>Stem</b> 1 to 3 inches long, slender, hollow and white. The spores +are dark brown. We found it in great numbers growing on the ground +amidst the grass in September and October. It may be seen as early as +April. It is a pretty species. (Edible.)</p> +</div> + +<!--png100--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 100</i>]</span> +<a name="illus6"> </a> +<img src="images/pic100.jpg" width="434" height="320" +alt="photograph"><br> +Amanita vaginata.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + + +<div class="color gray"> +<h5 class="section"><a name="gray">MUSHROOMS WITH GRAY COLORED +CAP.</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA STROBILIFORMIS = a pine cone.<br> +The Warted Amanita.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> light gray, or dingy white when young; 7 to 9 inches broad +when expanded fully. It is covered with large pyramidal, persistent +warts. The margin is even, and extends beyond the gills. Flesh firm and +white. <b>Stem</b> 6 to 8 inches long, 1 to 3 inches thick, solid, +<!--png101--> +<span class="pagenum">101</span> +<a name="page101"> </a> +scaly, tapering upward, with a bulbous base and marked with a series of +rings near the root, which extends deep into the ground. <b>Ring</b> +large, torn. <b>Gills</b> white, free, rounded near the stem, ⅜ inch +broad. This is said to be rather rare. We found it twice in August +growing solitary on the roadside in the grass. It was large-sized, +measuring 7 inches across cap, of a grayish-white color, with prominent +warts; the stem was mealy, the volva was large. It was marked with +distinct rings near the base. When kept many hours the smell becomes +disagreeable. The name is given on account of the shape of the warts, +which are conspicuous.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA VAGINATA = a sheath.<br> +The Sheathed Mushroom.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> gray, mouse color, sometimes slate-colored gray, and even +brownish, 2 to 4 inches broad. It is thin and fragile, convex, and then +nearly flat, with a slight mound or umbo, but sometimes none. It is +deeply striate or grooved (sulcate) on the margin. <b>Stem</b> is white +and often covered with mealy particles. It is slender, either hollow or +stuffed, 3 to 5 inches long, ⅓ to ½ inch thick. It is +<!--png102--> +<span class="pagenum">102</span> +<a name="page102"> </a> +not bulbous, but is sheathed quite high in a loose, soft wrapper, the +remains of the volva. There is no ring. <b>Gills</b> are whitish, free +from the stem, and rounded. It is easily broken. There are several +varieties (Peck). In one the plant is white, Var. alba. In Var. livida +the cap is a leaden brownish color, and in the Var. fulva the cap is +tawny yellow and ochraceous. The mouse-colored form is the most common. +We found many specimens in July and August.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CORTINARIUS CORRUGATUS = wrinkled.<br> +The Wrinkled Cortinarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> gray, with a pinkish-yellowish tint, 2 inches broad, +campanulate, sticky, broken up into squamules, pellicle scaling, margin +thin. <b>Stem</b> slender, 5 inches long, shiny, mealy at apex, slightly +bulbous. <b>Gills</b> gray color, adnexed, distant, ventricose. This is +a pretty mushroom. The shade of color of the pileus is delicate. We +found it in August in the woods.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS FELLEUS = bitter.<br> +The Bitter Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This Boletus varies much in color; our plant was a brownish-gray, a +dingy color. <b>Cap</b> 3 +<!--png103--> +<span class="pagenum">103</span> +<a name="page103"> </a> +to 8 inches broad, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, even, flesh white, +turning to flesh or pink color when wounded. Taste bitter, tubes adnate, +long, depressed around the stem, crowded. <b>Stem</b> variable, 2 to 4 +inches long, about ½ to 1 inch thick, equal or tapering, reticulated +above, bulbous or enlarged at base, a little paler than the pileus. The +Boleti we found grew in great numbers, in different localities, and were +of all sizes. The color of the reticulations was a brownish-gray.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS GRISEUS = gray.<br> +The Gray Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> dark gray, 2 to 4 inches broad, broadly convex, smooth, soft, +silky, flesh whitish. Tubes adnate, slightly depressed, mouths small. +<b>Stem</b> 2 to 4 inches long, 3 to 6 lines thick, yellowish, much +reticulated, sometimes reddish toward the base. Our plant was of a +brownish color at base, and grew in the month of September.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PSALLIOTA CAMPESTRIS = a field.<br> +The Common Mushroom.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +There are several edible species of the genus Psalliota, chiefly the +Field or Common Mushroom, +<!--png104--> +<span class="pagenum">104</span> +<a name="page104"> </a> +which is constantly seen on our tables. <b>Cap</b> varies from white and +gray to brown. It is 2 to 4 inches broad, fleshy, convex, then +flattened, dry, sometimes covered with silky fibrils, and when old +smooth. The margin of the cap generally extends beyond the gills. Flesh +white. <b>Stem</b> rather short, 1 to 3 inches long, ⅓ to ⅔ inch thick, +white or whitish, slender, stuffed and then hollow, nearly even. +<b>Ring</b> distant, simple. <b>Gills</b> free, ventricose, narrowing at +both ends, thin, first a pink color, then afterward brown or +blackish-brown. It grows in rich pastures or in meadows, and is found in +autumn. It has a most delicious flavor.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">AGARICUS PLACOMYCES.<br> +The Flat-capped Mushroom.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a whitish-gray, about 3 inches broad, convex, and then +expanded and flat. It is covered with small, distinct, brown, persistent +scales, except on the disc, where they are so close together that they +appear of a brown color. <b>Stem</b> is long and slender, 3 inches and +more, stuffed and then hollow, equal and bulbous at the base. It is +whitish, but sometimes has yellowish stains toward the base. +<b>Gills</b> +<!--png105--> +<span class="pagenum">105</span> +<a name="page105"> </a> +are first white, then pink, and lastly a blackish-brown. It grows under +trees, and is found in summer and autumn.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">COPRINTUS ATRAMENTARIUS = ink.<br> +The Inky Coprinus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> gray or grayish-brown, smooth, except a slight scaly +appearance on the disc. It is silky near the margin, and the margin is +irregular. When young it is often egg-shaped. <b>Gills</b> crowded, +whitish, soon becoming brown and then deliquescent. <b>Stem</b> smooth, +hollow, white. It grows in clusters until late in the autumn. We found +our plants on a lawn in great profusion in the month of October.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PLUTEUS CERVINUS = a deer.<br> +The Fawn-colored Pluteus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> about 3 inches broad, whitish-gray color, at first +bell-shaped, then expanded, smooth, even, but afterward broken up into +fibrils, margin entire; flesh soft, white. <b>Stem</b> 3 to 6 inches +long, nearly equal and solid, whitish, striate with black fibrils. +<b>Gills</b> rounded behind, free, crowded, ventricose, white, then +flesh color as the spores mature. This is a common species, appearing +early in the season—April +<!--png106--> +<span class="pagenum">106</span> +<a name="page106"> </a> +to November. It usually grows from stumps and old logs. It can be easily +known by its gills, being quite free from the stem, where it joins the +pileus.</p> +</div> + +<div class="color green"> +<h5 class="section"><a name="green">MUSHROOMS WITH A GREEN COLORED +CAP.</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">RUSSULA VIRESCENS = green.<br> +The Greenish Russula.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> of a grayish-green color. It is 2 to 4 inches broad, dry and +broken up into small warts, the margin straight, obtuse, even; flesh +white. <b>Stem</b> 2 inches long and ½ inch thick, solid, spongy inside, +firm, white, sometimes marked with lines (rivulose.) <b>Gills</b> free, +whitish, narrowed toward the stem, somewhat crowded, sometimes equal and +forked, with a few shorter ones between. It is easily distinguished by +the dull green pileus, being without a cuticle, and scaly in the form of +patches. It is found in woods in July and September. We have not seen a +specimen of R. virescens, so have used Stevenson’s description. +Edible, taste mild.</p> + +<!--png107--> +<span class="pagenum">107</span> +<a name="page107"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">RUSSULA FURCATA = a fork.<br> +The Forked Russula.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> from 3 to 5 inches broad, of an olive green color, sometimes +greenish umber, covered with a silky bloom, fleshy, gibbous, then +plano-depressed and funnel-shaped, cuticle here and there separable; +margin at first inflexed, then spreading. Flesh firm, thick, white. +<b>Stem</b> 2 to 3 inches long, solid, firm, stout, white. <b>Gills</b> +adnato-decurrent, thick, distant, broad, narrowed at both ends, often +forked, white. Our specimen was 5 inches broad, and the margin slightly +striate, and when the cuticle was removed it was purplish underneath. It +was found in August, in woods. Poisonous, taste bitter.</p> +</div> + +<div class="color white"> +<h5 class="section"><a name="white">MUSHROOMS WITH WHITE COLORED +CAP.</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA VIROSA = poison.<br> +The Poisonous Amanita.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> shining white, from 2½ to 4 inches broad, fleshy, at first +conical and acute, afterward bell-shaped and expanded, viscous in wet +weather, shining when dry, margin even, sometimes unequal, spreading and +inflexed, flesh +<!--png108--> +<span class="pagenum">108</span> +<a name="page108"> </a> +white. <b>Stem</b> 4 to 6 inches long, wholly stuffed, almost solid, +split up into lengthwise fibrils, cylindrical from a bulbous base, +surface torn into scales, springing from a loose, thick, wide volva +which bursts open at apex. <b>Ring</b> large, loose, silky, splitting +into pieces. <b>Gills</b> free, thin, a little broader toward margin, +crowded, not decurrent, though the stem is sometimes striate. This is a +poisonous species, but striking in appearance from the shining white of +the whole fungus. Found in the woods in August.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA PHALLOIDES = appearance, phallus-like.<br> +The Death Cup.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This species is considered the most deadly of all the poisonous +mushrooms, and yet it is one of the most beautiful. We place it in the +section of white-colored mushrooms, though the cap is sometimes tinged +with light yellow and delicate green. <b>Cap</b> 2 to 4 inches broad, +ovate, campanulate, then spreading, obtuse, with a cuticle, sticky in +moist weather, rarely sprinkled with one or two fragments of the volva, +the margin regular, even. <b>Stem</b> 3 to 5 inches long, ½ inch thick, +solid, bulbous and tapering upward, smooth, white. <b>Ring</b> superior, +<!--png109--> +<span class="pagenum">109</span> +<a name="page109"> </a> +reflexed, slightly striate, swollen, white. Volva more or less buried in +the ground, bursting open in a torn manner at the apex, with a loose +border. <b>Gills</b> free, ventricose, 4 lines broad, shining white. +This species, as well as A. virosa, has a fetid odor when kept. We +found it oftener than any other species of Amanita.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">AMANITA NITIDA = to shine.<br> +The Shining Amanita.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> whitish, 3 to 4 inches broad, somewhat compact, at first +hemispherical, covered with angular, adhering warts, which become a dark +color (fuscous.) It is dry, shining, the margin even; flesh white. +<b>Stem</b> 3 inches long, 1 inch thick, solid, firm, with a bulb-shaped +base, scaly, white. <b>Ring</b> superior, thin, torn, slightly striate, +covered with soft weak hairs beneath, which at length disappear. +<b>Gills</b> free, crowded, wide, nearly ½ inch broad, ventricose, +shining white. This was also found in August. There is nothing more +beautiful than these white poisonous Amanitas.</p> + +<!--png110--> +<span class="pagenum">110</span> +<a name="page110"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">LEPIOTA NAUCINOIDES = a nut shell.<br> +The Smooth Lepiota.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a clear white, with sometimes a brownish tint on the disc, 2 +to 4 inches broad, smooth. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 3 inches long, ¼ to ⅓ inch +thick, growing thicker toward the base, as if it had a bulb, white, +hollow, but stuffed with a cottony pith. <b>Gills</b> white, when old +they assume a pinkish-brownish hue. <b>Ring</b> has a thick, external +edge, but its inner edge is so thin that it often breaks from the stem +and becomes movable. It is found in the fields, by roadsides, or in the +woods, from August to November. We have not seen a specimen of this +mushroom, which is said to be nearly equal to the common mushroom in +edible qualities. It is considered to resemble it also in appearance, +but Professor Peck says the different color of the gills when the plants +are both young will distinguish them, and the thin collar and stuffed +stem of L. naucinoides is also different from thick-edged ring and +hollow stem of A. campestris. (Psalliota.)</p> + +<!--png111--> +<span class="pagenum">111</span> +<a name="page111"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">LACTARIUS PIPERATUS = peppery.<br> +The Peppery Lactarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> white, 4 to 9 inches broad, fleshy, rigid, depressed in +centre when young, reflexed margin, at first involute, when full grown +the surface becomes funnel-shaped and regular, even, smooth, without +zones; flesh white. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 2 inches long, 1 to 2 inches thick, +solid, obese, equal or obconical, slightly covered with powder +(pruinose), white. <b>Gills</b> decurrent, crowded, narrow, scarcely +broader than one line, obtuse at edge, regularly dividing by pairs from +below upward (dichotomous), curved like a bow (arcuate), then all +extended upward in a straight line, white, with occasional yellow spots. +The milk white, unchangeable, plentiful, and acrid. This is common in +woods. The cap in one of our specimens turned yellow when old, and was +slightly striate at the margin; it was dry and thick and had no odor. +The flesh had a whitish-brownish tinge where the cuticle was peeled off. +Found it <i>only</i> in August.</p> + +<!--png112--> +<span class="pagenum">112</span> +<a name="page112"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">LACTARIUS VELLEREUS = fleece.<br> +The Fleecy Lactarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> white, 5 to 7 inches broad, fleshy, compact, convex, +saucer-shaped, the margin for a long time sloping downward, with short, +downy hairs (pubescent), dry, zoneless. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 3 inches long, +1 to 1½ inch thick, stout, solid, equal, covered with innate, thin +pubescence. <b>Gills</b> arcuate, adnato-decurrent, rather thick, acute +at the edge, somewhat distant, rather broad, connected by branches, +pallid, watery, white. Milk scanty, white, very bitter. It is not said +to be edible. The cap tends to become a pallid, reddish tan. This +description is partially taken from Stevenson. The specimen we found had +the margin revolute, it was 2½ inches broad, and the stem 2 inches long. +The flesh was white and the cap was turning a brownish color. The stem +slightly tapered toward the base. The milk was scanty and peppery. Found +in the beginning of August in the woods. It resembles +L. piperatus.</p> + +<!--png113--> +<span class="pagenum">113</span> +<a name="page113"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS ALBUS = white.<br> +The White Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> white, from 1½ to 3 inches broad, convex, viscid when moist, +flesh white or yellowish, tubes small, nearly round (subrotund), adnate, +whitish, becoming ochraceous. <b>Stem</b> 1½ to 3 inches long, 3 to 5 +lines thick, equal, white, sometimes tinged with pink near the base. We +found only one specimen of the white Boletus in August. It grew in the +woods. The flesh became yellow and the stem was 1¼ inch long, and it +slightly tapered toward the base.