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diff --git a/1844-0.txt b/1844-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39808d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6110 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Schoolmaster, by Roger Ascham + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Schoolmaster + +Author: Roger Ascham + +Posting Date: January 24, 2009 [EBook #1844] +Release Date: August, 1999 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SCHOOLMASTER *** + + + + +Produced by Judy Boss + + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: I have omitted signature designations, have +transcribed Greek characters but not italicized them, +and have expanded the usual Renaissance contractions +for "m" and "n" as well as the abbreviation for Latin +terminal "que"; marginalia are separated from textual +line by // and a curly bracket or vertical line vertically exending +over more than one line is represented by a curly bracket +on each successive line. I have also closed : and ? with +the word preceding.] + +[Updater's note: The previous version of this file used HTML +tags and entities to indicate Latin1 and Unicode characters. +These have been replaced with the actual characters. Italics +are now indicated with surrounding underscore characters, and +superscripts with a preceding "^".] + + + + + + + THE + + _SCHOLEMASTER_ + + _Or plaine and perfite way of tea- + chyng children, to vnderstand, write, and + speake, the Latin tong, but specially purposed + for the priuate brynging vp of youth in Ientle- + men and Noble mens houses, and commodious + also for all such, as haue forgot the Latin + tonge, and would, by themselues, with- + out a Scholemaster, in short tyme, + and with small paines, recouer a + sufficient habilitie, to vnder- + stand, write, and + speake Latin._ + + By Roger Ascham. + + _An._ 1570. + + _AT LONDON._ + + Printed by Iohn Daye, dwelling + ouer Aldersgate. + + _Cum Gratia & Priuilegio Regiæ Maiestatis, + per Decennium._ + + [page intentionally blank] + + To the honorable Sir William + + Cecill Knight, principall Secretarie to + + the Quenes most excellent Maiestie. + + + _SOndry and reasonable be the causes why learned men haue vsed + to offer and dedicate such workes as they put abrode, to some + such personage as they thinke fittest, either in respect of abilitie of + defense, or skill for iugement, or priuate regard of kindenesse and + dutie. Euery one of those considerations, Syr, moue me of right to + offer this my late husbands_ M. Aschams _worke vnto you. For + well remembryng how much all good learnyng oweth vnto you for + defense therof, as the Vniuersitie of Cambrige, of which my said + late husband was a member, haue in chosing you their worthy + Chaunceller acknowledged, and how happily you haue spent your + time in such studies & caried the vse therof to the right ende, to + the good seruice of the Quenes Maiestie and your contrey to all our + benefites, thyrdly how much my sayd husband was many wayes + bound vnto you, and how gladly and comfortably he vsed in hys lyfe + to recognise and report your goodnesse toward hym, leauyng with me + then hys poore widow and a great sort of orphanes a good comfort in + the hope of your good continuance, which I haue truly found to me + and myne, and therfore do duely and dayly pray for you and + yours: I could not finde any man for whose name this booke was + more agreable for hope [of] protection, more mete for submission to + iudgement, nor more due for respect of worthynesse of your part and + thankefulnesse of my husbandes and myne. Good I trust it shall do, + as I am put in great hope by many very well learned that can well + iudge therof. Mete therefore I compt it that such good as my + husband was able to doe and leaue to the common weale, it should_ + + 174 _Preface._ + + _be receiued vnder your name, and that the world should owe thanke + therof to you, to whom my husband the authour of it was for good + receyued of you, most dutiefully bounden. And so besechyng you, to + take on you the defense of this booke, to auaunce the good that may + come of it by your allowance and furtherance to publike vse and + benefite, and to accept the thankefull recognition of me and my poore + children, trustyng of the continuance of your good me- + morie of_ M. Ascham _and his, and dayly commen- + dyng the prosperous estate of you and yours to + God whom you serue and whoes you + are, I rest to trouble you._ + Your humble Margaret + Ascham. + + _A Præface to the + Reader._ + + WHen the great plage was at London, the yeare 1563. + the Quenes Maiestie Queene _Elizabeth_, lay at her + Castle of Windsore: Where, vpon the 10. day of December, + it fortuned, that in Sir _William Cicells_ chamber, hir Highnesse + Principall Secretarie, there dined togither these personages, + M. Secretarie him selfe, Syr _William Peter_, Syr _J. Mason_, + D. _Wotton_, Syr _Richard Sackuille_ Treasurer of the Exchecker, + Syr _Walter Mildmaye_ Chauncellor of the Exchecker, M. + _Haddon_ Master of Requestes, M. _John Astely_ Master of the + Iewell house, M. _Bernard Hampton_, M. _Nicasius_, and _J_. + Of which number, the most part were of hir Maiesties most + honourable priuie Counsell, and the reast seruing hir in verie + good place. I was glad than, and do reioice yet to remember, + that my chance was so happie, to be there that day, in the + companie of so manie wise & good men togither, as hardly + than could haue beene piked out againe, out of all England + beside. + M. Secretarie hath this accustomed maner, though his head + be neuer so full of most weightie affaires of the Realme, yet, at + diner time he doth seeme to lay them alwaies aside: and findeth + euer fitte occasion to taulke pleasantlie of other matters, + but most gladlie of some matter of learning: wherein, he will + curteslie heare the minde of the meanest at his Table. + Not long after our sitting doune, I haue strange newes + brought me, sayth M. Secretarie, this morning, that diuerse + Scholers of Eaton, be runne awaie from the + Schole, for feare of beating. Whereupon, M. //M. _Secreta-_ + Secretarie tooke occasion, to wishe, that some //_rie._ + + + 176 _A Præface to the Reader._ + + more discretion were in many Scholemasters, in vsing correction, + than commonlie there is. Who many times, punishe rather, + the weakenes of nature, than the fault of the Scholer. Whereby, + many Scholers, that might else proue well, be driuen to hate + learning, before they knowe, what learning meaneth: and so, + are made willing to forsake their booke, and be glad to be put + to any other kinde of liuing. + M. _Peter_, as one somewhat seuere of nature, said plainlie, + M. _Peter._ // that the Rodde onelie, was the sworde, that must + keepe, the Schole in obedience, and the Scholer + M. _Wotton._ // in good order. M. _Wotton_, á man milde of nature, + with soft voice, and fewe wordes, inclined to M. Secretaries + iudgement, and said, in mine opinion, the Schole- + Ludus li- // house should be in deede, as it is called by name, + terarum. // the house of playe and pleasure, and not of feare + _Plato_ de // and bondage: and as I do remember, so saith + Rep. 7. // _Socrates_ in one place of _Plato_. And therefore, + if a Rodde carie the feare of à Sworde, it is no maruell, if those + that be fearefull of nature, chose rather to forsake the Plaie, + than to stand alwaies within the feare of a Sworde in a fonde + mans handling. M. _Mason_, after his maner, was + M. _Mason._ // verie merie with both parties, pleasantlie playing, + both, with the shrewde touches of many courste boyes, and with + the small discretion of many leude Scholemasters. M. _Haddon_ + was fullie of M. _Peters_ opinion, and said, that + M. _Haddon._ // the best scholemaster of our time, was the + greatest beater, and named the Person. Though, quoth I, it + was his good fortune, to send from his Schole, + The Author of // vnto the Vniuersitie, one of the best Scholers in + this booke. // deede of all our time, yet wise men do thinke, + that that came so to passe, rather, by the great towardnes of the + Scholer, than by the great beating of the Master: and whether + this be true or no, you your selfe are best witnes. I said + somewhat farder in the matter, how, and whie, yong children, + were soner allured by loue, than driuen by beating, to atteyne + good learning: wherein I was the bolder to say my minde, + bicause M. Secretarie curteslie prouoked me thereunto: or else, + in such à companie, and namelie in his præsence, my wonte is, + to be more willing, to vse mine eares, than to occupie my + tonge. + + + _A Præface to the Reader._ 177 + + Syr _Walter Mildmaye_, M. _Astley_, and the rest, said verie + litle: onelie Syr _Rich. Sackuill_, said nothing at all. After dinner + I went vp to read with the Queenes Maiestie. We red than + togither in the Greke tongue, as I well remember. // Demost. + that noble Oration of _Demosthenes_ against _æschines_, // peri pa- + for his false dealing in his Ambassage to king // rapresb. + _Philip_ of Macedonie. Syr _Rich. Sackuile_ came vp sone after: and + finding me in hir Maiesties priuie chamber, he // Syr _R._ + tooke me by the hand, & carying me to à // _Sackuiles_ + windoe, said, M. _Ascham_, I would not for à good // communi- + deale of monie, haue bene, this daie, absent from // cation with + diner. Where, though I said nothing, yet I gaue // the Author + as good eare, and do consider as well the taulke, // of this + that passed, as any one did there. M. Secretarie said very // booke. + wisely, and most truely, that many yong wittes be driuen to + hate learninge, before they know what learninge is. I can be + good witnes to this my selfe: For à fond Scholemaster, before + I was fullie fourtene yeare olde, draue me so, with feare of + beating, from all loue of learninge, as nowe, when I know, what + difference it is, to haue learninge, and to haue litle, or none at + all, I feele it my greatest greife, and finde it my greatest hurte, + that euer came to me, that it was my so ill chance, to light + vpon so lewde à Scholemaster. But seing it is but in vain, to + lament thinges paste, and also wisdome to looke to thinges to + cum, surely, God willinge, if God lend me life, I will make + this my mishap, some occasion of good hap, to litle _Robert + Sackuile_ my sonnes sonne. For whose bringinge vp, I would + gladlie, if it so please you, vse speciallie your good aduice. I + heare saie, you haue à sonne, moch of his age: we wil deale thus + togither. Point you out à Scholemaster, who by your order, + shall teache my sonne and yours, and for all the rest, I will + prouide, yea though they three do cost me a couple of hundred + poundes by yeare: and beside, you shall finde me as fast à + Frend to you and yours, as perchance any you haue. Which + promise, the worthie Ientleman surelie kept with me, vntill his + dying daye. + We had than farther taulke togither, of bringing vp of + children: of the nature, of quicke, and hard wittes: // The cheife + of the right choice of à good witte: of Feare, and // pointes of + loue in teachinge children. We passed from // this booke. + + + 178 _A Præface to the Reader._ + + children and came to yonge men, namely, Ientlemen: we + taulked of their to moch libertie, to liue as they lust: of their + letting louse to sone, to ouer moch experience of ill, contrarie to + the good order of many good olde common welthes of the + Persians and Grekes: of witte gathered, and good fortune + gotten, by some, onely by experience, without learning. And + lastlie, he required of me verie earnestlie, to shewe, what I + thought of the common goinge of Englishe men into Italie. + But, sayth he, bicause this place, and this tyme, will not suffer + so long taulke, as these good matters require, therefore I pray + you, at my request, and at your leysure, put in some order of + writing, the cheife pointes of this our taulke, concerning the + right order of teachinge, and honestie of liuing, for the good + bringing vp of children & yong men. And surelie, beside + contentinge me, you shall both please and profit verie many + others. I made some excuse by lacke of habilitie, and weakenes + of bodie: well, sayth he, I am not now to learne, what you can + do. Our deare frende, good M. _Goodricke_, whose iudgement I + could well beleue, did once for all, satisfye me fullie therein. + Againe, I heard you say, not long agoe, that you may thanke + Syr _John Cheke_, for all the learninge you haue: And I know + verie well my selfe, that you did teach the Quene. And + therefore seing God did so blesse you, to make you the Scholer + of the best Master, and also the Scholemaster of the best + Scholer, that euer were in our tyme, surelie, you should please + God, benefite your countrie, & honest your owne name, if you + would take the paines, to impart to others, what you learned + of soch à Master, and how ye taught such à scholer. And, in + vttering the stuffe ye receiued of the one, in declaring the + order ye tooke with the other, ye shall neuer lacke, neither + matter, nor maner, what to write, nor how to write in this + kinde of Argument. + I beginning some farther excuse, sodeinlie was called to + cum to the Queene. The night following, I slept litle, my + head was so full of this our former taulke, and I so mindefull, + somewhat to satisfie the honest request of so deare à frend, + I thought to præpare some litle treatise for a New yeares gift + that Christmas. But, as it chanceth to busie builders, so, in + building thys my poore Scholehouse (the rather bicause the forme + of it is somewhat new, and differing from others) the worke + + + _A Præf ace to the Reader._ 179 + + rose dailie higher and wider, than I thought it would at the + beginninge. + And though it appeare now, and be in verie deede, but a + small cotage, poore for the stuffe, and rude for the workemanship, + yet in going forward, I found the site so good, as I was lothe to + giue it ouer, but the making so costlie, outreaching my habilitie, + as many tymes I wished, that some one of those three, my deare + frendes, with full pursses, Syr _Tho. Smithe_, M. // {_Smith._ + _Haddon_, or M. _Watson_, had had the doing of it. // M. {_Haddon._ + Yet, neuerthelesse, I my selfe, spending gladlie // {_Watson._ + that litle, that I gatte at home by good Syr _Iohn_ // Syr_ I._ + _Cheke_, and that that I borrowed abroad of my // _Cheke._ + frend _Sturmius_, beside somewhat that was left me // _I. Sturmius._ + in Reuersion by my olde Masters, _Plato, Aristotle_, // _Plato._ + and _Cicero_, I haue at last patched it vp, as I could, // _Aristotle._ + and as you see. If the matter be meane, and meanly handled, // _Cicero._ + I pray you beare, both with me, and it: for neuer worke went + vp in worse wether, with mo lettes and stoppes, than this poore + Scholehouse of mine. Westminster Hall can beare some + witnesse, beside moch weakenes of bodie, but more trouble of + minde, by some such sores, as greue me to toche them my + selfe, and therefore I purpose not to open them to others. + And, in middes of outward iniuries, and inward cares, to + encrease them withall, good Syr _Rich. Sackuile_ + dieth, that worthie Ientleman: That earnest // Syr _R._ + fauorer and furtherer of Gods true Religion: // _Sackuill._ + That faithfull Seruitor to his Prince and Countrie: A louer of + learning, & all learned men: Wise in all doinges: Curtesse to + all persons: shewing spite to none: doing good to many: and as + I well found, to me so fast à frend, as I neuer lost the like + before. Whan he was gone, my hart was dead. There was + not one, that woare à blacke gowne for him, who caried à + heuier hart for him, than I. Whan he was gone, I cast this + booke àwaie: I could not looke vpon it, but with weping eyes, + in remembring him, who was the onelie setter on, to do it, and + would haue bene, not onelie à glad commender of it, but also + à sure and certaine comfort, to me and mine, for it. Almost + two yeares togither, this booke lay scattered, and neglected, + and had bene quite giuen ouer of me, if the goodnesse of one + had not giuen me some life and spirite againe. God, the + + 180 _A Præface to the Reader._ + + mouer of goodnesse, prosper alwaies him & his, as he hath + many times comforted me and mine, and, I trust to God, shall + comfort more and more. Of whom, most iustlie I may saie, + and verie oft, and alwaies gladlie, I am wont to say, that + sweete verse of _Sophocles_, spoken by _Oedipus_ to worthie _Theseus_. + + Soph. in // echo [gar] acho dia se, kouk allon broton. + Oed. Col. // + + Thys hope hath helped me to end this booke: which, if he + allowe, I shall thinke my labours well imployed, and shall not + moch æsteme the misliking of any others. And I trust, he + shall thinke the better of it, bicause he shall finde the best part + thereof, to cum out of his Schole, whom he, of all men loued + and liked best. + Yet some men, frendly enough of nature, but of small + iudgement in learninge, do thinke, I take to moch paines, and + _Plato_ in // spend to moch time, in settinge forth these + initio // childrens affaires. But those good men were + Theagis. // neuer brought vp in _Socrates_ Schole, who saith + ou gar esti // plainlie, that no man goeth àbout à more godlie + peri otou // purpose, than he that is mindfull of the good + theioterou // bringing vp, both of hys owne, and other mens + anthropos // children. + an bouleu- // + saito, e // Therfore, I trust, good and wise men, will + peri pai- // thinke well of this my doing. And of other, that + deias, kai // thinke otherwise, I will thinke my selfe, they are + ton auton, // but men, to be pardoned for their follie, and + kai ton // pitied for their ignoraunce. + oikeion. // + In writing this booke, I haue had earnest respecte to three + speciall pointes, trothe of Religion, honestie in liuing, right order + in learning. In which three waies, I praie God, my poore + children may diligently waulke: for whose sake, as nature + moued, and reason required, and necessitie also somewhat + compelled, I was the willinger to take these paines. + For, seing at my death, I am not like to leaue them any + great store of liuing, therefore in my life time, I thought good + to bequeath vnto them, in this litle booke, as in my Will and + Testament, the right waie to good learning: which if they + followe, with the feare of God, they shall verie well cum to + sufficiencie of liuinge. + I wishe also, with all my hart, that yong M. _Rob. Sackuille_, + + + _A Præface to the Reader._ 181 + + may take that fructe of this labor, that his worthie Grauntfather + purposed he should haue done: And if any other do take, either + proffet, or pleasure hereby, they haue cause to thanke M. + _Robert Sackuille_, for whom speciallie this my Scholemaster was + prouided. + And one thing I would haue the Reader consider in + readinge this booke, that bicause, no Scholemaster hath charge + of any childe, before he enter into hys Schole, therefore I + leauing all former care, of their good bringing vp, to wise and + good Parentes, as à matter not belonging to the Scholemaster, + I do appoynt thys my Scholemaster, than, and there to begin, + where his office and charge beginneth. Which charge lasteth + not long, but vntill the Scholer be made hable to go to the + Vniuersitie, to procede in Logike, Rhetoricke, and other kindes + of learning. + Yet if my Scholemaster, for loue he beareth to hys + Scholer, shall teach hym somewhat for hys furtherance, + and better iudgement in learning, that may serue + him seuen yeare after in the Vniuersitie, he + doth hys Scholer no more wrong, nor de- + serueth no worse name therby, than he + doth in London, who sellinge silke + or cloth vnto his frend, doth + giue hym better measure, + than either hys pro- + mise or bargaine + was. + + _Farewell in Christ._ + + + _The first booke for the youth._ + + AFter the childe hath learned perfitlie the eight partes of + speach, let him then learne the right ioyning togither of + substantiues with adiectiues, the nowne with the verbe, the + relatiue with the antecedent. And in learninge farther hys + Syntaxis, by mine aduice, he shall not vse the common order + in common scholes, for making of latines: wherby, the childe + _Cic._ de // commonlie learneth, first, an euill choice of wordes, + Cla. or. // (and right choice of wordes, saith _Cæsar_, is the + foundation of eloquence) than, a wrong placing + of wordes: and lastlie, an ill framing of the sentence, with + a peruerse iudgement, both of wordes and sentences. These + Making of // faultes, taking once roote in yougthe, be neuer, or + Lattines // hardlie, pluckt away in age. Moreouer, there is + marreth // no one thing, that hath more, either dulled the + Children. // wittes, or taken awaye the will of children from + learning, then the care they haue, to satisfie their masters, in + making of latines. + For, the scholer, is commonlie beat for the making, when + the master were more worthie to be beat for the mending, or + rather, marring of the same: The master many times, being + as ignorant as the childe, what to saie properlie and fitlie to the + matter. + Two scholemasters haue set forth in print, either of them + _Horman._ // a booke, of soch kinde of latines, _Horman_ and + _Whitting-_ // _Whittington_. + _ton._ // + A childe shall learne of the better of them, + that, which an other daie, if he be wise, and cum to iudgement, + he must be faine to vnlearne againe. + + + _The first booke for the youth._ 183 + + There is a waie, touched in the first booke of _Cicero + De Oratore_, which, wiselie brought into scholes, // 1. _De Or._ + truely taught, and constantly vsed, would not + onely take wholly away this butcherlie feare in making of + latines, but would also, with ease and pleasure, and in short + time, as I know by good experience, worke a true choice and + placing of wordes, a right ordering of sentences, an easie + vnderstandyng of the tonge, a readines to speake, a facultie to + write, a true iudgement, both of his owne, and other mens + doinges, what tonge so euer he doth vse. + The waie is this. After the three Concordances learned, + as I touched before, let the master read vnto hym the Epistles + of _Cicero_, gathered togither and chosen out by _Sturmius_, for + the capacitie of children. + First, let him teach the childe, cherefullie and plainlie, the + cause, and matter of the letter: then, let him + construe it into Englishe, so oft, as the childe may // The order + easilie carie awaie the vnderstanding of it: // of teaching. + Lastlie, parse it ouer perfitlie. This done thus, let the childe, + by and by, both construe and parse it ouer againe: so, that it + may appeare, that the childe douteth in nothing, that his + master taught him before. After this, the childe must take + a paper booke, and sitting in some place, where no man shall + prompe him, by him self, let him translate into Englishe his + former lesson. Then shewing it to his master, + let the master take from him his latin booke, and // Two pa- + pausing an houre, at the least, than let the childe // per bokes. + translate his owne Englishe into latin againe, in an other paper + booke. When the childe bringeth it, turned into latin, the + master must compare it with _Tullies_ booke, and laie them both + togither: and where the childe doth well, either in chosing, or + true placing of _Tullies_ wordes, let the master // Children + praise him, and saie here ye do well. For I // learne by + assure you, there is no such whetstone, to // prayse. + sharpen a good witte and encourage a will to learninge, as is + praise. + But if the childe misse, either in forgetting a worde, or in + chaunging a good with a worse, or misordering the sentence, + I would not haue the master, either froune, or chide with him, + if the childe haue done his diligence, and vsed no trewandship + + + 184 _The first booke teachyng_ + + therein. For I know by good experience, that a childe shall + Ientlenes // take more profit of two fautes, ientlie warned of, + in teaching. // then of foure thinges, rightly hitt. For than, the + master shall haue good occasion to saie vnto him. + _N. Tullie_ would haue vsed such a worde, not this: _Tullie_ + would haue placed this word here, not there: would haue vsed + this case, this number, this person, this degree, this gender: he + would haue vsed this moode, this tens, this simple, rather than + this compound: this aduerbe here, not there: he would haue + ended the sentence with this verbe, not with that nowne or + participle, etc. + In these fewe lines, I haue wrapped vp, the most tedious + part of Grammer: and also the ground of almost all the Rewles, + that are so busilie taught by the Master, and so hardlie learned + by the Scholer, in all common Scholes: which after this sort, + the master shall teach without all error, and the scholer shall + learne without great paine: the master being led by so sure + a guide, and the scholer being brought into so plaine and easie + a waie. And therefore, we do not contemne Rewles, but we + gladlie teach Rewles: and teach them, more plainlie, sensiblie, + and orderlie, than they be commonlie taught in common + Scholes. For whan the Master shall compare _Tullies_ booke + with his Scholers translation, let the Master, at the first, + lead and teach his Scholer, to ioyne the Rewles of his Grammer + booke, with the examples of his present lesson, vntill the + Scholer, by him selfe, be hable to fetch out of his Grammer, + euerie Rewle, for euerie Example: So, as the Grammer booke + be euer in the Scholers hand, and also vsed of him, as a + Dictionarie, for euerie present vse. This is a liuely and perfite + waie of teaching of Rewles: where the common waie, vsed in + common Scholes, to read the Grammer alone by it selfe, is + tedious for the Master, hard for the Scholer, colde and vn- + cumfortable for them bothe. + Let your Scholer be neuer afraide, to aske you any dout, + but vse discretlie the best allurements ye can, to encorage him + to the same: lest, his ouermoch fearinge of you, driue him + to seeke some misorderlie shifte: as, to seeke to be helped + by some other booke, or to be prompted by some other + Scholer, and so goe aboute to begile you moch, and him selfe + more. + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 185 + + With this waie, of good vnderstanding the mater, plaine + construinge, diligent parsinge, dailie translatinge, cherefull + admonishinge, and heedefull amendinge of faultes: neuer + leauinge behinde iuste praise for well doinge, I would haue the + Scholer brought vp withall, till he had red, & translated ouer y^e + first booke of Epistles chosen out by _Sturmius_, with a good + peece of a Comedie of _Terence_ also. + All this while, by mine aduise, the childe shall vse to speake + no latine: For, as _Cicero_ saith in like mater, with like wordes, + _loquendo, male loqui discunt_. And, that excellent // Latin + learned man, _G. Budæus_, in his Greeke Com- // speakyng. + mentaries, sore complaineth, that whan he began // _G. Budæus._ + to learne the latin tonge, vse of speaking latin at the table, and + elsewhere, vnaduisedlie, did bring him to soch an euill choice of + wordes, to soch a crooked framing of sentences, that no one + thing did hurt or hinder him more, all the daies of his life + afterward, both for redinesse in speaking, and also good iudge- + ment in writinge. + In very deede, if children were brought vp, in soch a house, + or soch a Schole, where the latin tonge were properlie and + perfitlie spoken, as _Tib._ and _Ca. Gracci_ were brought vp, in + their mother _Cornelias_ house, surelie, than the dailie vse of + speaking, were the best and readiest waie, to learne the latin + tong. But, now, commonlie, in the best Scholes in England, + for wordes, right choice is smallie regarded, true proprietie + whollie neglected, confusion is brought in, barbariousnesse is + bred vp so in yong wittes, as afterward they be, not onelie + marde for speaking, but also corrupted in iudgement: as with + moch adoe, or neuer at all, they be brought to right frame + againe. + Yet all men couet to haue their children speake latin: and + so do I verie earnestlie too. We bothe, haue one purpose: we + agree in desire, we wish one end: but we differ somewhat in + order and waie, that leadeth rightlie to that end. Other would + haue them speake at all aduentures: and, so they be speakinge, + to speake, the Master careth not, the Scholer knoweth not, + what. This is, to seeme, and not to bee: except it be, to be + bolde without shame, rashe without skill, full of words without + witte. I wish to haue them speake so, as it may well appeare, + that the braine doth gouerne the tonge, and that reason leadeth + + + 186 _The first booke teachyng_ + + forth the taulke. _Socrates_ doctrine is true in _Plato_, and well + _Plato._ // marked, and truely vttered by _Horace_ in _Arte_ + _Horat._ // _Poetica_, that, where so euer knowledge doth accom- + panie the witte, there best vtterance doth alwaies + awaite vpon the tonge: For, good vnderstanding must first be bred + Much wri- // in the childe, which, being nurished with skill, and + tyng bree- // vse of writing (as I will teach more largelie + deth ready // hereafter) is the onelie waie to bring him to + speakyng. // iudgement and readinesse in speakinge: and that + in farre shorter time (if he followe constantlie the trade of this + litle lesson) than he shall do, by common teachinge of the + common scholes in England. + But, to go forward, as you perceiue, your scholer to goe + better and better on awaie, first, with vnderstanding his lesson + more quicklie, with parsing more readelie, with translating + more spedelie and perfitlie then he was wonte, after, giue him + longer lessons to translate: and withall, begin to teach him, + The second // both in nownes, & verbes, what is _Proprium_, and + degree and // what is _Translatum_, what _Synonymum_, what + order in // _Diuersum_, which be _Contraria_, and which be + teachyng. // most notable _Phrases_ in all his lecture. + As: + _{Rex Sepultus est + Proprium. {magnificè. + + {Cum illo principe, + Translatum. {Sepulta est & gloria + {et Salus Reipublicæ. + + Synonyma. {Ensis, Gladius. + {Laudare, prædicare. + + {Diligere, Amare. + Diuersa. {Calere, Exardescere. + {Inimicus, Hostis. + + {Acerbum & luctuosum + { bellum. + Contraria. {Dulcis & lœta + { Pax. + + {Dare verba. + Phrases. {abjicere obedientiam._ + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 187 + + Your scholer then, must haue the third paper booke: in + the which, after he hath done his double transla- // The thyrd + tion, let him write, after this sort foure of these // paper boke. + forenamed sixe, diligentlie marked out of eurie + lesson. + + _{Propria. + {Translata. + {Synonyma. + Quatuor. {Diuersa. + {Contraria. + {Phrases._ + + Or else, three, or two, if there be no moe: and if there be + none of these at all in some lecture, yet not omitte the order, + but write these. + + _{Diuersa nulla. + {Contraria nulla. etc._ + + This diligent translating, ioyned with this heedefull + marking, in the foresaid Epistles, and afterwarde in some + plaine Oration of _Tullie_, as, _pro lege Manil: pro Archia Poeta_, + or in those three _ad C. Cæs_: shall worke soch a right choise of + wordes, so streight a framing of sentences, soch a true iudge- + ment, both to write skilfullie, and speake wittlelie, as wise men + shall both praise, and maruell at. + If your scholer do misse sometimes, in marking rightlie + these foresaid sixe thinges, chide not hastelie: for that shall, + both dull his witte, and discorage his diligence: // Ientleness + but monish him gentelie: which shall make // in teaching. + him, both willing to amende, and glad to go + forward in loue and hope of learning. + I haue now wished, twise or thrise, this gentle nature, + to be in a Scholemaster: And, that I haue done so, neither by + chance, nor without some reason, I will now // Loue. + declare at large, why, in mine opinion, loue is // Feare. + fitter than feare, ientlenes better than beating, to + bring vp a childe rightlie in learninge. + With the common vse of teaching and beating in common + scholes of England, I will not greatlie contend: // Common + which if I did, it were but a small grammaticall // Scholes. + controuersie, neither belonging to heresie nor + + + 188 _The first booke teachyng_ + + treason, nor greatly touching God nor the Prince: although in + very deede, in the end, the good or ill bringing vp of children, + doth as much serue to the good or ill seruice, of God, our + Prince, and our whole countrie, as any one thing doth beside. + I do gladlie agree with all good Scholemasters in these + pointes: to haue children brought to good perfitnes in learning: + to all honestie in maners: to haue all fautes rightlie amended: + to haue euerie vice seuerelie corrected: but for the order and + waie that leadeth rightlie to these pointes, we somewhat differ. + Sharpe // For commonlie, many scholemasters, some, as + Schole- // I haue seen, moe, as I haue heard tell, be of so + masters. // crooked a nature, as, when they meete with a + hard witted scholer, they rather breake him, than bowe him, + rather marre him, then mend him. For whan the scholemaster + is angrie with some other matter, then will he sonest faul to + beate his scholer: and though he him selfe should be punished + for his folie, yet must he beate some scholer for his pleasure: + though there be no cause for him to do so, nor yet fault in the + scholer to deserue so. These ye will say, be fond scholemasters, + and fewe they be, that be found to be soch. They be fond in + deede, but surelie ouermany soch be found euerie where. But + Nature // this I will say, that euen the wisest of your great + punished. // beaters, do as oft punishe nature, as they do + correcte faultes. Yea, many times, the better + nature, is sorer punished: For, if one, by quicknes of witte, + take his lesson readelie, an other, by hardnes of witte, taketh it + not so speedelie: the first is alwaies commended, the other is + commonlie punished: whan a wise scholemaster, should rather + discretelie consider the right disposition of both their natures, + and not so moch wey what either of them is able to do now, + Quicke // as what either of them is likelie to do hereafter. + wittes for // For this I know, not onelie by reading of bookes + learnyng. // in my studie, but also by experience of life, + abrode in the world, that those, which be commonlie the + wisest, the best learned, and best men also, when they be olde, + were neuer commonlie the quickest of witte, when they were + yonge. The causes why, amongst other, which be many, that + moue me thus to thinke, be these fewe, which I will recken. + Quicke wittes commonlie, be apte to take, vnapte to keepe: + soone hote and desirous of this and that: as colde and sone + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 189 + + wery of the same againe: more quicke to enter spedelie, than + hable to pearse farre: euen like ouer sharpe tooles, whose edges + be verie soone turned. Soch wittes delite them selues in easie + and pleasant studies, and neuer passe farre forward in hie and + hard sciences. And therefore the quickest wittes commonlie + may proue the best Poetes, but not the wisest Orators: readie + of tonge to speake boldlie, not deepe of iudgement, // Quicke + either for good counsell or wise writing. Also, // wittes, for + for maners and life, quicke wittes commonlie, be, // maners & + in desire, newfangle, in purpose, vnconstant, light // lyfe. + to promise any thing, readie to forget euery thing: both benefite + and inurie: and therby neither fast to frend, nor fearefull to foe: + inquisitiue of euery trifle, not secret in greatest affaires: bolde, + with any person: busie, in euery matter: sothing, soch as be + present: nipping any that is absent: of nature also, alwaies, + flattering their betters, enuying their equals, despising their + inferiors: and, by quicknes of witte, verie quicke and readie, to + like none so well as them selues. + Moreouer commonlie, men, very quicke of witte, be also, + verie light of conditions: and thereby, very readie of disposition, + to be caried ouer quicklie, by any light cumpanie, to any riot + and vnthriftines when they be yonge: and therfore seldome, + either honest of life, or riche in liuing, when they be olde. + For, quicke in witte, and light in maners, be either seldome + troubled, or verie sone wery, in carying a verie heuie purse. + Quicke wittes also be, in most part of all their doinges, ouer- + quicke, hastie, rashe, headie, and brainsicke. These two last + wordes, Headie, and Brainsicke, be fitte and proper wordes, + rising naturallie of the matter, and tearmed aptlie by the + condition of ouer moch quickenes of witte. In yougthe also + they be, readie scoffers, priuie mockers, and euer ouer light and + mery. In aige, sone testie, very waspishe, and alwaies ouer + miserable: and yet fewe of them cum to any great aige, by + reason of their misordered life when they were yong: but + a great deale fewer of them cum to shewe any great counten- + ance, or beare any great authoritie abrode in the world, but + either liue obscurelie, men know not how, or dye obscurelie, + men marke not whan. They be like trees, that shewe forth, + faire blossoms & broad leaues in spring time, but bring out + small and not long lasting fruite in haruest time: and that + + + 190 _The first booke teachyng_ + + onelie soch, as fall, and rotte, before they be ripe, and so, neuer, + or seldome, cum to any good at all. For this ye shall finde + most true by experience, that amongest a number of quicke + wittes in youthe, fewe be found, in the end, either verie + fortunate for them selues, or verie profitable to serue the common + wealth, but decay and vanish, men know not which way: + except a very fewe, to whom peraduenture blood and happie + parentage, may perchance purchace a long standing vpon the + stage. The which felicitie, because it commeth by others + procuring, not by their owne deseruinge, and stand by other + mens feete, and not by their own, what owtward