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diff --git a/1838.txt b/1838.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5a7382 --- /dev/null +++ b/1838.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11777 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Voyage to Carolina, by John Lawson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Voyage to Carolina + +Author: John Lawson + + +Release date: July, 1999 [Etext #1838] +Last Updated: July 10, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW VOYAGE TO CAROLINA *** + + + + +Produced by Alan R. Light + + + + + + +A NEW VOYAGE TO CAROLINA + +By John Lawson + +[British Surveyor-General of North Carolina. d. 1711.] + + + + + + + A New + VOYAGE + to + CAROLINA; + Containing the + Exact Description and Natural History + of that + COUNTRY: + Together with the Present State thereof. + And + A JOURNAL + Of a Thousand Miles, Travel'd thro' several + Nations of INDIANS. + Giving a particular Account of their Customs, + Manners, &c. + + By John Lawson, Gent. Surveyor-General of North Carolina. + + + +TN: To assure a high quality text, the original was typed in (manually) +twice and electronically compared. [Some obvious errors have been +corrected. (See Notes at end of file.)] + + +[Dedication] + + + To His Excellency +WILLIAM Lord CRAVEN, Palatine; +The most Noble, HENRY Duke of BEAUFORT; +The Right Hon-ble JOHN Lord CARTERET; +The Hon-ble MAURICE ASHLEY, Esq; +Sir JOHN COLLETON, Baronet, +JOHN DANSON, Esq; + + And the rest of the True and Absolute + LORDS-PROPRIETORS + of the + Province of Carolina in America. + + +My Lords, + +As Debts of Gratitude ought most punctually to be paid, so, where the Debtor +is uncapable of Payment, Acknowledgments ought, at least, to be made. +I cannot, in the least, pretend to retaliate Your Lordships Favours to me, +but must farther intrude on that Goodness of which I have already had +so good Experience, by laying these Sheets at Your Lordships Feet, +where they beg Protection, as having nothing to recommend them, but Truth; +a Gift which every Author may be Master of, if he will. + +I here present Your Lordships with a Description of your own Country, +for the most part, in her Natural Dress, and therefore less vitiated +with Fraud and Luxury. A Country, whose Inhabitants may enjoy +a Life of the greatest Ease and Satisfaction, and pass away their Hours +in solid Contentment. + +Those Charms of Liberty and Right, the Darlings of an English Nature, +which Your Lordships grant and maintain, make you appear Noble Patrons +in the Eyes of all Men, and we a happy People in a Foreign Country; +which nothing less than Ingratitude and Baseness can make us disown. + +As Heaven has been liberal in its Gifts, so are Your Lordships +favourable Promoters of whatever may make us an easy People; +which, I hope, Your Lordships will continue to us and our Posterity; +and that we and they may always acknowledge such Favours, +by banishing from among us every Principle which renders Men +factious and unjust, which is the hearty Prayer of, + + My Lords, + Your Lordships most obliged, + most humble, + and most devoted Servant, + JOHN LAWSON. + + + + + +PREFACE. + + + +'Tis a great Misfortune, that most of our Travellers, who go to +this vast Continent in America, are Persons of the meaner Sort, +and generally of a very slender Education; who being hir'd by the Merchants, +to trade amongst the Indians, in which Voyages they often spend +several Years, are yet, at their Return, uncapable of giving +any reasonable Account of what they met withal in those remote Parts; +tho' the Country abounds with Curiosities worthy a nice Observation. +In this Point, I think, the French outstrip us. + +First, By their Numerous Clergy, their Missionaries being obedient +to their Superiors in the highest Degree, and that Obedience +being one great Article of their Vow, and strictly observ'd +amongst all their Orders. + +Secondly, They always send abroad some of their Gentlemen +in Company of the Missionaries, who, upon their Arrival, +are order'd out into the Wilderness, to make Discoveries, +and to acquaint themselves with the Savages of America; and are oblig'd +to keep a strict Journal of all the Passages they meet withal, +in order to present the same not only to their Governors and Fathers, +but likewise to their Friends and Relations in France; +which is industriously spread about that Kingdom, to their Advantage. +For their Monarch being a very good Judge of Mens Deserts, +does not often let Money or Interest make Men of Parts give Place +to others of less Worth. This breeds an Honourable Emulation amongst them, +to outdo one another, even in Fatigues, and Dangers; whereby they gain +a good Correspondence with the Indians, and acquaint themselves +with their Speech and Customs; and so make considerable Discoveries +in a short time. Witness, their Journals from Canada, to the Missisipi, +and its several Branches, where they have effected great Matters, +in a few Years. + +Having spent most of my Time, during my eight Years Abode in Carolina, +in travelling; I not only survey'd the Sea-Coast and those Parts +which are already inhabited by the Christians, but likewise view'd a spatious +Tract of Land, lying betwixt the Inhabitants and the Ledges of Mountains, +from whence our noblest Rivers have their Rise, running towards the Ocean, +where they water as pleasant a Country as any in Europe; +the Discovery of which being never yet made publick, I have, +in the following Sheets, given you a faithful Account thereof, +wherein I have laid down every thing with Impartiality, and Truth, +which is indeed, the Duty of every Author, and preferable to a smooth Stile, +accompany'd with Falsities and Hyperboles. + +Great Part of this pleasant and healthful Country is inhabited +by none but Savages, who covet a Christian Neighbourhood, +for the Advantage of Trade, and enjoy all the Comforts of Life +free from Care and Want. + +But not to amuse my Readers any longer with the Encomium of Carolina, +I refer 'em to my Journal, and other more particular Description +of that Country and its Inhabitants, which they will find +after the Natural History thereof, in which I have been very exact, +and for Method's sake, rang'd each Species under its distinct and proper Head. + + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + + +In the Year 1700, when People flock'd from all Parts of the Christian World, +to see the Solemnity of the Grand Jubilee at Rome, my Intention, +at that Time, being to travel, I accidentally met with a Gentleman, +who had been Abroad, and was very well acquainted with the Ways of Living +in both Indies; of whom, having made Enquiry concerning them, +he assur'd me, that Carolina was the best Country I could go to; +and, that there then lay a Ship in the Thames, in which I might have +my Passage. I laid hold on this Opportunity, and was not long on Board, +before we fell down the River, and sail'd to Cowes; where, having taken in +some Passengers, we proceeded on our Voyage 'till we sprung a-leak, +and were forc'd into the Islands of Scilly. Here we spent about 10 Days +in refitting; in which Time we had a great deal of Diversion +in Fishing and Shooting on those rocky Islands. The Inhabitants +were very courteous and civil, especially the Governor, +to whose good Company and Favour, we were very much oblig'd. +There is a Town on one of these Islands, where is good Entertainment +for those that happen to come in, though the Land is but mean, +and Flesh-meat not Plenty. They have good Store of Rabbits, Quails, and Fish; +and you see at the poor Peoples Doors great Heaps of Perriwinkle-shells, +those Fish being a great Part of their Food. On the 1st Day of May, +having a fair Wind at East, we put to Sea, and were on the Ocean +(without speaking to any Vessel, except a Ketch bound from New England +to Barbadoes, laden with Horses, Fish, and Provisions) +'till the latter End of July, when the Winds hung so much Southerly, +that we could not get to our Port, but put into Sandyhook-bay, and went up +to New York, after a pinching Voyage, caus'd by our long Passage. +We found at the Watering-Place, a French Man of War, +who had on Board Men and Necessaries to make a Colony, +and was intended for the Messiasippi River, there to settle. +The Country of New-York is very pleasant in Summer, but in the Winter +very cold, as all the Northern Plantations are. Their chief Commodities +are Provisions, Bread, Beer, Lumber, and Fish in abundance; +all which are very good, and some Skins and Furrs are hence exported. +The City is govern'd by a Mayor, (as in England) is seated on an Island, +and lies very convenient for Trade and Defence, having a regular Fort, +and well mounted with Guns. The Buildings are generally +of a smaller Sort of Flemish Brick, and of the Dutch Fashion, +(excepting some few Houses:) They are all very firm and good Work, +and conveniently plac'd, as is likewise the Town, which gives +a very pleasant Prospect of the neighbouring Islands and Rivers. +A good Part of the Inhabitants are Dutch, in whose Hands +this Colony once was. After a Fortnight's Stay here, +we put out from Sandyhook, and in 14 Days after, arriv'd at Charles-Town, +the Metropolis of South Carolina, which is soituate +in 32, 45 North Latitude, and admits of large Ships to come over their Bar +up to the Town, where is a very commodious Harbour, about 5 Miles distant +from the Inlet, and stands on a Point very convenient for Trade, +being seated between two pleasant and navigable Rivers. The Town has +very regular and fair Streets, in which are good Buildings of Brick and Wood, +and since my coming thence, has had great Additions of beautiful, +large Brick-buildings, besides a strong Fort, and regular Fortifications made +to defend the Town. The Inhabitants, by their wise Management and Industry, +have much improv'd the Country, which is in as thriving Circumstances +at this Time, as any Colony on the Continent of English America, +and is of more Advantage to the Crown of Great Britain, than any of +the other more Northerly Plantations, (Virginia and Maryland excepted.) +This Colony was at first planted by a genteel Sort of People, +that were well acquainted with Trade, and had either Money or Parts, +to make good Use of the Advantages that offer'd, as most of them have done, +by raising themselves to great Estates, and considerable Places of Trust, +and Posts of Honour, in this thriving Settlement. Since the first Planters, +abundance of French and others have gone over, and rais'd themselves +to considerable Fortunes. They are very neat and exact +in Packing and Shipping of their Commodities; which Method has got them +so great a Character Abroad, that they generally come to a good Market +with their Commodities; when oftentimes the Product of other Plantations, +are forc'd to be sold at lower Prizes. They have a considerable Trade +both to Europe, and the West Indies, whereby they become rich, +and are supply'd with all Things necessary for Trade, and genteel Living, +which several other Places fall short of. Their co-habiting in a Town, +has drawn to them ingenious People of most Sciences, whereby they have +Tutors amongst them that educate their Youth a-la-mode. + +Their Roads, with great Industry, are made very good and pleasant. +Near the Town is built a fair Parsonage-house, with necessary Offices, +and the Minister has a very considerable Allowance from his Parish. +There is likewise a French Church in Town, of the Reform'd Religion, +and several Meeting-houses for dissenting Congregations, who all enjoy +at this Day an entire Liberty of their Worship; the Constitution +of this Government, allowing all Parties of well-meaning Christians +to enjoy a free Toleration, and possess the same Priviledges, +so long as they appear to behave themselves peaceably and well: +It being the Lords Proprietors Intent, that the Inhabitants of Carolina +should be as free from Oppression, as any in the Universe; +which doubtless they will, if their own Differences amongst themselves +do not occasion the contrary. + +They have a well-disciplin'd Militia; their Horse are most Gentlemen, +and well mounted, and the best in America, and may equalize +any in other Parts: Their Officers, both Infantry and Cavalry, +generally appear in scarlet Mountings, and as rich as in most Regiments +belonging to the Crown, which shews the Richness and Grandeur of this Colony. +They are a Fronteer, and prove such troublesome Neighbours to the Spaniards, +that they have once laid their Town of St. Augustine in Ashes, +and drove away their Cattle; besides many Encounters and Engagements, +in which they have defeated them, too tedious to relate here. +What the French got by their Attempt against South Carolina, +will hardly ever be rank'd amongst their Victories; their Admiral Mouville +being glad to leave the Enterprize, and run away, after he had suffer'd +all the Loss and Disgrace he was capable of receiving. They are +absolute Masters over the Indians, and carry so strict a Hand +over such as are within the Circle of their Trade, that none does +the least Injury to any of the English, but he is presently sent for, +and punish'd with Death, or otherwise, according to the Nature of the Fault. +They have an entire Friendship with the neighbouring Indians +of several Nations, which are a very warlike People, ever faithful +to the English, and have prov'd themselves brave and true +on all Occasions; and are a great Help and Strength to this Colony. +The Chief of the savage Nations have heretofore groan'd +under the Spanish Yoke, and having experienc'd their Cruelty, +are become such mortal Enemies to that People, that they never give +a Spaniard Quarter; but generally, when they take any Prisoners, +(if the English be not near to prevent it) sculp them, that is, +to take their Hair and Skin of their Heads, which they often flea away, +whilst the Wretch is alive. Notwithstanding the English have us'd +all their Endeavours, yet they could never bring them to leave +this Barbarity to the Spaniards; who, as they alledge, +use to murder them and their Relations, and make Slaves of them +to build their Forts and Towns. + +This Place is more plentiful in Money, than most, or indeed +any of the Plantations on the Continent; besides, they build +a considerable Number of Vessels of Cedar, and other Wood, +with which they trade to Cuirassau, and the West Indies; +from one they bring Money, and from the other the Produce of their Islands, +which yields a necessary Supply of both to the Colony. Their Stocks of Cattle +are incredible, being from one to two thousand Head in one Man's Possession: +These feed in the Savannas, and other Grounds, and need no Fodder +in the Winter. Their Mutton and Veal is good, and their Pork is not inferior +to any in America. As for Pitch and Tar, none of the Plantations +are comparable for affording the vast Quantities of Naval Stores, +as this Place does. There have been heretofore some Discoveries of rich Mines +in the mountanous Part of this Country; but being remote from +the present Settlement, and the Inhabitants not well vers'd +in ordering Minerals, they have been laid aside 'till a more +fit Opportunity happens. There are several noble Rivers, +and spacious Tracts of rich Land in their Lordships Dominions, +lying to the Southward, which are yet uninhabited, besides Port Royal, +a rare Harbour and Inlet, having many Inhabitants thereon, +which their Lordships have now made a Port for Trade. This will be +a most advantageous Settlement, lying so commodiously for Ships +coming from the Gulph, and the Richness of the Land, which is reported +to be there. These more Southerly Parts will afford Oranges, Limons, +Limes, and many other Fruits, which the Northerly Plantations yield not. + +The Merchants of Carolina, are fair, frank Traders. The Gentlemen +seated in the Country, are very courteous, live very nobly in their Houses, +and give very genteel Entertainment to all Strangers and others, that come +to visit them. And since the Produce of South and North Carolina +is the same, unless Silk, which this Place produces great Quantities of, +and very good, North Carolina having never made any Tryal thereof as yet, +therefore I shall refer the natural Produce of this Country, +to that Part which treats of North Carolina, whose Productions +are much the same. The Christian Inhabitants of both Colonies pretty equal, +but the Slaves of South Carolina are far more in Number than those +in the North. I shall now proceed to relate my Journey thro' the Country, +from this Settlement to the other, and then treat of the natural History +of Carolina, with other remarkable Circumstances which I have met with, +during my eight Years Abode in that Country. + + + + + + A + JOURNAL + of +A thousand Miles Travel among the Indians, from South to North Carolina. + + + +{Saturday.} +On December the 28th, 1700, I began my Voyage (for North Carolina) +from Charles-Town, being six English-men in Company, +with three Indian-men, and one Woman, Wife to our Indian-Guide, +having five Miles from the Town to the Breach we went down in a large Canoe, +that we had provided for our Voyage thither, having the Tide of Ebb +along with us; which was so far spent by that Time we got down, +that we had not Water enough for our Craft to go over, although we drew +but two Foot, or thereabouts. This Breach is a Passage through a Marsh +lying to the Northward of Sullivans Island, the Pilot's having +a Look out thereon, lying very commodious for Mariners, (on that Coast) +making a good Land-Mark in so level a Country, this Bar being +difficult to hit, where an Observation hath been wanting for a Day or two; +North East Winds bringing great Fogs, Mists, and Rains; +which, towards the cool Months of October, November, +and until the latter End of March, often appear in these Parts. +There are three Pilots to attend, and conduct Ships over the Bar. +The Harbour where the Vessels generally ride, is against the Town +on Cooper's River, lying within a Point which parts that and Ashley-River, +they being Land lock'd almost on all Sides. + +At 4 in the Afternoon, (at half Flood) we pass'd with our Canoe +over the Breach, leaving Sullivans Island on our Starboard. +The first Place we design'd for, was Santee River, on which +there is a Colony of French Protestants, allow'd and encourag'd +by the Lords Proprietors. At Night we got to Bell's-Island, +a poor Spot of Land, being about ten Miles round, where liv'd (at that Time) +a Bermudian, being employ'd here with a Boy, to look after +a Stock of Cattle and Hogs, by the Owner of this Island. +One Side of the Roof of his House was thatch'd with Palmeto-leaves, +the other open to the Heavens, thousands of Musketoes, and other +troublesome Insects, tormenting both Man and Beast inhabiting these Islands. +{Palmeto-trees.} The Palmeto-trees, whose Leaves growing only +on the Top of the Tree, in the Shape of a Fan, and in a Cluster, +like a Cabbage; this Tree in Carolina, when at its utmost Growth, +is about forty or fifty Foot in Height, and two Foot through: +It's worth mentioning, that the Growth of the Tree is not perceivable +in the Age of any Man, the Experiment having been often try'd in Bermudas, +and elsewhere, which shews the slow Growth of this Vegitable, +the Wood of it being porous and stringy, like some Canes; +the Leaves thereof the Bermudians make Womens Hats, Bokeets, +Baskets, and pretty Dressing-boxes, a great deal being transported +to Pensilvania, and other Northern Parts of America, +(where they do not grow) for the same Manufacture. The People of Carolina +make of the Fans of this Tree, Brooms very serviceable, +to sweep their Houses withal. + +We took up our Lodging this Night with the Bermudian; our Entertainment +was very indifferent, there being no fresh Water to be had on the Island. + +The next Morning we set away thro' the Marshes; about Noon we reach'd +another Island, call'd Dix's Island, much like to the former, tho' larger; +there liv'd an honest Scot, who gave us the best Reception +his Dwelling afforded, being well provided of Oat-meal, +and several other Effects he had found on that Coast; +which Goods belong'd to that unfortunate Vessel, the Rising Sun, +a Scotch Man of War, lately arriv'd from the Istmus of Darien, +and cast away near the Bar of Ashley River, the September before, +Capt. Gibson of Glasco then commanding her, who, with above an hundred Men +then on Board her, {Septem. 5. 1700.} were every Soul drown'd +in that terrible Gust which then happen'd; most of the Corps being taken up, +were carefully interr'd by Mr. Graham, their Lieutenant, who happily +was on Shore during the Tempest. + +After Dinner, we left our Scotch Landlord, and went that Night +to the North East Point of the Island: It being dark ere we got there, +our Canoe struck on a Sand near the Breakers, and were in great Danger +of our Lives, but (by God's Blessing) got off safe to the Shore, +where we lay all Night. + +{Monday.} +In the Morning we set forwards on our intended Voyage. About two a Clock +we got to Bulls Island, which is about thirty Miles long, +and hath a great Number of both Cattel and Hogs upon it; +the Cattel being very wild, and the Hogs very lean. These two last Islands +belong to one Colonel Cary, an Inhabitant of South Carolina. +Although it were Winter, yet we found such Swarms of Musketoes, +and other troblesome Insects, that we got but little Rest that Night. + +{Tuesday.} +The next Day we intended for a small Island on the other Side of Sewee-Bay, +which joining to these Islands, Shipping might come to victual or careen; +but there being such a Burden of those Flies, that few or none +cares to settle there; so the Stock thereon are run wild. +We were gotten about half Way to Racoon-Island, when there sprung up +a tart Gale at N.W. which put us in some Danger of being cast away, +the Bay being rough, and there running great Seas between the two Islands, +which are better than four Leagues asunder, a strong Current of a Tide +setting in and out, which made us turn Tail to it, and got our Canoe +right before the Wind, and came safe into a Creek that is joining to +the North End of Bulls Island. We sent our Indians to hunt, +who brought us two Deers, which were very poor, and their Maws +full of large Grubs. + +{Wednesday.} +On the Morrow we went and visited the Eastermost Side of this Island, +it joining to the Ocean, having very fair sandy Beeches, +pav'd with innumerable Sorts of curious pretty Shells, very pleasant +to the Eye. Amongst the rest, we found the Spanish Oyster-Shell, +whence come the Pearls. They are very large, and of a different Form +from other Oysters; their Colour much resembles the Tortoise-Shell, +when it is dress'd. There was left by the Tide several strange Species +of a muciligmous slimy Substance, though living, and very aptly mov'd +at their first Appearance; yet, being left on the dry Sand, +(by the Beams of the Sun) soon exhale and vanish. + +At our Return to our Quarters, the Indians had kill'd two more Deer, +two wild Hogs, and three Racoons, all very lean, except the Racoons. +We had great Store of Oysters, Conks, and Clanns, a large Sort of Cockles. +These Parts being very well furnish'd with Shell-Fish, +Turtle of several Sorts, but few or none of the green, +with other Sorts of Salt-water Fish, and in the Season, good Plenty of Fowl, +as Curleus, Gulls, Gannets, and Pellicans, besides Duck and Mallard, +Geese, Swans, Teal, Widgeon, &c. + +{Thursday.} +On Thursday Morning we left Bulls Island, and went thro' the Creeks, +which lie between the Bay and the main Land. At Noon we went on Shore, +and got our Dinner near a Plantation, on a Creek having +the full Prospect of Sewee-Bay: We sent up to the House, +but found none at Home, but a Negro, of whom our Messenger purchas'd some +small Quantity of Tobacco and Rice. We came to a deserted Indian Residence, +call'd Avendaugh-bough, where we rested that Night. + +{Friday.} +The next Day we enter'd Santee-River's Mouth, where is fresh Water, +occasion'd by the extraordinary Current that comes down continually. +With hard Rowing, we got two Leagues up the River, lying all Night +in a swampy Piece of Ground, the Weather being so cold all that Time, +we were almost frozen ere Morning, leaving the Impressions of our Bodies +on the wet Ground. We set forward very early in the Morning, +to seek some better Quarters. + +{Saturday.} +As we row'd up the River, we found the Land towards the Mouth, +and for about sixteen Miles up it, scarce any Thing but Swamp and Percoarson, +{Percoarson, a Sort of low Land.} affording vast Ciprus-Trees, +of which the French make Canoes, that will carry fifty or sixty Barrels. +After the Tree is moulded and dug, they saw them in two Pieces, +and so put a Plank between, and a small Keel, to preserve them +from the Oyster-Banks, which are innumerable in the Creeks and Bays +betwixt the French Settlement and Charles-Town. They carry two Masts, +and Bermudas Sails, which makes them very handy and fit for their Purpose; +for although their River fetches its first Rise from the Mountains, +and continues a Current some hundreds of Miles ere it disgorges it self, +having no sound Bay or Sand-Banks betwixt the Mouth thereof, and the Ocean. +Notwithstanding all this, with the vast Stream it affords at all Seasons, +and the repeated Freshes it so often allarms the Inhabitants with, +by laying under Water great Part of their Country, yet the Mouth is barr'd, +affording not above four or five Foot Water at the Entrance. +As we went up the River, we heard a great Noise, as if two Parties +were engag'd against each other, seeming exactly like small Shot. +{Sewee Indians.} When we approach'd nearer the Place, we found it to be +some Sewee Indians firing the Canes Swamps, which drives out the Game, +then taking their particular Stands, kill great Quantities of both Bear, Deer, +Turkies, and what wild Creatures the Parts afford. + +These Sewees have been formerly a large Nation, though now +very much decreas'd, since the English hath seated their Land, +and all other Nations of Indians are observ'd to partake of the same Fate, +where the Europeans come, the Indians being a People +very apt to catch any Distemper they are afflicted withal; +the Small-Pox has destroy'd many thousands of these Natives, +who no sooner than they are attack'd with the violent Fevers, +and the Burning which attends that Distemper, fling themselves over Head +in the Water, in the very Extremity of the Disease; which shutting up +the Pores, hinders a kindly Evacuation of the pestilential Matter, +and drives it back; by which Means Death most commonly ensues; +not but in other Distempers which are epidemical, you may find among 'em +Practitioners that have extraordinary Skill and Success in removing +those morbifick Qualities which afflict 'em, not often going above 100 Yards +from their Abode for their Remedies, some of their chiefest Physicians +commonly carrying their Compliment of Drugs continually about them, +which are Roots, Barks, Berries, Nuts, &c. that are strung upon a Thread. +So like a Pomander, the Physician wears them about his Neck. +An Indian hath been often found to heal an English-man of a Malady, +for the Value of a Match-Coat; which the ablest of our English Pretenders +in America, after repeated Applications, have deserted the Patient +as incurable; God having furnish'd every Country with specifick Remedies +for their peculiar Diseases. + +{Rum.} +Rum, a Liquor now so much in Use with them, that they will part with +the dearest Thing they have, to purchase it; and when they have got a little +in their Heads, are the impatients Creatures living, 'till they have enough +to make 'em quite drunk; and the most miserable Spectacles when they are so, +some falling into the Fires, burn their Legs or Arms, contracting the Sinews, +and become Cripples all their Life-time; others from Precipices break +their Bones and Joints, with abundance of Instances, yet none are so great +to deter them from that accurs'd Practice of Drunkenness, though sensible +how many of them (are by it) hurry'd into the other World before their Time, +as themselves oftentimes will confess. The Indians, I was now speaking of, +were not content with the common Enemies that lessen and destroy +their Country-men, but invented an infallible Stratagem to purge their Tribe, +and reduce their Multitude into far less Numbers. Their Contrivance was thus, +as a Trader amongst them inform'd me. + +They seeing several Ships coming in, to bring the English Supplies +from Old England, one chief Part of their Cargo being for a Trade +with the Indians, some of the craftiest of them had observ'd, +that the Ships came always in at one Place, which made them very confident +that Way was the exact Road to England; and seeing so many Ships +come thence, they believ'd it could not be far thither, +esteeming the English that were among them, no better than Cheats, +and thought, if they could carry the Skins and Furs they got, +themselves to England, which were inhabited with a better Sort of People +than those sent amongst them, that then they should purchase +twenty times the Value for every Pelt they sold Abroad, +in Consideration of what Rates they sold for at Home. The intended Barter +was exceeding well approv'd of, and after a general Consultation +of the ablest Heads amongst them, it was, `Nemine Contradicente', +agreed upon, immediately to make an Addition of their Fleet, +by building more Canoes, and those to be of the best Sort, +and biggest Size, as fit for their intended Discovery. Some Indians +were employ'd about making the Canoes, others to hunting, +every one to the Post he was most fit for, all Endeavours tending towards +an able Fleet and Cargo for Europe. The Affair was carry'd on +with a great deal of Secrecy and Expedition, so as in a small Time +they had gotten a Navy, Loading, Provisions, and Hands ready +to set Sail, leaving only the Old, Impotent, and Minors at Home, +'till their successful Return. {They never hearing more of their Fleet.} +The Wind presenting, they set up their Mat-Sails, and were scarce +out of Sight, when there rose a Tempest, which it's suppos'd +carry'd one Part of these Indian Merchants, by Way of the other World, +whilst the others were taken up at Sea by an English Ship, +and sold for Slaves to the Islands. The Remainder are better satisfy'd +with their Imbecilities in such an Undertaking, nothing affronting them more, +than to rehearse their Voyage to England. + +There being a strong Current in Santee-River, caus'd us to make +small Way with our Oars. With hard Rowing, we got that Night +to Mons. Eugee's House, which stands about fifteen Miles up the River, +being the first Christian dwelling we met withal in that Settlement, +and were very courteously receiv'd by him and his Wife. + +Many of the French follow a Trade with the Indians, +living very conveniently for that Interest. There is about seventy Families +seated on this River, who live as decently and happily, as any Planters +in these Southward Parts of America. The French being +a temperate industrious People, some of them bringing very little of Effects, +yet by their Endeavours and mutual Assistance amongst themselves, +(which is highly to be commended) have out-stript our English, +who brought with 'em larger Fortunes, though (as it seems) less endeavour +to manage their Talent to the best Advantage. 'Tis admirable to see +what Time and Industry will (with God's Blessing) effect. +Carolina affording many strange Revolutions in the Age of a Man, +daily Instances presenting themselves to our View, of so many, +from despicable Beginnings, which in a short Time arrive +to very splended Conditions. Here Propriety hath a large Scope, +there being no strict Laws to bind our Privileges. A Quest after Game, +being as freely and peremptorily enjoy'd by the meanest Planter, +as he that is the highest in Dignity, or wealthiest in the Province. +Deer, and other Game that are naturally wild, being not immur'd, +or preserv'd within Boundaries, to satisfy the Appetite of the Rich alone. +A poor Labourer, that is Master of his Gun, &c. hath as good a Claim +to have continu'd Coarses of Delicacies crouded upon his Table, +as he that is Master of a greater Purse. + +We lay all that Night at Mons. Eugee's, and the next Morning +set out farther, to go the Remainder of our Voyage by Land: +At ten a Clock we pass'd over a narrow, deep Swamp, having left +the three Indian Men and one Woman, that had pilotted the Canoe +from Ashly-River, having hir'd a Sewee-Indian, a tall, lusty Fellow, +who carry'd a Pack of our Cloaths, of great Weight; +notwithstanding his Burden, we had much a-do to keep pace with him. +At Noon we came up with several French Plantations, meeting with +several Creeks by the Way, the French were very officious +in assisting with their small Dories to pass over these Waters, +(whom we met coming from their Church) being all of them +very clean and decent in their Apparel; their Houses and Plantations +suitable in Neatness and Contrivance. They are all of the same Opinion +with the Church of Geneva, there being no Difference amongst them +concerning the Punctilio's of their Christian Faith; which Union +hath propagated a happy and delightful Concord in all other Matters +throughout the whole Neighbourhood; living amongst themselves as one Trible, +or Kindred, every one making it his Business to be assistant +to the Wants of his Country-man, preserving his Estate and Reputation +with the same Exactness and Concern as he does his own; all seeming +to share in the Misfortunes, and rejoyce at the Advance, and Rise, +of their Brethren. + +Towards the Afternoon, we came to Mons. L'Jandro, where we got our Dinner; +there coming some French Ladies whilst we were there, +who were lately come from England, and Mons. L'Grand, a worthy Norman, +who hath been a great Sufferer in his Estate, by the Persecution in France, +against those of the Protestant Religion: This Gentleman very kindly +invited us to make our Stay with him all Night, but we being intended farther +that Day, took our Leaves, returning Acknowledgments of their Favours. + +About 4 in the Afternoon, we pass'd over a large Ciprus run +in a small Canoe; the French Doctor sent his Negro to guide us +over the Head of a large Swamp; so we got that Night +to Mons. Galliar's the elder, who lives in a very curious contriv'd House, +built of Brick and Stone, which is gotten near that Place. Near here comes in +the Road from Charles-Town, and the rest of the English Settlement, +it being a very good Way by Land, and not above 36 Miles, +altho' more than 100 by Water; and I think the most difficult Way I ever saw, +occasion'd by Reason of the multitude of Creeks lying along the Main, +keeping their Course thro' the Marshes, turning and winding +like a Labyrinth, having the Tide of Ebb and Flood twenty Times +in less than three Leagues going. + +{Monday.} +The next Morning very early, we ferry'd over a Creek that runs near the House; +and, after an Hour's Travel in the Woods, we came to the River-side, +where we stay'd for the Indian, who was our Guide, and was gone round +by Water in a small Canoe, to meet us at that Place we rested at. +He came after a small Time, and ferry'd us in that little Vessel +over Santee River 4 Miles, and 84 Miles in the Woods, +which the over-flowing of the Freshes, which then came down, +had made a perfect Sea of, there running an incredible Current in the River, +which had cast our small Craft, and us, away, had we not had +this Sewee Indian with us; who are excellent Artists in managing +these small Canoes. + +Santee River, at this Time, (from the usual Depth of Water) +was risen perpendicular 36 Foot, always making a Breach from her Banks, +about this Season of the Year: The general Opinion of the Cause thereof, +is suppos'd to proceed from the overflowing of fresh Water-Lakes +that lie near the Head of this River, and others, upon the same Continent: +But my Opinion is, that these vast Inundations proceed from +the great and repeated Quantities of Snow that falls upon the Mountains, +which lie at so great a Distance from the Sea, therefore they have +no Help of being dissolv'd by those saline, piercing Particles, +as other adjacent Parts near the Ocean receive; and therefore +lies and increases to a vast Bulk, until some mild Southerly Breezes +coming on a sudden, continue to unlock these frozen Bodies, +congeal'd by the North-West Wind, dissipating them in Liquids; +and coming down with Impetuosity, fills those Branches that feed these Rivers, +and causes this strange Deluge, which oft-times lays under Water +the adjacent Parts on both Sides this Current, for several Miles distant +from her Banks; tho' the French and Indians affir'm'd to me, +they never knew such an extraordinary Flood there before. + +We all, by God's Blessing, and the Endeavours of our Indian-Pilot, +pass'd safe over the River, but was lost in the Woods, which seem'd like +some great Lake, except here and there a Knowl of high Land, +which appear'd above Water. + +We intended for Mons. Galliar's, jun', but was lost, none of us +knowing the Way at that Time, altho' the Indian was born in that Country, +it having receiv'd so strange a Metamorphosis. We were in several Opinions +concerning the right Way, the Indian and my self, suppos'd the House +to bear one Way, the rest thought to the contrary; we differing, +it was agreed on amongst us, that one half should go with the Indian +to find the House, and the other part to stay upon one of these dry Spots, +until some of them return'd to us, and inform'd us where it lay. + +My self and two more were left behind, by Reason the Canoe +would not carry us all; we had but one Gun amongst us, one Load of Ammunition, +and no Provision. Had our Men in the Canoe miscarry'd, +we must (in all Probability) there have perish'd. + +In about six Hours Time, from our Mens Departure, the Indian came back to us +in the same Canoe he went in, being half drunk, which assur'd us +they had found some Place of Refreshment. He took us three into the Canoe, +telling us all was well: Padling our Vessel several Miles thro' the Woods, +being often half full of Water; but at length we got safe to the Place +we sought for, which prov'd to lie the same Way the Indian and I +guess'd it did. + +When we got to the House, we found our Comrades in the same Trim +the Indian was in, and several of the French Inhabitants with them, +who treated us very courteously, wondering at our undertaking such a Voyage, +thro' a Country inhabited by none but Savages, and them of so different +Nations and Tongues. + +After we had refresh'd our selves, we parted from a very kind, loving, +and affable People, who wish'd us a safe and prosperous Voyage. + +Hearing of a Camp of Santee Indians not far of, we set out +intending to take up our Quarters with them that Night. There being +a deep Run of Water in the Way, one of our Company being top-heavy, +and there being nothing but a small Pole for a Bridge, over a Creek, +fell into the Water up to the Chin; my self laughing at the Accident, +and not taking good Heed to my Steps, came to the same Misfortune: +All our Bedding was wet. The Wind being at N.W. it froze very hard, +which prepar'd such a Night's Lodging for me, that I never desire +to have the like again; the wet Bedding and freezing Air +had so qualify'd our Bodies, that in the Morning when we awak'd, +we were nigh frozen to Death, until we had recruited our selves +before a large Fire of the Indians. + +{Tuesday.} +Tuesday Morning we set towards the Congerees, leaving the Indian Guide +Scipio drunk amongst the Santee-Indians. We went ten Miles +out of our Way, to head a great Swamp, the Freshes having fill'd them all +with such great Quantities of Water, that the usual Paths +were render'd unpassable. We met in our Way with an Indian Hut, +where we were entertain'd with a fat, boil'd Goose, Venison, Racoon, +and ground Nuts. We made but little Stay; about Noon, we pass'd by +several large Savannah's, wherein is curious Ranges for Cattel, +being green all the Year; they were plentifully stor'd with Cranes, +Geese, &c. and the adjacent Woods with great Flocks of Turkies. +This Day we travell'd about 30 Miles, and lay all Night at a House +which was built for the Indian Trade, the Master thereof +we had parted with at the French Town, who gave us Leave +to make use of his Mansion. Such Houses are common in these Parts, +and especially where there is Indian Towns, and Plantations near at hand, +which this Place is well furnish'd withal. + +These Santee-Indians are a well-humour'd and affable People; +and living near the English, are become very tractable. +They make themselves Cribs after a very curious Manner, +wherein they secure their Corn from Vermin; which are more frequent +in these warm Climates, than Countries more distant from the Sun. +These pretty Fabricks are commonly supported with eight Feet or Posts, +about seven Foot high from the Ground, well daub'd within and without +upon Laths, with Loom or Clay, which makes them tight, and fit to keep out +the smallest Insect, there being a small Door at the gable End, +which is made of the same Composition, and to be remov'd at Pleasure, +being no bigger, than that a slender Man may creep in at, +cementing the Door up with the same Earth, when they take Corn +out of the Crib, and are going from Home, always finding their Granaries +in the same Posture they left them; Theft to each other being +altogether unpractis'd, never receiving Spoils but from Foreigners. + +Hereabouts the Ground is something higher than about Charles-Town, +there being found some Quarries of brown free Stone, which I have seen +made Use of for Building, and hath prov'd very durable and good. +The Earth here is mix'd with white Gravel, which is rare, +there being nothing like a Stone to be found, of the natural Produce, +near to Ashly-River. + +{Wednesday.} +The next Day about Noon we came to the Side of a great Swamp, +where we were forc'd to strip our selves to get over it, +which, with much Difficulty, we effected. {Septem. 5. 1700.} +Hereabouts the late Gust of Wind, which happen'd in September last, +had torn the large Ciprus-Trees and Timbers up by the Roots, +they lying confusedly in their Branches, did block up the Way, +making the Passage very difficult. + +This Night we got to one Scipio's Hutt, a famous Hunter: +There was no Body at Home; but we having (in our Company) +one that had us'd to trade amongst them, we made our selves welcome +to what his Cabin afforded, (which is a Thing common) +the Indians allowing it practicable to the English Traders, +to take out of their Houses what they need in their Absence, +in Lieu whereof they most commonly leave some small Gratuity of Tobacco, +Paint, Beads, &c. We found great Store of Indian Peas, (a very good Pulse) +Beans, Oyl, Thinkapin Nuts, Corn, barbacu'd Peaches, and Peach-Bread; +which Peaches being made into a Quiddony, and so made up into Loves +like Barley-Cakes, these cut into thin Slices, and dissolv'd in Water, +makes a very grateful Acid, and extraordinary beneficial in Fevers, +as hath often been try'd, and approv'd on by our English Practitioners. +The Wind being at N.W. with cold Weather, made us make a large Fire +in the Indian's Cabin; being very intent upon our Cookery, +we set the Dwelling on Fire, and with much ado, put it out, +tho' with the Loss of Part of the Roof. + +{Thursday.} +The next Day we travell'd on our Way, and about Noon came up +with a Settlement of Santee Indians, there being Plantations +lying scattering here and there, for a great many Miles. +They came out to meet us, being acquainted with one of our Company, +and made us very welcome with fat barbacu'd Venison, +which the Woman of the Cabin took and tore in Pieces with her Teeth, +so put it into a Mortar, beating it to Rags, afterwards stews it with Water, +and other Ingredients, which makes a very savoury Dish. + +At these Cabins came to visit us the King of the Santee Nation. +He brought with him their chief Doctor or Physician, who was warmly and neatly +clad with a Match-Coat, made of Turkies Feathers, which makes a pretty Shew, +seeming as if it was a Garment of the deepest silk Shag. +This Doctor had the Misfortune to lose his Nose by the Pox, +which Disease the Indians often get by the English Traders +that use amongst them; not but the Natives of America have for many Ages +(by their own Confession) been afflicted with a Distemper +much like the Lues Venerea, which hath all the Symptoms of the Pox, +being different in this only; for I never could learn, +that this Country-Distemper, or Yawes, is begun or continu'd +with a Gonorrhoea; yet is attended with nocturnal Pains in the Limbs, +and commonly makes such a Progress, as to vent Part of the Matter by Botches, +and several Ulcers in the Body, and other Parts; oftentimes Death ensuing. +I have known mercurial Unguents and Remedies work a Cure, +following the same Methods as in the Pox; several white People, +but chiefly the Criolo's, losing their Palates and Noses +by this devouring Vulture. + +It is epidemical, visiting these Parts of America, which is often occasion'd +thro' the immoderate drinking of Rum, by those that commonly drink Water +at other Times, cold Nights Lodging, and bad open Houses, and more chiefly +by often wetting the Feet, and eating such Quantities of Pork as they do, +which is a gross Food, and a great Propagator of such Juices +as it often meets withal in human Bodies, once tainted with this Malady; +which may differently (in some Respects) act its Tragedy; +the Change being occasion'd by the Difference of Climates and Bodies, +as in Europe. We being well enough assur'd that the Pox had its first Rise +(known to us) in this new World, it being caught of the Indian Women, +by the Spanish Soldiers that follow'd Columbus in one of his Expeditions +to America; who after their Arrival in Old Spain, were hasten'd +to the Relief of Naples, at that Time besieg'd by the French. +Provisions growing scarce, the useless People were turn'd out of the City, +to lessen the Mouths; amongst these, the Curtesans were one Part, +who had frequently embrac'd the Spaniards, being well fraught with Riches +by their new Discovery. The Leager Ladies had no sooner lost +their Spanish Dons, but found themselves as well entertain'd +by the French, whose Camp they traded in, giving the Mounsieurs +as large a Share of the pocky Spoils within their own Lines, +as the Spaniards had, who took the Pains to bring it in their Breeches +as far as from America; the large Supplies of Swines Flesh, +which that Army was chiefly victuall'd withal, made it rage. +The Siege was rais'd; the French and Spaniards retreating to Flanders, +which was a Parrade of all Nations; by which Means, this filthy Distemper +crowded it self into most Nations of the known World. + +Now to return to our Doctor, who in the Time of his Affliction +withdrew himself (with one that labour'd under the same Distemper) +into the Woods. These two perfected their Cures by +proper Vegitables, &c. of which they have Plenty, and are well acquainted +with their specifick Virtue. + +I have seen such admirable Cures perform'd by these Savages, which would +puzzle a great many graduate Practitioners to trace their Steps in Healing, +with the same Expedition, Ease, and Success; using no racking Instruments +in their Chirurgery, nor nice Rules of Diet and Physick, to verify the Saying, +`qui Medice vivit, misere vivit'. In Wounds which penetrate deep, +and seem mortal, they order a spare Diet, with drinking Fountain-water; +if they perceive a white Matter, or Pus to arise, they let the Patient +more at large, and presently cure him. + +After these two had perform'd their Cures at no easier Rate +than the Expence of both their Noses, coming again amongst +their old Acquaintance so disfigur'd, the Indians admir'd to see them +metamorphos'd after that manner; enquir'd of them where they had been +all that Time, and what were become of their Noses? They made Answer, +That they had been conversing with the white Man above, +(meaning God Almighty) how they were very kindly entertain'd +by that Great Being; he being much pleas'd with their Ways, +and had promis'd to make their Capacities equal with the white People +in making Guns, Ammunition, &c. in Retalliation of which, +they had given him their Noses. The Verity of which, they yet hold, +the Indians being an easy, credulous People, and most notoriously cheated +by their Priests and Conjurers, both Trades meeting ever in one Person, +and most commonly a Spice of Quackship added to the other two Ingredients, +which renders that cunning Knave the Impostor to be more rely'd upon; +thence a fitter Instrument to cheat these ignorant People; +the Priest and Conjurers being never admitted to their Practice, +'till Years and the Experience of repeated Services hath wrought their Esteem +amongst the Nations they belong to. + +The Santee King, who was in Company with this No-nos'd Doctor, +is the most absolute Indian Ruler in these Parts, although he is Head +but of a small People, in Respect to some other Nations of Indians, +that I have seen: He can put any of his People to Death that hath committed +any Fault which he judges worthy of so great a Punishment. +This Authority is rarely found amongst these Savages, +for they act not (commonly) by a determinative Voice in their Laws, +towards any one that hath committed Murder, or such other great Crime, +but take this Method; him to whom the Injury was done, or if dead, +the nearest of his Kindred prosecutes by Way of an actual Revenge, +being himself, if Opportunity serves his Intent, both Judge and Executioner, +performing so much Mischief on the Offender, or his nearest Relation, +until such Time that he is fully satisfy'd: Yet this Revenge +is not so infallible, but it may be bought off with Beads, Tobacco, +and such like Commodities that are useful amongst them, +though it were the most sable Villany that could be acted by Mankind. + +Some that attended the King, presented me with an odoriferous, balsamick Root, +of a fragrant Smell and Taste, the Name I know not; they chew it in the Mouth, +and by that simple Application, heal desperate Wounds both green and old; +that small Quantity I had, was given inwardly to those troubl'd +with the Belly-ach, which Remedy fail'd not to give present Help, +the Pain leaving the Patient soon after they had taken the Root. + +Near to these Cabins are several Tombs made after the manner +of these Indians; the largest and the chiefest of them +was the Sepulchre of the late Indian King of the Santees, +a Man of great Power, not only amongst his own Subjects, +but dreaded by the neighbouring Nations for his great Valour and Conduct, +having as large a Prerogative in his Way of Ruling, as the present King +I now spoke of. + +The manner of their Interment, is thus: A Mole or Pyramid of Earth +is rais'd, the Mould thereof being work'd very smooth and even, +sometimes higher or lower, according to the Dignity of the Person +whose Monument it is. On the Top thereof is an Umbrella, made Ridge-ways, +like the Roof of an House; this is supported by nine Stakes, or small Posts, +the Grave being about six or eight Foot in Length, and four Foot in Breadth; +about it is hung Gourds, Feathers, and other such like Trophies, +plac'd there by the dead Man's Relations, in Respect to him in the Grave. +The other Part of the Funeral-Rites are thus, As soon as the Party is dead, +they lay the Corps upon a Piece of Bark in the Sun, seasoning or embalming it +with a small Root beaten to Powder, which looks as red as Vermilion; +the same is mix'd with Bear's Oil, to beautify the Hair, +and preserve their Heads from being lousy, it growing plentifully +in these Parts of America. After the Carcass has laid a Day or two +in the Sun, they remove and lay it upon Crotches cut on purpose +for the Support thereof from the Earth; then they anoint it all over +with the fore-mention'd Ingredients of the Powder of this Root, +and Bear's Oil. When it is so done, they cover it very exactly over +with Bark of the Pine or Cyprus Tree, to prevent any Rain to fall upon it, +sweeping the Ground very clean all about it. Some of his nearest of Kin +brings all the temporal Estate he was possess'd of at his Death, +as Guns, Bows, and Arrows, Beads, Feathers, Match-coat, &c. This Relation +is the chief Mourner, being clad in Moss, and a Stick in his Hand, +keeping a mournful Ditty for three or four Days, his Face being black +with the Smoak of Pitch, Pine, mingl'd with Bear's Oil. All the while +he tells the dead Man's Relations, and the rest of the Spectators, +who that dead Person was, and of the great Feats perform'd in his Life-time; +all what he speaks, tending to the Praise of the Defunct. +As soon as the Flesh grows mellow, and will cleave from the Bone, +they get it off, and burn it, making all the Bones very clean, +then anoint them with the Ingredients aforesaid, wrapping up the Skull +(very carefully) in a Cloath artificially woven of Possums Hair. +(These Indians make Girdles, Sashes, Garters, &c. after the same Manner.) +The Bones they carefully preserve in a wooden Box, every Year +oiling and cleansing them: By these Means preserve them for many Ages, +that you may see an Indian in Possession of the Bones of his Grand-father, +or some of his Relations of a larger Antiquity. They have other +Sorts of Tombs; as where an Indian is slain, in that very Place +they make a Heap of Stones, (or Sticks, where Stones are not to be found;) +to this Memorial, every Indian that passes by, adds a Stone, +to augment the Heap, in Respect to the deceas'd Hero. + +We had a very large Swamp to pass over near the House, and would have hir'd +our Landlord to have been our Guide, but he seem'd unwilling; +so we press'd him no farther about it. He was the tallest Indian +I ever saw, being seven Foot high, and a very strait compleat Person, +esteem'd on by the King for his great Art in Hunting, always carrying with him +an artificial Head to hunt withal: They are made of the Head of a Buck, +the back Part of the Horns being scrapt and hollow, for Lightness of Carriage. +The Skin is left to the setting on of the Shoulders, which is lin'd all round +with small Hoops, and flat Sort of Laths, to hold it open +for the Arm to go in. They have a Way to preserve the Eyes, as if living. +The Hunter puts on a Match-coat made of Deer's Skin, with the Hair on, +and a Piece of the white Part of a Deer's Skin, that grows on the Breast, +which is fasten'd to the Neck-End of this stalking Head, so hangs down. +In these Habiliments an Indian will go as near a Deer as he pleases, +the exact Motions and Behaviour of a Deer being so well counterfeited by 'em, +that several Times it hath been known for two Hunters to come up +with a stalking Head together, and unknown to each other, +so that they have kill'd an Indian instead of a Deer, +which hath happen'd sometimes to be a Brother, or some dear Friend; +for which Reason they allow not of that Sort of Practice, +where the Nation is populous. + +Within half a Mile of the House, we pass'd over a prodigious +wide and deep Swamp, being forc'd to strip stark-naked, +and much a-do to save our selves from drowning in this Fatiegue. +We, with much a-do, got thro', going that Day about five Miles farther, +and came to three more Indian Cabins, call'd in the Indian Tongue, +Hickerau, by the English Traders, the black House, being pleasantly +seated on a high Bank, by a Branch of Santee-River. One of our Company, +that had traded amongst these Indians, told us, That one of the Cabins +was his Father's-in-Law; he call'd him so, by Reason the old Man had given him +a young Indian Girl, that was his Daughter, to lie with him, make Bread, +and to be necessary in what she was capable to assist him in, +during his Abode amongst them. + +When we came thither first, there was no Body at Home, so the Son made bold +to search his Father's Granary for Corn, and other Provisions. +He brought us some Indian Maiz and Peas, which are of a reddish Colour, +and eat well, yet colour the Liquor they are boil'd in, +as if it were a Lixivium of red Tartar. After we had been +about an Hour in the House, where was Millions of Fleas, +the Indian Cabins being often fuller of such Vermin, than any Dog-Kennel, +the old Man came in to us, and seem'd very glad to see his Son-in-Law. + +This Indian is a great Conjurer, as appears by the Sequel. +The Seretee or Santee Indians were gone to War against +the Hooks and Backhooks Nations, living near the Mouth of Winyan-River. +Those that were left at Home, (which are commonly old People and Children) +had heard no News a long Time of their Men at Arms. This Man, +at the Entreaty of these People, (being held to be a great Sorcerer +amongst 'em) went to know what Posture their fighting Men were in. +His Exorcism was carry'd on thus: He dress'd himself in a clean white +dress'd Deer-Skin; a great Fire being made in the Middle of the Plantation, +the Indians sitting all round it, the Conjurer was blind-folded, +then he surrounded the Fire several Times, I think thrice; +leaving the Company, he went into the Woods, where he stay'd +about half an Hour, returning to them, surrounded the Fire as before; +leaving them, went the second Time into the Woods; at which Time there came +a huge Swarm of Flies, very large, they flying about the Fire several Times, +at last fell all into it, and were visibly consum'd. Immediately after +the Indian-Conjurer made a huge Lilleloo, and howling very frightfully, +presently an Indian went and caught hold of him, leading him to the Fire. +The old Wizard was so feeble and weak, being not able to stand alone, +and all over in a Sweat, and as wet as if he had fallen into the River. +After some Time he recover'd his Strength, assuring them, that their Men +were near a River, and could not pass over it 'till so many Days, +but would, in such a Time, return all in Safety, to their Nation. +All which prov'd true at the Indians Return, which was not long after. +This Story the English-man, his Son-in-Law, affirm'd to me. + +The old Man stay'd with us about two Hours, and told us we were welcome +to stay there all Night, and take what his Cabin afforded; then leaving us, +went into the Woods, to some Hunting-Quarter not far off. + +{Friday.} +The next Morning early we pursu'd our Voyage, finding the Land +to improve it self in Pleasantness and Richness of Soil. +When we had gone about ten Miles, one of our Company tir'd, +being not able to travel any farther; so we went forward, +leaving the poor dejected Traveller with Tears in his Eyes, +to return to Charles-Town, and travel back again over so much bad Way, +we having pass'd thro' the worst of our Journey, the Land here +being high and dry, very few Swamps, and those dry, and a little Way through. +We travell'd about twenty Miles, lying near a Savanna +that was over-flown with Water; where we were very short of Victuals, +but finding the Woods newly burnt, and on fire in many Places, +which gave us great Hopes that Indians were not far of. + +{Saturday 20 Miles.} +Next Morning very early, we waded thro' the Savanna, the Path lying there; +and about ten a Clock came to a hunting Quarter, of a great many Santees; +they made us all welcome; shewing a great deal of Joy at our coming, +giving us barbacu'd Turkeys, Bear's Oil, and Venison. + +Here we hir'd Santee Jack (a good Hunter, and a well-humour'd Fellow) +to be our Pilot to the Congeree Indians; we gave him a Stroud-water-Blew, +to make his Wife an Indian Petticoat, who went with her Husband. +After two Hours Refreshment, we went on, and got that Day about twenty Miles; +we lay by a small swift Run of Water, which was pav'd at the Bottom +with a Sort of Stone much like to Tripoli, and so light, +that I fancy'd it would precipitate in no Stream, but where it naturally grew. +The Weather was very cold, the Winds holding Northerly. +We made our selves as merry as we could, having a good Supper +with the Scraps of the Venison we had given us by the Indians, +having kill'd 3 Teal and a Possum; which Medly all together +made a curious Ragoo. + +{Sunday 15 Miles.} +This Day all of us had a Mind to have rested, but the Indian +was much against it, alledging, That the Place we lay at, +was not good to hunt in; telling us, if we would go on, by Noon, +he would bring us to a more convenient Place; so we mov'd forwards, +and about twelve a Clock came to the most amazing Prospect I had seen +since I had been in Carolina; we travell'd by a Swamp-side, +which Swamp I believe to be no less than twenty Miles over, +the other Side being as far as I could well discern, there appearing +great Ridges of Mountains, bearing from us W.N.W. One Alp with a Top +like a Sugar-loaf, advanc'd its Head above all the rest very considerably; +the Day was very serene, which gave us the Advantage of seeing a long Way; +these Mountains were cloth'd all over with Trees, which seem'd to us +to be very large Timbers. + +At the Sight of this fair Prospect, we stay'd all Night; our Indian +going about half an Hour before us, had provided three fat Turkeys +e'er we got up to him. + +The Swamp I now spoke of, is not a miry Bog, as others generally are, +but you go down to it thro' a steep Bank, at the Foot of which, +begins this Valley, where you may go dry for perhaps 200 Yards, +then you meet with a small Brook or Run of Water, about 2 or 3 Foot deep, +then dry Land for such another Space, so another Brook, thus continuing. +The Land in this Percoarson, or Valley, being extraordinary rich, +and the Runs of Water well stor'd with Fowl. It is the Head +of one of the Branches of Santee-River; but a farther Discovery +Time would not permit; only one Thing is very remarkable, +there growing all over this Swamp, a tall, lofty Bay-tree, +but is not the same as in England, these being in their Verdure +all the Winter long; which appears here, when you stand on the Ridge, +(where our Path lay) as if it were one pleasant, green Field, +and as even as a Bowling-green to the Eye of the Beholder; +being hemm'd in on one Side with these Ledges of vast high Mountains. + +Viewing the Land here, we found an extraordinary rich, black Mould, +and some of a Copper-colour, both Sorts very good; the Land in some Places +is much burthen'd with Iron, Stone, here being great Store of it, +seemingly very good: The eviling Springs, which are many in these Parts, +issuing out of the Rocks, which Water we drank of, it colouring +the Excrements of Travellers (by its chalybid Quality) as black as a Coal. +When we were all asleep, in the Beginning of the Night, +we were awaken'd with the dismall'st and most hideous Noise +that ever pierc'd my Ears: This sudden Surprizal incapacitated us of guessing +what this threatning Noise might proceed from; but our Indian Pilot +(who knew these Parts very well) acquainted us, that it was customary +to hear such Musick along that Swamp-side, there being +endless Numbers of Panthers, Tygers, Wolves, and other Beasts of Prey, +which take this Swamp for their Abode in the Day, coming in whole Droves +to hunt the Deer in the Night, making this frightful Ditty 'till Day appears, +then all is still as in other Places. + +{Monday.} +The next Day it prov'd a small drisly Rain, which is rare, +there happening not the tenth Part of Foggy-falling Weather +towards these Mountains, as visits those Parts. Near the Sea-board, +the Indian kill'd 15 Turkeys this Day; there coming out of the Swamp, +(about Sun-rising) Flocks of these Fowl, containing several hundreds +in a Gang, who feed upon the Acrons, it being most Oak that grow +in these Woods. There are but very few Pines in those Quarters. + +Early the next Morning, we set forward for the Congeree-Indians, +parting with that delicious Prospect. By the Way, our Guide kill'd +more Turkeys, and two Polcats, which he eat, esteeming them before +fat Turkeys. Some of the Turkeys which we eat, whilst we stay'd there, +I believe, weigh'd no less than 40 Pounds. + +The Land we pass'd over this Day, was most of it good, and the worst passable. +At Night we kill'd a Possum, being cloy'd with Turkeys, made a Dish of that, +which tasted much between young Pork and Veal; their Fat being as white +as any I ever saw. + +Our Indian having this Day kill'd good Store of Provision with his Gun, +he always shot with a single Ball, missing but two Shoots in above forty; +they being curious Artists in managing a Gun, to make it carry either Ball, +or Shot, true. When they have bought a Piece, and find it to shoot +any Ways crooked, they take the Barrel out of the Stock, cutting a Notch +in a Tree, wherein they set it streight, sometimes shooting away +above 100 Loads of Ammunition, before they bring the Gun to shoot +according to their Mind. We took up our Quarters by a Fish-pond-side; +the Pits in the Woods that stand full of Water, naturally breed Fish in them, +in great Quantities. We cook'd our Supper, but having neither Bread, or Salt, +our fat Turkeys began to be loathsome to us, altho' we were never wanting +of a good Appetite, yet a Continuance of one Diet, made us weary. + +{Wednesday.