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PLEUROTUS ULMARIUS = elm.<br> +The Elm Pleurotus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +The word pleurotus is taken from two Greek words, meaning a side and an +ear. It is given on account of the stem growing in a lateral or +eccentric manner. The Elm Pleurotus, so called from growing on elm +trees, is considered edible. Our specimen had the <i>cap</i> whitish, +but stained in the centre with a rusty yellowish color, 3 to 5 inches +broad, thick, firm, smooth, convex, then plane. The skin was cracked in +a tessellated manner. Flesh was +<!--png114--> +<span class="pagenum">114</span> +<a name="page114"> </a> +firm and white. <b>Stem</b> white, 2 to 4 inches long, 1½ to ¾ inch +thick, firm, smooth, a little hairy at the base, and attached +eccentrically to the cap. <b>Gills</b> white with a yellow hue, broad, +rounded near the stem, slightly adnexed and not crowded. It was found in +October, and is not common.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS = agreeable to taste.<br> +The Palatable Pleurotus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This species generally grows in clusters with the stem united at the +base. Our specimen grew on a maple tree. The plants protruded from a +large crack in the trunk of a tree, about four feet above the ground, +and grew one above the other. They had not attained their full growth. +During former seasons they had been seen of a large size. <b>Pileus</b> +is from 2 to 5 inches broad, grayish-white, smooth. <b>Caps</b> often +overlap one another. Flesh is white. Gills broad, whitish, decurrent, +and often slightly connected by oblique branches. <b>Stem</b> is +generally short and lateral. It grew in October. Professor Peck says +that in edible qualities it resembles the oyster mushroom, +P. ostreatus.</p> +</div> + +<div class="color brown"> +<!--png115--> +<span class="pagenum">115</span> +<a name="page115"> </a> +<h5 class="section"><a name="brown">MUSHROOMS WITH THE CAP BROWN AND +VARIOUS SHADES OF BROWN.</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">CORTINARIUS CINNAMOMEUS = cinnamon.<br> +The Cinnamon-colored Cortinarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a golden brown or bright cinnamon color, 1½ to 4 inches +broad, umbonate, silky, shining, squamulose, with yellowish fibrils, and +then smooth. <b>Stem</b> 2 inches long, stuffed and then hollow, thin, +equal, tapering toward the base, yellowish color, as also are the flesh +and the veil. <b>Gills</b> adnate, broad, crowded, shining reddish-brown +color. Our specimen had beautiful reddish-colored gills, Var. +semisanguineus (Peck). It grows in woods from August to November.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">COLLYBIA ACERVATA = a heap.<br> +The Tufted Collybia.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +The name of the species is derived from a Latin word meaning a heap, so +called from the habit of growth. (Stevenson.) <b>Cap</b> tan brown +color, 2 to 3 inches broad, flesh color when moist, whitish when dry, +convex, then flattened, obtuse or gibbous, margin at first involute, +then flattened and slightly striate. +<!--png116--> +<span class="pagenum">116</span> +<a name="page116"> </a> +<b>Stem</b><b></b> 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 2 lines thick, very hollow +(fistulose), rigid, fragile, slightly tapering upward, rarely +compressed, very smooth, except the base, even, color brown or +reddish-brown. <b>Gills</b> are at first adnexed, soon free, crowded, +linear, narrow, plane, flesh color and then whitish. It grows in tufts +(cæspitose). The stems are sometimes white, tomentose at the base. +Stevenson says the cap is flesh color, but our specimen was of a pale or +tan brown color, less than 2 inches broad; when moist it was much paler. +Found in mixed woods in September.</p> + +<!--png117--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 116</i>]</span> +<a name="illus7"> </a> +<img src="images/pic116.jpg" width="328" height="272" +alt="photograph"><br> +Psathyrella disseminata.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PSATHYRELLA DISSEMINATA = scattered.<br> +The Widely-spread Psathyrella.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a light-colored yellowish-brown, changing into an ash color; +the disc with a yellowish shade; of an oval shape, then bell-shaped, and +marked with lines, almost sulcate. The margin does not extend beyond the +gills. It is a small mushroom, measuring from 2 or 3 lines across the +cap to 1 inch. <b>Stem</b> about 1 inch long or more, fragile, hollow, +sometimes curved and bending, smooth and light-colored. <b>Gills</b> +adnate, rather broad, slightly narrowed at both +<!--png118--> +<span class="pagenum">117</span> +<a name="page117"> </a> +ends, at first whitish and then turning a brownish color. The plants +vary greatly in height and size, are sometimes cæspitose and at other +times scattered. The disc in some specimens was slightly raised in the +middle, almost umbonate. It was found about stumps and on the ground, at +the end of May, in mixed woods. It soon withers, but does not melt into +fluid.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">HYPHOLOMA CAPNOIDES = smoke.<br> +The Gray-gilled Mushroom.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> is reddish-brown, 1 to 3 inches broad, fleshy, convex, then +flattened, obtuse, dry, smooth. The margin in our specimen was slightly +revolute. Flesh white. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 3 inches long, 2 to 4 lines +thick, growing together at the base (connate), hollow, equal, often +curved, becoming silky, even, whitish at apex, and here and there +striate. <b>Gills</b> gray color, adnate, easily separating, rather +broad, waxy. The name is given on account of the smoke-colored gills. It +is not common, and is generally found on or about stumps in the +autumn.</p> + +<!--png119--> +<span class="pagenum">118</span> +<a name="page118"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">HYPHOLOMA PERPLEXUM = perplexing.<br> +The Perplexing Hypholoma.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> brownish and turning to yellow, 1 to 3 inches broad and +slightly umbonate, flesh whitish. <b>Stem</b> nearly equal, 2 to 3 +inches long, 2 to 4 lines thick, firm, hollow, slightly fibrillose, +whitish or yellowish above, reddish-brown below. <b>Gills</b> thin, +close, slightly rounded at inner end, at first pale yellow, then tinged +with green, finally purplish-brown. Taste mild. It grows in clusters. We +found it both on and around old stumps, in the woods. It is sometimes +solitary. (Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">COLLYBIA DRYOPHILA = oak-loving.<br> +The Oak-loving Collybia.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> tan color, often varying in color, ½ inch broad, thin, +convex, nearly plane, sometimes with margin elevated, irregular, smooth, +flesh white. <b>Stem</b> equal or thickened at base, 1 to 2 inches long, +1 to 2 lines broad, cartilaginous, smooth, hollow, yellowish, or reddish +like the cap. <b>Gills</b> narrow, crowded, adnexed or nearly free, +whitish. This little mushroom we found in a thick woods late in +September, growing +<!--png120--> +<span class="pagenum">119</span> +<a name="page119"> </a> +among dead leaves. There were oak trees all around and a great many +pines. The weather had been rainy, and it was pale-colored and looked +water-soaked.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">TRICHOLOMA IMBRICATA = a tile.<br> +The Imbricated Tricholoma.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> reddish-brown, 3 inches broad, thick, fleshy, broadly convex, +and then flattened, obtuse, dry, continuous at disc, but torn into +scales and fibrillose toward the margin; flesh firm, white. <b>Stem</b> +solid, stout, sometimes short, and conico-bulbous, 1½ to 2 inches long, +and as much as 1 inch thick, sometimes longer and almost equal; white at +apex. <b>Gills</b> slightly emarginate, almost adnate, somewhat crowded, +about 3 inches broad, wholly white when young, at length reddish. It +grows either scattered or in groups. It is found in pine woods in +September and November.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS ORNATIPES = ornate and foot.<br> +The Ornate-stemmed Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> 2 to 5 inches broad, yellowish-brown, convex, dry, firm, +glabrous or minutely tomentose, flesh yellow or pale yellow. +<b>Tubes</b> adnate, +<!--png121--> +<span class="pagenum">120</span> +<a name="page120"> </a> +plane or concave, the mouths small or middle size, a clear yellow. +<b>Stem</b> 2 to 4 inches long, 4 to 6 lines broad, subequal, distinctly +and beautifully reticulated, yellow without and within. In woods and +open places.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS BREVIPES = short and foot.<br> +The Short-stemmed Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> dark chestnut color, 1½ to 2½ inches broad, thick, convex, +covered with a tough gluten, margin inflexed, flesh white or yellowish. +<b>Tubes</b> short, nearly plane, adnate, or slightly depressed around +the stem, small, white and afterward dingy ochraceous. <b>Stem</b> ½ to +1 inch long, 3 to 5 lines thick, whitish, very short, not dotted, or +rarely with a few inconspicuous dots at the edge. This plant was found +in October, and looked as if it rested upon the ground, the stem was so +short; the cap was covered with gluten.</p> + +<!--png122--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 120</i>]</span> +<a name="illus8"> </a> +<img src="images/pic120.jpg" width="324" height="416" +alt="photograph"><br> +Lepiota procera.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + +<h6 class="boldf">LEPIOTA PROCERA = tall.<br> +The Tall Lepiota.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> reddish-brown, 3 to 6 inches broad, fleshy; when young +egg-shaped, and then campanulate, and flattening out with a broad, +<!--png123--> +<span class="pagenum">121</span> +<a name="page121"> </a> +obtuse umbo. The cuticle breaks up into brownish scales, close near the +centre, but sometimes wanting at the margin. The centre or umbo is +darker colored; flesh dry, tough and white. <b>Stem</b> ½ inch thick, +and 5 to 10 inches long; it is straight or a little bent, swollen or +bulbous at base, sometimes variegated with brownish scales; deeply sunk +at apex into the cup of the pileus; hollow or stuffed. <b>Ring</b> +distinct from the stem, continuous with cuticle of pileus when young. It +becomes free when the cap is expanded, and is then movable and +persistent. <b>Gills</b> far remote from the stem, with a broad +plano-depressed cartilaginous collar, crowded, ventricose, broader in +front, soft, whitish, sometimes becoming dusky at the edge. The gills +vary in color. This mushroom is a handsome species and is quite common +in woods and pastures. (Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS EDULIS = edible.<br> +The Edible Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> varies sometimes in color (our specimen was brown). It is +often a tawny light brown, paler at the margin, 4 to 6 inches broad, +flesh white or yellowish, tinged with red under the +<!--png124--> +<span class="pagenum">122</span> +<a name="page122"> </a> +cuticle. <b>Tubes</b> convex, nearly free, long, <b>minute</b>, round, +white, then yellow and greenish. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 6 inches long, 6 to 18 +lines thick, straight or bending, subequal or bulbous, short, more or +less reticulated, especially above, whitish, pale reddish or brown. +Found in August. Our specimen was small, the stem only 1½ inch long. +(Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS SCABER = rough.<br> +The Scabrous-stemmed Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> varies in color, 1 to 5 inches broad, yellowish tan color, +smooth, viscid when moist, at length rivulose. Tubes free, convex, +white, then dingy color, mouths of tubes very small and round. +<b>Stem</b> 3 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines thick, solid, tapering +above, roughened with fibrous scales. We found two or three varieties of +this Boletus, which seems to grow everywhere in great abundance, in +summer and autumn, in woods and in open places. One variety was of a +yellowish tan color, Var. alutaceus, in another the flesh changed +slightly to pinkish when wounded, Var. mutabilis (Peck). (Edible.)</p> + +<!--png125--> +<span class="pagenum">123</span> +<a name="page123"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS CASTANEUS = chestnut.<br> +The Chestnut Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a chestnut color, brown or reddish brown, 1½ to 3 inches +broad, convex, nearly plane or depressed, firm, even, dry, minutely +velvety (tomentose), flesh white. <b>Tubes</b> free, short, small, +white, becoming yellow. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 2½ inches long, 3 to 5 lines +thick, equal or tapering upward, even, stuffed or hollow, colored like +the cap. This is one of the prettiest of the Boleti. The bright chestnut +color of the pileus forms a contrast with the white tubes, and makes it +striking in appearance. We found it on several occasions, as it is +common in woods. There are differences of opinion in regard to its being +edible.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS CHRYSENTERON = golden.<br> +The Golden Flesh Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> dark brown or reddish-brown, 1 to 3 inches broad, convex or +plane, soft, covered with woolly scales, sometimes marked with lines, +flesh yellow, red beneath the cuticle, often slowly changing to blue +when wounded, mouths large, angular, unequal. <b>Stem</b> 1 to 3 inches +<!--png126--> +<span class="pagenum">124</span> +<a name="page124"> </a> +long, 3 to 6 lines thick, rigid, fibrous, striate, equal, reddish or +pale yellow. This species is variable. We found one where the flesh was +white, another where the tubes changed finally to green, and one that +had an olive tint in the pileus.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS ILLUDENS = deceiving.<br> +The Deceiving Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> yellow or olive brown, 3 inches broad, plane, dry, marked +with areoles, that is, the surface is broken up into little areas or +patches. Flesh thick, white, red under cuticle. <b>Tubes</b> +greenish-yellow, turning dark green, adnato-decurrent, that is, broadly +attached to the stem and running down it, ⅛ inch long. <b>Stem</b> 2½ +inches long, stuffed with brownish fibres, reticulated near apex, paler +color than cap, curved.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS PACHYPUS = thick.<br> +The Thick-stemmed Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> tan color, 4 to 8 inches broad, convex, somewhat covered with +long, soft hairs pressed closely to surface, subtomentose; flesh thick, +whitish, changing slightly to blue. <b>Tubes</b> rather long, depressed +around the stem, mouths +<!--png127--> +<span class="pagenum">125</span> +<a name="page125"> </a> +round, pale yellow, at length tinged with green. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 4 +inches long, thick, firm, reticulated, at first ovate, bulbous, then +lengthened, equal, tinted pale yellow and red. The stem in the specimen +was ¼ inch thick, swelling from apex downward, but it often measures 2 +inches in thickness. This Boletus is considered poisonous.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS SUBTOMENTOSUS = almost velvety.<br> +The Yellow-cracked Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> dark brown, 1 to 4 inches broad, convex or nearly plane, +soft, dry, covered with soft, weak, appressed hairs, almost olivaceous, +of the same color beneath the cuticle, often marked with cracks and +divided into little patches; flesh white or pallid. <b>Tubes</b> adnate, +or depressed around the <b>stem</b>, yellow, mouths large, angular. +<b>Stem</b> 1 to 2½ inches long, 2 to 5 lines thick, stout, somewhat +ribbed, or scurfy, with minute dots. The cap varies in color, it may be +yellowish-brown. We found the dark brown species growing on decaying +wood, in pine woods, during the month of September.</p> + +<!--png128--> +<span class="pagenum">126</span> +<a name="page126"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS PIPERATUS = peppery.<br> +The Peppery Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> reddish-brown or ochraceous, 1 to 3 inches broad, convex or +nearly plane, smooth, slightly viscid when moist, flesh white or +yellowish, taste acrid, peppery. <b>Tubes</b> long, large, unequal, +plane or convex, adnate or nearly decurrent, reddish, ferruginous. +<b>Stem</b> 1½ to 3 inches long, 2 to 4 lines thick, slender, almost +equal, tawny yellow; at the base a bright yellow. The cap in our +specimen was marked with cracks and patches, and the margin obtuse. The +stem was rather curved, and the same color as the cap. Flesh yellow. +Tubes a dark-reddish, decided color, which makes it a striking-looking +mushroom. Taste peppery.