brag so euer + is borne by them, is in deed, of it selfe, and in wise mens eyes, + of no great estimation. + Some wittes, moderate enough by nature, be many tymes + Som sci- // marde by ouer moch studie and vse of some + ences hurt // sciences, namelie, Musicke, Arithmetick, and + mens wits, // Geometrie. Thies sciences, as they sharpen mens + and mar // wittes ouer moch, so they change mens maners + mens ma- // ouer sore, if they be not moderatlie mingled, & + ners. // + wiselie applied to som good vse of life. Marke all Mathe- + Mathe- // maticall heades, which be onely and wholy bent + maticall // to those sciences, how solitarie they be themselues, + heades. // how vnfit to liue with others, & how vnapte to + serue in the world. This is not onelie knowen now by common + experience, but vttered long before by wise mens Iudgement + _Galen._ // and sentence. _Galene_ saith, moch Musick marreth + _Plato._ // mens maners: and _Plato_ hath a notable place of + the same thing in his bookes _de Rep._ well marked + also, and excellentlie translated by _Tullie_ himself. Of this + matter, I wrote once more at large, XX. yeare a go, in my booke + of shoting: now I thought but to touch it, to proue, that ouer + moch quicknes of witte, either giuen by nature, or sharpened by + studie, doth not commonlie bring forth, eyther greatest learning, + best maners, or happiest life in the end. + Contrariewise, a witte in youth, that is not ouer dulle, + Hard wits // heauie, knottie and lumpishe, but hard, rough, and + in learning. // though somwhat staffishe, as _Tullie_ wisheth _otium, + quietum, non languidum_: and _negotium cum labore, + non cum periculo_, such a witte I say, if it be, at the first well + handled by the mother, and rightlie smothed and wrought as it + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 191 + + should, not ouerwhartlie, and against the wood, by the schole- + master, both for learning, and hole course of liuing, proueth + alwaies the best. In woode and stone, not the softest, but + hardest, be alwaies aptest, for portrature, both fairest for pleasure, + and most durable for proffit. Hard wittes be hard to receiue, + but sure to keepe: painefull without werinesse, hedefull without + wauering, constant without newfanglenes: bearing heauie + thinges, thoughe not lightlie, yet willinglie: entring hard + thinges, though not easelie, yet depelie, and so cum to that + perfitnes of learning in the ende, that quicke wittes, seeme in + hope, but do not in deede, or else verie seldome, // Hard wits + euer attaine vnto. Also, for maners and life, hard // in maners + wittes commonlie, ar hardlie caried, either to // and lyfe. + desire euerie new thing, or else to meruell at euery strange + thinge: and therfore they be carefull and diligent in their own + matters, not curious and busey in other mens affaires: and so, + they becum wise them selues, and also ar counted honest by + others. They be graue, stedfast, silent of tong, secret of hart. + Not hastie in making, but constant in keping any promise. + Not rashe in vttering, but ware in considering euery matter: + and therby, not quicke in speaking, but deepe of iudgement, + whether they write, or giue counsell in all waightie affaires. + And theis be the men, that becum in the end, both most happie + for themselues, and alwaise best estemed abrode in the world. + I haue bene longer in describing, the nature, the good or ill + successe, of the quicke and hard witte, than perchance som will + thinke, this place and matter doth require. But // The best + my purpose was hereby, plainlie to vtter, what // wittes dri- + iniurie is offered to all learninge, & to the common // uen from + welthe also, first, by the fond father in chosing, // learnyng, + but chieflie by the lewd scholemaster in beating // to other li- + and driuing away the best natures from learning. A childe // uyng. + that is still, silent, constant, and somewhat hard of witte, is + either neuer chosen by the father to be made a scholer, or else, + when he commeth to the schole, he is smally regarded, little + looked vnto, he lacketh teaching, he lacketh coraging, he lacketh + all thinges, onelie he neuer lacketh beating, nor any word, that + may moue him to hate learninge, nor any deed that may driue + him from learning, to any other kinde of liuing. + And when this sadde natured, and hard witted child, is bette + + + 192 _The first booke teachyng_ + + from his booke, and becummeth after eyther student of + Hard wits // the common lawe, or page in the Court, or + proue best // seruingman, or bound prentice to a merchant, + in euery // or to som handiecrafte, he proueth in the ende, + kynde of // wiser, happier and many tymes honester too, than + life. // many of theis quick wittes do, by their learninge. + Learning is, both hindred and iniured to, by the ill choice + of them, that send yong scholers to the vniuersities. Of whom + must nedes cum all our Diuines, Lawyers, and Physicions. + Thies yong scholers be chosen commonlie, as yong apples be + The ill // chosen by children, in a faire garden about _S._ + choice of // _Iames_ tyde: a childe will chose a sweeting, because it + wittes for // is presentlie faire and pleasant, and refuse a Runnet, + learnyng. // because it is than grene, hard, and sowre, whan the + one, if it be eaten, doth breed, both wormes and ill humors: + the other if it stand his tyme, be ordered and kepte as it should, is + holsom of it self, and helpeth to the good digestion of other meates: + Sweetinges, will receyue wormes, rotte, and dye on the tree, and + neuer or seldom cum to the gathering for good and lasting store. + For verie greafe of harte I will not applie the similitude: + but hereby, is plainlie seen, how learning is robbed of hir best + wittes, first by the great beating, and after by the ill chosing + of scholers, to go to the vniuersities. Whereof cummeth + partelie, that lewde and spitefull prouerbe, sounding to the + greate hurte of learning, and shame of learned men, that, the + greatest Clerkes be not the wisest men. + And though I, in all this discourse, seem plainlie to prefer, + hard and roughe wittes, before quicke and light wittes, both for + learnyng and maners, yet am I not ignorant that som quicknes + of witte, is a singuler gifte of God, and so most rare emonges + men, and namelie such a witte, as is quicke without lightnes, + sharpe without brittlenes, desirous of good thinges without + newfanglenes, diligent in painfull thinges without werisomnes, + and constant in good will to do all thinges well, as I know was + in Syr _Iohn Cheke_, and is in som, that yet liue, in whome all + theis faire qualities of witte ar fullie mette togither. + But it is notable and trewe, that _Socrates_ saith in _Plato_ to + _Plato in_ // his frende _Crito_. That, that number of men is + _Critone_. // fewest, which far excede, either in good or ill, in + wisdom of folie, but the meane betwixt both, be + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 193 + + the greatest number: which he proueth trewe in diuerse other + thinges: as in greyhoundes, emonges which fewe // Verie + are found, exceding greate, or exceding litle, // good, or + exceding swift, or exceding slowe: And therfore/ verie ill + I speaking of quick and hard wittes, I ment, the // men, be + common number of quicke and hard wittes, // fewest in + emonges the which, for the most parte, the hard // number. + witte, proueth manie times, the better learned, wiser and + honester man: and therfore, do I the more lament, that soch + wittes commonlie be either kepte from learning, by fond fathers, + or bet from learning by lewde scholemasters. + And speaking thus moche of the wittes of children for + learning, the opportunitie of the place, and good- // Horsemen + nes of the matter might require to haue here // be wiser in + declared the most speciall notes of a good witte for // knowledge + learning in a childe, after the maner and custume // of a good + of a good horsman, who is skilfull, to know, and // Colte, than + hable to tell others, how by certein sure signes, a // scholema- + man may choise a colte, that is like to proue an // sters be, in + other day, excellent for the saddle. And it is // knowledge + pitie, that commonlie, more care is had, yea and // of a good + that emonges verie wise men, to finde out rather a cunnynge // witte. + man for their horse, than a cunnyng man for their // A good Ri- + children. They say nay in worde, but they do so // der better + in deede. For, to the one, they will gladlie giue // rewarded + a stipend of 200. Crounes by yeare, and loth // than a good + to offer to the other, 200. shillinges. God, that // Schole- + sitteth in heauen laugheth their choice to skorne, // master. + and rewardeth their liberalitie as it should: for he suffereth + them, to haue, tame, and well ordered horse, but // Horse well + wilde and vnfortunate Children: and therfore in // broken, + the ende they finde more pleasure in their horse, // children ill + than comforte in their children. // taught. + But concerning the trewe notes of the best wittes for + learning in a childe, I will reporte, not myne own opinion, but + the very iudgement of him, that was counted the best teacher + and wisest man that learning maketh mention of, // _Plato_ in 7. + and that is _Socrates_ in _Plato_, who expresseth // de Rep. + orderlie thies seuen plaine notes to choise a good + witte in a child for learninge. + + + 194 _The first booke teachyng_ + + {1 Euphues. + {2 Mnemon. + Trewe {3 Philomathes. + notes of a {4 Philoponos. + good witte. {5 Philekoos. + {6 Zetetikos. + {7 Philepainos. + + And bicause I write English, and to Englishemen, I will + plainlie declare in Englishe both, what thies wordes of _Plato_ + meane, and how aptlie they be linked, and how orderlie they + folow one an other. + + 1. Euphues. + + Is he, that is apte by goodnes of witte, and appliable by + Witte. // readines of will, to learning, hauing all other + Will. // qualities of the minde and partes of the bodie, + that must an other day serue learning, not trobled, + mangled, and halfed, but sounde, whole, full, & hable to do their + The tong. // office: as, a tong, not stamering, or ouer hardlie + drawing forth wordes, but plaine, and redie to + The voice. // deliuer the meaning of the minde: a voice, not + softe, weake, piping, wommanishe, but audible, + Face. // stronge, and manlike: a countenance, not werishe + Stature. // and crabbed, but faire and cumlie: a personage, + not wretched and deformed, but taule and goodlie + Learnyng // for surelie, a cumlie countenance, with a goodlie + ioyned // stature, geueth credit to learning, and authoritie + with a cum- // to the person: otherwise commonlie, either, open + lie perso- // contempte, or priuie disfauour doth hurte, or + nage. // hinder, both person and learning. And, euen as + a faire stone requireth to be sette in the finest gold, with the + best workmanshyp, or else it leseth moch of the Grace and + price, euen so, excellencye in learning, and namely Diuinitie, + ioyned with a cumlie personage, is a meruelous Iewell in the + world. And how can a cumlie bodie be better employed, + than to serue the fairest exercise of Goddes greatest gifte, + and that is learning. But commonlie, the fairest bodies, + ar bestowed on the foulest purposes. I would it were not so: + and with examples herein I will not medle: yet I wishe, that + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 195 + + those shold, both mynde it, & medle with it, which haue most + occasion to looke to it, as good and wise fathers shold do, and + greatest authoritie to amend it, as good & wise magistrates + ought to do: And yet I will not let, openlie to lament the + vnfortunate case of learning herein. + For, if a father haue foure sonnes, three faire and well + formed both mynde and bodie, the fourth, // Deformed + wretched, lame, and deformed, his choice shalbe, // creatures + to put the worst to learning, as one good enoughe // commonlie + to becum a scholer. I haue spent the most parte // set to lear- + of my life in the Vniuersitie, and therfore I can // nyng. + beare good witnes that many fathers commonlie do thus: wherof, + I haue hard many wise, learned, and as good men as euer I knew, + make great, and oft complainte: a good horseman will choise + no soch colte, neither for his own, nor yet for his masters sadle. + And thus moch of the first note. + + 2 Mnemon. + + Good of memorie, a speciall parte of the first note euphues, + and a mere benefite of nature: yet it is so // Memorie. + necessarie for learning, as _Plato_ maketh it a + separate and perfite note of it selfe, and that so principall a note, + as without it, all other giftes of nature do small seruice to + learning. _Afranius_, that olde Latine Poete maketh // _Aul. Gel._ + Memorie the mother of learning and wisedome, + saying thus. + _Vsus me genuit, Mater peperit memoria_, and though it be the + mere gifte of nature, yet is memorie well preserued by vse, and + moch encreased by order, as our scholer must // Three sure + learne an other day in the Vniuersitie: but in // signs of a + a childe, a good memorie is well known, by three // good me- + properties: that is, if it be, quicke in receyuing, // morie. + sure in keping, and redie in deliuering forthe againe. + + 3 Philomathes. + + Giuen to loue learning: for though a child haue all the + giftes of nature at wishe, and perfection of memorie at wil, yet + if he haue not a speciall loue to learning, he shall neuer attaine + to moch learning. And therfore _Isocrates_, one of the noblest + + + 196 _The first booke teachyng_ + + scholemasters, that is in memorie of learning, who taught + Kinges and Princes, as _Halicarnassæus_ writeth, and out of + whose schole, as _Tullie_ saith, came forth, mo noble Capitanes, + mo wise Councelors, than did out of _Epeius_ horse at _Troie_. + This _Isocrates_, I say, did cause to be written, at the entrie of his + schole, in golden letters, this golden sentence, ean es philomathes, + ese polymathes which excellentlie said in _Greeke_, is thus rudelie + in Englishe, if thou louest learning, thou shalt attayne to moch + learning. + + 4. Philoponos. + + Is he, that hath a lust to labor, and a will to take paines. + For, if a childe haue all the benefites of nature, with perfection + of memorie, loue, like, & praise learning neuer so moch, yet + if he be not of him selfe painfull, he shall neuer attayne vnto it. + And yet where loue is present, labor is seldom absent, and + namelie in studie of learning, and matters of the mynde: and + therfore did _Isocrates_ rightlie iudge, that if his scholer were + philomathes he cared for no more. _Aristotle_, variing from + _Isocrates_ in priuate affaires of life, but agreing with _Isocrates_ in + common iudgement of learning, for loue and labor in learning, + is of the same opinion, vttered in these wordes, in his Rhetorike + 2 Rhet. ad // _ad Theodecten_. Libertie kindleth loue: Loue + Theod. // refuseth no labor: and labor obteyneth what so + euer it seeketh. And yet neuerthelesse, Goodnes + of nature may do little good: Perfection of memorie, may + serue to small vse: All loue may be employed in vayne: Any + labor may be sone graualed, if a man trust alwaies to his own + singuler witte, and will not be glad somtyme to heare, take + aduise, and learne of an other: And therfore doth _Socrates_ + very notablie adde the fifte note. + + 5. Philekoos. + + He, that is glad to heare and learne of an other. For + otherwise, he shall sticke with great troble, where he might + go easelie forwarde: and also catche hardlie a verie litle by his + owne toyle, whan he might gather quicklie a good deale, by an + nothers mans teaching. But now there be some, that haue + great loue to learning, good lust to labor, be willing to learne of + others, yet, either of a fonde shamefastnes, or else of a proud + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 197 + + folie, they dare not, or will not, go to learne of an nother: And + therfore doth _Socrates_ wiselie adde the sixte note of a good witte + in a childe for learning, and that is. + + 6. Zetetikos. + + He, that is naturallie bold to aske any question, desirous to + searche out any doute, not ashamed to learne of the meanest, + not affraide to go to the greatest, vntill he be perfitelie taught, + and fullie satisfiede. The seuenth and last poynte is. + + 7. Philepainos. + + He, that loueth to be praised for well doing, at his father, + or masters hand. A childe of this nature, will earnestlie loue + learnyng, gladlie labor for learning, willinglie learne of other, + boldlie aske any doute. And thus, by _Socrates_ iudgement, a + good father, and a wise scholemaster, shold chose a childe to + make a scholer of, that hath by nature, the foresayd perfite + qualities, and cumlie furniture, both of mynde and bodie: hath + memorie, quicke to receyue, sure to keape, and readie to deliuer: + hath loue to learning: hath lust to labor: hath desire to learne + of others: hath boldnes to aske any question: hath mynde holie + bent, to wynne praise by well doing. + The two firste poyntes be speciall benefites of nature: + which neuerthelesse, be well preserued, and moch encreased by + good order. But as for the fiue laste, loue, labor, gladnes to + learne of others, boldnes to aske doutes, and will to wynne + praise, be wonne and maintened by the onelie wisedome and + discretion of the scholemaster. Which fiue poyntes, whether a + scholemaster shall worke soner in a childe, by fearefull beating, + or curtese handling, you that be wise, iudge. + Yet some men, wise in deede, but in this matter, more by + seueritie of nature, than any wisdome at all, do laugh at vs, when + we thus wishe and reason, that yong children should rather be + allured to learning by ientilnes and loue, than compelled to + learning, by beating and feare: They say, our reasons serue + onelie to breede forth talke, and passe a waie tyme, but we + neuer saw good scholemaster do so, nor neuer red of wise man + that thought so. + Yes forsothe: as wise as they be, either in other mens + opinion, or in their owne conceite, I will bring the contrarie + + + 198 _The first booke teachyng_ + + iudgement of him, who, they them selues shall confesse, was as + wise as they are, or else they may be iustlie thought to haue + small witte at all: and that is _Socrates_, whose iudgement in + _Plato_ in 7. // _Plato_ is plainlie this in these wordes: which, + de Rep. // bicause they be verie notable, I will recite them + in his owne tong, ouden mathema meta douleias + chre manthanein: oi men gar tou somatos ponoi bia ponoumenoi + cheiron ouden to soma apergazontai; psyche de, biaion ouden + emmonon mathema: in Englishe thus, No learning ought to be + learned with bondage: For bodelie labors, wrought by compul- + sion, hurt not the bodie: but any learning learned by compulsion, + tarieth not long in the mynde: And why? For what soeuer the + mynde doth learne vnwillinglie with feare, the same it doth + quicklie forget without care. And lest proude wittes, that loue + not to be contraryed, but haue lust to wrangle or trifle away + troth, will say, that _Socrates_ meaneth not this of childrens + teaching, but of som other higher learnyng, heare, what + _Socrates_ in the same place doth more plainlie say: me toinyn + bia, o ariste, tous paidas en tois mathemasin, alla + paizontas trephe, that is to say, and therfore, my deare frend, + bring not vp your children in learning by compulsion and feare, + but by playing and pleasure. And you, that do read _Plato_, as + The right // ye shold, do well perceiue, that these be no + readyng of // Questions asked by _Socrates_, as doutes, but they + _Plato_. // be Sentences, first affirmed by _Socrates_, as mere + trothes, and after, giuen forth by _Socrates_, as right Rules, most + necessarie to be marked, and fitte to be folowed of all them, + that would haue children taughte, as they should. And in this + counsell, iudgement, and authoritie of _Socrates_ I will repose + my selfe, vntill I meete with a man of the contrarie mynde, + whom I may iustlie take to be wiser, than I thinke _Socrates_ + Yong Ien- // was. Fonde scholemasters, neither can vnder- + tlemen, be // stand, nor will folow this good counsell of _Socrates_, + wiselier // but wise ryders, in their office, can and will do + taught to // both: which is the onelie cause, that commonly, + ryde, by com- // the yong ientlemen of England, go so vnwillinglie + mon ry- // to schole, and run so fast to the stable: For in + ders, than // verie deede fond scholemasters, by feare, do + to learne, // beate into them, the hatred of learning, and wise + by common // riders, by ientle allurements, do breed vp in + Schole- // + masters. // + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 199 + + them, the loue of riding. They finde feare, & bondage in + scholes, They feele libertie and freedome in stables: which + causeth them, vtterlie to abhore the one, and most gladlie to + haunt the other. And I do not write this, that in exhorting to + the one, I would dissuade yong ientlemen from the other: yea + I am sorie, with all my harte, that they be giuen no more to + riding, then they be: For, of all outward qualities, // Ryding. + to ride faire, is most cumelie for him selfe, most + necessarie for his contrey, and the greater he is in blood, the + greater is his praise, the more he doth excede all other therein. + It was one of the three excellent praises, amongest the noble + ientlemen the old _Percians_, Alwaise to say troth, to ride faire, + and shote well: and so it was engrauen vpon _Darius_ tumbe, as + _Strabo_ beareth witnesse. // Strabo. 15. + + _Darius the king, lieth buried here, + Who in riding and shoting had neuer peare._ + + But, to our purpose, yong men, by any meanes, leesing the + loue of learning, whan by tyme they cum to their owne rule, + they carie commonlie, from the schole with them, a perpetuall + hatred of their master, and a continuall contempt of learning. + If ten Ientlemen be asked, why they forget so sone in Court, + that which they were learning so long in schole, eight of them, + or let me be blamed, will laie the fault on their ill handling, by + their scholemasters. + _Cuspinian_ doth report, that, that noble Emperor _Maxi- + milian_, would lament verie oft, his misfortune herein. + Yet, some will say, that children of nature, loue pastime, + and mislike learning: bicause, in their kinde, the // Pastime. + one is easie and pleasant, the other hard and + werisom: which is an opinion not so trewe, as // Learnyng. + some men weene: For, the matter lieth not so much in the + disposition of them that be yong, as in the order & maner of + bringing vp, by them that be old, nor yet in the difference of + learnyng and pastime. For, beate a child, if he daunce not well, + & cherish him, though he learne not well, ye shall haue him, + vnwilling to go to daunce, & glad to go to his booke. Knocke + him alwaies, when he draweth his shaft ill, and fauor him + againe, though he faut at his booke, ye shall haue hym verie + loth to be in the field, and verie willing to be in the schole. + + + 200 _The first booke teachyng_ + + Yea, I saie more, and not of my selfe, but by the iudgement of + those, from whom few wisemen will gladlie dissent, that if euer + the nature of man be giuen at any tyme, more than other, to + receiue goodnes, it is in innocencie of yong yeares, before, that + experience of euill, haue taken roote in hym. For, the pure + cleane witte of a sweete yong babe, is like the newest wax, + most hable to receiue the best and fayrest printing: and like a + new bright siluer dishe neuer occupied, to receiue and kepe + cleane, anie good thyng that is put into it. + And thus, will in children, wiselie wrought withall, maie + Will. } | // easelie be won to be verie well willing to + }in Children.| // learne. And witte in children, by nature, + Witte.} | // namelie memorie, the onelie keie and keper of + all learning, is readiest to receiue, and surest to kepe anie maner + of thing, that is learned in yougth: This, lewde and learned, by + common experience, know to be most trewe. For we remember + nothyng so well when we be olde, as those things which we + learned when we were yong: And this is not straunge, but + Yong yeares // common in all natures workes. Euery man sees, + aptest for // (as I sayd before) new wax is best for printyng: + learnyng. // new claie, fittest for working: new shorne woll, + aptest for sone and surest dying: new fresh flesh, for good and + durable salting. And this similitude is not rude, nor borowed + of the larder house, but out of his scholehouse, of whom, the + wisest of England, neede not be ashamed to learne. Yong + Graftes grow not onelie sonest, but also fairest, and bring alwayes + forth the best and sweetest frute: yong whelpes learne easelie + to carie: yong Popingeis learne quicklie to speake: And so, to + be short, if in all other thinges, though they lacke reason, sens, + and life, the similitude of youth is fittest to all goodnesse, + surelie nature, in mankinde, is most beneficiall and effectuall in + this behalfe. + Therfore, if to the goodnes of nature, be ioyned the + wisedome of the teacher, in leading yong wittes into a right and + plaine waie of learnyng, surelie, children, kept vp in Gods feare, + and gouerned by his grace, maie most easelie be brought well to + serue God and contrey both by vertue and wisedome. + But if will, and witte, by farder age, be once allured from + innocencie, delited in vaine sightes, filed with foull taulke, + crooked with wilfulnesse, hardned with stubburnesse, and let + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 201 + + louse to disobedience, surelie it is hard with ientlenesse, but + vnpossible with seuere crueltie, to call them backe to good + frame againe. For, where the one, perchance maie bend it, + the other shall surelie breake it: and so in stead of some hope, + leaue an assured desperation, and shamelesse con- // _Xen._ 1. _Cy-_ + tempt of all goodnesse, the fardest pointe in all // _ri Pæd._ + mischief, as _Xenophon_ doth most trewlie and most + wittelie marke. + Therfore, to loue or to hate, to like or contemne, to plie + this waie or that waie to good or to bad, ye shall haue as ye vse + a child in his youth. + And one example, whether loue or feare doth worke more + in a child, for vertue and learning, I will gladlie report: which + maie be hard with some pleasure, and folowed with more profit. + Before I went into _Germanie_, I came to Brodegate in Leceter- + shire, to take my leaue of that noble Ladie _Iane + Grey_, to whom I was exceding moch beholdinge. // _Lady Iane_ + Hir parentes, the Duke and Duches, with all the // _Grey._ + houshould, Gentlemen and Gentlewomen, were huntinge in the + Parke: I founde her, in her Chamber, readinge _Phædon Platonis_ + in Greeke, and that with as moch delite, as som ientleman wold + read a merie tale in _Bocase_. After salutation, and dewtie done, + with som other taulke, I asked hir, whie she wold leese soch + pastime in the Parke? smiling she answered me: I wisse, all + their sporte in the Parke is but a shadoe to that pleasure, that I + find in _Plato_: Alas good folke, they neuer felt, what trewe + pleasure ment. And howe came you Madame, quoth I, to this + deepe knowledge of pleasure, and what did chieflie allure you + vnto it: seinge, not many women, but verie fewe men haue + atteined thereunto. I will tell you, quoth she, and tell you + a troth, which perchance ye will meruell at. One of the + greatest benefites, that euer God gaue me, is, that he sent me + so sharpe and seuere Parentes, and so ientle a scholemaster. + For when I am in presence either of father or mother, whether + I speake, kepe silence, sit, stand, or go, eate, drinke, be merie, + or sad, be sowyng, plaiyng, dauncing, or doing anie thing els, + I must do it, as it were, in soch weight, mesure, and number, + euen so perfitelie, as God made the world, or else I am so + sharplie taunted, so cruellie threatened, yea presentlie some + tymes, with pinches, nippes, and bobbes, and other waies, which + + + 202 _The first booke teachyng_ + + I will not name, for the honor I beare them, so without + measure misordered, that I thinke my selfe in hell, till tyme + cum, that I must go to _M. Elmer_, who teacheth me so ientlie, + so pleasantlie, with soch faire allurementes to learning, that I + thinke all the tyme nothing, whiles I am with him. And + when I am called from him, I fall on weeping, because, what + soeuer I do els, but learning, is ful of grief, trouble, feare, and + whole misliking vnto me: And thus my booke, hath bene so + moch my pleasure, & bringeth dayly to me more pleasure & + more, that in respect of it, all other pleasures, in very deede, be + but trifles and troubles vnto me. I remember this talke gladly, + both bicause it is so worthy of memorie, & bicause also, it was + the last talke that euer I had, and the last tyme, that euer I + saw that noble and worthie Ladie. + I could be ouer long, both in shewinge iust causes, and in + recitinge trewe examples, why learning shold be taught, rather + by loue than feare. He that wold see a perfite discourse of it, + _Sturmius_ // let him read that learned treatese, which my frende + de Inst. // _Ioan. Sturmius_ wrote _de institutione Principis_, to + Princ. // the Duke of _Cleues_. + The godlie counsels of _Salomon_ and _Iesus_ the sonne of + Qui par- // _Sirach_, for sharpe kepinge in, and bridleinge of + cit virgæ, // youth, are ment rather, for fatherlie correction, + odit filium. // then masterlie beating, rather for maners, than for + learninge: for other places, than for scholes. For God forbid, + but all euill touches, wantonnes, lyinge, pickinge, slouthe, will, + stubburnnesse, and disobedience, shold be with sharpe chastise- + ment, daily cut away. + This discipline was well knowen, and diligentlie vsed, + among the _Græcians_, and old _Romanes_, as doth appeare in + _Aristophanes, Isocrates_, and _Plato_, and also in the Comedies of + _Plautus_: where we see that children were vnder the rule of + three persones: _Præceptore, Pædagogo, Parente_: the scholemaster + 1. Schole- // taught him learnyng with all ientlenes: the + master. // Gouernour corrected his maners, with moch + 2. Gouer- // sharpenesse: The father, held the sterne of his + nour. // whole obedience: And so, he that vsed to teache, + 3. Father. // did not commonlie vse to beate, but remitted that + ouer to an other mans charge. But what shall we saie, whan + now in our dayes, the scholemaster is vsed, both for _Præceptor_ + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 203 + + in learnyng, and _Pædagogus_ in maners. Surelie, I wold he + shold not confound their offices, but discretelie vse the dewtie + of both so, that neither ill touches shold be left vnpunished, nor + ientlesse in teaching anie wise omitted. And he shall well do + both, if wiselie he do appointe diuersitie of tyme, & separate + place, for either purpose: vsing alwaise soch discrete modera- + tion as the scholehouse should be counted a + sanctuarie against feare: and verie well learning, a // The schole + common perdon for ill doing, if the fault, of it // house. + selfe be not ouer heinous. + And thus the children, kept vp in Gods feare, and preserued + by his grace, finding paine in ill doing, and pleasure in well + studiyng, shold easelie be brought to honestie of life, and + perfitenes of learning, the onelie marke, that good and wise + fathers do wishe and labour, that their children, shold most + buselie, and carefullie shot at. + There is an other discommoditie, besides crueltie in schole- + masters in beating away the loue of learning from // Youth of + children, which hindreth learning and vertue, and // England + good bringing vp of youth, and namelie yong // brought vp + ientlemen, verie moch in England. This fault // with to + is cleane contrary to the first. I wished before, // much li- + to haue loue of learning bred vp in children: // bertie. + I wishe as moch now, to haue yong men brought vp in good + order of liuing, and in some more seuere discipline, then + commonlie they be. We haue lacke in England of soch good + order, as the old noble _Persians_ so carefullie vsed: // _Xen._ 7. + whose children, to the age of xxi. yeare, were // _Cyri Ped._ + brought vp in learnyng, and exercises of labor, + and that in soch place, where they should, neither see that was + vncumlie, nor heare that was vnhonest. Yea, a yong ientleman + was neuer free, to go where he would, and do what he liste him + self, but vnder the kepe, and by the counsell, of some graue + gouernour, vntill he was, either maryed, or cald to beare some + office in the common wealth. + And see the great obedience, that was vsed in old tyme to + fathers and gouernours. No sonne, were he neuer so old of + yeares, neuer so great of birth, though he were a kynges sonne, + might not mary, but by his father and mothers also consent. + _Cyrus_ the great, after he had conquered _Babylon_, and subdewed + + + 204 _The first booke teachyng_ + + Riche king _Crœsus_ with whole _Asia minor_, cummyng tryumph- + antlie home, his vncle _Cyaxeris_ offered him his daughter to + wife. _Cyrus_ thanked his vncle, and praised the maide, but for + mariage he answered him with thies wise and sweete wordes, as + _Xen._ 8. _Cy-_ // they be vttered by _Xenophon_, o kuazare, to + _ri. Pæd._ // te genos epaino, kai ten paida, kai dora + boulomai de, ephe, syn te tou patros gnome + kai [te] tes metros tauta soi synainesai, &c., that is to say: + Vncle _Cyaxeris_, I commend the stocke, I like the maide, and + I allow well the dowrie, but (sayth he) by the counsell and + consent of my father and mother, I will determine farther of + thies matters. + Strong _Samson_ also in Scripture saw a maide that liked him, + but he spake not to hir, but went home to his father, and his + mother, and desired both father and mother to make the + mariage for him. Doth this modestie, doth this obedience, + that was in great kyng _Cyrus_, and stoute _Samson_, remaine in + our yongmen at this daie? no surelie: For we liue not + longer after them by tyme, than we liue farre different from + them by good order. Our tyme is so farre from that old + discipline and obedience, as now, not onelie yong ientlemen, but + euen verie girles dare without all feare, though not without + open shame, where they list, and how they list, marie them + selues in spite of father, mother, God, good order, and all. + The cause of this euill is, that youth is least looked vnto, when + they stand [in] most neede of good kepe and regard. It auail- + eth not, to see them well taught in yong yeares, and after whan + they cum to lust and youthfull dayes, to giue them licence to + liue as they lust them selues. For, if ye suffer the eye of a + yong Ientleman, once to be entangled with vaine sightes, and + the eare to be corrupted with fond or filthie taulke, the mynde + shall quicklie fall seick, and sone vomet and cast vp, all the + holesome doctrine, that he receiued in childhoode, though he + were neuer so well brought vp before. And being ons inglutted + with vanitie, he will streight way loth all learning, and all good + counsell to the same. And the parents for all their great cost + Great mens // and charge, reape onelie in the end, the frute + sonnes // of grief and care. + worst // This euill, is not common to poore men, as God + brought // will haue it, but proper to riche and great mens + vp. // + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 205 + + children, as they deserue it. In deede from seuen, to seuentene, + yong ientlemen commonlie be carefullie enough brought vp: But + from seuentene to seuen and twentie (the most dangerous tyme of + all a mans life, and most slipperie to stay well in) they haue + commonlie the reigne of all licens in their owne // Wise men + hand, and speciallie soch as do liue in the Court. // fond fa- + And that which is most to be merueled at, // thers. + commonlie, the wisest and also best men, be found the fondest + fathers in this behalfe. And if som good father would seick + some remedie herein, yet the mother (if the house hold of our + Lady) had rather, yea, & will to, haue her sonne cunnyng & + bold, in making him to lyue trimlie when he is yong, than by + learning and trauell, to be able to serue his Prince and his + contrie, both wiselie in peace, and stoutelie in warre, whan he + is old. + The fault is in your selues, ye noble mens sonnes, and + therefore ye deserue the greater blame, that // Meane + commonlie, the meaner mens children, cum to // mens sonnes + be, the wisest councellours, and greatest doers, // come to + in the weightie affaires of this Realme. And // great au- + why? for God will haue it so, of his prouidence: // thoritie. + bicause ye will haue it no otherwise, by your negligence. + And God is a good God, & wisest in all his doinges, that + will place vertue, & displace vice, in those // Nobilitie + kingdomes, where he doth gouerne. For he // without + knoweth, that Nobilitie, without vertue and // wisedome. + wisedome, is bloud in deede, but bloud trewelie, without bones + & sinewes: & so of it selfe, without the other, verie weeke to + beare the burden of weightie affaires. + The greatest shippe in deede commonlie carieth the greatest + burden, but yet alwayes with the greatest ieoperdie, not onelie + for the persons and goodes committed vnto it, // Nobilitie + but euen for the shyppe it selfe, except it be // with wise- + gouerned, with the greater wisdome. // dome. + But Nobilitie, gouerned by learning and wisedome, is + in deede, most like a faire shippe, // | { Wisedom. + hauyng tide and winde at will, vnder // | { + the reule of a skilfull master: whan // | Nobilite with-{ + contrarie wise, a shippe, caried, yea // | { Out wise- + with the hiest tide & greatest winde, // | { dome. + + + 206 _The first booke teachyng_ + + lacking a skilfull master, most commonlie, doth either, sinck it + selfe vpon sandes, or breake it selfe vpon rockes. And euen so, + Vaine plea- // how manie haue bene, either drowned in vaine + sure, and // pleasure, or