} +The next Morning, Santee Jack told us, we should reach +the Indian Settlement betimes that Day; about Noon, we pass'd by +several fair Savanna's, very rich and dry; seeing great Copses of many Acres +that bore nothing but Bushes, about the Bigness of Box-trees; +which (in the Season) afford great Quantities of small Black-berries, +very pleasant Fruit, and much like to our Blues, or Huckle-berries, +that grow on Heaths in England. Hard by the Savanna's we found the Town, +where we halted; there was not above one Man left with the Women, +the rest being gone a Hunting for a Feast. The Women were very busily +engag'd in Gaming: The Name or Grounds of it, I could not learn, +tho' I look'd on above two Hours. Their Arithmetick was kept +with a Heap of Indian Grain. When their Play was ended, +the King, or Cassetta's Wife, invited us into her Cabin. The Indian Kings +always entertaining Travellers, either English, or Indian; +taking it as a great Affront, if they pass by their Cabins, +and take up their Quarters at any other Indian's House. +The Queen set Victuals before us, which good Compliment they use generally +as soon as you come under their Roof. + +The Town consists not of above a dozen Houses, they having +other stragling Plantations up and down the Country, and are seated upon +a small Branch of Santee-River. Their Place hath curious dry Marshes, +and Savanna's adjoining to it, and would prove an exceeding thriving Range +for Cattle, and Hogs, provided the English were seated thereon. +Besides, the Land is good for Plantations. + +These Indians are a small People, having lost much of their former Numbers, +by intestine Broils; but most by the Small-pox, which hath often visited them, +sweeping away whole Towns; occasion'd by the immoderate +Government of themselves in their Sickness; as I have mention'd before, +treating of the Sewees. Neither do I know any Savages that have traded +with the English, but what have been great Losers by this Distemper. + +We found here good Store of Chinkapin-Nuts, which they gather in Winter +great Quantities of, drying them; so keep these Nuts in great Baskets +for their Use; likewise Hickerie-Nuts, which they beat betwixt +two great Stones, then sift them, so thicken their Venison-Broath therewith; +the small Shells precipitating to the Bottom of the Pot, +whilst the Kernel in Form of Flower, mixes it with the Liquor. +Both these Nuts made into Meal, makes a curious Soop, either with clear Water, +or in any Meat-Broth. + +From the Nation of Indians, until such Time as you come to the Turkeiruros +in North Carolina, you will see no long Moss upon the Trees; +which Space of Ground contains above five hundred Miles. +This seeming Miracle in Nature, is occasion'd by the Highness of the Land, +it being dry and healthful; for tho' this Moss bears a Seed +in a Sort of a small Cod, yet it is generated in or near low swampy Grounds. + +The Congerees are kind and affable to the English, the Queen being +very kind, giving us what Rarities her Cabin afforded, as Loblolly made +with Indian Corn, and dry'd Peaches. These Congerees have +abundance of Storks and Cranes in their Savannas. They take them +before they can fly, and breed 'em as tame and familiar +as a Dung-hill Fowl. They had a tame Crane at one of these Cabins, +that was scarce less than six Foot in Height, his Head being round, +with a shining natural Crimson Hue, which they all have. +These are a very comely Sort of Indians, there being +a strange Difference in the Proportion and Beauty of these Heathens. +Altho' their Tribes or Nations border one upon another, yet you may discern +as great an Alteration in their Features and Dispositions, +as you can in their Speech, which generally proves quite different +from each other, though their Nations be not above 10 or 20 Miles in Distance. +The Women here being as handsome as most I have met withal, +being several fine-finger'd Brounetto's amongst them. These Lasses +stick not upon Hand long, for they marry when very young, +as at 12 or 14 Years of Age. The English Traders are seldom without +an Indian Female for his Bed-fellow, alledging these Reasons +as sufficient to allow of such a Familiarity. First, They being remote +from any white People, that it preserves their Friendship with the Heathens, +they esteeming a white Man's Child much above one of their getting, +the Indian Mistress ever securing her white Friend Provisions whilst +he stays amongst them. And lastly, This Correspondence makes them learn +the Indian Tongue much the sooner, they being of the French-man's Opinion, +how that an English Wife teaches her Husband more English in one Night, +than a School-master can in a Week. + +We saw at the Cassetta's Cabin the strangest Spectacle of Antiquity +I ever knew, it being an old Indian Squah, that, had I been to have guess'd +at her Age by her Aspect, old Parr's Head (the Welch Methusalem) +was a Face in Swadling-Clouts to hers. Her Skin hung in Reaves +like a Bag of Tripe. By a fair Computation, one might have justly thought +it would have contain'd three such Carcasses as hers then was. +She had one of her Hands contracted by some Accident in the Fire, +they sleeping always by it, and often fall into sad Disasters, +especially in their drunken Moods. I made the strictest Enquiry +that was possible, and by what I could gather, she was considerably above +100 Years old, notwithstanding she smoak'd Tobacco, and eat her Victuals, +to all Appearance, as heartily as one of 18. One of our Company +spoke some of their Language, and having not quite forgotten +his former Intrigues with the Indian Lasses, would fain have been dealing +with some of the young Female Fry; but they refus'd him, +he having nothing that these Girls esteem'd. At Night we were laid +in the King's Cabin, where the Queen and the old Squah pig'd in with us: +The former was very much disfigur'd with Tettars, and very reserv'd, +which disappointed our fellow Traveller in his Intrigues. + +The Women smoak much Tobacco, (as most Indians do.) They have Pipes, +whose Heads are cut out of Stone, and will hold an Ounce of Tobacco, +and some much less. They have large wooden Spoons, as big as small Ladles, +which they make little Use of, lading the Meat out of the Bowls +with their Fingers. + +{Thursday.} +In the Morning we rose before Day, having hir'd a Guide over Night +to conduct us on our Way; but it was too soon for him to stir out, +the Indians never setting forward 'till the Sun is an Hour or two high, +and hath exhall'd the Dew from the Earth. The Queen got us a good Breakfast +before we left her; she had a young Child, which was much afflicted +with the Cholick; for which Distemper she infus'd a Root in Water, +which was held in a Goard; this she took into her Mouth, +and spurted it into the Infant's, which gave it ease. After we had eaten, +we set out (with our new Guide) for the Wateree Indians. +We went over a great deal of indifferent Land this Day. Here begins to appear +very good Marble, which continues more and less for the Space of 500 Miles. +We lay all Night by a Run of Water, as we always do, (if possible) +for the Convenience of it. The Weather was very cold. We went this Day +about 30 Miles from the Congerees. + +{Friday.} +In the Morning we made no Stay to get our Breakfast, but hasted on our Voyage, +the Land increasing in Marble and Richness of Soil. At Noon we halted, +getting our Dinner upon a Marble-Stone, that rose it self +half a Foot above the Surface of the Earth, and might contain +the Compass of a Quarter of an Acre of Land, being very even, +there growing upon it in some Places a small red Berry, like a Salmon-Spawn, +there boiling out of the main Rock curious Springs of as delicious Water, +as ever I drank in any Parts I ever travell'd in. + +These Parts likewise affords good free Stone, fit for Building, +and of several Sorts. The Land here is pleasantly seated, +with pretty little Hills and Valleys, the rising Sun at once shewing +his glorious reflecting Rays on a great many of these little Mountains. +We went this Day about 20 Miles, our Guide walking like a Horse, 'till we had +sadl'd him with a good heavy Pack of some Part of our Cloaths and Bedding, +by which Means we kept Pace with him. + +This Night we lay by a Run-side, where I found a fine yellow Earth, +the same with Bruxels-Sand, which Goldsmiths use to cast withal, +giving a good Price in England, and other Parts. Here is likewise +the true Blood-Stone, and considerable Quantities of Fullers-Earth, +which I took a Proof of, by scouring great Spots out of Woollen, +and it prov'd very good. + +{Saturday.} +As we were on our Road this Morning, our Indian shot at a Tyger, +that cross'd the Way, he being a great Distance from us. +I believe he did him no Harm, because he sat on his Breech afterwards, +and look'd upon us. I suppose he expected to have had a Spaniel Bitch, +that I had with me, for his Breakfast, who run towards him, +but in the Midway stopt her Career, and came sneaking back to us +with her Tail betwixt her Legs. + +We saw in the Path a great many Trees blown up by the Roots, +at the Bottom whereof stuck great Quantities of fine red Bole; +I believe nothing inferior to that of Venice or Lemma. +We found some Holes in the Earth, which were full of a Water as black as Ink. +I thought that Tincture might proceed from some Mineral, +but had not Time to make a farther Discovery. About Noon we pass'd over +a pleasant stony Brook, whose Water was of a bluish Cast, +as it is for several hundreds of Miles towards the Heads of the Rivers, +I suppose occasion'd by the vast Quantities of Marble +lying in the Bowels of the Earth. The Springs that feed +these Rivulets, lick up some Potions of the Stones in the Brooks; +which Dissolution gives this Tincture, as appears in all, +or most of the Rivers and Brooks of this Country, whose rapid Streams +are like those in Yorkshire, and other Northern Counties of England. +The Indians talk of many Sorts of Fish which they afford, +but we had not Time to discover their Species. + +I saw here had been some Indian Plantations formerly, +there being several pleasant Fields of clear'd Ground, and excellent Soil, +now well spread with fine bladed Grass, and Strawberry-Vines. + +The Mould here is excessive rich, and a Country very pleasing to the Eye, +had it the Convenience of a navigable River, as all new Colonies +(of Necessity) require. It would make a delightful Settlement. + +We went eight Miles farther, and came to the Wateree Chickanee Indians. +The Land holds good, there being not a Spot of bad Land to be seen +in several Days going. + +The People of this Nation are likely tall Persons, and great Pilferers, +stealing from us any Thing they could lay their Hands on, +though very respectful in giving us what Victuals we wanted. +We lay in their Cabins all Night, being dark smoaky Holes, +as ever I saw any Indians dwell in. This Nation is much more populous +than the Congerees, and their Neighbours, yet understand not +one anothers Speech. They are very poor in English Effects, +several of them having no Guns, making Use of Bows and Arrows, +being a lazy idle People, a Quality incident to most Indians, +but none to that Degree as these, as I ever met withal. + +Their Country is wholly free from Swamps and Quagmires, being high dry Land, +and consequently healthful, producing large Corn-Stalks, and fair Grain. + +{Sunday.} +Next Morning, we took off our Beards with a Razor, the Indians looking on +with a great deal of Admiration. They told us, they had never seen +the like before, and that our Knives cut far better than those +that came amongst the Indians. They would fain have borrow'd our Razors, +as they had our Knives, Scissors, and Tobacco-Tongs, the day before, +being as ingenious at picking of Pockets, as any, I believe, +the World affords; for they will steal with their Feet. +Yesterday, one of our Company, not walking so fast as the rest, +was left behind. He being out of Sight before we miss'd him, +and not coming up to us, tho' we staid a considerable time on the Road +for him, we stuck up Sticks in the Ground, and left other Tokens +to direct him which way we were gone: But he came not to us that Night, +which gave us Occasion to fear some of the Heathens had kill'd him, +for his Cloaths, or the savage Beasts had devour'd him in the Wilderness, +he having nothing about him to strike Fire withal. As we were debating +which way we should send to know what was become of him, he overtook us, +having a Waxsaw Indian for his Guide. He told us, he had miss'd the Path, +and got to another Nation of Indians, but 3 Miles off, who at that time +held great Feasting. They had entertain'd him very respectfully, +and sent that Indian to invite us amongst them, wondring that +we would not take up our Quarters with them, but make our Abode +with such a poor Sort of Indians, that were not capable of entertaining us +according to our Deserts: We receiv'd the Messenger with +a great many Ceremonies, acceptable to those sort of Creatures. +Bidding our Waterree King adieu, we set forth towards the Waxsaws, +going along clear'd Ground all the Way. Upon our Arrival, we were led into +a very large and lightsome Cabin, the like I have not met withal. +They laid Furs and Deer-Skins upon Cane Benches for us to sit or lie upon, +bringing (immediately) stewed Peaches and green Corn, that is preserv'd +in their Cabins before it is ripe, and sodden and boil'd when they use it, +which is a pretty sort of Food, and a great Increaser of the Blood. + +These Indians are of an extraordinary Stature, and call'd +by their Neighbours flat Heads, which seems a very suitable Name for them. +In their Infancy, their Nurses lay the Back-part of their Children's Heads +on a Bag of Sand, (such as Engravers use to rest their Plates upon.) +They use a Roll, which is placed upon the Babe's Forehead, +it being laid with its Back on a flat Board, and swaddled hard down thereon, +from one End of this Engine, to the other. This Method makes +the Child's Body and Limbs as straight as an Arrow. There being +some young Indians that are perhaps crookedly inclin'd, +at their first coming into the World, who are made perfectly straight +by this Method. I never saw an Indian of a mature Age, +that was any ways crooked, except by Accident, and that way seldom, +for they cure and prevent Deformities of the Limbs, and Body, very exactly. +The Instrument I spoke of before, being a sort of a Press, that is +let out and in, more or less, according to the Discretion of the Nurse, +in which they make the Child's Head flat, it makes the Eyes stand +a prodigious Way asunder, and the Hair hang over the Forehead +like the Eves of a House, which seems very frightful: They being ask'd +the Reason why they practis'd this Method, reply'd, the Indian's Sight +was much strengthened and quicker, thereby, to discern the Game in hunting +at larger Distance, and so never miss'd of becoming expert Hunters, +the Perfection of which they all aim at, as we do to become +experienced Soldiers, learned School-Men, or Artists in Mechanicks: +He that is a good Hunter never misses of being a Favourite amongst the Women; +the prettiest Girls being always bestow'd upon the chiefest Sports-Men, +and those of a grosser Mould, upon the useless Lubbers. +Thus they have a Graduation amongst them, as well as other Nations. +As for the Solemnity of Marriages amongst them, kept with so much Ceremony +as divers Authors affirm, it never appear'd amongst those many Nations +I have been withal, any otherwise than in the Manner I have +mention'd hereafter. + +The Girls at 12 or 13 Years of Age, as soon as Nature prompts them, +freely bestow their Maidenheads on some Youth about the same Age, +continuing her Favours on whom she most affects, changing her Mate very often, +few or none of them being constant to one, till a greater Number of Years +has made her capable of managing domestick Affairs, and she hath try'd +the Vigour of most of the Nation she belongs to; Multiplicity of Gallants +never being a Stain to a Female's Reputation, or the least Hindrance +of her Advancement, but the more Whorish, the more Honourable, +and they of all most coveted, by those of the first Rank, to make a Wife of. +The `Flos Virginis', so much coveted by the Europeans, is never valued +by these Savages. When a Man and Woman have gone through their Degrees, +(there being a certain Graduation amongst them) and are allow'd +to be House-Keepers, which is not till they arrive at such an Age, +and have past the Ceremonies practis'd by their Nation, almost all Kingdoms +differing in the Progress thereof, then it is that the Man makes his Addresses +to some one of these thorough-paced Girls, or other, whom he likes best. +When she is won, the Parents of both Parties, (with Advice of the King) +agree about the Matter, making a Promise of their Daughter, to the Man, +that requires her, it often happening that they converse and travel together, +for several Moons before the Marriage is publish'd openly; After this, +at the least Dislike the Man may turn her away, and take another; +or if she disapproves of his Company, a Price is set upon her, +and if the Man that seeks to get her, will pay the Fine to her Husband, +she becomes free from Him: Likewise some of their War Captains, +and great Men, very often will retain 3 or 4 Girls at a time +for their own Use, when at the same time, he is so impotent and old, +as to be incapable of making Use of one of them; so that +he seldom misses of wearing greater Horns than the Game he kills. +The Husband is never so enrag'd as to put his Adulteress to Death; if she +is caught in the Fact, the Rival becomes Debtor to the cornuted Husband, +in a certain Quantity of Trifles valuable amongst them, which he pays +as soon as discharg'd, and then all Animosity is laid aside betwixt +the Husband, and his Wife's Gallant. The Man proves often so good humour'd +as to please his Neighbour and gratify his Wife's Inclinations, +by letting her out for a Night or two, to the Embraces of some other, +which perhaps she has a greater Liking to, tho' this is +not commonly practis'd. + +They set apart the youngest and prettiest Faces for trading Girls; +these are remarkable by their Hair, having a particular Tonsure +by which they are known, and distinguish'd from those engag'd to Husbands. +They are mercenary, and whoever makes Use of them, first hires them, +the greatest Share of the Gain going to the King's Purse, +who is the chief Bawd, exercising his Perogative over all +the Stews of his Nation, and his own Cabin (very often) +being the chiefest Brothel-House. As they grow in Years, +the hot Assaults of Love grow cooler; and then they commonly are so staid, +as to engage themselves with more Constancy to each other. +I have seen several Couples amongst them, that have been so reserv'd, +as to live together for many Years, faithful to each other, +admitting none to their Beds but such as they own'd for their Wife or Husband: +So continuing to their Life's end. + +At our Waxsaw Landlord's Cabin, was a Woman employ'd in no other Business +than Cookery; it being a House of great Resort. The Fire was surrounded +with Roast-meat, or Barbakues, and the Pots continually boiling +full of Meat, from Morning till Night. This She-Cook was the cleanliest +I ever saw amongst the Heathens of America, washing her Hands +before she undertook to do any Cookery; and repeated this unusual Decency +very often in a day. She made us as White-Bread as any English +could have done, and was full as neat, and expeditious, in her Affairs. +It happen'd to be one of their great Feasts, when we were there: +The first day that we came amongst them, arriv'd an Ambassador +from the King of Sapona, to treat with these Indians about +some important Affairs. He was painted with Vermillion all over his Face, +having a very large Cutlass stuck in his Girdle, and a Fusee in his Hand. +At Night, the Revels began where this Foreign Indian was admitted; +the King, and War Captain, inviting us to see their Masquerade: +This Feast was held in Commemoration of the plentiful Harvest of Corn +they had reap'd the Summer before, with an united Supplication +for the like plentiful Produce the Year ensuing. These Revels +are carried on in a House made for that purpose, it being done round +with white Benches of fine Canes, joining along the Wall; +and a place for the Door being left, which is so low, that a Man +must stoop very much to enter therein. This Edifice resembles +a large Hay-Rick; its Top being Pyramidal, and much bigger +than their other Dwellings, and at the Building whereof, every one assists +till it is finish'd. All their Dwelling-Houses are cover'd with Bark, +but this differs very much; for, it is very artificially +thatch'd with Sedge and Rushes: As soon as finish'd, they place +some one of their chiefest Men to dwell therein, charging him +with the diligent Preservation thereof, as a Prince commits +the Charge and Government of a Fort or Castle, to some Subject +he thinks worthy of that Trust. In these State-Houses is transacted +all Publick and Private Business, relating to the Affairs of the Government, +as the Audience of Foreign Ambassadors from other Indian Rulers, +Consultation of waging and making War, Proposals of their Trade +with neighbouring Indians, or the English, who happen to come +amongst them. In this Theater, the most Aged and Wisest meet, +determining what to Act, and what may be most convenient to Omit, +Old Age being held in as great Veneration amongst these Heathens, +as amongst any People you shall meet withal in any Part of the World. + +Whensoever an Aged Man is speaking, none ever interrupts him, +(the contrary Practice the English, and other Europeans, too much use) +the Company yielding a great deal of Attention to his Tale, +with a continued Silence, and an exact Demeanour, during the Oration. +Indeed, the Indians are a People that never interrupt one another +in their Discourse; no Man so much as offering to open his Mouth, +till the Speaker has utter'd his Intent: When an English-Man +comes amongst them, perhaps every one is acquainted with him, +yet, first, the King bids him Welcome, after him the War-Captain, +so on gradually from High to Low; not one of all these speaking +to the White Guest, till his Superiour has ended his Salutation. +Amongst Women, it seems impossible to find a Scold; if they are provok'd, +or affronted, by their Husbands, or some other, they resent +the Indignity offer'd them in silent Tears, or by refusing their Meat. +Would some of our European Daughters of Thunder set these Indians +for a Pattern, there might be more quiet Families found amongst them, +occasion'd by that unruly Member, the Tongue. + +Festination proceeds from the Devil, (says a Learned Doctor) +a Passion the Indians seem wholly free from; they determining +no Business of Moment, without a great deal of Deliberation and Wariness. +None of their Affairs appear to be attended with Impetuosity, or Haste, +being more content with the common Accidents incident to humane Nature, +(as Losses, contrary Winds, bad Weather, and Poverty) +than those of more civilized Countries. + +Now, to return to our State-House, whither we were invited by the Grandees: +As soon as we came into it, they plac'd our Englishmen near the King; +it being my Fortune to sit next him, having his great General, +or War-Captain, on my other Hand. The House is as dark as a Dungeon, +and as hot as one of the Dutch-Stoves in Holland. They had made +a circular Fire of split Canes in the middle of the House. +It was one Man's Employment to add more split Reeds to the one end +as it consum'd at the other, there being a small Vacancy left +to supply it with Fewel. They brought in great store of Loblolly, +and other Medleys, made of Indian Grain, stewed Peaches, +Bear-Venison, &c. every one bringing some Offering to enlarge the Banquet, +according to his Degree and Quality. When all the Viands were brought in, +the first Figure began with kicking out the Dogs, which are seemingly Wolves, +made tame with starving and beating; they being the worst Dog-Masters +in the World; so that it is an infallible Cure for Sore-Eyes, +ever to see an Indian's Dog fat. They are of a quite contrary Disposition +to Horses; some of their Kings having gotten, by great chance, +a Jade, stolen by some neighbouring Indian, and transported +farther into the Country, and sold; or bought sometimes of a Christian, +that trades amongst them. These Creatures they continually cram, +and feed with Maiz, and what the Horse will eat, till he is as fat as a Hog; +never making any farther use of him than to fetch a Deer home, +that is killed somewhere near the Indian's Plantation. + +After the Dogs had fled the Room, the Company was summon'd by Beat of Drum; +the Musick being made of a dress'd Deer's Skin, tied hard upon +an Earthen Porridge-Pot. Presently in came fine Men dress'd up with Feathers, +their Faces being covered with Vizards made of Gourds; +round their Ancles and Knees, were hung Bells of several sorts, +having Wooden Falchions in their Hands, (such as Stage-Fencers commonly use;) +in this Dress they danced about an Hour, shewing many strange Gestures, +and brandishing their Wooden Weapons, as if they were going +to fight each other; oftentimes walking very nimbly round the Room, +without making the least Noise with their Bells, (a thing I much admired at;) +again, turning their Bodies, Arms and Legs, into such frightful Postures, +that you would have guess'd they had been quite raving mad: At last, +they cut two or three high Capers, and left the Room. In their stead, +came in a parcel of Women and Girls, to the Number of Thirty odd; +every one taking place according to her Degree of Stature, +the tallest leading the Dance, and the least of all being plac'd last; +with these they made a circular Dance, like a Ring, +representing the Shape of the Fire they danced about: Many of these +had great Horse-Bells about their Legs, and small Hawk's Bells +about their Necks. They had Musicians, who were two Old Men, +one of whom beat a Drum, while the other rattled with a Gourd, +that had Corn in it, to make a Noise withal: To these Instruments, +they both sung a mournful Ditty; the Burthen of their Song was, +in Remembrance of their former Greatness, and Numbers of their Nation, +the famous Exploits of their Renowned Ancestors, and all Actions of Moment +that had (in former Days) been perform'd by their Forefathers. +At these Festivals it is, that they give a Traditional Relation of what +hath pass'd amongst them, to the younger Fry. These verbal Deliveries +being always publish'd in their most Publick Assemblies, +serve instead of our Traditional Notes, by the use of Letters. +Some Indians, that I have met withal, have given me +a very curious Description of the great Deluge, the Immortality of the Soul, +with a pithy Account of the Reward of good and wicked Deeds in the Life +to come; having found, amongst some of them, great Observers of Moral Rules, +and the Law of Nature; indeed, a worthy Foundation to build Christianity upon, +were a true Method found out, and practis'd, for the Performance thereof. + +Their way of Dancing, is nothing but a sort of stamping Motion, +much like the treading upon Founders Bellows. This Female-Gang +held their Dance for above six Hours, being all of them of a white Lather, +like a Running Horse that has just come in from his Race. +My Landlady was the Ring-leader of the Amazons, who, when in her own House, +behav'd herself very discreetly, and warily, in her Domestick Affairs; +yet, Custom had so infatuated her, as to almost break her Heart +with Dancing amongst such a confused Rabble. During this Dancing, +the Spectators do not neglect their Business, in working the Loblolly-Pots, +and the other Meat that was brought thither; more or less of them +being continually Eating, whilst the others were Dancing. +When the Dancing was ended, every Youth that was so disposed, +catch'd hold of the Girl he liked best, and took her that Night +for his Bed-Fellow, making as short Courtship and expeditious Weddings, +as the Foot-Guards us'd to do with the Trulls in Salisbury-Court. + +Next we shall treat of the Land hereabouts, which is a Marl as red as Blood, +and will lather like Soap. The Town stands on this Land, +which holds considerably farther in the Country, and is in my Opinion, +so durable that no Labour of Man, in one or two Ages, could make it poor. +I have formerly seen the like in Leicestershire, bordering upon Rutland. +Here were Corn-Stalks in their Fields as thick as the Small of a Man's Leg, +and they are ordinarily to be seen. + +We lay with these Indians one Night, there being by my Bed-side +one of the largest Iron Pots I had ever seen in America, +which I much wondred at, because I thought there might be no navigable Stream +near that Place. I ask'd them, where they got that Pot? +They laugh'd at my Demand, and would give me no Answer, which makes me guess +it came from some Wreck, and that we were nearer the Ocean, +or some great River, than I thought. + +{Monday.} +The next day about Noon, we accidentally met with a Southward Indian, +amongst those that us'd to trade backwards and forwards, +and spoke a little English, whom we hir'd to go with us +to the Esaw Indians, a very large Nation containing many thousand People. +In the Afternoon we set forward, taking our Leaves of the Wisack Indians, +and leaving them some Trifles. On our Way, we met with +several Towns of Indians, each Town having its Theater or State House, +such Houses being found all along the Road, till you come to Sapona, +and then no more of those Buildings, it being about 170 Miles. +We reach'd 10 Miles this day, lying at another Town of the Wisacks. +The Man of the House offer'd us Skins to sell, but they were too heavy Burdens +for our long Voyage. + +{Tuesday.} +Next Morning we set out early, breaking the Ice we met withal, +in the stony Runs, which were many. We pass'd by several Cottages, +and about 8 of the Clock came to a pretty big Town, +where we took up our Quarters, in one of their State Houses, +the Men being all out, hunting in the Woods, and none but Women at home. +Our Fellow Traveller of whom I spoke before at the Congerees, +having a great Mind for an Indian Lass, for his Bed-Fellow that Night, +spoke to our Guide, who soon got a Couple, reserving one for himself. +That which fell to our Companion's Share, was a pretty young Girl. +Tho' they could not understand one Word of what each other spoke, +yet the Female Indian, being no Novice at her Game, but understanding +what she came thither for, acted her Part dexterously enough with her Cully, +to make him sensible of what she wanted; which was to pay the Hire, +before he rode the Hackney. He shew'd her all the Treasure +he was possess'd of, as Beads, Red Cadis, &c. which she lik'd very well, +and permitted him to put them into his Pocket again, endearing him +with all the Charms, which one of a better Education than Dame Nature +had bestow'd upon her, could have made use of, to render her Consort +a surer Captive. After they had us'd this Sort of Courtship a small time, +the Match was confirm'd by both Parties, with the Approbation +of as many Indian Women, as came to the House, to celebrate +our Winchester-Wedding. Every one of the Bride-Maids were as great Whores, +as Mrs. Bride, tho' not quite so handsome. Our happy Couple +went to Bed together before us all, and with as little Blushing, +as if they had been Man and Wife for 7 Years. The rest of the Company +being weary with travelling, had more Mind to take their Rest, +than add more Weddings to that hopeful one already consummated; +so that tho' the other Virgins offer'd their Service to us, +we gave them their Answer, and went to sleep. About an Hour before day, +I awak'd, and saw somebody walking up and down the Room +in a seemingly deep Melancholy. I call'd out to know who it was, +and it prov'd to be Mr. Bridegroom, who in less than 12 Hours, was Batchelor, +Husband, and Widdower, his dear Spouse having pick'd his Pocket of the Beads, +Cadis, and what else should have gratified the Indians +for the Victuals we receiv'd of them. However that did not serve her turn, +but she had also got his Shooes away, which he had made the Night before, +of a drest Buck-Skin. Thus dearly did our Spark already repent +his new Bargain, walking bare-foot, in his Penitentials, +like some poor Pilgrim to Loretto. + +After the Indians had laugh'd their Sides sore at the Figure +Mr. Bridegroom made, with much ado, we muster'd up another Pair of Shooes, +or Moggisons, and set forward on our intended Voyage, +the Company (all the way) lifting up their Prayers for the new married Couple, +whose Wedding had made away with that, which should have purchas'd our Food. + +{Wednesday.} +Relying wholly on Providence, we march'd on, now and then paying our Respects +to the new-married Man. The Land held rich and good; +in many Places there were great Quantities of Marble. +The Water was still of a wheyish Colour. About 10 of the Clock, +we waded thro' a River, (about the Bigness of Derwent, in Yorkshire) +which I take to be one of the Branches of Winjaw River. +We saw several Flocks of Pigeons, Field-Fares, and Thrushes, +much like those of Europe. The Indians of these Parts +use Sweating very much. If any Pain seize their Limbs, or Body, +immediately they take Reeds, or small Wands, and bend them Umbrella-Fashion, +covering them with Skins and Matchcoats: They have a large Fire not far off, +wherein they heat Stones, or (where they are wanting) Bark, +putting it into this Stove, which casts an extraordinary Heat: +There is a Pot of Water in the Bagnio, in which is put a Bunch of an Herb, +bearing a Silver Tassel, not much unlike the Aurea Virga. +With this Vegetable they rub the Head, Temples, and other Parts, +which is reckon'd a Preserver of the Sight and Strengthener of the Brain. +We went, this day, about 12 Miles, one of our Company being +lame of his Knee. We pass'd over an exceeding rich Tract of Land, +affording Plenty of great free Stones, and marble Rocks, +and abounding in many pleasant and delightsome Rivulets. +At Noon, we stay'd and refresh'd ourselves at a Cabin, +where we met with one of their War-Captains, a Man of great Esteem among them. +At his Departure from the Cabin, the Man of the House +scratch'd this War-Captain on the Shoulder, which is look'd upon +as a very great Compliment among them. The Captain went two or three Miles +on our way, with us, to direct us in our Path. One of our Company +gave him a Belt, which he took very kindly, bidding us call at his House, +(which was in our Road) and stay till the lame Traveller was well, +and speaking to the Indian, to order his Servant to make us welcome. +Thus we parted, he being on his Journey to the Congerees, +and Savannas, a famous, warlike, friendly Nation of Indians, +living to the South-End of Ashly River. He had a Man-Slave with him, +who was loaded with European Goods, his Wife and Daughter being in Company. +He told us, at his Departure, that James had sent Knots +to all the Indians thereabouts, for every Town to send in 10 Skins, +meaning Captain Moor, then Governour of South-Carolina. +The Towns being very thick hereabouts, at Night we took up our Quarters +at one of the chief Mens Houses, which was one of the Theaters +I spoke of before. There ran, hard-by this Town, a pleasant River, +not very large, but, as the Indians told us, well stor'd with Fish. +We being now among the powerful Nation of Esaws, our Landlord entertain'd us +very courteously, shewing us, that Night, a pair of Leather-Gloves, +which he had made; and comparing them with ours, they prov'd to be +very ingeniously done, considering it was the first Tryal. + +{Thursday.} +In the Morning, he desired to see the lame Man's affected Part, +to the end he might do something, which (he believ'd) would give him Ease. +After he had viewed it accordingly, he pull'd out an Instrument, +somewhat like a Comb, which was made of a split Reed, +with 15 Teeth of Rattle-Snakes set at much the same distance, +as in a large Horn-Comb: With these he scratch'd the place +where the Lameness chiefly lay, till the Blood came, bathing it, +both before and after Incision, with warm Water, spurted out of his Mouth. +This done, he ran into his Plantation, and got some Sassafras Root, +(which grows here in great plenty) dry'd it in the Embers, +scrap'd off the outward Rind, and having beat it betwixt two Stones, +apply'd it to the Part afflicted, binding it up well. Thus, in a day or two, +the Patient became sound. This day, we pass'd through a great many Towns, +and Settlements, that belong to the Sugeree-Indians, no barren Land +being found amongst them, but great plenty of Free-Stone, and good Timber. +About three in the Afternoon, we reach'd the Kadapau King's House, +where we met with one John Stewart, a Scot, then an Inhabitant +of James-River in Virginia, who had traded there for many Years. +Being alone, and hearing that the Sinnagers (Indians from Canada) +were abroad in that Country, he durst not venture homewards, +till he saw us, having heard that we were coming, above 20 days before. +It is very odd, that News should fly so swiftly among these People. +Mr. Stewart had left Virginia ever since the October before, +and had lost a day of the Week, of which we inform'd him. He had brought +seven Horses along with him, loaded with English Goods for the Indians; +and having sold most of his Cargo, told us, if we would stay two Nights, +he would go along with us. Company being very acceptable, +we accepted the Proposal. + +{Friday.} +The next day, we were preparing for our Voyage, and baked some Bread +to take along with us. Our Landlord was King of the Kadapau Indians, +and always kept two or three trading Girls in his Cabin. +Offering one of these to some of our Company, who refus'd his Kindness, +his Majesty flew into a violent Passion, to be thus slighted, +telling the Englishmen, they were good for nothing. Our old Gamester, +particularly, hung his Ears at the Proposal, having too lately been a Loser +by that sort of Merchandize. It was observable, that we did not see +one Partridge from the Waterrees to this place, tho' my Spaniel-Bitch, +which I had with me in this Voyage, had put up a great many before. + +{Saturday.} +On Saturday Morning, we all set out for Sapona, killing, in these Creeks, +several Ducks of a strange Kind, having a red Circle about their Eyes, +like some Pigeons that I have seen, a Top-knot reaching +from the Crown of their Heads, almost to the middle of their Backs, +and abundance of Feathers of pretty Shades and Colours. +They prov'd excellent Meat. Likewise, here is good store of Woodcocks, +not so big as those in England, the Feathers of the Breast +being of a Carnation-Colour, exceeding ours for Delicacy of Food. +The Marble here is of different Colours, some or other of the Rocks +representing most Mixtures, but chiefly the white having black and blue Veins +in it, and some that are red. This day, we met with seven heaps of Stones, +being the Monuments of seven Indians, that were slain in that place +by the Sinnagers, or Iroquois. Our Indian Guide added a Stone +to each heap. We took up our Lodgings near a Brook-side, +where the Virginia Man's Horses got away; and went back to the Kadapau's. + +{Sunday.} +This day, one of our Company, with a Sapona Indian, who attended Stewart, +went back for the Horses. In the mean time, we went to shoot Pigeons, +which were so numerous in these Parts, that you might see many Millions +in a Flock; they sometimes split off the Limbs of stout Oaks, and other Trees, +upon which they roost o' Nights. You may find several Indian Towns, +of not above 17 Houses, that have more than 100 Gallons of Pigeons Oil, +or Fat; they using it with Pulse, or Bread, as we do Butter, +and making the Ground as white as a Sheet with their Dung. +The Indians take a Light, and go among them in the Night, +and bring away some thousands, killing them with long Poles, +as they roost in the Trees. At this time of the Year, the Flocks, +as they pass by, in great measure, obstruct the Light of the day. + +{Monday.} +On Monday, we went about 25 Miles, travelling through a pleasant, +dry Country, and took up our Lodgings by a Hillside, that was one entire Rock, +out of which gush'd out pleasant Fountains of well-tasted Water. + +{Tuesday.} +The next day, still passing along such Land as we had done +for many days before, which was, Hills and Vallies, about 10 a Clock +we reach'd the Top of one of these Mountains, which yielded us +a fine Prospect of a very level Country, holding so, on all sides, +farther than we could discern. When we came to travel through it, +we found it very stiff and rich, being a sort of Marl. +This Valley afforded as large Timber as any I ever met withal, +especially of Chesnut-Oaks, which render it an excellent Country +for raising great Herds of Swine. Indeed, were it cultivated, +we might have good hopes of as pleasant and fertile a Valley, +as any our English in America can afford. At Night, we lay by +a swift Current, where we saw plenty of Turkies, but pearch'd upon +such lofty Oaks, that our Guns would not kill them, tho' we shot very often, +and our Guns were very good. Some of our Company shot several times, +at one Turkey, before he would fly away, the Pieces being loaded +with large Goose-shot. + +{Wednesday.} +Next Morning, we got our Breakfasts; roasted Acorns being one of the Dishes. +The Indians beat them into Meal, and thicken their Venison-Broth with them; +and oftentimes make a palatable Soop. They are used instead of Bread, +boiling them till the Oil swims on the top of the Water, +which they preserve for use, eating the Acorns with Flesh-meat. +We travell'd, this day, about 25 Miles, over pleasant Savanna Ground, +high, and dry, having very few Trees upon it, and those standing +at a great distance. The Land was very good, and free from +Grubs or Underwood. A Man near Sapona may more easily clear +10 Acres of Ground, than in some places he can one; there being +much loose Stone upon the Land, lying very convenient for making of dry Walls, +or any other sort of durable Fence. This Country abounds likewise +with curious bold Creeks, (navigable for small Craft) disgorging themselves +into the main Rivers, that vent themselves into the Ocean. +These Creeks are well stor'd with sundry sorts of Fish, and Fowl, +and are very convenient for the Transportation of what Commodities +this Place may produce. This Night, we had a great deal of Rain, +with Thunder and Lightning. + +{Thursday.} +Next Morning, it proving delicate Weather, three of us separated ourselves +from the Horses, and the rest of the Company, and went directly +for Sapona Town. That day, we pass'd through a delicious Country, +(none that I ever saw exceeds it.) We saw fine bladed Grass, six Foot high, +along the Banks of these pleasant Rivulets: We pass'd by +the Sepulchres of several slain Indians. Coming, that day, about 30 Miles, +we reach'd the fertile and pleasant Banks of Sapona River, +whereon stands the Indian Town and Fort. Nor could all Europe +afford a pleasanter Stream, were it inhabited by Christians, +and cultivated by ingenious Hands. These Indians live +in a clear Field, about a Mile square, which they would have sold me, +because I talked sometimes of coming into those Parts to live. +This most pleasant River may be something broader than the Thames +at Kingston, keeping a continual pleasant warbling Noise, +with its reverberating on the bright Marble Rocks. It is beautified +with a numerous Train of Swans, and other sorts of Water-Fowl, +not common, though extraordinary pleasing to the Eye. The forward Spring +welcom'd us with her innumerable Train of small Choristers, +which inhabit those fair Banks; the Hills redoubling, and adding Sweetness +to their melodious Tunes by their shrill Echoes. One side of the River +is hemm'd in with mountainy Ground, the other side proving as rich a Soil +to the Eye of a knowing Person with us, as any this Western World can afford. +We took up our Quarters at the King's Cabin, who was a good Friend +to the English, and had lost one of his Eyes in their Vindication. +Being upon his march towards the Appallatche Mountains, +amongst a Nation of Indians in their Way, there happen'd a Difference, +while they were measuring of Gunpowder; and the Powder, by accident, +taking fire, blew out one of this King's Eyes, and did a great deal +more mischief, upon the spot: Yet this Sapona King stood firmly +to the English Man's Interest, with whom he was in Company, +still siding with him against the Indians. They were intended for +the South Sea, but were too much fatigued by the vast Ridge of Mountains, +tho' they hit the right Passage; it being no less than five days Journey +through a Ledge of Rocky Hills, and sandy Desarts. And which is yet worse, +there is no Water, nor scarce a Bird to be seen, during your Passage +over these barren Crags and Valleys. The Sapona River proves to be +the West Branch of Cape-Fair, or Clarendon River, whose Inlet, +with other Advantages, makes it appear as noble a River to plant a Colony in, +as any I have met withal. + +The Saponas had (about 10 days before we came thither) taken +Five Prisoners of the Sinnagers or Jennitos, a Sort of People that range +several thousands of Miles, making all Prey they lay their Hands on. +These are fear'd by all the savage Nations I ever was among, +the Westward Indians dreading their Approach. They are all forted in, +and keep continual Spies and Out-Guards for their better Security. +Those Captives they did intend to burn, few Prisoners of War +escaping that Punishment. The Fire of Pitch-Pine being got ready, +and a Feast appointed, which is solemnly kept at the time of their acting +this Tragedy, the Sufferer has his Body stuck thick with Light-Wood-Splinters, +which are lighted like so many Candles, the tortur'd Person dancing round +a great Fire, till his Strength fails, and disables him from making them +any farther Pastime. Most commonly, these Wretches behave themselves +(in the Midst of their Tortures) with a great deal of Bravery and Resolution, +esteeming it Satisfaction enough, to be assur'd, that the same Fate will befal +some of their Tormentors, whensoever they fall into the Hands of their Nation. +More of this you will have in the other Sheets. + +The Toteros, a neighbouring Nation, came down from the Westward Mountains, +to the Saponas, desiring them to give them those Prisoners into their Hands, +to the Intent they might send them back into their own Nation, +being bound in Gratitude to be serviceable to the Sinnagers, +since not long ago, those Northern-Indians had taken +some of the Toteros Prisoners, and done them no Harm, +but treated them civilly whilst among them, sending them, +with Safety, back to their own People, and affirming, +that it would be the best Method to preserve Peace on all Sides. +At that time these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyauwees, +3 small Nations, were going to live together, by which they thought +they should strengthen themselves, and become formidable to their Enemies. +The Reasons offer'd by the Toteros being heard, the Sapona King, +with the Consent of his Counsellors, deliver'd the Sinnagers up +to the Toteros, to conduct them home. + +{Friday.} +Friday Morning, the old King having shew'd us 2 of his Horses, +that were as fat, as if they had belong'd to the Dutch Troopers, +left us, and went to look after his Bever-Traps, there being +abundance of those amphibious Animals in this River, and the Creeks adjoining. +Taken with the Pleasantness of the Place, we walk'd along the River-side, +where we found a very delightful Island, made by the River, and a Branch; +there being several such Plots of Ground environ'd with this Silver Stream, +which are fit Pastures for Sheep, and free from any offensive Vermin. +Nor can any thing be desired by a contented Mind, as to a pleasant Situation, +but what may here be found; Every Step presenting some new Object, +which still adds Invitation to the Traveller in these Parts. +Our Indian King and his Wife entertain'd us very respectfully. + +{Saturday. Jan. 31.} +On Saturday, the Indians brought in some Swans, and Geese, +which we had our Share of. One of their Doctors took me to his Cabin, +and shew'd me a great Quantity of medicinal Drugs, the Produce of those Parts; +Relating their Qualities as to the Emunctories they work'd by, +and what great Maladies he had heal'd by them. This Evening, +came to us the Horses, with the Remainder of our Company, their Indian Guide +(who was a Youth of this Nation) having kill'd, in their Way, a very fat Doe, +Part of which they brought to us. + +{Sunday.} +This day, the King sent out all his able Hunters, to kill Game +for a great Feast, that was to be kept at their Departure, from the Town, +which they offer'd to sell me for a small matter. That Piece of Ground, +with a little Trouble, would make an Englishman a most curious Settlement, +containing above a Mile square of rich Land. This Evening, +came down some Toteros, tall, likely Men, having great Plenty of Buffelos, +Elks, and Bears, with other sort of Deer amongst them, +which strong Food makes large, robust Bodies. Enquiring of them, +if they never got any of the Bezoar Stone, and giving them a Description +how it was found, the Indians told me, they had great plenty of it; +and ask'd me, What use I could make of it? I answer'd them, +That the white Men us'd it in Physick, and that I would buy some of them, +if they would get it against I came that way again. Thereupon, one of them +pull'd out a Leather-Pouch, wherein was some of it in Powder; +he was a notable Hunter, and affirm'd to me, That that Powder, +blown into the Eyes, strengthen'd the Sight and Brain exceedingly, +that being the most common Use they made of it. I bought, for 2 or 3 Flints, +a large Peach-Loaf, made up with a pleasant sort of Seed; +and this did us a singular Kindness, in our Journey. Near the Town, +within their clear'd Land, are several Bagnios, or Sweating-Houses, +made of Stone, in Shape like a large Oven. These they make much Use of; +especially, for any Pains in the Joints, got by Cold, or Travelling. +At Night, as we lay in our Beds, there arose the most violent N.W. Wind +I ever knew. The first Puff blew down all the Palisadoes that fortify'd +the Town; and I thought it would have blown us all into the River, +together with the Houses. Our one-ey'd King, who pretends much +to the Art of Conjuration, ran out in the most violent Hurry, +and in the Middle of the Town, fell to his Necromantick Practice; +tho' I thought he would have been blown away or kill'd, +before the Devil and he could have exchang'd half a dozen Words; +but in two Minutes, the Wind was ceas'd, and it became as great a Calm, +as ever I knew in my Life. As I much admir'd at that sudden Alteration, +the old Man told me, the Devil was very angry, and had done thus, +because they had not put the Sinnagers to Death. + +{Monday.} +On Monday Morning, our whole Company, with the Horses, +set out from the Sapona-Indian Town, after having seen some of the Locust, +which is gotten thereabouts, the same Sort that bears Honey. +Going over several Creeks, very convenient for Water-Mills, +about 8 Miles from the Town, we pass'd over a very pretty River, +call'd Rocky River, a fit Name, having a Ridge of high Mountains running +from its Banks, to the Eastward; and disgorging itself into Sapona-River; +so that there is a most pleasant and convenient Neck of Land, +betwixt both Rivers, lying upon a Point, where many thousand Acres +may be fenced in, without much Cost or Labour. You can scarce go a Mile, +without meeting with one of these small swift Currents, +here being no Swamps to be found, but pleasant, dry Roads +all over the Country. The Way that we went this day, was as full of Stones, +as any which Craven, in the West of Yorkshire, could afford, +and having nothing but Moggisons on my Feet, I was so lam'd +by this stony Way, that I thought I must have taken up some Stay +in those Parts. We went, this day, not above 15 or 20 Miles. +After we had supp'd, and all lay down to sleep, there came a Wolf +close to the Fire-side, where we lay. My Spaniel soon discover'd him, +at which, one of our Company fir'd a Gun at the Beast; but, I believe, +there was a Mistake in the loading of it, for it did him no Harm. +The Wolf stay'd till he had almost loaded again, but the Bitch making +a great Noise, at last left us and went aside. We had no sooner laid down, +but he approach'd us again, yet was more shy, so that we could not get +a Shot at him. + +{Tuesday.} +Next day, we had 15 Miles farther to the Keyauwees. The Land +is more mountainous, but extremely pleasant, and an excellent Place +for the breeding Sheep, Goats, and Horses; or Mules, if the English +were once brought to the Experience of the Usefulness of those Creatures. +The Valleys are here very rich. At Noon, we pass'd over +such another stony River, as that eight Miles from Sapona. +This is call'd Heighwaree, and affords as good blue Stone for Mill-Stones, +as that from Cologn, good Rags, some Hones, and large Pebbles, +in great abundance, besides Free-Stone of several Sorts, all very useful. +I knew one of these Hones made use of by an Acquaintance of mine, +and it prov'd rather better than any from Old Spain, or elsewhere. +The Veins of Marble are very large and curious on this River, +and the Banks thereof. + +Five Miles from this River, to the N.W. stands the Keyauwees Town. +They are fortify'd in, with wooden Puncheons, like Sapona, +being a People much of the same Number. Nature hath so fortify'd this Town, +with Mountains, that were it a Seat of War, it might easily +be made impregnable; having large Corn-Fields joining to their Cabins, +and a Savanna near the Town, at the Foot of these Mountains, +that is capable of keeping some hundred Heads of Cattle. And all this +environ'd round with very high Mountains, so that no hard Wind ever troubles +these Inhabitants. Those high Clifts have no Grass growing on them, +and very few Trees, which are very short, and stand at a great Distance +one from another. The Earth is of a red Colour, and seems to me +to be wholly design'd by Nature for the Production of Minerals, +being of too hot a Quality, to suffer any Verdure upon its Surface. +These Indians make use of Lead-Ore, to paint their Faces withal, +which they get in the neighbouring Mountains. As for the refining of Metals, +the Indians are wholly ignorant of it, being content with the Realgar. +But if it be my Chance, once more to visit these Hilly Parts, +I shall make a longer Stay amongst them: For were a good Vein of Lead +found out, and work'd by an ingenious Hand, it might be of no small Advantage +to the Undertaker, there being great Convenience for smelting, +either by Bellows or Reverberation; and the Working of these Mines +might discover some that are much richer. + +At the Top of one of these Mountains, is a Cave that 100 Men +may fit very conveniently to dine in; whether natural, or artificial, +I could not learn. There is a fine Bole between this Place, and the Saps. +These Valleys thus hemm'd in with Mountains, would (doubtless) prove +a good place for propagating some sort of Fruits, that our Easterly Winds +commonly blast. The Vine could not miss of thriving well here; +but we of the Northern Climate are neither Artists, nor curious, +in propagating that pleasant and profitable Vegetable. Near the Town, +is such another Current, as Heighwaree. We being six in Company, +divided ourselves into Two Parties; and it was my Lot to be +at the House of Keyauwees Jack, who is King of that People. +He is a Congeree-Indian, and ran away when he was a Boy. +He got this Government by Marriage with the Queen; the Female Issue +carrying the Heritage, for fear of Impostors; the Savages +well knowing, how much Frailty possesses the Indian Women, +betwixt the Garters and the Girdle. + +{Wednesday.} +The next day, having some occasion to write, the Indian King, who saw me, +believ'd that he could write as well as I. Whereupon, I wrote a Word, +and gave it him to copy, which he did with more Exactness, +than any European could have done, that was illiterate. It was so well, +that he who could read mine, might have done the same by his. +Afterwards, he took great Delight in making Fish-hooks of his own Invention, +which would have been a good Piece for an Antiquary to have puzzled +his Brains withal, in tracing out the Characters of all the Oriental Tongues. +He sent for several Indians to his Cabin, to look at his Handy-work, +and both he and they thought, I could read his Writing +as well as I could my own. I had a Manual in my Pocket, +that had King David's Picture in it, in one of his private Retirements. +The Indian ask'd me, Who that Figure represented? I told him, +It was the Picture of a good King, that liv'd according to +the Rules of Morality, doing to all as he would be done by, +ordering all his Life to the Service of the Creator of all things; +and being now above us all, in Heaven, with God Almighty, +who had rewarded him with all the delightful Pleasures imaginable +in the other World, for his Obedience to him in this; I concluded, +with telling them, that we received nothing here below, +as Food, Raiment, &c. but what came from that Omnipotent Being. +They listened to my Discourse with a profound Silence, assuring me, +that they believ'd what I said to be true. No Man living will ever be able +to make these Heathens sensible of the Happiness of a future State, +except he now and then mentions some lively carnal Representation, +which may quicken their Apprehensions, and make them thirst +after such a gainful Exchange; for, were the best Lecture +that ever was preach'd by Man, given to an ignorant sort of People, +in a more learned Style, than their mean Capacities are able to understand, +the Intent would prove ineffectual, and the Hearers would be left +in a greater Labyrinth than their Teacher found them in. +But dispense the Precepts of our Faith according to the Pupil's Capacity, +and there is nothing in our Religion, but what an indifferent Reason is, +in some measure, able to comprehend; tho' a New-England Minister +blames the French Jesuits for this way of Proceeding, as being +quite contrary to a true Christian Practice, and affirms it to be no ready, +or true Method, to establish a lively Representation of our Christian Belief +amongst these Infidels. + +All the Indians hereabouts carefully preserve the Bones of the Flesh +they eat, and burn them, as being of Opinion, that if they omitted +that Custom, the Game would leave their Country, and they should not be able +to maintain themselves by their Hunting. Most of these Indians +wear Mustachoes, or Whiskers, which is rare; by reason the Indians +are a People that commonly pull the Hair of their Faces, and other Parts, +up by the Roots, and suffer none to grow. Here is plenty of Chesnuts, +which are rarely found in Carolina, and never near the Sea, or Salt-Water; +tho' they are frequently in such Places in Virginia. + +At the other House, where our Fellow-Travellers lay, they had provided a Dish, +in great Fashion amongst the Indians, which was Two young Fawns, +taken out of the Doe's Bellies, and boil'd in the same slimy Bags +Nature had plac'd them in, and one of the Country-Hares, +stew'd with the Guts in her Belly, and her Skin with the Hair on. +This new-fashion'd Cookery wrought Abstinence in our Fellow-Travellers, +which I somewhat wonder'd at, because one of them made nothing +of eating Allegators, as heartily as if it had been Pork and Turneps. +The Indians dress most things after the Wood-cock Fashion, +never taking the Guts out. At the House we lay at, there was +very good Entertainment of Venison, Turkies, and Bears; and which is customary +amongst the Indians, the Queen had a Daughter by a former Husband, +who was the beautifullest Indian I ever saw, and had an Air of Majesty +with her, quite contrary to the general Carriage of the Indians. +She was very kind to the English, during our Abode, as well as +her Father and Mother. + +{Thursday.} +This Morning, most of our Company having some Inclination +to go straight away for Virginia, when they left this Place; +I and one more took our leaves of them, resolving (with God's Leave) +to see North-Carolina, one of the Indians setting us in our way. +The rest being indifferent which way they went, desired us, by all means, +to leave a Letter for them, at the Achonechy-Town. The Indian +that put us in our Path, had been a Prisoner amongst the Sinnagers; +but had out-run them, although they had cut his Toes, and half his Feet away, +which is a Practice common amongst them. They first raise the Skin, +then cut away half the Feet, and so wrap the Skin over the Stumps, +and make a present Cure of the Wounds. This commonly disables them +from making their Escape, they being not so good Travellers as before, +and the Impression of their Half-Feet making it easy to trace them. +However, this Fellow was got clear of them, but had little Heart +to go far from home, and carry'd always a Case of Pistols in his Girdle, +besides a Cutlass, and a Fuzee. Leaving the rest of our Company +at the Indian-Town, we travell'd, that day, about 20 Miles, +in very cold, frosty Weather; and pass'd over two pretty Rivers, +something bigger than Heighwaree, but not quite so stony. We took +these two Rivers to make one of the Northward Branches of Cape-Fair River, +but afterwards found our Mistake. + +{Friday.} +The next day, we travell'd over very good Land, but full of Free-Stone, +and Marble, which pinch'd our Feet severely. We took up our Quarters +in a sort of Savanna-Ground, that had very few Trees in it. +The Land was good, and had several Quarries of Stone, but not loose, +as the others us'd to be. + +{Saturday.} +Next Morning, we got our Breakfasts of Parch'd Corn, having nothing but that +to subsist on for above 100 Miles. All the Pine-Trees were vanish'd, +for we had seen none for two days. We pass'd through a delicate rich Soil +this day; no great Hills, but pretty Risings, and Levels, which made +a beautiful Country. We likewise pass'd over three Rivers this day; +the first about the bigness of Rocky River, the other not much differing +in Size. Then we made not the least Question, but we had pass'd over +the North-West Branch of Cape-Fair, travelling that day above 30 Miles. +We were much taken with the Fertility and Pleasantness of the Neck of Land +between these two Branches, and no less pleas'd, that we had pass'd the River, +which us'd to frighten Passengers from fording it. At last, +determining to rest on the other side of a Hill, which we saw before us; +when we were on the Top thereof, there appear'd to us such another delicious, +rapid Stream, as that of Sapona, having large Stones, +about the bigness of an ordinary House, lying up and down the River. +As the Wind blew very cold at N.W. and we were very weary, and hungry, +the Swiftness of the Current gave us some cause to fear; but, at last, +we concluded to venture over that Night. Accordingly, we stripp'd, +and with great Difficulty, (by God's Assistance) got safe +to the North-side of the famous Hau-River, by some called Reatkin; +the Indians differing in the Names of Places, according to their +several Nations. It is call'd Hau-River, from the Sissipahau Indians, +who dwell upon this Stream, which is one of the main Branches of Cape-Fair, +there being rich Land enough to contain some Thousands of Families; +for which Reason, I hope, in a short time, it will be planted. +This River is much such another as Sapona; both seeming to run a vast way +up the Country. Here is plenty of good Timber, and especially, +of a Scaly-bark'd Oak; And as there is Stone enough in both Rivers, +and the Land is extraordinary Rich, no Man that will be content +within the Bounds of Reason, can have any grounds to dislike it. +And they that are otherwise, are the best Neighbours, when farthest of. + +{Sunday.} +As soon as it was day, we set out for the Achonechy-Town, +it being, by Estimation, 20 Miles off, which, I believe, is pretty exact. +We were got about half way, (meeting great Gangs of Turkies) when we saw, +at a Distance, 30 loaded Horses, coming on the Road, with four or five Men, +on other Jades, driving them. We charg'd our Piece, and went up to them: +Enquiring, whence they came from? They told us, from Virginia. +The leading Man's Name was Massey, who was born about Leeds +in Yorkshire. He ask'd, from whence we came? We told him. +Then he ask'd again, Whether we wanted any thing that he had? telling us, +we should be welcome to it. We accepted of Two Wheaten Biskets, +and a little Ammunition. He advised us, by all means, +to strike down the Country for Ronoack, and not think of Virginia, +because of the Sinnagers, of whom they were afraid, tho' so well arm'd, +and numerous. They persuaded us also, to call upon one Enoe Will, +as we went to Adshusheer, for that he would conduct us safe +among the English, giving him the Character of a very faithful Indian, +which we afterwards found true by Experience. The Virginia-Men +asking our Opinion of the Country we were then in? we told them, +it was a very pleasant one. They were all of the same Opinion, and affirm'd, +That they had never seen 20 Miles of such extraordinary rich Land, +lying all together, like that betwixt Hau-River and the Achonechy Town. +Having taken our Leaves of each other, we set forward; and the Country, +thro' which we pass'd, was so delightful, that it gave us +a great deal of Satisfaction. About Three a Clock, we reach'd the Town, +and the Indians presently brought us good fat Bear, and Venison, +which was very acceptable at that time. Their Cabins were hung +with a good sort of Tapestry, as fat Bear, and barbakued or dried Venison; +no Indians having greater Plenty of Provisions than these. +The Savages do, indeed, still possess the Flower of Carolina, +the English enjoying only the Fag-end of that fine Country. +We had not been in the Town 2 Hours, when Enoe-Will came into +the King's Cabin; which was our Quarters. We ask'd him, +if he would conduct us to the English, and what he would have for his Pains; +he answer'd, he would go along with us, and for what he was to have, +he left that to our Discretion. + +{Monday.} +The next Morning, we set out, with Enoe-Will, towards Adshusheer, +leaving the Virginia Path, and striking more to the Eastward, +for Ronoack. Several Indians were in our Company belonging +to Will's Nation, who are the Shoccories, mixt with the Enoe-Indians, +and those of the Nation of Adshusheer. Enoe-Will is their chief Man, +and rules as far as the Banks of Reatkin. It was a sad stony Way +to Adshusheer. We went over a small River by Achonechy, +and in this 14 Miles, through several other Streams, which empty themselves +into the Branches of Cape-Fair. The stony Way made me quite lame; +so that I was an Hour or two behind the rest; but honest Will +would not leave me, but bid me welcome when we came to his House, +feasting us with hot Bread, and Bears-Oil; which is wholsome Food +for Travellers. There runs a pretty Rivulet by this Town. +Near the Plantation, I saw a prodigious overgrown Pine-Tree, +having not seen any of that Sort of Timber for above 125 Miles: +They brought us 2 Cocks, and pull'd their larger Feathers off, +never plucking the lesser, but singeing them off. I took one of these Fowls +in my Hand, to make it cleaner than the Indian had, pulling out +his Guts and Liver, which I laid in a Bason; notwithstanding which, +he kept such a Struggling for a considerable time, that I had much ado +to hold him in my Hands. The Indians laugh'd at me, and told me, +that Enoe-Will had taken a Cock of an Indian that was not at home, +and the Fowl was design'd for another Use. I conjectur'd, +that he was design'd for an Offering to their God, who, they say, +hurts them, (which is the Devil.) In this Struggling, he bled afresh, +and there issued out of his Body more Blood than commonly +such Creatures afford. Notwithstanding all this, we cook'd him, and eat him; +and if he was design'd for him, cheated the Devil. The Indians keep +many Cocks, but seldom above one Hen, using very often such wicked Sacrifices, +as I mistrusted this Fowl was design'd for. + +Our Guide and Landlord Enoe-Will was of the best and most agreeable Temper +that ever I met with in an Indian, being always ready +to serve the English, not out of Gain, but real Affection; +which makes him apprehensive of being poison'd by some wicked Indians, +and was therefore very earnest with me, to promise him to revenge his Death, +if it should so happen. He brought some of his chief Men into his Cabin, +and 2 of them having a Drum, and a Rattle, sung by us, as we lay in Bed, +and struck up their Musick to serenade and welcome us to their Town. +And tho' at last, we fell asleep, yet they continu'd their Consort +till Morning. These Indians are fortify'd in, as the former, +and are much addicted to a Sport they call Chenco, which is carry'd on +with a Staff and a Bowl made of Stone, which they trundle upon a smooth Place, +like a Bowling-Green, made for that Purpose, as I have mention'd before. + +{Tuesday.} +Next Morning, we set out, with our Guide, and several other Indians, +who intended to go to the English, and buy Rum. We design'd for a Nation +about 40 Miles from Adshusheer, call'd the Lower Quarter: +The first Night, we lay in a rich Perkoson, or low Ground, +that was hard-by a Creek, and good dry Land. + +{Wednesday.