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS SORDIDUS = dingy.<br> +The Dingy-colored Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> a dingy, dark brown, about 2 inches broad, flesh white, +tinged with red. <b>Tubes</b> long, nearly free, ⅜ inch long, white, +turning a dark bluish-green. <b>Stem</b> tapering toward apex, 2½ inches +long, curved, solid, ½ inch thick, brownish, marked with darker streaks. +The +<!--png129--> +<span class="pagenum">127</span> +<a name="page127"> </a> +mouths of tubes were angular, and the stem striate in our specimen. +Found in the woods in August.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS SUBLUTEUS = almost, and yellow.<br> +The Small Yellow Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> brownish yellow, 1½ to 3 inches broad, convex or nearly +plane, viscid or glutinous when moist, often obscurely streaked +(virgate). Flesh whitish or dull yellowish. <b>Tubes</b> plane or +convex, adnate, small, nearly round, yellow, becoming ochraceous. +<b>Stem</b> 1½ to 2½ inches long, 2 to 4 lines thick, equal, slender, +pale or yellowish, dotted above and below the ring with reddish, +brownish, moist, or sticky dots (glandules). <b>Ring</b> almost soft, +glutinous, at first concealing the tubes, then collapsing and forming a +narrow whitish or brownish band around the stem. Our Boletus had a +brownish ring. The cap was covered with a sticky, skin-like layer, +called the pellicle or cuticle, both terms having the same meaning.</p> + +<!--png130--> +<span class="pagenum">128</span> +<a name="page128"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">BOLETUS AFFINIS = related.<br> +The Related Boletus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> reddish-brown, fading to yellow, 2 to 4 inches broad, convex +above and almost plane, nearly smooth, flesh white. <b>Tubes</b> plane +or convex, adnate or slightly compressed around the stem, at first white +and stuffed, then yellowish, turning to rusty ochraceous when wounded. +<b>Stem</b> 1½ to 3 inches long, 4 to 8 lines thick, nearly equal, even, +smooth, paler than the cap. Our specimen had a few yellowish spots on +the cap, and is called Var. maculosus. (Edible.)</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PAXILLUS LEPTOPUS = thin and a foot.<br> +The Thin-stemmed Paxillus.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +This is the only specimen of the genus Paxillus that we have found. +There is another species, P. involutus, which Professor Peck says +is edible. Stevenson says that P. leptopus is a remarkable species, +that it is distinguished from P. involutus by having the gills +simple at the base, not united by interlacing or transverse veins +(anastomosing). <b>Cap</b> was a light brownish-yellow; it varies from +1½ to 3 inches in +<!--png132--> +<span class="pagenum">129</span> +<a name="page129"> </a> +breadth, eccentric or lateral, depressed in the middle, dry, covered +with dense down, soon torn into scales, which are a dingy yellow. Flesh +yellow. <b>Stem</b> short, scarcely 1 inch, tapering downward, yellow +inside. <b>Gills</b> decurrent, tense and straight, crowded, narrow, +yellowish, then darker in color. It was growing on the ground in +September.</p> +</div> + +<!--png131--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 128</i>]</span> +<a name="illus9"> </a> +<img src="images/pic128.jpg" width="443" height="648" +alt="painting"> +</p> + +<table class="nospace"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="caption"> +1. Boletus edulis.</p> +<p class="caption"> +2. Hypholoma perplexum.</p> +<p class="caption"> +3. Marasmius rotula.</p> +<p class="caption"> +4. Calostoma cinnebarinus.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="color purple"> +<h5 class="section"><a name="purple">MUSHROOMS WITH PURPLE OR +VIOLET-COLORED CAP.</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">CORTINARIUS ALBO-VIOLACEOUS = white and violet.<br> +The Violet-colored Cortinarius.</h6> + +<p class="color"> +<b>Cap</b> whitish-violet, 2 to 3 inches broad, fleshy, convex, broadly +umbonate or gibbous, dry, beautifully silky and becoming even; flesh +juicy, a bluish-white color. <b>Stem</b> 2 to 4 inches long, solid, +firm, bulbous, club-shaped, ½ to 1 inch thick. It is, both outside and +inside, of a whitish violet color, often fibrillose above, with the +cortina, and sometimes with the white veil, in the form of a zone at the +middle. <b>Gills</b> adnate, 2 to 3 lines broad, somewhat distant, +slightly serrulated, of a peculiar ashy violaceous color, at length +slightly cinnamon from the +<!--png133--> +<span class="pagenum">130</span> +<a name="page130"> </a> +spores. It has no odor and the taste is insipid. We found this in the +woods in the month of October, growing on dead leaves; a pretty fungus +from the violet tints.</p> +</div> + +<!--png134--> +<span class="pagenum">131</span> +<a name="page131"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="chap4">DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME FAMILIAR +MUSHROOMS WITHOUT REGARD TO COLOR.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<p> +<span class="firstword">Here</span> +follows a list of fungi that we constantly see, but which cannot be +classified by the color of the cap.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section">POLYPOREI, PORE-BEARING FUNGI.</h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FISTULINA HEPATICA = liver.<br> +The Beefsteak Fungus.</h6> + +<p> +This species grows on trees, oaks or chestnuts, in hot weather. +<b>Cap</b> is of a dark-red color, which probably suggested the name. It +is generally 2 to 6 inches broad, but often grows to an immense size. +The surface is rough, the flesh thick, viscid above, soft when young, +when old tough, covered with tenacious fibres. <b>Stem</b> short and +thick. <b>Pores</b> at first pallid or yellowish-pink when young; they +become brownish ochraceous when old. It is changeable in +<!--png135--> +<span class="pagenum">132</span> +<a name="page132"> </a> +form, is sometimes sessile (without a stem), or it has a short lateral +stem.</p> + +<p> +The genus Fistulina, to which this mushroom belongs, has the under +surface of the cap covered with minute hollow pores, which are separate +from one another and stand side by side. The shape varies. It is +sometimes long, shaped like a tongue, or roundish. It is +peculiar-looking. It is considered good for food and nourishing, but the +taste is said to be rather acid. The specimens we found varied from 2 to +5 inches in diameter. They were of a dark-red color, and were tough and +old. They grew upon a tree in a large forest, and were not found +anywhere else.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS BETULINUS = birch.<br> +The Birch Polyporus.</h6> + +<p> +We shall meet a great many fungi on our walks that belong to the genus +Polyporus. They are generally leathery (coriaceous) fungi, and many grow +on wood. A few are edible, but are not recommended as food. The species +P. betulinus is found on living and dead birch trees. The specimens +we found grew in great quantities, of all sizes, from 1½ to 6 inches +broad. They were at first pure white, and then +<!--png136--> +<span class="pagenum">133</span> +<a name="page133"> </a> +assumed a brownish tinge. The edges were obtuse, the caps fleshy, then +corky, smooth, the upper ends not regular, oblique in the form of an +umbo or little knob, the pellicles or outside layers thin and easily +separated. Pores short, small, unequal, at length separating. The shape +of the fungus is peculiar, a sort of semi-circular outline that may be +called dimidiate. The margins were involute. They protruded from a split +in the bark of a dead birch tree which lay prostrate on the ground, +several feet in length, and it was literally covered with the fungi, +some an inch wide and snow white, and the largest 5 or 6 inches in +width, and of a brownish-gray tinge. These specimens became as hard as +wood after they had been kept for some time. The thin skin peeled off +easily and disclosed the snowy flesh beneath.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS PERENNIS = perennial.<br> +The Perennial Polyporus.</h6> + +<p> +<b>Cap</b> is cinnamon-colored, then of a date brown, leathery, tough, +funnel-shaped, becoming smooth, zoned. <b>Pores</b> minute, angular, +acute, at first sprinkled with a white bloom, then naked and torn. +<b>Stem</b> slightly firm, +<!--png137--> +<span class="pagenum">134</span> +<a name="page134"> </a> +thickened downward, velvety. This is a common species, and one meets +with it everywhere on the ground, and on stumps, from July to January. +The cap is 1½ to 2 inches broad, and the stem 1 inch long.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS PICIPES = pitch and foot.<br> +The Black-stemmed Polyporus.</h6> + +<p> +<b>Cap</b> pallid color, then turning chestnut, often a pale yellowish +livid color, with the disc chestnut, fleshy, leathery, rigid, tough, +even, smooth, depressed at disc or behind. Flesh white. <b>Stem</b> +eccentric and lateral, equal, firm, at first velvety, then naked, and +dotted black up to the pores. <b>Pores</b> decurrent, round, very small, +rather slender, white, then slightly pale and yellowish. This fungus +grows on the trunks of trees, and is found as late as the middle of +winter.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS = brimstone.<br> +The Sulphury Polyporus.</h6> + +<p> +This mushroom gains its name from the color of its pores, which are of a +bright sulphur color. It grows in tufted layers (cæspitose), sometimes 1 +to 2 feet long, and it cannot be mistaken. +<!--png138--> +<span class="pagenum">135</span> +<a name="page135"> </a> +<b>Cap</b> may measure 8 inches in breadth, and is of a reddish-yellow +color, overlapping like the shingles of a roof (imbricated). It is wavy +and rather smooth. Flesh light yellowish, then white, splitting open. +<b>Pores</b> are minute, even, sulphur yellow. They retain their color +much better than the pileus. The plants are generally without a stem, +but there may be a short stem, which is lateral. They grow in clusters, +all fastened together and one above the other, and of all sizes. We saw +this fungus first in a dense woods, where its bright color at once +attracted our notice. It was growing in a large cluster, closely packed +one over the other. It is said to be good for food when young and +tender.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS LUCIDUS = bright.<br> +The Shining Polyporus.</h6> + +<p> +One can never mistake this fungus. Its surface looks as if covered with +varnish, rather wrinkled, a bright dark-red color, and its shape is +varied and singular. We have seen it sometimes shaped like a fan, and +like a lady’s high comb, or in some fantastic form. Stevenson says it is +a light yellow color and then becomes blood red chestnut. It is first +corky, then +<!--png139--> +<span class="pagenum">136</span> +<a name="page136"> </a> +woody. <b>Stem</b> lateral, equal, varnished, shining, of the same color +as cap. <b>Pores</b> are long, very small, white and then cinnamon +color. It grows on and about stumps during the summer. <b>Cap</b> is +from 2 to 6 inches broad, and the stem 6 to 10 inches long, and 1 or +more thick.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS VERSICOLOR = changeable.<br> +The Changeable Polyporus.</h6> + +<p> +This species is also common. It is found on dead wood, in all forms and +colors. <b>Cap</b> variegated with different-colored zones; leathery, +thin, rigid, depressed behind, becoming velvety. <b>Pores</b> minute, +round, acute and torn, white, turning pale or yellow.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">POLYPORUS ELEGANS = elegant.<br> +The Elegant Polyporus.</h6> + +<p> +<b>Cap</b> 2 to 4 inches broad, of one color, pallid, ochraceous or +orange, shining, equally fleshy, and then hardened, becoming woody, +flattened, even, smooth. Flesh white. <b>Stem</b> eccentric or lateral, +even, smooth, pallid at first, abruptly black and rooting at the base. +<b>Pores</b> plane, minute, somewhat round, yellowish-white, pallid. +<!--png140--> +<span class="pagenum">137</span> +<a name="page137"> </a> +The cap differs in shape from others that have been described; it is not +funnel-shaped nor streaked, and is scarcely depressed, and the flesh is +thick to the margin. It grows on trunks of trees from July to +November.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section">CLAVARIEI, OR CLUB-SHAPED FUNGI.</h5> + +<p> +We now come to another order, Clavariei, of which the first genus is +Clavaria, from a word meaning a club. They are fleshy fungi, not +coriaceous. They have no distinct stem and generally grow on the ground. +We will mention a few of those we often see. They somewhat resemble +coral in growth but not in color.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CLAVARIA STRICTA = to draw tight.<br> +The Constricted Clavaria.</h6> + +<p> +This Clavaria grows on trunks of trees. It is of a pale yellowish color, +becoming a dusky brown (fuscous) when bruised. The base is about 3 lines +long, thick and much branched. The branches and branchlets are tense and +straight, crowded, adpressed and acute. Stevenson says that this species +is uncommon in Great Britain.</p> + +<!--png141--> +<span class="pagenum">138</span> +<a name="page138"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">CLAVARIA FLAVA = yellow.<br> +The Pale Yellow Clavaria.</h6> + +<p> +Stevenson does not mention this species, so it may be peculiar to this +country. <b>Stem</b> is short and stout, thick, and abruptly dissolves +into a dense mass of erect branches nearly parallel. The tips are yellow +but fade when old. It branches below and the stems are whitish. Flesh +white. It is recommended as well flavored and edible.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS = a pestle.<br> +The Large Club Clavaria.</h6> + +<p> +This species belongs to the largest of the unbranched kind. It is +generally 3 to 5 inches high, and ½ to ⅔ of an inch thick at top. Light +yellow color, then reddish, and dingy brown in decay. It is smooth and +the flesh soft and white. It is rounded at the top and club-shaped. It +tapers downward toward the base. Stevenson gives the height from 6 to 12 +inches, but Professor Peck says he has not seen it as large in this +country. It is found in open grassy places. It was late in the autumn +when we discovered it. (Edible.)</p> + +<!--png142--> +<span class="pagenum">139</span> +<a name="page139"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">CLAVARIA INEQUALIS = unequal.<br> +The Unequal Clavaria.</h6> + +<p> +This fungus is yellow and fragile. The clubs are alike in color, simple +or forked, and variable. It is common in woods and pastures. We found it +in September in the woods, rather wrinkled in appearance. It is not +classed among the edible species.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">TYPHULA = reed mace.</h6> + +<p> +One may sometimes see among the dead leaves in the woods, minute slender +bodies with thread-like stems, springing up from the ground, 2 to 3 +inches high, of a white color and cylindrical in shape. They look like +slender stems from which the blossoms have been plucked. They are called +Typhula. They grow on dead leaves, on mosses, or on dead herbaceous +stems. The name is taken from the Cat Tail family, the Typhaceae, which +they somewhat resemble in miniature.</p> + +<!--png143--> +<span class="pagenum">140</span> +<a name="page140"> </a> +<h6 class="boldf">SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE = to split, a leaf and +common.<br> +The Common Schizophyllum.</h6> + +<p> +There is but one species given by Stevenson of this genus, and, as the +name demonstrates, it is common, at least in this country. In Great +Britain it is rare. It grows on dead wood and logs. It has zones, either +of gray or white color, and it is turned up at the edge (revolute). +There is no flesh, and the pileus is dry. The gills are branched +fan-wise. It is not a typical Agaric, but is more like some Polyporei. +The gills are split longitudinally at the edge, and the two lips +commonly turn backward (revolute).</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">HIRNEOLA AURICULA JUDAE.<br> +The Jew’s Ear.</h6> + +<p> +There is one species belonging to the order Tremellodon that is quite +common. It is called the Jew’s ear. It is a very peculiar-looking +fungus, shaped somewhat like the human ear, of all sizes, and grows in +great quantities in the same place. It looks as if it were composed of a +thick jelly, and becomes soft and tremulous when damp. Its color is +dark, sometimes +<!