ouerwhelmed by stout wilfulnesse, + stoute wil- // the histories of England be able to affourde ouer + fulnes, two // many examples vnto vs. Therfore, ye great and + greatest // noble mens children, if ye will haue rightfullie + enemies to // that praise, and enioie surelie that place, which + Nobilitie. // your fathers haue, and elders had, and left vnto + you, ye must kepe it, as they gat it, and that is, by the onelie + waie, of vertue, wisedome, and worthinesse. + For wisedom, and vertue, there be manie faire examples in + this Court, for yong Ientlemen to folow. But they be, like + faire markes in the feild, out of a mans reach, to far of, to shote + at well. The best and worthiest men, in deede, be somtimes + seen, but seldom taulked withall: A yong Ientleman, may + somtime knele to their person, smallie vse their companie, for + their better instruction. + But yong Ientlemen ar faïne commonlie to do in the Court, + as yong Archers do in the feild: that is take soch markes, as be + Ill compa- // nie them, although they be neuer so foule to + nie marreth // shote at. I meene, they be driuen to kepe + youth. // companie with the worste: and what force ill + companie hath, to corrupt good wittes, the wisest men know + best. + And not ill companie onelie, but the ill opinion also of the + The Court // most part, doth moch harme, and namelie of + iudgeth // those, which shold be wise in the trewe de- + worst of the // cyphring, of the good disposition of nature, of + best natures // cumlinesse in Courtlie maners, and all right + in youth. // doinges of men. + But error and phantasie, do commonlie occupie, the place + of troth and iudgement. For, if a yong ientleman, be demeure + and still of nature, they say, he is simple and lacketh witte: if + he be bashefull, and will soone blushe, they call him a babishe + _Xen. in_ 1. // and ill brought vp thyng, when _Xenophon_ doth + _Cyr. Pæd._ // preciselie note in _Cyrus_, that his bashfulnes in + youth, was y^e verie trewe signe of his vertue & + The Grace // stoutnes after: If he be innocent and ignorant of + in Courte. // ill, they say, he is rude, and hath no grace, so + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 207 + + vngraciouslie do som gracelesse men, misuse the faire and + godlie word GRACE. + But if ye would know, what grace they meene, go, and + looke, and learn emonges them, and ye shall see that it is: + First, to blush at nothing. And blushyng in youth, sayth + _Aristotle_ is nothyng els, but feare to do ill: which feare beyng + once lustely fraid away from youth, then foloweth, // Grace of + to dare do any mischief, to contemne stoutly any // Courte. + goodnesse, to be busie in euery matter, to be + skilfull in euery thyng, to acknowledge no ignorance at all. + To do thus in Court, is counted of some, the chief and greatest + grace of all: and termed by the name of a // _Cic._ 3. _de_ + vertue, called Corage & boldnesse, whan _Crassus_ // _Or._ + in _Cicero_ teacheth the cleane contrarie, and that + most wittelie, saying thus: _Audere, cum bonis_ // Boldnes + _etiam rebus coniunctum, per seipsum est magnopere_ // yea in a + _fugiendum_. Which is to say, to be bold, yea // good mat- + in a good matter, is for it self, greatlie to be // ter, not to + exchewed. // be praised. + Moreouer, where the swing goeth, there to follow, fawne, + flatter, laugh and lie lustelie at other mens liking. // More + To face, stand formest, shoue backe: and to the // Grace of + meaner man, or vnknowne in the Court, to // Courte. + seeme somwhat solume, coye, big, and dangerous of looke, + taulk, and answere: To thinke well of him selfe, to be lustie + in contemning of others, to haue some trim grace in a priuie + mock. And in greater presens, to beare a braue looke: to be + warlike, though he neuer looked enimie in the face in warre: + yet som warlike signe must be vsed, either a slouinglie busking, + or an ouerstaring frounced hed, as though out of euerie heeres + toppe, should suddenlie start out a good big othe, when nede + requireth, yet praised be God, England hath at // Men of + this time, manie worthie Capitaines and good // warre, best + souldiours, which be in deede, so honest of // of conditi- + behauiour, so cumlie of conditions, so milde of // ons. + maners, as they may be examples of good order, to a good sort + of others, which neuer came in warre. But to retorne, where + I left: In place also, to be able to raise taulke, and make + discourse of euerie rishe: to haue a verie good // Palmistrie. + will, to heare him selfe speake: To be seene + + + 208 _The first booke teachyng_ + + in Palmestrie, wherby to conueie to chast eares, som fond or + filthie taulke: + And if som Smithfeild Ruffian take vp, som strange + going: som new mowing with the mouth: som wrinchyng + with the shoulder, som braue prouerbe: som fresh new othe, + that is not stale, but will rin round in the mouth: som new + disguised garment, or desperate hat, fond in facion, or gaurish + in colour, what soeuer it cost, how small soeuer his liuing be, + by what shift soeuer it be gotten, gotten must it be, and vsed + with the first, or els the grace of it, is stale and gone: som + part of this gracelesse grace, was discribed by me, in a little + rude verse long ago. + + _{To laughe, to lie, to flatter, to face: + {Foure waies in Court to win men grace. + {If thou be thrall to none of thiese, + {Away good Peek goos, hens Iohn Cheese: + {Marke well my word, and marke their dede, + {And thinke this verse part of thy Crede._ + + Would to God, this taulke were not trewe, and that som + mens doinges were not thus: I write not to hurte any, but to + {Councell. | // proffit som: to accuse none, but to monish + Ill{ | // soch, who, allured by ill counsell, and folowing + { | // ill example, contrarie to their good bringyng vp, + {Company. | // and against their owne good nature, yeld ouer- + moch to thies folies and faultes: I know many seruing men, + Seruinge // of good order, and well staide: And againe, I + men. // heare saie, there be som seruing men do but ill + _Terentius._ // seruice to their yong masters. Yea, rede _Terence_ + _Plautus._ // and _Plaut._ aduisedlie ouer, and ye shall finde in + those two wise writers, almost in euery commedie, no vn- + Serui cor- // thriftie yong man, that is not brought there vnto, + ruptelæ // by the sotle inticement of som lewd seruant. + iuuenum. // And euen now in our dayes _Getæ_ and _Daui_, + _Gnatos_ and manie bold bawdie _Phormios_ to, be preasing in, + Multi Ge- // to pratle on euerie stage, to medle in euerie + tæ pauci // matter, whan honest _Parmenos_ shall not be hard, + Parmeno- // but beare small swing with their masters. Their + nes. // companie, their taulke, their ouer great experience + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 209 + + in mischief, doth easelie corrupt the best natures, and best + brought vp wittes. + But I meruell the lesse, that thies misorders be emonges + som in the Court, for commonlie in the contrie // Misorders + also euerie where, innocencie is gone: Bashful- // in the coun- + nesse is banished: moch presumption in yougthe: // trey. + small authoritie in aige: Reuerence is neglected: dewties be + confounded: and to be shorte, disobedience doth ouerflowe the + bankes of good order, almoste in euerie place, almoste in euerie + degree of man. + Meane men haue eies to see, and cause to lament, and + occasion to complaine of thies miseries: but other haue + authoritie to remedie them, and will do so to, whan God shall + think time fitte. For, all thies misorders, be Goddes iuste + plages, by his sufferance, brought iustelie vpon vs, for our + sinnes, which be infinite in nomber, and horrible in deede, but + namelie, for the greate abhominable sin of vn- // Contempt + kindnesse: but what vnkindnesse? euen such // of Gods + vnkindnesse as was in the Iewes, in contemninge // trewe Re- + Goddes voice, in shrinking from his woorde, in // ligion. + wishing backe againe for _ægypt_, in committing aduoultrie and + hordom, not with the women, but with the doctrine of Babylon, + did bring all the plages, destructions, and Captiuities, that fell + so ofte and horriblie, vpon Israell. + We haue cause also in England to beware of vnkindnesse, + who haue had, in so fewe yeares, the Candel of Goddes + worde, so oft lightned, so oft put out, and yet // _Doctrina_ + will venture by our vnthankfulnesse in doctrine // _Mores._ + and sinfull life, to leese againe, lighte, Candle, + Candlesticke and all. + God kepe vs in his feare, God grafte in vs the trewe + knowledge of his woorde, with a forward will to folowe it, and + so to bring forth the sweete fruites of it, & then shall he + preserue vs by his Grace, from all maner of terrible dayes. + The remedie of this, doth not stand onelie, // _Publicæ_ + in making good common lawes for the hole // _Leges._ + Realme, but also, (and perchance cheiflie) // _Domestica_ + in obseruing priuate discipline euerie man care- // _disciplina._ + fullie in his own house: and namelie, if speciall // _Cognitio_ + regard be had to yougth: and that, not so moch, // _boni._ + + + 210 _The first booke teachyng_ + + in teaching them what is good, as in keping them from that, + that is ill. + Therefore, if wise fathers, be not as well waare in weeding + _Ignoratio_ // from their Children ill thinges, and ill companie, + _mali._ // as they were before, in graftinge in them + learninge, and prouiding for them good schole- + masters, what frute, they shall reape of all their coste & care, + common experience doth tell. + Here is the place, in yougthe is the time whan som + Some // ignorance is as necessarie, as moch knowledge, + ignorance, // and not in matters of our dewtie towardes God, + as good as // as som wilful wittes willinglie against their owne + knowledge. // knowledge, perniciouslie againste their owne + conscience, haue of late openlie taught. In deede _S. Chryso-_ + _Chrisost. de_ // _stome_, that noble and eloquent Doctor, in a + _Fato._ // sermon _contra fatum_, and the curious serchinge of + natiuities, doth wiselie saie, that ignorance therein, + is better than knowledge: But to wring this sentence, to + wreste thereby out of mens handes, the knowledge of Goddes + doctrine, is without all reason, against common sence, contrarie + to the iudgement also of them, which be the discretest men, and + _Iulia. Apo-_ // best learned, on their own side. I know, _Iulianus_ + _stat._ // _Apostata_ did so, but I neuer hard or red, that any + auncyent father of the primitiue chirch, either + thought or wrote so. + But this ignorance in yougthe, which I spake on, or rather + Innocency // this simplicitie, or most trewlie, this innocencie, + in youth. // is that, which the noble _Persians_, as wise _Xenophon_ + doth testifie, were so carefull, to breede vp their + yougth in. But Christian fathers commonlie do not so. And + I will tell you a tale, as moch to be misliked, as the _Persians_ + example is to be folowed. + This last somer, I was in a Ientlemans house: where + A childe ill // a yong childe, somewhat past fower yeare olde, + brought // cold in no wise frame his tongue, to saie, a litle + vp. // shorte grace: and yet he could roundlie rap out, + so manie vgle othes, and those of the newest facion, as som + good man of fourescore yeare olde hath neuer hard named + Ill Pa- // before: and that which was most detestable of + rentes. // all, his father and mother wold laughe at it. I + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 211 + + moche doubte, what comforte, an other daie, this childe shall + bring vnto them. This Childe vsing moche the companie of + seruinge men, and geuing good eare to their taulke, did easelie + learne, which he shall hardlie forget, all daies of his life here- + after: So likewise, in the Courte, if a yong Ientleman will + ventur him self into the companie of Ruffians, it is ouer greate + a ieopardie, lest, their facions, maners, thoughtes, taulke, and + deedes, will verie sone, be euer like. The confounding of + companies, breedeth confusion of good maners // Ill compa- + both in the Courte, and euerie where else. // nie. + And it maie be a great wonder, but a greater shame, to vs + Christian men, to vnderstand, what a heithen writer, _Isocrates_, + doth leaue in memorie of writing, concerning the // _Isocrates._ + care, that the noble Citie of _Athens_ had, to bring + vp their yougthe, in honest companie, and vertuous discipline, + whose taulke in Greke, is, to this effect, in Englishe. + "The Citie, was not more carefull, to see their Children + "well taughte, than to see their yong men well // In Orat. + "gouerned: which they brought to passe, not so // Ariopag. + "much by common lawe, as by priuate discipline. + "For, they had more regard, that their yougthe, by good order + "shold not offend, than how, by lawe, they might be punished: + "And if offense were committed, there was, neither waie to + "hide it, neither hope of pardon for it. Good natures, were + "not so moche openlie praised as they were secretlie marked, + "and watchfullie regarded, lest they should lease the goodnes + "they had. Therefore in scholes of singing and dauncing, and + "other honest exercises, gouernours were appointed, more + "diligent to ouersee their good maners, than their masters were, + "to teach them anie learning. It was som shame to a yong + "man, to be seene in the open market: and if for businesse, he + "passed throughe it, he did it, with a meruelous modestie, and + "bashefull facion. To eate, or drinke in a Tauerne, was not + "onelie a shame, but also punishable, in a yong man. To + "contrarie, or to stand in termes with an old man, was more + "heinous, than in som place, to rebuke and scolde with his + "owne father: with manie other mo good orders, and faire + disciplines, which I referre to their reading, that haue lust + to looke vpon the description of such a worthie common + welthe. + + + 212 _The first booke teachyng_ + + And to know, what worthie frute, did spring of soch + Good sede, // worthie seade, I will tell yow the most meruell + worthie // of all, and yet soch a trothe, as no man shall + frute. // denie it, except such as be ignorant in knowledge + of the best stories. + _Athens_, by this discipline and good ordering of yougthe, did + _Athenes._ // breede vp, within the circute of that one Citie, + within the compas of one hondred yeare, within + the memorie of one mans life, so manie notable Capitaines in + warre, for worthinesse, wisdome and learning, as be scarse + Roma. // matchable no not in the state of Rome, in the + compas of those seauen hondred yeares, whan it + florished moste. + And bicause, I will not onelie saie it, but also proue it, the + The noble // names of them be these. _Miltiades, Themistocles_, + Capitaines // _Xantippus, Pericles, Cymon, Alcybiades, Thrasybulus_, + of Athens. // _Conon, Iphicrates, Xenophon, Timotheus, Theopompus_, + _Demetrius_, and diuers other mo: of which euerie one, maie + iustelie be spoken that worthie praise, which was geuen to + _Scipio Africanus_, who, _Cicero_ douteth, whether he were, more + noble Capitaine in warre, or more eloquent and wise councelor + _æmil._ // in peace. And if ye beleue not me, read dili- + _Probus._ // gentlie, _æmilius Probus_ in Latin, and _Plutarche_ + _Plutarchus._ // in Greke, which two, had no cause either to + flatter or lie vpon anie of those which I haue + recited. + And beside nobilitie in warre, for excellent and matchles + The lear- // masters in all maner of learninge, in that one + ned of A- // Citie, in memorie of one aige, were mo learned + thenes. // men, and that in a maner altogether, than all + tyme doth remember, than all place doth affourde, than all other + tonges do conteine. And I do not meene of those Authors, + which, by iniurie of tyme, by negligence of men, by crueltie of + fier and sworde, be lost, but euen of those, which by Goddes + grace, are left yet vnto us: of which I thank God, euen my + poore studie lacketh not one. As, in Philosophie, _Plato, Aris- + totle, Xenophon, Euclide_ and _Theophrast_: In eloquens and Ciuill + lawe, _Demosthenes, æschines, Lycurgus, Dinarchus, Demades, + Isocrates, Isæus, Lysias, Antisthenes, Andocides_: In histories, _He- + rodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon_: and which we lacke, to our + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 213 + + great losse, _Theopompus_ and _Eph[orus]_: In Poetrie _æschylus, + Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes_, and somwhat of _Menander, + Demosthenes_ sister sonne. + Now, let Italian, and Latin it self, Spanishe, French, + Douch, and Englishe bring forth their lerning, // Learnyng, + and recite their Authors, _Cicero_ onelie excepted, // chiefly con- + and one or two moe in Latin, they be all patched // teined in + cloutes and ragges, in comparison of faire wouen // the Greke, + broade clothes. And trewelie, if there be any // and in no o- + good in them, it is either lerned, borowed, or // ther tong. + stolne, from some one of those worthie wittes of _Athens_. + The remembrance of soch a common welthe, vsing soch + discipline and order for yougthe, and thereby bringing forth to + their praise, and leauing to vs for our example, such Capitaines + for warre, soch Councelors for peace, and matcheles masters, + for all kinde of learninge, is pleasant for me to recite, and not + irksum, I trust, for other to heare, except it be soch, as make + neither counte of vertue nor learninge. + And whether, there be anie soch or no, I can not well tell: + yet I hear saie, some yong Ientlemen of oures, // Contem- + count it their shame to be counted learned: and // ners of + perchance, they count it their shame, to be // learnyng. + counted honest also, for I heare saie, they medle as litle with the + one, as with the other. A meruelous case, that Ientlemen + shold so be ashamed of good learning, and neuer a whit ashamed + of ill maners: soch do saie for them, that the + Ientlemen of France do so: which is a lie, as // Ientlemen + God will haue it. _Langæus_, and _Bellæus_ that be // of France. + dead, & the noble _Vidam_ of Chartres, that is aliue, and infinite + mo in France, which I heare tell of, proue this to be most false. + And though som, in France, which will nedes be Ientlemen, + whether men will or no, and haue more ientleshipe in their hat, + than in their hed, be at deedlie feude, with both learning and + honestie, yet I beleue, if that noble Prince, king _Francis_ the + first were aliue, they shold haue, neither place in // Franciscus + his Courte, nor pension in his warres, if he had // I. Nobilis. + knowledge of them. This opinion is not French, // Francorum + but plaine Turckishe: from whens, some Frenche // Rex. + fetche moe faultes, than this: which, I praie God, kepe out of + + + 214 _The first booke teachyng_ + + England, and send also those of oures better mindes, which + bend them selues againste vertue and learninge, to the con- + tempte of God, dishonor of their contrie to the hurt of manie + others, and at length, to the greatest harme, and vtter destruction + of themselues. + Som other, hauing better nature, but lesse witte, (for ill + commonlie, haue ouer moch witte) do not vtterlie dispraise + Experience // learning, but they saie, that without learning, + without // common experience, knowledge of all facions, and + learnyng. // haunting all companies, shall worke in yougthe, + both wisdome, and habilitie, to execute anie weightie affaire. + Surelie long experience doth proffet moch, but moste, and + almost onelie to him (if we meene honest affaires) that is dili- + gentlie before instructed with preceptes of well doinge. For + good precepts of learning, be the eyes of the minde, to looke + wiselie before a man, which waie to go right, and which not. + Learning teacheth more in one yeare than experience in + Learnyng. // twentie: And learning teacheth safelie. when + experience maketh mo miserable then wise. He + Experience. // hasardeth sore, that waxeth wise by experience. + An vnhappie Master he is, that is made cunning by manie + shippewrakes: A miserable merchant, that is neither riche or + wise, but after som bankroutes. It is costlie wisdom, that is + bought by experience. We know by experience it selfe, that it + is a meruelous paine, to finde oute but a short waie, by long + wandering. And surelie, he that wold proue wise by + experience, he maie be wittie in deede, but euen like a swift + runner, that runneth fast out of his waie, and vpon the night, + he knoweth not whither. And verilie they be fewest of + number, that be happie or wise by vnlearned experience. And + looke well vpon the former life of those fewe, whether your + example be old or yonge, who without learning haue gathered, + by long experience, a litle wisdom, and som happines: and + whan you do consider, what mischiefe they haue committed, + what dangers they haue escaped (and yet xx. for one, do + perishe in the aduenture) than thinke well with your selfe, + whether ye wold, that your owne son, should cum to wisdom + and happines, by the waie of soch experience or no. + It is a notable tale, that old Syr _Roger Chamloe_, somtime + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 215 + + cheife Iustice, wold tell of him selfe. When he was Auncient + in Inne of Courte, Certaine yong Ientlemen // Syr _Roger_ + were brought before him, to be corrected for _Chamloe._ + certaine misorders: And one of the lustiest saide: + Syr, we be yong ientlemen, and wisemen before vs, haue + proued all facions, and yet those haue done full well: this they + said, because it was well knowen, that Syr _Roger_ had bene a + good feloe in his yougth. But he aunswered them verie wiselie. + In deede saith he, in yougthe, I was, as you ar now: and I + had twelue feloes like vnto my self, but not one of them came + to a good ende. And therfore, folow not my example in yougth, + but folow my councell in aige, if euer ye thinke to cum to this + place, or to thies yeares, that I am cum vnto, lesse ye meete + either with pouertie or Tiburn in the way. + Thus, experience of all facions in yougthe, beinge, in profe, + alwaise daungerous, in isshue, seldom lucklie, is // Experience. + a waie, in deede, to ouermoch knowledge, yet + vsed commonlie of soch men, which be either caried by som + curious affection of mynde, or driuen by som hard necessitie of + life, to hasard the triall of ouer manie perilous aduentures. + _Erasmus_ the honor of learning of all oure time, saide + wiselie that experience is the common schole- // _Erasmus._ + house of foles, and ill men: Men, of witte and // Experience, + honestie, be otherwise instructed. For there be, // the schole- + that kepe them out of fier, and yet was neuer // house of + burned: That beware of water, and yet was neuer // Foles, and + nie drowninge: That hate harlottes, and was // ill men. + neuer at the stewes: That abhorre falshode, and neuer brake + promis themselues. + But will ye see, a fit Similitude of this aduentured experience. + A Father, that doth let louse his son, to all experiences, is most + like a fond Hunter, that letteth slippe a whelpe to the hole + herde. Twentie to one, he shall fall vpon a rascall, and let + go the faire game. Men that hunt so, be either ignorant + persones, preuie stealers, or night walkers. + Learning therefore, ye wise fathers, and good bringing vp, + and not blinde & dangerous experience, is the next and readiest + waie, that must leede your Children, first, to wisdom, and than + to worthinesse, if euer ye purpose they shall cum there. + And to saie all in shorte, though I lacke Authoritie to giue + + + 216 _The first booke teachyng_ + + counsell, yet I lacke not good will to wisshe, that the yougthe + How expe- // in England, speciallie Ientlemen, and namelie no- + rience may // bilitie, shold be by good bringing vp, so grounded + proffet. // in iudgement of learninge, so founded in loue of + honestie, as, whan they shold be called forthe to the execution + of great affaires, in seruice of their Prince and contrie, they + might be hable, to vse and to order, all experiences, were they + good were they bad, and that, according to the square, rule, and + line, of wisdom learning and vertue. + And, I do not meene, by all this my taulke, that yong + Diligent // Ientlemen, should alwaies be poring on a booke, + learninge // and by vsing good studies, shold lease honest + ought to be // pleasure, and haunt no good pastime, I meene + ioyned with // nothing lesse: For it is well knowne, that I both + pleasant // like and loue, and haue alwaies, and do yet still + pastimes, // vse, all exercises and pastimes, that be fitte for my + namelie in a // nature and habilitie. And beside naturall dispo- + ientleman. // sition, in iudgement also, I was neuer, either Stoick in doctrine, + or Anabaptist in Religion, to mislike a merie, pleasant, and + plaifull nature, if no outrage be committed, against lawe, + mesure, and good order. + Therefore, I wold wishe, that, beside some good time, fitlie + appointed, and constantlie kepte, to encrease by readinge, the + knowledge of the tonges and learning, yong ientlemen shold + Learnyng // vse, and delite in all Courtelie exercises, and + ioyned with // Ientlemanlike pastimes. And good cause whie: + pastimes. // For the self same noble Citie of Athenes, iustlie + commended of me before, did wiselie and vpon great considera- + tion, appoint, the Muses, _Apollo_, and _Pallas_, to be patrones of + _Musæ._ // learninge to their yougthe. For the Muses, + besides learning, were also Ladies of dauncinge, + _Apollo._ // mirthe and ministrelsie: _Apollo_, was god of shooting, + and Author of cunning playing vpon Instrumentes: + _Pallas._ // _Pallas_ also was Laidie mistres in warres. Wher- + bie was nothing else ment, but that learninge shold be alwaise + mingled, with honest mirthe, and cumlie exercises: and that + warre also shold be gouerned by learning, and moderated by + wisdom, as did well appeare in those Capitaines of _Athenes_ + named by me before, and also in _Scipio_ & _Cæsar_, the two + Diamondes of Rome. + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 217 + + And _Pallas_, was no more feared, in weering _ægida_, than she + was praised, for chosing _Oliva_: whereby shineth // Learning + the glory of learning, which thus, was Gouernour // rewleth + & Mistres, in the noble Citie of _Athenes_, both of // both warre + warre and peace. // and peace. + Therefore, to ride cumlie: to run faire at the tilte or ring: + to plaie at all weapones: to shote faire in bow, or surelie in gon: + to vaut lustely: to runne: to leape: to wrestle: // The pas- + to swimme: To daunce cumlie: to sing, and playe // times that + of instrumentes cunnyngly: to Hawke: to hunte: // be fitte for + to playe at tennes, & all pastimes generally, which // Courtlie + be ioyned with labor, vsed in open place, and on // Ientlemen. + the day light, conteining either some fitte exercise for warre, or + some pleasant pastime for peace, be not onelie cumlie and decent, + but also verie necessarie, for a Courtlie Ientleman to vse. + But, of all kinde of pastimes, fitte for a Ientleman, I will, + godwilling, in fitter place, more at large, declare fullie, in my + booke of the Cockpitte: which I do write, to // The Cok- + satisfie som, I trust, with som reason, that be // pitte. + more curious, in marking other mens doinges, than + carefull in mendying their owne faultes. And som also will + nedes busie them selues in merueling, and adding thereunto + vnfrendlie taulke, why I, a man of good yeares, and of no ill + place, I thanke God and my Prince, do make choise to spend + soch tyme in writyng of trifles, as the schole of shoting, the + Cockpitte, and this booke of the first Principles of Grammer, + rather, than to take some weightie matter in hand, either of + Religion, or Ciuill discipline. + Wise men I know, will well allow of my choise herein: and + as for such, who haue not witte of them selues, but must learne + of others, to iudge right of mens doynges, let them // A booke of + read that wise Poet _Horace_ in his _Arte Poetica_, // a lofty title, + who willeth wisemen to beware, of hie and loftie // beareth the + Titles. For, great shippes, require costlie tack- // brag of o- + ling, and also afterward dangerous gouernment: // uergreat a + Small boates, be neither verie chargeable in // promise. + makyng, nor verie oft in great ieoperdie: and yet they cary + many tymes, as good and costlie ware, as greater vessels do. + A meane Argument, may easelie beare, the light burden of + a small faute, and haue alwaise at hand, a ready excuse for + + + 218 _The first booke teachyng_ + + ill handling: And, some praise it is, if it so chaunce, to be + The right // better in deede, than a man dare venture to + choise, to // seeme. A hye title, doth charge a man, with + chose a fitte // the heauie burden, of to great a promise: and + Argument // therefore sayth _Horace_ verie wittelie, that, that + to write // Poete was a verie foole, that began hys booke, + vpon. // with a goodlie verse in deede, but ouer proude + _Hor. in_ // a promise. + _Arte Poet._ // + + _Fortunam Priami cantabo & nobile bellum,_ + + And after, as wiselie. + + _Quantò rectiùs hic, qui nil molitur ineptè. etc._ + + Meening _Homer_, who, within the compasse of a smal + _Homers_ // Argument, of one harlot, and of one good wife, + wisdom in // did vtter so moch learning in all kinde of sciences, + choice of // as, by the iudgement of _Quintilian_, he deserueth + his Argu- // so hie a praise, that no man yet deserued to sit + ment. // in the second degree beneth him. And thus moch + out of my way, concerning my purpose in spending penne, and + paper, & tyme, vpon trifles, & namelie to aunswere some, that + haue neither witte nor learning, to do any thyng them selues, + neither will nor honestie, to say well of other. + To ioyne learnyng with cumlie exercises, _Conto Baldesær_ + The Cor- // _Castiglione_ in his booke, _Cortegiano_, doth trimlie + tegian, an // teache: which booke, aduisedlie read, and dili- + excellent // gentlie folowed, but one yeare at home in + booke for a // England, would do a yong ientleman more good, + ientleman. // I wisse, then three yeares trauell abrode spent in + _Italie_. And I meruell this booke, is no more read in the Court, + than it is, seying it is so well translated into English by a worthie + Syr _Tho._ // Ientleman Syr _Th. Hobbie_, who was many wayes + _Hobbye._ // well furnished with learnyng, and very expert in + knowledge of diuers tonges. + And beside good preceptes in bookes, in all kinde of tonges, + this Court also neuer lacked many faire examples, for yong + Examples // ientlemen to folow: And surelie, one example, + better than // is more valiable, both to good and ill, than xx. + preceptes. // preceptes written in bookes: and so _Plato_, not in + one or two, but diuerse places, doth plainlie teach. + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 219 + + If kyng _Edward_ had liued a litle longer, his onely example + had breed soch a rase of worthie learned ientlemen, // _King Ed._ 6. + as this Realme neuer yet did affourde. + And, in the second degree, two noble Primeroses of + Nobilitie, the yong Duke of Suffolke, and Lord // The yong + _H. Matreuers_, were soch two examples to the // Duke of + Court for learnyng, as our tyme may rather wishe, // Suffolke. + than looke for agayne. // _L. H. Mar-_ + // _treuers._ + At Cambrige also, in S. Iohns Colledge, in + my tyme, I do know, that, not so much the good statutes, as two + Ientlemen, of worthie memorie Syr _Iohn Cheke_, // _Syr John_ + and Doctour _Readman_, by their onely example // _Cheke._ + of excellency in learnyng, of godlynes in liuyng, of + diligencie in studying, of councell in exhorting, of good order in + all thyng, did breed vp, so many learned men, in // _D. Read-_ + that one College of S. Iohns, at one time, as I // _man._ + beleue, the whole Vniuersitie of _Louaine_, in many + yeares, was neuer able to affourd. + Present examples of this present tyme, I list not to + touch: yet there is one example, for all the Ien- // _Queene_ + tlemen of this Court to folow, that may well // _Elisabeth._ + satisfie them, or nothing will serue them, nor no + example moue them, to goodnes and learning. + It is your shame, (I speake to you all, you yong Ientlemen + of England) that one mayd should go beyond you all, in excel- + lencie of learnyng, and knowledge of diuers tonges. Pointe + forth six of the best giuen Ientlemen of this Court, and all they + together, shew not so much good will, spend not so much tyme, + bestow not so many houres, dayly orderly, & constantly, for the + increase of learning & knowledge, as doth the Queenes Maiestie + her selfe. Yea I beleue, that beside her perfit readines, in + _Latin, Italian, French_, & _Spanish_, she readeth here now at + Windsore more Greeke euery day, than some Prebendarie of + this Chirch doth read _Latin_ in a whole weeke. And that + which is most praise worthie of all, within the walles of her + priuie chamber, she hath obteyned that excellencie of learnyng, + to vnderstand, speake, & write, both wittely with head, and + faire with hand, as scarse one or two rare wittes in both the + Vniuersities haue in many yeares reached vnto. Amongest + all the benefites y^t God hath blessed me with all, next the + + + 220 _The first booke teachyng_ + + knowledge of Christes true Religion, I counte this the greatest, + that it pleased God to call me, to be one poore minister in + settyng forward these excellent giftes of learnyng in this most + excellent Prince. Whose onely example, if the rest of our + Ill Exam- // nobilitie would folow, than might England be, + ples haue // for learnyng and wisedome in nobilitie, a spectacle + more force, // to all the world beside. But see the mishap of + then good // men: The best examples haue neuer such forse + examples. // to moue to any goodnes, as the bad, vaine, light + and fond, haue to all ilnes. + And one example, though out of the compas of learning, + yet not out of the order of good maners, was notable in this + Courte, not fullie xxiiij. yeares a go, when all the actes of + Parlament, many good Proclamations, diuerse strait commanude- + mentes, sore punishment openlie, speciall regarde priuatelie, cold + not do so moch to take away one misorder, as the example of + one big one of this Courte did, still to kepe vp the same: The + memorie whereof, doth yet remaine, in a common prouerbe of + Birching lane. + Take hede therfore, ye great ones in y^e Court, yea though + Great men // ye be y^e greatest of all, take hede, what ye do, + in Court, // take hede how ye liue. For as you great ones + by their // vse to do, so all meane men loue to do. You be + example, // in deed, makers or marrers, of all mens maners + make or // within the Realme. For though God hath placed + marre, all // yow, to be cheife in making of lawes, to beare + other mens // greatest authoritie, to commaund all others: yet + maners. // God doth order, that all your lawes, all your authoritie, all your + commaundementes, do not halfe so moch with meane men, as + Example // doth your example and maner of liuinge. And + in Religion. // for example euen in the greatest matter, if yow + your selues do serue God gladlie and orderlie for + conscience sake, not coldlie, and somtyme for maner sake, you + carie all the Courte with yow, and the whole Realme beside, + earnestlie and orderlie to do the same. If yow do otherwise, + yow be the onelie authors, of all misorders in Religion, not + onelie to the Courte, but to all England beside. Infinite shall + be made cold in Religion by your example, that neuer were + hurt by reading of bookes. + And in meaner matters, if three or foure great ones in + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 221 + + Courte, will nedes outrage in apparell, in huge hose, in mon- + strous hattes, in gaurishe colers, let the Prince Pro- // Example + clame, make Lawes, order, punishe, commaunde // in apparell. + euerie gate in London dailie to be watched, let all + good men beside do euerie where what they can, surelie the + misorder of apparell in mean men abrode, shall neuer be + amended, except the greatest in Courte will order and mend + them selues first. I know, som greate and good ones in Courte, + were authors, that honest Citizens of London, shoulde watche + at euerie gate, to take misordered persones in apparell. I know, + that honest Londoners did so: And I sawe, which I saw than, + & reporte now with some greife, that som Courtlie men were + offended with these good men of London. And that, which + greued me most of all, I sawe the verie same tyme, for all theis + good orders, commaunded from the Courte and executed in + London, I sawe I say, cum out of London, euen // Masters, + vnto the presence of the Prince, a great rable of // Vshers, & + meane and light persons, in apparell, for matter, // Scholers + against lawe, for making, against order, for facion, // of fense. + namelie hose, so without all order, as he thought himselfe most + braue, that durst do most in breaking order and was most + monsterous in misorder. And for all the great commaunde- + mentes, that came out of the Courte, yet this bold misorder, + was winked at, and borne withall, in the Courte. I thought, + it was not well, that som great ones of the Court, durst declare + themselues offended, with good men of London, for doinge their + dewtie, & the good ones of the Courte, would not shew them- + selues offended, with ill men of London, for breaking good + order. I fownde thereby a sayinge of _Socrates_ to be most trewe + that ill men be more hastie, than good men be forwarde, to + prosecute their purposes, euen as Christ himselfe saith, of the + Children of light and darknes. + Beside apparell, in all other thinges to, not so moch, good + lawes and strait commaundementes as the example and maner + of liuing of great men, doth carie all meane men euerie where, + to like, and loue, & do, as they do. For if but two or three + noble men in the Court, wold but beginne to // Example + shoote, all yong Ientlemen, the whole Court, all // in shoo- + London, the whole