} +The next day, we went over several Tracts of rich Land, +but mix'd with Pines and other indifferent Soil. In our way, +there stood a great Stone about the Size of a large Oven, and hollow; +this the Indians took great Notice of, putting some Tobacco +into the Concavity, and spitting after it. I ask'd them +the Reason of their so doing, but they made me no Answer. In the Evening, +we pass'd over a pleasant Rivulet, with a fine gravelly Bottom, +having come over such another that Morning. On the other side of this River, +we found the Indian Town, which was a Parcel of nasty smoaky Holes, +much like the Waterrees; their Town having a great Swamp +running directly through the Middle thereof. The Land here +begins to abate of its Height, and has some few Swamps. +Most of these Indians have but one Eye; but what Mischance or Quarrel +has bereav'd them of the other I could not learn. They were not +so free to us, as most of the other Indians had been; Victuals being +somewhat scarce among them. However, we got enough to satisfy our Appetites. +I saw, among these Men, very long Arrows, headed with Pieces of Glass, +which they had broken from Bottles. They had shap'd them neatly, +like the Head of a Dart; but which way they did it, I can't tell. +We had not been at this Town above an Hour, when two of our Company, +that had bought a Mare of John Stewart, came up to us, +having receiv'd a Letter by one of Will's Indians, who was very cautious, +and asked a great many Questions, to certifie him of the Person, +e'er he would deliver the Letter. They had left the Trader, +and one that came from South-Carolina with us, to go to Virginia; +these Two being resolved to go to Carolina with us. + +{Thursday.} +This Day fell much Rain, so we staid at the Indian Town. + +{Friday.} +This Morning, we set out early, being four English-Men, +besides several Indians. We went 10 Miles, and were then stopp'd +by the Freshes of Enoe-River, which had rais'd it so high, +that we could not pass over, till it was fallen. I enquir'd of my Guide, +Where this River disgorg'd it self? He said, It was Enoe-River, +and run into a Place call'd Enoe-Bay, near his Country, which he left +when he was a Boy; by which I perceiv'd, he was one of the Cores by Birth: +This being a Branch of Neus-River. + +{Saturday.} +This Day, our Fellow-Traveller's Mare ran away from him; +wherefore, Will went back as far as the lower Quarter, and brought her back. + +{Sunday.} +The next Day, early, came two Tuskeruro Indians to the other side +of the River, but could not get over. They talk'd much to us, +but we understood them not. In the Afternoon, Will came +with the Mare, and had some Discourse with them; they told him, +The English, to whom he was going, were very wicked People; +and, That they threatned the Indians for Hunting near their Plantations. +These Two Fellows were going among the Schoccores and Achonechy Indians, +to sell their Wooden Bowls and Ladles for Raw-Skins, which they make +great Advantage of, hating that any of these Westward Indians +should have any Commerce with the English, which would prove a Hinderance +to their Gains. Their Stories deterr'd an Old Indian and his Son, +from going any farther; but Will told us, Nothing they had said +should frighten him, he believing them to be a couple of Hog-stealers; +and that the English only sought Restitution of their Losses, by them; +and that this was the only ground for their Report. Will had a Slave, +a Sissipahau-Indian by Nation, who killed us several Turkies, +and other Game, on which we feasted. + +{Monday.} +This River is near as large as Reatkin; the South-side having +curious Tracts of good Land, the Banks high, and Stone-Quarries. +The Tuskeruros being come to us, we ventur'd over the River, +which we found to be a strong Current, and the Water about Breast-high. +However, we all got safe to the North-Shore, which is but poor, +white, sandy Land, and bears no Timber, but small shrubby Oaks. +We went about 10 Miles, and sat down at the Falls of a large Creek, +where lay mighty Rocks, the Water making a strange Noise, +as if a great many Water-Mills were going at once. I take this to be +the Falls of Neus-Creek, called by the Indians, `Wee quo Whom'. +We lay here all Night. My Guide Will desiring to see the Book +that I had about me, I lent it him; and as he soon found +the Picture of King David, he asked me several Questions +concerning the Book, and Picture, which I resolv'd him, and invited him +to become a Christian. He made me a very sharp Reply, assuring me, +That he lov'd the English extraordinary well, and did believe their Ways +to be very good for those that had already practis'd them, +and had been brought up therein; But as for himself, he was too much in Years +to think of a Change, esteeming it not proper for Old People +to admit of such an Alteration. However, he told me, +If I would take his Son Jack, who was then about 14 Years of Age, +and teach him to talk in that Book, and make Paper speak, +which they call our Way of Writing, he would wholly resign him to my Tuition; +telling me, he was of Opinion, I was very well affected to the Indians. + +{Tuesday.} +The next Morning, we set out early, and I perceiv'd that these Indians +were in some fear of Enemies; for they had an Old Man with them, +who was very cunning and circumspect, wheresoever he saw any Marks of Footing, +or of any Fire that had been made; going out of his Way, very often, +to look for these Marks. We went, this day, above 30 Miles, +over a very level Country, and most Pine Land, yet intermix'd +with some Quantities of Marble; a good Range for Cattel, +though very indifferent for Swine. We had now lost our rapid Streams, +and were come to slow, dead Waters, of a brown Colour, +proceeding from the Swamps, much like the Sluices in Holland, +where the Track-Scoots go along. In the Afternoon, we met two Tuskeruros, +who told us, That there was a Company of Hunters not far of, +and if we walk'd stoutly, we might reach them that Night. +But Will and He that own'd the Mare, being gone before, +and the Old Indian tired, we rested, that Night, in the Woods, +making a good light Fire, Wood being very plentiful in these Parts. + +{Wednesday.} +Next Day, about 10 a Clock, we struck out of the Way, +by the Advice of our Old Indian. We had not gone past two Miles, +e'er we met with about 500 Tuskeruros in one Hunting-Quarter. +They had made themselves Streets of Houses, built with Pine-Bark, +not with round Tops, as they commonly use, but Ridge-Fashion, after the manner +of most other Indians. We got nothing amongst them but Corn, +Flesh being not plentiful, by reason of the great Number of their People. +For tho' they are expert Hunters, yet they are too populous for one Range; +which makes Venison very scarce to what it is amongst other Indians, +that are fewer; no Savages living so well for Plenty, as those near the Sea. +I saw, amongst these, a Hump-back'd Indian, which was the only crooked one +I ever met withal. About two a Clock, we reach'd one of their Towns, +in which there was no body left, but an Old Woman or two; the rest being gone +to their Hunting-Quarters. We could find no Provision at that Place. +We had a Tuskeruro that came in company with us, from the lower Quarter, +who took us to his Cabin, and gave us what it afforded, which was Corn-meat. + +{Thursday.} +This Day, we pass'd through several Swamps, and going not above a dozen Miles, +came to a Cabin, the Master whereof us'd to trade amongst the English. +He told us, If we would stay Two Nights, he would conduct us safe to them, +himself designing, at that time, to go and fetch some Rum; +so we resolved to tarry for his Company. During our Stay, +there happen'd to be a Young Woman troubled with Fits. +The Doctor who was sent for to assist her, laid her on her Belly, +and made a small Incision with Rattle-Snake-Teeth; then laying his Mouth +to the Place, he suck'd out near a Quart of black conglutinated Blood, +and Serum. Our Landlord gave us the Tail of a Bever, +which was a choice Food. {Friday.} There happen'd also to be +a Burial of one of their Dead, which Ceremony is much the same with +that of the Santees, who make a great Feast at the Interment of their Corps. +The small Runs of Water hereabout, afford great Plenty of Craw-Fish, +full as large as those in England, and nothing inferior in Goodness. + +{Saturday.} +Saturday Morning, our Patron, with Enoe Will, and his Servant, +set out with us, for the English. In the Afternoon, we ferried +over a River, (in a Canoe) called by the Indians, Chattookau, +which is the N.W. Branch of Neus-River. We lay in the Swamp, +where some Indians invited us to go to their Quarters, +which some of our Company accepted, but got nothing extraordinary, +except a dozen Miles March out of their Way: The Country here +is very thick of Indian Towns and Plantations. + +{Sunday.} +We were forced to march, this day, for Want of Provisions. About 10 a Clock, +we met an Indian that had got a parcel of Shad-Fish ready barbaku'd. +We bought 24 of them, for a dress'd Doe-Skin, and so went on, +through many Swamps, finding, this day, the long ragged Moss on the Trees, +which we had not seen for above 600 Miles. In the Afternoon, +we came upon the Banks of Pampticough, about 20 Miles above +the English Plantations by Water, though not so far by Land. +The Indian found a Canoe, which he had hidden, in which +we all got over, and went about six Miles farther. We lay, that Night, +under two or three Pieces of Bark, at the Foot of a large Oak. +There fell abundance of Snow and Rain in the Night, with much +Thunder and Lightning. + +{Monday.} +Next Day, it clear'd up, and it being about 12 Miles to the English, +about half-way we passed over a deep Creek, and came safe +to Mr. Richard Smith's, of Pampticough-River, in North-Carolina; +where being well receiv'd by the Inhabitants, and pleas'd with +the Goodness of the Country, we all resolv'd to continue. + + + + FINIS. + + + + + + A + DESCRIPTION + of + North-CAROLINA. + + + +{Carolina how bounded.} +The Province of Carolina is separated from Virginia by a due West-Line, +which begins at Currituck-Inlet, in 36 Degrees, 30 Minutes, +of Northern-Latitude, and extends indefinitely to the Westward, +and thence to the Southward, as far as 29 Degrees; which is a vast Tract +of Sea-Coast. But having already treated, as far as is necessary, +concerning South-Carolina, I shall confine myself, in the ensuing Sheets, +to give my Reader a Description of that Part of the Country only, +which lies betwixt Currituck and Cape-Fair, and is almost 34 Deg. North. +And this is commonly call'd North Carolina. + +This Part of Carolina is faced with a Chain of Sand-Banks, +which defends it from the Violence and Insults of the Atlantick Ocean; +by which Barrier, a vast Sound is hemm'd in, which fronts +the Mouths of the Navigable and Pleasant Rivers of this Fertile Country, +and into which they disgorge themselves. {Inlets.} Thro' the same +are Inlets of several Depths of Water. Some of their Channels +admit only of Sloops, Brigantines, small Barks, and Ketches; +and such are Currituck, Ronoak, and up the Sound above Hatteras: +Whilst others can receive Ships of Burden, as Ocacock, Topsail-Inlet, +and Cape-Fair; as appears by my Chart. + +{First Colony of Carolina.} +The first Discovery and Settlement of this Country was by the Procurement +of Sir Walter Raleigh, in Conjunction with some publick-spirited Gentlemen +of that Age, under the Protection of Queen Elizabeth; +for which Reason it was then named Virginia, being begun on that Part +called Ronoak-Island, where the Ruins of a Fort are to be seen at this day, +as well as some old English Coins which have been lately found; +and a Brass-Gun, a Powder-Horn, and one small Quarter deck-Gun, +made of Iron Staves, and hoop'd with the same Metal; which Method +of making Guns might very probably be made use of in those Days, +for the Convenience of Infant-Colonies. + +{Hatteras Indians.} +A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians, +who either then lived on Ronoak-Island, or much frequented it. +These tell us, that several of their Ancestors were white People, +and could talk in a Book, as we do; the Truth of which is confirm'd +by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians, and no others. +They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English, +and are ready to do them all friendly Offices. It is probable, +that this Settlement miscarry'd for want of timely Supplies from England; +or thro' the Treachery of the Natives, for we may reasonably suppose that +the English were forced to cohabit with them, for Relief and Conversation; +and that in process of Time, they conform'd themselves +to the Manners of their Indian Relations. And thus we see, +how apt Humane Nature is to degenerate. + +{Sir Walter Raleigh's Ship.} +I cannot forbear inserting here, a pleasant Story that passes +for an uncontested Truth amongst the Inhabitants of this Place; +which is, that the Ship which brought the first Colonies, +does often appear amongst them, under Sail, in a gallant Posture, +which they call Sir Walter Raleigh's Ship, And the truth of this +has been affirm'd to me, by Men of the best Credit in the Country. + +{Second Settlement of North-Carolina.} +A second Settlement of this Country was made about fifty Years ago, +in that part we now call Albemarl-County, and chiefly in Chuwon Precinct, +by several substantial Planters, from Virginia, and other Plantations; +Who finding mild Winters, and a fertile Soil, beyond Expectation, +producing every thing that was planted, to a prodigious Increase; +their Cattle, Horses, Sheep, and Swine, breeding very fast, +and passing the Winter, without any Assistance from the Planter; +so that every thing seem'd to come by Nature, the Husbandman living +almost void of Care, and free from those Fatigues which are absolutely +requisite in Winter-Countries, for providing Fodder and other Necessaries; +these Encouragements induc'd them to stand their Ground, +altho' but a handful of People, seated at great Distances one from another, +and amidst a vast number of Indians of different Nations, +who were then in Carolina. Nevertheless, I say, the Fame of this +new-discover'd Summer-Country spread thro' the neighbouring Colonies, +and, in a few Years, drew a considerable Number of Families thereto, +who all found Land enough to settle themselves in, (had they been +many Thousands more) and that which was very good and commodiously seated, +both for Profit and Pleasure. {Pleasantness of Carolina.} +And indeed, most of the Plantations in Carolina naturally enjoy +a noble Prospect of large and spacious Rivers, pleasant Savanna's, +and fine Meadows, with their green Liveries, interwoven with +beautiful Flowers, of most glorious Colours, which the several Seasons afford; +hedg'd in with pleasant Groves of the ever-famous Tulip-tree, +the stately Laurel, and Bays, equalizing the Oak in Bigness and Growth; +Myrtles, Jessamines, Wood-bines, Honysuckles, and several other +fragrant Vines and Ever-greens, whose aspiring Branches +shadow and interweave themselves with the loftiest Timbers, +yielding a pleasant Prospect, Shade and Smell, proper Habitations +for the Sweet-singing Birds, that melodiously entertain such as travel +thro' the Woods of Carolina. + +The Planters possessing all these Blessings, and the Produce +of great Quantities of Wheat and Indian Corn, in which this Country +is very fruitful, as likewise in Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides, Deer-Skins, +and Furs; for these Commodities the New-England-Men and Bermudians +visited Carolina in their Barks and Sloops, and carry'd out what they made, +bringing them, in Exchange, Rum, Sugar, Salt, Molosses, +and some wearing Apparel, tho' the last at very extravagant Prices. + +As the Land is very fruitful, so are the Planters kind and hospitable +to all that come to visit them; there being very few Housekeepers, +but what live very nobly, and give away more Provisions to Coasters and Guests +who come to see them, than they expend amongst their own Families. + + + + Of the Inlets and Havens of this Country. + + +{Currituck Inlet.} +The Bar of Currituck being the Northermost of this Country, presents itself +first to be treated of. It lies in 36 deg. 30 min. and the Course over +is S.W. by W. having not above seven or eight Foot on the Bar, +tho' a good Harbour, when you are over, where you may ride safe, +and deep enough; but this Part of the Sound is so full of Shoals, +as not to suffer any thing to trade thro' it, that draws above +three Foot Water, which renders it very incommodious. However, +this affects but some part of the Country, and may be easily remedied, +by carrying their Produce, in small Craft, down to the Vessels, +which ride near the Inlet. + +{Ronoak Inlet.} +Ronoak Inlet has Ten Foot Water, the Course over the Bar +is almost W. which leads you thro' the best of the Channel. This Bar, +as well as Currituck, often shifts by the Violence of the N.E. Storms, +both lying expos'd to those Winds. Notwithstanding which, +a considerable Trade might be carry'd on, provided there was a Pilot +to bring them in; for it lies convenient for a large Part of this Colony, +whose Product would very easily allow of that Charge; Lat. 35 deg. 50 min. + +{Hatteras Inlet.} +The Inlet of Hatteras lies to the Westward of the Cape, +round which is an excellent Harbour. When the Wind blows hard +at N. or N.E. if you keep a small League from the Cape-Point, +you will have 3, 4, and 5 Fathom, the outermost Shoals lying +about 7 or 8 Leagues from Shoar. As you come into the Inlet, +keep close to the South Breakers, till you are over the Bar, +where you will have two Fathom at Low-Water. You may come to an Anchor +in two Fathom and a Half when you are over, then steer over close aboard +the North Shoar, where is four Fathom, close to a Point of Marsh; then steer +up the Sound a long League, till you bring the North Cape of the Inlet +to bear S.S.E. half E. then steer W.N.W. the East-point of Bluff-Land +at Hatteras bearing E.N.E. the Southermost large Hammock towards Ocacock, +bearing S.S.W. half S. then you are in the Sound, over the Bar of Sand, +whereon is but 6 Foot Water; then your Course to Pampticough +is almost West. It flows on these three Bars S.E. by E. 1/4 E. about +Eight of the Clock, unless there is a hard Gale of Wind at N.E. which +will make it flow two hours longer; but as soon as the Wind is down, +the Tides will have their natural Course: A hard Gale at N. or N.W. will make +the Water ebb sometimes 24 hours, but still the Tide will ebb and flow, +tho' not seen by the turning thereof, but may be seen +by the Rising of the Water, and Falling of the same, Lat. 35d 20". + +{Ocacock Inlet.} +Ocacock is the best Inlet and Harbour yet in this Country; +and has 13 Foot at Low-water upon the Bar. There are two Channels; +one is but narrow, and lies close aboard the South Cape; +the other in the Middle, viz. between the Middle Ground, +and the South Shoar, and is above half a Mile wide. The Bar itself +is but half a Cable's Length over, and then you are in 7 or 8 Fathom Water; +a good Harbour. The Course into the Sound is N.N.W. At High-water, +and Neap-tides, here is 18 Foot Water. It lies S.W. from Hatteras Inlet. +Lat. 35d 8". + +{Topsail Inlet.} +Topsail Inlet is above two Leagues to the Westward of Cape Look-out. +You have a fair Channel over the Bar, and two Fathom thereon, +and a good Harbour in five or six Fathom to come to an Anchor. +Your Course over this Bar is almost N.W. Lat. 34d 44". + +{Cape Fair Inlet and River.} +As for the Inlet and River of Cape Fair, I cannot give you +a better Information thereof, than has been already deliver'd +by the Gentlemen, who were sent on purpose, from Barbados, +to make a Discovery of that River, in the Year 1663, which is thus. + + +From Tuesday the 29th of September, to Friday the 2d of October, +we rang'd along the Shoar from Lat. 32 deg. 20 min. to Lat. 33 deg. 11 min. +but could discern no Entrance for our Ship, after we had pass'd +to the Northward of 32 deg. 40 min. On Saturday, Octob. 3. +a violent Storm overtook us, the Wind between North and East; +which Easterly Winds and Foul Weather continu'd till Monday the 12th; +by reason of which Storms and Foul Weather, we were forced +to get off to Sea, to secure Ourselves and Ship, and were driven +by the Rapidity of a strong Current to Cape Hatteras in Lat. 35 deg. 30 min. +On Monday the 12th aforesaid, we came to an Anchor in seven Fathom +at Cape-Fair Road, and took the Meridian Altitude of the Sun, +and were in Latitude 33 deg. 43 min. the Wind continuing still easterly, +and foul Weather, till Thursday the 15th; and on Friday the 16th, +the Wind being at N.W. we weigh'd and sail'd up Cape-Fair-River, +some 4 or 5 Leagues, and came to an Anchor in 6 or 7 Fathom, +at which time several Indians came on board, and brought us +great Store of fresh Fish, large Mullets, young Bass, Shads, +and several other Sorts of very good well-tasted Fish. +On Saturday the 17th, we went down to the Cape, to see +the English Cattle, but could not find 'em, tho' we rounded the Cape: +And having an Indian Guide with us, here we rode till Oct. 24. +The Wind being against us, we could not go up the River with our Ship; +but went on shoar, and view'd the Land of those Quarters. On Saturday, +we weigh'd, and sail'd up the River some 4 Leagues, or thereabouts. +Sunday the 25th, we weigh'd again, and row'd up the River, it being calm, +and got up some 14 Leagues from the Harbour's Mouth, where we mor'd our Ship. +On Monday Oct. the 26th, we went down with the Yawl, to Necoes, +an Indian Plantation, and view'd the Land there. On Tuesday the 27th, +we row'd up the main River, with our Long-Boat, and 12 Men, +some 10 Leagues, or thereabouts. On Wednesday the 28th, +we row'd up about 8 or 10 Leagues more. Thursday the 29th, +was foul Weather, with much Rain and Wind, which forc'd us to make Huts, +and lie still. Friday the 30th, we proceeded up the main River, +7 or 8 Leagues. Saturday the 31st, we got up 3 or 4 Leagues more, +and came to a Tree that lay cross the River; but because our Provisions +were almost spent, we proceeded no farther, but return'd downward +before Night, and on Monday the 2d of November, we came aboard our Ship. +Tuesday the 3d, we lay still, to refresh ourselves. On Wednesday the 4th, +we went 5 or 6 Leagues up the River, to search a Branch +that run out of the main River towards the N.W. In which Branch +we went up 5 or 6 Leagues; but not liking the Land, return'd on board +that Night about Midnight, and call'd that Place Swampy-Branch. +Thursday, November the 5th, we stay'd aboard. On Friday the 6th, +we went up Greens-River, the Mouth of it being against the Place at which +rode our Ship. On Saturday the 7th, we proceeded up the said River, +some 14 or 15 Leagues in all, and found it ended in several small Branches; +The Land, for the most part, being marshy and Swamps, we return'd +towards our Ship, and got aboard it in the Night. Sunday November the 8th, +we lay still, and on Monday the 9th, went again up the main River, +being well stock'd with Provisions, and all things necessary, +and proceeded upwards till Thursday noon, the 12th, at which time +we came to a Place, where were two Islands in the Middle of the River; +and by reason of the Crookedness of the River at that Place, several Trees +lay cross both Branches, which stop'd the Passage of each Branch, +so that we could proceed no farther with our Boat; but went up the River side +by Land, some 3 or 4 Miles, and found the River wider and wider. +So we return'd, leaving it, as far as we could see up a long Reach, +running N.E. we judging ourselves near fifty Leagues North +from the River's Mouth. In our Return, we view'd the Land +on both Sides the River, and found as good Tracts of dry, well-wooded, +pleasant, and delightful Ground, as we have seen any where in the World, +with abundance of long thick Grass on it, the Land being very level, +with steep Banks on both Sides the River, and in some Places very high, +the Woods stor'd every where, with great Numbers of Deer and Turkies, +we never going on Shoar, but we saw of each Sort; as also +great Store of Partridges, Cranes, and Conies, in several Places; +we likewise heard several Wolves howling in the Woods, +and saw where they had torn a Deer in Pieces. Also in the River +we saw great Store of Ducks, Teal, Widgeon; and in the Woods, +great Flocks of Parrakeeto's. The Timber that the Woods afford, +for the most part, consists of Oaks of four or five Sorts, +all differing in Leaves, but each bearing very good Acorns. +We measur'd many of the Oaks in several Places, which we found to be, +in Bigness, some Two, some Three, and others almost Four Fathom in Height, +before you come to Boughs or Limbs; forty, fifty, sixty Foot, and some more; +and those Oaks very common in the upper Parts of both Rivers; +also a very tall large Tree of great Bigness, which some call Cyprus, +the right Name we know not, growing in Swamps. Likewise Walnut, Birch, +Beech, Maple, Ash, Bay, Willow, Alder, and Holly; and in the lowermost Parts +innumerable Pines, tall and good for Boards or Masts, +growing, for the most part, in barren and sandy, but in some Places +up the River, in good Ground, being mixt amongst Oaks and other Timbers. +We saw Mulberry-Trees, Multitudes of Grape-Vines, and some Grapes +which we eat of. We found a very large and good Tract of Land, +on the N.W. Side of the River, thin of Timber, except here and there +a very great Oak, and full of Grass, commonly as high +as a Man's Middle, and in many Places to his Shoulders, +where we saw many Deer, and Turkies; one Deer having very large Horns, +and great Body, therefore call'd it Stag-Park. It being +a very pleasant and delightful Place, we travell'd in it several Miles, +but saw no End thereof. So we return'd to our Boat, and proceeded +down the River, and came to another Place, some twenty five Leagues +from the River's Mouth on the same Side, where we found a Place, +no less delightful than the former; and as far as we could judge, +both Tracts came into one. This lower Place we call'd Rocky Point, +because we found many Rocks and Stones, of several Sizes, upon the Land, +which is not common. We sent our Boat down the River before us; +ourselves travelling by Land, many Miles. Indeed we were so much taken +with the Pleasantness of the Country, that we travell'd into the Woods +too far to recover our Boat and Company that Night. The next day +being Sunday, we got to our Boat; and on Monday the 16th of November, +proceeded down to a Place on the East-Side of the River, +some 23 Leagues from the Harbour's Mouth, which we call'd Turky-Quarters, +because we kill'd several Turkies thereabouts; we view'd the Land there, +and found some Tracts of good Ground, and high, facing upon the River +about one Mile inward, but backwards some two Miles, all Pine Land, +but good Pasture Ground: We return'd to our Boat, and proceeded down +some 2 or 3 Leagues, where we had formerly view'd, and found it +a Tract of as good Land, as any we have seen, and had as good Timber on it. +The Banks on the River being high, therefore we call'd it High-Land-Point. +Having view'd that, we proceeded down the River, going on Shoar +in several Places on both Sides, it being generally large Marshes, +and many of them dry, that they may more fitly be call'd Meadows. +The Wood-Land against them is, for the most part, Pine, +and in some Places as barren, as ever we saw Land, but in other Places +good Pasture-Ground. On Tuesday, November the 17th, we got aboard our Ship, +riding against the Mouth of Green's River, where our Men +were providing Wood, and fitting the Ship for the Sea: In the interim, +we took a View of the Country on both sides of the River there, +finding some good Land, but more bad, and the best not comparable +to that above. Friday the 20th was foul Weather; yet in the Afternoon +we weigh'd, went down the River about two Leagues, and came to an Anchor +against the Mouth of Hilton's River, and took a View of the Land there +on both sides, which appear'd to us much like that at Green's River. +Monday the 23d, we went, with our Long-Boat well victuall'd and mann'd, +up Hilton's River; and when we came three Leagues, or thereabouts, +up the same, we found this and Green's River to come into one, +and so continu'd for four or five Leagues, which makes a great Island +betwixt them. We proceeded still up the River, till they parted again, +keeping up Hilton's River on the Larboard side, and follow'd the said River +five or six Leagues farther, where we found another large Branch +of Green's River to come into Hilton's, which makes another great Island. +On the Starboard side going up, we proceeded still up the River +some four Leagues, and return'd, taking a View of the Land on both sides, +and then judg'd ourselves to be from our Ship some 18 Leagues W. and by N. +One League below this Place, came four Indians in a Canoe to us, +and sold us several Baskets of Acorns, which we satisfy'd them for, +and so left them; but one of them follow'd us on the Shoar +some two or three Miles, till he came on the Top of a high Bank, +facing on the River; and as we row'd underneath it, the Fellow +shot an Arrow at us, which very narrowly miss'd one of our Men, +and stuck in the upper edge of the Boat; but broke in pieces, +leaving the Head behind. Hereupon, we presently made to the Shoar, +and went all up the Bank (except Four to guide the Boat) +to look for the Indian, but could not find him: At last, +we heard some sing, farther in the Woods, which we look'd upon +as a Challenge to us, to come and fight them. We went towards them +with all Speed; but before we came in Sight of them, heard two Guns go off +from our Boat; whereupon we retreated, as fast as we could, +to secure our Boat and Men. When we came to them, we found all well, +and demanded the Reason of their firing the Guns: They told us, +that an Indian came creeping along the Bank, as they suppos'd, +to shoot at them; and therefore they shot at him at a great distance, +with small Shot, but thought they did him no Hurt; for they saw him run away. +Presently after our Return to the Boat, and while we were thus talking, +came two Indians to us, with their Bows and Arrows, crying `Bonny, Bonny'. +We took their Bows and Arrows from them, and gave them Beads, +to their Content; then we led them, by the Hand, to the Boat, +and shew'd them the Arrow-head sticking in her Side, and related to them +the whole Passage; which when they understood, both of them shew'd +a great Concern, and signify'd to us, by Signs, that they knew nothing of it; +so we let them go, and mark'd a Tree on the Top of the Bank, +calling the Place Mount-Skerry. We look'd up the River, +as far as we could discern, and saw that it widen'd, and came running +directly down the Country: So we return'd, viewing the Land +on both sides the River, and finding the Banks steep in some places, +but very high in others. The Bank-sides are generally Clay, +and as some of our Company did affirm, some Marl. The Land and Timber +up this River is no way inferiour to the best in the other, which we call +the main River. So far as we could discern, this seem'd as fair, +if not fairer, than the former, and we think runs farther into the Country, +because a strong Current comes down, and a great deal more Drift-Wood. +But, to return to the Business of the Land and Timber: We saw +several Plots of Ground clear'd by the Indians, after their weak manner, +compass'd round with great Timber Trees, which they are no-wise able to fell, +and so keep the Sun from Corn-Fields very much; yet nevertheless, +we saw as large Corn-stalks, or larger, than we have seen any where else: +So we proceeded down the River, till we found the Canoe the Indian was in, +who shot at us. In the Morning, we went on Shoar, and cut the same in pieces. +The Indians perceiving us coming towards them, ran away. +Going to his Hutt, we pull'd it down, broke his Pots, Platters, and Spoons, +tore the Deer-Skins and Matts in pieces, and took away a Basket of Acorns; +and afterwards proceeded down the River 2 Leagues, or thereabouts, +and came to another Place of Indians, bought Acorns and some Corn of them, +and went downwards 2 Leagues more. At last, espying an Indian +peeping over a high Bank, we held up a Gun at him; and calling to him, +`Skerry', presently several Indians came in Sight of us, +and made great Signs of Friendship, saying `Bonny, Bonny'. +Then running before us, they endeavour'd to persuade us to come on shoar; +but we answer'd them with stern Countenances, and call'd out, `Skerry', +taking up our Guns, and threatning to shoot at them, +but they still cry'd `Bonny, Bonny': And when they saw +they could not prevail, nor persuade us to come on shoar, +two of them came off to us in a Canoe, one paddling with a great Cane, +the other with his Hand. As soon as they overtook us, +they laid hold of our Boat, sweating and blowing, and told us, +it was `Bonny' on shoar, and at last persuaded us to go on shoar with them. +As soon as we landed, several Indians, to the Number of near 40 lusty Men, +came to us, all in a great Sweat, and told us `Bonny': +We shew'd 'em the Arrow-Head in the Boat-Side, and a Piece of the Canoe +we had cut in Pieces: Whereupon, the chief Man amongst them +made a long Speech, threw Beads into our Boat, which is +a Sign of great Love and Friendship, and gave us to understand, +that when he heard of the Affront which we had receiv'd, +it caus'd him to cry; and that he and his Men were come +to make Peace with us, assuring us, by Signs, that they would tye the Arms, +and cut off the Head, of the Fellow who had done us that Wrong; +And for a farther Testimony of their Love and Good-Will towards us, +they presented us with two very handsome, proper, young Indian Women, +the tallest that ever we saw in this Country; which we suppos'd to be +the King's Daughters, or Persons of Distinction amongst them. +Those young Women were so ready to come into our Boat; +that one of them crowded in, and would hardly be persuaded to go out again. +We presented the King with a Hatchet and several Beads, +and made Presents of Beads also to the young Women, the chief Men, +and the rest of the Indians, as far as our Beads would go. +They promis'd us, in four Days, to come on board our Ship, +and so departed from us. When we left the Place, which was soon after, +we call'd it Mount-Bonny, because we had there concluded a firm Peace. +Proceeding down the River 2 or 3 Leagues farther, we came to a Place +where were 9 or 10 Canoes all together. We went ashoar there, +and found several Indians; but most of them were the same +which had made Peace with us before. We staid very little at that Place, +but went directly down the River, and came to our Ship, before day. +Thursday the 26th of November, the Wind being at South, +we could not go down to the River's Mouth; but on Friday the 27th, +we weigh'd at the Mouth of Hilton's River, and got down +a League towards the Harbour's Mouth. On Sunday the 29th, +we got down to Crane-Island, which is 4 Leagues or thereabouts, +above the Entrance of the Harbour's Mouth. On Tuesday the 1st of December, +we made a Purchase of the River and Land of Cape-Fair, of Wat-Coosa, +and such other Indians, as appear'd to us to be the chief of those Parts. +They brought us Store of fresh Fish aboard, as Mullets, Shads, +and other sorts very good. This River is all fresh Water, fit to drink. +Some 8 Leagues within the Mouth, the Tide runs up about 35 Leagues, +but stops and rises a great deal farther up. It flows at the Harbour's Mouth, +S.E. and N.W. 6 Foot at Neap-Tides, and 8 Foot at Spring-Tides. +The Channel on the East side, by the Cape-Shoar, is the best, +and lies close aboard the Cape-Land, being 3 Fathoms at high Water, +in the shallowest Place in the Channel, just at the Entrance; +But as soon as you are past that Place, half a Cables Length inward, +you have 6 or 7 Fathoms, a fair turning Channel into the River, +and so continuing 5 or 6 Leagues upwards. Afterwards the Channel +is more difficult, in some Places 6 or 7 Fathoms, in others 4 or 5, +and in others but 9 or 10 Foot, especially where the River is broad. +When the River comes to part, and grows narrow, there it is +all Channel from side to side, in most Places; tho' in some +you shall have 5, 6, or 7 Fathoms, but generally 2 or 3, Sand and Oaze. +We view'd the Cape-Land, and judg'd it to be little worth, +the Woods of it being shrubby and low, and the Land sandy and barren; +in some Places Grass and Rushes, in others nothing but clear Sand: +A Place fitter to starve Cattle, in our Judgment, than to keep 'em alive; +yet the Indians, as we understand, keep the English Cattle down there, +and suffer them not to go off of the said Cape, (as we suppose) +because the Country Indians shall have no Part with them; +and therefore 'tis likely, they have fallen out about them, +which shall have the greatest Share. They brought on board our Ship +very good and fat Beef several times, which they sold us +at a very reasonable Price; also fat and very large Swine, good and cheap; +but they may thank their Friends of New-England, who brought their Hogs +to so fair a Market. Some of the Indians brought very good Salt aboard us, +and made Signs, pointing to both sides of the River's Mouth, +that there was great Store thereabouts. We saw up the River, +several good Places for the setting up of Corn or Saw-Mills. +In that time, as our Business call'd us up and down the River and Branches, +we kill'd of wild Fowl, 4 Swans, 10 Geese, 29 Cranes, +10 Turkies, 40 Ducks and Mallards, 3 dozen of Parrakeeto's, +and 6 dozen of other small Fowls, as Curlues and Plover, &c. + +Whereas there was a Writing left in a Post, at the Point of Cape-Fair River, +by those New-England-Men, that left Cattle with the Indians there, +the Contents whereof tended not only to the Disparagement of the Land +about the said River, but also to the great Discouragement +of all such as should hereafter come into those Parts to settle: +In answer to that scandalous Writing, We, whose Names are underwritten, +do affirm, That we have seen, facing both sides the River and Branches +of Cape-Fair aforesaid, as good Land, and as well timber'd, +as any we have seen in any other Part of the World, sufficient to accommodate +Thousands of our English Nation, and lying commodiously +by the said River's Side. + +On Friday the 4th of December, the Wind being fair, we put out to Sea, +bound for Barbados; and, on the 6th of February, 1664, +came to an Anchor in Carlisle-Bay; it having pleas'd God, +after several apparent Dangers both by Sea and Land, to bring us all in Safety +to our long-wish'd-for and much-desir'd Port, to render an Account +of our Discovery; the Verity of which we do assert. + + Anthony Long. + William Hilton. + Peter Fabian. + + +Thus you have an Account of the Latitude, Soil, and Advantages of Cape-Fair, +or Clarendon-River, which was settled in the Year 1661, or thereabouts; +and had it not been for the irregular Practices of some of that Colony +against the Indians, by sending away some of their Children, +(as I have been told) under Pretence of instructing 'em in Learning, +and the Principles of the Christian Religion; which so disgusted +the Indians, that tho' they had then no Guns, yet they never gave over, +till they had entirely rid themselves of the English, +by their Bows and Arrows; with which they did not only take off themselves, +but also their Stocks of Cattle; And this was so much the more +ruinous to them, in that they could have no Assistance from South-Carolina, +which was not then planted; and the other Plantations were but +in their Infancy. Were it not for such ill Practices, I say, +it might, in all Probability, have been, at this day, the best Settlement +in their Lordships great Province of Carolina. + +{Albemarl Sound and Rivers.} +The Sound of Albemarl, with the Rivers and Creeks of that Country, +afford a very rich and durable Soil. The Land, in most Places, +lies indifferent low, (except in Chuwon, and high up the Rivers) +but bears an incredible Burden of Timber; the Low-Grounds being +cover'd with Beech; and the High-Land yielding lofty Oaks, Walnut-Trees, +and other useful Timber. The Country, in some Plantations, +has yearly produc'd Indian Corn, or some other Grain, ever since +this Country was first seated, without the Trouble of Manuring or Dressing; +and yet (to all appearance) it seems not to be, in the least, +impoverish'd, neither do the Planters ever miss of a good Crop, +unless a very unnatural Season visits them, which seldom happens. + + + + Of the Corn of Carolina. + + +{Wheat.} +The Wheat of this Place is very good, seldom yielding less than thirty fold, +provided the Land is good where it is sown; Not but that there has been +Sixty-six Increase for one measure sown in Piny-Land, which we account +the meanest Sort. And I have been inform'd, by People of Credit, +that Wheat which was planted in a very rich Piece of Land, +brought a hundred and odd Pecks, for one. If our Planters, +when they found such great Increase, would be so curious as to make +nice Observations of the Soil, and other remarkable Accidents, +they would soon be acquainted with the Nature of the Earth and Climate, +and be better qualified to manage their Agriculture +to more Certainty, and greater Advantage; whereby they might arrive +to the Crops and Harvests of Babylon, and those other fruitful Countries +so much talk'd of. For I must confess, I never saw one Acre of Land +manag'd as it ought to be in Carolina, since I knew it; +and were they as negligent in their Husbandry in Europe, +as they are in Carolina, their Land would produce nothing +but Weeds and Straw. + +{Rye.} +They have try'd Rye, and it thrives very well; but having +such Plenty of Maiz, they do not regard it, because it makes black Bread, +unless very curiously handled. + +{Barley.} +Barley has been sowed in small quantities, and does better +than can be expected; because that Grain requires the Ground +to be very well work'd with repeated Ploughings, which our general Way +of breaking the Earth with Hoes, can, by no means, perform, +tho' in several Places we have a light, rich, deep, black Mould, +which is the particular Soil in which Barley best thrives. + +{Oats.} +The naked Oats thrive extraordinary well; and the other would prove +a very bold Grain; but the Plenty of other Grains makes them not much coveted. + +{Maiz.} +The Indian Corn, or Maiz, proves the most useful Grain in the World; +and had it not been for the Fruitfulness of this Species, +it would have proved very difficult to have settled some of the Plantations +in America. It is very nourishing, whether in Bread, sodden, or otherwise; +And those poor Christian Servants in Virginia, Maryland, +and the other northerly Plantations, that have been forced to live +wholly upon it, do manifestly prove, that it is the most nourishing Grain, +for a Man to subsist on, without any other Victuals. And this Assertion +is made good by the Negro-Slaves, who, in many Places, eat nothing +but this Indian Corn and Salt. Pigs and Poultry fed with this Grain, +eat the sweetest of all others. It refuses no Grounds, +unless the barren Sands, and when planted in good Ground, +will repay the Planter seven or eight hundred fold; besides the Stalks +bruis'd and boil'd, make very pleasant Beer, being sweet like the Sugar-Cane. + +{Rice.} +There are several sorts of Rice, some bearded, others not, +besides the red and white; But the white Rice is the best. +Yet there is a sort of perfum'd Rice in the East-Indies, +which gives a curious Flavour, in the Dressing. And with this sort +America is not yet acquainted; neither can I learn, that any of it +has been brought over to Europe; the Rice of Carolina being esteem'd +the best that comes to that Quarter of the World. It is of great Increase, +yielding from eight hundred to a thousand-fold, and thrives best in wild Land, +that has never been broken up before. + +{Buck-Wheat.} +Buck-Wheat is of great Increase in Carolina; but we make no other use of it, +than instead of Maiz, to feed Hogs and Poultry: {Guinea-Wheat.} +And Guinea Corn, which thrives well here, serves for the same use. + +{Pulse. Bushel-Bean.} +Of the Pulse-kind, we have many sorts. The first is the Bushel-Bean, +which is a spontaneous Product. They are so called, because they bring +a Bushel of Beans for one that is planted. They are set in the Spring, +round Arbours, or at the Feet of Poles, up which they will climb, +and cover the Wattling, making a very pretty Shade to sit under. +They continue flowering, budding, and ripening all the Summer long, +till the Frost approaches, when they forbear their Fruit, and die. +The Stalks they grow on, come to the Thickness of a Man's Thumb; +and the Bean is white and mottled, with a purple Figure on each side it, +like an Ear. They are very flat, and are eaten as the Windsor-Bean is, +being an extraordinary well-relish'd Pulse, either by themselves, +or with Meat. + +{Indian Rouncevals.} +We have the Indian Rounceval, or Miraculous Pease, so call'd +from their long Pods, and great Increase. These are latter Pease, +and require a pretty long Summer to ripen in. {Pease and Beans.} +They are very good; and so are the Bonavis, Calavancies, Nanticokes, +and abundance of other Pulse, too tedious here to name, +which we found the Indians possess'd of, when first we settled in America; +some of which sorts afford us two Crops in one Year; +as the Bonavis and Calavancies, besides several others of that kind. + +{Eng. Bean.} +Now I am launch'd into a Discourse of the Pulse, I must acquaint you, +that the European Bean planted here, will, in time, degenerate into +a dwarfish sort, if not prevented by a yearly Supply of foreign Seed, +and an extravagant rich Soil; yet these Pigmy-Beans are +the sweetest of that kind I ever met withal. + +{Pease.} +As for all the sorts of English Pease that we have yet +made tryal of, they thrive very well in Carolina. Particularly, +the white and gray Rouncival, the common Field-Pease, +and Sickle-Pease yield very well, and are of a good Relish. +As for the other sorts, I have not seen any made tryal of as yet, +but question not their coming to great Perfection with us. + +{Kidney-Bean.} +The Kidney-Beans were here before the English came, being very plentiful +in the Indian Corn-Fields. + +{Roots.} +The Garden-Roots that thrive well in Carolina, are Carrots, Leeks, +Parsnips, Turneps, Potatoes, of several delicate sorts, Ground Artichokes, +Radishes, Horse-Radish, Beet, both sorts, Onions, Shallot, Garlick, Cives, +and the Wild-Onions. + +{Sallads.} +The Sallads are the Lettice, Curl'd, Red, Cabbage, and Savoy. +The Spinage round and prickly, Fennel, sweet and the common Sort, +Samphire in the Marshes excellent, so is the Dock or Wild-Rhubarb, +Rocket, Sorrel, French and English, Cresses of several Sorts, +Purslain wild, and that of a larger Size which grows in the Gardens; +{No Purslain in Indian Fields.} for this Plant is never met withal +in the Indian Plantations, and is, therefore, suppos'd to proceed +from Cow-Dung, which Beast they keep not. Parsley two Sorts; +Asparagus thrives to a Miracle, without hot Beds or dunging the Land, +White-Cabbage from European or New-England Seed, for the People +are negligent and unskilful, and don't take care to provide Seed of their own. +The Colly-Flower we have not yet had an Opportunity to make Tryal of, +nor has the Artichoke ever appear'd amongst us, that I can learn. +Coleworts plain and curl'd, Savoys; besides the Water-Melons +of several Sorts, very good, which should have gone amongst the Fruits. +Of Musk-Melons we have very large and good, and several Sorts, +as the Golden, Green, Guinea, and Orange. Cucumbers long, short, +and prickly, all these from the Natural Ground, and great Increase, +without any Helps of Dung or Reflection. Pompions yellow and very large, +Burmillions, Cashaws, an excellent Fruit boil'd; Squashes, Simnals, +Horns, and Gourds; besides many other Species, of less Value, +too tedious to name. + +{Pot-herbs, and others for Physick.} +Our Pot-herbs and others of use, which we already possess, +are Angelica wild and tame, Balm, Bugloss, Borage, Burnet, +Clary, Marigold, Pot-Marjoram, and other Marjorams, Summer and Winter Savory, +Columbines, Tansey, Wormwood, Nep, Mallows several Sorts, Drage red and white, +Lambs Quarters, Thyme, Hyssop of a very large Growth, sweet Bazil, +Rosemary, Lavender: The more Physical, are Carduus Benedictus, +the Scurvy-grass of America, I never here met any of the European sort; +Tobacco of many sorts, Dill, Carawa, Cummin, Anise, Coriander, +all sorts of Plantain of England, and two sorts spontaneous, +good Vulneraries; Elecampane, Comfrey, Nettle, the Seed from England, +none Native; Monks Rhubarb, Burdock, Asarum wild in the Woods, +reckon'd one of the Snake-Roots; Poppies in the Garden, +none wild yet discover'd; Wormseed, Feverfew, Rue, Ground-Ivy spontaneous, +but very small and scarce, Aurea virga, {Rattle-Snakes.} +four sorts of Snake-Roots, besides the common Species, +which are great Antidotes against that Serpent's Bite, and are easily rais'd +in the Garden; Mint; {James-Town-Weed, the Seed like Onion Seed.} +James-Town-Weed, so called from Virginia, the Seed it bears +is very like that of an Onion; it is excellent for curing Burns, +and asswaging Inflammations, but taken inwardly brings on +a sort of drunken Madness. One of our Marsh-Weeds, like a Dock, +has the same Effect, and possesses the Party with Fear and Watchings. +The Red-Root whose Leaf is like Spear-Mint, is good for +Thrushes and sore Mouths; Camomil, but it must be kept in the Shade, +otherwise it will not thrive; Housleek first from England; +Vervin; Night-Shade, several kinds; Harts-Tongue; Yarrow abundance, +Mullein the same, both of the Country; Sarsaparilla, and abundance more +I could name, yet not the hundredth part of what remains, a Catalogue of which +is a Work of many Years, and without any other Subject, would swell +to a large Volume, and requires the Abilities of a skilful Botanist: +Had not the ingenious Mr. Banister (the greatest Virtuoso we ever had +on the Continent) been unfortunately taken out of this World, +he would have given the best Account of the Plants of America, +of any that ever yet made such an Attempt in these Parts. +Not but we are satisfy'd, the Species of Vegetables in Carolina, +are so numerous, that it requires more than one Man's Age +to bring the chiefest Part of them into regular Classes; +the Country being so different in its Situation and Soil, +that what one place plentifully affords, another is absolutely a stranger to; +yet we generally observe, that the greatest Variety is found +in the Low Grounds, and Savanna's. + +{Flowers.} +The Flower-Garden in Carolina is as yet arriv'd but to +a very poor and jejune Perfection. We have only two sorts of Roses; +the Clove-July-Flowers, Violets, Princes Feather, and Tres Colores. +There has been nothing more cultivated in the Flower-Garden, +which, at present, occurs to my Memory; but as for the wild +spontaneous Flowers of this Country, Nature has been so liberal, +that I cannot name one tenth part of the valuable ones; And since, +to give Specimens, would only swell the Volume, and give little Satisfaction +to the Reader, I shall therefore proceed to the Present State of Carolina, +and refer the Shrubs and other Vegetables of larger Growth, till hereafter, +and then shall deliver them and the other Species in their Order. + + + + The Present State of Carolina. + + +When we consider the Latitude and convenient Situation of Carolina, +had we no farther Confirmation thereof, our Reason would inform us, +that such a Place lay fairly to be a delicious Country, +being placed in that Girdle of the World which affords Wine, Oil, Fruit, +Grain, and Silk, with other rich Commodities, besides a sweet Air, +moderate Climate, and fertile Soil; these are the Blessings +(under Heaven's Protection) that spin out the Thread of Life +to its utmost Extent, and crown our Days with the Sweets of Health and Plenty, +which, when join'd with Content, renders the Possessors +the happiest Race of Men upon Earth. + +{The Present State of Carolina.} +The Inhabitants of Carolina, thro' the Richness of the Soil, +live an easy and pleasant Life. The Land being of several sorts of Compost, +some stiff, others light, some marl, others rich black Mould; +here barren of Pine, but affording Pitch, Tar, and Masts; +there vastly rich, especially on the Freshes of the Rivers, +one part bearing great Timbers, others being Savanna's or natural Meads, +where no Trees grow for several Miles, adorn'd by Nature +with a pleasant Verdure, and beautiful Flowers, frequent in no other Places, +yielding abundance of Herbage for Cattle, Sheep, and Horse. +The Country in general affords pleasant Seats, the Land +(except in some few Places) being dry and high Banks, {Necks of Land.} +parcell'd out into most convenient Necks, (by the Creeks) +easy to be fenced in for securing their Stocks to more strict Boundaries, +whereby, with a small trouble of fencing, almost every Man +may enjoy, to himself, an entire Plantation, or rather Park. +These, with the other Benefits of Plenty of Fish, Wild-Fowl, Venison, +and the other Conveniencies which this Summer-Country naturally furnishes, +has induc'd a great many Families to leave the more Northerly Plantations, +and sit down under one of the mildest Governments in the World; +in a Country that, with moderate Industry, will afford all +the Necessaries of Life. We have yearly abundance of Strangers +come among us, who chiefly strive to go Southerly to settle, +because there is a vast Tract of rich Land betwixt the Place we are seated in, +and Cape-Fair, and upon that River, and more Southerly, +which is inhabited by none but a few Indians, who are at this time +well affected to the English, and very desirous of their coming +to live among them. {Purchase of Land.} The more Southerly, +the milder Winters, with the Advantages of purchasing the Lords Land +at the most easy and moderate Rate of any Lands in America, +nay (allowing all Advantages thereto annex'd) I may say, +the Universe does not afford such another; Besides, Men have +a great Advantage of choosing good and commodious Tracts of Land +at the first Seating of a Country or River, whereas the later Settlers +are forced to purchase smaller Dividends of the old Standers, +and sometimes at very considerable Rates; {Land in Virginia and Maryland.} +as now in Virginia and Maryland, where a thousand Acres of good Land +cannot be bought under twenty Shillings an Acre, besides two Shillings +yearly Acknowledgment for every hundred Acres; which Sum, +be it more or less, will serve to put the Merchant or Planter here +into a good posture of Buildings, Slaves, and other Necessaries, +when the Purchase of his Land comes to him on such easy Terms. +{Stocks Increase.} And as our Grain and Pulse thrives with us to admiration, +no less do our Stocks of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, and Swine multiply. + +{Beef.} +The Beef of Carolina equalizes the best that our neighbouring +Colonies afford; the Oxen are of a great size when they are suffer'd to live +to a fit Age. I have seen fat and good Beef at all times of the Year, +but October and the cool Months are the Seasons we kill our Beeves in, +when we intend them for Salting or Exportation; for then they are in +their prime of Flesh, all coming from Grass, we never using +any other Food for our Cattle. {Heifers.} The Heifers bring Calves +at eighteen or twenty Months old, which makes such a wonderful Increase, +that many of our Planters, from very mean Beginnings, have rais'd themselves, +and are now Masters of hundreds of fat Beeves, and other Cattle. + +{Veal.} +The Veal is very good and white, so is the Milk very pleasant and rich, +there being, at present, considerable Quantities of Butter and Cheese made, +that is very good, not only serving our own Necessities, +but we send out a great deal among our Neighbours. + +{Sheep.} +The Sheep thrive very well at present, having most commonly two Lambs +at one yeaning: As the Country comes to be open'd, they prove still better, +Change of Pasture being agreeable to that useful Creature. +Mutton is (generally) exceeding Fat, and of a good Relish; +their Wool is very fine, and proves a good Staple. + +{Horses.} +The Horses are well-shap'd and swift; the best of them would sell +for ten or twelve Pounds in England. They prove excellent Drudges, +and will travel incredible Journeys. They are troubled with +very few Distempers, neither do the cloudy-fac'd grey Horses go blind here, +as in Europe. As for Spavins, Splints, and Ring-Bones, +they are here never met withal, as I can learn. Were we to have +our Stallions and choice of Mares from England, or any other of a good Sort, +and careful to keep them on the Highlands, we could not fail +of a good Breed; but having been supply'd with our first Horses +from the neighbouring Plantations, which were but mean, +they do not as yet come up to the Excellency of the English Horses; +tho' we generally find, that the Colt exceeds, in Beauty and Strength, +its Sire and Dam. + +{Swine.} +The Pork exceeds any in Europe; the great Diversity and Goodness +of the Acorns and Nuts which the Woods afford, making that Flesh +of an excellent Taste, and produces great Quantities; so that Carolina +(if not the chief) is not inferior, in this one Commodity, to any Colony +in the hands of the English. + +{Goats.} +As for Goats, they have been found to thrive and increase well, +but being mischievous to Orchards and other Trees, makes People decline +keeping them. + +{Produce.} +Our Produce for Exportation to Europe and the Islands in America, +are Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides, Deer-Skins, Furs, Pitch, Tar, +Wheat, Indian-Corn, Pease, Masts, Staves, Heading, Boards, +and all sorts of Timber and Lumber for Madera and the West-Indies; +Rozin, Turpentine, and several sorts of Gums and Tears, +with some medicinal Drugs, are here produc'd; Besides Rice, and several other +foreign Grains, which thrive very well. Good Bricks and Tiles are made, +and several sorts of useful Earths, as Bole, Fullers-Earth, Oaker, +and Tobacco-pipe-Clay, in great plenty; Earths for the Potters Trade, +and fine Sand for the Glass-makers. In building with Bricks, +we make our Lime of Oyster-Shells, tho' we have great Store of Lime-stone, +towards the Heads of our Rivers, where are Stones of all sorts +that are useful, besides vast Quantities of excellent Marble. +Iron-Stone we have plenty of, both in the Low-Grounds and on the Hills; +Lead and Copper has been found, so has Antimony heretofore; +But no Endeavours have been us'd to discover those Subteraneous Species; +otherwise we might, in all probability, find out the best of Minerals, +which are not wanting in Carolina. Hot Baths we have an account of +from the Indians that frequent the Hill-Country, {Salt-peter.} +where a great likelihood appears of making Salt-peter, because the Earth, +in many places, is strongly mix'd with a nitrous Salt, which is much coveted +by the Beasts, who come at some Seasons in great Droves and Herds, +and by their much licking of this Earth, make great Holes in those Banks, +which sometimes lie at the heads of great Precipices, where their Eagerness +after this Salt hastens their End, by falling down the high Banks, +so that they are dash'd in Pieces. It must be confess'd, +that the most noble and sweetest Part of this Country, is not inhabited +by any but the Savages; and a great deal of the richest Part thereof, +has no Inhabitants but the Beasts of the Wilderness: +For, the Indians are not inclinable to settle in the richest Land, +because the Timbers are too large for them to cut down, +and too much burthen'd with Wood for their Labourers to make Plantations of; +besides, the Healthfulness of those Hills is apparent, +by the Gigantick Stature, and Gray-Heads, so common amongst the Savages +that dwell near the Mountains. The great Creator of all things, +having most wisely diffus'd his Blessings, by parcelling out +the Vintages of the World, into such Lots, as his wonderful Foresight saw +most proper, requisite, and convenient for the Habitations of his Creatures. +Towards the Sea, we have the Conveniency of Trade, Transportation, +and other Helps the Water affords; but oftentimes, those Advantages +are attended with indifferent Land, a thick Air, and other Inconveniences; +when backwards, near the Mountains, you meet with the richest Soil, +a sweet, thin Air, dry Roads, pleasant small murmuring Streams, +and several beneficial Productions and Species, which are unknown +in the European World. One Part of this Country affords +what the other is wholly a Stranger to. + +{Chalybeate Waters.} +We have Chalybeate Waters of several Tastes and different Qualities; +some purge, others work by the other Emunctories. We have, +amongst the Inhabitants, a Water, that is, inwardly, a great Apersive, +and, outwardly, cures Ulcers, Tettars, and Sores, by washing therewith. + +{Coal-Mine in Virginia.} +There has been a Coal-Mine lately found near the Mannakin Town, +above the Falls of James-River in Virginia, which proves +very good, and is us'd by the Smiths, for their Forges; +and we need not doubt of the same amongst us, towards the Heads of our Rivers; +but the Plenty of Wood (which is much the better Fuel) +makes us not inquisitive after Coal-Mines. {French Refugees.} +Most of the French, who lived at that Town on James-River, are remov'd +to Trent-River, in North-Carolina, where the rest were expected daily +to come to them, when I came away, which was in August, 1708. +They are much taken with the Pleasantness of that Country, +and, indeed, are a very industrious People. At present, they make +very good Linnen-Cloath and Thread, and are very well vers'd in cultivating +Hemp and Flax, of both which they raise very considerable Quantities; +and design to try an Essay of the Grape, for making of Wine. + +{Planters.} +As for those of our own Country in Carolina, some of the Men +are very laborious, and make great Improvements in their Way; +but I dare hardly give 'em that Character in general. The easy Way of living +in that plentiful Country, makes a great many Planters very negligent, +which, were they otherwise, that Colony might now have been +in a far better Condition than it is, (as to Trade, and other Advantages) +which an universal Industry would have led them into. + +{Women good Houswives.} +The Women are the most industrious Sex in that Place, and, +by their good Houswifry, make a great deal of Cloath of their own Cotton, +Wool and Flax; some of them keeping their Families (though large) +very decently apparel'd, both with Linnens and Woollens, +so that they have no occasion to run into the Merchant's Debt, +or lay their Money out on Stores for Cloathing. + +{Natives of Carolina.} +The Christian Natives of Carolina are a straight, clean-limb'd People; +the Children being seldom or never troubled with Rickets, +or those other Distempers, that the Europeans are visited withal. +'Tis next to a Miracle, to see one of them deform'd in Body. +The Vicinity of the Sun makes Impression on the Men, who labour +out of doors, or use the Water. {Beautiful.} As for those Women, +that do not expose themselves to the Weather, they are often very fair, +and generally as well featur'd, as you shall see any where, +and have very brisk charming Eyes, which sets them off to Advantage. +They marry very young; some at Thirteen or Fourteen; and She that stays +till Twenty, is reckon'd a stale Maid; which is a very indifferent Character +in that warm Country. The Women are very fruitful; most Houses +being full of Little Ones. It has been observ'd, that Women long marry'd, +and without Children, in other Places, have remov'd to Carolina, +and become joyful Mothers. They have very easy Travail +in their Child-bearing, in which they are so happy, as seldom to miscarry. +{Not Passionate.} Both Sexes are generally spare of Body, +and not Cholerick, nor easily cast down at Disappointments and Losses, +seldom immoderately grieving at Misfortunes, unless for +the Loss of their nearest Relations and Friends, which seems to make +a more than ordinary Impression upon them. Many of the Women +are very handy in Canoes, and will manage them with great Dexterity and Skill, +which they become accustomed to in this watry Country. {Good Wives.} +They are ready to help their Husbands in any servile Work, as Planting, +when the Season of the Weather requires Expedition; Pride seldom banishing +good Houswifry. The Girls are not bred up to the Wheel, and Sewing only; +but the Dairy and Affairs of the House they are very well acquainted withal; +so that you shall see them, whilst very young, manage their Business +with a great deal of Conduct and Alacrity. {Natives are docile.} +The Children of both Sexes are very docile, and learn any thing +with a great deal of Ease and Method; and those that have +the Advantages of Education, write good Hands, and prove good Accountants, +which is most coveted, and indeed most necessary in these Parts. +The young Men are commonly of a bashful, sober Behaviour; {No Prodigals.} +few proving Prodigals, to consume what the Industry of their Parents +has left them, but commonly improve it. The marrying so young, +carries a double Advantage with it, and that is, that the Parents see +their Children provided for in Marriage, and the young married People +are taught by their Parents, how to get their Living; for their Admonitions +make great Impressions on their Children. {Great Age of Americans.} +I had heard (before I knew this new World) that the Natives of America +were a short-liv'd People, which, by all the Observations I could ever make, +proves quite contrary; for those who are born here, and in other Colonies, +live to as great Ages as any of the Europeans, the Climate being free +from Consumptions, which Distemper, fatal to England, they are Strangers to. +And as the Country becomes more clear'd of Wood, it still becomes +more healthful to the Inhabitants, and less addicted to the Ague; +which is incident to most new Comers into America from Europe, +yet not mortal. A gentle Emetick seldom misses of driving it away, +but if it is not too troublesome, 'tis better to let the Seasoning have +its own Course, in which case, the Party is commonly free from it ever after, +and very healthful. + +And now, as to the other Advantages the Country affords, +we cannot guess at them at present, because, as I said before, +the best Part of this Country is not inhabited by the English, +from whence probably will hereafter spring Productions that this Age +does not dream of, and of much more Advantage to the Inhabitants +than any things we are yet acquainted withal: And as for +several Productions of other Countries, much in the same Latitude, +we may expect, with good Management, they will become familiar to us, +as Wine, Oil, Fruit, Silk, and other profitable Commodities, +such as Drugs, Dyes, &c. And at present the Curious may have +a large Field to satisfy and divert themselves in, {Collections.} +as Collections of strange Beasts, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, +Shells, Fishes, Minerals, Herbs, Flowers, Plants, Shrubs, intricate Roots, +Gums, Tears, Rozins, Dyes, and Stones, with several other that yield +Satisfaction and Profit to those, whose Inclinations tend that Way. +And as for what may be hop'd for, towards a happy Life and Being, +by such as design to remove thither, I shall add this; +That with prudent Management, I can affirm, by Experience, not by Hear-say, +That any Person, with a small Beginning, may live very comfortably, +and not only provide for the Necessaries of Life, but likewise for those +that are to succeed him; {Provisions very cheap.