--png144--> +<span class="pagenum">141</span> +<a name="page141"> </a> +almost black. It is tough and cup-shaped, with ridges across it like an +ear. The generic name, Hirneola, means a jug, and the specific name, +Auricula Judae, a Jew’s ear.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section">GASTEROMYCETES, OR STOMACH FUNGI.</h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">SCLERODERMA VULGARE = hard, skin, common.<br> +The Common Hard-skinned Mushroom.</h6> + +<p> +This species closely resembles the common potato in shape and color. It +generally measures 2 to 3 inches across, and is of a pale brown color. +It grows close on the earth, is folded toward the base, and firm in +texture. The cuticle is covered with warts or scales.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CRUCIBULUM VULGARE = crucible, common.<br> +The Common Crucible.</h6> + +<p> +This little fungus is about ¼ of an inch across. It resembles a tiny +bird’s-nest with eggs in it. At first it looks like a cottony knot, +closely covered; its apex is closed by a membrane, then its covering is +thrown off, and the apparent tiny eggs are merely smaller envelopes, +called the peridiola. These are lentil-shaped and pale, and are fastened +to the inside of the +<!--png145--> +<span class="pagenum">142</span> +<a name="page142"> </a> +covering by a long cord, which can be seen only through a strong +lens.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">CYATHUS VERNICOSUS = varnished.<br> +The Varnished Cup.</h6> + +<p> +This differs from the crucible in color, form and habitat. It is about ½ +an inch high. It is bell-shaped, becoming broadly open like a trumpet, +and of a slate or ash color. The mouth and lining shine as if varnished, +and hence its name. The plants grow on the ground, on wood and on +leaves.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">LYCOPERDON CYATHIFORME = cup-shape.<br> +The Cup-shaped Puff-ball.</h6> + +<p> +This species of puff-ball is round with a contracted base. It is 4 to 10 +inches across, a white or pinkish-brown color, afterward becoming a +darker brown and covered with small patches. When the spores mature the +upper part of the covering (peridium) becomes torn and only the lower +part remains. It looks like a dark-colored cup with a ragged margin, and +may be seen by the excursionist in the spring on the roadside. It has +survived the winter frosts and storms. It is split and shabby +<!--png146--> +<span class="pagenum">143</span> +<a name="page143"> </a> +looking. In August it is a whitish puff-ball, in the spring only a torn, +brown cup.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">LYCOPERDON PYRIFORME = pear-shape.<br> +The Pear-shaped Puff-ball.</h6> + +<p> +This species is shaped like a pear. It is from 1 to 4 inches high and is +covered with persistent warts so small as to look like scales to the +naked eye. It is of a dingy white or brownish-yellow. Its shape +separates it from the puff-balls, especially from the warted puff-ball, +L. gemmatum, which is nearly round with a base like a stem, an +ashy-gray color, and the surface is also warty, but unequally so, and as +the warts fall off they leave the puff-ball dotted. The pear-shaped +puff-ball has little fibrous rootlets, and the plants grow in crowds on +decaying trees.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">GEASTER HYGROMETRICUS = moisture, measure.<br> +The Wandering Earth Star.</h6> + +<p> +This earth star is from 2 to 3½ inches wide. It is sessile, of a +brownish color, and changes its form accordingly as the weather is moist +or dry, hence the name. It is contracted and round in dry weather, and +star-like in damp atmosphere, with its lobes stretched out on the +<!--png147--> +<span class="pagenum">144</span> +<a name="page144"> </a> +earth. The covering consists of three layers, the two outermost split +from the top into several acute divisions, which spread out like the +points of a star. The innermost layer is round and attached by the base. +There are one or more openings at the top for the escape of the +spores.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PHALLUS IMPUDICUS = disgusting.<br> +The Fetid Wood Witch.</h6> + +<p> +In the first stages the plant is white, soft and heavy, in shape and +size like a hen’s egg. It is covered by three layers, the outer one +firm, the middle one gelatinous, the third and inner one consists of a +thin membrane. This phallus develops under the ground until its spores +are mature. At length the apex is ruptured by the growth of the spore +receptacle, and the stem expands and elongates, escaping through the +top, and elevates the cap into the air. The stem at the early stage is +composed of cells filled with a gluten. The stem afterward becomes open +and spongy, owing to the drying of the gelatinous matter. The spores are +immersed in a strong-smelling, olive-green gluten. They are on the +outside of the cap and embedded in its ridges. A part of the volva +<!--png148--> +<span class="pagenum">145</span> +<a name="page145"> </a> +remains as a sheath at the base of the stem. This plant develops so +rapidly as to attain in a few hours the height of seven inches, the stem +is of lace-like structure, pure white, and its appearance suggests the +silicious sponge so ornamental in collections, commonly known as Venus’ +basket. The drooping cap is also lacey with a network, and the spores +drip mucus and then dry up, in the meantime spreading around a +carrion-like, fetid smell. The Phallus, therefore, differs greatly in +appearance from the other genera of the order when it is seen above +ground, but if one is successful in finding it at an early stage, under +the surface of the earth, he will realize its relationship to the +general group, and find it an interesting subject of study.</p> + + +<h5 class="boldf section">ASCOMYCETES, OR SPORE-SAC FUNGI.</h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">PEZIZA AUKANTIA = golden.<br> +The Golden Peziza.</h6> + +<p> +This species is 2 to 3 inches in diameter, its disc is bright orange +color, while its exterior is pale and downy, owing to the presence of +short, stout hairs. It is sessile or nearly so, and grows +<!--png149--> +<span class="pagenum">146</span> +<a name="page146"> </a> +in tufts on the ground near stumps of trees. At first the disc is thin +and brittle, with a raised margin, much waved, becoming incised, and +finally spreads flat on the ground.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">MORCHELLA ESCULENTA = food.<br> +The Edible or Common Morel.</h6> + +<p> +This is 2 to 4 inches high, stem about ½ inch in diameter. The cap is of +a dull yellow color, olivaceous, darkening with age to a brownish tinge. +It is oval-shaped, with dark hollows.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">HELVELLA INFULA = name of a woollen head-dress.<br> +The Cap-like Helvella.</h6> + +<p>This species is named Infula, because it is supposed to resemble in +shape the sacred woollen head-dress worn by priests of Rome, by +supplicants and victims, tied around the head by a ribbon or bandage, +which hangs down on both sides. The stem is surmounted with a lobed cap, +with two to four irregularly drooping lobes of reddish or cinnamon-brown +color, and is about 3 inches in diameter. The stem is 2 or 3 inches +high, usually smooth, but sometimes pitted. We found our specimen in the +woods in August.</p> + +<!--png150--> +<p class="illustration"> +<span class="pagenum">[<i>opp. 146</i>]</span> +<a name="illus10"> </a> +<img src="images/pic146.jpg" width="309" height="384" +alt="photograph"><br> +Cortinarius distans.<br> +<span class="smaller">Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.</span></p> + + +<!--png151--> +<span class="pagenum">147</span> +<a name="page147"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="chap5">DIRECTIONS FOR USING +KEYS.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<p> +<span class="firstword">Let</span> +us suppose that the beginner finds a mushroom and wishes to name it. He +has learned its component parts. He has remarked the names of the +classes into which mushrooms are divided. How then shall he make use of +the Keys? We will imagine that he has found a Cantharellus. The cap is +yellow color, so let him turn to the list of fungi described under the +section “Yellow and Orange,” and see if it agrees in appearance with +anyone of these. (It is necessary before consulting a key to find the +color of the spores. This is done by cutting off the cap, and placing +it, gills downward, on paper, and leaving it there for two or three +hours. Having followed these directions in this case it will have been +seen that the spores are white.)</p> + +<p> +After consulting the list of “Yellow and Orange” he will find that the +first one mentioned is Cantharellus cibarius, the Chantarelle. +<!--png152--> +<span class="pagenum">148</span> +<a name="page148"> </a> +The description resembles that of the mushroom found in every +particular.</p> + +<p> +Now let the beginner go further, and prove the correctness of the name +in another way. Turning to the section called “General Helps to the +Memory,” on page 68, and reading the names of the different genera under +the headings until he comes to the name Cantharellus, he will find it in +the table called “Mushrooms with gills running down the stems +(decurrent).” This distinction is apparent in the specimen found. Again, +let him turn to the list of white-spored Agarics, page 73, and he will +find the name of the genus Cantharellus there. Now, as an additional +test, let him turn to the key at the end of this work, the key to +Hymenomycetes. He must have learned enough by this time to know that his +mushroom belongs to this class, namely, the one that has spores produced +upon the lower part of the cap, and, also, that it is an Agaric, from +its having gills on the under side. Let him begin with Section A, “with +cap.” 1. Mushrooms with radiating gills beneath caps (Agarics). The key +then follows: 1. Plants fleshy, soon decaying. 2. Turn to number 2. +There are two descriptions, juice milky and juice watery; he will choose +the second one, +<!--png153--> +<span class="pagenum">149</span> +<a name="page149"> </a> +which is followed by the number 3. Then follows, stem central or nearly +so; this agrees with the plant, and leads to 4. The first line reads +“white spores,” which is correct; then comes 5. There are four lines +with descriptions, the last one, “no ring and no volva,” is right, which +leads to 7. There are here two lines belonging to 7, the second one, +“gills in the form of folds, obtuse edge,” is correct, and points to 10. +This reads, “Gills decurrent, plant terrestrial, Cantharellus.” The Key +gives the name of the <i>genus</i> only. In the list of descriptions an +attempt is made to mention some of the commonest species. These +directions apply to all the keys alike.</p> + + +<h5 class="section"><a name="sec5_1">DIVISION I.</a></h5> + +<div class="keys"> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">Key to Hymenomycetes, Membrane Fungi.</h5> + +<p> +Hymenomycetes or membrane fungi are divided into two sections:</p> + +<p class="inset"> +Section A, with cap.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +Section B, without cap.</p> + +<p> +Section A is divided into four classes:</p> + +<p class="inset"> +I. Mushrooms with radiating gills beneath caps, gill-bearing mushrooms +(Agarics).</p> + +<p class="inset"> +II. With pores or tubes beneath caps (Polyporei).</p> + +<p class="inset"> +III. With spines or teeth beneath the cap or branches (Hydnei).</p> + +<p class="inset"> +IV. Where the spore-bearing surface beneath the cap is even, smooth, or +slightly wrinkled (Thelephorei).</p> + +<p> +<!--png154--> +<span class="pagenum">150</span> +<a name="page150"> </a> +Section B is divided into two classes:</p> + +<p class="inset"> +I. Plants club-shaped and simple, or bush-like and branched +(Clavariei).</p> + +<p class="inset"> +II. Plants gelatinous and irregular (Tremellinei).</p> + +<h5>SECTION A.</h5> + +<h5><span class="smallcaps">Class I. Key to Gill-bearing +Mushrooms</span> (<i>Agarics</i>).</h5> + +<table class="keys"> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key1">1.</a></td> +<td>Plants fleshy, soon decaying,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key2">2.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Plants leathery, woody, persistent,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key12">12.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key2">2.</a></td> +<td>Juice milky, white, or colored,</td> +<td class="number">Lactarius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Juice watery,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key3">3.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key3">3.</a></td> +<td>Stem central, or nearly so,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key4">4.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Stem lateral, eccentric or wanting,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key11">11.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key4">4.</a></td> +<td>Spores white,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key5">5.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Spores rosy, pink or salmon color,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key15">15.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Spores yellowish-brown, ochre color,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key17">17.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Spores dark brown,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key21">21.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Spores black,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key24">24.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key5">5.</a></td> +<td>With volva and ring,</td> +<td class="number">Amanita.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Volva and no ring,</td> +<td class="number">Amanita (sub-genus Amanitopsis).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ring and no volva,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key6">6.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>No ring and no volva,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key7">7.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key6">6.</a></td> +<td>Gills free, ring movable, pileus scaly,</td> +<td class="number">Lepiota.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills adnate, pileus generally smooth,</td> +<td class="number">Armillaria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key7">7.</a></td> +<td>Gills thin, edge acute,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key8">8.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills in the form of folds, obtuse edge,</div></td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key10">10.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key8">8.</a></td> +<td>Gills decurrent or stem fleshy.</td> +<td class="number">Clitocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills sinuate, notched behind, stem fleshy,</div></td> +<td class="number">Tricholoma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills adnate, not decurrent, stem cartilaginous,</div></td> +<td class="number">Collybia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Stem fleshy, cap often bright color,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key9">9.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key9">9.</a></td> +<td>Plants rigid, gills even, cap bright,</td> +<td class="number">Russula.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Plants with waxy gills,</td> +<td class="number">Hygrophorus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key10">10.</a></td> +<td>Gills decurrent, plant terrestrial,</td> +<td class="number">Cantharellus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key11">11.</a></td> +<td> +<!--png155--> +<span class="pagenum">151</span> +<a name="page151"> </a> +Spores white,</td> +<td class="number">Pleurotus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Spores yellowish or brown,</td> +<td class="number">Crepidotus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key12">12.</a></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills serrated on their edges, stem central or lateral,</div></td> +<td class="number">Lentinus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills entire, stem central,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key13">13.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Stem lateral or wanting,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key14">14.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key13">13.