Realme, wold straight waie // tyng. + exercise shooting. + + + 222 _The first booke teachyng_ + + What praise shold they wynne to themselues, what com- + moditie shold they bring to their contrey, that would thus + deserue to be pointed at: Beholde, there goeth, the author of + good order, the guide of good men. I cold say more, and yet + not ouermuch. But perchance, som will say, I haue stepte to + farre, out of my schole, into the common welthe, from teaching + Written not // a yong scholer, to monishe greate and noble men: + for great // yet I trust good and wise men will thinke and + men, but for // iudge of me, that my minde was, not so moch, + great mens // to be busie and bold with them, that be great + children. // now, as to giue trewe aduise to them, that may + be great hereafter. Who, if they do, as I wishe them to do, + how great so euer they be now, by blood and other mens + meanes, they shall becum a greate deale greater hereafter, by + learninge, vertue, and their owne desertes: which is trewe praise, + right worthines, and verie Nobilitie in deede. Yet, if som will + needes presse me, that I am to bold with great men, & stray to + Ad Philip. // farre from my matter, I will aunswere them with + _S. Paul, siue perc ontentionem, siue quocunqe modo, + modò Christus prædicetur, &c._ euen so, whether in place, or out + of place, with my matter, or beside my matter, if I can hereby + either prouoke the good, or staye the ill, I shall thinke my + writing herein well imployed. + But, to cum downe, from greate men, and hier matters, to + my litle children, and poore scholehouse againe, I will, God + willing, go forwarde orderlie, as I purposed, to instructe + Children and yong men, both for learninge and maners. + Hitherto, I haue shewed, what harme, ouermoch feare + bringeth to children: and what hurte, ill companie, and ouer- + moch libertie breedeth in yougthe: meening thereby, that from + seauen yeare olde, to seauentene, loue is the best allurement to + learninge: from seauentene to seauen and twentie, that wise + men shold carefullie see the steppes of yougthe surelie staide by + good order, in that most slipperie tyme: and speciallie in the + Courte, a place most dangerous for yougthe to liue in, without + great grace, good regarde, and diligent looking to. + Syr _Richard Sackuile_, that worthy Ientlemen of worthy + Trauelyng // memorie, as I sayd in the begynnynge, in the + into Ita- // Queenes priuie Chamber at Windesore, after he + lie. // had talked with me, for the right choice of a good + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 223 + + witte in a child for learnyng, and of the trewe difference betwixt + quicke and hard wittes, of alluring yong children by ientlenes + to loue learnyng, and of the speciall care that was to be had, to + keepe yong men from licencious liuyng, he was most earnest + with me, to haue me say my mynde also, what I thought, + concernyng the fansie that many yong Ientlemen of England + haue to trauell abroad, and namely to lead a long lyfe in Italie. + His request, both for his authoritie, and good will toward me, + was a sufficient commaundement vnto me, to satisfie his + pleasure, with vtteryng plainlie my opinion in that matter. + Syr quoth I, I take goyng thither, and liuing there, for a yonge + ientleman, that doth not goe vnder the kepe and garde of such + a man, as both, by wisedome can, and authoritie dare rewle him, + to be meruelous dangerous. And whie I said so than, I will + declare at large now: which I said than priuatelie, and write + now openlie, not bicause I do contemne, either the knowledge + of strange and diuerse tonges, and namelie the // The Ita- + Italian tonge, which next the Greeke and Latin // lian tong. + tonge, I like and loue aboue all other: or else + bicause I do despise, the learning that is gotten, or the experi- + ence that is gathered in strange contries: or for any priuate + malice that beare to Italie: which contrie, and // Italia. + in it, namelie Rome, I haue alwayes speciallie + honored: bicause, tyme was, whan Italie and // Roma. + Rome, haue bene, to the greate good of vs that now liue, the + best breeders and bringers vp, of the worthiest men, not onelie + for wise speakinge, but also for well doing, in all Ciuill affaires, + that euer was in the worlde. But now, that tyme is gone, and + though the place remayne, yet the olde and present maners, do + differ as farre, as blacke and white, as vertue and vice. Vertue + once made that contrie Mistres ouer all the worlde. Vice now + maketh that contrie slaue to them, that before, were glad to + serue it. All men seeth it: They themselues confesse it, + namelie soch, as be best and wisest amongest them. For sinne, + by lust and vanitie, hath and doth breed vp euery where, + common contempt of Gods word, priuate contention in many + families, open factions in euery Citie: and so, makyng them + selues bonde, to vanitie and vice at home, they are content to + beare the yoke of seruyng straungers abroad. _Italie_ now, is not + that _Italie_, that it was wont to be: and therfore now, not so + + + 224 _The first booke teachyng_ + + fitte a place, as some do counte it, for yong men to fetch either + wisedome or honestie from thence. For surelie, they will make + other but bad Scholers, that be so ill Masters to them selues. + Yet, if a ientleman will nedes trauell into _Italie_, he shall do + well, to looke on the life, of the wisest traueler, that euer + traueled thether, set out by the wisest writer, that euer spake + with tong, Gods doctrine onelie excepted: and that is _Vlysses_ in + _Vlysses._ // _Homere_. _Vlysses_, and his trauell, I wishe our + _Homere._ // trauelers to looke vpon, not so much to feare + them, with the great daungers, that he many + tymes suffered, as to instruct them, with his excellent wisedome, + which he alwayes and euerywhere vsed. Yea euen those, that + be learned and wittie trauelers, when they be disposed to prayse + traueling, as a great commendacion, and the best Scripture they + haue for it, they gladlie recite the third verse of _Homere_, in his + first booke of _Odyssea_, conteinyng a great prayse of _Vlysses_, for + odys. a. // the witte he gathered, & wisdome he vsed in + his traueling. + Which verse, bicause, in mine opinion, it was not made at + the first, more naturallie in _Greke_ by _Homere_, nor after turned + more aptlie into _Latin_ by _Horace_, than it was a good while + ago, in Cambrige, translated into English, both plainlie for the + sense, and roundlie for the verse, by one of the best Scholers, + that euer S. Iohns Colledge bred, _M. Watson_, myne old frend, + somtime Bishop of Lincolne, therfore, for their sake, that haue + lust to see, how our English tong, in auoidyng barbarous + ryming, may as well receiue, right quantitie of sillables, and + trewe order of versifiyng (of which matter more at large here- + after) as either _Greke_ or _Latin_, if a cunning man haue it in + handling, I will set forth that one verse in all three tonges, for + an Example to good wittes, that shall delite in like learned + exercise. + <b>Homerus.</b> + pollon d anthropon iden astea kai noon egno. + <b>Horatius.</b> + _Qui mores hominum multorum vidit & vrbes._ + <b>M. Watson.</b> + _All trauellers do gladly report great prayse of Vlysses, + For that he knew many mens maners, and saw many Cities._ + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 225 + + And yet is not _Vlysses_ commended, so much, nor so oft, in + _Homere_, bicause he was polytropos, that is, // | {polytropos. + skilfull in many mens manners and facions, as // | _Vlyss._ { + bicause he was polymetis, that is, wise in all // | { polymetis. + purposes, & ware in all places: which wisedome and warenes + will not serue neither a traueler, except _Pallas_ be // _Pallas_ from + alwayes at his elbow, that is Gods speciall grace // heauen. + from heauen, to kepe him in Gods feare, in all + his doynges, in all his ieorneye. For, he shall not alwayes + in his absence out of England, light vpon a + ientle _Alcynous_, and walke in his faire gardens // | _Alcynous._ od. 2. + full of all harmelesse pleasures: but he shall // | + sometymes, fall, either into the handes of some // | + cruell _Cyclops_, or into the lappe of some wanton // | _Cyclops._ od. 1. + and dalying Dame _Calypso_: and so suffer the // | _Calypso._ od. e. + danger of many a deadlie Denne, not so full of // | + perils, to distroy the body, as, full of vayne // | + pleasures, to poyson the mynde. Some _Siren_ // | _Sirenes._ } + shall sing him a song, sweete in tune, but // | } + sownding in the ende, to his vtter destruction. // | _Scylla._ } od. +m. + If _Scylla_ drowne him not, _Carybdis_ may fortune // | _Caribdis._ } + swalow hym. Some _Circes_ shall make him, of // | _Circes._ od. k. + a plaine English man, a right _Italian_. And at + length to hell, or to some hellish place, is he likelie to go: from + whence is hard returning, although one _Vlysses_, and that by + _Pallas_ ayde, and good counsell of _Tiresias_ once // od. l. + escaped that horrible Den of deadly darkenes. + Therfore, if wise men will nedes send their sonnes into + _Italie_, let them do it wiselie, vnder the kepe and garde of him, + who, by his wisedome and honestie, by his example and + authoritie, may be hable to kepe them safe and sound, in the + feare of God, in Christes trewe Religion, in good order and + honestie of liuyng: except they will haue them run headling, + into ouermany ieoperdies, as _Vlysses_ had done many tymes, if + _Pallas_ had not alwayes gouerned him: if he had not vsed, to + stop his eares with waxe: to bind him selfe to // od. m. + the mast of his shyp: to feede dayly, vpon that // od. k. + swete herbe _Moly_ with the blake roote and // Moly Her- + white floore, giuen vnto hym by Mercurie, to // ba. + auoide all the inchantmentes of _Circes_. Wherby, the Diuine + + + 226 _The first booke teachyng_ + + Poete _Homer_ ment couertlie (as wise and Godly men do iudge) + Psal. 33. // that loue of honestie, and hatred of ill, which + _Dauid_ more plainly doth call the feare of God: + the onely remedie agaynst all inchantementes of sinne. + I know diuerse noble personages, and many worthie Ientle- + men of England, whom all the _Siren_ songes of _Italie_, could + neuer vntwyne from the maste of Gods word: nor no inchant- + ment of vanitie, ouerturne them, from the feare of God, and + loue of honestie. + But I know as many, or mo, and some, sometyme my + deare frendes, for whose sake I hate going into that countrey the + more, who, partyng out of England feruent in the loue of + Christes doctrine, and well furnished with the feare of God, + returned out of _Italie_ worse transformed, than euer was any in + _Circes_ Court. I know diuerse, that went out of England, men + of innocent life, men of excellent learnyng, who returned out + of _Italie_, not onely with worse maners, but also with lesse + learnyng: neither so willing to liue orderly, nor yet so hable to + speake learnedlie, as they were at home, before they went + abroad. And why? _Plato_ y^t wise writer, and worthy + traueler him selfe, telleth the cause why. He went into _Sicilia_, + a countrey, no nigher _Italy_ by site of place, than _Italie_ that is + now, is like _Sicilia_ that was then, in all corrupt maners and + licenciousnes of life. _Plato_ found in _Sicilia_, euery Citie full of + vanitie, full of factions, euen as _Italie_ is now. And as _Homere_, + like a learned Poete, doth feyne, that _Circes_, by pleasant in- + chantmentes, did turne men into beastes, some into Swine, som + into Asses, some into Foxes, some into Wolues etc. euen so + Plat. ad // _Plato_, like a wise Philosopher, doth plainelie + Dionys. // declare, that pleasure, by licentious vanitie, that + Epist. 3. // sweete and perilous poyson of all youth, doth + ingender in all those, that yeld vp themselues to her, foure + notorious properties. + {1. lethen + The fruits // {2. dysmathian + of vayne // {3. achrosynen + pleasure. // {4. ybrin. + The first, forgetfulnes of all good thinges learned before: + Causes // the second, dulnes to receyue either learnyng or + why men // honestie euer after: the third, a mynde embracing + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 227 + + lightlie the worse opinion, and baren of discretion // returne out + to make trewe difference betwixt good and ill, // of Italie, + betwixt troth, and vanitie, the fourth, a proude // lesse lear- + disdainfulnes of other good men, in all honest // ned and + matters. _Homere_ and _Plato_, haue both one // worse ma- + meanyng, looke both to one end. For, if a man // nered. + inglutte himself with vanitie, or walter in filthi- // _Homer_ and + nes like a Swyne, all learnyng, all goodnes, is // _Plato_ ioy- + sone forgotten: Than, quicklie shall he becum // ned and ex- + a dull Asse, to vnderstand either learnyng or //pounded. + honestie: and yet shall he be as sutle as a Foxe, // A Swyne. + in breedyng of mischief, in bringyng in misorder, // An Asse. + with a busie head, a discoursing tong, and a factious harte, in // A Foxe. + euery priuate affaire, in all matters of state, with this pretie + propertie, alwayes glad to commend the worse // aphrosyne, + partie, and euer ready to defend the falser // Quid, et + opinion. And why? For, where will is giuen // vnde. + from goodnes to vanitie, the mynde is sone caryed from right + iudgement, to any fond opinion, in Religion, in Philosophie, or + any other kynde of learning. The fourth fruite of vaine + pleasure, by _Homer_ and _Platos_ iudgement, is pride // hybris. + in them selues, contempt of others, the very + badge of all those that serue in _Circes_ Court. The trewe + meenyng of both _Homer_ and _Plato_, is plainlie declared in one + short sentence of the holy Prophet of God // Hieremias + _Hieremie_, crying out of the vaine & vicious life // 4. Cap. + of the _Israelites_. This people (sayth he) be + fooles and dulhedes to all goodnes, but sotle, cunning and + bolde, in any mischiefe. &c. + The true medicine against the inchantmentes of _Circes_, + the vanitie of licencious pleasure, the inticementes of all sinne, + is, in _Homere_, the herbe _Moly_, with the blacke roote, and white + flooer, sower at the first, but sweete in the end: which, + _Hesiodus_ termeth the study of vertue, hard and // Hesiodus + irksome in the beginnyng, but in the end, easie // de virtute. + and pleasant. And that, which is most to be + marueled at, the diuine Poete _Homere_ sayth plainlie that this + medicine against sinne and vanitie, is not found // Homerus, + out by man, but giuen and taught by God. And // diuinus + for some one sake, that will haue delite to read // Poeta. + + + 228 _The first booke teachyng_ + + that sweete and Godlie Verse, I will recite the very wordes of + _Homere_ and also turne them into rude English metre. + + chalepon de t oryssein + andrasi ge thnetoisi, theoi de te panta dynantai. + + In English thus. + + _No mortall man, with sweat of browe, or toile of minde, + But onely God, who can do all, that herbe doth finde._ + + _Plato_ also, that diuine Philosopher, hath many Godly + medicines agaynst the poyson of vayne pleasure, in many + places, but specially in his Epistles to _Dionisius_ the tyrant of + Plat. ad // _Sicilie_: yet agaynst those, that will nedes becum + Dio. // beastes, with seruyng of _Circes_, the Prophet + _Psal._ 32 // _Dauid_, crieth most loude, _Nolite fieri sicut equus et + mulus_: and by and by giueth the right medi- + cine, the trewe herbe _Moly, In camo & freno maxillas + eorum constringe_, that is to say, let Gods grace be the bitte, + let Gods feare be the bridle, to stay them from runnyng head- + long into vice, and to turne them into the right way agayne. + _Psal._ 33. // _Dauid_ in the second Psalme after, giueth the + same medicine, but in these plainer wordes, + _Diuerte à malo, & fac bonum_. But I am affraide, that ouer + many of our trauelers into _Italie_, do not exchewe the way to + _Circes_ Court: but go, and ryde, and runne, and flie thether, + they make great hast to cum to her: they make great sute to + serue her: yea, I could point out some with my finger, that + neuer had gone out of England, but onelie to serue _Circes_, in + _Italie_. Vanitie and vice, and any licence to ill liuyng in + England was counted stale and rude vnto them. And so, beyng + Mules and Horses before they went, returned verie Swyne and + Asses home agayne: yet euerie where verie Foxes with suttle + A trewe // and busie heades; and where they may, verie + Picture of // wolues, with cruell malicious hartes. A mer- + a knight of // uelous monster, which, for filthines of liuyng, for + Circes // dulnes to learning him selfe, for wilinesse in + Court. // dealing with others, for malice in hurting without + cause, should carie at once in one bodie, the belie of a Swyne, + the head of an Asse, the brayne of a Foxe, the wombe of + a wolfe. If you thinke, we iudge amisse, and write to sore + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 229 + + against you, heare, what the _Italian_ sayth of the English man, + what the master reporteth of the scholer: who // The Ita- + vttereth playnlie, what is taught by him, and what // lians iudge- + learned by you, saying, _Englese Italianato, e vn_ // ment of + _diabolo incarnato_, that is to say, you remaine men // Englishmen + in shape and facion, but becum deuils in life // brought vp + and condition. This is not, the opinion of one, // in Italie. + for some priuate spite, but the iudgement of all, in a common + Prouerbe, which riseth, of that learnyng, and those maners, + which you gather in _Italie_: a good Scholehouse // The Ita- + of wholesome doctrine: and worthy Masters of // lian diffa- + commendable Scholers, where the Master had // meth him + rather diffame hym selfe for hys teachyng, than // selfe, to + not shame his Scholer for his learning. A good // shame the + nature of the maister, and faire conditions of the // Englishe + scholers. And now chose you, you _Italian_ English men, // man. + whether you will be angrie with vs, for calling you monsters, + or with the _Italianes_, for callyng you deuils, or else with your + owne selues, that take so much paines, and go so farre, to make + your selues both. If some yet do not well vnder- // An Eng- + stand, what is an English man Italianated, I will // lish man + plainlie tell him. He, that by liuing, & traueling // Italiana- + in _Italie_, bringeth home into England out of _Italie_, // ted. + the Religion, the learning, the policie, the experience, the maners + of _Italie_. That is to say, for Religion, // | {1 Religion.} + Papistrie or worse: for learnyng, lesse // | {2 Learn- } + commonly than they caried out with // | { ing. } + them: for pollicie, a factious hart, a // | {3 Pollicie. } + discoursing head, a mynde to medle in // |The{ }gotten in + all mens matters: for experience, // | {4 Experi- }_Italie_. + plentie of new mischieues neuer // | { ence. } + knowne in England before: for maners, // | {5 Maners. } + varietie of vanities, and chaunge of // | + filthy lyuing. These be the inchantementes of _Circes_, brought + out of _Italie_, to marre mens maners in England: much, by + example of ill life, but more by preceptes of fonde // _Italian_ + bookes, of late translated out of _Italian_ into // bokes trans- + English, sold in euery shop in London, com- // lated into + mended by honest titles the soner to corrupt // English. + honest maners: dedicated ouer boldlie to vertuous and honor- + + + 230 _The first booke teachyng_ + + able personages, the easielier to begile simple and innocent wittes. + hand.gif // It is pitie, that those, which haue authoritie and + charge, to allow and dissalow bookes to be printed, + be no more circumspect herein, than they are. Ten Sermons + at Paules Crosse do not so moch good for mouyng men to trewe + doctrine, as one of those bookes do harme, with inticing men + to ill liuing. Yea, I say farder, those bookes, tend not so moch + to corrupt honest liuyng, as they do, to subuert trewe Religion. + Mo Papistes be made, by your mery bookes of _Italie_, than by + your earnest bookes of _Louain_. And bicause our great + Phisicians, do winke at the matter, and make no counte of this + sore, I, though not admitted one of their felowshyp, yet hauyng + bene many yeares a prentice to Gods trewe Religion, and trust + to continewe a poore iorney man therein all dayes of my life, + for the dewtie I owe, & loue I beare, both to trewe doctrine, + and honest liuing, though I haue no authoritie to amend the + sore my selfe, yet I will declare my good will, to discouer the + sore to others. + S. Paul saith, that sectes and ill opinions, be the workes of + Ad Gal. 5. // the flesh, and frutes of sinne, this is spoken, no + more trewlie for the doctrine, than sensiblie for + the reason. And why? For, ill doinges, breed ill thinkinges. + And of corrupted maners, spryng peruerted iudgementes. And + Voluntas} {Bonum. | // how? there be in man two speciall + } Respicit. { | // thinges: Mans will, mans mynde, + Mens } { Verum. | Where will inclineth to goodnes, + the mynde is bent to troth: Where will is caried from goodnes + to vanitie, the mynde is sone drawne from troth to false + opinion. And so, the readiest way to entangle the mynde with + false doctrine, is first to intice the will to wanton liuyng. + Therfore, when the busie and open Papistes abroad, could not, + by their contentious bookes, turne men in England fast enough, + from troth and right iudgement in doctrine, than the sutle and + hand.gif // secrete Papistes at home, procured bawdie bookes + to be translated out of the _Italian_ tonge, whereby + ouer many yong willes and wittes allured to wantonnes, do now + boldly contemne all seuere bookes that sounde to honestie and + godlines. In our forefathers tyme, whan Papistrie, as a standyng + poole, couered and ouerflowed all England, fewe bookes were + read in our tong, sauyng certaine bookes of Cheualrie, as they + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 231 + + sayd, for pastime and pleasure, which, as some say, were made + in Monasteries, by idle Monkes, or wanton Chanons: as one + for example, _Morte Arthure_: the whole pleasure // Morte Ar- + of which booke standeth in two speciall poyntes, // thur. + in open mans slaughter, and bold bawdrye: In which booke + those be counted the noblest Knightes, that do kill most men + without any quarell, and commit fowlest aduoulteries by + sutlest shiftes: as Sir _Launcelote_, with the wife of king _Arthure_ + his master: Syr _Tristram_ with the wife of king _Marke_ his + vncle: Syr _Lamerocke_ with the wife of king _Lote_, // hand.gif + that was his own aunte. This is good stuffe, for + wise men to laughe at, or honest men to take pleasure at. Yet + I know, when Gods Bible was banished the Court, and _Morte + Arthure_ receiued into the Princes chamber. What toyes, the + dayly readyng of such a booke, may worke in the will of a yong + ientleman, or a yong mayde, that liueth welthelie and idlelie, + wise men can iudge, and honest men do pitie. And yet ten + _Morte Arthures_ do not the tenth part so much harme, as one of + these bookes, made in _Italie_, and translated in // hand.gif + England. They open, not fond and common + wayes to vice, but such subtle, cunnyng, new, and diuerse + shiftes, to cary yong willes to vanitie, and yong wittes to + mischief, to teach old bawdes new schole poyntes, as the simple + head of an English man is not hable to inuent, nor neuer was + hard of in England before, yea when Papistrie ouerflowed all. + Suffer these bookes to be read, and they shall soone displace all + bookes of godly learnyng. For they, carying the will to + vanitie, and marryng good maners, shall easily // hand.gif + corrupt the mynde with ill opinions, and false + iudgement in doctrine: first, to thinke ill of all trewe Religion, + and at last to thinke nothyng of God hym selfe, one speciall + pointe that is to be learned in _Italie_, and _Italian_ // hand.gif + bookes. And that which is most to be lamented, + and therfore more nedefull to be looked to, there be moe of + these vngratious bookes set out in Printe within these fewe + monethes, than haue bene sene in England many score yeare + before. And bicause our English men made _Italians_, can not + hurt, but certaine persons, and in certaine places, therfore these + _Italian_ bookes are made English, to bryng mischief enough + + + 232 _The first booke teachyng_ + + openly and boldly, to all states great and meane, yong and old, + euery where. + And thus yow see, how will intised to wantonnes, doth + easelie allure the mynde to false opinions: and how corrupt + maners in liuinge, breede false iudgement in doctrine: how sinne + and fleshlines, bring forth sectes and heresies: And therefore + suffer not vaine bookes to breede vanitie in mens willes, if yow + would haue Goddes trothe take roote in mens myndes. + That Italian, that first inuented the Italian Prouerbe + against our Englishe men Italianated, ment no more their + The Ita- // vanitie in liuing, than their lewd opinion in + lian pro- // Religion. For, in calling them Deuiles, he carieth + uerbe ex- // them cleane from God: and yet he carieth them + pounded. // no farder, than they willinglie go themselues, + that is, where they may freely say their mindes, to the open + contempte of God and all godlines, both in liuing and doctrine. + And how? I will expresse how, not by a Fable of _Homere_, + nor by the Philosophie of _Plato_, but by a plaine troth of + Goddes word, sensiblie vttered by _Dauid_ thus. Thies men, + _abhominabiles facti in studijs suis_, thinke verily, and singe + gladlie the verse before, _Dixit insipiens in Corde suo, non est_ + _Psa._ 14. // _Deus:_ that is to say, they geuing themselues vp to + vanitie, shakinge of the motions of Grace, driuing + from them the feare of God, and running headlong into all + sinne, first, lustelie contemne God, than scornefullie mocke his + worde, and also spitefullie hate and hurte all well willers + thereof. Than they haue in more reuerence, the triumphes of + Petrarche: than the Genesis of Moses: They make more + accounte of _Tullies_ offices, than _S. Paules_ epistles: of a tale in + _Bocace_, than a storie of the Bible. Than they counte as + Fables, the holie misteries of Christian Religion. They make + Christ and his Gospell, onelie serue Ciuill pollicie: Than + neyther Religion cummeth amisse to them: In tyme they be + Promoters of both openlie: in place againe mockers of both + priuilie, as I wrote once in a rude ryme. + + _Now new, now olde, now both, now neither, + To serue the worldes course, they care not with whether._ + + For where they dare, in cumpanie where they like, they + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 233 + + boldlie laughe to scorne both protestant and Papist. They + care for no scripture: They make no counte of generall + councels: they contemne the consent of the Chirch: They passe + for no Doctores: They mocke the Pope: They raile on _Luther_: + They allow neyther side: They like none, but onelie + themselues: The marke they shote at, the ende they looke for, + the heauen they desire, is onelie, their owne present pleasure, + and priuate proffit: whereby, they plainlie declare, of whose + schole, of what Religion they be: that is, Epicures in liuing, + and atheoi in doctrine: this last worde, is no more vnknowne + now to plaine English men, than the Person was vnknown + somtyme in England, vntill som Englishe man tooke peines, to + fetch that deuelish opinion out of Italie. Thies men, thus + Italianated abroad, can not abide our Godlie // The Ita- + Italian Chirch at home: they be not of that // lian Chirche + Parish, they be not of that felowshyp: they like // in London. + not y^t preacher: they heare not his sermons: Excepte som- + tymes for companie, they cum thither, to heare the Italian tonge + naturally spoken, not to hear Gods doctrine trewly preached. + And yet, thies men, in matters of Diuinitie, openlie pretend + a great knowledge, and haue priuatelie to them selues, a verie + compendious vnderstanding of all, which neuertheles they will + vtter when and where they liste: And that is this: All the + misteries of _Moses_, the whole lawe and Cerimonies, the + Psalmes and Prophetes, Christ and his Gospell, GOD and the + Deuill, Heauen and Hell, Faith, Conscience, Sinne, Death, and + all they shortlie wrap vp, they quickly expounde with this one + halfe verse of _Horace_. + _Credat Iudæus Appella._ + Yet though in Italie they may freely be of no Religion, as + they are in Englande in verie deede to, neuerthelesse returning + home into England they must countenance the profession of + the one or the other, howsoeuer inwardlie, they laugh to + scorne both. And though, for their priuate matters they can + follow, fawne, and flatter noble Personages, contrarie to them + in all respectes, yet commonlie they allie them- // Papistrie + selues with the worst Papistes, to whom they be // and impie- + wedded, and do well agree togither in three // tie agree in + proper opinions: In open contempte of Goddes // three opini- + worde: in a secret securitie of sinne: and in // ons. + + + 234 _The first booke teachyng_ + + a bloodie desire to haue all taken away, by sword or burning, + _Pigius._ // that be not of their faction. They that do + read, with indifferent iudgement, _Pygius_ and + _Machiaue-_ // _Machiauel,/i>, two indifferent Patriarches of thies + _lus._ // two Religions, do know full well that I say trewe. + Ye see, what manners and doctrine, our Englishe men fetch + out of Italie: For finding no other there, they can bring no + Wise and // other hither. And therefore, manie godlie and + honest tra- // excellent learned Englishe men, not manie yeares + uelers. // ago, did make a better choice, whan open crueltie + draue them out of this contrie, to place themselues there, where + _Germanie._ // Christes doctrine, the feare of God, punishment + of sinne, and discipline of honestie, were had in + speciall regarde. + I was once in Italie my selfe: but I thanke God, my + _Venice._ // abode there, was but ix. dayes: And yet I sawe + in that litle tyme, in one Citie, more libertie to + sinne, than euer I hard tell of in our noble Citie of London in + _London._ // ix. yeare. I sawe, it was there, as free to sinne, + not onelie without all punishment, but also + without any mans marking, as it is free in the Citie of London, + to chose, without all blame, whether a man lust to weare Shoo + or pantocle. And good cause why: For being vnlike in troth + of Religion, they must nedes be vnlike in honestie of liuing. + Seruice of // For blessed be Christ, in our Citie of London, + God in // commonlie the commandementes of God, be more + England. // diligentlie taught, and the seruice of God more + reuerentlie vsed, and that daylie in many priuate mens houses, + Seruice of // than they be in Italie once a weeke in their + God in I- // common Chirches: where, masking Ceremonies, + talie. // to delite the eye, and vaine soundes, to please + the eare, do quite thrust out of the Chirches, all seruice of + The Lord // God in spirit and troth. Yea, the Lord Maior + Maior of // of London, being but a Ciuill officer, is com- + London. // monlie for his tyme, more diligent, in punishing + sinne, the bent enemie against God and good order, than all + The In- // the bloodie Inquisitors in Italie be in seauen yeare. + quisitors in // For, their care and charge is, not to punish + Italie. // sinne, not to amend manners, not to purge + doctrine, but onelie to watch and ouersee that Christes trewe + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 235 + + Religion set no sure footing, where the Pope hath any + Iurisdiction. I learned, when I was at _Venice_, that there it is + counted good pollicie, when there be foure or fiue // An ungod- + brethren of one familie, one, onelie to marie: & // lie pollicie. + all the rest, to waulter, with as litle shame, in + open lecherie, as Swyne do here in the common myre. Yea, + there be as fayre houses of Religion, as great prouision, as + diligent officers, to kepe vp this misorder, as Bridewell is, and + all the Masters there, to kepe downe misorder. And therefore, + if the Pope himselfe, do not onelie graunt pardons to furder + thies wicked purposes abrode in Italie, but also (although this + present Pope, in the beginning, made som shewe of misliking + thereof) assigne both meede and merite to the maintenance of + stewes and brothelhouses at home in Rome, than let wise men + thinke Italie a safe place for holsom doctrine, and godlie + manners, and a fitte schole for yong ientlemen of England to + be brought vp in. + Our Italians bring home with them other faultes from + Italie, though not so great as this of Religion, yet a great deale + greater, than many good men can well beare. For commonlie + they cum home, common contemners of mariage // Contempt + and readie persuaders of all other to the same: // of mariage. + not because they loue virginitie, but, being free in Italie, to go + whither so euer lust will cary them, they do not like, that lawe + and honestie should be soch a barre to their like libertie at + home in England. And yet they be, the greatest makers of + loue, the daylie daliers, with such pleasant wordes, with such + smilyng and secret countenances, with such signes, tokens, + wagers, purposed to be lost, before they were purposed to be + made, with bargaines of wearing colours, floures, and herbes, + to breede occasion of ofter meeting of him and her, and bolder + talking of this and that &c. And although I haue seene some, + innocent of all ill, and stayde in all honestie, that haue vsed + these thinges without all harme, without all suspicion of harme, + yet these knackes were brought first into England by them, + that learned them before in _Italie_ in _Circes_ Court: and how + Courtlie curtesses so euer they be counted now, yet, if the + meaning and maners of some that do vse them, were somewhat + + + 236 _The first booke teachyng_ + + amended, it were no great hurt, neither to them selues, nor to + others. + An other propertie of this our English _Italians_ is, to be + meruelous singular in all their matters: Singular in knowledge, + ignorant of nothyng: So singular in wisedome (in their owne + opinion) as scarse they counte the best Counsellor the Prince + hath, comparable to them: Common discoursers of all + matters: busie searchers of most secret affaires: open flatterers + of great men: priuie mislikers of good men: Faire speakers, + with smiling countenances, and much curtessie openlie to all + men. Ready bakbiters, sore nippers, and spitefull reporters + priuilie of good men. And beyng brought vp in _Italie_, in some + free Citie, as all Cities be there: where a man may freelie + discourse against what he will, against whom he lust: against + any Prince, agaynst any gouernement, yea against God him + selfe, and his whole Religion: where he must be, either + _Guelphe_ or _Gibiline_, either _French_ or _Spanish_: and alwayes + compelled to be of some partie, of some faction, he shall neuer + be compelled to be of any Religion: And if he medle not ouer + much with Christes true Religion, he shall haue free libertie to + embrace all Religions, and becum, if he lust at once, without + any let or punishment, Iewish, Turkish, Papish, and Deuillish. + A yong Ientleman, thus bred vp in this goodly schole, to + learne the next and readie way to sinne, to haue a busie head, + a factious hart, a talkatiue tonge, fed with discoursing of + factions: led to contemne God and his Religion, shall cum + home into England, but verie ill taught, either to be an honest + man him self, a quiet subiect to his Prince, or willyng to serue + God, vnder the obedience of trewe doctrine, or within the + order of honest liuing. + I know, none will be offended with this my generall + writing, but onelie such, as finde them selues giltie priuatelie + therin: who shall haue good leaue to be offended with me, + vntill they begin to amende them selues. I touch not them + that be good: and I say to litle of them that be nought. And + so, though not enough for their deseruing, yet sufficientlie for + this time, and more els when, if occasion so require. + And thus farre haue I wandred from my first purpose of + teaching a child, yet not altogether out of the way, bicause + + + _the brynging vp of youth._ 237 + + this whole taulke hath tended to the onelie aduauncement of + trothe in Religion, and honestie of liuing: and hath bene wholie + within the compasse of learning and good maners, the speciall + pointes belonging in the right bringyng vp of youth. + But to my matter, as I began, plainlie and simplie + with my yong Scholer, so will I not leaue him, + God willing, vntill I haue brought him a per- + fite Scholer out of the Schole, and placed + him in the Vniuersitie, to becum a fitte + student, for Logicke and Rhetoricke: + and so after to Phisicke, Law, or + Diuinitie, as aptnes of na- + ture, aduise of frendes, and + Gods disposition shall + lead him. + + _The ende of the first booke._ + + + + + _The second booke._ + + AFter that your scholer, as I sayd before, shall cum in + deede, first, to a readie perfitnes in translating, than, to a + ripe and skilfull choice in markyng out hys sixe pointes, as, + {1. _Proprium._ + {2. _Translatum._ + {3. _Synonymum._ + {4. _Contrarium._ + {5. _Diuersum._ + {6. _Phrases._ + Than take this order with him: Read dayly vnto him, + _Cicero._ // some booke of _Tullie_, as the third booke of + _de Senectute_, Epistles chosen out by _Sturmius, de Amicitia_, + or that excellent Epistle conteinyng almost the + whole first book _ad Q. fra_: some Comedie of + _Terentius._ // _Terence_ or _Plautus_: but in _Plautus_, skilfull +choice + _Plautus._ // must be vsed by the master, to traine his Scholler + to a iudgement, in cutting out perfitelie ouer old and vnproper + _Iul. Cæsar._ // wordes: _Cæs. Commentaries_ are to be read with + all curiositie, in specially without all exception to + be made, either by frende or foe, is seene, the vnspotted + proprietie of the Latin tong, euen whan it was, as the _Grecians_ + say, in akme, that