} Provisions being +very plentiful, and of good Variety, to accommodate genteel House-keeping; +and the neighbouring Indians are friendly, and in many Cases +serviceable to us, in making us Wares to catch Fish in, for a small matter, +which proves of great Advantage to large Families, because those Engines take +great Quantities of many Sorts of Fish, that are very good and nourishing: +{Indians Hunters.} Some of them hunt and fowl for us at reasonable Rates, +the Country being as plentifully provided with all Sorts of Game, +as any Part of America; the poorer Sort of Planters often get them +to plant for them, by hiring them for that Season, or for so much Work, +which commonly comes very reasonable. Moreover, it is remarkable, +That no Place on the Continent of America, has seated an English Colony +so free from Blood-shed, as Carolina; but all the others have been +more damag'd and disturb'd by the Indians, than they have; +which is worthy Notice, when we consider how oddly it was first planted +with Inhabitants. + +{Fishing-Trade.} +The Fishing-Trade in Carolina might be carried on to great Advantage, +considering how many Sorts of excellent Fish our Sound and Rivers afford, +which cure very well with Salt, as has been experienced +by some small Quantities, which have been sent abroad, +and yielded a good Price. {Whale-Fishing.} As for the Whale-fishing, +it is no otherwise regarded than by a few People who live on the Sand-Banks; +and those only work on dead Fish cast on shoar, none being struck +on our Coast, as they are to the Northward; altho' we have +Plenty of Whales there. Great Plenty is generally the Ruin of Industry. +Thus our Merchants are not many, nor have those few there be, +apply'd themselves to the European Trade. The Planter sits contented +at home, whilst his Oxen thrive and grow fat, and his Stocks daily increase; +The fatted Porkets and Poultry are easily rais'd to his Table, +and his Orchard affords him Liquor, so that he eats, and drinks away +the Cares of the World, and desires no greater Happiness, +than that which he daily enjoys. Whereas, not only the European, +but also the Indian-Trade, might be carried on to a great Profit, +because we lie as fairly for the Body of Indians, as any Settlement +in English-America; {Indian-Trade.} And for the small Trade +that has been carried on in that Way, the Dealers therein have throve +as fast as any Men, and the soonest rais'd themselves of any People +I have known in Carolina. + +{Climate.} +Lastly, As to the Climate, it is very healthful; {Summer.} our Summer +is not so hot as in other places to the Eastward in the same Latitude; +{No Earthquakes.} neither are we ever visited by Earthquakes, as many places +in Italy and other Summer-Countries are. Our Northerly Winds, in Summer, +cool the Air, and free us from pestilential Fevers, which Spain, Barbary, +and the neighbouring Countries in Europe, &c. are visited withal. +{Serene.} Our Sky is generally serene and clear, and the Air very thin, +in comparison of many Parts of Europe, where Consumptions and Catarrhs reign +amongst the Inhabitants. The Winter has several Fitts of sharp Weather, +especially when the Wind is at N.W. which always clears the Sky, +though never so thick before. However, such Weather is very agreeable +to European Bodies, and makes them healthy. The N.E. Winds +blowing in Winter, bring with them thick Weather, and, in the Spring, +sometimes, blight the Fruits; but they very seldom endure long, +being blown away by Westerly Winds, and then all becomes fair and clear again. +{Spring.} Our Spring, in Carolina, is very beautiful, +and the most pleasant Weather a Country can enjoy. {Fall.} +The Fall is accompanied with cool Mornings, which come in +towards the latter end of August, and so continue (most commonly) +very moderate Weather till about Christmas; then Winter comes on apace. +Tho' these Seasons are very piercing, yet the Cold is of no continuance. +Perhaps, you will have cold Weather for three or four days at a time; +then pleasant warm Weather follows, such as you have in England, +about the latter end of April or beginning of May. In the Year 1707, +we had the severest Winter in Carolina, that ever was known +since the English came to settle there; for our Rivers, +that were not above half a Mile wide, and fresh Water, were frozen over; +and some of them, in the North-part of this Country, were passable +for People to walk over. + +{No Frontier.} +One great Advantage of North-Carolina is, That we are not a Frontier, +and near the Enemy; which proves very chargeable and troublesome, +in time of War, to those Colonies that are so seated. {Near Virginia.} +Another great Advantage comes from its being near Virginia, +where we come often to a good Market, at the Return of the Guinea-Ships +for Negro's, and the Remnant of their Stores, which is very commodious +for the Indian-Trade; besides, in War-time, we lie near at hand +to go under their Convoy, and to sell our Provisions to the Tobacco-fleets; +{Mariland.} for the Planting of Tobacco generally in those Colonies, +prevents their being supplyed with Stores, sufficient for victualling +their Ships. + +{Necessaries for Carolina.} +As for the Commodities, which are necessary to carry over to this Plantation, +for Use and Merchandize, and are, therefore, requisite for those +to have along with them, that intend to transport themselves thither, +they are Guns, Powder and Shot, Flints, Linnens of all sorts, +but chiefly ordinary Blues, Osnabrugs, Scotch and Irish Linnen, +and some fine: Mens and Womens Cloaths ready made up, some few Broad-Cloaths, +Kerseys and Druggets; to which you must add Haberdashers-Wares, +Hats about Five or Six Shillings apiece, and a few finer; +a few Wiggs, not long, and pretty thin of Hair; thin Stuffs for Women; +Iron-Work, as Nails, Spades, Axes, broad and narrow Hoes, Frows, Wedges, +and Saws of all sorts, with other Tools for Carpenters, Joiners, Coopers, +Shoemakers, Shave-locks, &c. all which, and others which are necessary +for the Plantations, you may be inform'd of, and buy at very reasonable Rates, +of Mr. James Gilbert, Ironmonger, in Mitre-Tavern-Yard, near Aldgate. +You may also be used very kindly, for your Cuttlery-Ware, +and other advantageous Merchandizes, and your Cargo's well sorted, +by Capt. Sharp, at the Blue-gate in Cannon-street; and for Earthen-Ware, +Window-Glass, Grind-Stones, Mill-Stones, Paper, Ink-Powder, +Saddles, Bridles, and what other things you are minded to take with you, +for Pleasure or Ornament. + +And now, I shall proceed to the rest of the Vegetables, +that are common in Carolina, in reference to the Place where I left off, +which is the Natural History of that Country. + + + +[The Natural History of Carolina.] + + + + Of the Vegetables of Carolina. + + +The spontaneous Shrubs of this Country, are, the Lark-heel-Tree; +three sorts of Hony-Suckle-Tree, the first of which grows in Branches, +as our Piemento-Tree does, that is, always in low, moist Ground; +the other grows in clear, dry Land, the Flower more cut and lacerated; +the third, which is the most beautiful, and, I think, +the most charming Flower of its Colour, I ever saw, grows betwixt +two and three Foot high, and for the most part, by the side of a swampy Wood, +or on the Banks of our Rivers, but never near the Salt-Water. All the Sorts +are white; the last grows in a great Bunch of these small Hony-Suckles +set upon one chief Stem, and is commonly the Bigness of a large Turnep. +Nothing can appear more beautiful than these Bushes, when in their Splendour, +which is in April and May. The next is the Honey-Suckle of the Forest; +it grows about a Foot high, bearing its Flowers on small Pedestals, +several of them standing on the main Stock, which is the Thickness +of a Wheat-Straw. We have also the Wood-bind, much the same as in England; +Princes-feather, very large and beautiful in the Garden; Tres-Colores, +branch'd Sun-flower, Double Poppies, Lupines, of several pretty sorts, +spontaneous; and the Sensible Plant is said to be near the Mountains, +which I have not yet seen. Saf-Flower; (and I believe, +the Saffron of England would thrive here, if planted) the yellow Jessamin +is wild in our Woods, of a pleasant Smell. Ever-Greens are here +plentifully found, of a very quick Growth, and pleasant Shade; +Cypress, or white Cedar, the Pitch Pine, the yellow Pine, +the white Pine with long Leaves; and the smaller Almond-Pine, which last +bears Kernels in the Apple, tasting much like an Almond; and in some years +there falls such plenty, as to make the Hogs fat. Horn-Beam; Cedar, +two sorts; Holly, two sorts; Bay-Tree, two sorts; one the Dwarf-Bay, +about twelve Foot high; the other the Bigness of a middling Pine-Tree, +about two Foot and half Diameter; Laurel-Trees, in Height equalizing +the lofty Oaks; the Berries and Leaves of this Tree dyes a Yellow; +the Bay-Berries yield a Wax, which besides its Use in Chirurgery, +makes Candles that, in burning, give a fragrant Smell. +The Cedar-Berries are infused, and made Beer of, by the Bermudians, +they are Carminative, and much of the Quality of Juniper-Berries; +Yew and Box I never saw or heard of in this Country: There are +two sorts of Myrtles, different in Leaf and Berry; the Berry yields Wax +that makes Candles, the most lasting, and of the sweetest Smell imaginable. +Some mix half Tallow with this Wax, others use it without Mixture; +and these are fit for a Lady's Chamber, and incomparable +to pass the Line withal, and other hot Countries, because they will stand, +when others will melt, by the excessive Heat, down in the Binacles. +Ever-green Oak, two sorts; Gall-Berry-Tree, bearing a black Berry, +with which the Women dye their Cloaths and Yarn black; +'tis a pretty Ever-green, and very plentiful, growing always +in low swampy Grounds, and amongst Ponds. We have a Prim or Privet, +which grows on the dry, barren, sandy Hills, by the Sound side; +it bears a smaller sort than that in England, and grows into a round Bush, +very beautiful. {Yaupon.} Last of Bushes, (except Savine, +which grows every where wild) is the famous Yaupon, of which I find +two sorts, if not three. I shall speak first of the Nature of this Plant, +and afterwards account for the different Sorts. This Yaupon, +call'd by the South-Carolina Indians, Cassena, is a Bush, +that grows chiefly on the Sand-Banks and Islands, bordering on +the Sea of Carolina; on this Coast it is plentifully found, +and in no other Place that I know of. It grows the most like Box, +of any Vegetable that I know, being very like it in Leaf, +only dented exactly like Tea, but the Leaf somewhat fatter. +I cannot say, whether it bears any Flower, but a Berry it does, +about the Bigness of a Grain of Pepper, being first red, then brown when ripe, +which is in December; Some of these Bushes grow to be twelve Foot high, +others are three or four. The Wood thereof is brittle as Myrtle, +and affords a light ash-colour'd Bark. There is sometimes found of it +in Swamps and rich low Grounds, which has the same figured Leaf, +only it is larger, and of a deeper Green; This may be occasion'd +by the Richness that attends the low Grounds thus situated. +The third Sort has the same kind of Leaf, but never grows a Foot high, +and is found both in rich, low Land, and on the Sand-Hills. +I don't know that ever I found any Seed, or Berries on the dwarfish Sort, +yet I find no Difference in Taste, when Infusion is made: Cattle and Sheep +delight in this Plant very much, and so do the Deer, all which +crop it very short, and browze thereon, wheresoever they meet with it. +I have transplanted the Sand-Bank and dwarfish Yaupon, +and find that the first Year, the Shrubs stood at a stand; +but the second Year they throve as well as in their native Soil. +This Plant is the Indian Tea, us'd and approv'd by all the Savages +on the Coast of Carolina, and from them sent to the Westward Indians, +and sold at a considerable Price. {Curing the Yaupon.} +All which they cure after the same way, as they do for themselves; +which is thus: They take this Plant (not only the Leaves, +but the smaller Twigs along with them) and bruise it in a Mortar, +till it becomes blackish, the Leaf being wholly defaced: +Then they take it out, put it into one of their earthen Pots +which is over the Fire, till it smoaks; stirring it all the time, +till it is cur'd. Others take it, after it is bruis'd, +and put it into a Bowl, to which they put live Coals, and cover them +with the Yaupon, till they have done smoaking, often turning them over. +After all, they spread it upon their Mats, and dry it in the Sun +to keep for Use. The Spaniards in New-Spain have this Plant +very plentifully on the Coast of Florida, and hold it in great Esteem. +Sometimes they cure it as the Indians do; or else beat it to a Powder, +so mix it, as Coffee; yet before they drink it, they filter the same. +They prefer it above all Liquids, to drink with Physick, to carry the same +safely and speedily thro' the Passages, for which it is admirable, +as I myself have experimented. + +{Timber.} +In the next Place, I shall speak of the Timber that Carolina affords, +which is as follows. + +{Chesnut-Oak.} +Chesnut-Oak, is a very lofty Tree, clear of Boughs and Limbs, +for fifty or 60 Foot. They bear sometimes four or five Foot through +all clear Timber; and are the largest Oaks we have, +yielding the fairest Plank. They grow chiefly in low Land, +that is stiff and rich. I have seen of them so high, +that a good Gun could not reach a Turkey, tho' loaded with Swan-Shot. +They are call'd Chesnut, because of the Largeness and Sweetness of the Acorns. + +{Scaly Oaks.} +White, Scaly-bark Oak; This is used, as the former, in building +Sloops and Ships. Tho' it bears a large Acorn, yet it never grows +to the Bulk and Height of the Chesnut Oak. It is so call'd, +because of a scaly, broken, white Bark, that covers this Tree, +growing on dry Land. + +{Red Oak.} +We have Red Oak, sometimes, in good Land, very large, and lofty. +'Tis a porous Wood, and used to rive into Rails for Fences. +'Tis not very durable; yet some use this, as well as the two former, +for Pipe and Barrel-Staves. It makes good Clap-boards. + +{Spanish Oak.} +Spanish Oak is free to rive, bears a whitish, smooth Bark; +and rives very well into Clap-boards. It is accounted durable, +therefore some use to build Vessels with it for the Sea; +it proving well and durable. These all bear good Mast for the Swine. + +{Bastard Spanish.} +Bastard-Spanish is an Oak betwixt the Spanish and Red Oak; +the chief Use is for Fencing and Clap-boards. It bears good Acorns. + +{Black Oak.} +The next is Black Oak, which is esteem'd a durable Wood, under Water; +but sometimes it is used in House-work. It bears a good Mast for Hogs. + +{White Iron.} +White Iron, or Ring-Oak, is so call'd, from the Durability and lasting Quality +of this Wood. It chiefly grows on dry, lean Land, and seldom fails of bearing +a plentiful Crop of Acorns. This Wood is found to be very durable, +and is esteem'd the best Oak for Ship-work that we have in Carolina; +for tho' Live Oak be more lasting, yet it seldom allows Planks +of any considerable Length. + +{Turkey Oak.} +Turkey-Oak is so call'd from a small Acorn it bears, which the wild Turkeys +feed on. + +{Live Oak.} +Live-Oak chiefly grows on dry, sandy Knolls. This is an Ever-green, +and the most durable Oak all America affords. The Shortness +of this Wood's Bowl, or Trunk, makes it unfit for Plank to build Ships withal. +There are some few Trees, that would allow a Stock of twelve Foot, +but the Firmness and great Weight thereof, frightens our Sawyers +from the Fatigue that attends the cutting of this Timber. +A Nail once driven therein, 'tis next to an Impossibility to draw it out. +The Limbs thereof are so cur'd, that they serve for excellent Timbers, +Knees, &c. for Vessels of any sort. The Acorns thereof are as sweet +as Chesnuts, and the Indians draw an Oil from them, as sweet as that +from the Olive, tho' of an Amber-Colour. With these Nuts, or Acorns, +some have counterfeited the Cocoa, whereof they have made Chocolate, +not to be distinguish'd by a good Palate. Window-Frames, Mallets, +and Pins for Blocks, are made thereof, to an excellent Purpose. +I knew two Trees of this Wood among the Indians, which were planted +from the Acorn, and grew in the Freshes, and never saw any thing +more beautiful of that kind. They are of an indifferent quick Growth; +of which there are two sorts. The Acorns make very fine Pork. + +{Willow Oak.} +Willow-Oak is a sort of Water-Oak. It grows in Ponds and Branches, +and is useful for many things. It is so call'd, from the Leaf, +which very much resembles a Willow. + +{Fresh-water Oak.} +The Live Oak grows in the fresh Water Ponds and Swamps, by the River sides, +and in low Ground overflown with Water; and is a perennial Green. + +{Ash.} +Of Ash we have two sorts, agreeing nearly with the English in the Grain. +One of our sorts is tough, like the English, but differs something +in the Leaf, and much more in the Bark. Neither of them bears Keys. +The Water-Ash is brittle. The Bark is Food for the Bevers. + +{Elm.} +There are two sorts of Elm; the first grows on our High-Land, +and approaches our English. The Indians take the Bark of its Root, +and beat it, whilst green, to a Pulp; and then dry it in the Chimney, +where it becomes of a reddish Colour. This they use as a Sovereign Remedy +to heal a Cut or green Wound, or any thing that is not corrupted. +It is of a very glutinous Quality. The other Elm grows in low Ground, +of whose Bark the English and Indians make Ropes; for as soon +as the Sap rises, it strips off, with the greatest ease imaginable. +It runs in March, or thereabouts. + +{Tulip-Tree.} +The Tulip-Trees, which are, by the Planters, call'd Poplars, +as nearest approaching that Wood in Grain, grow to a prodigious Bigness, +some of them having been found One and twenty Foot in Circumference. +I have been inform'd of a Tulip-Tree, that was ten Foot Diameter; +and another, wherein a lusty Man had his Bed and Houshold Furniture, +and liv'd in it, till his Labour got him a more fashionable Mansion. +He afterwards became a noted Man, in his Country, for Wealth and Conduct. +One of these sorts bears a white Tulip; the other a party-colour'd, +mottled one. The Wood makes very pretty Wainscot, Shingles for Houses, +and Planks for several Uses. It is reckon'd very lasting; +especially, under Ground, for Mill-Work. The Buds, made into an Ointment, +cure Scalds, Inflammations, and Burns. I saw several Bushels thereon. +The Cattle are apt to eat of these Buds, which give a very odd Taste +to the Milk. + +{Beech.} +Beech is here frequent, and very large. The Grain seems exactly the same +as that in Europe. We make little Use thereof, save for Fire-Wood. +'Tis not a durable Timber. It affords a very sweet Nut, +yet the Pork fed thereon (tho' sweet) is very oily, and ought to be +harden'd with Indian Corn, before it is kill'd. {Buck Beech.} +Another sort call'd Buck-Beech is here found. + +{Horn-Beam.} +Horn-Beam grows, in some Places, very plentifully; yet the Plenty +of other Wood makes it unregarded. + +{Sassafras.} +The Vertues of Sassafras are well known in Europe. This Wood +sometimes grows to be above two Foot over, and is very durable and lasting, +used for Bowls, Timbers, Posts for Houses, and other Things that require +standing in the Ground. 'Tis very light. It bears a white Flower, +which is very cleansing to the Blood, being eaten in the Spring, +with other Sallating. The Berry, when ripe, is black; 'tis very oily, +Carminative, and extremely prevalent in Clysters for the Colick. +The Bark of the Root is a Specifick to those afflicted with the Gripes. +The same in Powder, and a Lotion made thereof, is much used by the Savages, +to mundify old Ulcers, and for several other Uses; being highly esteem'd +among them. + +{Dog-wood.} +Dog-Wood is plentiful on our light Land, inclining to a rich Soil. +It flowers the first in the Woods; its white Blossom making the Forest +very beautiful. It has a fine Grain, and serves for several Uses +within doors; but is not durable. The Bark of this Root infused, +is held an infallible Remedy against the Worms. + +{Laurel.} +Laurel, before-mention'd; as to its Bigness and Use, I have seen Planks +sawn of this Wood; but 'tis not found durable in the Weather; +yet pretty enough for many other Uses. + +Bay and Laurel generally delight in a low, swampy Ground. I know no Use +they make of them, but for Fire-Wood, excepting what I spoke of before, +amongst the Ever-Greens. + +{Ever-green.} +A famous Ever-Green I must now mention, which was forgotten amongst the rest. +It is in Leaf like a Jessamine, but larger, and of a harder Nature. +This grows up to a large Vine, and twists itself round the Trees +it grows near, making a very fine Shade. I never saw any thing of that Nature +outdo it, and if it be cut away close to the Ground, it will presently +spring up again, it being impossible to destroy it, when once it has got Root. +'Tis an ornamental Plant, and worth the Transplanting. Its Seed +is a black Berry. + +{Trumpet-Vine.} +The Scarlet Trumpet-Vine bears a glorious red Flower, like a Bell, or Trumpet, +and makes a Shade inferiour to none that I ever saw; yet it leaves us, +when the Winter comes, and remains naked till the next Spring. +It bears a large Cod, that holds its Seed. + +{Maycock.} +The Maycock bears a glorious Flower, and Apple of an agreeable Sweet, +mixt with an acid Taste. This is also a Summer-Vine. + +{Indico-Trees.} +The Indico grows plentifully in our Quarters. + +{Bay-Tulips.} +The Bay-Tulip-Tree is a fine Ever-green which grows frequently here. + +{Sweet Gum.} +The sweet Gum-Tree, so call'd, because of the fragrant Gum it yields +in the Spring-time, upon Incision of the Bark, or Wood. It cures +the Herpes and Inflammations; being apply'd to the Morphew and Tettars. +'Tis an extraordinary Balsam, and of great Value to those +who know how to use it. No Wood has scarce a better Grain; +whereof fine Tables, Drawers, and other Furniture might be made. +Some of it is curiously curl'd. It bears a round Bur, with a sort of Prickle, +which is the Seed. + +{Black Gums.} +Of the Black Gum there grows, with us, two sorts; both fit for Cart-Naves. +The one bears a black, well-tasted Berry, which the Indians mix +with their Pulse and Soups, it giving 'em a pretty Flavour, +and scarlet Colour. The Bears crop these Trees for the Berries, +which they mightily covet, yet kill'd in that Season, they eat very unsavory; +which must be occasion'd by this Fruit, because, at other times, +when they feed on Mast, Bears-Flesh is a very well-tasted Food. +The other Gum bears a Berry in shape like the other, +tho' bitter and ill-tasted. This Tree (the Indians report) +is never wounded by Lightning. It has no certain Grain; +and it is almost impossible to split or rive it. + +{White Gum.} +The white Gum, bearing a sort of long bunch'd Flowers, +is the most curled and knotted Wood I ever saw, which would make +curious Furniture, in case it was handled by a good Workman. + +{Red Cedar.} +The red sort of Cedar is an Ever-green, of which Carolina affords Plenty. +That on the Salts, grows generally on the Sand-banks; and that in the Freshes +is found in the Swamps. Of this Wood, Tables, Wainscot, +and other Necessaries, are made, and esteemed for its sweet Smell. +It is as durable a Wood as any we have, therefore much used +in Posts for Houses and Sills; likewise to build Sloops, +Boats, &c. by reason the Worm will not touch it, for several Years. +The Vessels built thereof are very durable, and good Swimmers. +Of this Cedar, Ship-loads may be exported. It has been heretofore +so plentiful in this Settlement, that they have fenced in Plantations with it, +and the Coffins of the Dead are generally made thereof. + +{White Cedar.} +White Cedar, so call'd, because it nearly approaches the other Cedar, +in Smell, Bark, and Leaf; only this grows taller, being as strait as an Arrow. +It is extraordinary light, and free to rive. 'Tis good for Yard, Top-Masts, +Booms and Boltsprits, being very tough. The best Shingles for Houses +are made of this Wood, it being no Strain to the Roof, and never rots. +Good Pails and other Vessels, free from Leakage, are likewise made thereof. +The Bark of this and the red Cedar, the Indians use to make their Cabins of, +which prove firm, and resist all Weathers. + +{Cypress.} +Cypress is not an Ever-green with us, and is therefore call'd +the bald Cypress, because the Leaves, during the Winter-Season, turn red, +not recovering their Verdure till the Spring. These Trees are the largest +for Height and Thickness, that we have in this Part of the World; +some of them holding thirty-six Foot in Circumference. Upon Incision, +they yield a sweet-smelling Grain, tho' not in great Quantities; and the Nuts +which these Trees bear plentifully, yield a most odoriferous Balsam, +that infallibly cures all new and green Wounds, which the Inhabitants +are well acquainted withal. Of these great Trees the Pereaugers and Canoes +are scoop'd and made; which sort of Vessels are chiefly +to pass over the Rivers, Creeks, and Bays; and to transport Goods and Lumber +from one River to another. Some are so large, as to carry thirty Barrels, +tho' of one entire Piece of Timber. Others, that are split down the Bottom, +and a piece added thereto, will carry eighty, or an hundred. +Several have gone out of our Inlets on the Ocean to Virginia, +laden with Pork, and other Produce of the Country. Of these Trees +curious Boats for Pleasure may be made, and other necessary Craft. +Some Years ago, a foolish Man in Albemarl and his Son, +had got one of these Canoes deck'd. She held, as I take it, sixteen Barrels. +He brought her to the Collectors, to be clear'd for Barbados; +but the Officer took him for a Man that had lost his Senses, +and argu'd the Danger and Impossibility of performing such a Voyage, +in a hollow Tree; but the Fellow would hearken to no Advice of that kind, +till the Gentleman told him, if he did not value his own Life, +he valu'd his Reputation and Honesty, and so flatly refus'd clearing him; +Upon which, the Canoe was sold, and, I think, remains in being still. +This Wood is very lasting, and free from the Rot. A Canoe of it +will outlast four Boats, and seldom wants Repair. They say, +that a Chest made of this Wood, will suffer no Moth, or Vermine, +to abide therein. + +{Two sorts of Locust white and yellow, is rare if varnish'd.} +The Locust, for its enduring the Weather, is chosen for all sorts of Works +that are exposed thereto. It bears a Leaf nearest the Liquorice-Plant. +'Tis a pretty tall Tree. Of this the Indians make their choicest Bows, +it being very tough and flexible. We have little or none of this Wood +in Pampticough. + +{Honey Tree a Locust.} +The Honey-Tree bears as great a Resemblance to the Locust, +as a Shallot does to an Onion. It is of that Species, but more prickly. +They bear a Cod, one side whereof contains the Seed, the other the Honey; +They will bear in five Years, from the Kernel. They were first brought +(by the Indian Traders) and propagated, by their Seed, +at the Apamaticks in Virginia. Last Year, I planted the Seed, +and had them sprung up before I came from thence, which was in August. +Of the Honey, very good Metheglin is made, there being Orchards +planted in Virginia for that intent. + +{Sowr Wood.} +The Sorrel, or Sowr-Wood-Tree, is so call'd, because the Leaves +taste like Sorrel. Some are about a Foot or ten Inches Diameter. +I am unacquainted with its Vertues at present. + +{Pine.} +Of Pines, there are, in Carolina, at least, four sorts. The Pitch-Pine, +growing to a great Bigness, most commonly has but a short Leaf. +Its Wood (being replete with abundance of Bitumen) is so durable, +that it seems to suffer no Decay, tho' exposed to all Weathers, for many Ages; +and is used in several Domestick and Plantation Uses. This Tree affords +the four great Necessaries, Pitch, Tar, Rozin, and Turpentine; +which two last are extracted by tapping, and the Heat of the Sun, +the other two by the Heat of the Fire. + +The white and yellow Pines are saw'd into Planks for several Uses. +They make Masts, Yards, and a great many other Necessaries therewith, +the Pine being the most useful Tree in the Woods. + +The Almond-Pine serves for Masts very well. As for the Dwarf-Pine, +it is for Shew alone, being an Ever-green, as they all are. + +{Hiccory the best Fire-wood.} +The Hiccory is of the Walnut-kind, and bears a Nut as they do, +of which there are found three sorts. The first is that +which we call the common white Hiccory. It is not a durable Wood; +for if cut down, and exposed to the Weather, it will be quite rotten, +and spoil'd in three Years; as will likewise the Beech of this Country. +Hiccory Nuts have very hard Shells, but excellent sweet Kernels, +with which, in a plentiful Year, the old Hogs, that can crack them, +fatten themselves, and make excellent Pork. These Nuts are gotten, +in great Quantities, by the Savages, and laid up for Stores, +of which they make several Dishes and Banquets. One of these +I cannot forbear mentioning; it is this: They take these Nuts, +and break them very small betwixt two Stones, till the Shells and Kernels +are indifferent small; And this Powder you are presented withal +in their Cabins, in little wooden Dishes; the Kernel dissolves in your Mouth, +and the Shell is spit out. This tastes as well as any Almond. +Another Dish is the Soup which they make of these Nuts, beaten, +and put into Venison-Broth, which dissolves the Nut, and thickens, +whilst the Shell precipitates, and remains at the bottom. +This Broth tastes very rich. {Red Hiccory.} There is another sort, +which we call red Hiccory, the Heart thereof being very red, +firm and durable; of which Walking-Sticks, Mortars, Pestils, +and several other fine Turnery-wares are made. The third is call'd +the Flying-bark'd Hiccory, from its brittle and scaly Bark. +It bears a Nut with a bitter Kernel and a soft Shell, like a French Walnut. +Of this Wood, Coggs for Mills are made, &c. The Leaves smell very fragrant. + +{Walnut.} +The Walnut-Tree of America is call'd Black Walnut. I suppose, +that Name was, at first, to distinguish it from the Hiccories, +it having a blacker Bark. This Tree grows, in good Land, +to a prodigious Bigness. The Wood is very firm and durable, +of which Tables and Chests of Drawers are made, and prove very well. +Some of this is very knotty, which would make the best Returns for England, +tho' the Masters of Vessels refuse it, not understanding its Goodness. +'Tis a very good and durable Wood, to bottom Vessels for the Sea withal; +and they say, that it is never eaten by the Worm. The Nuts have +a large Kernel, which is very oily, except lain by, a long time, to mellow. +The Shell is very thick, as all the native Nuts of America are. +When it has its yellow outward Coat on, it looks and smells much like a Lemon. + +{Maple.} +The Maple, of which we have two sorts, is used to make Trenchers, +Spinning-wheels, &c. withal. + +{Chinkapin.} +Chinkapin is a sort of Chesnut, whose Nuts are most commonly very plentiful; +insomuch that the Hogs get fat with them. They are rounder and smaller +than a Chesnut, but much sweeter. The Wood is much of the Nature of Chesnut, +having a Leaf and Grain almost like it. It is used to timber Boats, +Shallops, &c. and makes any thing that is to endure the Weather. +This and the Hiccory are very tough Rods used to whip Horses withal; +yet their Wood, in Substance, is very brittle. This Tree +the Vine much delights to twist about. It's good Fire-Wood, +but very sparkling, as well as Sassafras. + +{Birch.} +The Birch grows all on the Banks of our Rivers, very high up. +I never saw a Tree on the Salts. It differs something, in Bark, +from the European Birch. Its Buds in April are eaten by the Parrakeetos, +which resort, from all Parts, at that Season, to feed thereon. +Where this Wood grows, we are not yet seated; and as to the Wine, +or other Profits it would yield, we are, at present, Strangers to. + +{Willow.} +The Willow, here, likewise differs both in Bark and Leaf. It is frequently +found on the Banks of fresh Water, as the Birch is. + +{Sycamore.} +The Sycamore, in these Parts, grows in a low, swampy Land, by River-sides. +Its Bark is quite different from the English, and the most beautiful +I ever saw, being mottled and clowded with several Colours, +as white, blue, &c. It bears no Keys but a Bur like the sweet Gum. +Its Uses I am ignorant of. + +{Aspin.} +I never saw any Aspin, but in Rapahannock-River, from whence I brought one, +(that was presented me there as a great Present) but it died by the way. + +{Holly.} +Of Holly we have two sorts; one having a large Leaf, the other a smaller. +They grow very thick in our low Woods. Many of them are very strait, +and two Foot Diameter. They make good Trenchers, and other Turnery-Ware. + +{Red-Bud.} +The Red-Bud-Tree bears a purple Lark-Heel, and is the best Sallad, +of any Flower I ever saw. It is ripe in April and May. +They grow in Trees, generally small, but some are a Foot Diameter. + +{Pelletory.} +Pelletory grows on the Sand-Banks and Islands. It is used +to cure the Tooth-ach, by putting a Piece of the Bark in the Mouth, +which being very hot, draws a Rhume from the Mouth, and causes much Spittle. +The Indians use it to make their Composition, which they give +to their young Men and Boys, when they are husquenaw'd, of which you shall +hear farther, when I come to treat of the Customs, &c. of that People. + +{Arrow-Wood.} +Arrow-Wood, growing on the Banks, is used, by the Indians, +for Arrows and Gun-Sticks. It grows as strait, as if plain'd, +and is of all Sizes. 'Tis as tough and pliable, as the smallest Canes. + +{Chesnut.} +The Chesnut-Tree of Carolina, grows up towards the hilly Part thereof, +is a very large and durable Wood, and fit for House-Frames, Palisado's, +Sills, and many other Uses. The Nut is smaller than those from Portugal, +but sweeter. + +{Oak-Vine.} +This is no Tree, but call'd the Oak-Vine, by reason it bears a sort of Bur +as the Oak does, and generally runs up those Trees. It's so porous, +that you suck Liquors thro' a Length of two Foot. + +Prickly-Ash grows up like a Pole; of which the Indians and English +make Poles to set their Canoes along in Shoal-Water. It's very light, +and full of Thorns or Prickles, bearing Berries in large Clusters, +of a purple Colour, not much unlike the Alder. The Root of this Tree +is Cathartick and Emetick, used in Cachexies. + +{Poison Vine.} +The Poison Vine is so called, because it colours the Hands of those +who handle it. What the Effects of it may be, I cannot relate; +neither do I believe, that any has made an Experiment thereof. +The Juice of this will stain Linnen, never to wash out. It marks +a blackish blue Colour, which is done only by breaking a bit of the Vine off, +and writing what you please therewith. I have thought, +that the East-India Natives set their Colours, by some such Means, +into their finest Callicoes. It runs up any Tree it meets withal, +and clasps round about it. The Leaves are like Hemlock, +and fall off in Winter. + +{Canes and Reeds.} +Of Canes and Reeds we have many sorts. The hollow Reed, or Cane, +such as Angling-Rods are made of, and Weavers use, we have great Plenty of, +though none to the Northward of James-River in Virginia. +They always grow in Branches and low Ground. Their Leaves endure the Winter, +in which Season our Cattle eat them greedily. We have them +(towards the Heads of our Rivers) so large, that one Joint will hold +above a pint of Liquor. + +{Bamboo.} +The small Bamboo is next, which is a certain Vine, like the rest +of these Species, growing in low Land. They seldom, with us, +grow thicker than a Man's little Finger, and are very tough. +Their Root is a round Ball, which the Indians boil as we do Garden-Roots, +and eat them. When these Roots have been some time out of the Ground, +they become hard, and make good Heads to the Canes, on which +several pretty Figures may be cut. There are several others of this kind, +not thoroughly discover'd. + +{Palmeto.} +That Palmeto grows with us, which we call the dwarfish sort; +but the Palmeto-Tree I have not yet met withal in North-Carolina, +of which you have a Description elsewhere. We shall next treat +of the Spontaneous Fruits of this Country; and then proceed to those +that have been transplanted from Europe, and other Parts. + +{Natural Vines.} +Among the natural Fruits, the Vine first takes place, of which +I find six sorts, very well known. {Bunch-Grapes.} The first +is the black Bunch-Grapes, which yield a Crimson Juice. +These grow common, and bear plentifully. They are of a good Relish, +though not large, yet well knit in the Clusters. They have a thickish Skin, +and large Stone, which makes them not yield much Juice. +There is another sort of Black-Grapes like the former, in all respects, +save that their Juice is of a light Flesh-Colour, inclining to a White. +I once saw a Spontaneous white Bunch-Grape in Carolina; +but the Cattle browzing on the Sprouts thereof in the Spring, it died. +{Fox-Grapes.} Of those which we call Fox-Grapes, we have four sorts; +two whereof are called Summer-Grapes, because ripe in July; +the other two Winter-Fruit, because not ripe till September or October. +The Summer Fox-Grapes grow not in Clusters, or great Bunches, +but are about five or six in a Bunch, about the Bigness of a Damson, +or larger. The black sort are frequent, the white not so commonly found. +They always grow in Swamps, and low moist Lands, running sometimes very high, +and being shady, and therefore proper for Arbours. They afford +the largest Leaf I ever saw, to my remembrance, the Back of which +is of a white Horse-flesh Colour. This Fruit always ripens in the Shade. +I have transplanted them into my Orchard, and find they thrive well, +if manured: A Neighbour of mine has done the same; mine were by Slips, +his from the Roots, which thrive to Admiration, and bear Fruit, +tho' not so juicy as the European Grape, but of a glutinous Nature. +However, it is pleasant enough to eat. + +The other Winter Fox-Grapes, are much of the same Bigness. +These refuse no Ground, swampy or dry, but grow plentifully +on the Sand-Hills along the Sea-Coast, and elsewhere, and are great Bearers. +I have seen near twelve Bushels upon one Vine of the black sort. +Some of these, when thoroughly ripe, have a very pretty vinous Taste, +and eat very well, yet are glutinous. The white sort +are clear and transparent, and indifferent small Stones. +Being removed by the Slip or Root, they thrive well in our Gardens, +and make pleasant Shades. + +{Persimmons.} +Persimmon is a Tree, that agrees with all Lands and Soils. +Their Fruit, when ripe, is nearest our Medlar; if eaten before, +draws your Mouth up like a Purse, being the greatest Astringent +I ever met withal, therefore very useful in some Cases. The Fruit, if ripe, +will presently cleanse a foul Wound, but causes Pain. The Fruit is rotten, +when ripe, and commonly contains four flat Kernels, call'd Stones, +which is the Seed. 'Tis said, the Cortex Peruvianus comes +from a Persimmon-Tree, that grows in New-Spain. I have try'd +the Drying of this Bark, to imitate it, which it does tolerably well, +and agrees therewith. It is binding enough to work the same Effect. +The Tree, in extraordinary Land, comes sometimes to two Foot Diameter, +though not often. There are two sorts of this Fruit; one ripe in Summer, +the other when the Frost visits us. + +{Mulberry.} +We have three sorts of Mulberries, besides the different Bigness +of some Trees Fruit. The first is the common red Mulberry, +whose Fruit is the earliest we have, (except the Strawberries) and very sweet. +These Trees make a very fine Shade, to sit under in Summer-time. +They are found wild in great Quantities, wherever the Land is light and rich; +yet their Fruit is much better when they stand open. They are used +instead of Raisins and Currants, and make several pretty Kickshaws. +They yield a transparent Crimson Liquor, which would make good Wine; +but few Peoples Inclinations in this Country tend that way. +The others are a smooth-leav'd Mulberry, fit for the Silk-Worm. +One bears a white Fruit, which is common; the other bears a small black Berry, +very sweet. They would persuade me there, that the black Mulberry +with the Silk-Worm smooth Leaf, was a white Mulberry, and changed its Fruit. +The Wood hereof is very durable, and where the Indians cannot get Locust, +they make use of this to make their Bows. This Tree grows +extraordinary round and pleasant to the Eye. + +The Hiccory, Walnut, Chinkapin and Chesnut, with their Fruits, +we have mention'd before. + +{Hazle-Nut.} +The Hazle-Nut grows plentifully in some places of this Country; +especially, towards the Mountains; but ours are not so good +as the English Nuts, having a much thicker Shell (like all +the Fruits of America, that I ever met withal) which in Hardness +exceeds those of Europe. + +{Black-Cherries.} +The Cherries of the Woods grow to be very large Trees. One sort, +which is rarely found, is red, and not much unlike the Cornel-Berry. +But the common Cherry grows high, and in Bunches, like English Currants, +but much larger. They are of a bitterish sweet Relish, +and are equally valuable with our small Black-Cherries, +for an Infusion in Spirits. They yield a crimson Liquor, +and are great Bearers. + +{Rasberries.} +Our Rasberries are of a purple Colour, and agreeable Relish, +almost like the English; but I reckon them not quite so rich. +When once planted, 'tis hard to root them out. They run wild +all over the Country, and will bear the same Year you transplant them, +as I have found by Experience. + +{Hurts.} +The Hurts, Huckle-Berries, or Blues of this Country, are four sorts, +which we are well acquainted withal; but more Species of this sort, +and all others, Time and Enquiry must discover. The first sort is +the same Blue or Bilberry, that grows plentifully in the North of England, +and in other Places, commonly on your Heaths, Commons, and Woods, +where Brakes or Fern grows. + +The second sort grows on a small Bush in our Savannas and Meads, +and in the Woods. They are larger than the common Fruit, +and have larger Seed. + +The third grows on the single Stem of a Stick that grows in low good Land, +and on the Banks of Rivers. They grow three or four Foot high, +and are very pleasant like the first sort, but larger. + +The fourth sort grows upon Trees, some ten and twelve Foot high, +and the Thickness of a Man's Arm; these are found in the Runs and low Grounds, +and are very pleasant, and bear wonderfully. The English sometimes +dry them in the Sun, and keep them to use in the Winter, +instead of Currants. The Indians get many Bushels, and dry them on Mats, +whereof they make Plum-Bread, and many other Eatables. +They are good in Tarts, or infused in Liquors. + +{Piemento.} +In the same Ground, commonly grows the Piemento, or All-Spice-Tree, +whose Berries differ in shape from those in the West-Indies, +being Taper or Conick, yet not inferiour, to any of that sort. +This Tree grows much like the Hurts, and is of the same Bigness. +I have known it transplanted to high Land, where it thrives. + +{Dews. Black-Berries.} +Our Dew-Berries are very good. But the Black-Berries are bitterish, +and not so palatable, as in England. + +{Sugar Tree.} +The Sugar-Tree ought to have taken place before. It is found +in no other parts of Carolina or America, that I ever learnt, +but in Places that are near the Mountains. It's most like one sort of Maple, +of any Tree, and may be rank'd amongst that kind. This Tree, +which, I am told, is of a very tedious Growth, is found very plentifully +towards the Heads of some of our Rivers. The Indians tap it, +and make Gourds to receive the Liquor, which Operation is done +at distinct and proper times, when it best yields its Juice, +of which, when the Indians have gotten enough, they carry it home, +and boil it to a just Consistence of Sugar, which grains of itself, +and serves for the same Uses, as other Sugar does. + +{Papau.} +The Papau is not a large Tree. I think, I never saw one a Foot through; +but has the broadest Leaf of any Tree in the Woods, and bears an Apple +about the Bigness of a Hen's Egg, yellow, soft, and as sweet, +as any thing can well be. They make rare Puddings of this Fruit. +The Apple contains a large Stone. + +{Wild Fig.} +The wild Fig grows in Virginia, up in the Mountains, as I am inform'd +by a Gentleman of my acquaintance, who is a Person of Credit, +and a great Traveller in America. I shall be glad to have an Opportunity +to make Tryal what Improvement might be made of this wild Fruit. + +{Plum red.} +The wild Plums of America are of several sorts. Those which I can give +an account of from my own Knowledge, I will, and leave the others +till a farther Discovery. The most frequent is that which we call +the common Indian Plum, of which there are two sorts, if not more. +One of these is ripe much sooner than the other, and differs in the Bark; +one of the Barks being very scaly, like our American Birch. +These Trees, when in Blossom, smell as sweet as any Jessamine, +and look as white as a Sheet, being something prickly. You may make it grow +to what Shape you please; they are very ornamental about a House, +and make a wonderful fine Shew at a Distance, in the Spring, +because of their white Livery. Their Fruit is red, and very palatable +to the sick. They are of a quick Growth, and will bear from the Stone +in five Years, on their Stock. The English large black Plum thrives well, +as does the Cherry, being grafted thereon. + +{Damsons of America.} +The American Damsons are both black and white, and about the Bigness of +an European Damson. They grow any where, if planted from the Stone or Slip; +bear a white Blossom, and are a good Fruit. They are found on the Sand-Banks +all along the Coast of America. I have planted several in my Orchard, +that came from the Stone, which thrive well amongst the rest of my Trees. +But they never grow to the Bigness of the other Trees now spoken of. +These are plentiful Bearers. + +There is a third sort of Plum about the Bigness of the Damson. +The Tree is taller, seldom exceeding ten Inches in Thickness. +The Plum seems to taste physically, yet I never found any Operation it had, +except to make their Lips sore, that eat them. The Wood is something porous, +but exceeds any Box, for a beautiful Yellow. + +{Winter Currant.} +There is a very pretty, bushy Tree, about seven or eight Foot high, +very spreading, which bears a Winter-Fruit, that is ripe in October. +They call 'em Currants, but they are nearer a Hurt. I have eaten +very pretty Tarts made thereof. They dry them instead of Currants. +This Bush is very beautiful. + +{Bermudas Currants.} +The Bermudas Currants grow in the Woods on a Bush, much like +the European Currant. Some People eat them very much; but for my part, +I can see nothing inviting in them, and reckon them a very indifferent Fruit. + +{April Currants.} +We have another Currant, which grows on the Banks of Rivers, +or where only Clay hath been thrown up. This Fruit is red, +and gone almost as soon as come. They are a pretty Fruit +whilst they last, and the Tree (for 'tis not a Bush) they grow upon, +is a very pleasant Vegetable. + +{Red Haws.} +The Haw-thorn grows plentifully in some parts of this Country. +The Haws are quite different from those in England, being four times as big, +and of a very pleasant agreeable Taste. We make no use of this Plant, +nor any other, for Hedges, because Timber is so plentiful at present. +In my Judgment, the Honey-Locust would be the fittest for Hedges; +because it is very apt to shoot forth many Sprouts and Succours +from the Roots; besides, it is of a quick Growth, and very prickly. + +{Black-Haws.} +The Black Haw grows on a slender Tree, about the Height of a Quince-Tree, +or something higher, and bears the black Haw, which People eat, +and the Birds covet also. What Vertues the Fruit or Wood is of, +I cannot resolve you, at present. + +{Services.} +Thus have I given an Account of all the Spontaneous Fruits of Carolina, +that have come to my Knowledge, excepting Services, which I have seen +in the Indians Hands, and eat of them, but never saw, +how nor where they grew. There may very well be expected +a great many more Fruits, which are the natural Product of this Country, +when we consider the Fruitfulness of the Soil and Climate, +and account for the vast Tract of Land, (great part of which +is not yet found out) according to the Product of that which +is already discover'd, which (as I once hinted before) is not as yet +arriv'd to our Knowledge, we having very little or no Correspondence +amongst the mountainous Parts of this Province, and towards +the Country of Messiasippi, all which we have strange Accounts of, +and some very large ones, with respect to the different and noble Fruits, +and several other Ornaments and Blessings of Nature which +Messiasippi possesses; more to be coveted, than any of those we enjoy, +to the Eastward of the Mountains: Yet when I came to discourse +some of the Idolizers of that Country, I found it to be rather Novelty, +than Truth and Reality, that induced those Persons to allow it +such Excellencies above others. It may be a brave and fertile Country, +as I believe it is; but I cannot be persuaded, that it can be +near so advantageous as ours, which is much better situated for Trade, +being faced all along with the Ocean, as the English America is; +when the other is only a direct River, in the midst of a wild unknown Land, +greatest part of whose Product must be fetch'd, or brought a great way, +before it can come to a Market. Moreover, such great Rivers +commonly allow of more Princes Territories than one; and thus nothing +but War and Contention accompanies the Inhabitants thereof. + +But not to trouble our Readers with any more of this, we will proceed, +in the next place, to shew, what Exotick Fruits we have, that thrive well +in Carolina; and what others, it may reasonably be suppos'd, would do there, +were they brought thither and planted. In pursuance of which, +I will set down a Catalogue of what Fruits we have; I mean Species: +For should I pretend to give a regular Name to every one; +it's neither possible for me to do it, nor for any one to understand it, +when done; if we consider, that the chiefest part of our Fruit came +from the Kernel, and some others from the Succours, or Sprouts of the Tree. +First, we will begin with Apples; which are the + +{Apples.} + Golden Russet. + Pearmain | Winter. + | Summer. + Harvey-Apple, I cannot tell, whether the same as in England. + Winter Queening. + Leather Coat. + Juniting. + Codlin. + Redstreak. + Long-stalk. + Lady-Finger. + +The Golden Russet thrives well. + +The Pearmains, of both sorts, are apt to speck, and rot on the Trees; +and the Trees are damaged and cut off by the Worm, which breeds in the Forks, +and other parts thereof; and often makes a Circumposition, +by destroying the Bark round the Branches, till it dies. + +Harvey-Apple; that which we call so, is esteem'd very good to make Cider of. + +Winter Queening is a durable Apple, and makes good Cider. + +Leather-Coat; both Apple and Tree stand well. + +The Juniting is early ripe, and soon gone, in these warm Countries. + +Codlin; no better, and fairer Fruit in the World; yet the Tree suffers +the same Distemper, as the Pearmains, or rather worse; the Trees always dying +before they come to their Growth. + +The Redstreak thrives very well. + +Long-stalk is a large Apple, with a long Stalk, and makes good Summer Cider. + +We beat the first of our Codlin Cider, against reaping our Wheat, +which is from the tenth of June, to the five and twentieth. + +Lady-Finger, the long Apple, the same as in England, and full as good. +We have innumerable sorts; some call'd Rope-Apples which are small Apples, +hanging like Ropes of Onions; Flattings, Grigsons, Cheese-Apples, +and a great number of Names, given according to every ones Discretion. + +{Pears.} +The Warden-Pear here proves a good eating Pear; and is not so long ripening +as in England. + +Katharine excellent. + +Sugar-pear. + +And several others without Name, The Bergamot we have not, +nor either of the Bonne Chrestiennes, though I hear, they are all three +in Virginia. Those sorts of Pears which we have, are as well relisht, +as ever I eat any where; but that Fruit is of very short Continuance with us, +for they are gone almost as soon as ripe. + +{Quinces.} +I am not a Judge of the different sorts of Quinces, which they call +Brunswick, Portugal, and Barbary; But as to the Fruit, in general, +I believe no Place has fairer and better relisht. They are very pleasant +eaten raw. Of this Fruit, they make a Wine, or Liquor, +which they call Quince-Drink, and which I approve of beyond any Drink +which that Country affords, though a great deal of Cider and some Perry +is there made. The Quince-Drink most commonly purges those +that first drink it, and cleanses the Body very well. +The Argument of the Physicians, that they bind People, is hereby contradicted, +unless we allow the Quinces to differ in the two Countries. +The least Slip of this Tree stuck in the Ground, comes to bear in three years. + +{Peaches.} +All Peaches, with us, are standing; neither have we any Wall-Fruit +in Carolina; for we have Heat enough, and therefore do not require it. +We have a great many sorts of this Fruit, which all thrive to Admiration, +Peach-Trees coming to Perfection (with us) as easily as the Weeds. +A Peach falling on the Ground, brings a Peach-Tree that shall bear +in three years, or sometimes sooner. Eating Peaches in our Orchards +makes them come up so thick from the Kernel, that we are forced +to take a great deal of Care to weed them out; otherwise they make our Land +a Wilderness of Peach-Trees. They generally bear so full, +that they break great part of their Limbs down. We have likewise +very fair Nectarines, especially the red, that clings to the Stone, +the other yellow Fruit, that leaves the Stone; of the last, +I have a Tree, that, most Years, brings me fifteen or twenty Bushels. +I see no Foreign Fruit like this, for thriving in all sorts of Land, +and bearing its Fruit to Admiration. I want to be satisfy'd about +one sort of this Fruit, which the Indians claim as their own, and affirm, +they had it growing amongst them, before any Europeans came to America. +The Fruit I will describe, as exactly as I can. The Tree grows very large, +most commonly as big as a handsome Apple-tree; the Flowers are of a reddish, +murrey Colour; the Fruit is rather more downy, than the yellow Peach, +and commonly very large and soft, being very full of Juice. +They part freely from the Stone, and the Stone is much thicker +than all the other Peach Stones we have, which seems to me, +that it is a Spontaneous Fruit of America; yet in those Parts of America +that we inhabit, I never could hear that any Peach-Trees were ever found +growing in the Woods; neither have the foreign Indians, that live remote +from the English, any other sort. And those living amongst us +have a hundred of this sort for one other; they are a hardy Fruit, +and are seldom damaged by the North-East Blasts, as others are. +Of this sort we make Vinegar; wherefore we call them Vinegar-Peaches, +and sometimes Indian-Peaches. + +{Apricock.} +This Tree grows to a vast Bigness, exceeding most Apple-Trees. +They bear well, tho' sometimes an early Spring comes on in February, +and perhaps, when the Tree is fully blown the Cloudy North-East-Winds +which attend the end of, that Month, or the beginning of March, +destroy most of the Fruit. The biggest Apricock-Tree I ever saw, +as they told me, was grafted on a Peach-Stock, in the Ground. +I know of no other sort with us, than the Common. We generally +raise this Fruit from the Stone, which never fails to bring the same Fruit. +Likewise our Peach-Stones effect the same, without so much as once missing, +to produce the same sort that the Stone came from. + +{Plum.} +Damson, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all I have met withal +in Carolina. They thrive well enough; the last to Admiration, +and becomes a very large Tree, if in stiff Ground; otherwise they will not +do well. + +{Figs.} +Of Figs we have two sorts; One is the low Bush-Fig, which bears a large Fruit. +If the Winter happens to have much Frost, the tops thereof die, +and in the Spring sprout again, and bear two or three good Crops. + +The Tree-Fig is a lesser Fig, though very sweet. The Tree grows +to a large Body and Shade, and generally brings a good Burden; +especially, if in light Land. This Tree thrives no where better, +than on the Sand-Banks by the Sea. + +{Cherries.} +We have the common red and black Cherry, which bear well. +I never saw any grafted in this Country, the common excepted, +which was grafted on an Indian Plum-stock, and bore well. +This is a good way, because our common Cherry-Trees are very apt +to put Scions all round the Tree, for a great Distance, which must needs be +prejudicial to the Tree and Fruit. Not only our Cherries are apt to do so, +but our Apples and most other Fruit-Trees, which may chiefly be imputed +to the Negligence and Unskilfulness of the Gardener. Our Cherries are ripe +a Month sooner than in Virginia. + +{Goosberry.} +Goosberries I have seen of the smaller sort, but find they do not do so well +as in England, and to the Northward. Want of Dressing may be +some Reason for this. + +{Currants.} +Currants, White, Red, and Black, thrive here, as well as any where. + +{Rasps.} +Rasberries, the red and white, I never saw any Trial made of. +But there is no doubt of their thriving to Admiration, +since those of the Country do so well. + +{Mulberry.} +The Mulberries are spontaneous. We have no others, than what I have +already mentioned in the Class of Natural Fruits of Carolina. + +{Barberry.} +Barberry red, with Stones, and without Stones, grow here. + +{Strawberry.} +Strawberries, not Foreign, but those of the Country, grow here +in great Plenty. Last April I planted a Bed of two hundred Foot in Length, +which bore the same Year. + +{Medlar.} +Medlars we have none. + +{Walnut.} +All sorts of Walnuts from England, France, and Maderas, +thrive well from the Nut. + +{Filbert.} +No Filberts, but Hazle-Nuts; the Filbert-Nut planted, +becomes a good Hazle-Nut, and no better. + +{Vines.} +As for that noble Vegetable the Vine, without doubt, it may +(in this Country) be improved, and brought to the same Perfection, +as it is, at this Day, in the same Latitude in Europe, +since the chiefest part of this Country is a deep, rich, black Mould, +which is up towards the Freshes and Heads of our Rivers, +being very rich and mix'd with Flint, Pebbles, and other Stones. +And this sort of Soil is approv'd of (by all knowing Gardeners and Vigneroons) +as a proper Earth, in which the Grape chiefly delights; and what seems +to give a farther Confirmation hereof, is, that the largest Vines, +that were ever discover'd to grow wild, are found in those Parts, +oftentimes in such Plenty, and are so interwoven with one another, +that 'tis impossible to pass through them. Moreover, in these Freshes, +towards the Hills, the Vines are above five times bigger than those +generally with us, who are seated in the Front-parts of this Country, +adjoining to the Salts. Of the wild Vines, which are most of them +great Bearers, some Wine has been made, which I drank of. +It was very strong and well relisht; but what detains them all from offering +at great quantities, they add, that this Grape has a large Stone, +and a thick Skin, and consequently yields but a small Quantity of Wine. +Some Essays of this Nature have been made by that Honourable Knight, +Sir Nathanael Johnson, in South Carolina, who, as I am inform'd, +has rejected all Exotick Vines, and makes his Wine from the natural +black Grape of Carolina, by grafting it upon its own Stock. +What Improvement this may arrive to, I cannot tell; but in other Species, +I own Grafting and Imbudding yields speedy Fruit, tho' I never found +that it made them better. + +New planted Colonies are generally attended with a Force and Necessity +of Planting the known and approved Staple and Product of the Country, +as well as all the Provisions their Families spend. Therefore we +can entertain but small hopes of the Improvement of the Vine, +till some skilful in dressing Vines shall appear amongst us, +and go about it, with a Resolution, that Ordering the Vineyard +shall be one half of their Employment. If this be begun and carried on, +with that Assiduity and Resolution which it requires, +then we may reasonably hope to see this a Wine-Country; +for then, when it becomes a general Undertaking, every one will be capable +to add something to the common Stock, of that which he has gain'd +by his own Experience. This way would soon make the Burden light, +and a great many shorter and exacter Curiosities, and real Truths +would be found out in a short time. The trimming of Vines, +as they do in France, that is, to a Stump, must either here be not follow'd, +or we are not sensible of the exact time, when they ought to be thus pruned; +for Experience has taught us, that the European Grape, +suffer'd to run and expand itself at large, has been found to bear +as well in America, as it does in Europe; when, at the same time, +the same sort of Vine trimm'd to a Stump, as before spoken of, +has born a poor Crop for one Year or two; and by its spilling, after cutting, +emaciated, and in three or four Years, died. This Experiment, I believe, +has never fail'd; for I have trimm'd the natural Vine the French way, +which has been attended, at last, with the same Fate. Wherefore, it seems +most expedient, to leave the Vines more Branches here, than in Europe, +or let them run up Trees, as some do, in Lombardy, upon Elms. +The Mulberries and Chinkapin are tough, and trimm'd to what you please, +therefore fit Supporters of the Vines. Gelding and plucking away the Leaves, +to hasten the ripening of this Fruit, may not be unnecessary, +yet we see the natural wild Grape generally ripens in the Shade. +Nature in this, and many others, may prove a sure Guide. +The Twisting of the Stems to make the Grapes ripe together, +loses no Juice, and may be beneficial, if done in Season. +A very ingenious French Gentleman, and another from Switzerland, +with whom I frequently converse, exclaim against that strict cutting of Vines, +the generally approved Method of France and Germany, and say, +that they were both out in their Judgment, till of late, Experience has +taught them otherwise. Moreover, the French in North Carolina assure me, +that if we should trim our Apple and other Fruit-Trees, +as they do in Europe, we should spoil them. As for Apples and Plums, +I have found by Experience, what they affirm to be true. The French, +from the Mannakin Town on the Freshes of James River in Virginia, +had, for the most part, removed themselves to Carolina, to live there, +before I came away; and the rest were following, as their Minister, +(Monsieur Philip de Rixbourg) told me, who was at Bath-Town, +when I was taking my leave of my Friends. He assur'd me, that their Intent +was to propagate Vines, as far as their present Circumstances would permit; +provided they could get any Slips of Vines, that would do. At the same time, +I had gotten some Grape-Seed, which was of the Jesuits white Grape +from Madera. The Seed came up very plentifully, and, I hope, +will not degenerate, which if it happens not to do, the Seed may prove +the best way to raise a Vineyard, as certainly it is most easy +for Transportation. Yet I reckon we should have our Seed from a Country, +where the Grape arrives to the utmost Perfection of Ripeness. +These French Refugees have had small Encouragement in Virginia, +because, at their first coming over, they took their Measures of Living, +from Europe; which was all wrong; for the small Quantities of ten, +fifteen, and twenty Acres to a Family did not hold out according to +their way of Reckoning, by Reason they made very little or no Fodder; +and the Winter there being much harder than with us, their Cattle fail'd; +chiefly, because the English took up and survey'd all the Land +round about them; so that they were hemm'd in on all Hands +from providing more Land for themselves or their Children, +all which is highly prejudicial in America, where the generality +are bred up to Planting. One of these French Men being a Fowling, +shot a Fowl in the River, upon which his Dog went down the Bank +to bring it to his Master; but the Bank was so high and steep, +that he could not get up again. Thereupon, the French Man went down, +to help his Dog up, and breaking the Mould away, accidentally, with his Feet, +he discover'd a very rich Coal-Mine. This Adventure he gave an Account of +amongst the Neighbourhood, and presently one of the Gentlemen of that Part +survey'd the Land, and the poor French Man got nothing by his Discovery. +The French are good Neighbours amongst us, and give Examples of Industry, +which is much wanted in this Country. They make good Flax, Hemp, +Linnen-Cloth and Thread; which they exchange amongst the Neighbourhood +for other Commodities, for which they have occasion. + +We have hitherto made no Tryal of foreign Herbage; but, doubtless, +it would thrive well; especially, Sanfoin, and those Grasses, +that endure Heat, and dry Grounds. As for our Low Lands, such as Marshes, +Savannas and Percoarson-Ground, which lies low, all of them naturally afford +good Land for Pasturage. + +We will next treat of the Beasts, which you shall have an Account of, +as they have been discover'd. + + + + The Beasts of Carolina are the + + Buffelo, or wild Beef. + Bear. + Panther. + Cat-a-mount. + Wild Cat. + Wolf. + Tyger. + Polcat. + Otter. + Bever. + Musk-Rat. + Possum. + Raccoon. + Minx. + Water-Rat. + Rabbet, two sorts. + Elks. + Stags. + Fallow-Deer. + Squirrel, four sorts. + Fox. + Lion, and Jackall on the Lake. + Rats, two sorts. + Mice, two sorts. + Moles. + Weasel, Dormouse. + Bearmouse. + + +The Buffelo is a wild Beast of America, which has a Bunch on his Back, +as the Cattle of St. Laurence are said to have. He seldom appears +amongst the English Inhabitants, his chief Haunt being +in the Land of Messiasippi, which is, for the most part, a plain Country; +yet I have known some kill'd on the Hilly Part of Cape-Fair-River, +they passing the Ledges of vast Mountains from the said Messiasippi, +before they can come near us. {Two killed one year in Virginia +at Appamaticks.} I have eaten of their Meat, but do not think it so good +as our Beef; yet the younger Calves are cry'd up for excellent Food, +as very likely they may be. It is conjectured, that these Buffelos, +mixt in Breed with our tame Cattle, would much better the Breed +for Largeness and Milk, which seems very probable. Of the wild Bull's Skin, +Buff is made. The Indians cut the Skins into Quarters +for the Ease of their Transportation, and make Beds to lie on. +They spin the Hair into Garters, Girdles, Sashes, and the like, +it being long and curled, and often of a chesnut or red Colour. +These Monsters are found to weigh (as I am informed by a Traveller of Credit) +from 1600 to 2400 Weight. + +{Bear.