</a></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills simple, pileus dry, soon withering, then reviving when +moist,</div></td> +<td class="number">Marasmius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key14">14.</a></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills deeply splitting, with weak hairs,</div></td> +<td class="number">Schizophyllum.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills united by veins, plant corky,</td> +<td class="number">Lenzites.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key15">15.</a></td> +<td>Volva, no ring,</td> +<td class="number">Volvaria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>No volva, ring present,</td> +<td class="number">Annularia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>No volva, no ring,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key16">16.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key16">16.</a></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills free, rounded behind, cohering at first,</div></td> +<td class="number">Pluteus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills adnate or sinuate, stem fleshy, soft, waxy, cap fleshy, margin +incurved,</div></td> +<td class="number">Entoloma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills decurrent, stem fleshy,</td> +<td class="number">Clitopilis.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key17">17.</a></td> +<td>Ring continuous, pileus with scales,</td> +<td class="number">Pholiota.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Ring cobwebby or evanescent, not apparent in old specimens,</div></td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key18">18.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ring wanting,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key19">19.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Stem with cartilaginous rind,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key21">21.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key18">18.</a></td> +<td>Gills adnate, plants on the ground,</td> +<td class="number">Cortinarius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key19">19.</a></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills decurrent, stem fleshy, gills easily separating,</div></td> +<td class="number">Paxillus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills not decurrent, stem fleshy,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key20">20.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key20">20.</a></td> +<td>Pileus fibrillose, or silky,</td> +<td class="number">Inocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Pileus smooth and sticky,</td> +<td class="number">Hebeloma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key21">21.</a></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Veil remaining attached to margin of pileus, often not seen in old +specimens,</div></td> +<td class="number">Hypholoma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Veil on stem as a ring,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key22">22.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Margin of cap incurved when young,</td> +<td class="number">Naucoria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key22">22.</a></td> +<td>Gills separate on the stem,</td> +<td class="number">Agaricus or Psalliota.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills united with stem,</td> +<td class="number">Stropharia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills adnate or sinuate,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key23">23.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key23">23.</a></td> +<td> +<!--png156--> +<span class="pagenum">152</span> +<a name="page152"> </a> +Margin of pileus incurved when young,</td> +<td class="number">Psilocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Margin of pileus always straight,</td> +<td class="number">Psathyra.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key24">24.</a></td> +<td>Pileus of normal form,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key25">25.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key25">25.</a></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Pileus fleshy, membranaceous or deliquescent,</div></td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key26">26.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key26">26.</a></td> +<td>Gills deliquescent—inky fluid,</td> +<td class="number">Coprinus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Gills not deliquescent—ring present,</div></td> +<td class="number">Annellaria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Gills not decurrent—ring wanting,</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#key27">27.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><a name="key27">27.</a></td> +<td>Pileus striate—plants small,</td> +<td class="number">Psathyrella.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Pileus not striate, stem fleshy, margin exceeding the gills,</div></td> +<td class="number">Panaeolus.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5><a name="sec5_2"><span class="smallcaps">Class II. Key to +Pore-bearing Fungi</span> (<i>Polyporei</i>).</a></h5> + +<table class="keys"> +<tr> +<td class="number">1.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Pores readily separating from cap, spores whitish or +brownish,</div></td> +<td class="number">Boletus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">2.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Stems strictly lateral, pores in the form of tubes, mouths are separate +from each other (growing on wood),</div></td> +<td class="number">Fistulina.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">3.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Tubes not separable from each other, round, angular, or torn, fleshy, +leathery or woody,</div></td> +<td class="number">Polyporus.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +(Key to species of Boleti may be found in Professor Peck’s work on +Boleti.)</p> + +<h5><a name="sec5_3"><span class="smallcaps">Class III. +Key to Spine-bearing Fungi</span> (<i>Hydnei</i>).</a></h5> + +<table class="keys"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td>Spines awl-shaped, distinct at base,</td> +<td class="number">Hydnum.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Spines awl-shaped, equal; plant gelatinous, tremulous,</div></td> +<td class="number">Tremellodon.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5><a name="sec5_4"><span class="smallcaps">Class IV. +Key to Smooth Surface Fungi</span> (<i>Thelephorei</i>).</a></h5> + +<table class="keys"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Spores white, on ground, fleshy, tubiform, cap blackish, scaly, stem +hollow,</div></td> +<td class="number">Craterellus Cornucopioides.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Coriaceous or woody, somewhat zoned, entire, definite in +form,</div></td> +<td class="number">Stereum.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<!--png157--> +<span class="pagenum">153</span> +<a name="page153"> </a> +<h5>SECTION B.</h5> + +<h5 class="smallcaps"><a name="sec5_5">Class I. Key to +Clavariei.</a></h5> + +<table class="keys"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Fleshy, branched or simple, without distinct stem, growing on the +ground,</div></td> +<td>Clavaria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Growing on trunks, yellowish, becoming dark, much branched, tense and +straight,</div></td> +<td>C. stricta.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Yellow, stuffed, clubs simple or forked, of the same color,</div></td> +<td>C. inequalis.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Color changeable, becoming dark, light yellow, then reddish, simple, +fleshy, stuffed, obovate, clavate, obtuse,</div></td> +<td>C. pistillaris.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<h5><a name="sec5_6">DIVISION II.</a></h5> + +<div class="keys"> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">Key to Gasteromycetes and Ascomycetes.</h5> + +<p> +Section A. Fungi that have the spores inside the cap. (Stomach fungi or +Gasteromycetes.)</p> + +<p> +Section B. Fungi that have the spores in delicate sacs. (Spore sac fungi +or Ascomycetes.)</p> + +<h5>SECTION A.</h5> + +<table class="keys"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td>Fungi covered with a hard rind,</td> +<td class="number">Scleroderma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +In which the spores when ripe turn to dust,</div></td> +<td class="number">4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Where spores are at first closed in a cup-like sac that resembles a +bird’s-nest,</div></td> +<td class="number">3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Fungi with the outside covering bowl-shaped of one cottony +layer,</div></td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Crucibulum, the Crucible.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Outside covering tubular, trumpet-shaped, of 3 layers,</div></td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Cyathus, the cup.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<!--png158--> +<span class="pagenum">154</span> +<a name="page154"> </a> +</td> +<td> +Outside covering opening with a torn mouth,</td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Nidularia, bird’s-nest.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Outer covering splitting into star-like points,</div></td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Geaster, earth star.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Outer covering opening by a single mouth at the top,</div></td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Lycoperdon, puff-ball.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Spores at first borne in an egg-like sac, when ripe elevated on a cap at +the top of the stem, no veil, has an odious smell,</div></td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Phallus, stink-horn fungus.</div></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>SECTION B.</h5> + +<table class="keys"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Where the sacs soon become free, no special covering, mostly fleshy, +cup-like fungi,</div></td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Peziza, cup fungus.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Sacs opening from the first, caps pitted or furrowed,</div></td> +<td class="number">2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td>Cap lobed, irregular, saddle-shaped,</td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Helvella, yellowish fungus.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Cap oval or conical, upper surface with deep pits formed by long +ridges,</div></td> +<td class="number"><div class="hanging"> +Morchella or Morel, honey-combed fungus.</div></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +(The genera described under Section B. all belong to the order of +Discomycetes, fungi that have the spore sacs collected in a flattened +disc.)</p> +</div> + + + +<!--png159--> +<span class="pagenum">155</span> +<a name="page155"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="glossary">GLOSSARY.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<div class="glossary"> <!--dummy div for format--> + +<p> +Acute´. Gills when called acute have sharp edges or are pointed at +either end.</p> +<p> +Adnate´. Spoken of gills when they are firmly attached to the stem.</p> +<p> +Adnex´. A less degree of attachment of gills than adnate.</p> +<p> +A´garic. A mushroom that bears gills.</p> +<p> +Aluta´ceous. A light leather color.</p> +<p> +Anas´tomosing. Interlacing of veins, spoken of gills that are united by +cross veins or partitions.</p> +<p> +An´nulus. The ring on the stem of a mushroom, formed by the separation +of the veil from the margin of the cap.</p> +<p> +A´pex. The top. The end of the stem nearest to the gills.</p> +<p> +Ap´ical. Relating to the apex.</p> +<p> +Appendic´ulate. Hanging in small fragments.</p> +<p> +Arach´noid. Like a cobweb.</p> +<p> +Ar´cuate. Shaped like a bow.</p> +<p> +Are´olate. Any surface divided into little areas or patches.</p> +<p> +Axis. Stipe or stalk.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Band. A broad bar of color.</p> +<p> +Basid´ium (plural basidia). Mother cells in the hymenium.</p> +<p> +Behind. Posterior, the end of a gill next to the stem is said to be the +posterior end.</p> +<p> +Bifur´cate. Two-forked.</p> +<p> +Bulbous. Spoken of the stem when it has a bulb-like swelling at the +base.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Cæs´pitose. Growing in tufts.</p> +<p> +Campan´ulate. Bell-shaped.</p> +<p> +Cap. The pileus.</p> +<p> +Cartilag´inous. Gristly, tough.</p> +<!--png160--> +<span class="pagenum">156</span> +<a name="page156"> </a> +<p> +Casta´neus. Chestnut color.</p> +<p> +Cell. A mass of protoplasm, with or without an enclosing wall.</p> +<p> +Chlorophyll. The green coloring-matter contained in plants.</p> +<p> +Cla´vate. Club-shaped.</p> +<p> +Close. Crowded together—term used in describing gills.</p> +<p> +Cohe´rent. Sticking together.</p> +<p> +Con´cave. Having a rounded inwardly curved surface.</p> +<p> +Concen´tric. With a common centre, as a series of rings, one within the +other.</p> +<p> +Con´nate. Growing together from the first.</p> +<p> +Constric´ted. Contracted.</p> +<p> +Contin´uous. Without interruption.</p> +<p> +Convex. Elevated and regularly rounded.</p> +<p> +Con´volute. Covered with irregularities on the surface, like the human +brain.</p> +<p> +Coria´ceous. Leathery in texture.</p> +<p> +Cor´rugated. Wrinkled.</p> +<p> +Corti´na. A veil of cobwebby texture. It gives the name to the genus +Cortinarius.</p> +<p> +Cre´nate. In wavy scallops.</p> +<p> +Cu´ticle. Pellicle, a skin-like layer on the outside surface of the cap +and stem.</p> +<p> +Cy´athiform. Cup-shaped.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Decid´uous. Falling off when mature at the end of the season.</p> +<p> +Decur´rent. Gills that run down the stem are called decurrent.</p> +<p> +Dehis´cence. The opening of a peridium, when ripe, to discharge the +spores.</p> +<p> +Deliques´cent. Turning to liquid when mature.</p> +<p> +Dichot´omous. Two-forked, regularly dividing by pairs from below +upward.</p> +<p> +Dimid´iate. Divided into two equal parts, applied to gills that only +reach half-way to the stem, and to the cap when it is semi-circular or +nearly so.</p> +<!--png161--> +<span class="pagenum">157</span> +<a name="page157"> </a> +<p> +Disc. The central part of the upper surface of the cap.</p> +<p> +Distant. Gills when they are far apart.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Emar´ginate. A gill which has a sudden curve in its margin close to the +stem.</p> +<p> +Entire. An edge that is straight, has no notch.</p> +<p> +Ep´iphytal. Growing on the outside of another plant.</p> +<p> +Equal. A stem is equal when it is of uniform thickness, gills when they +are of equal length.</p> +<p> +Eccen´tric. A stem which is not in the centre, but is attached to the +cap between the margin and centre.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Fascic´ulate. Growing in clusters.</p> +<p> +Ferru´ginous. Color of iron rust.</p> +<p> +Fi´brous. Composed of fibres.</p> +<p> +Fis´tulose. Tubular, hollow.</p> +<p> +Fleshy. Composed of juicy cellular tissue.</p> +<p> +Floccose. Woolly, downy.</p> +<p> +Free. Gills when not attached to the stem.</p> +<p> +Fungus (plural Fungi). A plant that has no chlorophyll, and obtains its +nourishment from dead or living organic matter.</p> +<p> +Fus´cous. Dingy dark-brown, or gray color,<br> + </p> + +<p> +Gelat´inous. Of the nature of jelly.</p> +<p> +Genus. A number of species that have the same principal +characteristics.</p> +<p> +Gib´bous. Swollen unequally—applied to the cap.</p> +<p> +Gill. Lamella, a radiating plate under the cap of an Agaric.</p> +<p> +Gla´brous. Smooth.</p> +<p> +Glo´bose. Nearly round.</p> +<p> +Gran´ular. Consisting of or covered with grains.</p> +<p> +Grega´rions. Growing in groups.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Hab´itat. Place of growth.</p> +<p> +Homoge´neous. Of like nature.</p> +<p> +Hyme´nium. The fruit-bearing surface, a continuous layer of spore mother +cells.</p> +<p> +Hy´phæ (singular Hypha). Elementary threads of a fungus, cylindrical, +thread-like bodies, developing by growth at the apex.<br> + </p> + +<!--png162--> +<span class="pagenum">158</span> +<a name="page158"> </a> +<p> +Im´bricated. Overlapping like the tiles of a roof.</p> +<p> +Incras´sated. Thickened.</p> +<p> +Inferior. Applied to a ring that is far down on the stem.</p> +<p> +Infundibuliform. Funnel-shaped.</p> +<p> +Involute. Rolled inward.