is, at the hiest pitch of all perfitenesse: or + _T. Liuius._ // some Orations of _T. Liuius_, such as be both longest + and plainest. + These bookes, I would haue him read now, a good deale at + euery lecture: for he shall not now vse dalie translation, but + onely construe againe, and parse, where ye suspect, is any nede: + yet, let him not omitte in these bookes, his former exercise, in + + + _The ready way to the Latin tong._ 239 + + marking diligently, and writyng orderlie out his six pointes. + And for translating, vse you your selfe, euery second or thyrd + day, to chose out, some Epistle _ad Atticum_, some notable + common place out of his Orations, or some other part of + _Tullie_, by your discretion, which your scholer may not know + where to finde: and translate it you your selfe, into plaine + naturall English, and than giue it him to translate into Latin + againe: allowyng him good space and tyme to do it, both with + diligent heede, and good aduisement. Here his witte shalbe + new set on worke: his iudgement, for right choice, trewlie + tried: his memorie, for sure reteyning, better exercised, than + by learning, any thing without the booke: & here, how much + he hath proffited, shall plainly appeare. Whan he bringeth it + translated vnto you, bring you forth the place of _Tullie_: lay + them together: compare the one with the other: commend his + good choice, & right placing of wordes: Shew his faultes iently, + but blame them not ouer sharply: for, of such missings, ientlie + admonished of, proceedeth glad & good heed taking: of good + heed taking, springeth chiefly knowledge, which after, groweth + to perfitnesse, if this order, be diligentlie vsed by the scholer & + iently handled by the master: for here, shall all the hard + pointes of Grammer, both easely and surelie be learned vp: + which, scholers in common scholes, by making of Latines, be + groping at, with care & feare, & yet in many yeares, they + scarse can reach vnto them. I remember, whan I was yong, + in the North, they went to the Grammer schole, litle children: + they came from thence great lubbers: alwayes learning, and + litle profiting: learning without booke, euery thing, vnder- + standyng within the booke, litle or nothing: Their whole + knowledge, by learning without the booke, was tied onely to + their tong & lips, and neuer ascended vp to the braine & head, + and therfore was sone spitte out of the mouth againe: They + were, as men, alwayes goyng, but euer out of the way: and + why? For their whole labor, or rather great toyle without + order, was euen vaine idlenesse without proffit. In deed, + they tooke great paynes about learning: but employed small + labour in learning: Whan by this way prescribed in this + booke, being streight, plaine, & easie, the scholer is alwayes + laboring with pleasure, and euer going right on forward with + proffit: always laboring I say, for, or he haue construed + + + 240 _The second booke teachyng_ + + parced, twise translated ouer by good aduisement, marked out + his six pointes by skilfull iudgement, he shall haue necessarie + occasion, to read ouer euery lecture, a dosen tymes, at the + least. Which, bicause he shall do alwayes in order, he shall do + it alwayes with pleasure: And pleasure allureth loue: loue hath + lust to labor: labor alwayes obteineth his purpose, as most + Rhet. 2 // trewly, both _Aristotle_ in his Rhetoricke & _Oedipus_ + In Oedip. Tyr. // in _Sophocles_ do teach, saying, pan gar ekponou- + Epist. lib. 7. // menon aliske. _et. cet._ & this oft reading, is the + verie right folowing, of that good Counsell, which + _Plinie_ doth geue to his frende _Fuscus_, saying, _Multum, non + multa_. But to my purpose againe: + Whan, by this diligent and spedie reading ouer, those + forenamed good bokes of _Tullie, Terence, Cæsar_, and _Liuie_, and + by this second kinde of translating out of your English, tyme + shall breed skill, and vse shall bring perfection, than ye may + trie, if you will, your scholer, with the third kinde of translation: + although the two first wayes, by myne opinion, be, not onelie + sufficent of them selues, but also surer, both for the Masters + teaching, and scholers learnyng, than this third way is: Which + is thus. Write you in English, some letter, as it were from + him to his father, or to some other frende, naturallie, according + to the disposition of the child, or some tale, or fable, or plaine + narration, according as _Aphthonius_ beginneth his exercises of + learning, and let him translate it into Latin againe, abiding in + soch place, where no other scholer may prompe him. But yet, + vse you your selfe soch discretion for choice therein, as the + matter may be within the compas, both for wordes and + sentences, of his former learning and reading. And now + take heede, lest your scholer do not better in some point, than + you your selfe, except ye haue bene diligentlie exercised in these + kindes of translating before: + I had once a profe hereof, tried by good experience, by + a deare frende of myne, whan I came first from Cambrige, to + serue the Queenes Maiestie, than Ladie _Elizabeth_, lying at + worthie Syr _Ant. Denys_ in Cheston. _Iohn Whitneye_, a yong + ientleman, was my bedfeloe, who willyng by good nature and + prouoked by mine aduise, began to learne the Latin tong, after + the order declared in this booke. We began after Christmas: + I read vnto him _Tullie de Amicitia_, which he did euerie day + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 241 + + twise translate, out of Latin into English, and out of English + into Latin agayne. About S. Laurence tyde after, to proue + how he proffited, I did chose out _Torquatus_ taulke _de Amicitia_, + in the later end of the first booke _de finib._ bicause that place + was, the same in matter, like in wordes and phrases, nigh to + the forme and facion of sentences, as he had learned before in + _de Amicitia_. I did translate it my selfe into plaine English, + and gaue it him to turne into Latin: Which he did, so choislie, + so orderlie, so without any great misse in the hardest pointes of + Grammer, that some, in seuen yeare in Grammer Scholes, yea, + & some in the Vniuersities to, can not do halfe so well. This + worthie yong Ientleman, to my greatest grief, to the great + lamentation of that whole house, and speciallie to that most + noble Ladie, now Queene _Elizabeth_ her selfe, departed within + few dayes, out of this world. + And if in any cause, a man may without offence of God + speake somewhat vngodlie, surely, it was some grief vnto me, + to see him hie so hastlie to God, as he did. A Court, full of + soch yong Ientlemen, were rather a Paradise than a Court vpon + earth. And though I had neuer Poeticall head, to make any + verse, in any tong, yet either loue, or sorrow, or both, did wring + out of me than, certaine carefull thoughtes of my good will + towardes him, which in my murning for him, fell forth, more + by chance, than either by skill or vse, into this kinde of + misorderlie meter. + + _Myne owne Iohn Whitney, now farewell, now death doth parte vs + twaine, + No death, but partyng for a while, whom life shall ioyne agayne. + Therfore my hart cease sighes and sobbes, cease sorowes seede to sow, + Wherof no gaine, but greater grief, and hurtfull care may grow. + Yet, whan I thinke vpon soch giftes of grace as God him lent, + My losse, his gaine, I must a while, with ioyfull teares lament. + Yong yeares to yelde soch frute in Court, where seede of vice is sowne, + Is sometime read, in some place seene, amongst vs seldom knowne. + His life he ledde, Christes lore to learne, with will to worke the + same: + He read to know, and knew to liue, and liued to praise his name. + So fast to frende, so foe to few, so good to euery weight, + I may well wishe, but scarcelie hope, agayne to haue in sight._ + + + 242 _The second booke teachyng_ + + _The greater ioye his life to me, his death the greater payne: + His life in Christ so surelie set, doth glad my hearte agayne: + His life so good, his death better, do mingle mirth with care, + My spirit with ioye, my flesh with grief, so deare a frend to spare. + Thus God the good, while they be good, doth take, and leaues vs ill, + That we should mend our sinfull life, in life to tary still. + Thus, we well left, be better rest, in heauen to take his place, + That by like life, and death, at last, we may obteine like grace. + Myne owne Iohn Whiteney agayne fairewell, a while thus parte in + twaine, + Whom payne doth part in earth, in heauen great ioye shall ioyne + agayne._ + + In this place, or I procede farder, I will now declare, by + whose authoritie I am led, and by what reason I am moued, to + thinke, that this way of duble translation out of one tong into + an other, in either onelie, or at least chiefly, to be exercised, + speciallie of youth, for the ready and sure obteining of any + tong. + There be six wayes appointed by the best learned men, for + the learning of tonges, and encreace of eloquence, as + + {1. _Translatio linguarum._ + {2. _Paraphrasis._ + {3. _Metaphrasis._ + {4. _Epitome._ + {5. _Imitatio._ + {6. _Declamatio._ + + All theis be vsed, and commended, but in order, and for + respectes: as person, habilitie, place, and tyme shall require. + The fiue last, be fitter, for the Master, than the scholer: for + men, than for children: for the vniuersities, rather than for + Grammer scholes: yet neuerthelesse, which is, fittest in mine + opinion, for our schole, and which is, either wholie to be + refused, or partlie to be vsed for our purpose, I will, by good + authoritie, and some reason, I trust perticularlie of euerie + one, and largelie enough of them all, declare orderlie vnto you. + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 243 + + ¶ _Translatio Linguarum._ + + Translation, is easie in the beginning for the scholer, and + bringeth also moch learning and great iudgement to the + Master. It is most common, and most commendable of all + other exercises for youth: most common, for all your con- + structions in Grammer scholes, be nothing els but translations: + but because they be not double translations, as I do require, + they bring forth but simple and single commoditie, and bicause + also they lacke the daily vse of writing, which is the onely + thing that breedeth deepe roote, buth in y^e witte, for good + vnderstanding, and in y^e memorie, for sure keeping of all that + is learned. Most commendable also, & that by y^e iudgement of + all authors, which intreate of theis exercises. + _Tullie_ in the person of _L. Crassus_, whom he // 1. de Or. + maketh his example of eloquence and trewe iudgement in + learning, doth, not onely praise specially, and chose this way of + translation for a yong man, but doth also discommend and + refuse his owne former wont, in exercising _Paraphrasin & + Metaphrasin. Paraphrasis_ is, to take some eloquent Oration, + or some notable common place in Latin, and expresse it with + other wordes: _Metaphrasis_ is, to take some notable place out of + a good Poete, and turn the same sens into meter, or into other + wordes in Prose. _Crassus_, or rather _Tullie_, doth mislike both + these wayes, bicause the Author, either Orator or Poete, had + chosen out before, the fittest wordes and aptest composition for + that matter, and so he, in seeking other, was driuen to vse the + worse. + _Quintilian_ also preferreth translation before all other + exercises: yet hauing a lust, to dissent, from // Quint. x. + _Tullie_ (as he doth in very many places, if a man + read his Rhetoricke ouer aduisedlie, and that rather of an + enuious minde, than of any iust cause) doth greatlie commend + _Paraphrasis_, crossing spitefullie _Tullies_ iudgement in refusing + the same: and so do _Ramus_ and _Talæus_ euen at this day in + _France_ to. But such singularitie, in dissenting from the best + mens iudgementes, in liking onelie their owne opinions, is + moch misliked of all them, that ioyne with learning, discretion, + and wisedome. For he, that can neither like _Aristotle_ in + Logicke and Philosophie, nor _Tullie_ in Rhetoricke and + + + 244 _The second booke teachyng_ + + Eloquence, will, from these steppes, likelie enough presume, by + like pride, to mount hier, to the misliking of greater matters: + that is either in Religion, to haue a dissentious head, or in the + common wealth, to haue a factious hart: as I knew one + a student in Cambrige, who, for a singularitie, began first to + dissent, in the scholes, from _Aristotle_, and sone after became + a peruerse _Arrian_, against Christ and all true Religion: and + studied diligentlie _Origene, Basileus_, and _S. Hierome_, onelie to + gleane out of their workes, the pernicious heresies of _Celsus, + Eunomius_, and _Heluidius_, whereby the Church of Christ, was so + poysoned withall. + But to leaue these hye pointes of diuinitie, surelie, in this + quiet and harmeles controuersie, for the liking, or misliking of + _Paraphrasis_ for a yong scholer, euen as far, as _Tullie_ goeth + beyond _Quintilian, Ramus_, and _Talæus_, in perfite Eloquence, + * Plinius // euen so moch, by myne opinion, cum they + Secundus. // behinde _Tullie_, for trew iudgement in teaching + Plinius de- // the same. + dit Quin- // * _Plinius Secundus_, a wise Senator, of great + tiliano // experience, excellentlie learned him selfe, a liberall + præceptori // Patrone of learned men, and the purest writer, in + suo, in ma- // myne opinion, of all his age, I except not + trimonium // _Suetonius_, his two scholemasters _Quintilian_ and + filiæ, 50000 // _Tacitus_, nor yet his most excellent learned Vncle, the Elder + numum. // _Plinius_, doth expresse in an Epistle to his frende + Epist. lib. 7, // _Fuscus_, many good wayes for order in studie: + Epist. 9. // but he beginneth with translation, and preferreth + it to all the rest: and bicause his wordes be notable, I will + recite them. + + Vtile in primis, vt multi præcipiunt, ex Græco in Latinum, & ex + Latino vertere in Græcum: Quo genere exercitationis, proprietas + splendorque verborum, apta structura sententiarum, figurarum + copia & explicandi vis colligitur. Præterea, imitatione optimorum, + facultas similia inueniendi paratur: & quæ legentem, fefellissent, + transferentem fugere non possunt. Intelligentia ex hoc, & iudicium + acquiritur._ + + Ye perceiue, how _Plinie_ teacheth, that by this exercise of + double translating, is learned, easely, sensiblie, by litle and litle, + not onelie all the hard congruities of Grammer, the choice of + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 245 + + aptest wordes, the right framing of wordes and sentences, + cumlines of figures and formes, fitte for euerie matter, and + proper for euerie tong, but that which is greater also, in marking + dayly, and folowing diligentlie thus, the steppes of the best + Autors, like inuention of Argumentes, like order in disposition, + like vtterance in Elocution, is easelie gathered vp: whereby + your scholer shall be brought not onelie to like eloquence, but + also, to all trewe vnderstanding and right iudgement, both for + writing and speaking. And where _Dionys. Halicarnassæus_ hath + written two excellent bookes, the one, _de delectu optimorum + verborum_, the which, I feare, is lost, the other, of the right + framing of wordes and sentences, which doth remaine yet in + Greeke, to the great proffet of all them, that trewlie studie for + eloquence, yet this waie of double translating, shall bring the + whole proffet of both these bookes to a diligent scholer, and that + easelie and pleasantlie, both for fitte choice of wordes, and apt + composition of sentences. And by theis authorities and reasons + am I moued to thinke, this waie of double translating, either + onelie or chieflie, to be fittest, for the spedy and perfit atteyning + of any tong. And for spedy atteyning, I durst venture a good + wager, if a scholer, in whom is aptnes, loue, diligence, & + constancie, would but translate, after this sorte, one litle booke + in _Tullie_, as _de senectute_, with two Epistles, the first _ad Q. fra:_ + the other _ad lentulum_, the last saue one, in the first booke, that + scholer, I say, should cum to a better knowledge in the Latin + tong, than the most part do, that spend foure or fiue yeares, in + tossing all the rules of Grammer in common scholes. In deede + this one booke with these two Epistles, is not sufficient to + affourde all Latin wordes (which is not necessarie for a yong + scholer to know) but it is able to furnishe him fully, for all + pointes of Grammer, with the right placing ordering, & vse of + wordes in all kinde of matter. And why not? for it is read, + that _Dion. Prussæus_, that wise Philosopher, & excellent orator of + all his tyme, did cum to the great learning & vtterance that was + in him, by reading and folowing onelie two bookes, _Phædon + Platonis_, and _Demosthenes_ most notable oration peri parapres- + beias. And a better, and nerer example herein, may be, our + most noble Queene _Elizabeth_, who neuer toke yet, Greeke nor + Latin Grammer in her hand, after the first declining of a + nowne and a verbe, but onely by this double translating of + + + 246 _The second booke teachyng_ + + _Demosthenes_ and _Isocrates_ dailie without missing euerie forenone, + and likewise som part of Tullie euery afternone, for the space + of a yeare or two, hath atteyned to soch a perfite vnderstanding + in both the tonges, and to soch a readie vtterance of the latin, + and that wyth soch a iudgement, as they be fewe in nomber in + both the vniuersities, or els where in England, that be, in both + tonges, comparable with her Maiestie. And to conclude in + a short rowme, the commodities of double translation, surelie + the mynde by dailie marking, first, the cause and matter: than, + the wordes and phrases: next, the order and composition: after + the reason and argumentes: than the formes and figures of both + the tonges: lastelie, the measure and compas of euerie sentence, + must nedes, by litle and litle drawe vnto it the like shape of + eloquence, as the author doth vse, which is red. + And thus much for double translation. + + + _Paraphrasis._ + + _Paraphrasis_, the second point, is not onelie to expresse at + Lib. x. // large with moe wordes, but to striue and contend + (as _Quintilian_ saith) to translate the best latin + authors, into other latin wordes, as many or thereaboutes. + This waie of exercise was vsed first by _C. Crabo_, and taken + vp for a while, by _L. Crassus_, but sone after, vpon dewe profe + thereof, reiected iustlie by _Crassus_ and _Cicero_: yet allowed and + made sterling agayne by _M. Quintilian:_ neuerthelesse, shortlie + after, by better assaye, disalowed of his owne scholer _Plinius + Secundus_, who termeth it rightlie thus _Audax contentio_. It is + a bold comparison in deede, to thinke to say better, than that is + best. Soch turning of the best into worse, is much like the + turning of good wine, out of a faire sweete flagon of siluer, into + a foule mustie bottell of ledder: or, to turne pure gold and + siluer, into foule brasse and copper. + Such kinde of _Paraphrasis_, in turning, chopping, and + changing, the best to worse, either in the mynte or scholes, + (though _M. Brokke_ and _Quintilian_ both say the contrary) is + moch misliked of the best and wisest men. I can better allow + an other kinde of _Paraphrasis_, to turne rude and barbarus, into + proper and eloquent: which neuerthelesse is an exercise, not + fitte for a scholer, but for a perfite master, who in plentie hath + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 247 + + good choise, in copie hath right iudgement, and grounded skill, + as did appeare to be in _Sebastian Castalio_, in translating _Kemppes_ + booke _de Imitando Christo_. + But to folow _Quintilianus_ aduise for _Paraphrasis_, were euen + to take paine, to seeke the worse and fowler way, whan the + plaine and fairer is occupied before your eyes. + The olde and best authors that euer wrote, were content + if occasion required to speake twise of one matter, not to change + the wordes, but rhetos, that is, worde for worde to expresse it + againe. For they thought, that a matter, well expressed with + fitte wordes and apt composition, was not to be altered, but + liking it well their selues, they thought it would also be well + allowed of others. + A scholemaster (soch one as I require) knoweth that I say + trewe. + He readeth in _Homer_, almost in euerie booke, and speciallie + in _Secundo et nono Iliados_, not onelie som verses, // _Homerus._ + but whole leaues, not to be altered with new, // {2. + but to be vttered with the old selfe same wordes. // {IL. { + He knoweth, that _Xenophon_, writing twise of // {9. + _Agesilaus_, once in his life, againe in the historie // _Xenophon._ + of the Greekes, in one matter, kepeth alwayes the selfe same + wordes. He doth the like, speaking of _Socrates_, both in the + beginning of his Apologie and in the last ende of apomnemoneu- + maton. + _Demosthenes_ also in 4. _Philippica_ doth borow his owne + wordes vttered before in his oration _de Chersoneso_. + He doth the like, and that more at large, in his // _Demost-_ + orations, against _Androtion_ and _Timocrates_. // _henes._ + In latin also, _Cicero_ in som places, and _Virgil_ in mo, do + repeate one matter, with the selfe same wordes. // _Cicero._ + Thies excellent authors, did thus, not for lacke // _Virgilius._ + of wordes, but by iudgement and skill: whatso- + euer, other, more curious, and lesse skilfull, do thinke, write, + and do. + _Paraphrasis_ neuerthelesse hath good place in learning, but + not, by myne opinion, for any scholer, but is onelie to be left + to a perfite Master, eyther to expound openlie a good author + withall, or to compare priuatelie, for his owne exercise, how + some notable place of an excellent author, may be vttered with + + + 248 _The second booke teachyng_ + + other fitte wordes: But if ye alter also, the composition, forme, + and order than that is not _Paraphrasis_, but _Imitatio_, as I will + fullie declare in fitter place. + The scholer shall winne nothing by _Paraphrasis_, but onelie, + if we may beleue _Tullie_, to choose worse wordes, to place them + out of order, to feare ouermoch the iudgement of the master, to + mislike ouermuch the hardnes of learning, and by vse, to gather + vp faultes, which hardlie will be left of againe. + The master in teaching it, shall rather encrease hys owne + labor, than his scholers proffet: for when the scholer shall bring + vnto his master a peece of _Tullie_ or _Cæsar_ turned into other + latin, then must the master cum to _Quintilians_ goodlie lesson _de + Emendatione_, which, (as he saith) is the most profitable part of + teaching, but not in myne opinion, and namelie for youthe in + Grammer scholes. For the master nowe taketh double paynes: + first, to marke what is amisse: againe, to inuent what may be + sayd better. And here perchance, a verie good master may + easelie both deceiue himselfe, and lead his scholer into error. + It requireth greater learning, and deeper iudgement, than is + to be hoped for at any scholemasters hand: that is, to be able + alwaies learnedlie and perfitelie + + {_Mutare quod ineptum est:_ + {_Transmutare quod peruersum est:_ + {_Replere quod deest;_ + {_Detrahere quod obest:_ + {_Expungere quod inane est._ + + And that, which requireth more skill, and deaper conside- + racion + + {_Premere tumentia:_ + {_Extollere humilia:_ + {_Astringere luxuriantia:_ + {_Componere dissoluta._ + + The master may here onelie stumble, and perchance faull in + teaching, to the marring and mayning of the Scholer in learning, + whan it is a matter, of moch readyng, of great learning, and + tried iudgement, to make trewe difference betwixt + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 249 + + {_Sublime, et Tumidum:_ + {_Grande, et immodicum:_ + {_Decorum, et ineptum:_ + {_Perfectum, et nimium._ + + Some men of our time, counted perfite Maisters of eloquence, + in their owne opinion the best, in other mens iudgements very + good, as _Omphalius_ euerie where, _Sadoletus_ in many places, yea + also my frende _Osorius_, namelie in his Epistle to the Queene & + in his whole booke _de Iusticia_, haue so ouer reached them selues, + in making trew difference in the poyntes afore rehearsed, as + though they had bene brought vp in some schole in _Asia_, to + learne to decline rather then in _Athens_ with _Plato, Aristotle_, and + _Demosthenes_, (from whence _Tullie_ fetched his eloquence) to + vnderstand, what in euerie matter, to be spoken or written on, + is, in verie deede, _Nimium, Satis, Parum_, that is for to say, to + all considerations, _Decorum_, which, as it is the hardest point, in + all learning, so is it the fairest and onelie marke, that scholers, in + all their studie, must alwayes shote at, if they purpose an other + day to be, either sounde in Religion, or wise and discrete in any + vocation of the common wealth. + Agayne, in the lowest degree, it is no low point of learnyng + and iudgement for a Scholemaster, to make trewe difference + betwixt + + {_Humile & depressum:_ + {_Lene & remissum:_ + {_Siccum & aridum:_ + {_Exile & macrum:_ + {_Inaffectatum & neglectum._ + + In these poyntes, some, louing _Melancthon_ well, as he was + well worthie, but yet not considering well nor wiselie, how he + of nature, and all his life and studie by iudgement was wholly + spent in _genere Disciplinabili_, that is, in teaching, reading, and + expounding plainlie and aptlie schole matters, and therfore + imployed thereunto a fitte, sensible, and caulme kinde of + speaking and writing, some I say, with very well louyng, + but not with verie well weying _Melancthones_ doinges, + do frame them selues a style, cold, leane, and weake, + though the matter be neuer so warme & earnest, not moch + vnlike vnto one, that had a pleasure, in a roughe, raynie, winter + + + 250 _The second booke teachyng_ + + day, to clothe him selfe with nothing els, but a demie, bukram + cassok, plaine without plites, and single with out lyning: which + will neither beare of winde nor wether, nor yet kepe out the + sunne, in any hote day. + Some suppose, and that by good reason, that _Melancthon_ + Paraphra- // him selfe came to this low kinde of writing, by + sis in vse of // vsing ouer moch _Paraphrasis_ in reading: For + teaching, // studying therebie to make euerie thing streight + hath hurt // and easie, in smothing and playning all things to + _Melanch-_ // much, neuer leaueth, whiles the sence it selfe be + _tons_ stile in // left, both lowse and lasie. And some of those + writing. // _Paraphrasis of Melancthon_ be set out in Printe, as, + _Pro Archia Poeta, & Marco Marcello:_ But a scholer, by myne + opinion, is better occupied in playing or sleping, than in + spendyng time, not onelie vainlie but also harmefullie, in soch + a kinde of exercise. + If a Master woulde haue a perfite example to folow, how, + in _Genere sublimi_, to auoide _Nimium_, or in _Mediocri_, to atteyne + _Satis_, or in _Humili_, to exchew _Parum_, let him read diligently + _Cicero._ // for the first, _Secundam Philippicam_, for the meane, + _De Natura Deorum_, and for the lowest, _Partitiones_. + Or, if in an other tong, ye looke for like example, in like + _Demost-_ // perfection, for all those three degrees, read _Pro_ + _henes._ // _Ctesiphonte, Ad Leptinem, & Contra Olympiodorum_, + and, what witte, Arte, and diligence is hable to + affourde, ye shall plainely see. + For our tyme, the odde man to performe all three perfitlie, + whatsoeuer he doth, and to know the way to do them skilfullie, + _Ioan. Stur._ // what so euer he list, is, in my poore opinion, + _Ioannes Sturmius_. + He also councelleth all scholers to beware of _Paraphrasis_, + except it be, from worse to better, from rude and barbarous, to + proper and pure latin, and yet no man to exercise that neyther, + except soch one, as is alreadie furnished with plentie of learning, + and grounded with stedfast iudgement before. + All theis faultes, that thus manie wise men do finde with + the exercise of _Paraphrasis_, in turning the best latin, into other, + as good as they can, that is, ye may be sure, into a great deale + worse, than it was, both in right choice for proprietie, and trewe + placing, for good order is committed also commonlie in all + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 251 + + common scholes, by the scholemasters, in tossing and trobling + yong wittes (as I sayd in the beginning) with that boocherlie + feare in making of Latins. + Therefore, in place, of Latines for yong scholers, and of + _Paraphrasis_ for the masters, I wold haue double translation + specially vsed. For, in double translating a perfite peece of + _Tullie_ or _Cæsar_, neyther the scholer in learning, nor y^e +Master + in teaching can erre. A true tochstone, a sure metwand lieth + before both their eyes. For, all right congruitie: proprietie of + wordes: order in sentences: the right imitation, to inuent good + matter, to dispose it in good order, to confirme it with good + reason, to expresse any purpose fitlie and orderlie, is learned + thus, both easelie & perfitlie: Yea, to misse somtyme in this + kinde of translation, bringeth more proffet, than to hit right, + either in _Paraphrasi_ or making of Latins. For though ye say + well, in a latin making, or in a _Paraphrasis_, yet you being but + in doute, and vncertayne whether ye saie well or no, ye gather + and lay vp in memorie, no sure frute of learning thereby: But + if ye fault in translation, ye ar easelie taught, how perfitlie to + amende it, and so well warned, how after to exchew, all soch + faultes againe. + _Paraphrasis_ therefore, by myne opinion, is not meete for + Grammer scholes: nor yet verie fitte for yong men in the + vniuersitie, vntill studie and tyme, haue bred in them, perfite + learning, and stedfast iudgement. + There is a kinde of _Paraphrasis_, which may be vsed, without + all hurt, to moch proffet: but it serueth onely the Greke and + not the latin, nor no other tong, as to alter _linguam Ionicam aut + Doricam_ into _meram Atticam_: A notable example there is left + vnto vs by a notable learned man _Diony_: _Halicarn_: who, in his + booke, peri syntaxeos, doth translate the goodlie storie of + _Candaules_ and _Gyges_ in 1. _Herodoti_, out of _Ionica lingua_, +into + _Atticam_. Read the place, and ye shall take, both pleasure and + proffet, in conference of it. A man, that is exercised in reading, + _Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato_, and _Demosthenes_, in vsing to turne, + like places of _Herodotus_, after like sorte, shold shortlie cum to + soch a knowledge, in vnderstanding, speaking, and writing the + Greeke tong, as fewe or none hath yet atteyned in England. + The like exercise out of _Dorica lingua_ may be also vsed, if a + man take that litle booke of _Plato, Timæus Locrus, de Animo et_ + + + 252 _The second booke teachyng_ + + _natura_, which is written _Dorice_, and turne it into soch Greeke, + as _Plato_ vseth in other workes. The booke, is but two leaues: + and the labor wold be, but two weekes: but surelie the proffet, + for easie vnderstanding, and trewe writing the Greeke tonge, + wold conteruaile wyth the toile, that som men taketh, in + otherwise coldlie reading that tonge, two yeares. + And yet, for the latin tonge, and for the exercise of _Para- + phrasis_, in those places of latin, that can not be bettered, if some + yong man, excellent of witte, corragious in will, lustie of nature, + and desirous to contend euen with the best latin, to better it, if + he can, surelie I commend his forwardnesse, and for his better + instruction therein, I will set before him, as notable an example + of _Paraphrasis_, as is in Record of learning. _Cicero_ him selfe, + doth contend, in two sondrie places, to expresse one matter, + with diuerse wordes: and that is _Paraphrasis_, saith _Quintillian_. + The matter I suppose is taken out of _Panætius_: and therefore + being translated out of Greeke at diuers times, is vttered for his + purpose, with diuers wordes and formes: which kinde of exercise, + for perfite learned men, is verie profitable. + + + 2. De Finib. + + a. _Homo enim Rationem habet à natura menti datam quæ, & + causas rerum et consecutiones videt, & similitudines, transfert, & + disiuncta coniungit, & cum præsentibus futura copulat, omnemque + complectitur vitæ consequentis statum._ b. _Eademque ratio facit + hominem hominum appetentem, cumque his, natura, & sermone in vsu + congruentem: vt profectus à caritate domesticorum ac suorum, currat + longius, & se implicet, primò Ciuium, deinde omnium mortalium + societati: vtque non sibi soli se natum meminerit, sed patriæ, sed suis, + vt exigua pars ipsi relinquatur._ c. _Et quoniam eadem natura + cupiditatem ingenuit homini veri inueniendi, quod facillimè apparet, + cum vacui curis, etiam quid in cœlo fiat, scire auemus, &c._ + + + 1. Officiorum. + + a. _Homo autem, qui rationis est particeps, per quam conse- + quentia cernit, & causas rerum videt, earumque progressus, et quasi + antecessiones non ignorat, similitudines, comparat, rebusque præsentibus + adiungit, atque annectit futuras, facile totius vitæ cursum videt, ad_ + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 253 + + _eamque degendam præparat res necessarias._ b. _Eademque natura vi + rationis hominem conciliat homini, & ad Orationis, & ad vitæ + societatem: ingeneratque imprimis præcipuum quendam amorem in + eos, qui procreati sunt, impellitque vt hominum cœtus & celebrari + inter se, & sibi obediri velit, ob easque causas studeat parare ea, + quæ suppeditent ad cultum & ad victum, nec sibi soli, sed coniugi, + liberis, cæterisque quos charos habeat, tuerique debeat._ c. _Quæ cura + exsuscitat etiam animos, & maiores ad rem gerendam facit: impri- + misque hominis est propria veri inquisitio atque inuestigatio: ita cum + sumus necessarijs negocijs curisque vacui, tum auemus aliquid videre, + audire, addiscere, cognitionemque rerum mirabilium. &c._ + + The conference of these two places, conteinyng so excellent + a peece of learning, as this is, expressed by so worthy a witte, + as _Tullies_ was, must needes bring great pleasure and proffit to + him, that maketh trew counte, of learning and honestie. But + if we had the _Greke_ Author, the first Patterne of all, and therby + to see, how _Tullies_ witte did worke at diuerse tymes, how, out + of one excellent Image, might be framed two other, one in face + and fauor, but somwhat differing in forme, figure, and color, + surelie, such a peece of workemanship compared with the + Paterne it selfe, would better please the ease of honest, wise, + and learned myndes, than two of the fairest Venusses, that euer + Apelles made. + And thus moch, for all kinde of _Paraphrasis_, fitte or vnfit, + for Scholers or other, as I am led to thinke, not onelie, by mine + owne experience, but chiefly by the authoritie & iudgement of + those, whom I my selfe would gladliest folow, and do counsell + all myne to do the same: not contendyng with any other, that + will otherwise either thinke or do. + + + _Metaphrasis._ + + This kinde of exercise is all one with _Paraphrasis_, saue it is + out of verse, either into prose, or into some other kinde of + meter: or els, out of prose into verse, which was // _Plato_ in + _Socrates_ exercise and pastime ( as _Plato_ reporteth) // Phædone. + when he was in prison, to translate _æsopes Fabules_ + into verse. _Quintilian_ doth greatlie praise also this exercise: + but bicause _Tullie_ doth disalow it in yong men, by myne + opinion, it were not well to vse it in Grammer Scholes, euen + + + 254 _The second booke teachyng_ + + for the selfe same causes, that be recited against _Paraphrasis_. + And therfore, for the vse, or misuse of it, the same is to be + thought, that is spoken of _Paraphrasis_ before. This was + _Sulpitius_ exercise: and he gathering vp therby, a Poeticall kinde + of talke, is iustlie named of _Cicero, grandis et Tragicus Orator:_ + which I think is spoken, not for his praise, but for other mens + warning, to exchew the like faulte. Yet neuertheles, if our + Scholemaster for his owne instruction, is desirous, to see a + perfite example hereof, I will recite one, which I thinke, no + man is so bold, will say, that he can amend it: & that is + _Hom._ 1. _Il._ // _Chrises_ the Priestes Oration to the _Grekes_, in +the + _Pla._ 3. _Rep._ // beginnyng of _Homers Ilias_, turned excellentlie + into prose by _Socrates_ him selfe, and that aduised- + lie and purposelie for other to folow: and therfore he calleth + this exercise, in the same place, mimesis, that is, _Imitatio_, which + is most trew: but, in this booke, for teachyng sake, I will name + it _Metaphrasis_, reteinyng the word, that all teachers, in this + case, do vse. + + + Homerus. I. Iliad. + + o gar elthe thoas epi neas Achaion, + lysomenos te thygatra, pheron t apereisi apoina, + stemmat echon en chersin ekebolou Apollonos, + chryseo ana skeptro kai elisseto pantas Achaious, + Atreida de malista duo, kosmetore laon. + Atreidai te, kai alloi euknemides Achaioi, + ymin men theoi doien, Olympia domat echontes, + ekpersai Priamoio polin eu d oikad ikesthai + paida d emoi lysai te philen, ta t apoina dechesthai, + azomenoi Dios uion ekebolon Apollona. + enth alloi men pantes epeuphemesan Achaioi + aideisthai th ierea, kai aglaa dechthai apoina + all ouk Atreide Agamemnoni endane thymo, + alla kakos aphiei, krateron d epi mython etellen. + me se, geron, koilesin ego para neusi kicheio, + e nyn dethynont, e ysteron autis ionta, + me ny toi ou chraisme skeptron, kai stemma theoio + ten d ego ou lyso, prin min kai geras epeisin, + emetero eni oiko, en Argei telothi patres + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 255 + + iston epoichomenen, kai emon lechos antioosan. + all ithi, me m erethize saoteros os ke neeai. + os ephat eddeisen d o geron, kai epeitheto mytho + be d akeon para thina polyphloisboio thalasses, + polla d epeit apaneuthe kion erath o geraios + Apolloni anakti, ton eukomos teke Leto. + klythi meu, argyrotox, os Chrysen amphibebekas, + killan te zatheen, Tenedoio te iphi anasseis, + smintheu, ei pote toi Charient epi neon erepsa, + e ei de pote toi kata piona meri ekea + tauron, ed aigon, tode moi kreenon eeldor + tiseian Danaoi ema dakrua soisi belessin. + + + Socrates in 3. _de Rep._ saith thus, + + Phraso gar aneu metrou, + ou gar eimi poietikos. + + elthen o Chryses tes te thygatros lytra pheron, kai iketes + ton Achaion, malista de ton basileon: kai eucheto, ekeinois + men tous theous dounai elontas ten Troian, autous de sothenai, + ten de thygatera oi auto lysai, dexamenous apoina, kai ton + theon aidesthentas. Toiauta de eipontos autou, oi men alloi + esebonto kai synenoun, o de Agamemnon egriainen, entel- + lomenos nyn te apienai, kai authis me elthein, me auto to te + skeptron, kai ta tou theou stemmata ouk eparkesoi. prin + de lythenai autou thygatera, en Argei ephe gerasein meta ou. + apienai de ekeleue, kai me erethizein, ina sos oikade elthoi. + o de presbytes akousas edeise te kai apeei sige, apocho- + resas d ek tou stratopedou polla to Apolloni eucheto, + tas te eponymias tou theou anakalon kai ypomimneskon kai + apaiton, ei ti popote e en naon oikodomesesin, e en ieron + thysiais kecharismenon doresaito. on de charin kateucheto + tisai tous Achaious ta a dakrua tois ekeinon belesin. + + To compare _Homer_ and _Plato_ together, two wonders of + nature and arte for witte and eloquence, is most pleasant and + profitable, for a man of ripe iudgement. _Platos_ turning of + _Homer_ in this place, doth not ride a loft in Poeticall termes, + but goeth low and soft on foote, as prose and _Pedestris oratio_ + should do. If _Sulpitius_ had had _Platos_ consideration, in right + + + 256 _The second booke teachyng_ + + vsing this exercise, he had not deserued the name of _Tragicus + Orator_, who should rather haue studied to expresse _vim Demos- + thenis_, than _furorem Poætæ_, how good so euer he was, whom he + did folow. + And therfore would I haue our Scholemaster wey well + together _Homer_ and _Plato_, and marke diligentlie these foure + pointes, what is kept: what is added: what is left out: what + is changed, either, in choise of wordes, or forme of sentences: + which foure pointes, be the right tooles, to handle like a worke- + man, this kinde of worke: as our Scholer shall better vnder- + stand, when he hath bene a good while in the Vniuersitie: + to which tyme and place, I chiefly remitte this kinde of exercise. + And bicause I euer thought examples to be the best kinde + of teaching, I will recite a golden sentence out of that Poete, + which is next vnto _Homer_, not onelie in tyme, but also in + worthines: which hath bene a paterne for many worthie + wittes to follow, by this kind of _Metaphrasis_, but I will content + my selfe, with foure workemen, two in _Greke_, and two in _Latin_, + soch, as in both the tonges, wiser & worthier, can not be looked + for. Surelie, no stone set in gold by most cunning workemen, + is in deed, if right counte be made, more worthie the looking + on, than this golden sentence, diuerslie wrought vpon, by soch + foure excellent Masters. + + + _Hesiodus_. 