} +The Bears here are very common, though not so large as in Greenland, +and the more Northern Countries of Russia. The Flesh of this Beast +is very good, and nourishing, and not inferiour to the best Pork in Taste. +It stands betwixt Beef and Pork, and the young Cubs are a Dish +for the greatest Epicure living. I prefer their Flesh before any Beef, +Veal, Pork, or Mutton; and they look as well as they eat, +their fat being as white as Snow, and the sweetest of any Creature's +in the World. If a Man drink a Quart thereof melted, +it never will rise in his Stomach. We prefer it above all things, +to fry Fish and other things in. Those that are Strangers to it, +may judge otherwise; But I who have eaten a great deal of Bears Flesh +in my Life-time (since my being an Inhabitant in America) +do think it equalizes, if not excels, any Meat I ever eat in Europe. +The Bacon made thereof is extraordinary Meat; but it must be well saved, +otherwise it will rust. This Creature feeds upon all sorts of wild Fruits. +When Herrings run, which is in March, the Flesh of such of those Bears +as eat thereof, is nought, all that Season, and eats filthily. +Neither is it good, when he feeds on Gum-berries, as I intimated before. +They are great Devourers of Acorns, and oftentimes meet the Swine +in the Woods, which they kill and eat, especially when they are hungry, +and can find no other Food. Now and then they get into +the Fields of Indian Corn, or Maiz, where they make a sad Havock, +spoiling ten times as much as they eat. The Potatos of this Country +are so agreeable to them, that they never fail to sweep 'em all clean, +if they chance to come in their way. They are seemingly +a very clumsy Creature, yet are very nimble in running up Trees, +and traversing every Limb thereof. When they come down, +they run Tail foremost. At catching of Herrings, they are +most expert Fishers. They sit by the Creek-sides, (which are very narrow) +where the Fish run in; and there they take them up, as fast as it's possible +they can dip their Paws into the Water. There is one thing more +to be consider'd of this Creature, which is, that no Man, +either Christian or Indian, has ever kill'd a She-bear with Young. + +It is supposed, that the She-Bears, after Conception, hide themselves +in some secret and undiscoverable Place, till they bring forth their Young, +which, in all Probability, cannot be long; otherwise, the Indians, +who hunt the Woods like Dogs, would, at some time or other, +have found them out. Bear-Hunting is a great Sport in America, +both with the English and Indians. Some Years ago, there were kill'd +five hundred Bears, in two Counties of Virginia, in one Winter; +and but two She-Bears amongst them all, which were not with Young, +as I told you of the rest. The English have a breed of Dogs +fit for this sport, about the size of Farmers Curs, and, by Practice, +come to know the Scent of a Bear, which as soon as they have found, +they run him, by the Nose, till they come up with him, +and then bark and snap at him, till he trees, when the Huntsman shoots him +out of the Trees, there being, for the most part, two or three with Guns, +lest the first should miss, or not quite kill him. Though they are not +naturally voracious, yet they are very fierce when wounded. +The Dogs often bring him to a Bay, when wounded, and then the Huntsmen +make other Shots, perhaps with the Pistols that are stuck in their Girdles. +If a Dog is apt to fasten, and run into a Bear, he is not good, +for the best Dog in Europe is nothing in their Paws; but if ever +they get him in their Clutches, they blow his Skin from his Flesh, +like a Bladder, and often kill him; or if he recovers it, he is never good +for any thing after. As the Paws of this Creature, are held for the best bit +about him, so is the Head esteem'd the worst, and always thrown away, +for what reason I know not. I believe, none ever made Trial thereof, +to know how it eats. The Oil of the Bear is very Sovereign for Strains, +Aches, and old Pains. The fine Fur at the bottom of the Belly, is used +for making Hats, in some places. The Fur itself is fit for several Uses; +as for making Muffs, facing Caps, &c. but the black Cub-skin is preferable +to all sorts of that kind, for Muffs. Its Grain is like Hog-Skin. + +{Panther.} +The Panther is of the Cat's kind; about the height of a very large Greyhound +of a reddish Colour, the same as a Lion. He climbs Trees +with the greatest Agility imaginable, is very strong-limb'd, +catching a piece of Meat from any Creature he strikes at. +His Tail is exceeding long; his Eyes look very fierce and lively, +are large, and of a grayish Colour; his Prey is, Swines-flesh, Deer, +or any thing he can take; no Creature is so nice and clean, as this, +in his Food. When he has got his Prey, he fills his Belly with the Slaughter, +and carefully lays up the Remainder, covering it very neatly with Leaves, +which if any thing touches, he never eats any more of it. +He purrs as Cats do; if taken when Young, is never to be reclaim'd +from his wild Nature. He hollows like a Man in the Woods, when kill'd, +which is by making him take a Tree, as the least Cur will presently do; +then the Huntsmen shoot him; if they do not kill him outright, +he is a dangerous Enemy, when wounded, especially to the Dogs +that approach him. This Beast is the greatest Enemy to the Planter, +of any Vermine in Carolina. His Flesh looks as well +as any Shambles-Meat whatsoever; a great many People eat him, as choice Food; +but I never tasted of a Panther, so cannot commend the Meat, +by my own Experience. His Skin is a warm Covering for the Indians +in Winter, though not esteem'd amongst the choice Furs. This Skin dress'd, +makes fine Womens Shooes, or Mens Gloves. + +{Cat-a-Mount.} +The Mountain-Cat, so call'd, because he lives in the Mountainous Parts +of America. He is a Beast of Prey, as the Panther is, and nearest to him +in Bigness and Nature. + +{Wild Cat.} +This Cat is quite different from those in Europe; being more +nimble and fierce, and larger; his Tail does not exceed four Inches. +He makes a very odd sort of Cry in the Woods, in the Night. +He is spotted as the Leopard is, tho' some of them are not, +(which may happen, when their Furs are out of Season) +he climbs a Tree very dexterously, and preys as the Panther does. +He is a great Destroyer of young Swine. I knew an Island, +which was possess'd by these Vermine, unknown to the Planter, +who put thereon a considerable Stock of Swine; but never took one back; +for the wild Cats destroy'd them all. He takes most of his Prey by Surprize, +getting up the Trees, which they pass by or under, and thence leaping +directly upon them. Thus he takes Deer (which he cannot catch by running) +and fastens his Teeth into their Shoulders and sucks them. +They run with him, till they fall down for want of strength, +and become a Prey to the Enemy. Hares, Birds, and all he meets, +that he can conquer, he destroys. The Fur is approv'd to wear +as a Stomacher, for weak and cold Stomachs. They are likewise used +to line Muffs, and Coats withal, in cold Climates. + +{Wolf.} +The Wolf of Carolina, is the Dog of the Woods. The Indians had +no other Curs, before the Christians came amongst them. +They are made domestick. When wild, they are neither so large, nor fierce, +as the European Wolf. They are not Man-slayers; neither is any Creature +in Carolina, unless wounded. They go in great Droves in the Night, +to hunt Deer, which they do as well as the best Pack of Hounds. +Nay, one of these will hunt down a Deer. They are often so poor, +that they can hardly run. When they catch no Prey, they go to a Swamp, +and fill their Belly full of Mud; if afterwards they chance +to get any thing of Flesh, they will disgorge the Mud, and eat the other. +When they hunt in the Night, that there is a great many together, +they make the most hideous and frightful Noise, that ever was heard. +The Fur makes good Muffs. The Skin dress'd to a Parchment +makes the best Drum-Heads, and if tann'd makes the best sort of Shooes +for the Summer-Countries. + +{Tyger.} +Tygers are never met withal in the Settlement; but are more to the Westward, +and are not numerous on this Side the Chain of Mountains. I once saw one, +that was larger that a Panther, and seem'd to be a very bold Creature. +The Indians that hunt in those Quarters, say, they are seldom met withal. +It seems to differ from the Tyger of Asia and Africa. + +{Polcat.} +Polcats or Skunks in America, are different from those in Europe. +They are thicker, and of a great many Colours; not all alike, +but each differing from another in the particular Colour. +They smell like a Fox, but ten times stronger. When a Dog encounters them, +they piss upon him, and he will not be sweet again in a Fortnight or more. +The Indians love to eat their Flesh, which has no manner of ill Smell, +when the Bladder is out. I know no use their Furs are put to. +They are easily brought up tame. + +{Otters.} +There have been seen some Otters from the Westward of Carolina, +which were of a white Colour, a little inclining to a yellow. +They live on the same Prey here, as in Europe, and are the same +in all other Respects; so I shall insist no farther on that Creature. +Their Furs, if black, are valuable. + +{Bevers.} +Bevers are very numerous in Carolina, their being abundance of their Dams +in all Parts of the Country, where I have travel'd. They are the most +industrious and greatest Artificers (in building their Dams and Houses) +of any four-footed Creatures in the World. Their Food is chiefly +the Barks of Trees and Shrubs, viz. Sassafras, Ash, Sweet-Gum, +and several others. If you take them young, they become +very tame and domestick, but are very mischievous in spoiling Orchards, +by breaking the Trees, and blocking up your Doors in the Night, +with the Sticks and Wood they bring thither. If they eat any thing +that is salt, it kills them. Their Flesh is a sweet Food; +especially, their Tail, which is held very dainty. Their Fore-Feet are open, +like a Dog's; their Hind-Feet webb'd like a Water-Fowl's. +The Skins are good Furs for several Uses, which every one knows. +The Leather is very thick; I have known Shooes made thereof in Carolina, +which lasted well. It makes the best Hedgers Mittens that can be used. + +{Musk Rat.} +Musk Rats frequent fresh Streams and no other; as the Bever does. +He has a Cod of Musk, which is valuable, as is likewise his Fur. + +{Possum.} +The Possum is found no where but in America. He is the Wonder +of all the Land Animals, being the size of a Badger, and near that Colour. +The Male's Pizzle is placed retrograde; and in time of Coition, +they differ from all other Animals, turning Tail to Tail, +as Dog and Bitch when ty'd. The Female, doubtless, breeds her Young +at her Teats; for I have seen them stick fast thereto, when they have been +no bigger than a small Rasberry, and seemingly inanimate. +She has a Paunch, or false Belly, wherein she carries her Young, +after they are from those Teats, till they can shift for themselves. +Their Food is Roots, Poultry, or wild Fruits. They have no Hair +on their Tails, but a sort of a Scale, or hard Crust, as the Bevers have. +If a Cat has nine Lives, this Creature surely has nineteen; +for if you break every Bone in their Skin, and mash their Skull, +leaving them for Dead, you may come an hour after, and they will be +gone quite away, or perhaps you meet them creeping away. +They are a very stupid Creature, utterly neglecting their Safety. +They are most like Rats of any thing. I have, for Necessity +in the Wilderness, eaten of them. Their Flesh is very white, +and well tasted; but their ugly Tails put me out of Conceit with that Fare. +They climb Trees, as the Raccoons do. Their Fur is not esteem'd nor used, +save that the Indians spin it into Girdles and Garters. + +{Raccoon.} +The Raccoon is of a dark-gray Colour; if taken young, is easily made tame, +but is the drunkenest Creature living, if he can get any Liquor +that is sweet and strong. They are rather more unlucky than a Monkey. +When wild, they are very subtle in catching their Prey. +Those that live in the Salt-Water, feed much on Oysters which they love. +They watch the Oyster when it opens, and nimbly put in their Paw, +and pluck out the Fish. Sometimes the Oyster shuts, and holds fast their Paw +till the Tide comes in, that they are drown'd, tho' they swim very well. +The way that this Animal catches Crabs, which he greatly admires, +and which are plenty in Carolina, is worthy of Remark. +When he intends to make a Prey of these Fish, he goes to a Marsh, +where standing on the Land, he lets his Tail hang in the Water. +This the Crab takes for a Bait, and fastens his Claws therein, +which as soon as the Raccoon perceives, he, of a sudden, springs forward, +a considerable way, on the Land, and brings the Crab along with him. +As soon as the Fish finds himself out of his Element, he presently +lets go his hold; and then the Raccoon encounters him, by getting him +cross-wise in his Mouth, and devours him. There is a sort of small Land-Crab, +which we call a Fiddler, that runs into a Hole when any thing pursues him. +This Crab the Raccoon takes by putting his Fore-Foot in the Hole, +and pulling him out. With a tame Raccoon, this Sport is very diverting. +The Chief of his other Food is all sorts of wild Fruits, green Corn, +and such as the Bear delights in. This and the Possum +are much of a Bigness. The Fur makes good Hats and Linings. +The Skin dress'd makes fine Womens Shooes. + +{Minx.} +The Minx is an Animal much like the English Fillimart or Polcat. +He is long, slender, and every way shap'd like him. His Haunts are chiefly +in the Marshes, by the Sea-side and Salt-Waters, where he lives on Fish, Fowl, +Mice, and Insects. They are bold Thieves, and will steal any thing from you +in the Night, when asleep, as I can tell by Experience; for one Winter, +by Misfortune, I ran my Vessel a-ground, and went often to the Banks, +to kill wild Fowl, which we did a great many. One Night, we had a mind +to sleep on the Banks (the Weather being fair) and wrapt up the Geese +which we had kill'd, and not eaten, very carefully, in the Sail of a Canoe, +and folded it several Doubles, and for their better Security, +laid 'em all Night under my Head. In the Morning when I wak'd, +a Minx had eaten thro' every Fold of the Canoe's Sail, +and thro' one of the Geese, most part of which was gone. +These are likewise found high up in the Rivers, in whose sides they live; +which is known by the abundance of Fresh-Water Muscle-Shells +(such as you have in England) that lie at the Mouth of their Holes. +This is an Enemy to the Tortois, whose Holes in the Sand, +where they hide their Eggs, the Minx finds out, and scratches up and eats. +The Raccoons and Crows do the same. The Minx may be made domestick, +and were it not for his paying a Visit now and then to the Poultry, +they are the greatest Destroyers of Rats and Mice, that are in the World. +Their Skins, if good of that kind, are valuable, provided they are kill'd +in Season. + +{Water-Rats.} +The Water-Rat is found here the same as in England. The Water-Snakes +are often found to have of these Rats in their Bellies. + +{Coneys.} +That which the People of Carolina call a Hare, is nothing but a Hedge-Coney. +They never borough in the Ground, but much frequent Marshes and Meadow-Land. +They hide their Young in some Place secure from the Discovery of the Buck, +as the European Rabbets do, and are of the same Colour; +but if you start one of them, and pursue her, she takes into a hollow Tree, +and there runs up as far as she can, in which Case the Hunter makes a Fire, +and smoaks the Tree, which brings her down, and smothers her. +At one time of the Year, great Bots or Maggots breed betwixt +the Skin and the Flesh of these Creatures. They eat just as +the English ones do; but I never saw one of them fat. We fire the Marshes, +and then kill abundance. + +{Rabbet English.} +The English, or European Coneys are here found, tho' but in one place +that I ever knew of, which was in Trent-River, where they borough'd +among the Rocks. I cannot believe, these are Natives of the Country, +any otherwise than that they might come from aboard some Wreck; +the Sea not being far off. I was told of several that were upon +Bodies Island by Ronoak, which came from that Ship of Bodies; +but I never saw any. However the Banks are no proper Abode of Safety, +because of the many Minxes in those Quarters. I carried over +some of the tame sort from England to South-Carolina, +which bred three times going over, we having a long Passage. +I turn'd them loose in a Plantation, and the young ones, +and some of the old ones bred great Maggots in their Testicles. At last, +the great Gust in September, 1700, brought a great deal of Rain, +and drown'd them all in their Holes. I intend to make a second Tryal of them +in North Carolina, and doubt not but to secure them. + +{Elks.} +The Elk is a Monster of the Venison sort. His Skin is used +almost in the same Nature as the Buffelo's. Some take him +for the red Deer of America; but he is not: For, if brought and kept +in Company with one of that sort, of the contrary Sex, he will never couple. +His Flesh is not so sweet as the lesser Deers. His Horns exceed (in Weight) +all Creatures which the new World affords. They will often resort and feed +with the Buffelo, delighting in the same Range as they do. + +{Stags.} +The Stags of Carolina are lodg'd in the Mountains. They are not so large +as in Europe, but much larger than any Fallow-Deer. They are always fat, +I believe, with some delicate Herbage that grows on the Hills; +for we find all Creatures that graze much fatter and better Meat on the Hills, +than those in the Valleys: I mean towards and near the Sea. +Some Deer on these Mountains afford the occidental Bezoar, +not coming from a Goat, as some report. What sort of Beast affords +the oriental Bezoar, I know not. The Tallow of the Harts +make incomparable Candles. Their Horns and Hides are of the same Value, +as others of their kind. + +{Fallow-Deer.} +Fallow-Deer in Carolina, are taller and longer-legg'd, than in Europe; +but neither run so fast, nor are so well haunch'd. Their Singles are +much longer, and their Horns stand forward, as the others incline backward; +neither do they beam, or bear their Antlers, as the English Deer do. +Towards the Salts, they are not generally so fat and good Meat, +as on the Hills. I have known some kill'd on the Salts in January, +that have had abundance of Bots in their Throat, which keep them very poor. +As the Summer approaches, these Bots come out, and turn into +the finest Butterfly imaginable, being very large, and having black, white, +and yellow Stripes. Deer-Skins are one of the best Commodities +Carolina affords, to ship off for England, provided they be large. + +{Fox Squirrel.} +Of Squirrels we have four Sorts. The first is the Fox-Squirrel, +so call'd, because of his large Size, which is the Bigness of a Rabbet +of two or three Months old. His Colour is commonly gray; +yet I have seen several pied ones, and some reddish, and black; +his chiefest Haunts are in the Piny Land, where the Almond-Pine grows. +There he provides his Winter-Store; they being a Nut +that never fails of bearing. He may be made tame, and is very good Meat, +when killed. + +{Small gray Squirrel.} +The next sort of Squirrel is much of the Nature of the English, +only differing in Colour. Their Food is Nuts (of all sorts +the Country affords) and Acorns. They eat well; and, like the Bear, +are never found with young. + +{Flying-Squirrel.} +This Squirrel is gray, as well as the others. He is the least of the Three. +His Food is much the same with the small gray Squirrels. He has not Wings, +as Birds or Bats have, there being a fine thin Skin cover'd with Hair, +as the rest of the parts are. This is from the Fore-Feet to the Hinder-Feet, +which is extended and holds so much Air, as buoys him up, +from one Tree to another, that are greater distances asunder, +than other Squirrels can reach by jumping or springing. He is made very tame, +is an Enemy to a Cornfield, (as all Squirrels are) and eats only +the germinating Eye of that Grain, which is very sweet. + +{Ground Squirrel.} +Ground Squirrels are so call'd, because they never delight +in running up Trees, and leaping from Tree to Tree. They are +the smallest of all Squirrels. Their Tail is neither so long not bushy; +but flattish. They are of a reddish Colour, and striped down each Side +with black Rows, which make them very beautiful. They may be kept tame, +in a little Box with Cotton. They and the Flying-Squirrels seldom stir out +in Cold Weather, being tender Animals. + +{Fox.} +The Fox of Carolina is gray, but smells not as the Foxes +in Great-Britain, and elsewhere. They have reddish Hair about their Ears, +and are generally very fat; yet I never saw any one eat them. +When hunted, they make a sorry Chace, because they run up Trees, when pursued. +They are never to be made familiar and tame, as the Raccoon is. +Their Furs, if in Season, are used for Muffs and other Ornaments. +They live chiefly on Birds and Fowls, and such small Prey. + +{Supposed Lion and Jackall.} +I have been inform'd by the Indians, that on a Lake of Water +towards the Head of Neus River, there haunts a Creature, +which frightens them all from Hunting thereabouts. They say, +he is the Colour of a Panther, but cannot run up Trees; +and that there abides with him a Creature like an Englishman's Dog, +which runs faster than he can, and gets his Prey for him. They add, +that there is no other of that Kind that ever they met withal; +and that they have no other way to avoid him, but by running up a Tree. +The Certainty of this I cannot affirm by my own Knowledge, +yet they all agree in this Story. As for Lions, I never saw any in America; +neither can I imagine, how they should come there. + +{Rats.} +Of Rats we have two sorts; the House-Rat, as in Europe; and the Marsh-Rat, +which differs very much from the other, being more hairy, +and has several other Distinctions, too long here to name. + +{Mice.} +Mice are the same here, as those in England, that belong to the House. +There is one sort that poisons a Cat, as soon as she eats of them, +which has sometimes happen'd. These Mice resort not to Houses. + +{Dormouse.} +The Dormouse is the same as in England; and so is the Weasel, +which is very scarce. + +{Rearmouse.} +The Bat or Rearmouse, the same as in England. The Indian Children +are much addicted to eat Dirt, and so are some of the Christians. +But roast a Bat on a Skewer, then pull the Skin off, and make the Child +that eats Dirt, eat the roasted Rearmouse; and he will never eat Dirt again. +This is held as an infallible Remedy. I have put this amongst the Beasts, +as partaking of both Natures; of the Bird, and Mouse-Kind. + +Having mention'd all the sorts of terrestrial or Land-Animals, +which Carolina affords and are yet known to us, except the Tame +and Domestick Creatures (of which I shall give an Account hereafter, +when I come to treat of the Ways and Manners of Agriculture in that Province) +I shall now proceed to the known Insects of that Place. +Not that I pretend to give an ample Account of the whole Tribe, +which is too numerous, and contains too great a Diversity of Species, +many not yet discovered, and others that have slipt my Memory at present; +But those which I can remember, I here present my Readers withal. + + + + Insects of Carolina. + + Allegators. + Rattle-Snakes. + Ground Rattle-Snakes. + Horn-Snakes. + Water-Snakes, four sorts. + Swamp Snakes three sorts. + Red-bellied Land-Snakes. + Red-back'd Snake. + Black Truncheon Snake. + Scorpion-Lizard. + Green Lizard. + Frogs, many sorts. + Long black Snake. + King-Snake. + Green Snake. + Corn Snake. + Vipers black and gray. + Tortois. + Terebin Land and Water. + Brimstone-Snake. + Egg, or Chicken-Snake. + Eel-Snake, or great Loach. + Brown Lizard. + Rotten-wood Worm, &c. + + +{Strange Genitors.} +The Allegator is the same, as the Crocodile, and differs only in Name. +They frequent the sides of Rivers, in the Banks of which they make +their Dwellings a great way under Ground; the Hole or Mouth of their Dens +lying commonly two Foot under Water, after which it rises +till it be considerably above the Surface thereof. Here it is, +that this amphibious Monster dwells all the Winter, sleeping away his time +till the Spring appears, when he comes from his Cave, and daily swims +up and down the Streams. He always breeds in some fresh Stream, +or clear Fountain of Water, yet seeks his Prey in the broad Salt Waters, +that are brackish, not on the Sea-side, where I never met with any. +He never devours Men in Carolina, but uses all ways to avoid them, +yet he kills Swine and Dogs, the former as they come to feed in the Marshes, +the others as they swim over the Creeks and Waters. They are very mischievous +to the Wares made for taking Fish, into which they come to prey +on the Fish that are caught in the Ware, from whence they cannot +readily extricate themselves, and so break the Ware in Pieces, +being a very strong Creature. This Animal, in these Parts, +sometimes exceeds seventeen Foot long. It is impossible to kill them +with a Gun, unless you chance to hit them about the Eyes, +which is a much softer Place, than the rest of their impenetrable Armour. +They roar, and make a hideous Noise against bad Weather, +and before they come out of their Dens in the Spring. I was pretty much +frightened with one of these once; which happened thus: I had built a House +about half a Mile from an Indian Town, on the Fork of Neus-River, +where I dwelt by my self, excepting a young Indian Fellow, and a Bull-Dog, +that I had along with me. I had not then been so long a Sojourner +in America, as to be throughly acquainted with this Creature. +One of them had got his Nest directly under my House, which stood on +pretty high Land, and by a Creek-side, in whose Banks his Entring-place was, +his Den reaching the Ground directly on which my House stood. +I was sitting alone by the Fire-side (about nine a Clock at Night, +some time in March) the Indian Fellow being gone to the Town, +to see his Relations; so that there was no body in the House +but my self and my Dog; when, all of a sudden, this ill-favour'd +Neighbour of mine, set up such a Roaring, that he made the House shake +about my Ears, and so continued, like a Bittern, (but a hundred times louder, +if possible) for four or five times. The Dog stared, as if he was frightned +out of his Senses; nor indeed, could I imagine what it was, +having never heard one of them before. Immediately again +I had another Lesson; and so a third. Being at that time +amongst none but Savages, I began to suspect, they were working +some Piece of Conjuration under my House, to get away my Goods; +not but that, at another time, I have as little Faith in their, +or any others working Miracles, by diabolical Means, as any Person living. +At last, my Man came in, to whom when I had told the Story, he laugh'd at me, +and presently undeceiv'd me, by telling me what it was that made that Noise. +These Allegators lay Eggs, as the Ducks do; only they are longer shap'd, +larger, and a thicker Shell, than they have. How long they are in hatching, +I cannot tell; but, as the Indians say, it is most part of the Summer, +they always lay by a Spring-Side, the young living in and about the same, +as soon as hatch'd. Their Eggs are laid in Nests made in the Marshes, +and contain twenty or thirty Eggs. Some of these Creatures afford +a great deal of Musk. Their Tail, when cut of, looks very fair and white, +seemingly like the best of Veal. Some People have eaten thereof, and say, +it is delicate Meat, when they happen not to be musky. Their Flesh +is accounted proper for such as are troubled with the lame Distemper, +(a sort of Rhumatism) so is the Fat very prevailing to remove Aches and Pains, +by Unction. The Teeth of this Creature, when dead, are taken out, +to make Chargers for Guns, being of several Sizes, fit for all Loads. +They are white, and would make pretty Snuff-Boxes, if wrought by an Artist. +After the Tail of the Allegator is separated from the Body, +it will move very freely for four days. + +{Rattle-Snake.} +The Rattle-Snakes are found on all the Main of America, that I ever had +any Account of; being so call'd from the Rattle at the end of their Tails, +which is a Connexion of jointed Coverings, of an excrementitious Matter, +betwixt the Substance of a Nail, and a Horn, though each Tegmen +is very thin. Nature seems to have design'd these, on purpose to give Warning +of such an approaching Danger, as the venomous Bite of these Snakes is. +Some of them grow to a very great Bigness, as six Foot in Length, +their Middle being the Thickness of the Small of a lusty Man's Leg. +We have an Account of much larger Serpents of this Kind; +but I never met them yet, although I have seen and kill'd abundance +in my time. They are of an Orange, tawny, and blackish Colour, on the Back; +differing (as all Snakes do) in Colour, on the Belly; being of an Ash-Colour, +inclining to Lead. The Male is easily distinguish'd from the Female, +by a black Velvet-Spot on his Head; and besides, his Head is smaller shaped, +and long. Their Bite is venomous, if not speedily remedied; +especially, if the Wound be in a Vein, Nerve, Tendon, or Sinew; +when it is very difficult to cure. The Indians are the best Physicians +for the Bite of these and all other venomous Creatures of this Country. +There are four sorts of Snake-Roots already discover'd, which Knowledge +came from the Indians, who have perform'd several great Cures. +The Rattle-Snakes are accounted the peaceablest in the World; +for they never attack any one, or injure them, unless they are trod upon, +or molested. The most Danger of being bit by these Snakes, is for those +that survey Land in Carolina; yet I never heard of any Surveyor +that was kill'd, or hurt by them. I have myself gone over +several of this Sort, and others; yet it pleased God, I never came +to any harm. They have the Power, or Art (I know not which to call it) +to charm Squirrels, Hares, Partridges, or any such thing, +in such a manner, that they run directly into their Mouths. +This I have seen by a Squirrel and one of these Rattle-Snakes; +and other Snakes have, in some measure, the same Power. The Rattle-Snakes +have many small Teeth, of which I cannot see they make any use; +for they swallow every thing whole; but the Teeth which poison, are only four; +two on each side of their Upper-Jaws. These are bent like a Sickle, +and hang loose as if by a Joint. Towards the setting on of these, +there is, in each Tooth, a little Hole, wherein you may just get in +the Point of a small Needle. And here it is, that the Poison comes out, +(which is as green as Grass) and follows the Wound, +made by the Point of their Teeth. They are much more venomous +in the Months of June and July, than they are in March, +April or September. The hotter the Weather, the more poisonous. +Neither may we suppose, that they can renew their Poison as oft as they will; +for we have had a Person bit by one of these, who never rightly recover'd it, +and very hardly escaped with Life; a second Person bit in the same Place +by the same Snake, and receiv'd no more Harm, that if bitten with a Rat. +They cast their Skins every Year, and commonly abide near the Place +where the old Skin lies. These cast Skins are used in Physick, +and the Rattles are reckon'd good to expedite the Birth. +The Gall is made up into Pills, with Clay, and kept for Use; +being given in Pestilential Fevers and the Small-Pox. It is accounted +a noble Remedy, known to few, and held as a great Arcanum. +This Snake has two Nostrils on each side of his Nose. Their Venom, +I have Reason to believe, effects no Harm, any otherwise than when +darted into the Wound by the Serpents Teeth. + +{Ground Rattle-Snakes.} +The Ground Rattle-Snake, wrong nam'd, because it has nothing like Rattles. +It resembles the Rattle-Snake a little in Colour, but is darker, +and never grows to any considerable Bigness, not exceeding a Foot, +or sixteen Inches. He is reckon'd amongst the worst of Snakes; +and stays out the longest of any Snake I know, before he returns +(in the Fall of the Leaf) to his Hole. + +{Horn-Snake.} +Of the Horn-Snakes I never saw but two, that I remember. +They are like the Rattle-Snake in Colour, but rather lighter. +They hiss exactly like a Goose, when any thing approaches them. +They strike at their Enemy with their Tail, and kill whatsoever +they wound with it, which is arm'd at the End with a horny Substance, +like a Cock's Spur. This is their Weapon. I have heard it credibly reported, +by those who said they were Eye-Witnesses, that a small Locust-Tree, +about the Thickness of a Man's Arm, being struck by one of these Snakes, +at Ten a Clock in the Morning, then verdant and flourishing, +at four in the Afternoon was dead, and the Leaves red and wither'd. +Doubtless, be it how it will, they are very venomous. I think, +the Indians do not pretend to cure their Wound. + +{Water-Snakes.} +Of Water-Snakes there are four sorts. The first is of the Horn-Snakes Colour, +though less. The next is a very long Snake, differing in Colour, +and will make nothing to swim over a River a League wide. +They hang upon Birches and other Trees by the Water-Side. +I had the Fortune once to have one of them leap into my Boat, +as I was going up a narrow River; the Boat was full of Mats, +which I was glad to take out, to get rid of him. They are reckon'd poisonous. +A third is much of an English Adder's Colour, but always +frequents the Salts, and lies under the Drift Seaweed, +where they are in abundance, and are accounted mischievous, when they bite. +The last is of a sooty black Colour, and frequents Ponds and Ditches. +What his Qualities are, I cannot tell. + +{Swamp-Snakes.} +Of the Swamp-Snakes there are three sorts, which are very near akin +to the Water-Snakes, and may be rank'd amongst them. + +The Belly of the first is of a Carnation or Pink Colour; +his Back a dirty brown; they are large, but have not much Venom in them, +as ever I learnt. The next is a large Snake, of a brown Dirt Colour, +and always abides in the Marshes. + +The last is mottled, and very poisonous. They dwell in Swamps Sides, +and Ponds, and have prodigious wide Mouths, and (though not long) +arrive to the Thickness of the Calf of a Man's Leg. + +{Red-Belly Land-Snakes.} +These frequent the Land altogether, and are so call'd, +because of their red Bellies, which incline to an Orange-Colour. +Some have been bitten with these sort of Snakes, and not hurt; +when others have suffer'd very much by them. Whether there be +two sorts of these Snakes, which we make no Difference of, +I cannot at present determine. + +{Red-Back Snakes.} +I never saw but one of these, which I stept over, and did not see him; +till he that brought the Chain after me, spy'd him. He has a red Back, +as the last has a red Belly. They are a long, slender Snake, and very rare +to be met withal. I enquired of the Indian that was along with me, +whether they were very venomous, who made Answer, that if he had bitten me, +even the Indians could not have cured it. + +{Black Truncheon-Snake.} +This sort of Snake might very well have been rank'd with the Water-Snakes. +They lie under Roots of Trees, and on the Banks of Rivers. +When any thing disturbs them, they dart into the Water (which is Salt) +like an Arrow out of a Bow. They are thick, and the shortest Snake +I ever saw. What Good, or Harm, there is in them, I know not. +Some of these Water-Snakes will swallow a black Land-Snake, +half as long again as themselves. + +{Scorpion Lizard.} +The Scorpion Lizard, is no more like a Scorpion, than a Hedge-Hog; +but they very commonly call him a Scorpion. He is of the Lizard Kind, +but much bigger; his Back is of a dark Copper-Colour; his Belly an Orange; +he is very nimble in running up Trees, or on the Land, and is accounted +very poisonous. He has the most Sets of Teeth in his Mouth and Throat, +that ever I saw. + +{Green Lizard.} +Green Lizards are very harmless and beautiful, having a little Bladder +under their Throat, which they fill with Wind, and evacuate the same +at Pleasure. They are of a most glorious Green, and very tame. +They resort to the Walls of Houses in the Summer Season, +and stand gazing on a Man, without any Concern or Fear. +There are several other Colours of these Lizards; but none so beautiful +as the green ones are. + +{Frogs.} +Of Frogs we have several sorts; the most famous is the Bull-Frog, so call'd, +because he lows exactly like that Beast, which makes Strangers wonder +(when by the side of a Marsh) what's the matter, for they hear the Frogs low, +and can see no Cattle; he is very large. I believe, I have seen one +with as much Meat on him, as a Pullet, if he had been dress'd. +The small green Frogs get upon Trees, and make a Noise. There are +several other colour'd small Frogs; but the Common Land-Frog is likest a Toad, +only he leaps, and is not poisonous. He is a great Devourer of Ants, +and the Snakes devour him. These Frogs baked and beat to Powder, +and taken with Orrice-Root cures a Tympany. + +{Long black Snake.} +The long, black Snake frequents the Land altogether, +and is the nimblest Creature living. His Bite has no more Venom, +than a Prick with a Pin. He is the best Mouser that can be; +for he leaves not one of that Vermine alive, where he comes. +He also kills the Rattle-Snake, wheresoever he meets him, +by twisting his Head about the Neck of the Rattle-Snake, +and whipping him to Death with his Tail. This Whipster haunts +the Dairies of careless Housewives, and never misses to skim the Milk +clear of the Cream. He is an excellent Egg-Merchant, +for he does not suck the Eggs, but swallows them whole (as all Snakes do.) +He will often swallow all the Eggs from under a Hen that sits, +and coil himself under the Hen, in the Nest, where sometimes +the Housewife finds him. This Snake, for all his Agility, is so brittle, +that when he is pursued, and gets his Head into the Hole of a Tree, +if any body gets hold of the other end, he will twist, and break himself off +in the middle. One of these Snakes, whose Neck is no thicker +that a Woman's little Finger, will swallow a Squirrel; +so much does that part stretch, in all these Creatures. + +{King Snake.} +The King-Snake is the longest of all others, and not common; +no Snake (they say) will meddle with them. I think they are not accounted +very venomous. The Indians make Girdles and Sashes of their Skins. + +{Green Snake.} +Green-Snakes are very small, tho' pretty (if any Beauty be allow'd to Snakes.) +Every one makes himself very familiar with them, and puts them in their Bosom, +because there is no manner of Harm in them. + +{Corn-Snake.} +The Corn-Snakes are but small ones; they are of a brown Colour, +mixed with tawny. There is no more hurt in this, than in the green Snake. + +{Vipers.} +Of those we call Vipers, there are two sorts. People call these Vipers, +because they spread a very flat Head at any time when they are vex'd. +One of these is a grayish like the Italian Viper, the other black and short; +and is reckon'd amongst the worst of Snakes, for Venom. + +{Tortois.} +Tortois, vulgarly call'd Turtle; I have rank'd these among the Insects, +because they lay Eggs, and I did not know well where to put them. Among us +there are three sorts. The first is the green Turtle, which is not common, +but is sometimes found on our Coast. The next is the Hawks-bill, +which is common. These two sorts are extraordinary Meat. +The third is Logger-Head, which Kind scarce any one covets, +except it be for the Eggs, which of this and all other Turtles, +are very good Food. None of these sorts of Creatures Eggs +will ever admit the White to be harder than a Jelly; yet the Yolk, +with boiling, becomes as hard as any other Egg. + +{Terebin.} +Of Terebins there are divers sorts, all which, to be brief, we will comprehend +under the Distinction of Land and Water-Terebins. + +{Land-Terebin.} +The Land-Terebin is of several Sizes, but generally Round-Mouth'd, +and not Hawks-Bill'd, as some are. The Indians eat them. Most of them +are good Meat, except the very large ones; and they are good Food too, +provided they are not Musky. They are an utter Enemy to the Rattle-Snake, +for when the Terebin meets him, he catches hold of him a little below +his Neck, and draws his Head into his Shell, which makes the Snake +beat his Tail, and twist about with all the Strength and Violence imaginable, +to get away; but the Terebin soon dispatches him, and there leaves him. +These they call in Europe the Land Tortois; their Food is Snails, Tad-pools, +or young Frogs, Mushrooms, and the Dew and Slime of the Earth and Ponds. + +{Water-Terebin.} +Water Terebins are small; containing about as much Meat as a Pullet, +and are extraordinary Food; especially, in May and June. +When they lay, their Eggs are very good; but they have so many Enemies +that find them out, that the hundredth part never comes to Perfection. +The Sun and Sand hatch them, which come out the Bigness of a small Chesnut, +and seek their own Living. + +{Brimstone-Snake.} +We now come again to the Snakes. The Brimstone is so call'd, I believe, +because it is almost of a Brimstone Colour. They might as well +have call'd it a Glass-Snake, for it is as brittle as a Tobacco-Pipe, +so that if you give it the least Touch of a small Twigg, +it immediately breaks into several Pieces. Some affirm, +that if you let it remain where you broke it, it will come together again. +What Harm there is in this brittle Ware, I cannot tell; +but I never knew any body hurt by them. + +{Chicken-Snake.} +The Egg or Chicken-Snake is so call'd, because it is frequent about +the Hen-Yard, and eats Eggs and Chickens, they are of a dusky Soot Colour, +and will roll themselves round, and stick eighteen, or twenty Foot high, +by the side of a smooth-bark'd Pine, where there is no manner of Hold, +and there sun themselves, and sleep all the Sunny Part of the Day. +There is no great matter of Poison in them. + +{Wood-Worm.} +The Wood-Worms are of a Copper, shining Colour, scarce so thick +as your little Finger; are often found in Rotten-Trees. +They are accounted venomous, in case they bite, though I never knew any thing +hurt by them. They never exceed four or five Inches in length. + +The Reptiles, or smaller Insects, are too numerous to relate here, +this Country affording innumerable Quantities thereof; +as the Flying-Stags with Horns, Beetles, Butterflies, Grashoppers, +Locust, and several hundreds of uncouth Shapes, which in the Summer-Season +are discovered here in Carolina, the Description of which +requires a large Volume, which is not my Intent at present. +Besides, what the Mountainous Part of this Land may hereafter +lay open to our View, Time and Industry will discover, +for we that have settled but a small Share of this large Province, +cannot imagine, but there will be a great number of Discoveries made +by those that shall come hereafter into the Back-part of this Land, +and make Enquiries therein, when, at least, we consider that +the Westward of Carolina is quite different in Soil, Air, Weather, +Growth of Vegetables, and several Animals too, which we at present +are wholly Strangers to, and to seek for. As to a right Knowledge thereof, +I say, when another Age is come, the Ingenious then in being +may stand upon the Shoulders of those that went before them, +adding their own Experiments to what was delivered down to them +by their Predecessors, and then there will be something +towards a complete Natural History, which (in these days) +would be no easie Undertaking to any Author that writes +truly and compendiously, as he ought to do. It is sufficient at present, +to write an honest and fair Account of any of the Settlements, +in this new World, without wandring out of the Path of Truth, +or bespattering any Man's Reputation any wise concern'd +in the Government of the Colony; he that mixes Invectives +with Relations of this Nature rendering himself suspected of Partiality +in whatever he writes. For my part, I wish all well, and he that has received +any severe Dealings from the Magistrate or his Superiours, +had best examine himself well, if he was not first in the Fault; if so, +then he can justly blame none but himself for what has happen'd to him. + +Having thus gone thro' the Insects, as in the Table, except the Eel-Snake, +(so call'd, though very improperly, because he is nothing but a Loach, +that sucks, and cannot bite, as the Snakes do.) He is very large, +commonly sixteen Inches, or a Foot and half long; having all the Properties +that other Loaches have, and dwells in Pools and Waters, as they do. +Notwithstanding, we have the same Loach as you have, in Bigness. + +This is all that at present I shall mention, touching the Insects, +and so go on to give an Account of the Fowls and Birds, +that are properly found in Carolina, which are these. + + + +{Birds in America more beautiful than in Europe.} + Birds of Carolina. + + Eagle bald. + Eagle gray. + Fishing Hawk. + Turkey Buzzard, or Vulture. + Herring-tail'd Hawk. + Goshawk. + Falcon. + Merlin. + Sparrow-hawk. + Hobby. + Ring-tail. + Raven. + Crow. + Black Birds, two sorts. + Buntings two sorts. + Pheasant. + Woodcock. + Snipe. + Partridge. + Moorhen. + Jay. + Green Plover. + Plover gray or whistling. + Pigeon. + Turtle Dove. + Parrakeeto. + Thrush. + Wood-Peckers, five sorts. + Mocking-birds, two sorts. + Cat-Bird. + Cuckoo. + Blue-Bird. + Bulfinch. + Nightingale. + Hedge-Sparrow. + Wren. + Sparrows, two sorts. + Lark. + Red Bird. + East-India Bat. + Martins, two sorts. + Diveling, or Swift. + Swallow. + Humming Bird. + The Tom-Tit, or Ox-Eye. + Owls, two sorts. + Scritch Owl. + Baltimore bird. + Throstle, no Singer. + Whippoo Will. + Reed Sparrow. + Weet bird. + Rice bird. + Cranes and Storks. + Snow-birds. + Yellow-wings. + + +{Water Fowl.} + Water Fowl are, + + Swans, called Trompeters. + Swans, called Hoopers. + Geese, three sorts. + Brant gray. + Brant white. + Sea-pies or pied Curlues. + Will Willets. + Great Gray Gulls. + Old Wives. + Sea Cock. + Curlues, three sorts. + Coots. + Kings-fisher. + Loons, two sorts. + Bitterns, three sorts. + Hern gray. + Hern white. + Water Pheasant. + Little gray Gull. + Little Fisher, or Dipper. + Ducks, as in England. + Ducks black, all Summer. + Ducks pied, build on Trees. + Ducks whistling, at Sapona. + Ducks scarlet-eye at Esaw. + Blue-wings. + Widgeon. + Teal, two sorts. + Shovelers. + Whistlers. + Black Flusterers, or bald Coot. + Turkeys wild. + Fishermen. + Divers. + Raft Fowl. + Bull-necks. + Redheads. + Tropick-birds. + Pellican. + Cormorant. + Gannet. + Shear-water. + Great black pied Gull. + Marsh-hens. + Blue Peter's. + Sand-birds. + Runners. + Tutcocks. + Swaddle-bills. + Mew. + Sheldrakes. + Bald Faces. + Water Witch, or Ware Coot. + + +{Bald-Eagle.} +As the Eagle is reckon'd the King of Birds I have begun with him. +The first I shall speak of, is the bald Eagle; so call'd, because his Head, +to the middle of his Neck, and his Tail, is as white as Snow. +These Birds continually breed the Year round; for when the young Eagles +are just down'd, with a sort of white woolly Feathers, the Hen-Eagle +lays again, which Eggs are hatch'd by the Warmth of the young ones +in the Nest, so that the Flight of one Brood makes Room for the next, +that are but just hatch'd. They prey on any living thing they can catch. +They are heavy of Flight, and cannot get their Food by Swiftness, +to help which there is a Fishawk that catches Fishes, and suffers the Eagle +to take them from her, although she is long-wing'd and a swift Flyer, +and can make far better way in her Flight than the Eagle can. The bald Eagle +attends the Gunners in Winter, with all the Obsequiousness imaginable, +and when he shoots and kills any Fowl, the Eagle surely comes in for his Bird; +and besides, those that are wounded, and escape the Fowler, +fall to the Eagle's share. He is an excellent Artist at stealing young Pigs, +which Prey he carries alive to his Nest, at which time the poor Pig +makes such a Noise over Head, that Strangers that have heard them cry, +and not seen the Bird and his Prey, have thought there were +Flying Sows and Pigs in that Country. The Eagle's Nest is made of Twigs, +Sticks and Rubbish. It is big enough to fill a handsome Carts Body, +and commonly so full of nasty Bones and Carcasses that it stinks +most offensively. This Eagle is not bald, till he is one or two years old. + +{Gray Eagle.} +The gray Eagle is altogether the same sort of Bird, as the Eagle in Europe; +therefore, we shall treat no farther of him. + +{Fishing-Hawk.} +The Fishing-Hawk is the Eagle's Jackal, which most commonly +(though not always) takes his Prey for him. He is a large Bird, +being above two thirds as big as the Eagle. He builds his Nest +as the Eagles do; that is, in a dead Cypress-Tree, either standing in, +or hard by, the Water. The Eagle and this Bird seldom sit on a living Tree. +He is of a gray pied Colour, and the most dexterous Fowl in Nature +at Catching of Fish, which he wholly lives on, never eating any Flesh. + +{Turkey-Buzzard.} +The Turkey-Buzzard of Carolina is a small Vulture, which lives on +any dead Carcasses. They are about the Bigness of the Fishing-Hawk, +and have a nasty Smell with them. They are of the Kites Colour, +and are reported to be an Enemy to Snakes, by killing all they meet withal +of that Kind. + +{Herring-tail'd Hawk.} +The Herring, or Swallow-tail'd Hawk, is about the Bigness of a Falcon, +but a much longer Bird. He is of a delicate Aurora-Colour; +the Pinions of his Wings, and End of his Tail are black. +He is a very beautiful Fowl, and never appears abroad but in the Summer. +His Prey is chiefly on Snakes, and will kill the biggest we have, +with a great deal of Dexterity and Ease. + +{Goshawk.} +Goshawks are very plentiful in Carolina. They are not seemingly so large +as those from Muscovy; but appear to be a very brisk Bird. + +{Falcon.} +The Falcon is much the same as in Europe, and promises to be a brave Bird, +tho' I never had any of them in my Hand; neither did I ever see any of them +in any other Posture than on the Wing, which always happen'd to be +in an Evening, and flying to the Westward; therefore, I believe, +they have their Abode and Nest among the Mountains, where we may expect +to find them, and several other Species that we are at present Strangers to. + +{Merlin.} +The Merlin is a small Bird in Europe, but much smaller here; +yet he very nimbly kills the smaller sorts of Birds, and sometimes +the Partridge; if caught alive, he would be a great Rarity, +because of his Beauty and Smalness. + +{Sparrow-Hawk.} +The Sparrow-Hawk in Carolina is no bigger than a Field-fare in England. +He flies at the Bush and sometimes kills a small Bird, but his chiefest Food +is Reptiles, as Beetles, Grashoppers, and such small things. +He is exactly of the same Colour, as the Sparrow-Hawk in England, +only has a blackish Hood by his Eyes. + +{Hobby.} +Hobbies are the same here as in England, and are not often met withal. + +{Ring Tail.} +The Ring-tail is a short-wing'd Hawk, preying on Mice, and such Vermine +in the Marshes, as in England. + +{Ravens.} +Ravens, the same as in England, though very few. I have not seen above six +in eight Years time. + +{Crows.} +Crows are here less than in England. They are as good Meat as a Pigeon; +and never feed on any Carrion. They are great Enemies to the Corn-Fields; +and cry and build almost like Rooks. + +{Black-Birds.} +Of these we have two sorts, which are the worst Vermine in America. +They fly sometimes in such Flocks, that they destroy every thing before them. +They (both sorts) build in hollow Trees, as Starlings do. The first sort +is near as big as a Dove, and is very white and delicate Food. +The other sort is very beautiful, and about the Bigness of the Owsel. +Part of their Head, next to the Bill, and the Pinions of their Wings, +are of an Orange, and glorious Crimson Colour. They are as good Meat +as the former, tho' very few here (where large Fowl are so plenty) +ever trouble themselves to kill or dress them. + +{Bunting two sorts.} +Of the Bunting-Larks we have two sorts, though the Heel of this Bird +is not so long as in Europe. The first of these often accompany +the Black-birds, and sing as the Bunting-Larks in England do, +differing very little. The first sort has an Orange-Colour +on the Tops of their Wings, and are as good Meat as those in Europe. +The other sort is something less, of a lighter Colour; +nothing differing therein from those in England, as to Feathers, +Bigness, and Meat. + +{Pheasant.} +The Pheasant of Carolina differs some small matter from +the English Pheasant, being not so big, and having some difference +in Feather; yet he is not any wise inferiour in Delicacy, +but is as good Meat, or rather finer. He haunts the back Woods, +and is seldom found near the Inhabitants. + +{Woodcock.} +The Woodcocks live and breed here, though they are not in great plenty, +as I have seen them in some Parts of England, and other Places. +They want one third of the English Woodcock in Bigness; +but differ not in Shape, or Feather, save that their Breast +is of a Carnation Colour; and they make a Noise (when they are on the Wing) +like the Bells about a Hawk's Legs. They are certainly as dainty Meat, +as any in the World. Their Abode is in all Parts of this Country, +in low, boggy Ground, Springs, Swamps, and Percoarsons. + +{Snipe.} +The Snipes here frequent the same Places, as they do in England, +and differ nothing from them. They are the only wild Bird +that is nothing different from the Species of Europe, and keeps with us +all the Year. In some Places, there are a great many of these Snipes. + +{Partridge.} +Our Partridges in Carolina, very often take upon Trees, +and have a sort of Whistle and Call, quite different from those in England. +They are a very beautiful Bird, and great Destroyers of the Pease +in Plantations; wherefore, they set Traps, and catch many of them. +They have the same Feather, as in Europe; only the Cock wants +the Horse-Shooe, in lieu of which he has a fair Half-Circle over each Eye. +These (as well as the Woodcock) are less than the European Bird; +but far finer Meat. They might be easily transported to any Place, +because they take to eating, after caught. + +{Moorhen.} +The Moorhens are of the black Game. I am inform'd, that the gray Game +haunts the Hills. They never come into the Settlement, +but keep in the hilly Parts. + +{Jay.} +Jays are here common, and very mischievous, in devouring our Fruit, +and spoiling more than they eat. They are abundantly more beautiful, +and finer feather'd than those in Europe, and not above half so big. + +{Green-Plover.} +The Lap-wing or Green-Plover are here very common. They cry pretty much, +as the English Plovers do; and differ not much in Feather, +but want a third of their Bigness. + +{Gray-Plover.} +The gray or whistling Plover, are very scarce amongst us. +I never saw any but three times, that fell and settled on the Ground. +They differ very little from those in Europe, as far as I could discern. +I have seen several great Flocks of them fly over head; therefore, believe, +they inhabit the Valleys near the Mountains. + +{Pigeons.} +Our wild Pigeons, are like the Wood-Queese or Stock-Doves, +only have a longer Tail. They leave us in the Summer. This sort of Pigeon +(as I said before) is the most like our Stock-Doves, or Wood-Pigeons +that we have in England; only these differ in their Tails, +which are very long, much like a Parrakeeto's? You must understand, +that these Birds do not breed amongst us, (who are settled at, +and near the Mouths of the Rivers, as I have intimated to you before) +but come down (especially in hard Winters) amongst the Inhabitants, +in great Flocks, as they were seen to do in the Year 1707, +which was the hardest Winter that ever was known, since Carolina +has been seated by the Christians. And if that Country had such hard Weather, +what must be expected of the severe Winters in Pensylvania, New-York, +and New-England, where Winters are ten times (if possible) +colder than with us. Although the Flocks are, in such Extremities, +very numerous; yet they are not to be mention'd in Comparison with +the great and infinite Numbers of these Fowl, that are met withal +about a hundred, or a hundred and fifty, Miles to the Westward of the Places +where we at present live; and where these Pigeons come down, in quest of +a small sort of Acorns, which in those Parts are plentifully found. +They are the same we call Turky-Acorns, because the wild Turkies +feed very much thereon; And for the same Reason, those Trees that bear them, +are call'd Turky-Oaks. I saw such prodigious Flocks of these Pigeons, +in January or February, 1701-2, (which were in the hilly Country, +between the great Nation of the Esaw Indians, and the pleasant Stream +of Sapona, which is the West-Branch of Clarendon, or Cape-Fair River) +that they had broke down the Limbs of a great many large Trees +all over those Woods, whereon they chanced to sit and roost; +especially the great Pines, which are a more brittle Wood, +than our sorts of Oak are. These Pigeons, about Sun-Rise, +when we were preparing to march on our Journey, would fly by us +in such vast Flocks, that they would be near a Quarter of an Hour, +before they were all pass'd by; and as soon as that Flock was gone, +another would come; and so successively one after another, +for great part of the Morning. It is observable, that whereever these Fowl +come in such Numbers, as I saw them then, they clear all before them, +scarce leaving one Acorn upon the Ground, which would, doubtless, +be a great Prejudice to the Planters that should seat there, +because their Swine would be thereby depriv'd of their Mast. +When I saw such Flocks of the Pigeons I now speak of, none of our Company +had any other sort of Shot, than that which is cast in Moulds, +and was so very large, that we could not put above ten or a dozen of them +into our largest Pieces; Wherefore, we made but an indifferent Hand +of shooting them; although we commonly kill'd a Pigeon for every Shot. +They were very fat, and as good Pigeons, as ever I eat. +I enquired of the Indians that dwell'd in those Parts, where it was +that those Pigeons bred, and they pointed towards the vast Ridge of Mountains, +and said, they bred there. Now, whether they make their Nests +in the Holes in the Rocks of those Mountains, or build in Trees, +I could not learn; but they seem to me to be a Wood-Pigeon, +that build in Trees, because of their frequent sitting thereon, +and their Roosting on Trees always at Night, under which +their Dung commonly lies half a Foot thick, and kills every thing that grows +where it falls. + +{Turtle Doves.} +Turtle Doves are here very plentiful; they devour the Pease; for which Reason, +People make Traps and catch them. + +{Parrakeetos.} +The Parrakeetos are of a green Colour, and Orange-Colour'd +half way their Head. Of these and the Allegators, there is none found +to the Northward of this Province. They visit us first, +when Mulberries are ripe, which Fruit they love extremely. +They peck the Apples, to eat the Kernels, so that the Fruit rots and perishes. +They are mischievous to Orchards. They are often taken alive, and will become +familiar and tame in two days. They have their Nests in hollow Trees, +in low, swampy Ground. They devour the Birch-Buds in April, +and lie hidden when the Weather is frosty and hard. + +{Thrushes.} +The Thrushes in America, are the same as in England, +and red under the Wings. They never appear amongst us but in hard Weather, +and presently leave us again. + +{Wood-Peckers.} +Of Wood-peckers, we have four sorts. The first is as big as a Pigeon, +being of a dark brown Colour, with a white Cross on his Back, his Eyes circled +with white, and on his Head stands a Tuft of beautiful Scarlet Feathers. +His Cry is heard a long way; and he flies from one rotten Tree to another, +to get Grubs, which is the Food he lives on. + +{Second.} +The second sort are of an Olive-Colour, striped with yellow. They eat Worms +as well as Grubs, and are about the Bigness of those in Europe. + +{Third.} +The third is the same Bigness as the last; he is pied with black and white, +has a Crimson Head, without a Topping, and is a Plague to the Corn and Fruit; +especially the Apples. He opens the Covering of the young Corn, +so that the Rain gets in, and rots it. + +{Fourth.} +The fourth sort of these Wood-peckers, is a black and white speckled, +or mottled; the finest I ever saw. The Cock has a red Crown; +he is not near so big as the others; his Food is Grubs, Corn, +and other creeping Insects. He is not very wild, but will let one +come up to him, then shifts on the other side the Tree, +from your sight; and so dodges you for a long time together. +He is about the size of an English Lark. + +{Mocking-Birds.} +The Mocking-Bird is about as big as a Throstle in England, but longer; +they are of a white, and gray Colour, and are held to be +the Choristers of America, as indeed they are. They sing with +the greatest Diversity of Notes, that is possible for a Bird to change to. +They may be bred up, and will sing with us tame in Cages; +yet I never take any of their Nests, altho' they build yearly +in my Fruit-Trees, because I have their Company, as much as if tame, +as to the singing Part. They often sit upon our Chimneys in Summer, +there being then no Fire in them, and sing the whole Evening +and most part of the Night. They are always attending our Dwellings; +and feed upon Mulberries and other Berries and Fruits; +especially the Mechoacan-berry, which grows here very plentifully. + +{2d. sort.} +There is another sort call'd the Ground-Mocking-Bird. She is +the same bigness, and of a Cinnamon Colour. This Bird sings excellently well, +but is not so common amongst us as the former. + +{Cat-Bird.} +The Cat-Bird, so nam'd, because it makes a Noise exactly like young Cats. +They have a blackish Head, and an Ash-coloured Body, +and have no other Note that I know of. They are no bigger than a Lark, +yet will fight a Crow or any other great Bird. + +{Cuckoo.} +The Cuckoo of Carolina may not properly be so call'd, +because she never uses that Cry; yet she is of the same Bigness and Feather, +and sucks the Small-Birds Eggs, as the English Cuckoo does. + +{Blue-Bird.} +A Blue-Bird is the exact Bigness of a Robin-red-breast. +The Cock has the same colour'd Breast as the Robin has, and his Back, +and all the other Parts of him, are of as fine a Blue, as can possibly be seen +in any thing in the World. He has a Cry, and a Whistle. They hide themselves +all the Winter. + +{Bulfinch.} +Bulfinches, in America, differ something from those in Europe, +in their Feathers, tho' not in their Bigness. I never knew any one tame, +therefore know not, what they might be brought to. + +{Nightingale.} +The Nightingales are different in Plumes from those in Europe. +They always frequent the low Groves, where they sing very prettily all Night. + +{Hedge-Sparrow.} +Hedge-Sparrows are here, though few Hedges. They differ scarce any thing +in Plume or Bigness, only I never heard this Whistle, +as the English one does; especially after Rain. + +{Wren.} +The Wren is the same as in Europe, yet I never heard any Note she has +in Carolina. + +{Sparrow.} +Sparrows here differ in Feather from the English. We have +several Species of Birds call'd Sparrows, one of them much resembling +the Bird call'd a Corinthian Sparrow. + +{Lark.} +The Lark with us resorts to the Savannas, or natural Meads, +and green Marshes. He is colour'd and heel'd as the Lark is; +but his Breast is of a glittering fair Lemon-Colour, and he is as big +as a Fieldfare, and very fine Food. + +{Red-Birds.} +The Red-Birds (whose Cock is all over of a rich Scarlet Feather, +with a tufted Crown on his Head, of the same Colour) +are the Bigness of a Bunting-Lark, and very hardy, having a strong thick Bill. +They will sing very prettily, when taken old, and put in a Cage. +They are good Birds to turn a Cage with Bells; or if taught, +as the Bulfinch is, I believe, would prove very docible. + +{East-India Bats.} +East-India Bats or Musqueto Hawks, are the Bigness of a Cuckoo, +and much of the same Colour. They are so call'd, because the same sort +is found in the East-Indies. They appear only in the Summer, +and live on Flies, which they catch in the Air, as Gnats, Musquetos, &c. + +{Martins.} +Martins are here of two sorts. The first is the same as in England; +the other as big as a Black-Bird. They have white Throats and Breasts, +with black Backs. The Planters put Gourds on standing Poles, +on purpose for these Fowl to build in, because they are a very Warlike Bird, +and beat the Crows from the Plantations. + +{Swift.} +The Swift, or Diveling, the same as in England. + +{Swallow.} +Swallows, the same as in England. + +{Humming-Bird.} +The Humming-Bird is the Miracle of all our wing'd Animals; +He is feather'd as a Bird, and gets his Living as the Bees, +by sucking the Honey from each Flower. In some of the larger sort of Flowers, +he will bury himself, by diving to suck the bottom of it, so that +he is quite cover'd, and oftentimes Children catch them in those Flowers, +and keep them alive for five or six days. They are of different Colours, +the Cock differing from the Hen. The Cock is of a green, red, +Aurora, and other Colours mixt. He is much less than a Wren, +and very nimble. His Nest is one of the greatest Pieces of Workmanship +the whole Tribe of wing'd Animals can shew, it commonly hanging +on a single Bryar, most artificially woven, a small Hole being left +to go in and out at. The Eggs are the Bigness of Pease. + +{Tom-Tit.} +The Tom-Tit, or Ox-Eyes, as in England. + +{Owls.} +Of Owls we have two sorts; the smaller sort is like ours in England; +the other sort is as big as a middling Goose, and has a prodigious Head. +They make a fearful Hollowing in the Night-time, like a Man, +whereby they often make Strangers lose their way in the Woods. + +{Scritch Owls.} +Scritch Owls, much the same as in Europe. + +{Baltimore-Bird.} +The Baltimore-Bird, so call'd from the Lord Baltimore, +Proprietor of all Maryland, in which Province many of them are found. +They are the Bigness of a Linnet, with yellow Wings, and beautiful +in other Colours. + +{Throstle.} +Throstle, the same Size and Feather as in Europe, but I never could hear +any of them sing. + +{Weet Bird.} +The Weet, so call'd because he cries always before Rain; +he resembles nearest the Fire-tail. + +{Cranes and Storks.} +Cranes use the Savannas, low Ground, and Frogs; they are above five Foot-high, +when extended; are of a Cream Colour, and have a Crimson Spot +on the Crown of their Heads. Their Quills are excellent for Pens; +their Flesh makes the best Broth, yet is very hard to digest. +Among them often frequent Storks, which are here seen, and no where besides +in America, that I have yet heard of. The Cranes are easily +bred up tame, and are excellent in a Garden to destroy Frogs, Worms, +and other Vermine. + +{Snow-Birds.} +The Snow-Birds are most numerous in the North Parts of America, +where there are great Snows. They visit us sometimes in Carolina, +when the Weather is harder than ordinary. They are like the Stones Smach, +or Wheat-Ears, and are delicate Meat. + +{Yellow Wings.} +These Yellow-Wings are a very small Bird, of a Linnet's Colour, +but Wings as yellow as Gold. They frequent high up in our Rivers, and Creeks, +and keep themselves in the thick Bushes, very difficult to be seen +in the Spring. They sing very prettily. + +{Whippoo-Will.