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Labyrin´thine. Like a labyrinth.</p> +<p> +Lac´erate. Torn.</p> +<p> +Lamel´la. See gill.</p> +<p> +Line. 1/12 of an inch.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Mac´ulate. Spotted.</p> +<p> +Me´dial or median. When the ring is situated in the middle of the +stem.</p> +<p> +Membrana´ceous. Thin, soft, like a membrane.</p> +<p> +Mica´ceous. Covered with shining particles, like mica.</p> +<p> +Mother cell. A cell from which another is derived.</p> +<p> +Myce´lium. The vegetative part of fungi, commonly called the spawn.</p> +<p> +Mycol´ogist. One who is versed in the study of fungi.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Obo´vate. Having the broad end turned toward the top.</p> +<p> +Ob´solete. Nearly imperceptible.</p> +<p> +Obtuse. Blunt.</p> +<p> +Ochra´ceous. Light brownish-yellow.</p> +<p> +Ovate. Egg-shaped.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Par´asite. A plant growing on another living body, from which it gains +its nourishment.</p> +<p> +Pel´licle. See cuticle.</p> +<p> +Peren´nial. Growing from year to year.</p> +<p> +Perid´ium. The outer covering of the spores in some fungi, as in +puff-balls.</p> +<p> +Peridi´olum. The inside peridium containing the spores.</p> +<p> +Pi´leus. See cap.</p> +<p> +Pir´iform or pyriform. Pear-shaped.</p> +<p> +Plane. Level surface.</p> +<p> +Pores. The tubes in Polyporei.</p> +<p> +Poste´rior. Term applied to the end of the gill next to the stem.</p> +<!--png163--> +<span class="pagenum">159</span> +<a name="page159"> </a> +<p> +Pru´inose. Covered with a bloom or powder.</p> +<p> +Pulver´ulent. Covered with powder or dust.</p> +<p> +Putres´cent. Decaying.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Rad´icating. Taking root.</p> +<p> +Retic´ulated. Marked with cross lines like a net.</p> +<p> +Rev´olute. Rolled upward or backward.</p> +<p> +Ri´mose. Cracked.</p> +<p> +Rim´ulose. Covered with small cracks.</p> +<p> +Ring. Annulus.</p> +<p> +Riv´ulose. Marked with lines like rivers in maps.</p> +<p> +Rotund´. Round.</p> +<p> +Ru´gose. Wrinkled.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Sap´id. Agreeable to the taste.</p> +<p> +Sap´rophyte. A plant that lives on decaying matter.</p> +<p> +Scab´rous. Rough.</p> +<p> +Scis´sile. Easily split.</p> +<p> +Sep´arating. Spoken of gills when they easily separate from the +stem.</p> +<p> +Ses´sile. Stemless.</p> +<p> +Sin´uate. Wavy, A gill that has a sudden curve near the stem.</p> +<p> +Sor´did. Dingy.</p> +<p> +Spore. The same body that answers to the seed of flowering plants.</p> +<p> +Spo´rophore. That part which bears the spores or spore mother cells.</p> +<p> +Squa´mose. Scaly.</p> +<p> +Stalk. A stipe or stem.</p> +<p> +Stel´late. Star-shaped.</p> +<p> +Stipe. See stalk.</p> +<p> +Strobil´iform. Shaped like a pine-cone.</p> +<p> +Stuffed. When a stem is filled with pith or a spongy substance.</p> +<p> +Suc´culent. Juicy, fleshy.</p> +<p> +Sul´cate. Grooved.</p> +<p> +Supe´rior. Spoken of a ring that is high up on the stem.<br> + </p> + +<!--png164--> +<span class="pagenum">160</span> +<a name="page160"> </a> +<p> +Tes´sellated. In small squares, or checkered.</p> +<p> +To´mentose. Covered with matted wool.</p> +<p> +Tra´ma. The substance proceeding from and of like nature with the part +that bears the hymenium—the framework of the gills.</p> +<p> +Trem´elloid. Jelly-like.</p> +<p> +Tu´bæform. Trumpet-shaped.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Umbil´icate. Having a central depression.</p> +<p> +Um´bo. Arising or mound in the centre of the cap.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Veins. Swollen wrinkles on the sides and at the base between the +gills.</p> +<p> +Ven´tricose. Swelling in the middle.</p> +<p> +Ver´nicose. Varnished.</p> +<p> +Vil´lose. Covered with weak, soft hairs.</p> +<p> +Vires´cent. Greenish.</p> +<p> +Vir´gate. Streaked.</p> +<p> +Vis´cid. Sticky.</p> +<p> +Vis´cous. Gluey.<br> + </p> + +<p> +Zones. Circular bands of color.</p> +</div> + +<!--png165--> +<span class="pagenum">161</span> +<a name="page161"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="index">INDEX TO DESCRIPTIONS OF +FUNGI.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="middle smallest">GENUS.</td> +<td class="middle smallest">ENGLISH OR<br> +COMMON NAMES.</td> +<td class="middle smallest">GREEK OR<br> +LATIN NAMES.</td> +<td class="number smallest">PAGE.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Agaricus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The flat-capped mushroom,</div></td> +<td>A. placomyces.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page104"> +104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Agaricus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The common or edible mushroom,</div></td> +<td>A. campestris.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page103"> +103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amanita.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The death cup,</div></td> +<td>A. phalloides.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page108"> +108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amanita.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The fly Amanita,</div></td> +<td>A. muscaria.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page89"> +89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amanita.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Frost’s Amanita,</div></td> +<td>A. Frostiana.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page90"> +90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amanita.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The poisonous Amanita,</div></td> +<td>A. virosa.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page107"> +107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amanita.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The shining Amanita,</div></td> +<td>A. nitida.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page109"> +109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amanita.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The sheathed Amanita,</div></td> +<td>A. vaginata.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page101"> +101</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amanita.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The warted Amanita,</div></td> +<td>A. strobiliformis.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page100"> +100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The bitter Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. felleus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page102"> +102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The bluing Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. cyanescens.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page96"> +96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The chestnut Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. castaneus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page123"> +123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The chrome-footed Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. chromapes.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page85"> +85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The dingy Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. sordidus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page126"> +126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The edible Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. edulis.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page121"> +121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The golden Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. chrysenteron.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page123"> +123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The granulated Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. granulatus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page96"> +96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The gray Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. griseus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page103"> +103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The half-golden Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. hemichrysus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page95"> +95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +Murray’s Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. Murrayi.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page85"> +85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The ornate stemmed Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. ornatipes.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page119"> +119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The peppery Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. piperatus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page126"> +126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The deceiving Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. illudens.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page124"> +124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The yellow-cracked Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. subtomentosus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page125"> +125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<!--png166--> +<span class="pagenum">162</span> +<a name="page162"> </a> +Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The related Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. affinis.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page128"> +128</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The rough Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. scaber.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page122"> +122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The short-stemmed Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. brevipes.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page120"> +120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The small yellowish Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. subluteus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page127"> +127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The thick-stemmed Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. pachypus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page124"> +124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boletus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The white Boletus,</div></td> +<td>B. albus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page113"> +113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cantharellus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The Chantarelle,</div></td> +<td>C. cibarius.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page88"> +88</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cantharellus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The funnel-shaped Chantarelle,</div></td> +<td>C. infundibuliformis.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page94"> +94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cantharellus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The golden Chantarelle,</div></td> +<td>C. aurantiacus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page94"> +94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clitocybe.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The waxy Clitocybe,</div></td> +<td>C. laccata.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page83"> +83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clavaria.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The club-shaped Clavaria,</div></td> +<td>C. pistillaris.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page138"> +138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clavaria.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The constricted Clavaria,</div></td> +<td>C. stricta.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page137"> +137</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clavaria.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The pale yellow Clavaria,</div></td> +<td>C. flava.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page138"> +138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clavaria.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The unequal Clavaria,</div></td> +<td>C. inequalis.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page139"> +139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collybia.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The oak-loving Collybia,</div></td> +<td>C. dryophila.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page118"> +118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Collybia.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The tufted Collybia,</div></td> +<td>C. acervata.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page115"> +115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coprinus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The inky Coprinus,</div></td> +<td>C. atramentarius.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page105"> +105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coprinus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The glistening Coprinus,</div></td> +<td>C. micaceous.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page100"> +100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cortinarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The cinnamon-colored Cortinarius,</div></td> +<td>C. cinnamomeus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page115"> +115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cortinarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The violet-colored Cortinarius,</div></td> +<td>C. albo violaceous.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page129"> +129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cortinarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The wrinkled Cortinarius,</div></td> +<td>C. corrugatus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page102"> +102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cortinarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The zoned Cortinarius,</div></td> +<td>C. armillatus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page82"> +82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crucibulum.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The common crucible,</div></td> +<td>C. vulgare.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page141"> +141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cyathus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The varnished cup,</div></td> +<td>C. vernicosus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page142"> +142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fistulina.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The beefsteak mushroom,</div></td> +<td>F. hepatica.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page131"> +131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<!--png167--> +<span class="pagenum">163</span> +<a name="page163"> </a> +Geaster.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The wandering earth star,</div></td> +<td>G. hygrometricus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page143"> +143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Helvella.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The cap-shaped Helvella,</div></td> +<td>H. infula.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page146"> +146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hirneola.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The Jew’s ear,</div></td> +<td>H. auricula Judae.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page140"> +140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hygrophorus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The blood-red Hygrophorus,</div></td> +<td>H. puniceus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page87"> +87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hygrophorus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The scarlet color Hygrophorus,</div></td> +<td>H. coccineus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page87"> +87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hygrophorus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The vermilion Hygrophorus,</div></td> +<td>H. mineatus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page86"> +86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hypholoma.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The gray-gilled mushroom,</div></td> +<td>H. capnoides.