2. + + 1. outos men panariotos, os auto panta noese, + phrassamenos ta k epeita kai es telos esin ameino: + 2. esthlos d au kakeinos, os eu eiponti pithetai, + 3. os de ke met autos noee, met allou akouon + en thymo balletai, o d aut achreios aner. + + + ¶ Thus rudelie turned into + base English. + + 1. _That man in wisedome passeth all, + to know the best who hath a head:_ + 2. _And meetlie wise eeke counted shall, + who yeildes him selfe to wise mens read:_ + 3. _Who hath no witte, nor none will heare, + amongest all fooles the bell may beare._ + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 257 + + _Sophocles in Antigone._ + + 1. Phem egoge presbeuein poly, + Phynai ton andra pant epiotemes pleon: + 2. Ei d oun (philei gar touto me taute repein), + Kai ton legonton eu kalon to manthanein. + + Marke the wisedome of _Sophocles_, in leauyng out the last + sentence, because it was not cumlie for the sonne to vse it to + his father. + + + ¶ _D. Basileus in his Exhortation to youth._ + + Memnesthe tou Esiodou, os phesi, ariston men einai + ton par eautou ta deonta xynoronta. 2. Esthlon de kakei- + non, ton tois, par eteron ypodeicheisin epomenon. 3. ton + de pros oudeteron epitedeion achreion einai pros apanta. + + + ¶ M. Cic. Pro A. Cluentio. + + 1. _Sapientissimum esse dicunt eum, cui, quod opus sit, ipsi veniat in + mentem:_ 2. _Proxime accedere illum, qui alterius bene inuentis + obtemperet._ 3. _In stulticia contra est: minus enim stultus est + is, cui nihil in mentem venit, quam ille, qui, quod stultè alteri venit + in mentem comprobat._ + + _Cicero_ doth not plainlie expresse the last sentence, but doth + inuent it fitlie for his purpose, to taunt the folie and simplicitie + in his aduersarie _Actius_, not weying wiselie, the sutle doynges + of _Chrysogonus_ and _Staienus_. + + + ¶ Tit. Liuius in Orat. Minutij. Lib. 22. + + 1. _Sæpe ego audiui milites; eum primum esse virum, qui ipse + consulat, quid in rem sit:_ 2. _Secundum eum, qui bene monenti + obediat:_ 3. _Qui, nec ipse consulere, nec alteri parere scit, eum + extremi esse ingenij._ + + Now, which of all these foure, _Sophocles, S. Basil, Cicero_, or + _Liuie_, hath expressed _Hesiodus_ best, the iudgement is as hard, as + the workemanship of euerie one is most excellent in deede. An + other example out of the _Latin_ tong also I will recite, for the + worthines of the workeman therof, and that is _Horace_, who hath + + + 258 _The second book teachyng_ + + so turned the begynning of _Terence Eunuchus_, as doth worke in + me, a pleasant admiration, as oft so euer, as I compare those + two places togither. And though euerie Master, and euerie + good Scholer to, do know the places, both in _Terence_ and + _Horace_, yet I will set them heare, in one place togither, that + with more pleasure, they may be compared together. + + + ¶ Terentius in Eunucho. + + _Quid igitur faciam? non eam? ne nunc quidem cum accersor + ultrò? an potius ita me comparem, non perpeti meretricum con- + tumelias? exclusit: reuocat, redeam? non, si me obsecret._ PAR- + MENO a little after. _Here, quæ res in se neque consilium neque modum + habet vllum, eam consilio regere non potes. In Amore hæc omnia + insunt vitia, iniuriæ, suspiciones, inimicitiæ, induciæ, bellum, pax + rursum. Incerta hæc si tu postules ratione certa facere, nihilo plus + agas, quem si des operam, vt cum ratione insanias._ + + + ¶ Horatius, lib. Ser. 2. Saty. 3. + + _Nec nunc cum me vocet vltro, + Accedam? an potius mediter finire dolores? + Exclusit: reuocat, redeam? non si obsecret. Ecce + Seruus non Paulo sapientior: ô Here, quæ res + Nec modum habet, neque consilium, ratione modóque + Tractari non vult. In amore, hæc sunt mala, bellum, + Pax rursum: hæc si quis tempestatis propè ritu + Mobilia, et cæca fluitantia sorte, laboret + Reddere certa, sibi nihilò plus explicet, ac si + Insanire paret certa ratione, modòque._ + + This exercise may bring moch profite to ripe heads, and + stayd iudgementes: bicause, in traueling in it, the mynde must + nedes be verie attentiue, and busilie occupide, in turning and + tossing it selfe many wayes: and conferryng with great pleasure, + the varietie of worthie wittes and iudgementes togither: But + this harme may sone cum therby, and namelie to yong Scholers, + lesse, in seeking other wordes, and new forme of sentences, they + chance vpon the worse: for the which onelie cause, _Cicero_ + thinketh this exercise not to be fit for yong men. + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 259 + + _Epitome._ + + This is a way of studie, belonging, rather to matter, than to + wordes: to memorie, than to vtterance: to those that be + learned alreadie, and hath small place at all amonges yong + scholers in Grammer scholes. It may proffet priuately some + learned men, but it hath hurt generallie learning it selfe, very + moch. For by it haue we lost whole _Trogus_, the best part of + _T. Liuius_, the goodlie Dictionarie of _Pompeius festus_, a great + deale of the Ciuill lawe, and other many notable bookes, for the + which cause, I do the more mislike this exercise, both in old + and yong. + _Epitome_, is good priuatelie for himselfe that doth worke it, + but ill commonlie for all other that vse other mens labor therein: + a silie poore kinde of studie, not vnlike to the doing of those + poore folke, which neyther till, nor sowe, nor reape themselues, + but gleane by stelth, vpon other mens growndes. Soch, haue + emptie barnes, for deare yeares. + Grammer scholes haue fewe _Epitomes_ to hurt them, except + _Epitheta Textoris_, and such beggarlie gatheringes, as _Horman, + whittington_, and other like vulgares for making of latines: yea + I do wishe, that all rules for yong scholers, were shorter than + they be. For without doute, _Grammatica_ it selfe, is sooner and + surer learned by examples of good authors, than by the naked + rewles of _Grammarians_. _Epitome_ hurteth more, in the vni- + uersities and studie of Philosophie: but most of all, in diuinitie + it selfe. + In deede bookes of common places be verie necessarie, to + induce a man, into an orderlie generall knowledge, how to + referre orderlie all that he readeth, _ad certa rerum Capita_, and + not wander in studie. And to that end did _P. Lombardus_ the + master of sentences and _Ph. Melancthon_ in our daies, write two + notable bookes of common places. + But to dwell in _Epitomes_ and bookes of common places, and + not to binde himselfe dailie by orderlie studie, to reade with all + diligence, principallie the holyest scripture and withall, the best + Doctors, and so to learne to make trewe difference betwixt, the + authoritie of the one, and the Counsell of the other, maketh so + many seeming, and sonburnt ministers as we haue, whose + + + 260 _The second booke teachyng_ + + learning is gotten in a sommer heat, and washed away, with + a Christmas snow againe: who neuerthelesse, are lesse to be + blamed, than those blind bussardes, who in late yeares, of + wilfull maliciousnes, would neyther learne themselues, nor + could teach others, any thing at all. + _Paraphrasis_ hath done lesse hurt to learning, than _Epitome_: + for no _Paraphrasis_, though there be many, shall neuer take + away _Dauids_ Psalter. _Erasmus Paraphrasis_ being neuer so + good, shall neuer banishe the new Testament. And in an + other schole, the _Paraphrasis_ of _Brocardus_, or _Sambucus_, shal + neuer take _Aristotles_ Rhetoricke, nor _Horace de Arte Poetica_, out + of learned mens handes. + But, as concerning a schole _Epitome_, he that wold haue an + example of it, let him read _Lucian_ peri kallous which is the + verie _Epitome_ of _Isocrates_ oration _de laudibus Helenæ_, +whereby + he may learne, at the least, this wise lesson, that a man ought + to beware, to be ouer bold, in altering an excellent mans + worke. + Neuertheles, some kinde of _Epitome_ may be vsed, by men + of skilful iudgement, to the great proffet also of others. As if + a wise man would take _Halles_ Cronicle, where moch good + matter is quite marde with Indenture Englishe, and first change, + strange and inkhorne tearmes into proper, and commonlie vsed + wordes: next, specially to wede out that, that is superfluous + and idle, not onelie where wordes be vainlie heaped one vpon + an other, but also where many sentences, of one meaning, be + clowted vp together as though _M. Hall_ had bene, not writing + the storie of England, but varying a sentence in Hitching + schole: surelie a wise learned man, by this way of _Epitome_, in + cutting away wordes and sentences, and diminishing nothing at + all of the matter, shold leaue to mens vse, a storie, halfe as + moch as it was in quantitie, but twise as good as it was, both + for pleasure and also commoditie. + An other kinde of _Epitome_ may be vsed likewise very well, + to moch proffet. Som man either by lustines of nature, or + brought by ill teaching, to a wrong iudgement, is ouer full of + words, sentences, & matter, & yet all his words be proper, apt + & well chosen: all his sentences be rownd and trimlie framed: + his whole matter grownded vpon good reason, & stuffed with + full arguments, for his intent & purpose. Yet when his talke + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 261 + + shalbe heard, or his writing be red, of soch one, as is, either of + my two dearest frendes, _M. Haddon_ at home, or _Iohn Sturmius_ + in Germanie, that _Nimium_ in him, which fooles and vnlearned + will most commend, shall eyther of thies two, bite his lippe, or + shake his heade at it. + This fulnes as it is not to be misliked in a yong man, so in + farder aige, in greater skill, and weightier affaires, it is to be + temperated, or else discretion and iudgement shall seeme to be + wanting in him. But if his stile be still ouer rancke and lustie, + as some men being neuer so old and spent by yeares, will still + be full of youthfull conditions as was Syr _F. Bryan_, and euer- + more wold haue bene: soch a rancke and full writer, must vse, + if he will do wiselie the exercise of a verie good kinde of + _Epitome_, and do, as certaine wise men do, that be ouer fat and + fleshie: who leauing their owne full and plentifull table, go to + soiorne abrode from home for a while, at the temperate diet of + some sober man: and so by litle and litle, cut away the + grosnesse that is in them. As for an example: If _Osorius_ + would leaue of his lustines in striuing against _S. Austen_, and his + ouer rancke rayling against poore _Luther_, and the troth of Gods + doctrine, and giue his whole studie, not to write any thing of + his owne for a while, but to translate _Demosthenes_, with so straite, + fast, & temperate a style in latine, as he is in Greeke, he would + becume so perfit & pure a writer, I beleue, as hath bene fewe + or none sence _Ciceroes_ dayes: And so, by doing himself and all + learned moch good, do others lesse harme, & Christes doctrine + lesse iniury, than he doth: & with all, wyn vnto himselfe many + worthy frends, who agreing with him gladly, in y^e loue & + liking of excellent learning, are sorie to see so worthie a witte, + so rare eloquence, wholie spent and consumed, in striuing with + God and good men. + Emonges the rest, no man doth lament him more than + I, not onelie for the excellent learning that I see in him, but + also bicause there hath passed priuatelie betwixt him and me, + sure tokens of moch good will, and frendlie opinion, the one + toward the other. And surelie the distance betwixt London and + Lysbon, should not stoppe, any kinde of frendlie dewtie, that I + could, eyther shew to him, or do to his, if the greatest matter + of all did not in certeyne pointes, separate our myndes. + And yet for my parte, both toward him, and diuerse others + + + 262 _The second booke teachyng_ + + here at home, for like cause of excellent learning, great wisdome, + and gentle humanitie, which I haue seene in them, and felt at + their handes my selfe, where the matter of indifference is mere + conscience in a quiet minde inwardlie, and not contentious + malice with spitefull rayling openlie, I can be content to followe + this rewle, in misliking some one thing, not to hate for anie + thing els. + But as for all the bloodie beastes, as that fat Boore of the + _Psal._ 80. // wood: or those brauling Bulles of Basan: or any + lurking _Dormus_, blinde, not by nature, but by + malice, & as may be gathered of their owne testimonie, giuen + ouer to blindnes, for giuing ouer God & his word; or soch as + be so lustie runnegates, as first, runne from God & his trew + doctrine, than, from their Lordes, Masters, & all dewtie, next, + from them selues & out of their wittes, lastly from their Prince, + contrey, & all dew allegeance, whether they ought rather to be + pitied of good men, for their miserie, or contemned of wise + men, for their malicious folie, let good and wise men deter- + mine. + And to returne to _Epitome_ agayne, some will iudge moch + boldnes in me, thus to iudge of _Osorius_ style: but wise men do + know, that meane lookers on, may trewelie say, for a well made + Picture: This face had bene more cumlie, if that hie redde in + the cheeke, were somwhat more pure sanguin than it is: and + yet the stander by, can not amend it himselfe by any way. + And this is not written to the dispraise but to the great + commendation of _Osorius_, because _Tullie_ himselfe had the same + fulnes in him: and therefore went to _Rodes_ to cut it away: and + saith himselfe, _recepi me domum prope mutatus, nam quasi referuerat + iam oratio_. Which was brought to passe I beleue, not onelie by + the teaching of _Molo Appollonius_ but also by a good way of + _Epitome_, in binding him selfe to translate _meros Atticos Oratores_, + and so to bring his style, from all lowse grosnesse, to soch firme + fastnes in latin, as is in _Demosthenes_ in Greeke. And this to be + most trew, may easelie be gathered, not onelie of _L. Crassus_ + talke in 1. _de Or._ but speciallie of _Ciceroes_ owne deede in + translating _Demosthenes_ and _æschines_ orations peri steph. to that + verie ende and purpose. + And although a man growndlie learned all readie, may take + moch proffet him selfe in vsing, by _Epitome_, to draw other mens + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 263 + + workes for his owne memorie sake, into shorter rowme, as + _Conterus_ hath done verie well the whole _Metamorphosis_ of _Ouid_, + & _Dauid Cythræus_ a great deale better, the ix. Muses of _Hero- + dotus_, and _Melanchthon_ in myne opinion, far best of all, the whole + storie of Time, not onelie to his own vse, but to other mens + proffet and hys great prayse, yet, _Epitome_ is most necessarie of + all in a mans owne writing, as we learne of that noble Poet + _Virgill_, who, if _Donatus_ say trewe, in writing that perfite worke + of the _Georgickes_, vsed dailie, when he had written 40. or 50. + verses, not to cease cutting, paring, and pollishing of them, till + he had brought them to the nomber of x. or xij. + And this exercise, is not more nedefullie done in a great + worke, than wiselie done, in your common dailie writing, either + of letter, or other thing else, that is to say, to peruse diligentlie, + and see and spie wiselie, what is alwaies more than nedeth: + For, twenty to one, offend more, in writing to moch, than to + litle: euen as twentie to one, fall into sicknesse, rather by ouer + moch fulnes, than by anie lacke or emptinesse. And therefore + is he alwaies the best English Physition, that best can geue + a purgation, that is, by way of _Epitome_, to cut all ouer much + away. And surelie mens bodies, be not more full of ill humors, + than commonlie mens myndes (if they be yong, lustie, proude, + like and loue them selues well, as most men do) be full of fansies, + opinions, errors, and faultes, not onelie in inward inuention, but + also in all their vtterance, either by pen or taulke. + And of all other men, euen those that haue y^e inuentiuest + heades, for all purposes, and roundest tonges in all matters and + places (except they learne and vse this good lesson of _Epitome_) + commit commonlie greater faultes, than dull, staying silent men + do. For, quicke inuentors, and faire readie speakers, being + boldned with their present habilitie to say more, and perchance + better to, at the soden for that present, than any other can do, + vse lesse helpe of diligence and studie than they ought to do: + and so haue in them commonlie, lesse learning, and weaker + iudgement, for all deepe considerations, than some duller heades, + and slower tonges haue. + And therefore, readie speakers, generallie be not the best, + playnest, and wisest writers, nor yet the deepest iudgers in + weightie affaires, bicause they do not tarry to weye and iudge + all thinges, as they should: but hauing their heades ouer full of + + + 264 _The second booke teachyng_ + + matter, be like pennes ouer full of incke, which will soner + blotte, than make any faire letter at all. Tyme was, whan + I had experience of two Ambassadors in one place, the one of + a hote head to inuent, and of a hastie hand to write, the other, + colde and stayd in both: but what difference of their doinges + was made by wise men, is not vnknowne to some persons. The + Bishop of Winchester _Steph_: _Gardiner_ had a quicke head, and + a readie tong, and yet was not the best writer in England. + _Cicero_ in _Brutus_ doth wiselie note the same in _Serg: Galbo_, and + _Q. Hortentius_, who were both, hote, lustie, and plaine speakers, + but colde, lowse, and rough writers: And _Tullie_ telleth the + cause why, saying, whan they spake, their tong was naturally + caried with full tyde & wynde of their witte: whan they wrote + their head was solitarie, dull, and caulme, and so their style was + blonte, and their writing colde: _Quod vitium_, sayth _Cicero_, + _peringeniosis hominibus neque satis doctis plerumque accidit_. + And therfore all quick inuentors, & readie faire speakers, + must be carefull, that, to their goodnes of nature, they adde + also in any wise, studie, labor, leasure, learning, and iudgement, + and than they shall in deede, passe all other, as I know some do, + in whome all those qualities are fullie planted, or else if they + giue ouer moch to their witte, and ouer litle to their labor and + learning, they will sonest ouer reach in taulke, and fardest cum + behinde in writing whatsoeuer they take in hand. The methode + of _Epitome_ is most necessarie for soch kinde of men. And thus + much concerning the vse or misuse of all kinde of _Epitomes_ in + matters of learning. + + + [dingbat omitted] _Imitatio._ + + _Imitation_, is a facultie to expresse liuelie and perfitelie that + example: which ye go about to folow. And of it selfe, it is + large and wide: for all the workes of nature, in a maner be + examples for arte to folow. + But to our purpose, all languages, both learned and mother + tonges, be gotten, and gotten onelie by _Imitation_. For as ye + vse to heare, so ye learne to speake: if ye heare no other, ye + speake not your selfe: and whome ye onelie heare, of them ye + onelie learne. + And therefore, if ye would speake as the best and wisest do, + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 265 + + ye must be conuersant, where the best and wisest are: but if + yow be borne or brought vp in a rude contrie, ye shall not chose + but speake rudelie: the rudest man of all knoweth this to be + trewe. + Yet neuerthelesse, the rudenes of common and mother + tonges, is no bar for wise speaking. For in the rudest contrie, + and most barbarous mother language, many be found can speake + verie wiselie: but in the Greeke and latin tong, the two onelie + learned tonges, which be kept, not in common taulke, but in + priuate bookes, we finde alwayes, wisdome and eloquence, good + matter and good vtterance, neuer or seldom a sonder. For all + soch Authors, as be fullest of good matter and right iudgement + in doctrine, be likewise alwayes, most proper in wordes, most + apte in sentence, most plaine and pure in vttering the same. + And contrariwise, in those two tonges, all writers, either in + Religion, or any sect of Philosophie, who so euer be founde + fonde in iudgement of matter, be commonlie found as rude in + vttering their mynde. For Stoickes, Anabaptistes, and Friers: + with Epicures, Libertines and Monkes, being most like in + learning and life, are no fonder and pernicious in their opinions, + than they be rude and barbarous in their writinges. They be + not wise, therefore that say, what care I for a mans wordes and + vtterance, if his matter and reasons be good. Soch men, say + so, not so moch of ignorance, as eyther of some singular pride + in themselues, or some speciall malice or other, or for some + priuate & perciall matter, either in Religion or other kinde of + learning. For good and choice meates, be no more requisite + for helthie bodies, than proper and apte wordes be for good + matters, and also plaine and sensible vtterance for the best and + depest reasons: in which two pointes standeth perfite eloquence, + one of the fairest and rarest giftes that God doth geue to man. + Ye know not, what hurt ye do to learning, that care not + for wordes, but for matter, and so make a deuorse betwixt the + tong and the hart. For marke all aiges: looke vpon the whole + course of both the Greeke and Latin tonge, and ye shall surelie + finde, that, whan apte and good wordes began to be neglected, + and properties of those two tonges to be confounded, than also + began, ill deedes to spring: strange maners to oppresse good + orders, newe and fond opinions to striue with olde and trewe + doctrine, first in Philosophie: and after in Religion: right + + + 266 _The second booke teachyng_ + + iudgement of all thinges to be peruerted, and so vertue with + learning is contemned, and studie left of: of ill thoughtes + cummeth peruerse iudgement: of ill deedes springeth lewde + taulke. Which fower misorders, as they mar mans life, so + destroy they good learning withall. + But behold the goodnesse of Gods prouidence for learning: + all olde authors and sectes of Philosophy, which were fondest in + opinion, and rudest in vtterance, as Stoickes and Epicures, first + contemned of wise men, and after forgotten of all men, be so + consumed by tymes, as they be now, not onelie out of vse, but + also out of memorie of man: which thing, I surelie thinke, + will shortlie chance, to the whole doctrine and all the bookes of + phantasticall Anabaptistes and Friers, and of the beastlie + Libertines and Monkes. + Againe behold on the other side, how Gods wisdome hath + wrought, that of _Academici_ and _Peripatetici_, those that were + wisest in iudgement of matters, and purest in vttering their + myndes, the first and chiefest, that wrote most and best, in + either tong, as _Plato_ and _Aristotle_ in Greeke, _Tullie_ in Latin, be + so either wholie, or sufficiently left vnto vs, as I neuer knew + yet scholer, that gaue himselfe to like, and loue, and folow + chieflie those three Authors but he proued, both learned, wise, + and also an honest man, if he ioyned with all the trewe doctrine + of Gods holie Bible, without the which, the other three, be but + fine edge tooles in a fole or mad mans hand. + But to returne to _Imitation_ agayne: There be three kindes + of it in matters of learning. + The whole doctrine of Comedies and Tragedies, is a + perfite _imitation_, or faire liuelie painted picture of the life of + euerie degree of man. Of this _Imitation_ writeth _Plato_ at + large in 3. _de Rep._ but it doth not moch belong at this time to + our purpose. + The second kind of _Imitation_, is to folow for learning of + tonges and sciences, the best authors. Here riseth, emonges + proude and enuious wittes, a great controuersie, whether, one + or many are to be folowed: and if one, who is that one: _Seneca_, + or _Cicero_: _Salust_ or _Cæsar_, and so forth in Greeke and Latin. + The third kinde of _Imitation_, belongeth to the second: as + when you be determined, whether ye will folow one or mo, to + know perfitlie, and which way to folow that one: in what + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 267 + + place: by what meane and order: by what tooles and instru- + mentes ye shall do it, by what skill and iudgement, ye shall + trewelie discerne, whether ye folow rightlie or no. + This _Imitatio_, is _dissimilis materiei similis tractatio_: and also, + _similis materiei dissimilis tractatio_, as _Virgill_ folowed _Homer_: but + the Argument to the one was _Vlysses_, to the other _æneas_. + _Tullie_ persecuted _Antonie_ with the same wepons of eloquence, + that _Demosthenes_ vsed before against _Philippe_. + _Horace_ foloweth _Pindar_, but either of them his owne + Argument and Person: as the one, _Hiero_ king of _Sicilie_, the + other _Augustus_ the Emperor: and yet both for like respectes, + that is, for their coragious stoutnes in warre, and iust gouern- + ment in peace. + One of the best examples, for right _Imitation_ we lacke, and + that is _Menander_, whom our _Terence_, (as the matter required) in + like argument, in the same Persons, with equall eloquence, foote + by foote did folow. + Som peeces remaine, like broken Iewelles, whereby men + may rightlie esteme, and iustlie lament, the losse of the + whole. + _Erasmus_, the ornament of learning, in our tyme, doth wish + that som man of learning and diligence, would take the like + paines in _Demosthenes_ and _Tullie_, that _Macrobius_ hath done in + _Homer_ and _Virgill_, that is, to write out and ioyne together, + where the one doth imitate the other. _Erasmus_ wishe is good, + but surelie, it is not good enough: for _Macrobius_ gatherings for + the _æneidos_ out of _Homer_, and _Eobanus Hessus_ more diligent + gatherings for the _Bucolikes_ out of _Theocritus_, as they be not + fullie taken out of the whole heape, as they should be, but euen + as though they had not sought for them of purpose, but fownd + them scatered here and there by chance in their way, euen so, + onelie to point out, and nakedlie to ioyne togither their + sentences, with no farder declaring the maner and way, how + the one doth folow the other, were but a colde helpe, to the + encrease of learning. + But if a man would take this paine also, whan he hath layd + two places, of _Homer_ and _Virgill_, or of _Demosthenes_ and +_Tullie_ + togither, to teach plainlie withall, after this sort. + 1. _Tullie_ reteyneth thus moch of the matter, thies + sentences, thies wordes: + + + 268 _The second booke teachyng_ + + 2. This and that he leaueth out, which he doth wittelie to + this end and purpose. + 3. This he addeth here. + 4. This he diminisheth there. + 5. This he ordereth thus, with placing that here, not + there. + 6. This he altereth and changeth, either, in propertie of + wordes, in forme of sentence, in substance of the matter, or in + one, or other conuenient circumstance of the authors present + purpose. In thies fewe rude English wordes, are wrapt vp all + the necessarie tooles and instrumentes, wherewith trewe _Imita- + tion_ is rightlie wrought withall in any tonge. Which tooles, + I openlie confesse, be not of myne owne forging, but partlie left + vnto me by the cunningest Master, and one of the worthiest + Ientlemen that euer England bred, Syr _Iohn Cheke_: partelie + borowed by me out of the shoppe of the dearest frende I haue + out of England, _Io. St._ And therefore I am the bolder to + borow of him, and here to leaue them to other, and namelie to + my Children: which tooles, if it please God, that an other day, + they may be able to vse rightlie, as I do wish and daylie pray, + they may do, I shal be more glad, than if I were able to leaue + them a great quantitie of land. + This foresaide order and doctrine of _Imitation_, would bring + forth more learning, and breed vp trewer iudgement, than any + other exercise that can be vsed, but not for yong beginners, + bicause they shall not be able to consider dulie therof. And + trewelie, it may be a shame to good studentes who hauing so + faire examples to follow, as _Plato_ and _Tullie_, do not vse so wise + wayes in folowing them for the obteyning of wisdome and + learning, as rude ignorant Artificers do, for gayning a small + commoditie. For surelie the meanest painter vseth more witte, + better arte, greater diligence, in hys shoppe, in folowing the + Picture of any meane mans face, than commonlie the best + studentes do, euen in the vniuersitie, for the atteining of + learning it selfe. + Some ignorant, vnlearned, and idle student: or some busie + looker vpon this litle poore booke, that hath neither will to do + good him selfe, nor skill to iudge right of others, but can lustelie + contemne, by pride and ignorance, all painfull diligence and + right order in study, will perchance say, that I am to precise, to + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 269 + + curious, in marking and piteling thus about the imitation of + others: and that the olde worthie Authors did neuer busie their + heades and wittes, in folowyng so preciselie, either the matter + what other men wrote, or els the maner how other men wrote. + They will say, it were a plaine slauerie, & inurie to, to shakkle + and tye a good witte, and hinder the course of a mans good + nature with such bondes of seruitude, in folowyng other. + Except soch men thinke them selues wiser then _Cicero_ for + teaching of eloquence, they must be content to turne a new + leafe. + The best booke that euer _Tullie_ wrote, by all mens iudge- + ment, and by his owne testimonie to, in writyng wherof, he + employed most care, studie, learnyng and iudgement, is his + book _de Orat. ad Q. F._ Now let vs see, what he did for the + matter, and also for the maner of writing therof. For the + whole booke consisteth in these two pointes onelie: In good + matter, and good handling of the matter. And first, for the + matter, it is whole _Aristotles_, what so euer _Antonie_ in the + second, and _Crassus_ in the third doth teach. Trust not me, + but beleue _Tullie_ him selfe, who writeth so, first, in that goodlie + long Epistle _ad P. Lentulum_, and after in diuerse places _ad + Atticum_. And in the verie booke it selfe, Tullie will not haue + it hidden, but both _Catulus_ and _Crassus_ do oft and pleasantly lay + that stelth to _Antonius_ charge. Now, for the handling of the + matter, was _Tullie_ so precise and curious rather to follow an + other mans Paterne, than to inuent some newe shape him selfe, + namelie in that booke, wherin he purposed, to leaue to + posteritie, the glorie of his witte? yea forsoth, that he did. + And this is not my gessing and gathering, nor onelie performed + by _Tullie_ in verie deed, but vttered also by _Tullie_ in plaine + wordes: to teach other men thereby, what they should do, in + taking like matter in hand. + And that which is specially to be marked, _Tullie_ doth vtter + plainlie his conceit and purpose therein, by the mouth of + the wisest man in all that companie: for sayth _Scæuola_ him + selfe, _Cur non imitamur, Crasse, Socratem illum, qui est in Phædro + Platonis &c._ + And furder to vnderstand, that _Tullie_ did not _obiter_ and + bichance, but purposelie and mindfullie bend him selfe to + a precise and curious Imitation of _Plato_, concernyng the shape + + + 270 _The second booke teachyng_ + + and forme of those bookes, marke I pray you, how curious + _Tullie_ is to vtter his purpose and doyng therein, writing thus to + _Atticus_. + _Quod in his Oratorijs libris, quos tantopere laudas, personam + desideras Scæuolæ, non eam temerè dimoui: Sed feci idem, quod in + politeia Deus ille noster Plato, cum in Piræeum Socrates venisset ad + Cephalum locupletem & festiuum Senem, quoad primus ille sermo + haberetur, adest in disputando senex: Deinde, cum ipse quoque + commodissimè locutus esset, ad rem diuinam dicit se velle discedere, + neque postea reuertitur. Credo Platonem vix putasse satis consonum + fore, si hominem id ætatis in tam longo sermone diutius retinuisset: + Multo ego satius hoc mihi cauendum putaui in Scæuola, qui & ætate + et valetudine erat ea qua meministi, & his honoribus, vt vix satis + decorum videretur eum plures dies esse in Crassi Tusculano. Et erat + primi libri sermo non alienus à Scæuolæ studijs: reliqui libri + technologian habent, vt scis. Huic ioculatoriæ disputationi senem + illum vt noras, interesse sanè nolui._ + If _Cicero_ had not opened him selfe, and declared hys owne + thought and doynges herein, men that be idle, and ignorant, and + enuious of other mens diligence and well doinges, would haue + sworne that _Tullie_ had neuer mynded any soch thing, but that + of a precise curiositie, we fayne and forge and father soch + thinges of _Tullie_, as he neuer ment in deed. I write this, not + for nought: for I haue heard some both well learned, and + otherwayes verie wise, that by their lustie misliking of soch + diligence, haue drawen back the forwardnes of verie good wittes. + But euen as such men them selues, do sometymes stumble vpon + doyng well by chance and benefite of good witte, so would + I haue our scholer alwayes able to do well by order of learnyng + and right skill of iudgement. + Concernyng Imitation, many learned men haue written, + with moch diuersitie for the matter, and therfore with great + contrarietie and some stomacke amongest them selues. I + haue read as many as I could get diligentlie, and what I + thinke of euerie one of them, I will freelie say my mynde. + With which freedome I trust good men will beare, bicause + it shall tend to neither spitefull nor harmefull controuersie. + In _Tullie_, it is well touched, shortlie taught, not fullie + _Cicero._ // declared by _Ant. in_ 2. _de Orat_: and afterward + in _Orat. ad Brutum_, for the liking and misliking + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 271 + + of _Isocrates_: and the contrarie iudgement of _Tullie_ against + _Caluus, Brutus_, and _Calidius, de genere dicendi Attico & Asiatico_. + _Dionis. Halic._ peri mimeseos. I feare is lost: which + Author, next _Aristotle, Plato_, and _Tullie_, of all // _Dio. Hali-_ + other, that write of eloquence, by the iudgement // _car._ + of them that be best learned, deserueth the next + prayse and place. + _Quintilian_ writeth of it, shortly and coldlie for the matter, + yet hotelie and spitefullie enough, agaynst the // _Quintil._ + Imitation of _Tullie_. + _Erasmus_, beyng more occupied in spying other mens faultes, + than declaryng his own aduise, is mistaken of // _Erasmus._ + many, to the great hurt of studie, for his authoritie + sake. For he writeth rightlie, rightlie vnderstanded: he and + _Longolius_ onelie differing in this, that the one seemeth to giue + ouermoch, the other ouer litle, to him, whom they both, best + loued, and chiefly allowed of all other. + _Budæus_ in his Commentaries roughlie and obscurelie, + after his kinde of writyng: and for the matter, // _Budæus._ + caryed somwhat out of the way in ouermuch + misliking the Imitation of _Tullie_. // _Ph. Me-_ + _Phil. Melancthon_, learnedlie and trewlie. // _lanch._ + _Camerarius_ largely with a learned iudgement, // _Ioa. Cam-_ + but somewhat confusedly, and with ouer rough // _mer._ + a stile. + _Sambucus_, largely, with