} +Whippoo-Will, so nam'd, because it makes those Words exactly. +They are the Bigness of a Thrush, and call their Note under a Bush, +on the Ground, hard to be seen, though you hear them never so plain. +They are more plentiful in Virginia, than with us in Carolina; +for I never heard but one that was near the Settlement, and that was hard-by +an Indian Town. + +{Red Sparrow.} +This nearest resembles a Sparrow, and is the most common Small-Bird we have, +therefore we call them so. They are brown, and red, cinnamon Colour, striped. + +{Water Fowl.} +Of the Swans we have two sorts; the one we call Trompeters; +because of a sort of trompeting Noise they make. + +{Swans.} +These are the largest sort we have, which come in great Flocks in the Winter, +and stay, commonly, in the fresh Rivers till February, +that the Spring comes on, when they go to the Lakes to breed. +A Cygnet, that is, a last Year's Swan, is accounted a delicate Dish, +as indeed it is. They are known by their Head and Feathers, +which are not so white as Old ones. + +{Hooper.} +The sort of Swans call'd Hoopers, are the least. They abide more +in the Salt-Water, and are equally valuable, for Food, with the former. +It is observable, that neither of these have a black Piece of horny Flesh +down the Head, and Bill, as they have in England. + +{Wild Geese.} +Of Geese we have three sorts, differing from each other only in size. +Ours are not the common Geese that are in the Fens in England, +but the other sorts, with black Heads and Necks. + +{Gray Brants.} +The gray Brant, or Barnicle, is here very plentiful, as all +other Water-Fowl are, in the Winter-Season. They are the same +which they call Barnicles in Great-Britain, and are a very good Fowl, +and eat well. + +{White Brant.} +There is also a white Brant, very plentiful in America. +This Bird is all over as white as Snow, except the Tips of his Wings, +and those are black. They eat the Roots of Sedge and Grass +in the Marshes and Savannas, which they tear up like Hogs. +The best way to kill these Fowl is, to burn a Piece of Marsh, or Savanna, +and as soon as it is burnt, they will come in great Flocks to get the Roots, +where you kill what you please of them. They are as good Meat as the other, +only their Feathers are stubbed, and good for little. + +{Sea-Pie, or Curlue.} +The Sea-Pie, or gray Curlue, is about the Bigness of a very large Pigeon, +but longer. He has a long Bill as other Curlues have, +which is the Colour of an English Owsel's, that is, yellow; as are his Legs. +He frequents the Sand-beaches on the Sea-side, and when kill'd, +is inferiour to no Fowl I ever eat of. + +{Will Willet.} +Will Willet is so called from his Cry, which he very exactly +calls Will Willet, as he flies. His Bill is like a Curlue's, or Woodcock's, +and has much such a Body as the other, yet not so tall. He is good Meat. + +{Great gray Gull.} +The great gray Gulls are good Meat, and as large as a Pullet. +They lay large Eggs, which are found in very great Quantities, +on the Islands in our Sound, in the Months of June, and July. +The young Squabs are very good Victuals, and often prove a Relief +to Travellers by Water, that have spent their Provisions. + +{Old Wives.} +Old Wives are a black and white pied Gull with extraordinary long Wings, +and a golden colour'd Bill and Feet. He makes a dismal Noise, as he flies, +and ever and anon dips his Bill in the Salt-Water. I never knew him eaten. + +{Sea-Cock.} +The Sea-Cock is a Gull that crows at Break of Day, and in the Morning, +exactly like a Dunghil Cock, which Cry seems very pleasant +in those uninhabited Places. He is never eaten. + +{Curlues. Coots, Kingfisher, Loons, two sorts.} +Of Curlues there are three sorts, and vast Numbers of each. +They have all long Bills, and differ neither in Colour, nor Shape, +only in Size. The largest is as big as a good Hen, the smaller +the Bigness of a Snipe, or something bigger. + +{Bitterns, three sorts.} +We have three sorts of Bitterns in Carolina. The first is the same +as in England; the second of a deep brown, with a great Topping, +and yellowish white Throat and Breast, and is lesser than the former; +the last is no bigger than a Wood-cock, and near the Colour of the second. + +{Herns.} +We have the same Herns, as in England. + +{White-Herns.} +White Herns are here very plentiful. I have seen above thirty +sit on one Tree, at a time. They are as white as Milk, and fly very slowly. + +{Water-Pheasant.} +The Water-Pheasant (very improperly call'd so) are a Water-Fowl +of the Duck-Kind, having a Topping, of pretty Feathers, which sets them out. +They are very good Meat. + +{Little gray Gull.} +The little Gray-Gull is of a curious gray Colour, and abides near the Sea. +He is about the Bigness of a Whistling-Plover, and delicate Food. + +{Dipper.} +We have the little Dipper or Fisher, that catches Fish so dexterously, +the same as you have in the Islands of Scilly. + +{Duck and Mallard.} +We have of the same Ducks, and Mallards with green Heads, in great Flocks. +They are accounted the coarsest sort of our Water-Fowl. + +{Black Duck.} +The black Duck is full as large as the other, and good Meat. +She stays with us all the Summer, and breeds. These are made tame by some, +and prove good Domesticks. + +{Summer Duck.} +We have another Duck that stays with us all the Summer. +She has a great Topping, is pied, and very beautiful. She builds her Nest +in a Wood-pecker's Hole, very often sixty or seventy Foot high. + +{Whistling Duck.} +Towards the Mountains in the hilly Country, on the West-Branch +of Caip-Fair Inlet, we saw great Flocks of pretty pied Ducks, +that whistled as they flew, or as they fed. I did not kill any of them. + +{Scarlet Ey'd Duck.} +We kill'd a curious sort of Ducks, in the Country of the Esaw-Indians, +which were of many beautiful Colours. Their Eyes were red, +having a red Circle of Flesh for their Eye-lids; and were very good to eat. + +{Blue-Wings.} +The Blue-Wings are less than a Duck, but fine Meat. These are the first Fowls +that appear to us in the Fall of the Leaf, coming then in great Flocks, +as we suppose, from Canada, and the Lakes that lie behind us. + +{Widgeon.} +Widgeons, the same as in Europe, are here in great Plenty. + +{Teal two sorts.} +We have the same Teal, as in England, and another sort +that frequents the Fresh-Water, and are always nodding their Heads. +They are smaller than the common Teal, and dainty Meat. + +{Shovellers.} +Shovellers (a sort of Duck) are gray, with a black Head. +They are a very good Fowl. + +{Whistlers.} +These are called Whistlers, from the whistling Noise they make, as they fly. + +{Black-Flusterers, or Bald-Coot.} +Black Flusterers; some call these Old Wives. They are as black as Ink. +The Cocks have white Faces. They always remain in the midst of Rivers, +and feed upon drift Grass, Carnels or Sea-Nettles. They are the fattest Fowl +I ever saw, and sometimes so heavy with Flesh, that they cannot rise +out of the Water. They make an odd sort of Noise when they fly. +What Meat they are, I could never learn. Some call these the great bald Coot. + +{Turkeys.} +The wild Turkeys I should have spoken of, when I treated of the Land-Fowl. +There are great Flocks of these in Carolina. I have seen about five hundred +in a Flock; some of them are very large. I never weigh'd any myself, +but have been inform'd of one that weigh'd near sixty Pound Weight. +I have seen half a Turkey feed eight hungry Men two Meals. +Sometimes the wild breed with the tame ones, which, they reckon, +makes them very hardy, as I believe it must. I see no manner of Difference +betwixt the wild Turkeys and the tame ones; only the wild are ever +of one Colour, (viz.) a dark gray, or brown, and are excellent Food. +They feed on Acorns, Huckle-Berries, and many other sorts of Berries +that Carolina affords. The Eggs taken from the Nest, and hatch'd +under a Hen, will yet retain a wild Nature, and commonly leave you, +and run wild at last, and will never be got into a House to roost, +but always pearch on some high Tree, hard-by the House, +and separate themselves from the tame sort, although (at the same time) +they tread and breed together. I have been inform'd, that if you take +these wild Eggs, when just on the point of being hatch'd, +and dip them (for some small time) in a Bowl of Milk-warm Water, +it will take off their wild Nature, and make them as tame and domestick +as the others. Some Indians have brought these wild Breed hatch'd at home, +to be a Decoy to bring others to roost near their Cabins, +which they have shot. But to return to the Water-Fowl. + +{Fishermen.} +Fishermen are like a Duck, but have a narrow Bill, with Setts of Teeth. +They live on very small Fish, which they catch as they swim along. +They taste Fishy. The best way to order them, is, upon occasion, +to pull out the Oil-Box from the Rump, and then bury them five or six Hours +under Ground. Then they become tolerable. + +{Divers.} +Of Divers there are two sorts; the one pied, the other gray; both good Meat. + +{Raft-Fowl.} +Raft-Fowl includes all the sorts of small Ducks and Teal, +that go in Rafts along the Shoar, and are of several sorts, +that we know no Name for. + +{Bull-Necks.} +These are a whitish Fowl, about the Bigness of a Brant; +they come to us after Christmas, in very great Flocks, in all our Rivers. +They are a very good Meat, but hard to kill, because hard to come near. +They will dive and endure a great deal of Shot. + +{Red-Heads.} +Red-Heads, a lesser Fowl than Bull-Necks, are very sweet Food, +and plentiful in our Rivers and Creeks. + +{Tropick-Birds.} +Tropick-Birds are a white Mew, with a forked Tail. They are so call'd, +because they are plentifully met withal under the Tropicks, and thereabouts. + +{Pellican.} +The Pellican of the Wilderness cannot be the same as ours; +this being a Water-Fowl, with a great natural Wen or Pouch under his Throat, +in which he keeps his Prey of Fish, which is what he lives on. +He is Web-footed, like a Goose, and shap'd like a Duck, +but is a very large Fowl, bigger than a Goose. He is never eaten as Food; +They make Tobacco-pouches of his Maw. + +{Cormorant.} +Cormorants are very well known in some Parts of England; +we have great Flocks of them with us, especially against the Herrings run, +which is in March and April; then they sit upon Logs of dry Wood +in the Water, and catch the Fish. + +{Gannet.} +The Gannet is a large white Fowl, having one Part of his Wings black; +he lives on Fish, as the Pellican. His Fat or Grease, +is as yellow as Saffron, and the best thing known, to preserve Fire-Arms, +from Rust. + +{Shear-Water.} +Shear-Waters are a longer Fowl than a Duck; some of them lie on the Coast, +whilst others range the Seas all over. Sometimes they are met +five hundred Leagues from Land. They live without drinking any fresh Water. + +{Pied-Gull.} +We have a great pied Gull, black and white, which seems to have a black Hood +on his Head; these lay very fair Eggs which are good; as are the young ones +in the Season. + +{Marsh-Hen.} +Marsh-Hen, much the same as in Europe, only she makes another sort of Noise, +and much shriller. + +{Blue-Peters.} +The same as you call Water-Hens in England, are here very numerous, +and not regarded for eating. + +{Sand-Birds.} +The Sand-Birds are about the Bigness of a Lark, and frequent our Sand-Beaches; +they are a dainty Food, if you will bestow Time and Ammunition to kill them. + +{Runners.} +These are called Runners; because if you run after them, +they will run along the Sands and not offer to get up; +so that you may often drive them together to shoot as you please. +They are a pleasant small Bird. + +{Tutcocks.} +A sort of Snipe, but sucks not his Food; they are almost the same +as in England. + +{Swaddle-Bills.} +Swaddle-Bills are a sort of an ash-colour'd Duck, which have +an extraordinary broad Bill, and are good Meat; they are not common +as the others are. + +{Mew.} +The same Mew as in England, being a white, slender Bird, with red Feet. + +{Shel-Drakes.} +The same as in England. + +{Bald-Faces.} +The bald, or white Faces are a good Fowl. They cannot dive, +and are easily shotten. + +{Water-Witch.} +Water-Witch, or Ware-Coots, are a Fowl with Down and no Feathers; +they dive incomparably, so that no Fowler can hit them. +They can neither fly, nor go; but get into the Fish-wares, +and cannot fly over the Rods, and so are taken. + +Thus have we given an Account of what Fowl has come to our Knowledge, +since our Abode in Carolina; except some that, perhaps, +have slipt our Memory, and so are left out of our Catalogue. +Proceed we now to treat of the Inhabitants of the Watry Element, +which tho' we can as yet do but very imperfectly; yet we are willing +to oblige the Curious with the best Account that is in our Power +to present them withal. + + + + The Fish in the salt, and fresh Waters of Carolina, are, + + Whales, several sorts. + Thrashers. + Divel-Fish. + Sword-Fish. + Crampois. + Bottle-Noses. + Porpoises. + Sharks, two sorts. + Dog-Fish. + Spanish-Mackarel. + Cavallies. + Boneto's. + Blue-Fish. + Drum, red. + Drum-Fish, black. + Angel-Fish. + Bass, or Rock-Fish. + Sheeps-Heads. + Plaice. + Flounder. + Soles. + Mullets. + Shad. + Eat-Backs. + Guard, white. + Guard, green. + Scate or Stingray. + Thornback. + Congar-Eels. + Lamprey-Eels. + Eels. + Sun-Fish. + Toad-Fish. + Sea-Tench. + Trouts of the Salt Water. + Crocus. + Herring. + Smelts. + Shads. + Breams. + Taylors. + + + Fresh-Water Fish are, + + Sturgeon. + Pike. + Trouts. + Gudgeon. + Pearch English. + Pearch, white. + Pearch, brown, or Welch-men. + Pearch, flat, and mottled, or Irishmen. + Pearch small and flat, with red Spots, call'd round Robins. + Carp. + Roach. + Dace. + Loaches. + Sucking-Fish. + Cat-Fish. + Grindals. + Old-Wives. + Fountain-Fish. + White-Fish. + + + The Shell-Fish are. + + Large Crabs, call'd Stone-Crabs. + Smaller flat Crabs. + Oysters great and small. + Cockles. + Clams. + Muscles. + Conks. + Skellop. + Man of Noses. + Periwinkles, or Wilks. + Sea-Snail-Horns. + Fidlars. + Runners. + Spanish or Pearl-Oysters. + Flattings. + Tortois and Terebin, accounted for among the Insects. + Finger-Fish. + Shrimps. + + Fresh Water. + Craw-Fish. + Muscles. + + +{Whale.} +Whales are very numerous, on the Coast of North Carolina, +from which they make Oil, Bone, &c. to the great Advantage of those +inhabiting the Sand-Banks, along the Ocean, where these Whales come ashore, +none being struck or kill'd with a Harpoon in this Place, +as they are to the Northward, and elsewhere; all those Fish being found dead +on the Shoar, most commonly by those that inhabit the Banks, and Sea-side, +where they dwell, for that Intent, and for the Benefit of Wrecks, +which sometimes fall in upon that Shoar. + +Of these Monsters there are four sorts; the first, which is most +choice and rich, is the Sperma Caeti Whale, from which the Sperma Caeti +is taken. These are rich Prizes; but I never heard but of one found +on this Coast, which was near Currituck-Inlet. + +The other sorts are of a prodigious Bigness. Of these the Bone and Oil +is made; the Oil being the Blubber, or oily Flesh, or Fat of that Fish boil'd. +These differ not only in Colour, some being pied, others not, +but very much in shape, one being call'd a Bottle-Nosed Whale, +the other a Shovel-Nose, which is as different as a Salmon from a Sturgeon. +These Fish seldom come ashoar with their Tongues in their Heads, +the Thrasher (which is the Whale's mortal Enemy, wheresoever he meets him) +eating that out of his Head, as soon as he and the Sword-Fish have kill'd him. +For when the Whale-catchers (in other Parts) kill any of these Fish, +they eat the Tongue, and esteem it an excellent Dish. + +There is another sort of these Whales, or great Fish, +though not common. I never knew of above one of that sort, +found on the Coast of North Carolina, and he was contrary, in Shape, +to all others ever found before him; being sixty Foot in Length, +and not above three or four Foot Diameter. Some Indians in America +will go out to Sea, and get upon a Whales Back, and peg or plug up his Spouts, +and so kill him. + +{Thrashers.} +The Thrashers are large Fish, and mortal Enemies to the Whale, +as I said before. They make good Oil; but are seldom found. + +{Divel-Fish.} +The Divel-Fish lies at some of our Inlets, and, as near as I can describe him, +is shap'd like a Scate, or Stingray; only he has on his Head +a Pair of very thick strong Horns, and is of a monstrous Size, and Strength; +for this Fish has been known to weigh a Sloop's Anchor, +and run with the Vessel a League or two, and bring her back, against Tide, +to almost the same Place. Doubtless, they may afford good Oil; +but I have no Experience of any Profits which arise from them. + +{Sword-Fish.} +The Sword-Fish is the other of the Whale's Enemies, and joins +with the Thrasher to destroy that Monster. After they have overcome him, +they eat his Tongue, as I said before, and the Whale drives ashoar. + +{Crampois.} +Crampois is a large Fish, and by some accounted a young Whale; +but it is not so; neither is it more than twenty five or thirty Foot long. +They spout as the Whale does, and when taken yield good Oil. + +{Bottle-Noses.} +Bottle-Noses are between the Crampois and Porpois, and lie near the Soundings. +They are never seen to swim leisurely, as sometimes all other Fish do, +but are continually running after their Prey in Great Shoals, +like wild Horses, leaping now and then above the Water. The French +esteem them good Food, and eat them both fresh and salt. + +{Porpoises.} +Porpoises are frequent, all over the Ocean and Rivers that are salt; +nay, we have a Fresh-Water Lake in the great Sound of North Carolina +that has Porpoises in it. And several sorts of other unknown Fish, +as the Indians say, that we are wholly Strangers to. As to the Porpoises, +they make good Oil; they prey upon other Fish as Drums, yet never are known +to take a Bait, so as to be catch'd with a Hook. + +{Sharks.} +Of these there are two sorts; one call'd Paracooda-Noses; +the other Shovel-Noses; they cannot take their Prey before +they turn themselves on their Backs; wherefore some Negro's, +and others, that can swim and dive well, go naked into the Water, +with a Knife in their Hand, and fight the Shark, and very commonly kill him, +or wound him so, that he turns Tail, and runs away. Their Livors make +good Oil to dress Leather withal; the Bones found in their Head +are said to hasten the Birth, and ease the Stone, by bringing it away. +Their Meat is eaten in scarce times; but I never could away with it, +though a great Lover of Fish. Their Back-Bone is of one entire Thickness. +Of the Bones, or Joints, I have known Buttons made, which serve well enough +in scarce Times, and remote Places. + +{Dog-Fish.} +The Dog-Fish are a small sort of the Shark Kind; and are caught +with Hook and Line, fishing for Drums. They say, they are good Meat; +but we have so many other sorts of delicate Fish, that I shall hardly ever +make Tryal what they are. + +{Spanish-Mackarel.} +Spanish Mackarel are, in Colour and Shape, like the common Mackarel, +only much thicker. They are caught with Hook and Line at the Inlets, +and sometimes out a little way at Sea. They are a very fine hard Fish, +and of good Taste. They are about two Foot long, or better. + +{Cavallies.} +Cavallies are taken in the same Places. They are of a brownish Colour, +have exceeding small Scales, and a very thick Skin; they are as firm a Fish +as ever I saw; therefore will keep sweet (in the hot Weather) two days, +when others will stink in half a day, unless salted. They ought to be scaled +as soon as taken; otherwise you must pull off the Skin and Scales, +when boiled; the Skin being the choicest of the Fish. The Meat, +which is white and large, is dress'd with this Fish. + +{Boneto's.} +Boneto's are a very palatable Fish, and near a Yard long. +They haunt the Inlets and Water near the Ocean; and are killed +with the Harpoon, and Fishgig. + +{Blue-Fish.} +The Blue Fish is one of our best Fishes, and always very fat. +They are as long as a Salmon, and indeed, I think, full as good Meat. +These Fish come (in the Fall of the Year) generally after +there has been one black Frost, when there appear great Shoals of them. +The Hatteras Indians, and others, run into the Sands of the Sea, +and strike them, though some of these Fish have caused +Sickness and violent Burnings after eating of them, which is found +to proceed from the Gall that is broken in some of them, and is hurtful. +Sometimes, many Cart-loads of these are thrown and left dry on the Sea side, +which comes by their eager Pursuit of the small Fish, +in which they run themselves ashoar, and the Tide leaving them, +they cannot recover the Water again. They are called Blue-Fish, +because they are of that Colour, and have a forked Tail, +and are shaped like a Dolphin. + +{Red-Drum.} +The Red Drum is a large Fish much bigger than the Blue-Fish. The Body of this +is good firm Meat, but the Head is beyond all the Fish I ever met withal +for an excellent Dish. We have greater Numbers of these Fish, +than of any other sort. People go down and catch as many Barrels full +as they please, with Hook and Line, especially every young Flood, +when they bite. These are salted up, and transported to other Colonies, +that are bare of Provisions. + +{Black-Drum.} +Black Drums are a thicker-made Fish than the Red Drum, +being shap'd like a fat Pig; they are a very good Fish, +but not so common with us as to the Northward. + +{Angel-Fish.} +The Angel-Fish is shaped like an English Bream. He is so call'd, +from his golden Colour, which shines all about his Head and Belly. +This is accounted a very good Fish, as are most in these Parts. +The Bermudians have the same sort of Fish, and esteem them very much. + +{Rock-Fish.} +Bass or Rock is both in Salt and Fresh-Water; when young, +he much resembles a Grayling, but grows to the size of the large Cod-Fish. +They are a very good firm Fish. Their Heads are souced, +and make a noble Dish, if large. + +{Sheeps-Head.} +Sheeps-Head has the general Vogue of being the choicest Fish in this Place. +Indeed, it is a very delicate Fish, and well relish'd; yet I think, +there are several others full as good as the Sheeps-Head. +He is much of the Bigness of the Angel-Fish, and flat as he is; +they sometimes weigh two or three Pound Weight. This Fish hath Teeth +like a Sheep, and is therefore so call'd. + +{Plaice.} +Plaice are here very large, and plentiful, being the same as in England. + +{Flounder.} +Flounders should have gone amongst the Fresh-Water Fish, +because they are caught there, in great Plenty. + +{Soles.} +Soles are a Fish we have but lately discover'd; they are as good, +as in any other Part. + +{Mullets.} +Mullets, the same as in England, and great Plenty in all Places +where the Water is salt or brackish. + +{Shads.} +Shads are a sweet Fish, but very bony; they are very plentiful +at some Seasons. + +{Fat-Backs.} +Fat-Backs are a small Fish, like Mullets, but the fattest ever known. +They put nothing into the Pan, to fry these. They are excellent sweet Food. + +{White Guard-Fish.} +The white Guard-Fish is shaped almost like a Pike, but slenderer; +his Mouth has a long small Bill set with Teeth, in which he catches +small Fish; his Scales are knit together like Armour. When they dress him, +they strip him, taking off Scales and Skin together. His Meat is very white, +and rather looks like Flesh than Fish. The English account them +no good Fish; but the Indians do. The Gall of this Fish is green, +and a violent Cathartick, if taken inwardly. + +{Green-Guard.} +The green Guard is shaped, in all respects, like the other, +save that his Scales are very small and fine. He is indifferent good Meat; +his Bones, when boil'd or fry'd, remain as green as Grass. +The same sort of Fish come before the Mackarel in England. + +{Scate.} +Scate, or Stingray, the same as in England, and very common; +but the great Plenty of other Fish makes these not regarded; +for few or none eat them in Carolina, though they are almost +at every ones Door. + +{Thornback.} +Thornbacks are the same as in England. They are not so common +as the Scate and Whip-Rays. + +{Congar-Eels.} +Congar-Eels always remain in the Salt-Water; they are much more known +in the Northward Parts of America, than with us. + +{Lamprey.} +Lampreys are not common; I never saw but one, which was large, +and caught by the Indians, in a Ware. They would not eat him, +but gave him to me. + +{Eels.} +Eels are no where in the World better, or more plentiful, than in Carolina. + +{Sun-Fish.} +Sun-Fish are flat and rounder than a Bream, and are reckon'd +a fine-tasted Fish, and not without Reason. They are much +the size of Angel-Fish. + +{Toad-Fish.} +Toad-Fish are nothing but a Skin full of Prickles, and a few Bones; +they are as ugly as a Toad, and preserv'd to look upon, +and good for nothing else. + +{Sea-Tench.} +They are taken by a Bait, near the Inlet, or out at Sea a little way. +They are blackish, and exactly like a Tench, except in the Back-fins, +which have Prickles like a Pearch. They are as good, if not better +than any Tench. + +{Salt-Water Trouts.} +Trouts of the Salt-Water are exactly shaped like the Trouts in Europe, +having blackish, not red Spots. They are in the Salts, +and are not red within, but white, yet a very good Fish. They are so tender, +that if they are in or near fresh Water, and a sudden Frost come, +they are benumm'd, and float on the Surface of the Water, as if dead; +and then they take up Canoe-Loads of them. If you put them into warm Water, +they presently recover. + +{Crocus.} +The Crocus is a Fish, in Shape like a Pearch, and in Taste like a Whiting. +They croke and make a Noise in your Hand, when taken with Hook or Net. +They are very good. + +{Herring.} +The Herrings in Carolina are not so large as in Europe. +They spawn there in March and April, running up the fresh Rivers +and small fresh Runs of Water in great Shoals, where they are taken. +They become red if salted; and, drest with Vinegar and Oil, +resemble an Anchovy very much; for they are far beyond an English Herring, +when pickled. + +{Smelts.} +The same as in England; they lie down a great way in the Sound, +towards the Ocean, where (at some certain Seasons) are a great many +very fine ones. + +{Breams.} +The fresh Water affords no such Bream as in England, that I have +as yet discover'd; yet there is a Sea-Bream, which is a flat and thin Fish, +as the European Breams are. + +{Taylors.} +The Taylor is a Fish about the Bigness of a Trout, but of +a bluish and green Colour, with a forked Tail, as a Mackarel has. +They are a delicate Fish, and plentiful in our Salt-Waters. +Infinite numbers of other Species will be hereafter discover'd +as yet unknown to us; although I have seen and eaten of several other +sorts of Fish, which are not here mention'd, because, as yet, +they have no certain Names assign'd them. Therefore, I shall treat no farther +of our Salt-Water Fish, but proceed to the Fresh. + +{Fresh Water Sturgeon.} +The first of these is the Sturgeon, of which we have Plenty, +all the fresh Parts of our Rivers being well stor'd therewith. +The Indians upon and towards the Heads and Falls of our Rivers, +strike a great many of these, and eat them; yet the Indians +near the Salt-Waters will not eat them. I have seen an Indian +strike one of these Fish, seven Foot long, and leave him on the Sands +to be eaten by the Gulls. In May, they run up towards +the Heads of the Rivers, where you see several hundreds of them in one day. +The Indians have another way to take them, which is by Nets +at the end of a Pole. The Bones of these Fish make good Nutmeg-Graters. + +{Pike.} +The Jack, Pike, or Pickerel, is exactly the same, in Carolina, +as they are in England. Indeed, I never saw this Fish so big and large +in America, as I have in Europe, these with us being seldom +above two Foot long, as far as I have yet seen. They are very plentiful +with us in Carolina, all our Creeks and Ponds being full of them. +I once took out of a Ware, above three hundred of these Fish, at a time. + +{Trouts.} +The same in England as in Carolina; but ours are a great way up +the Rivers and Brooks, that are fresh, having swift Currents, +and stony, and gravelly Bottoms. + +{Gudgeon.} +The same Gudgeons as in Europe are found in America. + +{First Pearch.} +The same sort of Pearch as are in England, we have likewise in Carolina, +though, I think, ours never rise to be so large as in England. + +{Second Pearch.} +We have a white Pearch, so call'd, because he is of a Silver Colour, +otherwise like the English Pearch. These we have in great Plenty, +and they are preferable to the red ones. + +{Third Pearch.} +The brown Pearch, which some call Welch-men, are the largest +sort of Pearches that we have, and very firm, white and sweet Fish. +These grow to be larger than any Carp, and are very frequent +in every Creek and Pond. + +{Fourth flat.} +The flat or mottled Pearch are shaped almost like a Bream. +They are called Irish-men, being freckled or mottled with black, +and blue Spots. They are never taken any where, but in the fresh Water. +They are good Fish; but I do not approve of them, no more +than of the other sorts of Pearch. + +{Fifth Pearch, or Round Robin.} +We have another sort of Pearch, which is the least sort of all, +but as good Meat as any. These are distinguish'd from the other sorts, +by the Name of Round-Robins; being flat, and very round-shap'd; +they are spotted with red Spots very beautiful, and are easily caught +with an Angle, as all the other sort of Pearches are. + +{Carp.} +We have the same Carp as you have in England. + +{Roach.} +And the same Roach; only scarce so large. + +{Dace.} +Dace are the same as yours too; but neither are these so large nor plentiful, +as with you. + +{Loach.} +The same as in England. + +{Sucking-Fish.} +Sucking-Fish are the nearest in Taste and Shape to a Barbel, +only they have no Barbs. + +{Cat-Fish.} +Cat-Fish are a round blackish Fish, with a great flat Head, a wide Mouth, +and no Scales; they something resemble Eels in Taste. Both this sort, +and another that frequents the Salt Water, are very plentiful. + +{Grindals.} +Grindals are a long scaled Fish with small Eyes; and frequent Ponds, Lakes, +and slow-running Creeks and Swamps. They are a soft sorry Fish, +and good for nothing; though some eat them for good Fish. + +{Old-Wives.} +These are a bright scaly Fish, which frequent the Swamps, and fresh Runs; +they seem to be between an English Roach and a Bream, and eat much like +the latter. The Indians kill abundance of these, and barbakue them, +till they are crisp, then transport them, in wooden Hurdles, +to their Towns and Quarters. + +{Fountain-Fish.} +The Fountain-Fish are a white sort which breed in the clear Running Springs +and Fountains of Water, where the Clearness thereof makes them very difficult +to be taken. I cannot say how good they are; because I have not as yet +tasted of them. + +{White-Fish.} +The white Fish are very large; some being two Foot and a half long and more. +They are found a great way up in the Freshes of the Rivers; and are firm Meat, +and an extraordinary well-relish'd Fish. + +{Barbouts Millers Thumbs.} +Barbouts and Millers-Thumbs, are the very same here, in all respects, +as they are in England. What more are in the fresh Waters +we have not discover'd, but are satisfied, that we are not acquainted +with one third part thereof; for we are told by the Indians, +of a great many strange and uncouth shapes and sorts of Fish, +which they have found in the Lakes laid down in my Chart. +However as we can give no farther Account of these than by Hear-say; +I proceed to treat of the Shell-Fish that are found in the Salt-Water, +so far as they have already come to our Knowledge. + +{Large Crabs.} +The large Crabs, which we call Stone-Crabs, are the same sort +as in England, having black Tips at the end of their Claws. +These are plentifully met withal, down in Core Sound, +and the South Parts of North-Carolina. + +{Small flat Crabs.} +The smaller flat Crabs I look upon to be the sweetest of all the Species. +They are the Breadth of a lusty Man's Hand, or rather larger. +These are innumerable, lying in most prodigious quantities, +all over the Salts of Carolina. They are taken not only to eat, +but are the best Bait for all sorts of Fish, that live in the Salt-Water. +These Fish are mischievous to Night-Hooks, because they get away all the Bait +from the Hooks. + +{Oysters.} +Oysters, great and small, are found almost in every Creek +and Gut of Salt-Water, and are very good and well-relish'd. +The large Oysters are excellent, pickled. + +{Cockles.} +One Cockle in Carolina is as big as five or six in England. +They are often thrown upon the Sands on the Sound-Side, where the Gulls +are always ready to open and eat them. + +{Clams.} +Clams are a sort of Cockles, only differing in Shell, +which is thicker and not streak'd, or ribb'd. These are found throughout +all the Sound and Salt-Water-Ponds. The Meat is the same for Look and Taste +as the Cockle. These make an excellent strong Broth, and eat well, +either roasted or pickled. + +{Muscles.} +The Muscles in Carolina have a very large Shell, striped with Dents. +They grow by the side of Ponds and Creeks, in Salt-Water, +wherein you may get as many of them as you please. I do not like them so well +as the English Muscle, which is no good Shell-Fish. + +{Conks.} +Some of the Shells of these are as large as a Man's Hand, +but the lesser sort are the best Meat, and those not extraordinary. +They are shap'd like the end of a Horses Yard. Of their Shells, +the Peak or Wampum is made, which is the richest Commodity +amongst the Indians. They breed like a long Thing shap'd like a Snake, +but containing a sort of Joints, in the Hollowness whereof +are thousands of small Coaks, no bigger then small Grains of Pepper. + +{Skellops.} +The Skellops, if well dress'd, are a pretty Shell-Fish; +but to eat them only roasted, without any other Addition, in my Judgment, +are too luscious. + +{Man of Noses.} +Man of Noses are a Shell-Fish commonly found amongst us. They are valued +for increasing Vigour in Men, and making barren Women fruitful; +but I think they have no need of that Fish; for the Women in Carolina +are fruitful enough without their Helps. + +{Wilks.} +Wilks, or Periwinkles, are not so large here, as in the Islands of Scilly, +and in other Parts of Europe, though very sweet. + +{Snail-Horn.} +The Sea-Snail-Horn is large, and very good Meat; they are exactly shaped +as other Snail-Horns are. + +{Fidlar.} +Fidlars are a sort of small Crabs, that lie in Holes in the Marshes. +The Raccoons eat them very much. I never knew any one try, +whether they were good Meat or no. + +{Runner.} +Runners live chiefly on the Sands, but sometimes run into the Sea. +They have Holes in the Sand-Beaches and are a whitish sort of a Crab. +Tho' small, they run as fast as a Man, and are good for nothing +but to look at. + +{Spanish-Oysters.} +Spanish Oysters have a very thin Shell, and rough on the outside. +They are very good Shell-Fish, and so large, that half a dozen +are enow to satisfy an hungry Stomach. + +{Flattings.} +The Flattings are inclosed in a broad, thin Shell, the whole Fish being flat. +They are inferiour to no Shell-Fish this Country affords. + +{Finger-Fish.} +Finger-Fish are very plentiful in this Country; they are +of the Length of a Man's Finger, and lie in the Bottom of the Water +about one or two Foot deep. They are very good. + +{Shrimps.} +Shrimps are here very plentiful and good, and are to be taken +with a Small-Bow-Net, in great Quantities. + +{Small-Cockles.} +The small Cockles are about the Bigness of the largest English Cockles, +and differ nothing from them, unless in the Shells, which are striped +cross-wise as well as long-wise. + +The Fresh-Water Shell-Fish are, + +{Muscles.} +Muscles, which are eaten by the Indians, after five or six hours Boiling, +to make them tender, and then are good for nothing. + +{Craw-Fish.} +Craw-Fish, in the Brooks, and small Rivers of Water, +amongst the Tuskeruro Indians, and up higher, are found very plentifully, +and as good as any in the World. + +And thus I have gone through the several Species of Fish, +so far as they have come to my Knowledge, in the eight Years +that I have lived in Carolina. I should have made a larger Discovery, +when travelling so far towards the Mountains, and amongst the Hills, +had it not been in the Winter-Season, which was improper to make any Enquiry +into any of the Species before recited. Therefore, as my Intent was, +I proceed to what remains of the Present State of Carolina, having already +accounted for the Animals, and Vegetables, as far as this Volume +would allow of; whereby the Remainder, though not exactly known, +may yet be guess'd at, if we consider what Latitude Carolina lies in, +which reaches from 29 to 36 deg. 30 min. Northern Latitude, +as I have before observ'd. Which Latitude is as fertile and pleasant, +as any in the World, as well for the Produce of Minerals, +Fruit, Grain, and Wine, as other rich Commodities. And indeed, +all the Experiments that have been made in Carolina, +of the Fertility and natural Advantages of the Country, +have exceeded all Expectation, as affording some Commodities, +which other Places, in the same Latitude, do not. As for Minerals, +as they are subterraneous Products, so, in all new Countries, +they are the Species that are last discover'd; and especially, +in Carolina, where the Indians never look for any thing +lower than the Superficies of the Earth, being a Race of Men +the least addicted to delving of any People that inhabit so fine a Country +as Carolina is. As good if not better Mines than those +the Spaniards possess in America, lie full West from us; and I am certain, +we have as Mountainous Land, and as great Probability of having rich Minerals +in Carolina, as any of those Parts that are already found +to be so rich therein. But, waving this Subject, till some other Opportunity, +I shall now give you some Observations in general, concerning Carolina, +which are, first, that it lies as convenient for Trade +as any of the Plantations in America; that we have Plenty of Pitch, Tar, +Skins of Deer, and Beeves, Furs, Rice, Wheat, Rie, Indian Grain, +sundry sorts of Pulse, Turpentine, Rozin, Masts, Yards, Planks and Boards, +Staves and Lumber, Timber of many common sorts, fit for any Uses; +Hemp, Flax, Barley, Oats, Buck-Wheat, Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides, +Whale-Bone and Oil, Wax, Cheese, Butter, &c. besides Drugs, Dyes, +Fruit, Silk, Cotton, Indico, Oil, and Wine that we need not doubt of, +as soon as we make a regular Essay, the Country being adorn'd +with pleasant Meadows, Rivers, Mountains, Valleys, Hills, and rich Pastures, +and blessed with wholesome pure Air; especially a little backwards +from the Sea, where the wild Beasts inhabit, none of which are voracious. +The Men are active, the Women fruitful to Admiration, every House +being full of Children, and several Women that have come hither barren, +having presently prov'd fruitful. There cannot be a richer Soil; +no Place abounding more in Flesh and Fowl, both wild and tame, +besides Fish, Fruit, Grain, Cider, and many other pleasant Liquors; +together with several other Necessaries for Life and Trade, +that are daily found out, as new Discoveries are made. The Stone and Gout +seldom trouble us; the Consumption we are wholly Strangers to, +no Place affording a better Remedy for that Distemper, +than Carolina. For Trade, we lie so near to Virginia, +that we have the Advantage of their Convoys; as also Letters from thence, +in two or three Days at most, in some Places in as few Hours. +Add to this, that the great Number of Ships which come within those Capes, +for Virginia and Maryland, take off our Provisions, +and give us Bills of Exchange for England, which is Sterling Money. +The Planters in Virginia and Maryland are forc'd to do the same, +the great Quantities of Tobacco that are planted there, +making Provisions scarce; and Tobacco is a Commodity oftentimes so low, +as to bring nothing, whereas Provisions and Naval Stores +never fail of a Market. Besides, where these are raised, +in such Plenty as in Carolina, there always appears good Housekeeping, +and Plenty of all manner of delicate Eatables. For Instance, +the Pork of Carolina is very good, the younger Hogs fed on Peaches, Maiz, +and such other natural Produce; being some of the sweetest Meat +that the World affords, as is acknowledged by all Strangers +that have been there. And as for the Beef, in Pampticough, +and the Southward Parts, it proves extraordinary. We have not only +Provisions plentiful, but Cloaths of our own Manufactures, which are made, +and daily increase; Cotton, Wool, Hemp, and Flax, being of our own Growth; +and the Women to be highly commended for their Industry in Spinning, +and ordering their Houswifry to so great Advantage as they generally do; +which is much more easy, by reason this happy Climate, +visited with so mild Winters, is much warmer than the Northern Plantations, +which saves abundance of Cloaths; fewer serving our Necessities, +and those of our Servants. But this is not all; for we can go out +with our Commodities, to any other Part of the West-Indies, +or elsewhere, in the Depth of Winter; whereas, those in New-England, +New-York, Pensylvania, and the Colonies to the Northward of us, +cannot stir for Ice, but are fast lock'd into their Harbours. +Besides, we can trade with South-Carolina, and pay no Duties or Customs, +no more than their own Vessels, both North and South being under +the same Lords-Proprietors. We have, as I observ'd before, +another great Advantage, in not being a Frontier, and so continually alarm'd +by the Enemy; and what has been accounted a Detriment to us, +proves one of the greatest Advantages any People could wish; which is, +our Country's being faced with a Sound near ten Leagues over in some Places, +through which, although there be Water enough for as large Ships +to come in at, as in any part hitherto seated in both Carolinas; +yet the Difficulty of that Sound to Strangers, hinders them from attempting +any Hostilities against us; and, at the same time, if we consider +the Advantages thereof, nothing can appear to be a better Situation, +than to be fronted with such a Bulwark, which secures us from our Enemies. +Furthermore, our Distance from the Sea rids us of two Curses, +which attend most other Parts of America, viz. Muskeetos, +and the Worm-biting, which eats Ships Bottoms out; whereas at Bath-Town, +there is no such thing known; and as for Muskeetos, they hinder us +of as little Rest, as they do you in England. Add to this, +the unaccountable Quantities of Fish this great Water, or Sound, +supplies us withal, whenever we take the Pains to fish for them; +Advantages I have no where met withal in America, except here. +As for the Climate, we enjoy a very wholsome and serene Sky, +and a pure and thin Air, the Sun seldom missing to give us his daily Blessing, +unless now and then on a Winters Day, which is not often; and when cloudy, +the first Appearance of a North-West Wind clears the Horizon, +and restores the Light of the Sun. The Weather, in Summer, is very pleasant; +the hotter Months being refresh'd with continual Breezes of cool reviving Air; +and the Spring being as pleasant, and beautiful, as in any Place +I ever was in. The Winter, most commonly, is so mild, +that it looks like an Autumn, being now and then attended +with clear and thin North-West Winds, that are sharp enough to regulate +English Constitutions, and free them from a great many dangerous Distempers, +that a continual Summer afflicts them withal, nothing being wanting, +as to the natural Ornaments and Blessings of a Country, +that conduce to make reasonable Men happy. And, for those that are otherwise, +they are so much their own Enemies, where they are, that they will scarce ever +be any ones Friends, or their own, when they are transplanted; +so, it's much better for all sides, that they remain as they are. +Not but that there are several good People, that, upon just Grounds, +may be uneasy under their present Burdens; and such I would advise +to remove to the Place I have been treating of, where they may enjoy +their Liberty and Religion, and peaceably eat the Fruits of their Labour, +and drink the Wine of their own Vineyards, without the Alarms +of a troublesome worldly Life. If a Man be a Botanist, +here is a plentiful Field of Plants to divert him in; If he be a Gardner, +and delight in that pleasant and happy Life, he will meet with +a Climate and Soil, that will further and promote his Designs, +in as great a Measure, as any Man can wish for; and as for +the Constitution of this Government, it is so mild and easy, +in respect to the Properties and Liberties of a Subject, +that without rehearsing the Particulars, I say once for all, +it is the mildest and best establish'd Government in the World, +and the Place where any Man may peaceably enjoy his own, +without being invaded by another; Rank and Superiority ever giving Place +to Justice and Equity, which is the Golden Rule that every Government +ought to be built upon, and regulated by. Besides, it is worthy our Notice, +that this Province has been settled, and continued the most free +from the Insults and Barbarities of the Indians, of any Colony +that was ever yet seated in America; which must be esteem'd +as a particular Providence of God handed down from Heaven, to these People; +especially, when we consider, how irregularly they settled North-Carolina, +and yet how undisturb'd they have ever remain'd, free from any foreign +Danger or Loss, even to this very Day. And what may well be look'd upon +for as great a Miracle, this is a Place, where no Malefactors are found, +deserving Death, or even a Prison for Debtors; there being no more +than two Persons, that, as far as I have been able to learn, +ever suffer'd as Criminals, although it has been a Settlement +near sixty Years; One of whom was a Turk that committed Murder; +the other, an old Woman, for Witchcraft. These, 'tis true, +were on the Stage, and acted many Years, before I knew the Place; +but as for the last, I wish it had been undone to this day; +although they give a great many Arguments, to justifie the Deed, +which I had rather they should have a Hand in, than myself; +seeing I could never approve of taking Life away upon such Accusations, +the Justice whereof I could never yet understand. + +But, to return to the Subject in Hand; we there make extraordinary good Bricks +throughout the Settlement. All sorts of Handicrafts, as Carpenters, Joiners, +Masons, Plaisterers, Shooemakers, Tanners, Taylors, Weavers, and most others, +may, with small Beginnings, and God's Blessing, thrive very well +in this Place, and provide Estates for their Children, Land being sold +at a much cheaper Rate there, than in any other Place in America, and may, +as I suppose, be purchased of the Lords-Proprietors here in England, +or of the Governour there for the time being, by any that shall have a mind +to transport themselves to that Country. The Farmers that go thither +(for which sort of Men it is a very thriving Place) should take with them +some particular Seeds of Grass, as Trefoil, Clover-grass all sorts, +Sanfoin, and Common Grass, or that which is a Rarity in Europe; especially, +what has sprung and rose first from a warm Climate, and will endure the Sun +without flinching. Likewise, if there be any extraordinary sort of Grain +for Increase or Hardiness, and some Fruit-Trees of choice Kinds, +they will be both profitable and pleasant to have with you, +where you may see the Fruits of your Labour in Perfection, +in a few Years. The necessary Instruments of Husbandry +I need not acquaint the Husbandman withal; Hoes of all sorts, +and Axes must be had, with Saws, Wedges, Augurs, Nails, Hammers, +and what other Things may be necessary for building with Brick, +or Stone, which sort your Inclination and Conveniency lead you to. +For, after having look'd over this Treatise, you must needs be acquainted +with the Nature of the Country, and therefore cannot but be Judges, what it is +that you will chiefly want. As for Land, none need want it for taking up, +even in the Places there seated on the Navigable Creeks, Rivers, and Harbours, +without being driven into remoter Holes and Corners of the Country, +for Settlements, which all are forced to do, who, at this day, +settle in most or all of the other English Plantations in America; +which are already become so populous, that a New-Comer cannot get +a beneficial and commodious Seat, unless he purchases, when, +in most Places in Virginia and Maryland, a thousand Acres of good Land, +seated on a Navigable Water, will cost a thousand Pounds; whereas, with us, +it is at present obtain'd for the fiftieth Part of the Money. +Besides, our Land pays to the Lords, but an easy Quit-Rent, +or yearly Acknowledgement; and the other Settlements pay +two Shillings per hundred. All these things duly weighed, +any rational Man that has a mind to purchase Land in the Plantations +for a Settlement of himself and Family, will soon discover +the Advantages that attend the Settlers and Purchasers of Land in Carolina, +above all other Colonies in the English Dominions in America. +And as there is a free Exercise of all Persuasions amongst Christians, +the Lords-Proprietors, to encourage Ministers of the Church of England, +have given free Land towards the Maintenance of a Church, and especially, +for the Parish of S. Thomas in Pampticough, over-against the Town, +is already laid out for a Glebe of two hundred and twenty three Acres +of rich well-situated Land, that a Parsonage-House may be built upon. +And now I shall proceed to give an Account of the Indians, +their Customs and Ways of Living, with a short Dictionary of their Speech. + + + + + + An + ACCOUNT + of the + INDIANS + of + NORTH-CAROLINA. + + + +The Indians, which were the Inhabitants of America, when the Spaniards +and other Europeans discover'd the several Parts of that Country, +are the People which we reckon the Natives thereof; as indeed they were, +when we first found out those Parts, and appear'd therein. +Yet this has not wrought in me a full Satisfaction, to allow these People +to have been the Ancient Dwellers of the New-World, or Tract of Land +we call America. The Reasons that I have to think otherwise, +are too many to set down here; but I shall give the Reader a few, +before I proceed; and some others he will find scatter'd +in my Writings elsewhere. + +In Carolina (the Part I now treat of) are the fairest Marks of a Deluge, +(that at some time has probably made strange Alterations, +as to the Station that Country was then in) that ever I saw, +or, I think, read of, in any History. {Wood under Ground.} +Amongst the other Subterraneous Matters, that have been discover'd, +we found, in digging of a Well that was twenty six foot deep, +at the Bottom thereof, many large Pieces of the Tulip-Tree, +and several other sorts of Wood, some of which were cut and notch'd, +and some squared, as the Joices of a House are, which appear'd +(in the Judgment of all that saw them) to be wrought with Iron Instruments; +it seeming impossible for any thing made of Stone, or what they were found +to make use of, to cut Wood in that manner. It cannot be argu'd, +that the Wood so cut, might float from some other Continent; +because Hiccory and the Tulip-Tree are spontaneous in America, +and in no other Places, that I could ever learn. {Shells some Fathoms +in the Earth, the Sea probably has thrown up in part of this Country.} +{Mexico Buildings.} It is to be acknowledg'd, that the Spaniards +give us Relations of magnificent Buildings, which were raised +by the Indians of Mexico and other Parts, which they discover'd, +and conquer'd; amongst whom no Iron Instruments were found: +But 'tis a great Misfortune, that no Person in that Expedition was so curious, +as to take an exact Draught of the Fabricks of those People, +which would have been a Discovery of great Value, and very acceptable +to the Ingenious; for, as to the Politeness of Stones, it may be effected +by Collision, and Grinding, which is of a contrary Nature, +on several Accounts, and disproves not my Arguments, in the least. + +{Earthen Pots under Ground.} +The next is, the Earthen Pots that are often found under Ground, +and at the Foot of the Banks where the Water has wash'd them away. They are +for the most part broken in pieces; but we find them of a different sort, +in Comparison of those the Indians use at this day, who have had no other, +ever since the English discover'd America. The Bowels of the Earth +cannot have alter'd them, since they are thicker, of another Shape, +and Composition, and nearly approach to the Urns of the Ancient Romans. + +{Indian Peaches.} +Again, the Peaches, which are the only tame Fruit, or what is Foreign, +that these People enjoy, which is an Eastern Product, and will keep and retain +its vegetative and growing Faculty, the longest of any thing of that Nature, +that I know of. {The Stone. Water-Melon and Gourds the Indians +have always had.} The Stone, as I elsewhere have remark'd, is thicker +than any other sort of the Peaches in Europe, or of the European sort, +now growing in America, and is observed to grow if planted, +after it has been for several Years laid by; and it seems very probable, +that these People might come from some Eastern Country; for when you ask them +whence their Fore-Fathers came, that first inhabited the Country, +they will point to the Westward and say, `Where the Sun sleeps, +our Forefathers came thence', which, at that distance, may be reckon'd +amongst the Eastern Parts of the World. And to this day, +they are a shifting, wandring People; for I know some Indian Nations, +that have chang'd their Settlements, many hundred Miles; +sometimes no less than a thousand, as is prov'd by the Savanna Indians, +who formerly lived on the Banks of the Messiasippi, and remov'd thence +to the Head of one of the Rivers of South-Carolina; since which, +(for some Dislike) most of them are remov'd to live in the Quarters +of the Iroquois or Sinnagars, which are on the Heads of the Rivers +that disgorge themselves into the Bay of Chesapeak. I once met +with a young Indian Woman, that had been brought from beyond the Mountains, +and was sold a Slave into Virginia. She spoke the same Language, +as the Coranine Indians, that dwell near Cape-Look-out, +allowing for some few Words, which were different, yet no otherwise, +than that they might understand one another very well. + +{Indian well shap'd People.} +The Indians of North-Carolina are a well-shap'd clean-made People, +of different Statures, as the Europeans are, yet chiefly inclin'd +to be tall. They are a very streight People, and never bend forwards, +or stoop in the Shoulders, unless much overpower'd by old Age. +Their Limbs are exceeding well-shap'd. As for their Legs and Feet, +they are generally the handsomest in the World. Their Bodies are +a little flat, which is occasion'd, by being laced hard down to a Board, +in their Infancy. This is all the Cradle they have, which I shall +describe at large elsewhere. Their Eyes are black, or of a dark Hazle; +The White is marbled with red Streaks, which is ever common to these People, +unless when sprung from a white Father or Mother. Their Colour is of a tawny, +which would not be so dark, did they not dawb themselves with Bears Oil, +and a Colour like burnt Cork. This is begun in their Infancy, +and continued for a long time, which fills the Pores, and enables them better +to endure the Extremity of the Weather. They are never bald on their Heads, +although never so old, which, I believe, proceeds from their Heads +being always uncover'd, and the greasing their Hair (so often as they do) +with Bears Fat, which is a great Nourisher of the Hair, and causes it +to grow very fast. Amongst the Bears Oil (when they intend to be fine) +they mix a certain red Powder, that comes from a Scarlet Root which they get +in the hilly Country, near the Foot of the great Ridge of Mountains, +and it is no where else to be found. They have this Scarlet Root +in great Esteem, and sell it for a very great Price, one to another. +The Reason of its Value is, because they not only go a long way for it, +but are in great Danger of the Sinnagars or Iroquois, +who are mortal Enemies to all our Indians, and very often +take them Captives, or kill them, before they return from this Voyage. +The Tuskeruros and other Indians have often brought this Seed +with them from the Mountains; but it would never grow in our Land. +With this and Bears Grease they anoint their Heads and Temples, +which is esteem'd as ornamental, as sweet Powder to our Hair. +Besides, this Root has the Virtue of killing Lice, and suffers none +to abide or breed in their Heads. For want of this Root, +they sometimes use Pecoon-Root, which is of a Crimson Colour, +but it is apt to die the Hair of an ugly Hue. + +Their Eyes are commonly full and manly, and their Gate sedate and majestick. +They never walk backward and forward as we do, nor contemplate +on the Affairs of Loss and Gain; the things which daily perplex us. +They are dexterous and steady both as to their Hands and Feet, to Admiration. +They will walk over deep Brooks, and Creeks, on the smallest Poles, +and that without any Fear or Concern. Nay, an Indian will walk +on the Ridge of a Barn or House and look down the Gable-end, +and spit upon the Ground, as unconcern'd, as if he was walking +on Terra firma. In Running, Leaping, or any such other Exercise, +their Legs seldom miscarry, and give them a Fall; and as for letting +any thing fall out of their Hands, I never yet knew one Example. +They are no Inventers of any Arts or Trades worthy mention; +the Reason of which I take to be, that they are not possess'd +with that Care and Thoughtfulness, how to provide for the Necessaries of Life, +as the Europeans are; yet they will learn any thing very soon. +I have known an Indian stock Guns better than most of our Joiners, +although he never saw one stock'd before; and besides, his Working-Tool +was only a sorry Knife. I have also known several of them that were Slaves +to the English, learn Handicraft-Trades very well and speedily. {No Dwarf.} +I never saw a Dwarf amongst them, nor but one that was Hump-back'd. +Their Teeth are yellow with Smoaking Tobacco, which both Men and Women +are much addicted to. They tell us, that they had Tobacco amongst them, +before the Europeans made any Discovery of that Continent. +It differs in the Leaf from the sweet-scented, and Oroonoko, +which are the Plants we raise and cultivate in America. {Indian Tobacco.} +Theirs differs likewise much in the Smell, when green, from our Tobacco, +before cured. They do not use the same way to cure it as we do; +and therefore, the Difference must be very considerable in Taste; +for all Men (that know Tobacco) must allow, that it is the Ordering thereof +which gives a Hogoo to that Weed, rather than any Natural Relish it possesses, +when green. Although they are great Smokers, yet they never are seen +to take it in Snuff, or chew it. + +They have no Hairs on their Faces (except some few) and those but little, +nor is there often found any Hair under their Arm-Pits. +They are continually plucking it away from their Faces, by the Roots. +As for their Privities, since they wore Tail-Clouts, +to cover their Nakedness, several of the Men have a deal of Hair thereon. +It is to be observ'd, that the Head of the Penis is cover'd +(throughout all the Nations of the Indians I ever saw) +both in Old and Young. Although we reckon these a very smooth People, +and free from Hair; yet I once saw a middle-aged Man, that was hairy +all down his Back; the Hairs being above an Inch long. + +{Few Cripples.} +As there are found very few, or scarce any, Deformed, or Cripples, +amongst them, so neither did I ever see but one blind Man; +and then they would give me no Account how his Blindness came. +They had a Use for him, which was, to lead him with a Girl, Woman, or Boy, +by a String; so they put what Burdens they pleased upon his Back, +and made him very serviceable upon all such Occasions. {Indians good Eyes.} +No People have better Eyes, or see better in the Night or Day, +than the Indians. Some alledge, that the Smoke of the Pitch-Pine, +which they chiefly burn, does both preserve and strengthen the Eyes; +as, perhaps, it may do, because that Smoak never offends the Eyes, +though you hold your Face over a great Fire thereof. This is occasion'd +by the volatile Part of the Turpentine, which rises with the Smoke, +and is of a friendly, balsamick Nature; for the Ashes of the Pine-Tree +afford no fix'd Salt in them. + +{Not pair their Nails.} +They let their Nails grow very long, which, they reckon, +is the Use Nails are design'd for, and laugh at the Europeans +for pairing theirs, which, they say, disarms them of that which Nature +design'd them for. + +{Indians not robust.} +They are not of so robust and strong Bodies, as to lift great Burdens, +and endure Labour and slavish Work, as the Europeans are; +yet some that are Slaves, prove very good and laborious: +{No hard Workers.} But, of themselves, they never work as the English do, +taking care for no farther than what is absolutely necessary to support Life. +In Travelling and Hunting, they are very indefatigable; +because that carries a Pleasure along with the Profit. +I have known some of them very strong; and as for Running and Leaping, +they are extraordinary Fellows, and will dance for several Nights together, +with the greatest Briskness imaginable, their Wind never failing them. + +{Indians Dance of War. On what Account they make War.} +Their Dances are of different Natures; and for every sort of Dance, +they have a Tune, which is allotted for that Dance; as, +if it be a War-Dance, they have a warlike Song, wherein they express, +with all the Passion and Vehemence imaginable, what they intend to do +with their Enemies; how they will kill, roast, sculp, beat, and make Captive, +such and such Numbers of them; and how many they have destroy'd before. +All these Songs are made new for every Feast; nor is one and the same Song +sung at two several Festivals. {Indian Poet.} Some one of the Nation +(which has the best Gift of expressing their Designs) is appointed +by their King, and War-Captains, to make these Songs. + +{Dance of Peace.} +Others are made for Feasts of another Nature; as, when several Towns, +or sometimes, different Nations have made Peace with one another; +then the Song suits both Nations, and relates, how the bad Spirit +made them go to War, and destroy one another; but it shall never be so again; +but that their Sons and Daughters shall marry together, and the two Nations +love one another, and become as one People. + +They have a third sort of Feasts and Dances, which are always +when the Harvest of Corn is ended, and in the Spring. The one, +to return Thanks to the good Spirit, for the Fruits of the Earth; +the other, to beg the same Blessings for the succeeding Year. +And, to encourage the young Men to labour stoutly, in planting +their Maiz and Pulse, they set a sort of an Idol in the Field, +which is dress'd up exactly like an Indian, having all the Indians Habit, +besides abundance of Wampum, and their Money, made of Shells, +that hangs about his Neck. {Plantation Idol.} The Image +none of the young Men dare approach; for the old ones will not suffer them +to come near him, but tell them, that he is some famous Indian Warriour, +that died a great while ago, and now is come amongst them, +to see if they work well, which if they do, he will go to the good Spirit, +and speak to him to send them Plenty of Corn, and to make the young Men +all expert Hunters and mighty Warriours. All this while, +the King and old Men sit round the Image, and seemingly pay +a profound Respect to the same. One great Help to these Indians, +in carrying on these Cheats, and inducing Youth to do what they please, +is, the uninterrupted Silence, which is ever kept and observ'd, +with all the Respect and Veneration imaginable. + +{Masquerade.} +At these Feasts, which are set out with all the Magnificence +their Fare allows of, the Masquerades begin at Night, and not before. +There is commonly a Fire made in the middle of the House, which is the largest +in the Town, and is very often the Dwelling of their King, or War-Captain; +where sit two Men on the Ground, upon a Mat; one with a Rattle, +made of a Gourd, with some Beans in it; the other with a Drum, +made of an earthen Pot, cover'd with a dress'd-Deer-Skin, +and one Stick in his Hand to beat thereon; and so they both begin +the Song appointed. {Indian Musicians.} At the same time, one drums, +and the other rattles, which is all the artificial Musick of their own making +I ever saw amongst them. To these two Instruments they sing, +which carries no Air with it, but is a sort of unsavoury Jargon; +yet their Cadences and Raising of their Voices are form'd +with that Equality and Exactness, that (to us Europeans) it seems admirable, +how they should continue these Songs, without once missing to agree, +each with the others Note and Tune. + +{Dancing.} +As for their Dancing, were there Masters of that Profession amongst them, +as there are with us, they would dearly earn their Money; +for these Creatures take the most Pains at it, that Men are able to endure. +I have seen thirty odd together a dancing, and every one +dropp'd down with Sweat, as if Water had been poured down their Backs. +They use those hard Labours, to make them able to endure Fatigue, +{Indians long winded.} and improve their Wind, which indeed +is very long and durable, it being a hard matter, in any Exercise, +to dispossess them of it. + +At these Feasts, they meet from all the Towns within fifty or sixty +Miles round, where they buy and sell several Commodities, as we do +at Fairs and Markets. {Indian Gaming.} Besides, they game very much, +and often strip one another of all they have in the World; and what is more, +I have known several of them play themselves away, so that they have +remain'd the Winners Servants, till their Relations or themselves +could pay the Money to redeem them; and when this happens, +the Loser is never dejected or melancholy at the Loss, but laughs, +and seems no less contented than if he had won. They never differ at Gaming, +neither did I ever see a Dispute, about the Legality thereof, +so much as rise amongst them. + +{Indian Cards.} +Their chiefest Game is a sort of Arithmetick, which is managed +by a Parcel of small split Reeds, the Thickness of a small Bent; +these are made very nicely, so that they part, and are tractable +in their Hands. They are fifty one in Number, their Length +about seven Inches; when they play, they throw part of them +to their Antagonist; the Art is, to discover, upon sight, how many you have, +and what you throw to him that plays with you. Some are so expert +at their Numbers, that they will tell ten times together, +what they throw out of their Hands. Although the whole Play is carried on +with the quickest Motion it's possible to use, yet some are so expert +at this Game, as to win great Indian Estates by this Play. +A good Sett of these Reeds, fit to play withal, are valued and sold +for a dress'd Doe-Skin. + +{Indian Dice.} +They have several other Plays and Games; as, with the Kernels or Stones +of Persimmons, which are in effect the same as our Dice, +because Winning or Losing depend on which side appear uppermost, +and how they happen to fall together. + +{Indian Trap-Ball.