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page117"> +117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hypholoma.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The perplexing mushroom,</div></td> +<td>H. perplexum.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page118"> +118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hypholoma.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The tufted mushroom,</div></td> +<td>H. fasciculare.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page89"> +89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lactarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The delicious Lactarius,</div></td> +<td>L. deliciosus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page92"> +92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lactarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The colorless Lactarius,</div></td> +<td>L. ichoratus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page81"> +81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lactarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The fleecy Lactarius,</div></td> +<td>L. vellereus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page112"> +112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lactarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The mild Lactarius,</div></td> +<td>L. mitissimus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page82"> +82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lactarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The orange brown Lactarius,</div></td> +<td>L. volemus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page80"> +80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lactarius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The peppery Lactarius,</div></td> +<td>L. piperatus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page111"> +111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lepiota.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The smooth Lepiota,</div></td> +<td>L. naucinoides.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page110"> +110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lepiota.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The tall Lepiota,</div></td> +<td>L. procera.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page120"> +120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lycoperdon.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The cup-shaped puff-ball,</div></td> +<td>L. cyathiforme.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page142"> +142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lycoperdon.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The pear-shaped puff-ball,</div></td> +<td>L. pyriforme.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page143"> +143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Marasmius.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The fairy ring mushroom,</div></td> +<td>M. oreades.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page99"> +99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Morchella.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The edible Morel,</div></td> +<td>M. esculenta.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page146"> +146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Paxillus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The thin stemmed Paxillus,</div></td> +<td>P. leptopus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page128"> +128</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Peziza.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The golden cup-shaped mushroom,</div></td> +<td>P. aurantia.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page145"> +145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Phallus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The fetid wood witch,</div></td> +<td>P. impudicus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page144"> +144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pholiota.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The fat Pholiota,</div></td> +<td>P. adiposa.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page97"> +97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pholiota.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The showy Pholiota,</div></td> +<td>P. spectabilis.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page98"> +98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<!--png168--> +<span class="pagenum">164</span> +<a name="page164"> </a> +Pleurotus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The elm Pleurotus,</div></td> +<td>P. ulmarius.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page113"> +113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pleurotus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The palatable Pleurotus,</div></td> +<td>P. sapidus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page114"> +114</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pluteus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The fawn-colored Pluteus,</div></td> +<td>P. cervinus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page105"> +105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polyporus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The birch Polyporus,</div></td> +<td>P. betulinus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page132"> +132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polyporus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The black-stemmed Polyporus,</div></td> +<td>P. picipes.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page134"> +134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polyporus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The changeable Polyporus,</div></td> +<td>P. versicolor.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page136"> +136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polyporus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The elegant Polyporus,</div></td> +<td>P. elegans.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page136"> +136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polyporus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The perennial Polyporus,</div></td> +<td>P. perennis.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page133"> +133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polyporus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The sulphury Polyporus,</div></td> +<td>P. sulphureus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page134"> +134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polyporus.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The shining Polyporus,</div></td> +<td>P. lucidus.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page135"> +135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Psathyrella.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The widely-spread Psathyrella,</div></td> +<td>P. disseminata.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page116"> +116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russula.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The blood-red Russula,</div></td> +<td>R. sanguinea.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page78"> +78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russula.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The elegant Russula,</div></td> +<td>R. lepida.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page80"> +80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russula.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The forked Russula,</div></td> +<td>R. furcata.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page107"> +107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russula.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The green Russula,</div></td> +<td>R. virescens.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page106"> +106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russula.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The nauseating Russula,</div></td> +<td>R. emetica.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page77"> +77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russula.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The rosy-stemmed Russula,</div></td> +<td>R. roseipes.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page79"> +79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Schizophyllum.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The common Schizophyllum,</div></td> +<td>S. commune.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page140"> +140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Scleroderma.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The hard-skinned mushroom,</div></td> +<td>S. vulgare.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page141"> +141</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stropharia.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The dry Stropharia,</div></td> +<td>S. siccapes.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page93"> +93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tricholoma.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The canary-colored Tricholoma,</div></td> +<td>T. equestre.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page91"> +91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tricholoma.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The imbricated Tricholoma,</div></td> +<td>T. imbricata.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page119"> +119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tricholoma.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The sulphury Tricholoma,</div></td> +<td>T. sulphureum.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page91"> +91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Typhula.</td> +<td><div class="hanging"> +The reed mace mushroom,</div></td> +<td>T. phacorrhiza.</td> +<td class="number"><a href="#page139"> +139</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<!--png169--> +<span class="pagenum">165</span> +<a name="page165"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="appendix">APPENDIX.</a></h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<h5> +A GUIDE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND<br> +DIFFERENTIATION OF AGARICS, COMPRISED<br> +IN FOUR TABLES, ARRANGED WITH<br> +REFERENCE TO THE COLORS OF<br> +THE SPORES, VIZ.: +</h5> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a href="#guidetable1">Table I.</a></td> +<td>White spores.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a href="#guidetable2">Table II.</a></td> +<td>Red and pink spores.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a href="#guidetable3">Table III.</a></td> +<td>Ochraceous spores.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps"><a href="#guidetable4">Table IV.</a></td> +<td>Dark purple and black spores.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<!--png170--> +<span class="pagenum">166</span> +<a name="page166"> </a> +<h3 class="chapter">NOTE.</h3> + +<hr class="tiny"> + +<p> +<span class="firstword">In</span> +using this table the student should first ascertain the color of the +spores of the specimen under investigation. This will determine the +particular table to be applied to its further examination. If, for +instance, he finds its spores to be white, he will know that Table I. is +the one to be consulted. Turning to that table, he should recall the +place of its growth, its habitat. Now, suppose it to have been found +growing on a stump, he will, by looking at the first column, Habitat, of +Table I., be informed that it must be one of the four genera named in +the column with the heading “On Stumps.” Let him then examine its +“gills.” If he finds them to be “adnate,” he will be assured that it +must be an “Armillaria,” as no other genus is shown in the column as +growing “on stumps” and which has gills that are adnate. But to make +assurance doubly sure, he may proceed further +<!--png171--> +<span class="pagenum">167</span> +<a name="page167"> </a> +to discover whether the specimen has also the ring called for in column +headed “Ring.” If it has, and was found growing in the summer, he may +feel quite safe in classifying it as Armillaria. Sometimes the same +genus will be found in more than one column. This ought not to mislead +or confuse the beginner. In Table I., column headed “Volva,” Amanita is +mentioned, and also in the column headed “Ring,” but this indicates that +an Amanita has both the Volva (the universal veil) and the Ring. So in +the columns headed by “Stem,” Pleurotus is represented as having a +lateral or eccentric stem, and also as having no stem. The meaning is, +that some species of the genus have no stem, while there are others in +which the stem is lateral or eccentric.</p> + +<div class="mynote"> +Transcriber’s Note:<br> +Variations in spelling, wording and table format are as in the +original.</div> + +<!--png172--> +<span class="pagenum">168</span> +<a name="page168"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf"><a name="guidetable1"><span class="smallcaps">Table I.</span>—White Spores.</a></h5> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Size of plants, small.</td> +<td class="lines" width="33%">Collybia,<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_1" href="#note_app1_1">1</a><br> +Mycena,<br> +Omphalia,<br> +Marasmius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Plants deliquescent.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, summer.</td> +<td class="lines">Amanita,<br> +Collybia,<br> +Mycena,<br> +Omphalia,<br> +Lepiota,<br> +Pleurotus,<br> +Russula,<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_2" href="#note_app1_2">2</a><br> +Lactarius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, autumn.</td> +<td class="lines">Amanita,<br> +Clitocybe,<br> +Collybia,<br> +Mycena,<br> +Omphalia,<br> +Hygrophorus,<br> +Lepiota,<br> +Marasmius,<br> +Armillaria,<br> +Pleurotus,<br> +Tricholoma,<br> +Russula,<br> +Cantharellus,<br> +Lactarius.<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_3" href="#note_app1_3">3</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6" width="20%">Habitat</td> +<td class="lines"><div class="hanging"> +In woods, in uncultivated places, on ground.</div></td> +<td class="lines">Amanita,<br> +Armillaria,<br> +Tricholoma,<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_4" href="#note_app1_4">4</a><br> +Clitocybe,<br> +Collybia,<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_5" href="#note_app1_5">5</a><br> +Hygrophorus,<br> +Lactarius,<br> +Russula,<br> +Cantharellus.<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_6" href="#note_app1_6">6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">In grass and fields, on ground.</td> +<td class="lines">Lepiota,<br> +Tricholoma.<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_7" href="#note_app1_7">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On other plants—epiphytal.</td> +<td class="lines">Mycena,<br> +Omphalia,<br> +Marasmius,<br> +Collybia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On stumps.</td> +<td class="lines">Panus,<br> +Armillaria,<br> +Lenzites,<br> +Lentinus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On wood.</td> +<td class="lines">Trogia,<br> +Pleurotus,<br> +Schizophyllum,<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_8" href="#note_app1_8">8</a><br> +Cantharellus.<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_9" href="#note_app1_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">On manure.<br> +[<i>Category missing in original.</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="7">Gills,</td> +<td class="lines">free.</td> +<td class="lines">Amanita,<br> +Lepiota.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">adnate.</td> +<td class="lines">Armillaria,<br> +Clitocybe,<br> +Collybia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">decurrent.</td> +<td class="lines">Omphalia,<br> +Clitocybe,<br> +Cantharellus,<br> +Hygrophorus,<br> +Lactarius.<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_10" href="#note_app1_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<!--png173--> +<td class="lines"> +<span class="pagenum">169</span> +<a name="page169"> </a> +serrated.</td> +<td class="lines">Lentinus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">sinuous.</td> +<td class="lines">Tricholoma,<br> +Pleurotus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">distant.</td> +<td class="lines">Marasmius,<br> +Clitocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">in folds.</td> +<td class="lines">Cantharellus,<br> +Trogia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Volva.</td> +<td class="lines">Amanita.