a right iudgement but somewhat + a crooked stile. // _Sambucus._ + Other haue written also, as _Cortesius_ to // _Cortesius._ + _Politian_, and that verie well: _Bembus ad Picum_ // _P. Bembus._ + a great deale better, but _Ioan. Sturmius de_ // _Ioan. Stur-_ + _Nobilitate literata, & de Amissa dicendi ratione_, // _mius._ + farre best of all, in myne opinion, that euer tooke + this matter in hand. For all the rest, declare chiefly this point, + whether one, or many, or all, are to be followed: but _Sturmius_ + onelie hath most learnedlie declared, who is to be followed, what + is to be followed, and the best point of all, by what way & order, + trew Imitation is rightlie to be exercised. And although _Sturmius_ + herein doth farre passe all other, yet hath he not so fullie and + perfitelie done it, as I do wishe he had, and as I know he could. + For though he hath done it perfitelie for precept, yet hath he + + + 272 _The second booke teachyng_ + + not done it perfitelie enough for example: which he did, neither + for lacke of skill, nor by negligence, but of purpose, contented + with one or two examples bicause he was mynded in those two + bookes, to write of it both shortlie, and also had to touch other + matters. + _Barthol. Riccius Ferrariensis_ also hath written learnedlie, + diligentlie and verie largelie of this matter euen as hee did before + verie well _de Apparatu linguæ Lat._ He writeth the better in + myne opinion, bicause his whole doctrine, iudgement, and + order, semeth to be borowed out of _Io. Stur._ bookes. He + addeth also examples, the best kinde of teaching: wherein he + doth well, but not well enough: in deede, he committeth no + faulte, but yet, deserueth small praise. He is content with the + meane, and followeth not the best: as a man, that would feede + vpon Acornes, whan he may eate, as good cheape, the finest + wheat bread. He teacheth for example, where and how, two + or three late _Italian_ Poetes do follow _Virgil_: and how _Virgil_ + him selfe in the storie of _Dido_, doth wholie Imitate _Catullus_ in + the like matter of _Ariadna_: Wherein I like better his diligence + and order of teaching, than his iudgement in choice of examples + for _Imitation_. But, if he had done thus: if he had declared + where and how, how oft and how many wayes _Virgil_ doth folow + _Homer_, as for example the comming of _Vlysses_ to _Alcynous_ and + _Calypso_, with the comming of _æneas_ to _Cartage_ and +_Dido_: Like- + wise the games running, wrestling, and shoting, that _Achilles_ + maketh in _Homer_, with the selfe same games, that _æneas_ + maketh in _Virgil_: The harnesse of _Achilles_, with the harnesse + of _æneas_, and the maner of making of them both by _Vulcane_: + The notable combate betwixt _Achilles_ and _Hector_, with as + notable a combate betwixt _æneas_ and _Turnus_. The going + downe to hell of _Vlysses_ in _Homer_, with the going downe to hell + of _Æneas_ in _Virgil_: and other places infinite mo, as similitudes, + narrations, messages, discriptions of persones, places, battels, + tempestes, shipwrackes, and common places for diuerse purposes, + which be as precisely taken out of _Homer_, as euer did Painter in + London follow the picture of any faire personage. And when + thies places had bene gathered together by this way of diligence + than to haue conferred them together by this order of teaching + as, diligently to marke what is kept and vsed in either author, + in wordes, in sentences, in matter: what is added: what is left + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 273 + + out: what ordered otherwise, either _præponendo, interponendo_, or + _postponendo_: And what is altered for any respect, in word, + phrase, sentence, figure, reason, argument, or by any way of + circumstance: If _Riccius_ had done this, he had not onely bene + well liked, for his diligence in teaching, but also iustlie com- + mended for his right iudgement in right choice of examples for + the best _Imitation_. + _Riccius_ also for _Imitation_ of prose declareth where and how + _Longolius_ doth folow _Tullie_, but as for _Longolius_, I would not + haue him the patern of our _Imitation_. In deede: in _Longolius_ + shoppe, be proper and faire shewing colers, but as for shape, + figure, and naturall cumlines, by the iudgement of best iudging + artificers, he is rather allowed as one to be borne withall, than + especially commended, as one chieflie to be folowed. + If _Riccius_ had taken for his examples, where _Tullie_ him selfe + foloweth either _Plato_ or _Demosthenes_, he had shot than at the + right marke. But to excuse _Riccius_, somwhat, though I can + not fullie defend him, it may be sayd, his purpose was, to teach + onelie the Latin tong, when thys way that I do wish, to ioyne + _Virgil_ with _Homer_, to read _Tullie_ with _Demosthenes_ and +_Plato_, + requireth a cunning and perfite Master in both the tonges. It + is my wish in deede, and that by good reason: For who so euer + will write well of any matter, must labor to expresse that, that + is perfite, and not to stay and content himselfe with the meane: + yea, I say farder, though it be not vnposible, yet it is verie rare, + and meruelous hard, to proue excellent in the Latin tong, for + him that is not also well seene in the Greeke tong. _Tullie_ him + selfe, most excellent of nature, most diligent in labor, brought + vp from his cradle, in that place, and in that tyme, where and + whan the Latin tong most florished naturallie in euery mans + mouth, yet was not his owne tong able it selfe to make him so + cunning in his owne tong, as he was in deede: but the + knowledge and _Imitation_ of the Greeke tong withall. + This he confesseth himselfe: this he vttereth in many places, + as those can tell best, that vse to read him most. + Therefore thou, that shotest at perfection in the Latin tong, + thinke not thy selfe wiser than _Tullie_ was, in choice of the way, + that leadeth rightlie to the same: thinke not thy witte better + than _Tullies_ was, as though that may serue thee that was not + sufficient for him. For euen as a hauke flieth not hie with one + + + 274 _The second booke teachyng_ + + wing: euen so a man reacheth not to excellency with one + tong. + I haue bene a looker on in the Cokpit of learning thies + many yeares: And one Cock onelie haue I knowne, which + with one wing, euen at this day, doth passe all other, in myne + opinion, that euer I saw in any pitte in England, though they + had two winges. Yet neuerthelesse, to flie well with one + wing, to runne fast with one leg, be rather, rare Maistreis + moch to be merueled at, than sure examples safelie to be + folowed. A Bushop that now liueth, a good man, whose + iudgement in Religion I better like, than his opinion in per- + fitnes in other learning, said once vnto me: we haue no nede + now of the Greeke tong, when all thinges be translated into + Latin. But the good man vnderstood not, that euen the best + translation, is, for mere necessitie, but an euill imped wing to + flie withall, or a heuie stompe leg of wood to go withall: soch, + the hier they flie, the sooner they falter and faill: the faster + they runne, the ofter they stumble, and sorer they fall. Soch + as will nedes so flie, may flie at a Pye, and catch a Dawe: And + soch runners, as commonlie, they shoue and sholder to stand + formost, yet in the end they cum behind others & deserue + but the hopshakles, if the Masters of the game be right iudgers. + Therefore in perusing thus, so many diuerse bookes for + Optima // _Imitation_, it came into my head that a verie pro- + ratio Imi- // fitable booke might be made _de Imitatione_, after + tationis. // an other sort, than euer yet was attempted of that + matter, conteyning a certaine fewe fitte preceptes, + vnto the which should be gathered and applied plentie of + examples, out of the choisest authors of both the tonges. + This worke would stand, rather in good diligence, for the + gathering, and right iudgement for the apte applying of those + examples: than any great learning or vtterance at all. + The doing thereof, would be more pleasant, than painfull, + & would bring also moch proffet to all that should read it, and + great praise to him would take it in hand, with iust desert of + thankes. + _Erasmus_, giuyng him selfe to read ouer all Authors _Greke_ + _Erasmus_ // and _Latin_, seemeth to haue prescribed to him + order in his // selfe this order of readyng: that is, to note out + studie. // by the way, three speciall pointes: All Adagies, + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 275 + + all similitudes, and all wittie sayinges of most notable person- + ages: And so, by one labour, he left to posteritie, three notable + bookes, & namelie two his _Chiliades, Apophthegmata_ and _Similia_. + Likewise, if a good student would bend him selfe to read + diligently ouer Tullie, and with him also at // {_Plato._ + the same tyme, as diligently _Plato_, & _Xenophon_, // {_Xenophon._ + with his bookes of Philosophie, _Isocrates_, & // Cicero. {_Isocrates._ + _Demosthenes_ with his orations, & _Aristotle_ with // {_Demosth._ + his Rhetorickes: which fiue of all other, be // {_Aristotles._ + those, whom _Tullie_ best loued, & specially followed: & would + marke diligently in _Tullie_ where he doth _exprimere_ or _effingere_ + (which be the verie propre wordes of Imitation) either, _Copiam + Platonis_ or _venustatem Xenophontis, suauitatem Isocratis_, or _vim + Demosthenis, propriam & puram subtilitatem Aristotelis_, and not + onelie write out the places diligentlie, and lay them together + orderlie, but also to conferre them with skilfull iudgement by + those few rules, which I haue expressed now twise before: if + that diligence were taken, if that order were vsed, what perfite + knowledge of both the tonges, what readie and pithie vtterance + in all matters, what right and deepe iudgement in all kinde of + learnyng would follow, is scarse credible to be beleued. + These bookes, be not many, nor long, nor rude in speach, + nor meane in matter, but next the Maiestie of Gods holie word, + most worthie for a man, the louer of learning and honestie, to + spend his life in. Yea, I haue heard worthie _M. Cheke_ many + tymes say: I would haue a good student passe and iorney + through all Authors both _Greke_ and _Latin_: but he that will + dwell in these few bookes onelie: first, in Gods holie Bible, and + than ioyne with it, _Tullie_ in _Latin, Plato, Aristotle: Xenophon: + Isocrates_: and _Demosthenes_ in _Greke_: must nedes proue an excel- + lent man. + Some men alreadie in our dayes, haue put to their helping + handes, to this worke of Imitation. As _Peri-_ // _Perionius._ + _onius, Henr. Stephanus in dictionario Ciceroniano_, // _H. Steph._ + and _P. Victorius_ most praiseworthelie of all, in // _P. Victor-_ + that his learned worke conteyning xxv. bookes _de_ // _ius._ + _varia lectione_: in which bookes be ioyned diligentlie together the + best Authors of both the tonges where one doth seeme to + imitate an other. + But all these, with _Macrobius, Hessus_, and other, be no + + + 276 _The second booke teachyng_ + + more but common porters, caryers, and bringers of matter and + stuffe togither. They order nothing: They lay before you, + what is done: they do not teach you, how it is done: They + busie not them selues with forme of buildyng: They do not + declare, this stuffe is thus framed by _Demosthenes_, and thus and + thus by _Tullie_, and so likewise in _Xenophon, Plato_ and _Isocrates_ + and _Aristotle_. For ioyning _Virgil_ with _Homer_ I haue suf- + ficientlie declared before. + The like diligence I would wish to be taken in _Pindar_ and + _Pindarus._ // _Horace_ an equall match for all respectes. + _Horatius._ // In Tragedies, (the goodliest Argument of all, + and for the vse, either of a learned preacher, or a + Ciuill Ientleman, more profitable than _Homer, Pindar, Virgill_, + and _Horace_: yea comparable in myne opinion, with the doctrine + _Sophocles._ // of _Aristotle, Plato_, and _Xenophon_,) the +_Grecians_, + _Euripides._ // _Sophocles_ and _Euripides_ far ouer match our +_Seneca_, + _Seneca._ // in _Latin_, namely in oikonomia _et Decoro_, although + _Senacaes_ elocution and verse be verie commendable for his tyme. + And for the matters of _Hercules, Thebes, Hippolytus_, and _Troie_, + his Imitation is to be gathered into the same booke, and to be + tryed by the same touchstone, as is spoken before. + In histories, and namelie in _Liuie_, the like diligence of + Imitation, could bring excellent learning, and breede stayde + iudgement, in taking any like matter in hand. + Onely _Liuie_ were a sufficient taske for one mans studie, + _Tit. Liuius._ // to compare him, first with his fellow for all re- + _Dion. Hali-_ // spectes, _Dion. Halicarnassæus_: who both, liued in + _carn._ // one tyme: tooke both one historie in hande to + write: deserued both like prayse of learnyng and eloquence. + _Polibius._ // Than with _Polybius_ that wise writer, whom _Liuie_ + professeth to follow: & if he would denie it, yet + it is plaine, that the best part of the thyrd _Decade_ in _Liuie_, is in + _Thucidides._ // a maner translated out of the thyrd and rest of + _Polibius_: Lastlie with _Thucydides_, to whose Imita- + tion _Liuie_ is curiouslie bent, as may well appeare by that one + 1 _Decad._ // Oration of those of _Campania_, asking aide of the + _Lib._ 7. // _Romanes_ agaynst the _Samnites_, which is wholie + taken, Sentence, Reason, Argument, and order, + _Thucid._ 1. // out of the Oration of _Corcyra_, asking like aide of + the _Athenienses_ against them of _Corinth_. If some + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 277 + + diligent student would take paynes to compare them togither, he + should easelie perceiue, that I do say trew. A booke, thus + wholie filled with examples of Imitation, first out of _Tullie_, + compared with _Plato, Xenophon, Isocrates, Demosthenes_ and + _Aristotle_: than out of _Virgil_ and _Horace_, with _Homer_ and + _Pindar_: next out of _Seneca_ with _Sophocles_ and _Euripides_: +Lastlie + out of _Liuie_, with _Thucydides, Polibius_ and _Halicarnassæus_, + gathered with good diligence, and compared with right order, + as I haue expressed before, were an other maner of worke for + all kinde of learning, & namely for eloquence, than be those + cold gatheringes of _Macrobius, Hessus, Perionius, Stephanus_, and + _Victorius_, which may be vsed, as I sayd before, in this case, as + porters and caryers, deseruing like prayse, as soch men do + wages; but onely _Sturmius_ is he, out of whom, the trew suruey + and whole workemanship is speciallie to be learned. + I trust, this my writyng shall giue some good student + occasion, to take some peece in hand of this worke of Imitation. + And as I had rather haue any do it, than my // Opus de + selfe, yet surelie my selfe rather than none at all. // recta imi- + And by Gods grace, if God do lend me life, with // tandi ratione. + health, free laysure and libertie, with good likyng + and a merie heart, I will turne the best part of my studie and + tyme, to toyle in one or other peece of this worke of Imitation. + This diligence to gather examples, to giue light and vnder- + standyng to good preceptes, is no new inuention, but speciallie vsed + of the best Authors and oldest writers. For _Aristotle_ // _Aristoteles._ + him selfe, (as _Diog. Laertius_ declareth) when he + had written that goodlie booke of the _Topickes_, did gather out + of stories and Orators, so many examples as filled xv. bookes, + onelie to expresse the rules of his _Topickes_. These were the + Commentaries, that _Aristotle_ thought fit for hys // Commen- + _Topickes_: And therfore to speake as I thinke, I // tarij Græ- + neuer saw yet any Commentarie vpon _Aristotles_ // ci et Lati- + Logicke, either in _Greke_ or _Latin_, that euer I // ni in Dia- + lyked, bicause they be rather spent in declaryng // lect. Ari- + scholepoynt rules, than in gathering fit examples // stotelis. + for vse and vtterance, either by pen or talke. For preceptes in + all Authors, and namelie in _Aristotle_, without applying vnto + them, the Imitation of examples, be hard, drie, and cold, and + therfore barrayn, vnfruitfull and vnpleasant. But _Aristotle_, + + + 278 _The second booke teachyng_ + + namelie in his _Topicks_ and _Elenches_, should be, not onelie + fruitfull, but also pleasant to, if examples out of _Plato_, and + other good Authors, were diligentlie gathered, and aptlie + Precepta // applied vnto his most perfit preceptes there. + in Aristot. // And it is notable, that my frende _Sturmius_ writeth + Exempla // herein, that there is no precept in _Aristotles_ + in _Platone._ // _Topickes_ wherof plentie of examples be not + manifest in _Platos_ workes. And I heare say, that an excellent + learned man, _Tomitanus_ in _Italie_, hath expressed euerie fallacion + in _Aristotle_, with diuerse examples out of _Plato_. Would to + God, I might once see, some worthie student of _Aristotle_ and + _Plato_ in Cambrige, that would ioyne in one booke the preceptes + of the one, with the examples of the other. For such a labor, + were one speciall peece of that worke of Imitation, which I do + wishe were gathered together in one Volume. + Cambrige, at my first comming thither, but not at my + going away, committed this fault in reading the preceptes of + _Aristotle_ without the examples of other Authors: But herein, + in my time thies men of worthie memorie, _M. Redman_, + _M. Cheke, M. Smith, M. Haddon, M. Watson_, put so to + their helping handes, as that vniuersitie, and all studentes there, + as long as learning shall last, shall be bounde vnto them, if that + trade in studie be trewlie folowed, which those men left behinde + them there. + By this small mention of Cambridge, I am caryed into three + imaginations: first, into a sweete remembrance of my tyme + spent there: than, into som carefull thoughts, for the greuous + alteration that folowed sone after: lastlie, into much ioy to + heare tell, of the good recouerie and earnest forwardnes in all + good learning there agayne. + To vtter theis my thoughts somwhat more largelie, were + somwhat beside my matter, yet not very farre out of the way, + bycause it shall wholy tend to the good encoragement and right + consideration of learning, which is my full purpose in writing + this litle booke: whereby also shall well appeare this sentence + to be most trewe, that onely good men, by their gouernment + & example, make happie times, in euery degree and state. + Doctor _Nico. Medcalfe_, that honorable father, was Master + _D. Nic._ // of _S. Iohnes_ Colledge, when I came thether: A + _Medcalf._ // man meanelie learned himselfe, but not meanely + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 279 + + affectioned to set forward learning in others. He found + that Colledge spending scarse two hundred markes by yeare: + he left it spending a thousand markes and more. Which + he procured, not with his mony, but by his wisdome; not + chargeablie bought by him, but liberallie geuen by others by his + meane, for the zeale & honor they bare to learning. And that + which is worthy of memorie, all thies giuers were almost + Northenmen: who being liberallie rewarded in the seruice of + their Prince, bestowed it as liberallie for the good of their + Contrie. Som men thought therefore, that _D. Medcalfe_ was + parciall to Northrenmen, but sure I am of this, that North- + renmen were parciall, in doing more good, and geuing more + landes to y^e forderance of learning, than any other // The parci- + contrie men, in those dayes, did: which deede // alitie of + should haue bene, rather an example of goodnes, // Northren + for other to folowe, than matter of malice, for any // men in + to enuie, as some there were that did. Trewly, // _S. Iohnes_ + _D. Medcalfe_ was parciall to none: but indifferent // College. + to all: a master for the whole, a father to euery one, in that + Colledge. There was none so poore, if he had, either wil to + goodnes, or wit to learning, that could lacke being there, or + should depart from thence for any need. I am witnes my selfe, + that mony many times was brought into yong mens studies by + strangers whom they knew not. In which doing, this worthy + _Nicolaus_ folowed the steppes of good olde _S. Nicolaus_, that + learned Bishop. He was a Papist in deede, but would to God, + amonges all vs Protestants I might once see but one, that would + winne like praise, in doing like good, for the aduauncement of + learning and vertue. And yet, though he were a Papist, if any + yong man, geuen to new learning (as they termed it) went + beyond his fellowes, in witte, labor, and towardnes, euen the + same, neyther lacked, open praise to encorage him, nor priuate + exhibition to mainteyne hym, as worthy Syr _I. Cheke_, if he + were aliue would beare good witnes and so can many mo. + I my selfe one of the meanest of a great number, in that + Colledge, because there appeared in me som small shew of + towardnes and diligence, lacked not his fauor to forder me in + learning. + And being a boy, new Bacheler of arte, I chanced amonges + my companions to speake against the Pope: which matter was + + + 280 _The second booke teachyng_ + + than in euery mans mouth, bycause _D. Haines_ and _D. Skippe_ + were cum from the Court, to debate the same matter, by + preaching and disputation in the vniuersitie. This hapned the + same tyme, when I stoode to be felow there: my taulke came + to _D. Medcalfes_ eare: I was called before him and the Seniores: + and after greuous rebuke, and some punishment, open warning + was geuen to all the felowes, none to be so hardie to geue me + his voice at that election. And yet for all those open threates, + the good father himselfe priuilie procured, that I should euen + than be chosen felow. But, the election being done, he made + countinance of great discontentation thereat. This good mans + goodnes, and fatherlie discretion, vsed towardes me that one + day, shall neuer out of my remembrance all the dayes of my + life. And for the same cause, haue I put it here, in this small + record of learning. For next Gods prouidence, surely that day, + was by that good fathers meanes, _Dies natalis_, to me, for the + whole foundation of the poore learning I haue, and of all the + furderance, that hetherto else where I haue obteyned. + This his goodnes stood not still in one or two, but flowed + aboundantlie ouer all that Colledge, and brake out also to + norishe good wittes in euery part of that vniuersitie: whereby, + at this departing thence, he left soch a companie of fellowes and + scholers in _S. Iohnes_ Colledge, as can scarse be found now in + some whole vniuersitie: which, either for diuinitie, on the one + side or other, or for Ciuill seruice to their Prince and contrie, + haue bene, and are yet to this day, notable ornaments to this + whole Realme: Yea _S. Iohnes_ did then so florish, as Trinitie + college, that Princely house now, at the first erection, was but + _Colonia deducta_ out of _S. Iohnes_, not onelie for their Master, + fellowes, and scholers, but also, which is more, for their whole, + both order of learning, and discipline of maners: & yet to this + day, it neuer tooke Master but such as was bred vp before in + _S. Iohnes_: doing the dewtie of a good _Colonia_ to her _Metropolis_, + as the auncient Cities in Greice and some yet in Italie, at this + day, are accustomed to do. + _S. Iohnes_ stoode in this state, vntill those heuie tymes, and + that greuous change that chanced. An. 1553. whan mo perfite + scholers were dispersed from thence in one moneth, than many + Psal. 80. // yeares can reare vp againe. For, whan _Aper de + Sylua_ had passed the seas, and fastned his foote + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 281 + + againe in England, not onely the two faire groues of learning + in England were eyther cut vp, by the roote, or troden downe + to the ground and wholie went to wracke, but the yong spring + there, and euerie where else, was pitifullie nipt and ouertroden + by very beastes, and also the fairest standers of all, were rooted + vp, and cast into the fire, to the great weakning euen at this + day of Christes Chirch in England, both for Religion and + learning. + And what good could chance than to the vniuersities, whan + som of the greatest, though not of the wisest nor best learned, + nor best men neither of that side, did labor to perswade, that + ignorance was better than knowledge, which they ment, not for + the laitie onelie, but also for the greatest rable of their spiritu- + altie, what other pretense openlie so euer they made: and + therefore did som of them at Cambrige (whom I will not name + openlie,) cause hedge priestes fette oute of the contrie, to be + made fellowes in the vniuersitie: saying, in their talke priuilie, + and declaring by their deedes openlie, that he was, felow good + enough for their tyme, if he could were a gowne and a tipet + cumlie, and haue hys crowne shorne faire and roundlie, and + could turne his Portesse and pie readilie: whiche I speake not + to reproue any order either of apparell, or other dewtie, that + may be well and indifferentlie vsed, but to note the miserie of + that time, whan the benefites prouided for learning were so + fowlie misused. And what was the frute of this seade? + Verely, iudgement in doctrine was wholy altered: order in + discipline very sore changed: the loue of good learning, began + sodenly to wax cold: the knowledge of the tonges (in spite of + some that therein had florished) was manifestly contemned: + and so, y^e way of right studie purposely peruerted: the choice + of good authors of mallice confownded. Olde sophistrie (I say + not well) not olde, but that new rotten sophistrie began to + beard and sholder logicke in her owne tong: yea, I know, that + heades were cast together, and counsell deuised, that _Duns_, with + all the rable of barbarous questionistes, should haue dispossessed + of their place and rowmes, _Aristotle, Plato, Tullie_, // _Aristoteles._ + and _Demosthenes_, when good _M. Redman_, and // _Plato._ + those two worthy starres of that vniuersitie, // _Cicero._ + _M. Cheke_, and _M. Smith_, with their scholers, had // _Demost._ + brought to florishe as notable in Cambrige, as + + + 282 _The second booke teachyng_ + + euer they did in Grece and in Italie: and for the doctrine of + those fowre, the fowre pillers of learning, Cambrige than geuing + place to no vniuersitie, neither in France, Spaine, Germanie, + nor Italie. Also in outward behauiour, than began simplicitie + in apparell, to be layd aside: Courtlie galantnes to be taken vp: + frugalitie in diet was priuately misliked: Towne going to good + Shoting. // cheare openly vsed: honest pastimes, ioyned with + labor, left of in the fieldes: vnthrifty and idle + games, haunted corners, and occupied the nightes: contention + in youth, no where for learning: factions in the elders euery + where for trifles. All which miseries at length, by Gods + prouidence, had their end 16. _Nouemb._ 1558. Since which + tyme, the yong spring hath shot vp so faire, as now there be in + Cambrige againe, many goodly plantes (as did well appeare at + the Queenes Maiesties late being there) which are like to grow + to mightie great timber, to the honor of learning, and great good + of their contrie, if they may stand their tyme, as the best + plantes there were wont to do: and if som old dotterell trees, + with standing ouer nie them, and dropping vpon them, do not + either hinder, or crooke their growing, wherein my feare is y^e + lesse, seing so worthie a Iustice of an Oyre hath the present + ouersight of that whole chace, who was himselfe somtym, in + the fairest spring that euer was there of learning, one of the + forwardest yong plantes, in all that worthy College of _S. Iohnes_: + who now by grace is growne to soch greatnesse, as, in the + temperate and quiet shade of his wisdome, next the prouidence + of God, and goodnes of one, in theis our daies, _Religio_ for + sinceritie, _literæ_ for order and aduauncement, _Respub._ for happie + and quiet gouernment, haue to great rejoysing of all good men, + speciallie reposed them selues. + Now to returne to that Question, whether one, a few, many + or all, are to be folowed, my aunswere shalbe short: All, for + him that is desirous to know all: yea, the worst of all, as + Questionistes, and all the barbarous nation of scholemen, helpe + for one or other consideration: But in euerie separate kinde of + learning and studie, by it selfe, ye must follow, choiselie a few, + and chieflie some one, and that namelie in our schole of + eloquence, either for penne or talke. And as in portraicture + and paintyng wise men chose not that workman, that can onelie + make a faire hand, or a well facioned legge but soch one, as can + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 283 + + furnish vp fullie, all the fetures of the whole body, of a man, + woman and child: and with all is able to, by good skill, to giue + to euerie one of these three, in their proper kinde, the right + forme, the trew figure, the naturall color, that is fit and dew, + to the dignitie of a man, to the bewtie of a woman, to the + sweetnes of a yong babe: euen likewise, do we seeke soch one + in our schole to folow, who is able alwayes, in all matters, to + teach plainlie, to delite pleasantlie, and to cary away by force of + wise talke, all that shall heare or read him: and is so excellent + in deed, as witte is able, or wishe can hope, to attaine vnto: + And this not onelie to serue in the _Latin_ or _Greke_ tong, but + also in our own English language. But yet, bicause the prouid- + ence of God hath left vnto vs in no other tong, saue onelie in + the _Greke_ and _Latin_ tong, the trew preceptes, and perfite + examples of eloquence, therefore must we seeke in the Authors + onelie of those two tonges, the trewe Paterne of Eloquence, if + in any other mother tongue we looke to attaine, either to perfit + vtterance of it our selues, or skilfull iudgement of it in others. + And now to know, what Author doth medle onelie with + some one peece and member of eloquence, and who doth + perfitelie make vp the whole bodie, I will declare, as I can call + to remembrance the goodlie talke, that I haue had oftentymes, + of the trew difference of Authors, with that Ientleman of + worthie memorie, my dearest frend, and teacher of all the litle + poore learning I haue, Syr _Iohn Cheke_. + The trew difference of Authors is best knowne, _per diuersa + genera dicendi_, that euerie one vsed. And therfore here I will + deuide _genus dicendi_, not into these three, _Tenuè, mediocrè, & + grande_, but as the matter of euerie Author requireth, as + + {_Poeticum._ + {_Historicum._ + _in Genus_{_Philosophicum._ + {_Oratorium._ + + These differre one from an other, in choice of wordes, in + framyng of Sentences, in handling of Argumentes, and vse of + right forme, figure, and number, proper and fitte for euerie + matter, and euerie one of these is diuerse also in it selfe, as the + first. + + + 284 _The second booke teachyng_ + + {_Comicum._ + {_Tragicum._ + _Poeticum, in_ {_Epicum._ + {_Melicum._ + + And here, who soeuer hath bene diligent to read aduisedlie + ouer, _Terence, Seneca, Virgil, Horace_, or els _Aristophanes, Sophocles, + Homer_, and _Pindar_, and shall diligently marke the difference + they vse, in proprietie of wordes, in forme of sentence, in + handlyng of their matter, he shall easelie perceiue, what is fitte + and _decorum_ in euerie one, to the trew vse of perfite Imitation. + Whan _M. Watson_ in S. Iohns College at Cambrige wrote his + excellent Tragedie of _Absalon, M. Cheke_, he and I, for that part + of trew Imitation, had many pleasant talkes togither, in com- + paring the preceptes of _Aristotle_ and _Horace de Arte Poetica_, + with the examples of _Euripides, Sophocles_, and _Seneca_. Few + men, in writyng of Tragedies in our dayes, haue shot at this + marke. Some in _England_, moe in _France, Germanie_, and _Italie_, + also haue written Tragedies in our tyme: of the which, not + one I am sure is able to abyde the trew touch of _Aristotles_ + preceptes, and _Euripides_ examples, saue only two, that euer I + saw, _M. Watsons Absalon_, and _Georgius Buckananus Iephthe_. + One man in Cambrige, well liked of many, but best liked of + him selfe, was many tymes bold and busie, to bryng matters + vpon stages, which he called Tragedies. In one, wherby he + looked to wynne his spurres, and whereat many ignorant felowes + fast clapped their handes, he began the _Protasis_ with _Trochæijs + Octonarijs_: which kinde of verse, as it is but seldome and rare + in Tragedies, so is it neuer vsed, saue onelie in _Epitasi_: whan + the Tragedie is hiest and hotest, and full of greatest troubles. + I remember ful well what _M. Watson_ merelie sayd vnto me of + his blindnesse and boldnes in that behalfe although otherwise, + there passed much frendship betwene them. _M. Watson_ had an + other maner care of perfection, with a feare and reuerence of + the iudgement of the best learned: Who to this day would + neuer suffer, yet his _Absalon_ to go abroad, and that onelie, + bicause, in _locis paribus, Anapestus_ is twise or thrise vsed in stede + of _Iambus_. A smal faulte, and such one, as perchance would + neuer be marked, no neither in _Italie_ nor _France_. This I write, + not so much, to note the first, or praise the last, as to leaue in + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 285 + + memorie of writing, for good example to posteritie, what + perfection, in any tyme, was, most diligentlie sought for in like + maner, in all kinde of learnyng, in that most worthie College + of S. Iohns in Cambrige. + + {_Diaria._ + {_Annales._ + _Historicum in_ {_Commentarios._ + {_Iustam Historiam._ + + For what proprietie in wordes, simplicitie in sentences, + plainnesse and light, is cumelie for these kindes, _Cæsar_ and + _Liuie_, for the two last, are perfite examples of Imitation: And + for the two first, the old paternes be lost, and as for some that + be present and of late tyme, they be fitter to be read once for + some pleasure, than oft to be perused, for any good Imitation of + them. + + _Philosophicum in_ {_Sermonem_, as _officia Cic. et Eth. Arist._ + {_Contentionem._ + + As, the Dialoges of _Plato, Xenophon_, and _Cicero_: of which + kinde of learnyng, and right Imitation therof, _Carolus Sigonius_ + hath written of late, both learnedlie and eloquentlie: but best + of all my frende _Ioan. Sturmius_ in hys Commentaries vpon + _Gorgias Platonis_, which booke I haue in writyng, and is not yet + set out in Print. + + {_Humile._ + _Oratorium in_ {_Mediocre._ + {_Sublime._ + + Examples of these three, in the _Greke_ tong, be plentifull & + perfite, as _Lycias, Isocrates_, and _Demosthenes_: and // _Lisias._ + all three, in onelie _Demosthenes_, in diuerse orations // _Isocrates._ + as _contra Olimpiodorum, in leptinem, & pro Ctesi-_ // _Demost._ + _phonte_. And trew it is, that _Hermogines_ writeth + of _Demosthenes_, that all formes of Eloquence be perfite in him. + In _Ciceroes_ Orations, _Medium & sublime_ be most // _Cicero._ + excellentlie handled, but _Humile_ in his Orations, + is seldome sene: yet neuerthelesse in other bookes, as in some + part of his offices, & specially _in Partitionibus_, he is comparable + _in hoc humili & disciplinabili genere_, euen with the best that euer + + + 286 _The second booke teachyng_ + + wrote in _Greke_. But of _Cicero_ more fullie in fitter place. And + thus, the trew difference of stiles, in euerie Author, and euerie + kinde of learnyng may easelie be knowne by this diuision. + + {_Poeticum._ + {_Historicum._ + _in Genus_ {_Philosophicum._ + {_Oratorium._ + + Which I thought in this place to touch onelie, not to + prosecute at large, bicause, God willyng, in the _Latin_ tong, + I will fullie handle it, in my booke _de Imitatione_. + Now, to touch more particularlie, which of those Authors, + that be now most commonlie in mens handes, will sone affourd + you some peece of Eloquence, and what maner a peece of + eloquence, and what is to be liked and folowed, and what to + be misliked and eschewed in them: and how some agayne will + furnish you fully withall, rightly, and wisely considered, som- + what I will write as I haue heard Syr _Ihon Cheke_ many tymes + say. + The Latin tong, concerning any part of purenesse of it, + from the spring, to the decay of the same, did not endure moch + longer, than is the life of a well aged man, scarse one hundred + yeares from the tyme of the last _Scipio Africanus_ and _Lælius_, to + the Empire of _Augustus_. And it is notable, that _Velleius Pater- + culus_ writeth of _Tullie_, how that the perfection of eloquence did + so remayne onelie in him and in his time, as before him, were + few, which might moch delight a man, or after him any, worthy + admiration, but soch as _Tullie_ might haue seene, and such as + might haue seene _Tullie_. And good cause why: for no perfec- + tion is durable. Encrease hath a time, & decay likewise, but + all perfit ripenesse remaineth but a moment: as is plainly seen + in fruits, plummes and cherries: but more sensibly in flowers, + as Roses & such like, and yet as trewlie in all greater matters. + For what naturallie, can go no hier, must naturallie yeld & + stoup againe. + Of this short tyme of any purenesse of the Latin tong, for + the first fortie yeare of it, and all the tyme before, we haue no + peece of learning left, saue _Plautus_ and _Terence_, with a litle + rude vnperfit pamflet of the elder _Cato_. And as for _Plautus_, + except the scholemaster be able to make wise and ware choice, + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 287 + + first in proprietie of wordes, than in framing of Phrases and + sentences, and chieflie in choice of honestie of matter, your + scholer were better to play, then learne all that is in him. But + surelie, if iudgement for the tong, and direction for the maners, + be wisely ioyned with the diligent reading of _Plautus_, than + trewlie _Plautus_, for that purenesse of the Latin tong in Rome, + whan Rome did most florish in wel