} +Another Game is managed with a Batoon and a Ball, and resembles our Trap-ball; +besides, several Nations have several Games and Pastimes, +which are not used by others. + +{Indian Cabins.} +These Savages live in Wigwams, or Cabins built of Bark, which are made round +like an Oven, to prevent any Damage by hard Gales of Wind. They make the Fire +in the middle of the House, and have a Hole at the Top of the Roof +right above the Fire, to let out the Smoke. These Dwellings +are as hot as Stoves, where the Indians sleep and sweat all Night. +The Floors thereof are never paved nor swept, so that they have always +a loose Earth on them. {Fleas.} They are often troubled +with a multitude of Fleas, especially near the Places where +they dress their Deer-Skins, because that Hair harbours them; +yet I never felt any ill, unsavory Smell in their Cabins, +whereas, should we live in our Houses, as they do, we should be poison'd +with our own Nastiness; {Indians a sweet People.} which confirms +these Indians to be, as they really are, some of the sweetest People +in the World. + +The Bark they make their Cabins withal, is generally Cypress, +or red or white Cedar; and sometimes, when they are a great way +from any of these Woods, they make use of Pine-Bark, which is the worser sort. +{Making Cabins.} In building these Fabricks, they get very long Poles, +of Pine, Cedar, Hiccory, or any Wood that will bend; these are +the Thickness of the Small of a Man's Leg, at the thickest end, +which they generally strip of the Bark, and warm them well in the Fire, +which makes them tough and fit to bend; afterwards, they stick +the thickest ends of them in the Ground, about two Yards asunder, +in a Circular Form, the distance they design the Cabin to be, +(which is not always round, but sometimes oval) then they bend the Tops +and bring them together, and bind their ends with Bark of Trees, +that is proper for that use, as Elm is, {Black Moss.} or sometimes the Moss +that grows on the Trees, and is a Yard or two long, and never rots; +then they brace them with other Poles, to make them strong; afterwards, +cover them all over with Bark, so that they are very warm and tight, +and will keep firm against all the Weathers that blow. +{Indians Store-Houses.} They have other sorts of Cabins without Windows, +which are for their Granaries, Skins, and Merchandizes; +and others that are cover'd over head; the rest left open for the Air. +{Indians Banqueting Houses.} These have Reed-Hurdles, like Tables, +to lie and sit on, in Summer, and serve for pleasant Banqueting-Houses +in the hot Season of the Year. The Cabins they dwell in have Benches +all round, except where the Door stands; on these they lay Beasts-Skins, +and Mats made of Rushes, whereon they sleep and loll. In one of these, +several Families commonly live, though all related to one another. + +As to the Indians Food, it is of several sorts, which are as follows. + +{Indian Food.} +Venison, and Fawns in the Bags, cut out of the Doe's Belly; +Fish of all sorts, the Lamprey-Eel excepted, and the Sturgeon +our Salt-Water Indians will not touch; Bear and Bever; Panther; Pole-cat; +Wild-cat; Possum; Raccoon; Hares, and Squirrels, roasted with their Guts in; +Snakes, all Indians will not eat them, tho' some do; All wild Fruits +that are palatable, some of which they dry and keep against Winter, +as all sort of Fruits, and Peaches, which they dry, and make Quiddonies, +and Cakes, that are very pleasant, and a little tartish; +young Wasps, when they are white in the Combs, before they can fly, +this is esteemed a Dainty; All sorts of Tortois and Terebins; +Shell-Fish, and Stingray, or Scate, dry'd; Gourds; Melons; Cucumbers; +Squashes; Pulse of all sorts; Rockahomine Meal, which is their Maiz, +parch'd and pounded into Powder; Fowl of all sorts, that are eatable; +Ground-Nuts, or wild Potato's; Acorns and Acorn Oil; Wild-Bulls, Beef, +Mutton, Pork, &c. from the English; Indian Corn, or Maiz, +made into several sorts of Bread; Ears of Corn roasted in the Summer, +or preserv'd against Winter. + +The Victuals is common, throughout the whole Kindred Relations, +and often to the whole Town; especially, when they are in Hunting-Quarters, +then they all fare alike, whichsoever of them kills the Game. +{Feasts of Charity. Indians discern not between fat and lean Meat.} +They are very kind, and charitable to one another, but more especially +to those of their own Nation; for if any one of them has suffer'd any Loss, +by Fire or otherwise, they order the griev'd Person to make a Feast, +and invite them all thereto, which, on the day appointed, they come to, +and after every Man's Mess of Victuals is dealt to him, one of their Speakers, +or grave old Men, makes an Harangue, and acquaints the Company, +That that Man's House has been burnt, wherein all his Goods were destroy'd; +That he, and his Family, very narrowly escaped; That he is every Man's Friend +in that Company; and, That it is all their Duties to help him, +as he would do to any of them, had the like Misfortune befallen them. +After this Oration is over, every Man, according to his Quality, +throws him down upon the Ground some Present, which is commonly Beads, +Ronoak, Peak, Skins or Furs, and which very often amounts to treble +the Loss he has suffer'd. The same Assistance they give to any Man +that wants to build a Cabin, or make a Canoe. They say, it is our Duty +thus to do; for there are several Works that one Man cannot effect, +therefore we must give him our Help, otherwise our Society will fall, +and we shall be depriv'd of those urgent Necessities which Life requires. +{Indians no Fences.} They have no Fence to part one anothers Lots +in their Corn-Fields; but every Man knows his own, and it scarce ever happens, +that they rob one another of so much as an Ear of Corn, +which if any is found to do, he is sentenced by the Elders +to work and plant for him that was robb'd, till he is recompensed +for all the Damage he has suffer'd in his Corn-Field; +and this is punctually perform'd, and the Thief held in Disgrace, +that steals from any of his Country-Folks. {Indians Charity to Widows.} +It often happens, that a Woman is destitute of her Husband, +and has a great many Children to maintain; such a Person they always help, +and make their young men plant, reap, and do every thing +that she is not capable of doing herself; yet they do not allow any one +to be idle, but to employ themselves in some Work or other. + +{Indian Women no Scolds.} +They never fight with one another, unless drunk, nor do you ever hear +any Scolding amongst them. They say, the Europeans are always +rangling and uneasy, and wonder they do not go out of this World, since they +are so uneasy and discontented in it. All their Misfortunes and Losses +end in Laughter; for if their Cabins take Fire, and all their Goods +are burnt therein, (indeed, all will strive to prevent farther Damage, +whilst there is any Possibility) yet such a Misfortune ends +in a hearty Fitt of Laughter, unless some of their Kinsfolks and Friends +have lost their Lives; but then the Case is alter'd, and they become +very pensive, and go into deep Mourning, which is continued +for a considerable Time; sometimes longer, or shorter, according to +the Dignity of the Person, and the Number of Relations he had near him. + +The Burial of their Dead is perform'd with a great deal of Ceremony, +in which one Nation differs, in some few Circumstances, from another, +yet not so much but we may, by a general Relation, pretty nearly account +for them all. + +{Indian Burial of their Dead.} +When an Indian is dead, the greater Person he was, the more expensive +is his Funeral. The first thing which is done, is, to place +the nearest Relations near the Corps, who mourn and weep very much, +having their Hair hanging down their Shoulders, in a very forlorn manner. +After the dead Person has lain a Day and a Night, in one of their +Hurdles of Canes, commonly in some Out-House made for that purpose, +those that officiate about the Funeral, go into the Town, and the first +young Men they meet withal, that have Blankets or Match Coats on, +whom they think fit for their Turn, they strip them from their Backs, +who suffer them so to do, without any Resistance. In these +they wrap the dead Bodies, and cover them with two or three Mats, +which the Indians make of Rushes or Cane; and last of all, +they have a long Web of woven Reeds, or hollow Canes, which is +the Coffin of the Indians, and is brought round several times, +and tied fast at both ends, which indeed, looks very decent and well. +Then the Corps is brought out of the House, into the Orchard of Peach-Trees, +where another Hurdle is made to receive it, about which comes +all the Relations and Nation that the dead Person belong'd to, +besides several from other Nations in Alliance with them; +all which sit down on the Ground, upon Mats spread there, for that purpose; +where the Doctor or Conjurer appears; and, after some time, +makes a Sort of `O-yes', at which all are very silent; then he begins +to give an Account, who the dead Person was, and how stout a Man +he approv'd himself; how many Enemies and Captives he had kill'd and taken; +how strong, tall, and nimble he was; that he was a great Hunter, +a Lover of his Country, and possess'd of a great many beautiful +Wives and Children, esteem'd the greatest of Blessings among these Savages, +in which they have a true Notion. {Indian Funeral Sermon.} +Thus this Orator runs on, highly extolling the dead Man, +for his Valour, Conduct, Strength, Riches, and Good-Humour; +and enumerating his Guns, Slaves and almost every thing +he was possess'd of, when living. After which, he addresses himself +to the People of that Town or Nation, and bids them supply +the dead Man's Place, by following his steps, who, he assures them, +is gone into the Country of Souls, (which they think lies a great way off, +in this World, which the Sun visits, in his ordinary Course) +and that he will have the Enjoyment of handsome young Women, +great Store of Deer to hunt, never meet with Hunger, Cold or Fatigue, +but every thing to answer his Expectation and Desire. +This is the Heaven they propose to themselves; but, on the contrary, +for those Indians that are lazy, thievish amongst themselves, +bad Hunters, and no Warriours, nor of much Use to the Nation, +to such they allot, in the next World, Hunger, Cold, Troubles, old ugly Women +for their Companions, with Snakes, and all sorts of nasty Victuals to feed on. +Thus is mark'd out their Heaven and Hell. {Indian Traditions.} +After all this Harangue, he diverts the People with some of their Traditions, +as when there was a violent hot Summer, or very hard Winter; +when any notable Distempers rag'd amongst them; when they were at War +with such and such Nations; how victorious they were; and what were +the Names of their War-Captains. To prove the times more exactly, +he produces the Records of the Country, which are a Parcel of Reeds, +of different Lengths, with several distinct Marks, known to none +but themselves; by which they seem to guess, very exactly, +at Accidents that happen'd many Years ago; nay two or three Ages or more. +The Reason I have to believe what they tell me, on this Account, +is, because I have been at the Meetings of several Indian Nations; +and they agreed, in relating the same Circumstances, as to Time, +very exactly; {A hard Winter.} as, for Example, they say, +there was so hard a Winter in Carolina, 105 years ago, +that the great Sound was frozen over, and the Wild Geese came into the Woods +to eat Acorns, and that they were so tame, (I suppose, through Want) +that they kill'd abundance in the Woods, by knocking them on the Head +with Sticks. + +But, to return to the dead Man. When this long Tale is ended, +by him that spoke first; perhaps, a second begins another long Story; +so a third, and fourth, if there be so many Doctors present; +which all tell one and the same thing. At last, the Corps is brought away +from that Hurdle to the Grave, by four young Men, attended by the Relations, +the King, old Men, and all the Nation. {Interment in the Grave.} +When they come to the Sepulcre, which is about six Foot deep, +and eight Foot long, having at each end (that is, at the Head and Foot) +a Light-Wood, or Pitch-Pine Fork driven close down the sides of the Grave, +firmly into the Ground; (these two Forks are to contain a Ridge-Pole, +as you shall understand presently) before they lay the Corps into the Grave, +they cover the bottom two or three times over with Bark of Trees, +then they let down the Corps (with two Belts, that the Indians +carry their Burdens withal) very leisurely, upon the said Barks; +then they lay over a Pole of the same Wood, in the two Forks, and having +a great many Pieces of Pitch-Pine Logs, about two Foot and a half long, +they stick them in the sides of the Grave down each End, +and near the Top thereof, where the other Ends lie on the Ridge-Pole, +so that they are declining like the Roof of a House. These being +very thick-plac'd, they cover them (many times double) with Bark; +then they throw the Earth thereon, that came out of the Grave, +and beat it down very firm; by this Means, the dead Body lies in a Vault, +nothing touching him; so that when I saw this way of Burial, +I was mightily pleas'd with it, esteeming it very decent and pretty, +as having seen a great many Christians buried without +the tenth Part of that Ceremony and Decency. {Quiogozon Idols.} +Now, when the Flesh is rotted and moulder'd from the Bone, +they take up the Carcass, and clean the Bones, and joint them together; +afterwards, they dress them up in pure white dress'd Deer-Skins, +and lay them amongst their Grandees and Kings in the Quiogozon, +which is their Royal Tomb or Burial-Place of their Kings and War-Captains. +This is a very large magnificent Cabin, (according to their Building) +which is rais'd at the Publick Charge of the Nation, and maintain'd +in a great deal of Form and Neatness. {Idols at the Beds.} +About seven foot high, is a Floor or Loft made, on which lie +all their Princes, and Great Men, that have died for several hundred Years, +all attir'd in the Dress I before told you of. No Person is to have +his Bones lie here, and to be thus dress'd, unless he gives +a round Sum of their Money to the Rulers, for Admittance. +If they remove never so far, to live in a Foreign Country, +they never fail to take all these dead Bones along with them, +though the Tediousness of their short daily Marches keeps them never so long +on their Journey. They reverence and adore this Quiogozon, +with all the Veneration and Respect that is possible for such a People +to discharge, and had rather lose all, than have any Violence or Injury +offer'd thereto. These Savages differ some small matter in their Burials; +some burying right upwards, and otherwise, as you are acquainted withal +in my Journal from South to North Carolina; {Mourning for the Dead.} +Yet they all agree in their Mourning, which is, to appear every Night, +at the Sepulcre, and howl and weep in a very dismal manner, having their Faces +dawb'd over with Light-wood Soot, (which is the same as Lamp-black) +and Bears Oil. This renders them as black as it is possible +to make themselves, so that theirs very much resemble +the Faces of Executed Men boil'd in Tar. {Indians hired to mourn.} +If the dead Person was a Grandee, to carry on the Funeral Ceremonies, +they hire People to cry and lament over the dead Man. Of this sort +there are several, that practise it for a Livelihood, and are very expert +at Shedding abundance of Tears, and howling like Wolves, +and so discharging their Office with abundance of Hypocrisy and Art. +The Women are never accompanied with these Ceremonies after Death; +and to what World they allot that Sex, I never understood, +unless, to wait on their dead Husbands; but they have more Wit, +than some of the Eastern Nations, who sacrifice themselves to accompany +their Husbands into the next World. It is the dead Man's Relations, by Blood, +as his Uncles, Brothers, Sisters, Cousins, Sons, and Daughters, +that mourn in good earnest, the Wives thinking their Duty is discharg'd, +and that they are become free, when their Husband is dead; +so, as fast as they can, look out for another, to supply his Place. + +{Indian Women handsome.} +As for the Indian Women, which now happen in my Way; when young, +and at Maturity, they are as fine-shap'd Creatures (take them generally) +as any in the Universe. They are of a tawny Complexion; +their Eyes very brisk and amorous; their Smiles afford the finest Composure +a Face can possess; their Hands are of the finest Make, +with small long Fingers, and as soft as their Cheeks; and their whole Bodies +of a smooth Nature. They are not so uncouth or unlikely, as we suppose them; +nor are they Strangers or not Proficients in the soft Passion. +They are most of them mercenary, except the married Women, who sometimes +bestow their Favours also to some or other, in their Husbands Absence. +For which they never ask any Reward. {Married Women unconstant.} +As for the Report, that they are never found unconstant, like the Europeans, +it is wholly false; for were the old World and the new one put into +a Pair of Scales (in point of Constancy) it would be a hard Matter to discern +which was the heavier. {Trading Girls.} As for the Trading Girls, +which are those design'd to get Money by their Natural Parts, +these are discernable, by the Cut of their Hair; their Tonsure differing +from all others, of that Nation, who are not of their Profession; +which Method is intended to prevent Mistakes; for the Savages of America +are desirous (if possible) to keep their Wives to themselves, +as well as those in other Parts of the World. When any Addresses are made +to one of these Girls, she immediately acquaints her Parents therewith, +and they tell the King of it, (provided he that courts her be a Stranger) +his Majesty commonly being the principal Bawd of the Nation he rules over, +and there seldom being any of these Winchester-Weddings agreed on, +without his Royal Consent. He likewise advises her what Bargain to make, +and if it happens to be an Indian Trader that wants a Bed-fellow, +and has got Rum to sell, be sure, the King must have a large Dram for a Fee, +to confirm the Match. These Indians, that are of the elder sort, +when any such Question is put to them, will debate the Matter +amongst themselves with all the Sobriety and Seriousness imaginable, +every one of the Girl's Relations arguing the Advantage or Detriment +that may ensue such a Night's Encounter; all which is done +with as much Steadiness and Reality, as if it was the greatest Concern +in the World, and not so much as one Person shall be seen to smile, +so long as the Debate holds, making no Difference betwixt +an Agreement of this Nature, and a Bargain of any other. If they comply +with the Men's Desire, then a particular Bed is provided for them, +either in a Cabin by themselves, or else all the young people turn out, +to another Lodging, that they may not spoil Sport; and if the old People +are in the same Cabin along with them all Night, they lie as unconcern'd, +as if they were so many Logs of Wood. If it be an Indian of their own +Town or Neighbourhood, that wants a Mistress, he comes to none but the Girl, +who receives what she thinks fit to ask him, and so lies all Night with him, +without the Consent of her Parents. + +{Indian Traders what.} +The Indian Traders are those which travel and abide amongst the Indians +for a long space of time; sometimes for a Year, two, or three. +{Indian Wives.} These Men have commonly their Indian Wives, +whereby they soon learn the Indian Tongue, keep a Friendship +with the Savages; and, besides the Satisfaction of a She-Bed-Fellow, +they find these Indian Girls very serviceable to them, +on Account of dressing their Victuals, and instructing 'em +in the Affairs and Customs of the Country. Moreover, such a Man gets +a great Trade with the Savages; for when a Person that lives amongst them, +is reserv'd from the Conversation of their Women, 'tis impossible for him +ever to accomplish his Designs amongst that People. + +But one great Misfortune which oftentimes attends those that converse +with these Savage Women, is, that they get Children by them, +which are seldom educated any otherwise than in a State of Infidelity; +for it is a certain Rule and Custom, amongst all the Savages of America, +that I was ever acquainted withal, to let the Children always fall +to the Woman's Lot; {Children go with the Women.} for it often happens, +that two Indians that have liv'd together, as Man and Wife, +in which Time they have had several Children; if they part, +and another Man possesses her, all the Children go along with the Mother, +and none with the Father. And therefore, on this Score, +it ever seems impossible for the Christians to get their Children +(which they have by these Indian Women) away from them; +whereby they might bring them up in the Knowledge of the Christian Principles. +Nevertheless, we often find, that English Men, and other Europeans +that have been accustom'd to the Conversation of these savage Women, +and their Way of Living, have been so allur'd with that careless sort of Life, +as to be constant to their Indian Wife, and her Relations, +so long as they liv'd, without ever desiring to return again +amongst the English, although they had very fair Opportunities of Advantages +amongst their Countrymen; of which sort I have known several. + +As for the Indian Marriages, I have read and heard of a great deal +of Form and Ceremony used, which I never saw, nor yet could learn +in the Time I have been amongst them, any otherwise than I shall here +give you an Account of; which is as follows. + +{Indian Marriage.} +When any young Indian has a Mind for such a Girl to his Wife, +he, or some one for him, goes to the young Woman's Parents, if living; +if not, to her nearest Relations; where they make Offers of the Match +betwixt the Couple. The Relations reply, they will consider of it, +which serves for a sufficient Answer, till there be a second Meeting +about the Marriage, which is generally brought into Debate +before all the Relations (that are old People) on both Sides; +and sometimes the King, with all his great Men, give their Opinions therein. +If it be agreed on, and the young Woman approve thereof, (for these Savages +never give their Children in Marriage, without their own Consent) +{Indians buy their Wives.} the Man pays so much for his Wife; +and the handsomer she is, the greater Price she bears. Now, it often happens, +that the Man has not so much of their Money ready, as he is to pay +for his Wife; but if they know him to be a good Hunter, and that he can raise +the Sum agreed for, in some few Moons, or any little time, they agree, +she shall go along with him, as betroth'd, but he is not to have +any Knowledge of her, till the utmost Payment is discharg'd; +all which is punctually observ'd. Thus, they lie together under one Covering +for several Months, and the Woman remains the same as she was +when she first came to him. I doubt, our Europeans would be apt +to break this Custom, {Indian Men not vigorous.} but the Indian Men +are not so vigorous and impatient in their Love as we are. +Yet the Women are quite contrary, and those Indian Girls +that have convers'd with the English and other Europeans, +never care for the Conversation of their own Countrymen afterwards. + +They never marry so near as a first Cousin; and although there is nothing +more coveted amongst them, than to marry a Woman of their own Nation, +yet when the Nation consists of a very few People (as now adays +it often happens) so that they are all of them related to one another, +then they look out for Husbands and Wives amongst Strangers. +For if an Indian lies with his Sister, or any very near Relation, +his Body is burnt, and his Ashes thrown into the River, as unworthy +to remain on Earth; yet an Indian is allow'd to marry two Sisters, +or his Brothers Wife. Although these People are call'd Savages, +yet Sodomy is never heard of amongst them, and they are so far +from the Practice of that beastly and loathsome Sin, that they have +no Name for it in all their Language. + +The Marriages of these Indians are no farther binding, +than the Man and Woman agree together. Either of them has Liberty +to leave the other, upon any frivolous Excuse they can make; +yet whosoever takes the Woman that was another Man's before, +and bought by him, as they all are, must certainly pay to her former Husband, +whatsoever he gave for her. Nay, if she be a Widow, and her Husband +died in Debt, whosoever takes her to Wife, pays all her Husband's Obligations, +though never so many; yet the Woman is not required to pay any thing +(unless she is willing) that was owing from her Husband, so long as she +keeps Single. But if a Man courts her for a Nights Lodging, and obtains it, +the Creditors will make him pay her Husband's Debts, and he may, +if he will, take her for his Money, or sell her to another for his Wife. +{Selling Wives.} I have seen several of these Bargains driven in a day; +for you may see Men selling their Wives as Men do Horses in a Fair, +a Man being allow'd not only to change as often as he pleases, +but likewise to have as many Wives as he is able to maintain. +{Indian many Wives.} I have often seen, that very old Indian Men +(that have been Grandees in their own Nation) have had three or four +very likely young Indian Wives, which I have much wondered at, because to me +they seem'd incapacitated to make good Use of one of them. + +{Night Rambles.} +The young Men will go in the Night from one House to another, to visit +the young Women, in which sort of Rambles they will spend the whole Night. +In their Addresses they find no Delays, for if she is willing +to entertain the Man, she gives him Encouragement and grants him Admittance; +otherwise she withdraws her Face from him, and says, I cannot see you, +either you or I must leave this Cabin, and sleep somewhere else this Night. + +They are never to boast of their Intrigues with the Women. If they do, +none of the Girls value them ever after, or admit of their Company +in their Beds. This proceeds not on the score of Reputation, +for there is no such thing (on that account) known amongst them; +and although we may reckon them the greatest Libertines and most extravagant +in their Embraces, yet they retain and possess a Modesty +that requires those Passions never to be divulged. + +{Trading Girls marry at last.} +The Trading Girls, after they have led that Course of Life, for several Years, +in which time they scarce ever have a Child; (for they have an Art +to destroy the Conception, and she that brings a Child in this Station, +is accounted a Fool, and her Reputation is lessen'd thereby) +at last they grow weary of so many, and betake themselves to a married State, +or to the Company of one Man; neither does their having been common to so many +any wise lessen their Fortunes, but rather augment them. + +{Women not punish'd for Adultery.} +The Woman is not punish'd for Adultery, but 'tis the Man that makes +the injur'd Person Satisfaction, which is the Law of Nations +practis'd amongst them all; and he that strives to evade such Satisfaction +as the Husband demands, lives daily in Danger of his Life; +yet when discharg'd, all Animosity is laid aside, and the Cuckold +is very well pleased with his Bargain, whilst the Rival is laugh'd at +by the whole Nation, for carrying on his Intrigue with no better Conduct, +than to be discover'd and pay so dear for his Pleasure. + +The Indians say, that the Woman is a weak Creature, and easily drawn away +by the Man's Persuasion; for which Reason, they lay no Blame upon her, +but the Man (that ought to be Master of his Passion) for persuading her to it. + +{Never Love-mad.} +They are of a very hale Constitution; their Breaths are as sweet as the Air +they breathe in, and the Woman seems to be of that tender Composition, +as if they were design'd rather for the Bed than Bondage. Yet their Love +is never of that Force and Continuance, that any of them ever runs Mad, +or makes away with themselves on that score. They never love +beyond Retrieving their first Indifferency, and when slighted, +are as ready to untie the Knot at one end, as you are at the other. + +Yet I knew an European Man that had a Child or two by one of these +Indian Women, and afterwards married a Christian, after which +he came to pass away a Night with his Indian Mistress; +but she made Answer that she then had forgot she ever knew him, +and that she never lay with another Woman's Husband, so fell a crying, +and took up the Child she had by him, and went out of the Cabin +(away from him) in great Disorder. + +{Indian Women what they do.} +The Indian Womens Work is to cook the Victuals for the whole Family, +and to make Mats, Baskets, Girdles of Possum-Hair, and such-like. +They never plant the Corn amongst us, as they do amongst the Iroquois, +{Iroquois great Warriours.} who are always at War and Hunting; +therefore, the Plantation Work is left for the Women and Slaves to perform, +and look after; whilst they are wandring all over the Continent +betwixt the two Bays of Mexico and St. Laurence. + +{Mats how made.} +The Mats the Indian Women make, are of Rushes, and about five Foot high, +and two Fathom long, and sew'd double, that is, two together; +whereby they become very commodious to lay under our Beds, +or to sleep on in the Summer Season in the Day-time, and for our Slaves +in the Night. + +There are other Mats made of Flags, which the Tuskeruro Indians make, +and sell to the Inhabitants. + +{Baskets.} +The Baskets our Neighbouring Indians make, are all made of a very fine +sort of Bulrushes, and sometimes of Silk-grass, which they work +with Figures of Beasts, Birds, Fishes, &c. + +A great way up in the Country, both Baskets and Mats are made +of the split Reeds, which are only the outward shining Part of the Cane. +Of these I have seen Mats, Baskets, and Dressing-Boxes, +very artificially done. + +{Indian Wives.} +The Savage Women of America, have very easy Travail with their Children; +sometimes they bring Twins, and are brought to bed by themselves, +when took at a Disadvantage; not but that they have Midwives amongst them, +as well as Doctors, who make it their Profession (for Gain) +to assist and deliver Women, and some of these Midwives are very knowing +in several Medicines that Carolina affords, which certainly expedite, +and make easy Births. Besides, they are unacquainted with those severe Pains +which follow the Birth in our European Women. Their Remedies +are a great Cause of this Easiness in that State; for the Indian Women +will run up and down the Plantation, the same day, very briskly, +and without any sign of Pain or Sickness; yet they look very meager and thin. +Not but that we must allow a great deal owing to the Climate, +and the natural Constitution of these Women, whose Course of Nature +never visits them in such Quantities, as the European Women have. +And tho' they never want Plenty of Milk, yet I never saw an Indian Woman +with very large Breasts; neither does the youngest Wife ever fail of proving +so good a Nurse, as to bring her Child up free from the Rickets and Disasters +that proceed from the Teeth, with many other Distempers +which attack our Infants in England, and other Parts of Europe. +{Nurse Children how.} They let their Children suck till they are well grown, +unless they prove big with Child sooner. They always nurse +their own Children themselves, unless Sickness or Death prevents. +I once saw a Nurse hired to give Suck to an Indian Woman's Child, +which you have in my Journal. After Delivery, they absent +the Company of a Man for forty days. As soon as the Child is born, +they wash it in cold Water at the next Stream, and then bedawb it, +as I have mention'd before. {Cradle.} After which, the Husband takes care +to provide a Cradle, which is soon made, consisting of a Piece of flat Wood, +which they hew with their Hatchets to the Likeness of a Board; it is about +two Foot long, and a Foot broad; to this they brace and tie the Child down +very close, having, near the middle, a Stick fasten'd about two Inches +from the Board, which is for the Child's Breech to rest on, +under which they put a Wad of Moss, that receives the Child's Excrements, +by which means they can shift the Moss, and keep all clean and sweet. +Some Nations have very flat Heads, as you have heard in my Journal, +which is made whilst tied on this Cradle, as that Relation informs you. +These Cradles are apt to make the Body flat; yet they are +the most portable things that can be invented; for there is a String +which goes from one Corner of the Board to the other, +whereby the Mother flings her Child on her Back; so the Infant's Back +is towards hers, and its Face looks up towards the Sky. If it rains, +she throws her Leather or Woollen Match-coat, over her Head, +which covers the Child all over, and secures her and it +from the Injuries of rainy Weather. The Savage Women quit all Company, +and dress not their own Victuals, during their Purgations. + +After they have had several Children, they grow strangely out of Shape +in their Bodies; As for Barrenness, I never knew any of their Women, +that have not Children when marry'd. + +{Indian Womens Habit.} +The Womens Dress is, in severe Weather, a hairy Match-coat +in the Nature of a Plad, which keeps out the Cold, and (as I said before) +defends their Children from the Prejudices of the Weather. At other times, +they have only a sort of Flap or Apron containing two Yards in Length, +and better than half a Yard deep. Sometimes, it is a Deer-Skin dress'd white, +and pointed or slit at the bottom, like Fringe. When this is clean, +it becomes them very well. Others wear blue or red Flaps +made of Bays and Plains, which they buy of the English, of both which +they tuck in the Corners, to fasten the Garment, and sometimes make it fast +with a Belt. All of them, when ripe, have a small String round the Waste, +to which another is tied and comes between their Legs, where always +is a Wad of Moss against the Os pubis; but never any Hair +is there to be found: Sometimes, they wear Indian Shooes, or Moggizons, +which are made after the same manner, as the Mens are. + +The Hair of their Heads is made into a long Roll like a Horses Tail, +and bound round with Ronoak or Porcelan, which is a sort of Beads +they make of the Conk-Shells. Others that have not this, +make a Leather-String serve. + +{Indian Mens Habit.} +The Indian Men have a Match-Coat of Hair, Furs, Feathers, or Cloth, +as the Women have. Their Hair is roll'd up, on each Ear, as the Womens, +only much shorter, and oftentimes a Roll on the Crown of the Head, or Temples, +which is just as they fancy; there being no Strictness in their Dress. +Betwixt their Legs comes a Piece of Cloth, that is tuck'd in by a Belt +both before and behind. This is to hide their Nakedness, +of which Decency they are very strict Observers, although never practised +before the Christians came amongst them. They wear Shooes, +of Bucks, and sometimes Bears Skin, which they tan in an Hour or two; +with the Bark of Trees boil'd, wherein they put the Leather whilst hot, +and let it remain a little while, whereby it becomes so qualify'd, +as to endure Water and Dirt, without growing hard. These have no Heels, +and are made as fit for the Feet, as a Glove is for the Hand, +and are very easie to travel in, when one is a little us'd to them. +{Indians washing in the River.} When these Savages live near the Water, +they frequent the Rivers in Summer-time very much, where both Men and Women +very often in a day go in naked to wash themselves, though not +both Sexes together. + +{Match-Coats how made.} +Their Feather Match-Coats are very pretty, especially some of them, +which are made extraordinary charming, containing several pretty Figures +wrought in Feathers, making them seem like a fine Flower Silk-Shag; +and when new and fresh, they become a Bed very well, instead of a Quilt. +Some of another sort are made of Hare, Raccoon, Bever, or Squirrel-Skins, +which are very warm. Others again are made of the green Part +of the Skin of a Mallard's Head, which they sew perfectly well together, +their Thread being either the Sinews of a Deer divided very small, +or Silk-Grass. When these are finish'd, they look very finely, +though they must needs be very troublesome to make. Some of their great Men, +as Rulers and such, that have Plenty of Deer Skins by them, +will often buy the English-made Coats, which they wear +on Festivals and other Days of Visiting. Yet none ever buy any Breeches, +saying, that they are too much confin'd in them, which prevents their Speed +in running, &c. + +We have some Indians, that are more civilized than the rest, +which wear Hats, Shooes, Stockings, and Breeches, with very tolerable +Linnen Shirts, which is not common amongst these Heathens. +The Paspitank Indians did formerly keep Cattle, and make Butter. + +{Civiliz'd Indians. Hatteras Indians.} +These are them that wear the English Dress. Whether they +have Cattle now or no, I am not certain; but I am of the Opinion, +that such Inclinations in the Savages should meet with Encouragement, +and every Englishman ought to do them Justice, and not defraud them +of their Land, which has been allotted them formerly by the Government; +for if we do not shew them Examples of Justice and Vertue, +we can never bring them to believe us to be a worthier Race of Men +than themselves. + +The Dresses of these People are so different, according to +the Nation that they belong to, that it is impossible to recount +all the whimsical Figures that they sometimes make by their Antick Dresses. +Besides, Carolina is a warm Country, and very mild in its Winters, +to what Virginia, Maryland, Pensylvania, New-York, the Jerseys, +and New-England are; wherefore, our Indians Habit very much differs +from the Dresses that appear amongst the Savages who inhabit +those cold Countries; in regard their chiefest Cloathing for the Winter-Season +is made of the Furs of Bever, Raccoon, and other Northern Furs, +that our Climate is not acquainted withal, they producing some Furs, +as the Monack, Moor, Marten, Black Fox, and others to us unknown. + +{Painting for War.} +Their Dress in Peace and War, is quite different. Besides, +when they go to War, their Hair is comb'd out by the Women, +and done over very much with Bears Grease, and red Root; +with Feathers, Wings, Rings, Copper, and Peak, or Wampum in their Ears. +Moreover, they buy Vermillion of the Indian Traders, wherewith they paint +their Faces all over red, and commonly make a Circle of Black about one Eye, +and another Circle of White about the other, whilst others bedawb their Faces +with Tobacco-Pipe Clay, Lamp-black, black Lead, and divers other Colours, +which they make with the several sorts of Minerals and Earths +that they get in different Parts of the Country, where they hunt and travel. +When these Creatures are thus painted, they make the most frightful Figures +that can be imitated by Men, and seem more like Devils than Humane Creatures. +You may be sure, that they are about some Mischief, when you see them +thus painted; for in all the Hostilities which have ever been acted +against the English at any time, in several of the Plantations of America, +the Savages always appear'd in this Disguize, whereby they might never after +be discover'd, or known by any of the Christians that should happen +to see them after they had made their Escape; for it is impossible, +ever to know an Indian under these Colours, although he has been +at your House a thousand times, and you know him, at other times, +as well as you do any Person living. As for their Women, they never use +any Paint on their Faces; neither do they ever carry them along with them +into the Field, when they intend any Expedition, leaving them at home +with the old Men and Children. + +{Ear Bobs.} +Some of the Indians wear great Bobs in their Ears, and sometimes +in the Holes thereof they put Eagles and other Birds, Feathers, for a Trophy. +When they kill any Fowl, they commonly pluck off the downy Feathers, +and stick them all over their Heads. Some (both Men and Women) +wear great Necklaces of their Money made of Shells. They often wear +Bracelets made of Brass, and sometimes of Iron Wire. + +{Indian Money.} +Their Money is of different sorts, but all made of Shells, +which are found on the Coast of Carolina, which are very large and hard, +so that they are very difficult to cut. Some English Smiths +have try'd to drill this sort of Shell-Money, and thereby thought +to get an Advantage; but it prov'd so hard, that nothing could be gain'd. +They oftentimes make, of this Shell, a sort of Gorge, which they wear +about their Neck in a string; so it hangs on their Collar, +whereon sometimes is engraven a Cross, or some odd sort of Figure, +which comes next in their Fancy. There are other sorts valued at a Doe-Skin, +yet the Gorges will sometimes sell for three or four Buck-Skins ready drest. +There be others, that eight of them go readily for a Doe Skin; +but the general and current Species of all the Indians in Carolina, +and, I believe, all over the Continent, as far as the Bay of Mexico, +is that which we call Peak, and Ronoak; but Peak more especially. +This is that which at New-York, they call Wampum, and have used it +as current Money amongst the Inhabitants for a great many Years. +This is what many Writers call Porcelan, and is made at New-York +in great Quantities, and with us in some measure. Five Cubits of this +purchase a dress'd Doe-Skin, and seven or eight purchase a dress'd Buck-Skin. +An English-man could not afford to make so much of this Wampum +for five or ten times the Value; for it is made out of a vast great Shell, +of which that Country affords Plenty; where it is ground smaller +than the small End of a Tobacco-Pipe, or a large Wheat-Straw. +Four or five of these make an Inch, and every one is to be drill'd through, +and made as smooth as Glass, and so strung, as Beads are, +and a Cubit of the Indian Measure contains as much in Length, +as will reach from the Elbow to the End of the little Finger. +They never stand to question, whether it is a tall Man, or a short one, +that measures it; but if this Wampum Peak be black or purple, +as some Part of that Shell is, then it is twice the Value. This the Indians +grind on Stones and other things, till they make it current, +but the Drilling is the most difficult to the English-men, +which the Indians manage with a Nail stuck in a Cane or Reed. +Thus they roll it continually on their Thighs, with their Right-hand, +holding the Bit of Shell with their Left, so in time they drill a Hole +quite through it, which is a very tedious Work; but especially in making +their Ronoak, four of which will scarce make one Length of Wampum. +The Indians are a People that never value their time, +so that they can afford to make them, and never need to fear +the English will take the Trade out of their Hands. This is the Money +with which you may buy Skins, Furs, Slaves, or any thing the Indians have; +it being the Mammon (as our Money is to us) that entices and persuades them +to do any thing, and part with every thing they possess, +except their Children for Slaves. As for their Wives, they are often sold, +and their Daughters violated for it. With this they buy off Murders; +and whatsoever a Man can do that is ill, this Wampum will quit him of, +and make him, in their Opinion, good and vertuous, though never +so black before. + +{Indians how named.} +All the Indians give a Name to their Children, which is not the same +as the Father or Mother, but what they fancy. This Name they keep, +(if Boys) till they arrive to the Age of a Warriour, which is +sixteen or seventeen Years; then they take a Name to themselves, sometimes, +Eagle, Panther, Allegator, or some such wild Creature; +esteeming nothing on Earth worthy to give them a Name, +but these Wild-Fowl, and Beasts. Some again take the Name of a Fish, +which they keep as long as they live. + +{Indian King and Counsellors. Every Town a Ruler, +yet one over all the Nation.} +The King is the Ruler of the Nation, and has others under him, to assist him, +as his War-Captains, and Counsellors, who are pick'd out and chosen +from among the ancientest Men of the Nation he is King of. +These meet him in all general Councils and Debates, concerning War, Peace, +Trade, Hunting, and all the Adventures and Accidents of Humane Affairs, +which appear within their Verge; where all Affairs are discoursed of +and argued pro and con, very deliberately (without making +any manner of Parties or Divisions) for the Good of the Publick; +for, as they meet there to treat, they discharge their Duty +with all the Integrity imaginable, never looking towards their Own Interest, +before the Publick Good. After every Man has given his Opinion, +that which has most Voices, or, in Summing up, is found the most reasonable, +that they make use of without any Jars and Wrangling, and put it in Execution, +the first Opportunity that offers. + +{Succession how.} +The Succession falls not to the King's Son, but to his Sister's Son, +which is a sure way to prevent Impostors in the Succession. +Sometimes they poison the Heir to make way for another, +which is not seldom done, when they do not approve of the Youth +that is to succeed them. The King himself is commonly chief Doctor +in that Cure. + +They are so well versed in Poison, that they are often found to poison +whole Families; nay, most of a Town; and which is most to be admired, +they will poison a running Spring, or Fountain of Water, +so that whosoever drinks thereof, shall infallible die. +When the Offender is discover'd, his very Relations urge for Death, +whom nothing will appease, but the most cruel Torment imaginable, +which is executed in the most publick Manner that it's possible +to act such a Tragedy in. For all the whole Nation, and all the Indians +within a hundred Mile (if it is possible to send for them) are summon'd +to come and appear at such a Place and Time, to see and rejoyce at +the Torments and Death of such a Person, who is the common and profess'd Enemy +to all the friendly Indians thereabouts, who now lies under +the Condemnation of the whole Nation, and accordingly is to be put to Death. +Then all appear (young and old) from all the adjacent Parts, +and meet, with all the Expressions of Joy, to consummate +this horrid and barbarous Feast, which is carried on after this dismal Manner. +{Poisoning Indians how punished.} First, they bring the Prisoner +to the Place appointed for the Execution, where he is set down on his Breech +on the Ground. Then they all get about him, and you shall not see +one sorrowful or dejected Countenance amongst them, but all +very merrily dispos'd, as if some Comedy was to be acted, +instead of a Tragedy. He that is appointed to be the chief Executioner, +takes a Knife, and bids him hold out his Hands, which he does, +and then cuts round the Wrist through the Skin, which is drawn off +like a Glove, and flead quite off at the Fingers Ends; then they break +his Joints and Bones, and buffet and torment him after a very inhumane Manner, +till some violent Blow perhaps ends his Days; then they burn him to Ashes, +and throw them down the River. Afterwards they eat, drink and are merry, +repeating all the Actions of the Tormentors and the Prisoner, +with a great deal of Mirth and Satisfaction. This Accusation is laid +against an Indian Heroe sometimes wrongfully, or when they have a mind +to get rid of a Man that has more Courage and Conduct than his neighbouring +Kings or great Men; then they alledge the Practice of poisoning Indians +against him, and make a Rehearsal of every Indian that died +for a year or two, and say, that they were poison'd by such an Indian; +which Reports stir up all the Relations of the deceased +against the said Person, and by such means make him away presently. +In some Affairs, these Savages are very reserv'd and politick, +and will attend a long time with a great deal of Patience, +to bring about their Designs; they being never impatient or hasty +in executing any of their Designs of Revenge. + +Now I am gone so far in giving an Account of the Indians Temper, +I will proceed; and can give you no other Character of them, +but that they are a very wary People, and are never hasty or impatient. +They will endure a great many Misfortunes, Losses, and Disapointments +without shewing themselves, in the least, vex'd or uneasy. +When they go by Water, if there proves a Head-Wind, they never vex and fret, +as the Europeans do, and let what Misfortune come to them, +as will or can happen, they never relent. Besides, there is one Vice +very common every where, which I never found amongst them, +which is Envying other Mens Happiness, because their Station is not equal to, +or above, their Neighbours. Of this Sin I cannot say I ever saw an Example, +though they are a People that set as great a Value upon themselves, +as any sort of Men in the World; upon which Account they find something +Valuable in themselves above Riches. Thus, he that is a good Warriour, +is the proudest Creature living; and he that is an expert Hunter, is esteem'd +by the People and himself; yet all these are natural Vertues and Gifts, +and not Riches, which are as often in the Possession of a Fool as a Wise-man. +Several of the Indians are possess'd of a great many Skins, Wampum, +Ammunition, and what other things are esteem'd Riches amongst them; +yet such an Indian is no more esteem'd amongst them, than any other +ordinary Fellow, provided he has no personal Endowments, which are +the Ornaments that must gain him an Esteem among them; for a great Dealer, +amongst the Indians, is no otherwise respected and esteemed, +than as a Man that strains his Wits, and fatigues himself, to furnish others +with Necessaries of Life, that live much easier and enjoy more of the World, +than he himself does, with all his Pelf. {Indians not afraid to die.} +If they are taken Captives, and expect a miserable Exit, they sing; +if Death approach them in Sickness, they are not afraid of it; +nor are ever heard to say, Grant me some time. They know by Instinct, +and daily Example, that they must die; wherefore, they have +that great and noble Gift, to submit to every thing that happens, +and value nothing that attacks them. + +Their Cruelty to their Prisoners of War is what they are seemingly +guilty of an Error in, (I mean as to a natural Failing) because they strive +to invent the most inhumane Butcheries for them, that the Devils themselves +could invent, or hammer out of Hell; they esteeming Death no Punishment, +but rather an Advantage to him, that is exported out of this +into another World. + +{Indians Cruelty to Prisoners of War.} +Therefore, they inflict on them Torments, wherein they prolong Life +in that miserable state as long as they can, and never miss Skulping of them, +as they call it, which is, to cut off the Skin from the Temples, +and taking the whole Head of Hair along with it, as if it was a Night-cap. +Sometimes, they take the Top of the Skull along with it; all which +they preserve, and carefully keep by them, for a Trophy of their Conquest +over their Enemies. Others keep their Enemies Teeth, which are taken in War, +whilst others split the Pitch-Pine into Splinters, and stick them +into the Prisoners Body yet alive. Thus they light them, which burn like +so many Torches; and in this manner, they make him dance round a great Fire, +every one buffeting and deriding him, till he expires, when every one +strives to get a Bone or some Relick of this unfortunate Captive. +One of the young Fellows, that has been at the Wars, and has had the Fortune +to take a Captive, returns the proudest Creature on Earth, +and sets such a Value on himself, that he knows not how to contain himself +in his Senses. The Iroquois, or Sinnagers, are the most Warlike Indians +that we know of, being always at War, and not to be persuaded +from that Way of Living, by any Argument that can be used. +If you go to persuade them to live peaceably with the Tuskeruros, +and let them be one People, and in case those Indians desire it, +and will submit to them, they will answer you, that they cannot live +without War, which they have ever been used to; and that if Peace be made +with the Indians they now war withal, they must find out some others +to wage War against; for, for them to live in Peace, is to live +out of their Element, War, Conquest, and Murder, being what they delight in, +and value themselves for. {Indians flea and cut off part of the Feet.} +When they take a Slave, and intend to keep him to Work in their Fields, +they flea the Skin from the Setting on of his Toes to the middle of his Foot, +so cut off one half of his Feet, wrapping the Skin over the Wounds, +and healing them. By this cruel Method, the Indian Captive is hinder'd +from making his Escape, for he can neither run fast or go any where, +but his Feet are more easily traced and discover'd. Yet I know one Man +who made his Escape from them, tho' they had thus disabled him, +as you may see in my Journal. + +The Indians ground their Wars on Enmity, not on Interest, as the Europeans +generally do; for the Loss of the meanest Person in the Nation, +they will go to War and lay all at Stake, and prosecute their Design +to the utmost; till the Nation they were injur'd by, be wholly destroy'd, +or make them that Satisfaction which they demand. They are very politick, +in waging, and carrying on their War, first by advising with +all the ancient Men of Conduct and Reason, that belong to their Nation; +such as superannuated War-Captains, and those that have been Counsellors +for many Years, and whose Advice has commonly succeeded very well. +They have likewise their Field Counsellors, who are accustomed to Ambuscades, +and Surprizes, which Methods are commonly used by the Savages; +for I scarce ever heard of a Field-Battle fought amongst them. + +One of their Expeditions afforded an Instance, worthy mention, +which was thus; Two Nations of Indians here in Carolina +were at War together, and a Party of each were in the Forest +ranging to see what Enemies they could take. The lesser Number +found they were discover'd, and could not well get over a River +(that lay betwixt them and their home) without engaging the other Party, +whose Numbers were much the greater; so they call'd a Council, +which met, and having weigh'd their present Circumstances +with a great deal of Argument and Debate, for a considerable time, +and found their Enemies Advantage, and that they could expect no Success +in Engaging such an unequal Number; they, at last, concluded on +this Stratagem, which, in my Opinion, carried a great deal of Policy +along with it. {Indian Politicks.} It was, That the same Night, +they should make a great Fire, which they were certain would be discover'd +by the adverse Party, and there dress up Logs of Wood in their Cloaths, +and make them exactly seem like Indians, that were asleep by the Fireside; +(which is their Way, when in the Woods) so, said they, our Enemies will fire +upon these Images, supposing them to be us, who will lie in Ambuscade, +and, after their Guns are unloaded, shall deal well enough with them. +This Result was immediately put in Execution, and the Fire was made +by the side of a Valley, where they lay perdu very advantageously. +Thus, a little before Break of Day, (which commonly is the Hour +they surprize their Enemies in) the Indians came down to their Fire, +and at once fired in upon those Logs in the Indians Cloaths, +and run up to them, expecting they had kill'd every Man dead; +but they found themselves mistaken, for then the other Indians, +who had lain all the Night stark-naked in the Bottom, attack'd them +with their loaded Pieces, which so surprized them, that every Man +was taken Prisoner, and brought in bound to their Town. + +Another Instance was betwixt the Machapunga Indians, and the Coranine's, +on the Sand-Banks; which was as follows. {Machapunga King Charles.} +The Machapungas were invited to a Feast, by the Coranines; +(which two Nations had been a long time at War together, +and had lately concluded a Peace.) Thereupon, the Machapunga Indians +took the Advantage of coming to the Coranines Feast, which was +to avoid all Suspicion, and their King, who, of a Savage, +is a great Politician and very stout, order'd all his Men +to carry their Tamahauks along with them, hidden under their Match-Coats, +which they did; and being acquainted when to fall on, by the Word given, +they all (upon this Design) set forward for the Feast, and came to +the Coranine Town, where they had gotten Victuals, Fruit, +and such things as make an Indian Entertainment, all ready +to make these new Friends welcome, which they did; and, after Dinner, +towards the Evening, (as it is customary amongst them) they went to Dancing, +all together; so when the Machapunga King saw the best Opportunity offer, +he gave the Word, and his Men pull'd their Tamahauks or Hatchets +from under their Match-Coats, and kill'd several, and took the rest Prisoners, +except some few that were not present, and about four or five that escap'd. +The Prisoners they sold Slaves to the English. At the time this was done, +those Indians had nothing but Bows and Arrows, neither side having Guns. + +The Indians are very revengeful, and never forget an Injury done, +till they have receiv'd Satisfaction. Yet they are the freest People +from Heats and Passions (which possess the Europeans) of any +I ever heard of. {Drunkenness in Indians.} They never call any Man +to account for what he did, when he was drunk; but say, it was the Drink +that caused his Misbehaviour, therefore he ought to be forgiven: +They never frequent a Christian's House that is given to Passion, +nor will they ever buy or sell with him, if they can get +the same Commodities of any other Person; for they say, +such Men are mad Wolves, and no more Men. + +{Indians not Jealous.} +They know not what Jealousy is, because they never think +their Wives are unconstant, unless they are Eye-witnesses thereof. +They are generally very bashful, especially the young Maids, +who when they come into a strange Cabin, where they are not acquainted, +never ask for any thing, though never so hungry or thirsty, +but sit down, without speaking a Word (be it never so long) +till some of the House asks them a Question, or falls into Discourse, +with the Stranger. I never saw a Scold amongst them, and to their Children +they are extraordinary tender and indulgent; neither did I ever see +a Parent correct a Child, excepting one Woman, that was the King's Wife, +and she (indeed) did possess a Temper that is not commonly found amongst them. +{Indians Complements.} They are free from all manner of Compliments, +except Shaking of Hands, and Scratching on the Shoulder, +which two are the greatest Marks of Sincerity and Friendship, +that can be shew'd one to another. They cannot express fare you well; +but when they leave the House, will say, I go straightway, +which is to intimate their Departure; and if the Man of the House +has any Message to send by the going Man, he may acquaint him therewith. +Their Tongue allows not to say, Sir, I am your Servant; +because they have no different Titles for Man, only King, War-Captain, +Old Man, or Young Man, which respect the Stations and Circumstances +Men are employ'd in, and arriv'd to, and not Ceremony. As for Servant, +they have no such thing, except Slave, and their Dogs, Cats, +tame or domestick Beasts, and Birds, are call'd by the same Name: +For the Indian Word for Slave includes them all. So when an Indian +tells you he has got a Slave for you, it may (in general Terms, as they use) +be a young Eagle, a Dog, Otter, or any other thing of that Nature, +which is obsequiously to depend on the Master for its Sustenance. + +{Indians not afraid of Spirits.} +They are never fearful in the Night, nor do the Thoughts of Spirits +ever trouble them; such as the many Hobgoblins and Bugbears that we suck in +with our Milk, and the Foolery of our Nurses and Servants suggest to us; +who by their idle Tales of Fairies, and Witches, make such Impressions +on our tender Years, that at Maturity, we carry Pigmies Souls, +in Giants Bodies, and ever after are thereby so much depriv'd of Reason, +and unman'd, as never to be Masters of half the Bravery +Nature design'd for us. + +Not but that the Indians have as many Lying Stories +of Spirits and Conjurers, as any People in the World; but they tell it +with no Disadvantage to themselves; for the great Esteem +which the Old Men bring themselves to, is by making the others believe +their Familiarity with Devils and Spirits, and how great a Correspondence +they have therewith, which if it once gains Credit, they ever after are held +in the greatest Veneration imaginable, and whatever they after impose +upon the People, is receiv'd as infallible. They are so little startled +at the Thoughts of another World, that they not seldom murder themselves; +as for Instance, a Bear-River Indian, a very likely young Fellow, +about twenty Years of Age, whose Mother was angry at his drinking +of too much Rum, and chid him for it, thereupon reply'd, +he would have her satisfied, and he would do the like no more; +upon which he made his Words good; for he went aside, and shot himself dead. +This was a Son of the politick King of the Machapunga, I spoke of before, +and has the most Cunning of any Indian I ever met withal. + +Most of the Savages are much addicted to Drunkenness, a Vice +they never were acquainted with, till the Christians came amongst them. +Some of them refrain drinking strong Liquors, but very few of that sort +are found amongst them. Their chief Liquor is Rum, without any Mixture. +This the English bring amongst them, and buy Skins, Furs, +Slaves and other of their Commodities therewith. They never are contented +with a little, but when once begun, they must make themselves quite drunk; +otherwise they will never rest, but sell all they have in the World, +rather than not have their full Dose. In these drunken Frolicks, +(which are always carried on in the Night) they sometimes murder one another, +fall into the Fire, fall down Precipices, and break their Necks, +with several other Misfortunes which this drinking of Rum brings upon them; +and tho' they are sensible of it, yet they have no Power +to refrain this Enemy. About five years ago, when Landgrave Daniel +was Governour, he summon'd in all the Indian Kings and Rulers to meet, +and in a full Meeting of the Government and Council, with those Indians, +they agreed upon a firm Peace, and the Indian Rulers desired +no Rum might be sold to them, which was granted, and a Law made, +that inflicted a Penalty on those that sold Rum to the Heathens; +but it was never strictly observ'd, and besides, the young Indians +were so disgusted at that Article, that they threatned to kill the Indians +that made it, unless it was laid aside, and they might have Rum sold them, +when they went to the Englishmens Houses to buy it. + +Some of the Heathens are so very poor, that they have no Manner of Cloaths, +save a Wad of Moss to hide their Nakedness. These are either lusty +and will not work; otherwise, they are given to Gaming or Drunkenness; +yet these get Victuals as well as the rest, because that is common +amongst them. If they are caught in theft they are Slaves till they repay +the Person, (as I mention'd before) but to steal from the English +they reckon no Harm. Not but that I have known some few Savages +that have been as free from Theft as any of the Christians. +When they have a Design to lie with a Woman, which they cannot obtain +any otherwise than by a larger Reward than they are able to give, +they then strive to make her drunk, which a great many of them will be; +then they take the Advantage, to do with them what they please, +and sometimes in their Drunkenness, cut off their Hair and sell it +to the English, which is the greatest Affront can be offer'd them. +They never value Time; for if they be going out to hunt, fish, +or any other indifferent Business, you may keep them in talk +as long as you please, so you but keep them in Discourse, and seem pleased +with their Company; yet none are more expeditious and safer Messengers +than they, when any extraordinary Business that they are sent about +requires it. + +{Not pass over a Tree.} +When they are upon travelling the Woods, they keep a constant Pace, +neither will they stride over a Tree that lies cross the Path, but always +go round it, which is quite contrary to the Custom of the English, +and other Europeans. {Cut with a Knife how. A Knife of Reed.} +When they cut with a Knife, the Edge is towards them, whereas we +always cut and whittle from us. {Not left-handed.} Nor did I ever see +one of them left-handed. {Get Fire how.} Before the Christians +came amongst them, not knowing the Use of Steel and Flints, +they got their Fire with Sticks, which by vehement Collision, +or Rubbing together, take Fire. This Method they will sometimes practise now, +when it has happen'd thro' rainy Weather, or some other Accident, +that they have wet their Spunk, which is a sort of soft corky Substance, +generally of a Cinnamon Colour, and grows in the concave part of an Oak, +Hiccory, and several other Woods, being dug out with an Ax, +and always kept by the Indians, instead of Tinder or Touch-wood, +both which it exceeds. You are to understand, that the two Sticks +they use to strike Fire withal, are never of one sort of Wood, +but always differ from each other. + +They are expert Travellers, and though they have not the Use +of our artificial Compass, yet they understand the North-point exactly, +let them be in never so great a Wilderness. One Guide is a short Moss, +that grows upon some Trees, exactly on the North-Side thereof. + +{Indian Compass.} +Besides, they have Names for eight of the thirty two Points, +and call the Winds by their several Names, as we do; but indeed more properly, +for the North-West Wind is called the cold Wind; the North-East the wet Wind; +the South the warm Wind; and so agreeably of the rest. Sometimes it happens, +that they have a large River or Lake to pass over, and the Weather +is very foggy, as it often happens in the Spring and Fall of the Leaf; +so that they cannot see which Course to steer: In such a Case, +they being on one side of the River, or Lake, they know well enough +what Course such a Place (which they intend for) bears from them. +Therefore, they get a great many Sticks and Chunks of Wood in their Canoe, +and then set off directly for their Port, and now and then throw over +a Piece of Wood, which directs them, by seeing how the Stick bears +from the Canoes Stern, which they always observe to keep right aft; +and this is the Indian Compass by which they will go over +a broad Water of ten or twenty Leagues wide. They will find +the Head of any River, though it is five, six or seven hundred miles off, +and they never were there, in their Lives before; as is often prov'd, +by their appointing to meet on the Head of such a River, where perhaps, +none of them ever was before, but where they shall rendezvous exactly +at the prefixt time; and if they meet with any Obstruction, +they leave certain Marks in the Way, where they that come after +will understand how many have pass'd by already, and which way they are gone. +Besides, in their War Expeditions, they have very certain Hieroglyphicks, +whereby each Party informs the other of the Success or Losses +they have met withal; all which is so exactly perform'd +by their Sylvian Marks and Characters, that they are never at a Loss +to understand one another. Yet there was never found any Letters +amongst the Savages of Carolina; nor, I believe, among any other Natives +in America, that were possess'd with any manner of Writing or Learning +throughout all the Discoveries of the New-World. {Indians make Maps.