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Veil adhering to margin of cap.</td> +<td class="lines">Tricholoma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Ring.</td> +<td class="lines">Amanita,<br> +Armillaria,<br> +Lepiota.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="4">Stem,</td> +<td class="lines">cartilaginous.</td> +<td class="lines">Marasmius,<br> +Mycena,<br> +Omphalia,<br> +Collybia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">lateral, or eccentric.</td> +<td class="lines">Pleurotus,<br> +Panus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">none.</td> +<td class="lines">Lenzites,<br> +Pleurotus,<br> +Trogia,<br> +Schizophyllum,<br> +Panus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">brittle.</td> +<td class="lines">Russula.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6">Pileus,</td> +<td class="lines">scaly or warted.</td> +<td class="lines">Amanita,<br> +Lepiota.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">campanulate.</td> +<td class="lines">Mycena.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">silky, cracked or fibrillose.</td> +<td class="lines">Tricholoma,<br> +Clitocybe,<br> +Pleurotus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbonate.</td> +<td class="lines">Mycena.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbilicate.</td> +<td class="lines">Omphalia,<br> +Lactarius.<a class="tag" name="tag_app1_11" href="#note_app1_11">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">striate.</td> +<td class="lines">Omphalia,<br> +Mycena.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Pileus and Gills milky.</td> +<td class="lines">Lactarius.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_1" href="#tag_app1_1">1.</a> +Some small.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_2" href="#tag_app1_2">2.</a> +In late summer.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_3" href="#tag_app1_3">3.</a> +Generally in autumn.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_4" href="#tag_app1_4">4.</a> +Large species.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_5" href="#tag_app1_5">5.</a> +Few.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_6" href="#tag_app1_6">6.</a> +Some.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_7" href="#tag_app1_7">7.</a> +Small species.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_8" href="#tag_app1_8">8.</a> +Sometimes on rotten wood.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_9" href="#tag_app1_9">9.</a> +Some on rotten wood.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_10" href="#tag_app1_10">10.</a> +Adnato decurrent.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app1_11" href="#tag_app1_11">11.</a> +Becomes depressed in centre.</div> + + +<!--png174--> +<span class="pagenum">170</span> +<a name="page170"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf"><a name="guidetable2"><span class="smallcaps">Table II.</span>—Red and Pink Spores.</a></h5> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Size of plants, small.</td> +<td class="lines" width="33%">Leptonia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Plants deliquescent.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, summer.</td> +<td class="lines">Volvaria,<br> +Pluteus,<br> +Enteloma,<br> +Leptonia,<br> +Nolanea,<br> +Eccilia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, autumn.</td> +<td class="lines">Volvaria,<br> +Pluteus,<br> +Nolanea,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6" width="20%">Habitat</td> +<td class="lines"><div class="hanging"> +In woods, in uncultivated places, on ground.</div></td> +<td class="lines">Volvaria,<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_1" href="#note_app2_1">1</a><br> +Enteloma,<br> +Clitopilus,<br> +Leptonia,<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_2" href="#note_app2_2">2</a><br> +Nolanea,<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_3" href="#note_app2_3">3</a><br> +Claudopus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">In grass and fields, on ground.</td> +<td class="lines">Nolanea.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On other plants—epiphytal.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On stumps.</td> +<td class="lines">Pluteus.<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_4" href="#note_app2_4">4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On wood.</td> +<td class="lines">Volvaria,<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_5" href="#note_app2_5">5</a><br> +Claudopus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On manure.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="7">Gills,</td> +<td class="lines">free.</td> +<td class="lines">Nolanea,<br> +Pluteus,<br> +Annularia,<br> +Volvaria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">adnate.</td> +<td class="lines">Nolanea,<br> +Enteloma.<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_6" href="#note_app2_6">6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines"> +<!--png175--> +<span class="pagenum">171</span> +<a name="page171"> </a> +decurrent.</td> +<td class="lines">Eccilia,<br> +Clitopilus,<br> +Claudopus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">sinuous.</td> +<td class="lines">Enteloma,<br> +Claudopus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">serrated.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">distant.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">in folds.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Volva.</td> +<td class="lines">Volvaria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Veil adhering to margin of cap.</td> +<td class="lines">Enteloma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Ring.</td> +<td class="lines">Annularia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="4">Stem,</td> +<td class="lines">cartilaginous.</td> +<td class="lines">Nolanea,<br> +Leptonia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">lateral, or eccentric.</td> +<td class="lines">Claudopus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">none.</td> +<td class="lines">Claudopus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">brittle.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6">Pileus,</td> +<td class="lines">scaly or warted.</td> +<td class="lines">Leptonia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">campanulate.</td> +<td class="lines">Leptonia,<br> +Nolanea.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">silky, cracked or fibrillose.</td> +<td class="lines">Entoloma,<br> +Pluteus.<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_7" href="#note_app2_7">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbonate.</td> +<td class="lines">Pluteus.<a class="tag" name="tag_app2_8" href="#note_app2_8">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbilicate.</td> +<td class="lines">Leptonia,<br> +Eccilia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">striate.</td> +<td class="lines">Nolanea.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Pileus and Gills milky.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_1" href="#tag_app2_1">1.</a> +Damp ground.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_2" href="#tag_app2_2">2.</a> +Dry hills.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_3" href="#tag_app2_3">3.</a> +Wet places in woods.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_4" href="#tag_app2_4">4.</a> +On or close to stumps.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_5" href="#tag_app2_5">5.</a> +On rotten wood.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_6" href="#tag_app2_6">6.</a> +Almost free.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_7" href="#tag_app2_7">7.</a> +Often fibrillose or floccose.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note_app2_8" href="#tag_app2_8">8.</a> +Somewhat.</div> + + +<!--png176--> +<span class="pagenum">172</span> +<a name="page172"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf"><a name="guidetable3"><span class="smallcaps">Table III.</span>—Ochraceous Spores.</a></h5> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Size of plants, small.</td> +<td class="lines" width="33%"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Plants deliquescent.</td> +<td class="lines"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, summer.</td> +<td class="lines">Pholiota,<br> +Inocybe,<br> +Naucoria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, autumn.</td> +<td class="lines">Inocybe,<br> +Flammula,<br> +Pholiota,<br> +Galera,<br> +Hebeloma,<br> +Crepedotus,<br> +Naucoria,<br> +Cortinarius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6" width="20%">Habitat</td> +<td class="lines"><div class="hanging"> +In woods, in uncultivated places, on ground.</div></td> +<td class="lines">Inocybe,<br> +Pholiota,<a class="tag" name="tag_app3_1" href="#note_app3_1">1</a><br> +Hebeloma,<br> +Flammula,<br> +Paxillus,<br> +Cortinarius,<br> +Naucoria,<br> +Galera.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">In grass and fields, on ground.</td> +<td class="lines">Cortinarius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On other plants—epiphytal.</td> +<td class="lines">Naucoria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On stumps.</td> +<td class="lines">Pholiota,<br> +Paxillus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On wood.</td> +<td class="lines">Claudopus,<br> +Flammula,<br> +Crepidotus,<br> +Naucoria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On manure.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="7">Gills,</td> +<td class="lines">free.</td> +<td class="lines">Naucoria.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">adnate.</td> +<td class="lines">Naucoria,<br> +Pholiota,<a class="tag" name="tag_app3_2" href="#note_app3_2">2</a><br> +Flammula,<br> +Cortinarius,<br> +Hebeloma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines"> +<!--png177--> +<span class="pagenum">173</span> +<a name="page173"> </a> +decurrent.</td> +<td class="lines">Flammula,<br> +Paxillus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">sinuous.</td> +<td class="lines">Hebeloma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">serrated.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">distant.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">in folds.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Volva.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Veil adhering to margin of cap.</td> +<td class="lines">Hebeloma,<br> +Cortinarius,<br> +Inocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Ring.</td> +<td class="lines">Pholiota,<br> +Cortinarius.<a class="tag" name="tag_app3_3" href="#note_app3_3">3</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="4">Stem,</td> +<td class="lines">cartilaginous.</td> +<td class="lines">Tubaria,<br> +Naucoria,<br> +Galera.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">lateral, or excentric.</td> +<td class="lines">Crepidotus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">none.</td> +<td class="lines">Crepidotus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">brittle.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6">Pileus,</td> +<td class="lines">scaly or warted.</td> +<td class="lines">Flammula,<br> +Inocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">campanulate.</td> +<td class="lines">Galera,<br> +Pluteolus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">silky, cracked or fibrillose.</td> +<td class="lines">Inocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbonate.</td> +<td class="lines">Inocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbilicate.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">striate.</td> +<td class="lines">Pluteolus,<br> +Galera.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Pileus and Gills milky.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app3_1" href="#tag_app3_1">1.</a> +Damp ground.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app3_2" href="#tag_app3_2">2.</a> +Somewhat free.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app3_3" href="#tag_app3_3">3.</a> +Some with rings.</div> + +<!--png178--> +<span class="pagenum">174</span> +<a name="page174"> </a> +<h5 class="boldf"><a name="guidetable4"><span class="smallcaps">Table IV.</span>—Dark Purple and Black +Spores.</a></h5> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Size of plants, small.</td> +<td class="lines" width="33%">Psathyrella.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Plants deliquescent.</td> +<td class="lines">Coprinus,<br> +Bolbitius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, summer.</td> +<td class="lines">Coprinus,<br> +Stropharia,<br> +Panaeolus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Time of growth, autumn.</td> +<td class="lines">Coprinus,<br> +Psaliota,<br> +Panaeolus,<br> +Hypholoma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6" width="20%">Habitat</td> +<td class="lines"><div class="hanging"> +In woods, in uncultivated places, on ground.</div></td> +<td class="lines">Stropharia,<br> +Psathyra.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">In grass and fields, on ground.</td> +<td class="lines">Psaliota.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On other plants—epiphytal.</td> +<td class="lines">Stropharia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On stumps.</td> +<td class="lines">Hypholoma,<br> +Psathyra.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On wood.</td> +<td class="lines">Psathyra,<a class="tag" name="tag_app4_1" href="#note_app4_1">1</a><br> +Hypholoma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">On manure.</td> +<td class="lines">Stropharia,<br> +Panaeolus,<br> +Psathyrella,<br> +Coprinus,<br> +Bolbitius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="7">Gills,</td> +<td class="lines">free.</td> +<td class="lines">Chetonia,<br> +Psalliota,<br> +Psathyrella,<br> +Coprinus,<br> +Bolbitius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">adnate.</td> +<td class="lines">Stropharia,<br> +Hypholoma,<br> +Psathyrella.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">decurrent.</td> +<td class="lines">Gomphidius.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">sinuous.</td> +<td class="lines">Hypholoma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">serrated.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">distant.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">in folds.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Volva.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2"> +<!--png179--> +<span class="pagenum">175</span> +<a name="page175"> </a> +Veil adhering to margin.</td> +<td class="lines">Hypholoma.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Ring.</td> +<td class="lines">Stropharia<br> +Psalliota,<br> +Gomphidius.<a class="tag" name="tag_app4_2" href="#note_app4_2">2</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="4">Stem,</td> +<td class="lines">cartilaginous.</td> +<td class="lines">Psathyra,<br> +Psilocybe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">lateral, or excentric.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">none.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">brittle.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" rowspan="6">Pileus,</td> +<td class="lines">scaly or warted.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">campanulate.</td> +<td class="lines">Psathyra,<br> +Psathyrella,<a class="tag" name="tag_app4_3" href="#note_app4_3">3</a><br> +Coprinus,<br> +Gomphidius.<a class="tag" name="tag_app4_4" href="#note_app4_4">4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">silky, cracked or fibrillose.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbonate.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">umbilicate.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!--<td></td>--> +<td class="lines">striate.</td> +<td class="lines">Psathyra,<br> +Psathyrella.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="lines" colspan="2">Pileus and Gills milky.</td> +<td class="lines"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app4_1" href="#tag_app4_1">1.</a> +On rotten wood.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app4_2" href="#tag_app4_2">2.</a> +A floccose ring.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app4_3" href="#tag_app4_3">3.</a> +At first, adpressed to stem.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="note_app4_4" href="#tag_app4_4">4.</a> +Top shaped.</div> + +<div class="mynote"> +Table layout in original text (typical page):</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/table.png" width="349" height="508" +alt="page image"> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Among the Mushrooms, by +Ellen M. 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