doing, and so thereby, in + well speaking also, is soch a plentifull storehouse, for common + eloquence, in meane matters, and all priuate mens affaires, as + the Latin tong, for that respect, hath not the like agayne. + Whan I remember the worthy tyme of Rome, wherein _Plautus_ + did liue, I must nedes honor the talke of that tyme, which we + see _Plautus_ doth vse. + _Terence_ is also a storehouse of the same tong, for an other + tyme, following soone after, & although he be not so full & + plentiful as _Plautus_ is, for multitude of matters, & diuersitie of + wordes, yet his wordes, be chosen so purelie, placed so orderly, + and all his stuffe so neetlie packed vp, and wittely compassed in + euerie place, as, by all wise mens iudgement, he is counted the + cunninger workeman, and to haue his shop, for the rowme that + is in it, more finely appointed, and trimlier ordered, than + _Plautus_ is. + Three thinges chiefly, both in _Plautus_ and _Terence_, are to + be specially considered. The matter, the vtterance, the words, + the meter. The matter in both, is altogether within the + compasse of the meanest mens maners, and doth not stretch + to any thing of any great weight at all, but standeth chiefly in + vtteryng the thoughtes and conditions of hard fathers, foolish + mothers, vnthrifty yong men, craftie seruantes, sotle bawdes, + and wilie harlots, and so, is moch spent, in finding out fine + fetches, and packing vp pelting matters, soch as in London + commonlie cum to the hearing of the Masters of Bridewell. + Here is base stuffe for that scholer, that should becum hereafter, + either a good minister in Religion, or a Ciuill Ientleman in + seruice of his Prince and contrie: except the preacher do know + soch matters to confute them, whan ignorance surelie in all soch + thinges were better for a Ciuill Ientleman, than knowledge. + And thus, for matter, both _Plautus_ and _Terence_, be like meane + painters, that worke by halfes, and be cunning onelie, in making + the worst part of the picture, as if one were skilfull in painting + + + 288 _The second booke teachyng_ + + the bodie of a naked person, from the nauell downward, but + nothing else. + For word and speach, _Plautus_ is more plentifull, and _Terence_ + more pure and proper: And for one respect, _Terence_ is to be + embraced aboue all that euer wrote in hys kinde of argument: + Bicause it is well known, by good recorde of learning, and that + by _Ciceroes_ owne witnes that some Comedies bearyng _Terence_ + name, were written by worthy _Scipio_, and wise _Lælius_, and + namely _Heauton_: and _Adelphi_. And therefore as oft as I reade + those Comedies, so oft doth sound in myne eare, the pure fine + talke of Rome, which was vsed by the floure of the worthiest + nobilitie that euer Rome bred. Let the wisest man, and best + learned that liueth, read aduisedlie ouer, the first scene of + _Heauton_, and the first scene of _Adelphi_, and let him consideratlie + iudge, whether it is the talke of a seruile stranger borne, or + rather euen that milde eloquent wise speach, which _Cicero_ in + _Brutus_ doth so liuely expresse in _Lælius_. And yet neuerthelesse, + in all this good proprietie of wordes, and purenesse of phrases + which be in _Terence_, ye must not follow him alwayes in placing + of them, bicause for the meter sake, some wordes in him, + somtyme, be driuen awrie, which require a straighter placing in + plaine prose, if ye will forme, as I would ye should do, your + speach and writing, to that excellent perfitnesse, which was + onely in _Tullie_, or onelie in _Tullies_ tyme. + The meter and verse of _Plautus_ and _Terence_ be verie meane, + _Meter in_ // and not to be followed: which is not their reproch, + _Plautus &_ // but the fault of the tyme, wherein they wrote, whan + _Terence._ // no kinde of Poetrie, in the Latin tong, was brought + to perfection, as doth well appeare in the fragmentes + of _Ennius, Cæcilius_, and others, and euidentlie in _Plautus_ & + _Terence_, if thies in Latin be compared with right skil, with _Homer_, + _Euripides, Aristophanes_, and other in Greeke of like sort. _Cicero_ + him selfe doth complaine of this vnperfitnes, but more plainly + _Quintilian_, saying, _in Comœdia maximè claudicamus, et vix leuem + consequimur vmbram_: and most earnestly of all _Horace in Arte + Poetica_, which he doth namely _propter carmen Iambicum_, and + referreth all good studentes herein to the Imitation of the Greeke + tong, saying. + _Exemplaria Græca + nocturna versate manu, versate diurna._ + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 289 + + This matter maketh me gladly remember, my sweete tyme + spent at Cambrige, and the pleasant talke which I had oft with + _M. Cheke_, and _M. Watson_, of this fault, not onely in the olde + Latin Poets, but also in our new English Rymers at this day. + They wished as _Virgil_ and _Horace_ were not wedded to follow + the faultes of former fathers (a shrewd mariage in greater + matters) but by right _Imitation_ of the perfit Grecians, had + brought Poetrie to perfitnesse also in the Latin tong, that we + Englishmen likewise would acknowledge and vnderstand right- + fully our rude beggerly ryming, brought first into Italie by + _Gothes_ and _Hunnes_, whan all good verses and all good learning + to, were destroyd by them: and after caryed into France and + Germanie: and at last, receyued into England by men of + excellent wit in deede, but of small learning, and lesse iudge- + ment in that behalfe. + But now, when men know the difference, and haue the + examples, both of the best, and of the worst, surelie, to follow + rather the _Gothes_ in Ryming, than the Greekes in trew versifiyng, + were euen to eate ackornes with swyne, when we may freely + eate wheate bread emonges men. In deede, _Chauser, Th. + Norton_, of Bristow, my L. of Surrey, _M. Wiat, Th. Phaer_, + and other Ientlemen, in translating _Ouide, Palingenius_, and + _Seneca_, haue gonne as farre to their great praise, as the copie + they followed could cary them, but, if soch good wittes, and + forward diligence, had bene directed to follow the best examples, + and not haue bene caryed by tyme and custome, to content + themselues with that barbarous and rude Ryming, emonges + their other worthy praises, which they haue iustly deserued, + this had not bene the least, to be counted emonges men of + learning and skill, more like vnto the Grecians, than vnto the + Gothians, in handling of their verse. + In deed, our English tong, hauing in vse chiefly, wordes of + one syllable which commonly be long, doth not well receiue the + nature of _Carmen Heroicum_, bicause _dactylus_, the aptest foote + for that verse, conteining one long & two short, is seldom there- + fore found in English: and doth also rather stumble than stand + vpon _Monosyllabis. Quintilian_ in hys learned Chapiter // hand.gif + _de Compositione_, geueth this lesson _de Monosyllabis_, + before me: and in the same place doth iustlie inuey against all + Ryming, that if there be any, who be angrie with me, for + + + 290 _The second booke teachyng_ + + misliking of Ryming, may be angry for company to, with + _Quintilian_ also, for the same thing: And yet _Quintilian_ had + not so iust cause to mislike of it than, as men haue at this day. + And although _Carmen Exametrum_ doth rather trotte and + hoble, than runne smothly in our English tong, yet I am sure, + our English tong will receiue _carmen Iambicum_ as naturallie, as + either _Greke_ or _Latin_. But for ignorance, men can not like, & + for idlenes, men will not labor, to cum to any perfitenes at all. + For, as the worthie Poetes in _Athens_ and _Rome_, were more + carefull to satisfie the iudgement of one learned, than rashe in + pleasing the humor of a rude multitude, euen so if men in + England now, had the like reuerend regard to learning skill and + iudgement, and durst not presume to write, except they came + with the like learnyng, and also did vse like diligence, in + searchyng out, not onelie iust measure in euerie meter, as euerie + ignorant person may easely do, but also trew quantitie in euery + foote and sillable, as onelie the learned shalbe able to do, and as + the _Grekes_ and _Romanes_ were wont to do, surelie than rash + ignorant heads, which now can easely recken vp fourten sillables, + and easelie stumble on euery Ryme, either durst not, for lacke + of such learnyng: or els would not, in auoyding such labor, be + hand.gif // so busie, as euerie where they be: and shoppes in + London should not be so full of lewd and rude + rymes, as commonlie they are. But now, the ripest of tong, + be readiest to write: And many dayly in setting out bookes and + balettes make great shew of blossomes and buddes, in whom is + neither, roote of learning, nor frute of wisedome at all. Some that + make _Chaucer_ in English and _Petrarch_ in _Italian_, their Gods in + verses, and yet be not able to make trew difference, what is + a fault, and what is a iust prayse, in those two worthie wittes, + will moch mislike this my writyng. But such men be euen + like followers of _Chaucer_ and _Petrarke_, as one here in England + did folow Syr _Tho. More_: who, being most vnlike vnto him, in + wit and learnyng, neuertheles in wearing his gowne awrye vpon + the one shoulder, as Syr _Tho. More_ was wont to do, would + nedes be counted lyke vnto him. + This mislikyng of Ryming, beginneth not now of any + newfangle singularitie, but hath bene long misliked of many, + and that of men, of greatest learnyng, and deepest iudgement. + And soch, that defend it, do so, either for lacke of knowledge + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 291 + + what is best, or els of verie enuie, that any should performe that + in learnyng, whereunto they, as I sayd before, either for + ignorance, can not, or for idlenes will not, labor to attaine vnto. + And you that prayse this Ryming, bicause ye neither haue + reason, why to like it, nor can shew learning to defend it, yet I + will helpe you, with the authoritie of the oldest and learnedst + tyme. In _Grece_, whan Poetrie was euen at the hiest pitch of per- + fitnes, one _Simmias Rhodius_ of a certaine singularitie wrote a + booke in ryming _Greke_ verses, naming it oon, conteyning the + fable, how _Iupiter_ in likenes of a swan, gat that egge vpon _Leda_, + whereof came _Castor, Pollux_ and faire _Elena_. This booke was + so liked, that it had few to read it, but none to folow it: + But was presentlie contemned: and sone after, both Author and + booke, so forgotten by men, and consumed by tyme, as scarse + the name of either is kept in memorie of learnyng: And the like + folie was neuer folowed of any, many hondred yeares after + vntill y^e _Hunnes_ and _Gothians_, and other barbarous nations, of + ignorance and rude singularitie, did reuiue the same folie agayne. + The noble Lord _Th._ Earle of Surrey, first of all English + men, in translating the fourth booke of _Virgill_: // The Earle of + and _Gonsaluo Periz_ that excellent learned man, // Surrey. + and Secretarie to kyng _Philip_ of _Spaine_, in // _Gonsaluo_ + translating the _Vlisses of Homer_ out of _Greke_ into // _Periz._ + _Spanish_, haue both, by good iudgement, auoyded the fault of + Ryming, yet neither of them hath fullie hite perfite and trew + versifiyng. In deede, they obserue iust number, and euen feete: + but here is the fault, that their feete: be feete without ioyntes, + that is to say, not distinct by trew quantitie of sillables: And so, + soch feete, be but numme feete: and be, euen as vnfitte for + a verse to turne and runne roundly withall, as feete of brasse or + wood be vnweeldie to go well withall. And as a foote of wood, + is a plaine shew of a manifest maime, euen so feete, in our + English versifiing, without quantitie and ioyntes, be sure signes, + that the verse is either, borne deformed, vnnaturall and lame, + and so verie vnseemlie to looke vpon, except to men that be + gogle eyed them selues. + The spying of this fault now is not the curiositie of English + eyes, but euen the good iudgement also of the best // _Senese_ + that write in these dayes in _Italie_: and namelie of // _Felice_ + that worthie _Senese Felice Figliucci_, who, writyng // _Figliucci._ + + + 292 _The second booke teachyng_ + + vpon _Aristotles Ethickes_ so excellentlie in _Italian_, as neuer did yet + any one in myne opinion either in _Greke_ or _Latin_, amongest + other thynges doth most earnestlie inuey agaynst the rude + ryming of verses in that tong: And whan soeuer he expresseth + _Aristotles_ preceptes, with any example, out of _Homer_ or + _Euripides_, he translateth them, not after the Rymes of _Petrarke_, + but into soch kinde of perfite verse, with like feete and quantitie + of sillables, as he found them before in the _Greke_ tonge: ex- + hortyng earnestlie all the _Italian_ nation, to leaue of their rude + barbariousnesse in ryming, and folow diligently the excellent + _Greke_ and _Latin_ examples, in trew versifiyng. + And you, that be able to vnderstand no more, then ye finde + in the _Italian_ tong: and neuer went farder than the schole of + _Petrarke_ and _Ariostus_ abroad, or els of _Chaucer_ at home though + you haue pleasure to wander blindlie still in your foule wrong + way, enuie not others, that seeke, as wise men haue done before + them, the fairest and rightest way: or els, beside the iust + reproch of malice, wisemen shall trewlie iudge, that you do so, + as I haue sayd and say yet agayne vnto you, bicause, either, for + idlenes ye will not, or for ignorance ye can not, cum by no + better your selfe. + And therfore euen as _Virgill_ and _Horace_ deserue most + worthie prayse, that they spying the vnperfitnes in _Ennius_ and + _Plautus_, by trew Imitation of _Homer_ and _Euripides_, brought + Poetrie to the same perfitnes in _Latin_, as it was in _Greke_, euen + so those, that by the same way would benefite their tong + and contrey, deserue rather thankes than disprayse in that + behalfe. + And I rejoyce, that euen poore England preuented _Italie_, + first in spying out, than in seekyng to amend this fault in + learnyng. + And here, for my pleasure I purpose a litle, by the way, to + play and sporte with my Master _Tully_: from whom commonlie + I am neuer wont to dissent. He him selfe, for this point of + learnyng, in his verses doth halt a litle by his leaue. He could + not denie it, if he were aliue, nor those defend hym now that + Tullies // loue him best. This fault I lay to his charge: + saying a- // bicause once it pleased him, though somwhat + gainst Eng- // merelie, yet oueruncurteslie, to rayle vpon poore + land. // England, obiecting both, extreme beggerie, and + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 293 + + mere barbariousnes vnto it, writyng thus vnto his frend _Atticus_: + There is not one scruple of siluer in that whole // Ad Att. + Isle, or any one that knoweth either learnyng or // Lib. iv. Ep. + letter. // 16. + But now master _Cicero_, blessed be God, and his sonne Iesu + Christ, whom you neuer knew, except it were as it pleased him + to lighten you by some shadow, as couertlie in one place ye + confesse saying: _Veritatis tantum vmbram consectamur_, // Offic. + as your Master _Plato_ did before you: blessed be + God, I say, that sixten hundred yeare after you were dead and + gone, it may trewly be sayd, that for siluer, there is more + cumlie plate, in one Citie of England, than is in foure of the + proudest Cities in all _Italie_, and take _Rome_ for one of them. + And for learnyng, beside the knowledge of all learned tongs and + liberall sciences, euen your owne bookes _Cicero_, be as well read, + and your excellent eloquence is as well liked and loued, and as + trewlie folowed in England at this day, as it is now, or euer + was, sence your owne tyme, in any place of _Italie_, either at + _Arpinum_, where ye were borne, or els at _Rome_ where ye were + brought vp. And a litle to brag with you _Cicero_, where you + your selfe, by your leaue, halted in some point of learnyng in + your owne tong, many in England at this day go streight vp, + both in trewe skill, and right doing therein. + This I write, not to reprehend _Tullie_, whom, aboue all + other, I like and loue best, but to excuse _Terence_, because in his + tyme, and a good while after, Poetrie was neuer perfited in + _Latin_ vntill by trew _Imitation_ of the Grecians, it was at length + brought to perfection: And also thereby to exhorte the goodlie + wittes of England, which apte by nature, & willing by desire, + geue them selues to Poetrie, that they, rightly vnderstanding the + barbarous bringing in of Rymes, would labor, as _Virgil_ and + _Horace_ did in Latin, to make perfit also this point of learning, + in our English tong. + And thus much for _Plautus_ and _Terence_, for matter, tong, and + meter, what is to be followed, and what to be exchewed in them. + After _Plautus_ and _Terence_, no writing remayneth vntill + _Tullies_ tyme, except a fewe short fragmentes of _L. Crassus_ + excellent wit, here and there recited of _Cicero_ for example sake, + whereby the louers of learnyng may the more lament the losse + of soch a worthie witte. + + + 294 _The second booke teachyng_ + + And although the Latin tong did faire blome and blossome + in _L. Crassus_, and _M. Antonius_, yet in _Tullies_ tyme onely, and + in Tullie himselfe chieflie, was the Latin tong fullie ripe, and + growne to the hiest pitch of all perfection. + And yet in the same tyme, it began to fade and stoupe, as + _Tullie_ him selfe, in _Brutus de Claris Oratoribus_, with weeping + wordes doth witnesse. + And bicause, emongs them of that tyme, there was some + difference, good reason is, that of them of that tyme, should be + made right choice also. And yet let the best _Ciceronian_ in + Italie read _Tullies_ familiar epistles aduisedly ouer, and I beleue + he shall finde small difference, for the Latin tong, either in + propriety of wordes or framing of the stile, betwixt _Tullie_, and + those that write vnto him. As _ser. Sulpitius, A. Cecinna, + M. Cælius, M. et D. Bruti, A. Pollio, L. Plancus_, and diuerse + Epi. Planci // other: read the epistles of _L. Plancus_ in _x. Lib._ + x. lib. Epist. // and for an assay, that Epistle namely to the _Coss._ + 8. // and whole _Senate_, the eight Epistle in number, + and what could be, eyther more eloquentlie, or more wiselie + written, yea by _Tullie_ himselfe, a man may iustly doubt. Thies + men and _Tullie_, liued all in one tyme, were like in authoritie, + not vnlike in learning and studie, which might be iust causes of + this their equalitie in writing: And yet surely, they neyther + were in deed, nor yet were counted in mens opinions, equall + with _Tullie_ in that facultie. And how is the difference hid in + his Epistles? verelie, as the cunning of an expert Sea man, in + a faire calme fresh Ryuer, doth litle differ from the doing of + a meaner workman therein, euen so, in the short cut of a + priuate letter, where, matter is common, wordes easie, and + order not moch diuerse, small shew of difference can appeare. + But where _Tullie_ doth set vp his saile of eloquence, in some + broad deep Argument, caried with full tyde and winde, of his + witte and learnyng, all other may rather stand and looke after + him, than hope to ouertake him, what course so euer he hold, + either in faire or foule. Foure men onely whan the Latin tong + was full ripe, be left vnto vs, who in that tyme did florish, and + did leaue to posteritie, the fruite of their witte and learning: + _Varro, Salust, Cæsar_, and _Cicero_. Whan I say, these foure + onely, I am not ignorant, that euen in the same tyme, most + excellent Poetes, deseruing well of the Latin tong, as _Lucretius_, + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 295 + + _Cattullus, Virgill_ and _Horace_, did write: But, bicause, in this + litle booke, I purpose to teach a yong scholer, to go, not to + daunce: to speake, not to sing, whan Poetes in deed, namelie + _Epici_ and _Lyrici_, as these be, are fine dauncers, and trime + singers, but _Oratores_ and _Historici_ be those cumlie goers, and + faire and wise speakers, of whom I wishe my scholer to wayte + vpon first, and after in good order, & dew tyme, to be brought + forth, to the singing and dauncing schole: And for this consi- + deration, do I name these foure, to be the onelie writers of that + tyme. + + + ¶ _Varro._ + + _Varro_, in his bookes _de lingua Latina, et Analogia_ as these be + left mangled and patched vnto vs, doth not enter // _Varro._ + there in to any great depth of eloquence, but as + one caried in a small low vessell him selfe verie nie the common + shore, not much vnlike the fisher men of Rye, and Hering men + of Yarmouth. Who deserue by common mens opinion, small + commendacion, for any cunning saling at all, yet neuertheles + in those bookes of _Varro_ good and necessarie stuffe, for that + meane kinde of Argument, be verie well and learnedlie gathered + togither. + His bookes of Husbandrie, are moch to be regarded, and + diligentlie to be read, not onelie for the proprietie, // De Rep. + but also for the plentie of good wordes, in all // Rustica. + contrey and husbandmens affaires: which can not + be had, by so good authoritie, out of any other Author, either + of so good a tyme, or of so great learnyng, as out of _Varro_. + And yet bicause, he was fourescore yeare old, whan he wrote + those bookes, the forme of his style there compared with _Tullies_ + writyng, is but euen the talke of a spent old man: whose + wordes commonlie fall out of his mouth, though verie wiselie, + yet hardly and coldie, and more heauelie also, than some eares + can well beare, except onelie for age, and authorities sake. And + perchance, in a rude contrey argument, of purpose and iudge- + ment, he rather vsed, the speach of the contrey, than talke of + the Citie. + And so, for matter sake, his wordes sometyme, be somewhat + rude: and by the imitation of the elder _Cato_, old and out of vse: + + + 296 _The second booke teachyng_ + + And beyng depe stept in age, by negligence some wordes do so + scape & fall from him in those bookes, as be not worth the + Lib. 3. // taking vp, by him, that is carefull to speake or + Cap. 1. // write trew Latin, as that sentence in him, _Romani, + in pace à rusticis alebantur, et in bello ab his tuebantur_. + A good student must be therfore carefull and diligent, to read + with iudgement ouer euen those Authors, which did write in the + most perfite tyme: and let him not be affrayd to trie them, + both in proprietie of wordes, and forme of style, by the touch + stone of _Cæsar_ and _Cicero_, whose puritie was neuer soiled, no + not by the sentence of those, that loued them worst. + All louers of learnyng may sore lament the losse of those + The loue // bookes of _Varro_, which he wrote in his yong and + of Var- // lustie yeares, with good leysure, and great learnyng + roes // of all partes of Philosophie: of the goodliest argu- + bookes. // mentes, perteyning both to the common wealth, + and priuate life of man, as, _de Ratione studij, et educandis liberis_, + which booke, is oft recited, and moch praysed, in the fragmentes + of _Nonius_, euen for authoritie sake. He wrote most diligentlie + and largelie, also the whole historie of the state of _Rome_: the + mysteries of their whole Religion: their lawes, customes, and + gouernement in peace: their maners, and whole discipline in + warre: And this is not my gessing, as one in deed that neuer + saw those bookes, but euen, the verie iudgement, & playne + testimonie of _Tullie_ him selfe, who knew & read those bookes, + in these wordes: _Tu ætatem Patriæ: Tu descriptiones temporum:_ + In Acad. // _Tu sacrorum, tu sacerdotum Iura: Tu domesticam, + Quest. // _tu bellicam disciplinam: Tu sedem Regionum, locorum,_ + _tu omnium diuinarum humanarumque rerum nomina, + genera, officia, causas aperuisti. &c._ + But this great losse of _Varro_, is a litle recompensed by the + happy comming of _Dionysius Halicarnassæus_ to _Rome_ in + _Augustus_ dayes: who getting the possession of _Varros_ librarie, + out of that treasure house of learning, did leaue vnto vs some + frute of _Varros_ witte and diligence, I meane, his goodlie bookes + _de Antiquitatibus Romanorum. Varro_ was so estemed for his + excellent learnyng, as _Tullie_ him selfe had a reuerence to his + Cic. ad // iudgement in all doutes of learnyng. And + Att. // _Antonius Triumuir_, his enemie, and of a contrarie + faction, who had power to kill and bannish whom + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 297 + + he listed, whan _Varros_ name amongest others was brought in a + schedule vnto him, to be noted to death, he tooke his penne and + wrote his warrant of sauegard with these most goodlie wordes, + _Viuat Varro vir doctissimus_. In later tyme, no man knew better, + nor liked and loued more _Varros_ learnyng, than did _S. Augustine_, + as they do well vnderstand, that haue diligentlie read ouer his + learned bookes _de Ciuitate Dei_: Where he hath this most + notable sentence: Whan I see, how much _Varro_ wrote, I + meruell much, that euer he had any leasure to read: and whan + I perceiue how many thinges he read, I meruell more, that euer + he had any leasure to write. &c. + And surelie, if _Varros_ bookes had remained to posteritie, as + by Gods prouidence, the most part of _Tullies_ did, than trewlie + the _Latin_ tong might haue made good comparison with the + _Greke_. + + + _Saluste._ + + _Salust_, is a wise and worthy writer: but he requireth + a learned Reader, and a right considerer of him. // _Salust._ + My dearest frend, and best master that euer I had // Syr Iohn + or heard in learning, Syr _I. Cheke_, soch a man, as // Chekes + if I should liue to see England breed the like // iudgement + againe, I feare, I should liue ouer long, did once // and coun- + giue me a lesson for _Salust_, which, as I shall neuer // sell for rea- + forget my selfe, so is it worthy to be remembred // dyng of + of all those, that would cum to perfite iudgement // _Saluste._ + of the Latin tong. He said, that _Salust_ was not verie fitte for + yong men, to learne out of him, the puritie of the Latin tong: + because, he was not the purest in proprietie of wordes, nor + choisest in aptnes of phrases, nor the best in framing of + sentences: and therefore is his writing, sayd he neyther plaine + for the matter, nor sensible for mens vnderstanding. And what + is the cause thereof, Syr, quoth I. Verilie said he, bicause in + _Salust_ writing, is more Arte than nature, and more labor than + Arte: and in his labor also, to moch toyle, as it were, with an + vncontented care to write better than he could, a fault common + to very many men. And therefore he doth not expresse the + matter liuely and naturally with common speach as ye see + _Xenophon_ doth in Greeke, but it is caried and driuen forth + + + 298 _The second booke teachyng_ + + artificiallie, after to learned a sorte, as _Thucydides_ doth in his + orations. And how cummeth it to passe, sayd I, that _Cæsar_ + and _Ciceroes_ talke, is so naturall & plaine, and _Salust_ writing so + artificiall and darke, whan all they three liued in one tyme? + I will freelie tell you my fansie herein, said he: surely, _Cæsar_ + and _Cicero_, beside a singular prerogatiue of naturall eloquence + geuen vnto them by God, both two, by vse of life, were daylie + orators emonges the common people, and greatest councellers in + the Senate house: and therefore gaue themselues to vse soch + speach as the meanest should well vnderstand, and the wisest + best allow: folowing carefullie that good councell of _Aristotle_, + _loquendum vt multi, sapiendum vt pauci_. _Salust_ was no soch man, + neyther for will to goodnes, nor skill by learning: but ill geuen + by nature, and made worse by bringing vp, spent the most part + of his yougth very misorderly in ryot and lechery. In the + company of soch, who, neuer geuing theyr mynde to honest + doyng, could neuer inure their tong to wise speaking. But at + last cummyng to better yeares, and bying witte at the dearest + hand, that is, by long experience of the hurt and shame that + commeth of mischeif, moued, by the councell of them that + were wise, and caried by the example of soch as were good, + first fell to honestie of life, and after to the loue of studie and + learning: and so became so new a man, that _Cæsar_ being + dictator, made him Pretor in _Numidia_ where he absent from his + contrie, and not inured with the common talke of Rome, but + shut vp in his studie, and bent wholy to reading, did write the + storie of the Romanes. And for the better accomplishing of + the same, he red _Cato_ and _Piso_ in Latin for gathering of matter + and troth: and _Thucydides_ in Greeke for the order of his storie, + and furnishing of his style. _Cato_ (as his tyme required) had + more troth for the matter, than eloquence for the style. And + so _Salust_, by gathering troth out of _Cato_, smelleth moch of the + roughnes of his style: euen as a man that eateth garlike for + helth, shall cary away with him the sauor of it also, whether he + will or not. And yet the vse of old wordes is not the greatest + cause of _Salustes_ roughnes and darknesse: There be in _Salust_ + Lib. 8. // some old wordes in deed as _patrare bellum, ductare_ + Cap. 3. // _exercitum_, well noted by _Quintilian_, and verie + De Orna- // much misliked of him: and _supplicium_ for _suppli-_ + tu. // _catio_, a word smellyng of an older store than the + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 299 + + other two so misliked by _Quint_: And yet is that word also in + _Varro_, speaking of Oxen thus, _boues ad victimas faciunt, atque ad + Deorum supplicia_: and a few old wordes mo. Read _Saluste_ and + _Tullie_ aduisedly together: and in wordes ye shall finde small + difference: yea _Salust_ is more geuen to new wordes, than to + olde, though som olde writers say the contrarie: as _Claritudo_ + for _Gloria_: _exactè_ for _perfectè_: _Facundia_ for +_eloquentia_. Thies + two last wordes _exactè_ and _facundia_ now in euery mans mouth, + be neuer (as I do remember) vsed of _Tullie_, and therefore + I thinke they be not good: For surely _Tullie_ speaking euery + where so moch of the matter of eloquence, would not so + precisely haue absteyned from the word _Facundia_, if it had + bene good: that is proper for the tong, & common for mens + vse. I could be long, in reciting many soch like, both olde & + new wordes in _Salust_: but in very dede neyther oldnes nor + newnesse of wordes maketh the greatest difference // The cause why + betwixt _Salust_ and _Tullie_, but first strange phrases // Salust is not + made of good Latin wordes, but framed after the // like Tully. + Greeke tonge, which be neyther choisly borowed of them, nor + properly vsed by him: than, a hard composition and crooked + framing of his wordes and sentences, as a man would say, + English talke placed and framed outlandish like. As for + example first in phrases, _nimius et animus_ be two vsed wordes, + yet _homo nimius animi_, is an vnused phrase. _Vulgus, et amat, et + fieri_, be as common and well known wordes, as may be in the + Latin tong, yet _id quod vulgò amat fieri_, for _solet fieri_, is but + a strange and grekish kind of writing. _Ingens et vires_ be + proper wordes, yet _vir ingens virium_ is an vnproper kinde of + speaking and so be likewise, + + {_æger consilij._ + {_promptissimus belli._ + {_territus animi._ + + and many soch like phrases in _Salust_, borowed as I sayd not + choisly out of Greeke, and vsed therefore vnproperlie in Latin. + Againe, in whole sentences, where the matter is good, the + wordes proper and plaine, yet the sense is hard and darke, and + namely in his prefaces and orations, wherein he vsed most + labor, which fault is likewise in _Thucydides_ in Greeke, of whom + _Salust_ hath taken the greatest part of his darkenesse. For + + + 300 _The second booke teachyng_ + + _Thucydides_ likewise wrote his storie, not at home in Grece, but + abrode in Italie, and therefore smelleth of a certaine outlandish + kinde of talke, strange to them of _Athens_, and diuerse from their + writing, that liued in Athens and Grece, and wrote the same + tyme that _Thucydides_ did, as _Lysias, Xenophon, Plato_, and + _Isocrates_, the purest and playnest writers, that euer wrote in any + tong, and best examples for any man to follow whether he + write, Latin, Italian, French, or English. _Thucydides_ also + semeth in his writing, not so much benefited by nature, as + holpen by Arte, and caried forth by desire, studie, labor, toyle, + and ouer great curiositie: who spent xxvii. yeares in writing his + eight bookes of his history. _Salust_ likewise wrote out of his + Dionys. // contrie, and followed the faultes of _Thuc._ to + Halycar. // moch: and boroweth of him som kinde of writing, + ad Q. / which the Latin tong can not well beare, as _Casus_ + Tub. de // _nominatiuus_ in diuerse places _absolutè positus_, as in + Hist. Thuc. // that place of _Iugurth_, speaking _de leptitanis, itaque ab + imperatore facilè quæ petebant adepti, missæ sunt eò cohortes +ligurum + quatuor_. This thing in participles, vsed so oft in _Thucyd._ and other + Greeke authors to, may better be borne with all, but _Salust_ vseth + the same more strangelie and boldlie, as in thies wordes, _Multis + sibi quisque imperium petentibus_. I beleue, the best Grammarien in + England can scarse giue a good reule, why _quisque_ the nominatiue + case, without any verbe, is so thrust vp amongest so many + oblique cases. Some man perchance will smile, and laugh to + scorne this my writyng, and call it idle curiositie, thus to busie + my selfe in pickling about these small pointes of Grammer, not + fitte for my age, place and calling, to trifle in: I trust that man, + be he neuer so great in authoritie, neuer so wise and learned, + either, by other mens iudgement, or his owne opinion, will yet + thinke, that he is not greater in England, than _Tullie_ was at + _Rome_, not yet wiser, nor better learned than _Tullie_ was him + selfe, who, at the pitch of three score yeares, in the middes of + the broyle betwixt _Cæsar_ and _Pompeie_, whan he knew not, + whether to send wife & children, which way to go, where to + hide him selfe, yet, in an earnest letter, amongest his earnest + Ad Att. // councelles for those heuie tymes concerning both + Lib. 7. Epi- // the common state of his contrey, and his owne + stola. 3. // priuate great affaires he was neither vnmyndfull + nor ashamed to reason at large, and learne gladlie of _Atticus_, + + + _the ready way to the Latin tong._ 301 + + a lesse point of Grammer than these be, noted of me in _Salust_, + as, whether he should write, _ad Piræea, in Piræea_, or _in + Piræeum_, or _Piræeum sine præpositione:_ And in those heuie + tymes, he was so carefull to know this small point of Grammer, + that he addeth these wordes _Si hoc mihi zetema persolueris, + magna me molestia liberaris_. If _Tullie_, at that age, in that + authoritie, in that care for his contrey, in that ieoperdie for him + selfe, and extreme necessitie of hys dearest frendes, beyng also + the Prince of Eloquence hym selfe, was not ashamed to descend + to these low pointes of Grammer, in his owne naturall tong, + what should scholers do, yea what should any man do, if he do + thinke well doyng, better than ill doyng: And had rather be, + perfite than meane, sure than doutefull, to be what he should + be, in deed, not seeme what he is not, in opinion. He that + maketh perfitnes in the _Latin_ tong his marke, must cume to it + by choice & certaine knowledge, not stumble vpon it by chance + and doubtfull ignorance: And the right steppes to reach vnto it, + be these, linked thus orderlie together, aptnes of nature, loue of + learnyng, diligence in right order, constancie with pleasant + moderation, and alwayes to learne of them that be best, and so + shall you iudge as they that be wisest. And these be those + reules, which worthie Master _Cheke_ dyd impart vnto me con- + cernyng _Salust_, and the right iudgement of the _Latin_ tong. + + + ¶ _Cæsar._ + + _Cæsar_ for that litle of him, that is left vnto vs, is like the + halfe face of a _Venus_, the other part of the head beyng hidden, + the bodie and the rest of the members vnbegon, yet so + excellentlie done by _Apelles_, as all men may stand still to mase + and muse vpon it, and no man step forth with any hope to + performe the like. + His seuen bookes _de bello Gallico_, and three _de bello Ciuili_, be + written, so wiselie for the matter, so eloquentlie for the tong, + that neither his greatest enemies could euer finde the least note + of parcialitie in him (a meruelous wisdome of a man, namely + writyng of his owne doynges) nor yet the best iudegers of the + _Latin_ tong, nor the most enuious lookers vpon other mens + writynges, can say any other, but all things be most perfitelie + done by him. + + + 302 _The ready way to the Latin tong._ + + _Brutus, Caluus_, and _Calidius_, who found fault with _Tullies_ + fulnes in woordes and matter, and that rightlie, for _Tullie_ did + both, confesse it, and mend it, yet in _Cæsar_, they neither did, + nor could finde the like, or any other fault. + And therfore thus iustlie I may conclude of _Cæsar_, that + where, in all other, the best that euer wrote, in any tyme, or in + any tong, in _Greke_ or _Latin_, I except neither _Plato, Demosthenes_, + nor _Tullie_, some fault is iustlie noted, in _Cæsar_ onelie, could + neuer yet fault be found. + Yet neuertheles, for all this perfite excellencie in + him, yet it is but in one member of eloquence, and + that but of one side neither, whan we must + looke for that example to folow, which hath + a perfite head, a whole bodie, forward + and backward, armes and + legges and all. + + _FINIS._ + + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Schoolmaster, by Roger Ascham + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SCHOOLMASTER *** + +***** This file should be named 1844-0.txt or 1844-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/4/1844/ + +Produced by Judy Boss + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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