} +They will draw Maps, very exactly, of all the Rivers, Towns, Mountains, +and Roads, or what you shall enquire of them, which you may draw +by their Directions, and come to a small matter of Latitude, +reckoning by their Days Journeys. These Maps they will draw +in the Ashes of the Fire, and sometimes upon a Mat or Piece of Bark. +I have put a Pen and Ink into a Savage's Hand, and he has drawn me +the Rivers, Bays, and other Parts of a Country, which afterwards +I have found to agree with a great deal of Nicety: But you must be very much +in their Favour, otherwise they will never make these Discoveries to you; +especially, if it be in their own Quarters. {No Discovery of Mines.} +And as for Mines of Silver and other Metals, we are satisfied we have enow, +and those very rich, in Carolina and its adjacent Parts; some of which +the Indians are acquainted withal, although no Enquirers thereafter, +but what came, and were discover'd, by Chance; yet they say, it is this Metal +that the English covet, as they do their Peak and Ronoak; +and that we have gain'd Ground of them wherever we have come. +Now, say they, if we should discover these Minerals to the English, +they would settle at or near these Mountains, and bereave us +of the best Hunting-Quarters we have, as they have already done +wherever they have inhabited; so by that means, we shall be driven +to some unknown Country, to live, hunt, and get our Bread in. +These are the Reasons that the Savages give, for not making known +what they are acquainted withal, of that Nature. And indeed, +all Men that have ever gone upon those Discoveries, allow them to be good; +{Mr. Mitchell.} more especially, my ingenious Friend +Mr. Francis-Louis Mitchell, of Bern in Switzerland, who has been, +for several Years, very indefatigable and strict in his Discoveries +amongst those vast Ledges of Mountains, and spacious Tracts of Land, +lying towards the Heads of the great Bays and Rivers of Virginia, Maryland, +and Pensylvania, where he has discover'd a spacious Country +inhabited by none but the Savages, and not many of them; +who yet are of a very friendly Nature to the Christians. This Gentleman +has been employ'd by the Canton of Bern, to find out a Tract of Land +in the English America, where that Republick might settle +some of their People; which Proposal, I believe, is now in a fair way +towards a Conclusion, between her Majesty of Great-Britain and that Canton. +{Switzers Settlement in America.} Which must needs be of great Advantage +to both; and as for ourselves, I believe, no Man that is in his Wits, +and understands the Situation and Affairs of America, +but will allow, nothing can be of more Security and Advantage +to the Crown and Subjects of Great-Britain, than to have our Frontiers +secured by a warlike People, and our Friends, as the Switzers are; +especially when we have more Indians than we can civilize, +and so many Christian Enemies lying on the back of us, that we do not know +how long or short a time it may be, before they visit us. Add to these, +the Effects and Product that may be expected from those Mountains; +which may hereafter prove of great Advantage to the British Monarchy, +and none more fit than an industrious People, bred in a mountainous Country, +and inur'd to all the Fatigues of War and Travel, to improve a Country. +Thus we have no room to doubt, but as soon as any of those Parts +are seated by the Switzers, a great many Britains will strive +to live amongst them, for the Benefit of the sweet Air and healthful Climate, +which that Country affords, were it only for the Cultivating of Hemp, +Flax, Wine, and other valuable Staples, which those People +are fully acquainted withal: Not to mention the Advantages +already discover'd by that worthy Gentleman I just now spoke of, +who is highly deserving of the Conduct and Management of such an Affair, +as that wise Canton has entrusted him withal. + +{Hunting of the Savages.} +When these Savages go a hunting, they commonly go out in great Numbers, +and oftentimes a great many Days Journey from home, beginning at +the coming in of the Winter; that is, when the Leaves are fallen +from the Trees, and are become dry. 'Tis then they burn the Woods, +by setting Fire to the Leaves, and wither'd Bent and Grass, +{Moss Match.} which they do with a Match made of the black Moss +that hangs on the Trees in Carolina, and is sometimes above six Foot long. +This, when dead, becomes black, (tho' of an Ash-Colour before) +and will then hold Fire as well as the best Match we have in Europe. +In Places, where this Moss is not found, (as towards the Mountains) +they make Lintels of the Bark of Cypress beaten, which serve as well. +Thus they go and fire the Woods for many Miles, and drive +the Deer and other Game into small Necks of Land and Isthmus's, +where they kill and destroy what they please. In these Hunting-Quarters, +they have their Wives and Ladies of the Camp, where they eat +all the Fruits and Dainties of that Country, and live in all +the Mirth and Jollity, which it is possible for such People +to entertain themselves withal. Here it is, that they get +their Complement of Deer-Skins and Furs to trade with the English, +(the Deer-Skins being in Season in Winter, which is contrary to England.) +All small Game, as Turkeys, Ducks, and small Vermine, they commonly kill +with Bow and Arrow, thinking it not worth throwing Powder and Shot after them. +Of Turkeys they have abundance; especially, in Oak-Land, +as most of it is, that lies any distance backwards. I have been often +in their Hunting-Quarters, where a roasted or barbakued Turkey, +eaten with Bears Fat, is held a good Dish; and indeed, I approve of it +very well; for the Bears Grease is the sweetest and least offensive +to the Stomach (as I said before) of any Fat of Animals I ever tasted. +{Beating of Corn.} The Savage Men never beat their Corn to make Bread; +but that is the Womens Work, especially the Girls, of whom you shall see +four beating with long great Pestils in a narrow wooden Mortar; +and every one keeps her Stroke so exactly, that 'tis worthy of Admiration. +Their Cookery continues from Morning till Night. The Hunting +makes them hungry; and the Indians are a People that always +eat very often, not seldom getting up at Midnight, to eat. +They plant a great many sorts of Pulse, Part of which they eat green +in the Summer, keeping great Quantities for their Winter-Store, +which they carry along with them into the Hunting-Quarters, and eat them. + +The small red Pease is very common with them, and they eat +a great deal of that and other sorts boil'd with their Meat, +or eaten with Bears Fat, which Food makes them break Wind backwards, +which the Men frequently do, and laugh heartily at it, it being accounted +no ill Manners amongst the Indians: Yet the Women are more modest, +than to follow that ill Custom. At their setting out, they have Indians +to attend their Hunting-Camp, that are not good and expert Hunters; +{Servile Indians.} therefore are employ'd to carry Burdens, +to get Bark for the Cabins, and other Servile Work; also to go +backward and forward, to their Towns, to carry News to the old People, +whom they leave behind them. The Women are forced to carry +their Loads of Grain and other Provisions, and get Fire-Wood; +for a good Hunter, or Warriour in these Expeditions, is employ'd +in no other Business, than the Affairs of Game and Battle. +{Dry'd Fruits.} The wild Fruits which are dry'd in the Summer, over Fires, +on Hurdles and in the Sun, are now brought into the Field; as are likewise +the Cakes and Quiddonies of Peaches, and that Fruit and Bilberries dry'd, +of which they stew and make Fruit-Bread and Cakes. {Pigeons Fat.} +In some parts, where Pigeons are plentiful, they get of their Fat +enough to supply their Winter Stores. Thus they abide in these Quarters, +all the Winter long, till the Time approach for planting +their Maiz and other Fruits. {Bowls and Tobacco-Pipes to make. Dress Skins.} +In these quarters, at Spare-hours, the Women make Baskets and Mats +to lie upon, and those that are not extraordinary Hunters, +make Bowls, Dishes, and Spoons, of Gum-wood, and the Tulip-Tree; +others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose) +make Tobacco-pipes, all which are often transported to other Indians, +that perhaps have greater Plenty of Deer and other Game; +so they buy (with these Manufactures) their raw Skins, with the Hair on, +which our neighbouring Indians bring to their Towns, +and, in the Summer-time, make the Slaves and sorry Hunters dress them, +the Winter-Sun being not strong enough to dry them; and those +that are dry'd in the Cabins are black and nasty with the Lightwood Smoke, +which they commonly burn. Their Way of dressing their Skins +is by soaking them in Water, so they get the Hair off, with an Instrument +made of the Bone of a Deer's Foot; yet some use a sort of Iron Drawing-Knife, +which they purchase of the English, and after the Hair is off, +they dissolve Deers Brains, (which beforehand are made in a Cake +and baked in the Embers) in a Bowl of Water, so soak the Skins therein, +till the Brains have suck'd up the Water; then they dry it gently, +and keep working it with an Oyster-Shell, or some such thing, +to scrape withal, till it is dry; whereby it becomes soft and pliable. +Yet these so dress'd will not endure wet, but become hard thereby; +which to prevent, they either cure them in the Smoke, +or tan them with Bark, as before observ'd; not but that young Indian Corn, +beaten to a Pulp, will effect the same as the Brains. They are not only +good Hunters of the wild Beasts and Game of the Forest, but very expert +in taking the Fish of the Rivers and Waters near which they inhabit, +and are acquainted withal. {Fish to strike.} Thus they that live +a great way up the Rivers practise Striking Sturgeon and Rock-fish, or Bass, +when they come up the Rivers to spawn; besides the vast Shoals of Sturgeon +which they kill and take with Snares, as we do Pike in Europe. The Herrings +in March and April run a great way up the Rivers and fresh Streams +to spawn, where the Savages make great Wares, with Hedges +that hinder their Passage only in the Middle, where an artificial Pound +is made to take them in; so that they cannot return. This Method is in use +all over the fresh Streams, to catch Trout and the other Species of Fish +which those Parts afford. {Craw-fish to take.} Their taking of Craw-fish +is so pleasant, that I cannot pass it by without mention; +When they have a mind to get these Shell-fish, they take a Piece of Venison, +and half-barbakue or roast it; then they cut it into thin Slices, +which Slices they stick through with Reeds about six Inches asunder, +betwixt Piece and Piece; then the Reeds are made sharp at one end; +and so they stick a great many of them down in the bottom of the Water +(thus baited) in the small Brooks and Runs, which the Craw-fish frequent. +Thus the Indians sit by, and tend those baited Sticks, +every now and then taking them up, to see how many are at the Bait; +where they generally find abundance; so take them off, +and put them in a Basket for the purpose, and stick the Reeds down again. +By this Method, they will, in a little time, catch several Bushels, +which are as good, as any I ever eat. {Hatteras Indians.} +Those Indians that frequent the Salt-Waters, take abundance of Fish, +some very large, and of several sorts, which to preserve, +they first barbakue, then pull the Fish to Pieces, so dry it in the Sun, +whereby it keeps for Transportation; as for Scate, Oysters, Cockles, +and several sorts of Shell-fish, they open and dry them upon Hurdles, +having a constant Fire under them. The Hurdles are made of Reeds or Canes +in the shape of a Gridiron. Thus they dry several Bushels of these Fish, +and keep them for their Necessities. At the time when they are on the Salts, +and Sea Coasts, they have another Fishery, that is for a little Shell-fish, +{Blackmoor Teeth.} which those in England call Blackmoors Teeth. +These they catch by tying Bits of Oysters to a long String, +which they lay in such places, as, they know, those Shell-Fish haunt. +These Fish get hold of the Oysters, and suck them in, so that they pull up +those long Strings, and take great Quantities of them, which they carry +a great way into the main Land, to trade with the remote Indians, +where they are of great Value; but never near the Sea, by reason +they are common, therefore not esteem'd. Besides, the Youth and Indian Boys +go in the Night, and one holding a Lightwood Torch, the other has +a Bow and Arrows, and the Fire directing him to see the Fish, he shoots them +with the Arrows; and thus they kill a great many of the smaller Fry, +and sometimes pretty large ones. {Indians not eat of the first he kills.} +It is an establish'd Custom amongst all these Natives, +that the young Hunter never eats of that Buck, Bear, Fish, or any other Game, +which happens to be the first they kill of that sort; because they believe, +if he should eat thereof, he would never after be fortunate in Hunting. +{Big bellied Woman never eat of the first Fish caught in a Ware.} +The like foolish Ceremony they hold, when they have made a Ware +to take Fish withal; if a big-belly'd Woman eat of the first Dish +that is caught in it, they say, that Ware will never take much Fish; +{Indians not kill Snakes why.} and as for killing of Snakes, +they avoid it, if they lie in their way, because their Opinion is, +that some of the Serpents Kindred would kill some of the Savages Relations, +that should destroy him: They have thousands of these foolish +Ceremonies and Beliefs, which they are strict Observers of. +Moreover, several Customs are found in some Families, which others keep not; +{Circumcision.} as for Example, two Families of the Machapunga Indians, +use the Jewish Custom of Circumcision, and the rest do not; +neither did I ever know any others amongst the Indians, +that practis'd any such thing; and perhaps, if you ask them, +what is the Reason they do so, they will make you no Manner of Answer; +which is as much as to say, I will not tell you. Many other Customs +they have, for which they will render no Reason or Account; +and to pretend to give a true Description of their Religion, it is impossible; +for there are a great many of their Absurdities, which, for some Reason, +they reserve as a Secret amongst themselves; or otherwise, +they are jealous of their Weakness in the practising them; +so that they never acquaint any Christian with the Knowledge thereof, +let Writers pretend what they will; {Indian Idols give an account of.} +for I have known them amongst their Idols and dead Kings +in their Quiogozon for several Days, where I could never get Admittance, +to see what they were doing, though I was at great Friendship +with the King and great Men; but all my Persuasions avail'd me nothing. +Neither were any but the King, with the Conjurer, and some few old Men, +in that House; as for the young Men, and chiefest Numbers of the Indians, +they were kept as ignorant of what the Elders were doing, as myself. + +{The World is round.} +They all believe, that this World is round, and that there are two Spirits; +the one good, the other bad: {What they believe of God. +Their offering Idols.} The good one they reckon to be +the Author and Maker of every thing, and say, that it is he, +that gives them the Fruits of the Earth, and has taught them to hunt, fish, +and be wise enough to overpower the Beasts of the Wilderness, +and all other Creatures, that they may be assistant, and beneficial to Man; +to which they add, that the Quera, or good Spirit, has been very kind +to the English Men, to teach them to make Guns, and Ammunition, +besides a great many other Necessaries, that are helpful to Man, +all which, they say, will be deliver'd to them, when that good Spirit +sees fit. They do not believe, that God punishes any Man +either in this Life, or that to come; but that he delights in doing good, +and in giving the Fruits of the Earth, and instructing us in making +several useful and ornamental things. {Devil what.} They say, +it is a bad Spirit (who lives separate from the good one) +that torments us with Sicknesses, Disappointments, Losses, Hunger, Travel, +and all the Misfortunes, that Humane Life is incident to. +How they are treated in the next World, I have already mention'd, +and, as I said before, they are very resolute in dying, +when in the Hands of Savage Enemies; yet I saw one of their young Men, +a very likely Person, condemn'd, on a Sunday, for Killing a Negro, +and burning the House. {Indian condemn'd.} I took good Notice +of his Behaviour, when he was brought out of the House to die, +which was the next Morning after Sentence, but he chang'd his Countenance +with Trembling, and was in the greatest Fear and Agony. I never saw +any Person under his Circumstances, which, perhaps, might be occasion'd +by his being deliver'd up by his own Nation (which was the Tuskeruro's) +and executed by us, that are not their common Enemies, though he met +with more Favour than he would have receiv'd at the Hands of Savages; +for he was only hang'd on a Tree, near the Place where the Murder +was committed; and the three Kings, that but the day before +shew'd such a Reluctancy to deliver him up, (but would have given another +in his Room) when he was hang'd, pull'd him by the Hand, and said, +`Thou wilt never play any more Rogues Tricks in this World; +whither art thou gone to shew thy Tricks now?' Which shews these Savages +to be what they really are, (viz) a People that will save their own Men +if they can, but if the Safety of all the People lies at Stake, they will +deliver up the most innocent Person living, and be so far from Concern, +when they have made themselves easy thereby, that they will laugh +at their Misfortunes, and never pity or think of them more. + +{Indian Conjurers.} +Their Priests are the Conjurers and Doctors of the Nation. +I shall mention some of their Methods, and Practices; and so leave them +to the Judgment of the Reader. As I told you before, the Priests make +their Orations at every Feast, or other great Meeting of the Indians. +{Indian Lightning, at Chattooka, at a Feast for rebuilding +a King's House burnt.} I happen'd to be at one of these great Meetings, +which was at the Funeral of a Tuskeruro Indian, that was slain +with Lightning at a Feast, the day before, where I was amongst the rest; +it was in July, and a very fair day, where, in the Afternoon, +about six or seven a Clock, as they were dealing out their Victuals, +there appear'd a little black Cloud to the North West, +which spread and brought with it Rain, Wind and Lightning; +so we went out from the Place where we were all at Victuals, +and went down to the Cabins where I left the Indians, and went to lie +in my Canoe, which was convenient enough to keep me dry. +The Lightning came so terrible, and down in long Streams, +that I was afraid it would have taken hold of a Barrel of Powder +I had in my Vessel, and so blown me up; but it pleas'd God, +that it did me no Harm; yet the Violence of the Wind had blown +all the Water away, where I rid at Anchor, so that my Canoe lay dry, +and some Indian Women came with Torches in their Hands +to the side of the Canoe, and told me, an Indian was kill'd with Lightning. +The next day, (I think) he was buried, and I stay'd to see the Ceremony, +and was very tractable to help the Indians to trim their Reeds, +and make the Coffin, which pleased them very much, because I had a mind +to see the Interment. Before he was Interr'd according to their Custom, +they dealt every one some hot Victuals, which he took and did +what he would with: Then the Doctor began to talk, and told the People +what Lightning was, and that it kill'd every thing that dwelt upon the Earth; +nay, the very Fishes did not escape; for it often reach'd +the Porpoises and other Fish, and destroy'd them; that every thing +strove to shun it, except the Mice, who, he said, were the busiest +in eating their Corn in the Fields, when it lightned the most. +He added, that no Wood or Tree could withstand it, except the black Gum, +and that it would run round that Tree a great many times, to enter therein, +but could not effect it. Now you must understand, that sort of Gum will not +split or rive; therefore, I suppose, the Story might arise from thence. +At last, he began to tell the most ridiculous absurd Parcel of Lyes +about Lightning, that could be; as that an Indian of that Nation +had once got Lightning in the Likeness of a Partridge; +That no other Lightning could harm him, whilst he had that about him; +and that after he had kept it for several Years, it got away from him; +so that he then became as liable to be struck with Lightning, +as any other Person. There was present at the same time, +an Indian that had liv'd from his Youth, chiefly in an English House; +so I call'd to him, and told him, what a Parcel of Lyes the Conjurer told, +not doubting but he thought so, as well as I, but I found to the contrary; +for he reply'd, that I was much mistaken, for that old Man +(who, I believe was upwards of an hundred Years old) did never tell Lyes; +and as for what he said, it was very true; for he knew it himself to be so. +{How hard it is to bring the Indians from their Superstition.} +Thereupon, seeing the Fellow's Ignorance, I talk'd no more about it. +{Rattle-Snake kill Indians in Canoes. Eagles kill it.} +Then the Doctor proceeded to tell a long Tale of a great Rattle-Snake, +which, a great while ago, liv'd by a Creek in that River +(which was Neus) and that it kill'd abundance of Indians; +but at last, a bald Eagle kill'd it, and they were rid of a Serpent, +that us'd to devour whole Canoes full of Indians, at a time. +I have been something tedious upon this Subject, on purpose to shew +what strange ridiculous Stories these Wretches are inclinable to believe. +I suppose, these Doctors understand a little better themselves, +than to give Credit to any such Fooleries; for I reckon them +the cunningest Knaves in all the Pack. I will therefore begin with +their Physick and Surgery, which is next: {Indian Physick and Surgery.} +You must know, that the Doctors or Conjurers, to gain a greater Credit +amongst these People, tell them, that all Distempers are +the Effects of evil Spirits, or the bad Spirit, which has struck them +with this or that Malady; therefore, none of these Physicians +undertakes any Distemper, but that he comes to an Exorcism, +to effect the Cure, and acquaints the sick Party's Friends, +that he must converse with the good Spirit, to know whether the Patient +will recover or not; if so, then he will drive out the bad Spirit, +and the Patient will become well. Now, the general way of their Behaviour +in curing the Sick, (a great deal of which I have seen, +and shall give some Account thereof, in as brief a manner as possible) is, +when an Indian is sick, if they think there is much Danger of Life, +and that he is a great Man or hath good Friends, the Doctor is sent for. +As soon as the Doctor comes into the Cabin, the sick Person is sat +on a Mat or Skin, stark-naked, lying on his Back, and all uncover'd, +except some small Trifle that covers their Nakedness when ripe, +otherwise in very young Children, there is nothing about them. +{Conjuring over the Sick.} In this manner, the Patient lies, +when the Conjurer appears; and the King of that Nation comes to attend him +with a Rattle made of a Gourd with Pease in it. This the King delivers +into the Doctor's Hand, whilst another brings a Bowl of Water, +and sets it down: Then the Doctor begins, and utters some few Words +very softly; afterwards he smells of the Patient's Navel and Belly, +and sometimes scarifies him a little with a Flint, or an Instrument +made of Rattle-Snakes Teeth for that purpose; then he sucks the Patient, +and gets out a Mouthful of Blood and Serum, but Serum chiefly; +which, perhaps, may be a better Method in many Cases, than to take away +great Quantities of Blood, as is commonly practis'd; which he spits +in the Bowl of Water. Then he begins to mutter, and talk apace, +and, at last, to cut Capers, and clap his Hands on his Breech and Sides, +till he gets into a Sweat, so that a Stranger would think he was running mad; +now and then sucking the Patient, and so, at times, keeps sucking, +till he has got a great Quantity of very ill-coloured Matter out of the Belly, +Arms, Breast, Forehead, Temples, Neck, and most Parts, still continuing +his Grimaces, and antick Postures, which are not to be match'd in Bedlam: +At last, you will see the Doctor all over of a dropping Sweat, +and scarce able to utter one Word, having quite spent himself; +then he will cease for a while, and so begin again, till he comes +in the same Pitch of Raving and seeming Madness, as before, +(all this time the sick Body never so much as moves, although, doubtless, +the Lancing and Sucking must be a great Punishment to them; +but they, certainly, are the patientest and most steady People +under any Burden, that I ever saw in my Life.) {Whether live or die.} +At last, the Conjurer makes an end, and tells the Patient's Friends, +whether the Person will live or die; {Bury the Serum.} +and then one that waits at this Ceremony, takes the Blood away, +(which remains in a Lump, in the middle of the Water) and buries it +in the Ground, in a Place unknown to any one, but he that inters it. +Now, I believe a great deal of Imposture in these Fellows; +yet I never knew their Judgment fail, though I have seen them +give their Opinion after this Manner, several times: Some affirm, +that there is a smell of Brimstone in the Cabins, when they are Conjuring, +which I cannot contradict. Which way it may come, I will not argue, +but proceed to a Relation or two, which I have from a great many Persons, +and some of them worthy of Credit. + +{Indian Robbery.} +The first is, of a certain Indian, that one rainy Night, undermin'd a House +made of Logs, (such as the Swedes in America very often make, +and are very strong) which belong'd to Seth Southwell, Esq; +Governor of North-Carolina, and one of the Proprietors. +There was but one place the Indian could get in at, which was very narrow; +the rest was secur'd, by having Barrels of Pork and other Provisions +set against the side of the House, so that if this Indian +had not exactly hit the very Place he undermin'd, it had been impossible +for him to have got therein, because of the full Barrels that stood +round the House, and barricadoed it within. The Indian stole +sixty or eighty dress'd Deer-Skins, besides Blankets, Powder, Shot and Rum, +(this being the Indian Store-House, where the Trading Goods were kept.) +Now, the Indian had made his Escape, but dropt some of the Skins by the way, +and they track'd his Foot-steps, and found him to be an Indian; +then they guess'd who it was, because none but that Indian +had lately been near the House. Thereupon, the Governor sent +to the Indian Town that he belong'd to, which was the Tuskeruro's, +and acquainted them that if they did not deliver up the Indian, +who had committed the Robbery, he would take a Course with them, +that would not be very agreeable. Upon this, the Indians of the Town +he belong'd to, brought him in bound, and deliver'd him up to the Governor, +who laid him in Irons. At the same time, it happen'd, +that a Robbery was committed amongst themselves, at the Indian Town, +and this Prisoner was one of their Conjurers; so the Indians came down +to the Governor's House, and acquainted him with what had happen'd +amongst them, and that a great Quantity of Peak, was stoln away +out of one of their Cabins, and no one could find out the Thief, +unless he would let the Prisoner conjure for it, who was the only Man they had +at making such Discoveries. The Governor was content he should try +his Skill for them, but not to have the Prisoners Irons taken off, +which was very well approved of. The Indian was brought out in his Fetters, +where were the Governor's Family, and several others of the Neighbourhood, +now living, to see this Experiment; which he perform'd thus: + +{Conjuring for stoln Goods.} +The Conjurer order'd three Fires to be made in a triangular Form, +which was accordingly done; then he was hoodwink'd very securely, +with a dress'd Deer-Skin, two or three doubles, over his Face. +After he had made some Motions, as they always do, he went directly +out of one of the three Gaps, as exactly as if he had not been blindfolded, +and kept muttering to himself, having a Stick in his Hand, +with which, after some time, he struck two Strokes very hard upon the Ground, +and made thereon a Cross, after which he told the Indian's Name +that had stoln the Goods, and said, that he would have a Cross on his Back; +which prov'd true; for when they took and search'd him, there appear'd +two great Wheals on his Back, one cross the other; for the Thief +was at Governor Southwell's House, and was under no Apprehension +of being discover'd. The Indians proffer'd to sell him as a Slave +to the Governor, but he refused to buy him; so they took him bound away. + +Another Instance, of the like Nature, happen'd at the same House. +One of the Tuskeruro Kings had brought in a Slave to the same Governor, +to whom he had sold him; and before he return'd, fell sick +at the Governor's House; upon which, the Doctor that belong'd +to this King's Nation, was sent for, being a Man that was held to be +the greatest Conjurer amongst them. It was three Days, +before he could arrive, and he appear'd (when he came) to be +a very little Man, and so old, that his Hair was as white as ever was seen. +When he approach'd the sick King, he order'd a Bowl of Water +to be brought him, and three Chunks of Wood, which was immediately done. +Then he took the Water, and set it by him, and spurted a little on him, +and with the three Pieces of Wood, he made a Place to stand on, +whereby he was rais'd higher; (he being a very low statur'd Man) then he took +a String of Ronoak, which is the same as a String of small Beads; +this he held by one End, between his Fingers; the other End touch'd +the King's Stomach, as he stood on the Logs. Then he began to talk, +and at length, the By-standers thought really, that they heard somebody +talk to him, but saw no more than what first came in. At last, +this String of Beads, which hung thus perpendicular, turn'd up +as an Eel would do, and without any Motion of his, they came all up +(in a lump) under his Hand, and hung so for a considerable time, +he never closing his Hand, and at length return'd to their pristine +Length and Shape, at which the Spectators were much frightned. +Then he told the Company, that he would recover, and that his Distemper +would remove into his Leg, all which happen'd to be exactly +as the Indian Doctor had told. These are Matters of Fact, and I can, +at this day, prove the Truth thereof by several substantial Evidences, +that are Men of Reputation, there being more than a dozen People present, +when this was perform'd; most of whom are now alive. + +{Salmon-Creek.} +There are a great many other Stories, of this Nature, +which are seemingly true, being told by Persons that affirm +they were Eye-Witnesses thereof; as, that they have seen one Roncommock +(a Chuwou Indian, and a great Conjurer) take a Reed about two Foot long +in his Mouth, and stand by a Creek-side, where he call'd twice or thrice +with the Reed in his Mouth; and, at last, has open'd his Arms, +and fled over the Creek, which might be near a quarter of a Mile wide or more; +but I shall urge no Man's Belief, but tell my own; which is, that I believe +the two first Accounts, which were acted at Mr. Southwell's Plantation, +as firmly as any Man can believe any thing of that which is told him +by honest Men, and he has not seen; not at all doubting +the Credit of my Authors. + +The Cures I have seen perform'd by the Indians, are too many +to repeat here; so I shall only mention some few, and their Method. +{Scald Head cured.} They cure Scald-heads infallibly, and never miss. +Their chief Remedy as I have seen them make use of, is, the Oil of Acorns, +but from which sort of Oak I am not certain. They cure Burns beyond Credit. +I have seen a Man burnt in such a manner, (when drunk) by falling into a Fire, +that I did not think he could recover; yet they cur'd him in ten Days, +so that he went about. I knew another blown up with Powder, +that was cured to Admiration. {No ulcerated Wounds.} I never saw an Indian +have an Ulcer, or foul Wound in my Life; neither is there any such thing +to be found amongst them. {Pox to cure.} They cure the Pox, by a Berry +that salivates, as Mercury does; yet they use Sweating and Decoctions +very much with it; as they do, almost on every Occasion; +and when they are thoroughly heated, they leap into the River. +The Pox is frequent in some of these Nations; amongst which +I knew one Woman die of it; and they could not, or would not, cure her. +Before she died, she was worn away to a Skeleton, yet walk'd up and down +to the last. We had a Planter in Carolina, who had got an Ulcer in his Leg, +which had troubled him a great many Years; at last, he apply'd himself +to one of these Indian Conjurers, who was a Pampticough Indian, +and was not to give the Value of fifteen Shillings for the Cure. +{Indian cure an Ulcer.} Now, I am not positive, whether he wash'd the Ulcer +with any thing, before he used what I am now going to speak of, +which was nothing but the rotten doated Grains of Indian Corn, +beaten to Powder, and the soft Down growing on a Turkey's Rump. +This dry'd the Ulcer up immediately, and no other Fontanel was made +to discharge the Matter, he remaining a healthful Man, +till the time he had the Misfortune to be drown'd, which was many Years after. +{Cure in Maryland.} Another Instance (not of my own Knowledge, +but I had it confirm'd by several Dwellers in Maryland, +where it was done) was, of an honest Planter that had been possess'd +with a strange Lingring Distemper, not usual amongst them, +under which he emaciated, and grew every Month worse than another, +it having held him several Years, in which time he had made Tryal +of several Doctors, as they call them, which, I suppose, were Ship-Surgeons. +In the beginning of this Distemper, the Patient was very well to pass, +and was possess'd of several Slaves, which the Doctors purged all away, +and the poor Man was so far from mending, that he grew worse and worse +every day. But it happen'd, that, one day, as his Wife and he +were commiserating his miserable Condition, and that he could not expect +to recover, but look'd for Death very speedily, and condoling the Misery +he should leave his Wife and Family in, since all his Negro's were gone. +At that time, I say, it happen'd, that an Indian was in the same Room, +who had frequented the House for many Years, and so was become +as one of the Family, and would sometimes be at this Planter's House, +and at other times amongst the Indians. + +This Savage, hearing what they talk'd of, and having a great Love +for the Sick Man, made this Reply to what he had heard. +`Brother, you have been a long time Sick; and, I know, you have +given away your Slaves to your English Doctors: What made you do so, +and now become poor? They do not know how to cure you; +for it is an Indian Distemper, which your People know not the Nature of. +If it had been an English Disease, probably they could have cured you; +and had you come to me at first, I would have cured you for a small matter, +without taking away your Servants that made Corn for you and your Family +to eat; and yet, if you will give me a Blanket to keep me warm, +and some Powder and Shot to kill Deer withal, I will do my best +to make you well still.' The Man was low in Courage and Pocket too, +and made the Indian this Reply. `Jack, my Distemper is past Cure, +and if our English Doctors cannot cure it, I am sure, the Indians cannot.' +But his Wife accosted her Husband in very mild terms, and told him, +he did not know, but God might be pleased to give a Blessing +to that Indian's Undertaking more than he had done to the English; +and farther added; `if you die, I cannot be much more miserable, +by giving this small matter to the Indian; so I pray you, my Dear, +take my Advice, and try him;' to which, by her Persuasions, he consented. +After the Bargain was concluded, the Indian went into the Woods, +and brought in both Herbs and Roots, of which he made a Decoction, +and gave it the Man to drink, and bad him go to bed, saying, +it should not be long, before he came again, which the Patient perform'd +as he had ordered; and the Potion he had administred made him sweat +after the most violent manner that could be, whereby he smell'd +very offensively both to himself, and they that were about him; +but in the Evening, towards Night, Jack came, with a great Rattle-Snake +in his Hand alive, which frightned the People almost out of their Senses; +{Cure by a Snake.} and he told his Patient, that he must take that +to Bed to him; at which the Man was in a great Consternation, +and told the Indian, he was resolv'd, to let no Snake come into his Bed, +for he might as well die of the Distemper he had, as be kill'd +with the Bite of that Serpent. To which the Indian reply'd, +he could not bite him now, nor do him any Harm; for he had taken out +his Poison-teeth, and shew'd him, that they were gone. At last, +with much Persuasion, he admitted the Snake's Company, which the Indian +put about his Middle, and order'd nobody to take him away upon any account, +which was strictly observ'd, although the Snake girded him as hard +for a great while, as if he had been drawn in by a Belt, which one pull'd at, +with all his strength. At last, the Snake's Twitches grew weaker and weaker, +till, by degrees, he felt him not; and opening the Bed, he was found dead, +and the Man thought himself better. The Indian came in the Morning, +and seeing the Snake dead, told the Man, that his Distemper was dead +along with that Snake, which prov'd so as he said; for the Man +speedily recover'd his Health, and became perfectly well. + +{Spleen how cure.} +They cure the Spleen (which they are much addicted to) by burning with a Reed. +They lay the Patient on his Back, so put a hollow Cane into the Fire, +where they burn the End thereof, till it is very hot, and on Fire at the end. +Then they lay a Piece of thin Leather on the Patient's Belly, +between the Pit of the Stomach and the Navel, so press the hot Reed +on the Leather, which burns the Patient so that you may ever after see +the Impression of the Reed where it was laid on, which Mark never goes off +so long as he lives. This is used for the Belly-Ach sometimes. +{Colouring of the Hair.} They can colour their Hair black, +though sometimes it is reddish, which they do with the Seed of a Flower +that grows commonly in their Plantations. I believe this would change +the reddest Hair into perfect black. {Not many Tears, Rozins.} +They make use of no Minerals in their Physick, and not much of Animals; +but chiefly rely on Vegetables. They have several Remedies for the Tooth-ach, +which often drive away the Pain; but if they fail, they have Recourse +to punching out the Tooth, with a small Cane set against the same, +on a Bit of Leather. Then they strike the Reed, and so drive out the Tooth; +and howsoever it may seem to the Europeans, I prefer it before +the common way of drawing Teeth by those Instruments than endanger the Jaw, +and a Flux of Blood often follows, which this Method of a Punch +never is attended withal; neither is it half the Pain. +The Spontaneous Plants of America the Savages are well acquainted withal; +and a Flux of Blood never follows any of their Operations. +They are wholly Strangers to Amputation, and for what natural Issues of Blood +happen immoderately, they are not to seek for a certain and speedy Cure. +Tears, Rozins, and Gums, I have not discover'd that they make much use of; +And as for Purging and Emeticks, so much in fashion with us, +they never apply themselves to, {Yaupon.} unless in drinking +vast Quantities of their Yaupon or Tea, and vomiting it up again, +as clear as they drink it. This is a Custom amongst all those +that can procure that Plant, in which manner they take it every other Morning, +or oftner; by which Method they keep their Stomachs clean, +without pricking the Coats, and straining Nature, as every Purge +is an Enemy to. Besides, the great Diuretick Quality of their Tea +carries off a great deal, that perhaps might prejudice their Health, +by Agues, and Fevers, which all watry Countries are addicted to; +for which reason, I believe, it is, that the Indians are not so much +addicted to that Distemper, as we are, they preventing its seizing upon them, +by this Plant alone. Moreover, I have remark'd, that it is only those Places +bordering on the Ocean and great Rivers, that this Distemper is frequent in, +and only on and near the same Places this Evergreen is to be found; +and none up towards the Mountains, where these Agues seldom or never appear; +Nature having provided suitable Remedies, in all Countries, +proper for the Maladies that are common thereto. The Savages of Carolina +have this Tea in Veneration, above all the Plants they are acquainted withal, +and tell you, the Discovery thereof was by an infirm Indian, +that labour'd under the Burden of many rugged Distempers, +and could not be cured by all their Doctors; so, one day, +he fell asleep, and dreamt, that if he took a Decoction of the Tree +that grew at his Head, he would certainly be cured; upon which he awoke, +and saw the Yaupon or Cassena-Tree, which was not there +when he fell asleep. He follow'd the Direction of his Dream, +and became perfectly well in a short time. Now, I suppose, +no Man has so little Sense as to believe this Fable; yet it lets us see +what they intend thereby, and that it has, doubtless, work'd Feats enough, +to gain it such an Esteem amongst these Savages, who are too well versed +in Vegetables, to be brought to a continual use of any one of them, +upon a meer Conceit or Fancy, without some apparent Benefit +they found thereby; especially, when we are sensible, +they drink the Juices of Plants, to free Nature of her Burdens, +and not out of Foppery and Fashion, as other Nations are oftentimes +found to do. Amongst all the Discoveries of America, +by the Missionaries of the French and Spaniards, I wonder none of them +was so kind to the World, as to have kept a Catalogue of the Distempers +they found the Savages capable of curing, and their Method of Cure; +which might have been of some Advantage to our Materia Medica at home, +when deliver'd by Men of Learning, and other Qualifications, +as most of them are. Authors generally tell us, that the Savages +are well enough acquainted with those Plants which their Climate affords, +and that some of them effect great Cures, but by what Means, +and in what Form, we are left in the dark. {Sassafras.} +The Bark of the Root of the Sassafras-Tree, I have observ'd, +is much used by them. They generally torrefy it in the Embers, +so strip off the Bark from the Root, beating it to a Consistence +fit to spread, so lay it on the griev'd Part; which both cleanses +a fowl Ulcer; and after Scarrification, being apply'd to a Contusion, +or Swelling, draws forth the Pain, and reduces the Part to its pristine +State of Health, as I have often seen effected. Fats and Unguents +never appear in their Chirurgery, when the Skin is once broke. +The Fats of Animals are used by them, to render their Limbs pliable, +and when wearied, to relieve the Joints, and this not often, +because they approve of the Sweating-House (in such cases) above all things. +{Make Bread, how. Alkali Salts.} The Salts they mix +with their Bread and Soupe, to give them a Relish, are Alkalis, +(viz.) Ashes, and calcined Bones of Deer, and other Animals. +{No Sallads, Pepper, or Mustard.} Sallads, they never eat any; +as for Pepper and Mustard, they reckon us little better than Madmen, +to make use of it amongst our Victuals. They are never troubled +with the Scurvy, Dropsy, nor Stone. The Phthisick, Asthma, and Diabetes, +they are wholly Strangers to; neither do I remember I ever saw +one Paralytick amongst them. The Gout, I cannot be certain +whether they know what it is, or not. Indeed, I never saw +any Nodes or Swellings, which attend the Gout in Europe; +{Rhumatick Pains.} yet they have a sort of Rhumatism or Burning of the Limbs, +which tortures them grievously, at which time their Legs are so hot, +that they employ the young People continually to pour Water down them. +I never saw but one or two thus afflicted. The Struma is not uncommon +amongst these Savages, and another Distemper, which is, in some respects, +like the Pox, but is attended with no Gonorrhoea. This not seldom +bereaves them of their Nose. I have seen three or four of them +render'd most miserable Spectacles by this Distemper. +Yet, when they have been so negligent, as to let it run on so far +without curbing of it; at last, they make shift to patch themselves up, +and live for many years after; and such Men commonly turn Doctors. +I have known two or three of these no-nose Doctors in great Esteem +amongst these Savages. The Juice of the Tulip-Tree is used +as a proper Remedy for this Distemper. What Knowledge they have in Anatomy, +I cannot tell, neither did I ever see them employ themselves therein, +unless, as I told you before, when they make the Skeletons +of their Kings and great Mens Bones. + +The Indians are very careless and negligent of their Health; +as, by Drunkenness, Wading in the Water, irregular Diet and Lodging, +and a thousand other Disorders, (that would kill an European) +which they daily use. They boil and roast their Meat extraordinary much, +and eat abundance of Broth, {Naked Indians.} except the Savages +whom we call the naked Indians, who never eat any Soupe. +They travel from the Banks of the Messiasippi, to war against +the Sinnagars or Iroquois, and are (if equal Numbers) +commonly too hard for them. They will lie and sleep in the Woods +without Fire, being inur'd thereto. They are the hardiest of all Indians, +and run so fast, that they are never taken, neither do any Indians +outrun them, if they are pursu'd. Their Savage Enemies say, +their Nimbleness and Wind proceeds from their never eating any Broth. +{Small-Pox.} The Small-Pox has been fatal to them; they do not often escape, +when they are seiz'd with that Distemper, which is a contrary Fever +to what they ever knew. Most certain, it had never visited America, +before the Discovery thereof by the Christians. Their running into the Water, +in the Extremity of this Disease, strikes it in, and kills all that use it. +Now they are become a little wiser; but formerly it destroy'd whole Towns, +without leaving one Indian alive in the Village. The Plague was never known +amongst them, that I could learn by what Enquiry I have made: +These Savages use Scarrification almost in all Distempers. +Their chief Instruments for that Operation is the Teeth of Rattle-Snakes, +which they poison withal. They take them out of the Snake's Head, +and suck out the Poison with their Mouths, (and so keep them for use) +and spit out the Venom, which is green, and are never damag'd thereby. +The Small-Pox and Rum have made such a Destruction amongst them, +that, on good grounds, I do believe, there is not the sixth Savage living +within two hundred Miles of all our Settlements, as there were +fifty Years ago. These poor Creatures have so many Enemies to destroy them, +that it's a wonder one of them is left alive near us. The Small-pox +I have acquainted you withal above, and so I have of Rum, and shall only add, +that they have got a way to carry it back to the Westward Indians, +who never knew what it was, till within very few Years. Now they have it +brought them by the Tuskeruro's, and other Neighbour-Indians, +but the Tuskeruro's chiefly, who carry it in Rundlets several hundred Miles, +amongst other Indians. Sometimes they cannot forbear breaking their Cargo, +but sit down in the Woods, and drink it all up, and then hollow and shout +like so many Bedlamites. I accidentally once met with one of these +drunken Crews, and was amaz'd to see a Parcel of drunken Savages +so far from any Englishman's House; but the Indians I had in Company +inform'd me, that they were Merchants, and had drunk all their Stock, +as is very common for them to do. But when they happen to carry it safe, +(which is seldom, without drinking some part of it, and filling it up +with Water) and come to an Indian Town, those that buy Rum of them +have so many Mouthfuls for a Buck-Skin, they never using any other Measure; +and for this purpose, the Buyer always makes Choice of his Man, +which is one that has the greatest Mouth, whom he brings to the Market +with a Bowl to put it in. The Seller looks narrowly to the Man's Mouth +that measures it, and if he happens to swallow any down, +either through Wilfulness or otherwise, the Merchant or some of his Party, +does not scruple to knock the Fellow down, exclaiming against him +for false Measure. Thereupon, the Buyer finds another Mouthpiece +to measure the Rum by; so that this Trading is very agreeable +to the Spectators, to see such a deal of Quarrelling and Controversy, +as often happens, about it, and is very diverting. + +{Poisoning of Taylor.} +Another Destroyer of them, is, the Art they have, and often practise, +of poisoning one another; which is done by a large, white, spungy Root, +that grows in the Fresh-Marshes, which is one of their Poisons; +not but that they have many other Drugs, which they poison one another withal. + +{How the Indians war.} +Lastly, the continual Wars these Savages maintain, one Nation against another, +which sometimes hold for some Ages, killing and making Captives, +till they become so weak thereby, that they are forced to make Peace +for want of Recruits, to supply their Wars; and the Difference of Languages, +that is found amongst these Heathens, seems altogether strange. +For it often appears, that every dozen Miles, you meet with an Indian Town, +that is quite different from the others you last parted withal; +and what a little supplies this Defect is, that the most powerful +Nation of these Savages scorns to treat or trade with any others +(of fewer Numbers and less Power) in any other Tongue but their own, +which serves for the Lingua of the Country, with which we travel and deal; +as for Example, we see that the Tuskeruro's are most numerous +in North-Carolina, therefore their Tongue is understood by some +in every Town of all the Indians near us. And here I shall insert +a small Dictionary of every Tongue, though not Alphabetically digested. + + + + English. Tuskeruro. Pampticough. Woccon. + One Unche Weembot Tonne + Two Necte Neshinnauh Num-perra (rra?) + Three Ohs-sah Nish-wonner Nam-mee + Four Untoc Yau-Ooner Punnum-punne (e?) + Five Ouch-who Umperren Webtau + Six Houeyoc Who-yeoc Is-sto (st?) + Seven Chauh-noc Top-po-osh Nommis-sau + Eight Nec-kara Nau-haush-shoo Nupsau + Nine Wearah Pach-ic-conk Weihere + Ten Wartsauh Cosh Soone noponne + Eleven Unche scauwhau Tonne hauk pea + Twelve Nectec scaukhau Soone nomme + Twenty Wartsau scauhau Winnop + Thirty Ossa te wartsau + Hundred Youch se + Thousand Ki you se + + Rum Oonaquod Weesaccon Yup-se + Blankets Oorewa Mattosh Roo-iune + White Ware-occa Wop-poshaumosh Waurraupa + Red Cotcoo-rea Mish-cock (ck?) Yauta + Black or Caw-hunshe Mow-cottowosh Yah-testea + Blue, idem + Gunpowder Ou-ku Pungue Rooeyam + Shot Cauna Ar-rounser Week + Axe Au-nuka Tomma-hick Tau-unta winnik + Knife Oosocke nauh Rig-cosq Wee + Tobacco Charho Hooh-pau Uu-coone + Shirt Ough-tre's Tacca pitteneer + Shoes Oo-ross-soo Wee-kessoo + Hat Trossa Mottau-quahan Intome-posswa + Fire Utchar Tinda Yau + Water Awoo Umpe Ejau + Coat Ouswox Taus-won Rummissau + Kawhitchra + Awl or Oose-waure Moc-cose Wonsh-shee + Needle + A Hoe Wauche-wocnoc Rosh-shocquon Rooe-pau + Salt Cheek-ha + Paint Quaunt Chuwon Whooyeonne + Ronoak Nauh-houreot Mis-kis-'su Rummaer + Peak Chu-teche Ronoak Erroco + Gun Auk-noc Gau hooptop Wittape + Gun-Lock Oo-teste Gun tock Seike Noonkosso + Flints Ou-negh-ra Hinds Matt-teer + A Flap Oukhaure Rappatoc Rhooeyau + Belt Oona-teste Maachone Wee-kau + Scissors and Cheh-ra Toc-koor + Tobacco-Tongues + A Kettle Oowaiana Tooseawau + A Pot Ocnock + Acorns Kooawa Roosomme + A Pine-Tree Heigta Oonossa Hooheh + Englishman Nickreruroh Tosh shonte Wintsohore + Indians Unqua Nuppin Yauh-he + English. Tuskeruro. Woccon. + A Horse A hots Yenwetoa + Swine Watsquerre Nommewarraupau + Moss Auoona hau Itto + Raw skin undrest Ootahawa Teep + Buckskin Ocques Rookau + Fawn-skin Ottea Wisto + Bear-skin Oochehara Ourka + Fox-skin Che-chou Hannatockore + Raccoon-skin Roo-sotto Auher + Squirrel-skin Sost Yehau + Wildcat-skin Cauhauweana + Panther-skin Caunerex Wattau + Wolf Squarrena Tire kiro + Minx Chac-kauene Soccon + Otter Chaunoc Wetkes + A Mat Ooyethne Soppepepor + Basket Ooyaura Rookeppa + Feathers Oosnooqua Soppe + Drest-skin Cotcoo Rauhau + A Turkey Coona Yauta + A Duck Sooeau Welka + A King Teethha Roamore + Fat Ootsaure Yendare + Soft Utsauwanne Roosomme + Hard or heavy Waucots ne Itte teraugh + A Rope Utsera Trauhe + A Possum Che-ra + Day Ootauh-ne + A Pestel Tic-caugh-ne Miyau + A Mortar Ootic caugh-ne Yossoo + Stockings Way haushe + A Creek Wackena + A River Ahunt wackena + A Man Entequos + Old Man Occooahawa + Young Man Quottis + Woman Con-noowa + Old Woman Cusquerre Yicau + Wife Kateocca Yecauau + A Child Woccanookne + A Boy Wariaugh + Infant Utserosta + Ears Ooethnat + Fishgig Ootosne Weetipsa + A Comb Oonaquitchra Sacketoome posswa + A Cake bak't Ooneck + A Head Ootaure Poppe + Hair Oowaara Tumme + Brother Caunotka Yenrauhe + I Ee + Thou Eets + There Ka + Homine Cotquerre Roocauwa + Bread Ootocnare Ikettau + Broath Ook-hoo + Corn Oonaha Cose + Oonave + Oosare + Oosha + Pease Saugh-he Coosauk + A Bag Uttaqua Ekoocromon + Fish Cunshe Yacunne + A Louse Cheecq; Eppesyau + A Flea Nauocq; + Potato's Untone Wauk + A Stick Chinqua + Wood Ouyunkgue Yonne + House Ounouse (Oin?) Ouke + A Cow Ous-sarunt Nappinjure + A Snake Us-quauh-ne Yau-hauk + A Rat Rusquiane Wittau + A Goose Au-hoohaha Auhaun + A Swan Oorhast Atter + Allegator Utsererauh Monwittetau + A Crab Rouare cou Wunneau + A Canoe Ooshunnawa Watt + A Box Ooanoo Yopoonitsa + A Bowl Ortse Cotsoe + A Spoon Oughquere Cotsau + A Path Wauh-hauhne Yauh + Sun or Moon Heita Wittapare + Wind Hoonoch Yuncor + A Star Uttewiraratse Wattapi untakeer + Rain Untuch Yawowa + Auhuntwood + Night Oosottoo Yantoha + A Rundlet Oohunawa Ynpyupseunne (Yup?) + An Eel Cuhn-na + A T---d Utquera Pulawa + A F---t Uttena Pautyau + A Cable Utquichra + Small Ropes Utsera utquichra + A Button Tic-hah Rummissauwoune + Breeches Wahunshe Rooeyaukitte + Stockings Oowissera Rooesoo possoo + Day Wauwoc-hook Waukhaway + Mad Cosserunte Rockcumne + Angry Cotcheroore Roocheha + Afraid Werricauna Reheshiwau + Smoak Oo-teighne Too-she + A Thief or Rogue Katichhei + A Dog Cheeth Tauh-he + A Reed Cauna Weekwonne + Lightwood Kakoo Sek + To morrow Jureha Kittape + Now Kahunk + To day Kawa + A little while ago Kakoowa Yauka + English. Tuskeruro. Woccon. + Yesterday Oousotto Yottoha + How many Ut-tewots Tontarinte + How far Untateawa + Will you go along with me Unta hah Quauke + Go you Its warko Yuppa me + Give it me Cotshau Mothei + That's all Ut chat Cuttaune + A Cubit length Kihoosocca Ishewounaup + Dead Whaharia Caure + A Gourd or Bottle Utchaawa Wattape + A lazy Fellow Wattattoo watse Tontaunete + Englishman is thirsty Oukwockaninniwock + I will sell you Goods very cheap Wausthanocha Nau hou hoore-ene + All the Indians are drunk Connaugh jost twane Nonnupper + Have you got any thing to eat Utta-ana-wox Noccoo Eraute + I am sick Connauwox Waurepa + A Fish-Hook Oos-skinna + Don't lose it Oon est nonne it quost + A Tobacco-pipe Oosquaana Intom + I remember it Oonutsauka Aucummato + Let it alone Tnotsaurauweek (Tout?) Sauhau + Peaches Roo-ooe Yonne + Walnuts Rootau-ooe + Hickery Nuts Rootau Nimmia + A Jew's-Harp Ooratsa Wottiyau + I forget it Merrauka + Northwest-Wind Hothooka + Snow. Acaunque. Wawawa. + +{Indian Speech.} +To repeat more of this Indian Jargon, would be to trouble the Reader; +and as an Account how imperfect they are in their Moods and Tenses, +has been given by several already, I shall only add, that their +Languages or Tongues are so deficient, that you cannot suppose +the Indians ever could express themselves in such a Flight of Stile, +as Authors would have you believe. They are so far from it, +that they are but just able to make one another understand readily +what they talk about. As for the two Consonants `L' and `F', +I never knew them in any Indian Speech I have met withal; +yet I must tell you, that they have such a Way of abbreviating their Speech, +when in their great Councils and Debates, that the young Men do not understand +what they treat about, when they hear them argue. It is wonderful, +what has occasion'd so many different Speeches as the Savages have. +{Tartarian Hurds.} The three Nations I now mention'd, +do not live above ten Leagues distant, and two of them, +viz. the Tuskeruro's and the Woccon, are not two Leagues asunder; +yet their Speech differs in every Word thereof, except one, +which is Tsaure, Cockles, which is in both Tongues the same, +and nothing else. Now this Difference of Speech causes +Jealousies and Fears amongst them, which bring Wars, wherein they destroy +one another; otherwise the Christians had not (in all Probability) +settled America so easily, as they have done, had these Tribes of Savages +united themselves into one People or general Interest, or were they so +but every hundred Miles. In short, they are an odd sort of People +under the Circumstances they are at present, and have some such uncouth Ways +in their Management and Course of Living, that it seems a Miracle to us, +how they bring about their Designs, as they do, when their Ways +are commonly quite contrary to ours. I believe, they are (as to this Life) +a very happy People; and were it not for the Feuds amongst themselves, +they would enjoy the happiest State (in this World) of all Mankind. +They met with Enemies when we came amongst them; for they are +no nearer Christianity now, than they were at the first Discovery, +to all Appearance. {Indians learn of the Europeans.} +They have learnt several Vices of the Europeans, but not one Vertue, +as I know of. Drunkenness was a Stranger, when we found them out, +and Swearing their Speech cannot express; yet those that speak English, +learn to swear the first thing they talk of. It's true, +they have some Vertues and some Vices; but how the Christians +can bring these People into the Bosom of the Church, is a Proposal +that ought to be form'd and follow'd by the wisest Heads and best Christians. +After I have given one Remark or two farther, of some of their +strange Practices and Notions, I will give my Opinion, how I think, +in probability, it may be (if possible) effected, and so shall conclude +this Treatise of Carolina. + +They are a very craving People, and if a Man give them any thing of a Present, +they think it obliges him to give them another; and so on, +till he has given them all he has; for they have no Bounds of Satisfaction +in that way; and if they give you any thing, it is to receive +twice the Value of it. They have no Consideration that you will want +what you give them; for their way of Living is so contrary to ours, +that neither we nor they can fathom one anothers Designs and Methods. +They call Rum and Physick by one Name, which implies that Rum +make People sick, as when they have taken any poisonous Plant; +yet they cannot forbear Rum. They make Offerings of their First-Fruits, +and the more serious sort of them throw into the Ashes, near the Fire, +the first Bit or Spoonful of every Meal they sit down to, which, they say, +is the same to them, as the pulling off our Hats, and talking, +when we go to Victuals, is to us. They name the Months very agreeably, +as one is the Herring-Month, another the Strawberry-Month, +another the Mulberry-Month. Others name them by the Trees that blossom; +especially, the Dogwood-Tree; or they say, we will return +when Turkey-Cocks gobble, that is in March and April. The Age of the Moon +they understand, but know no different Name for Sun and Moon. +They can guess well at the time of the Day, by the Sun's Height. +Their Age they number by Winters, and say, such a Man or Woman +is so many Winters old. They have no Sabbath, or Day of Rest. +Their Slaves are not over-burden'd with Work, and so not driven by Severity +to seek for that Relief. Those that are acquainted with the English, +and speak the Tongue, know when Sunday comes; besides, the Indians have +a distinct Name for Christmas which they call Winnick Keshuse, +or the Englishmans Gods Moon. There is one most abominable Custom +amongst them, which they call Husquenawing their young Men; +which I have not made any Mention of as yet, so will give you +an Account of it here. You must know, that most commonly, once a Year, +or, at farthest, once in two Years, these People take up +so many of their young Men, as they think are able to undergo it, +and husquenaugh them, which is to make them obedient and respective +to their Superiors, and (as they say) is the same to them, +as it is to us to send our Children to School, to be taught +good Breeding and Letters. This House of Correction is a large strong Cabin, +made on purpose for the Reception of the young Men and Boys, +that have not passed this Graduation already; and it is always at Christmas +that they husquenaugh their Youth, which is by bringing them +into this House, and keeping them dark all the time, where they +more than half-starve them. Besides, they give them Pellitory-Bark, +and several intoxicating Plants, that make them go raving mad +as ever were any People in the World; and you may hear them make +the most dismal and hellish Cries, and Howlings, that ever +humane Creatures express'd; all which continues about five or six Weeks, +and the little Meat they eat, is the nastiest, loathsome stuff, +and mixt with all manner of Filth it's possible to get. +After the Time is expired, they are brought out of the Cabin, +which never is in the Town, but always a distance off, and guarded by +a Jaylor or two, who watch by Turns. Now, when they first come out, +they are as poor as ever any Creatures were; for you must know several die +under this diabolical Purgation. Moreover, they either really are, +or pretend to be dumb, and do not speak for several Days; +I think, twenty or thirty; and look so gastly, and are so chang'd, +that it's next to an Impossibility to know them again, +although you was never so well acquainted with them before. +I would fain have gone into the mad House, and have seen them +in their time of Purgatory, but the King would not suffer it, +because, he told me, they would do me, or any other white Man, an Injury, +that ventured in amongst them; so I desisted. They play this Prank +with Girls as well as Boys, and I believe it a miserable Life they endure, +because I have known several of them run away, at that time, to avoid it. +Now, the Savages say, if it was not for this, they could never keep +their Youth in Subjection, besides that it hardens them ever after +to the Fatigues of War, Hunting, and all manner of Hardship, +which their way of living exposes them to. Besides, they add, +that it carries off those infirm weak Bodies, that would have been only +a Burden and Disgrace to their Nation, and saves the Victuals and Cloathing +for better People, that would have been expended on such useless Creatures. +These Savages are described in their proper Colours, but by a very few; +for those that generally write Histories of this new World, +are such as Interest, Preferment, and Merchandize, drew thither, +and know no more of that People than I do of the Laplanders, +which is only by Hear-say. And if we will make just Remarks, +how near such Relations generally approach Truth and Nicety, +we shall find very few of them worthy of Entertainment; and as for +the other part of the Volume, it is generally stufft with Invectives +against the Government they lived under, on which Stage is commonly acted +greater Barbarities, in Murdering worthy Mens Reputations, +than all the Savages in the new World are capable of equalizing, +or so much as imitating. + +And since I hinted at a Regulation of the Savages, and to propose a way +to convert them to Christianity, I will first particularize +the several Nations of Indians that are our Neighbours, +and then proceed to what I promis'd. + +Tuskeruro Indians are fifteen Towns, viz. Haruta, Waqui, Contah-nah, +Anna Ooka, Conauh-Kare Harooka, Una Nauhan, Kentanuska, Chunaneets, +Kenta, Eno, Naur-hegh-ne, Oonossoora, Tosneoc, Nonawharitse, Nursoorooka; +Fighting Men 1200. Waccon, Towns 2, Yupwauremau, Tooptatmeer, +Fighting Men 120. Machapunga, Town 1, Maramiskeet, Fighting Men 30. +Bear River, Town 1, Raudauqua-quank, Fighting Men 50. +Maherring Indians, Town 1, Maherring River, Fighting Men 50. +Chuwon Indians, Town 1, Bennets Creek, Fighting Men 15. +Paspatank Indians, Town 1, Paspatank River, Fighting Men 10. +Poteskeit, Town 1, North River, Fighting Men 30. Nottaway Indians, +Town 1, Winoack Creek, Fighting Men 30. Hatteras Town 1, Sand Banks, +Fighting Men 16. Connamox Indians, Towns 2, Coranine, Raruta, +Fighting Men 25. Neus Indians, Towns 2, Chattooka, Rouconk, +Fighting Men 15. Pampticough Indians, Town 1, Island, Fighting Men 15. +Jaupim Indians, 6 People. These five Nations of the Totero's, Sapona's, +Keiauwee's, Aconechos, and Schoccories, are lately come amongst us, +and may contain, in all, about 750 Men, Women and Children. Total 4780. + +Now, there appears to be one thousand six hundred and twelve +Fighting Men, of our Neighbouring Indians; and probably, +there are three Fifths of Women and Children, not including Old Men, +which amounts to four thousand and thirty Savages, besides the five Nations +lately come. Now, as I before hinted, we will see what grounds there are +to make these People serviceable to us, and better themselves thereby. + +On a fair Scheme, we must first allow these Savages what really +belongs to them, that is, what good Qualities, and natural Endowments, +they possess, whereby they being in their proper Colours, +the Event may be better guess'd at, and fathom'd. + +First, they are as apt to learn any Handicraft, as any People +that the World affords; I will except none; as is seen +by their Canoes and Stauking Heads, which they make of themselves; +but to my purpose, the Indian Slaves in South Carolina, and elsewhere, +make my Argument good. + +Secondly, we have no disciplin'd Men in Europe, but what have, +at one time or other, been branded with Mutining, and Murmuring against +their Chiefs. These Savages are never found guilty of that great Crime +in a Soldier; I challenge all Mankind to tell me of one Instance of it; +besides, they never prove Traitors to their Native Country, +but rather chuse Death than partake and side with the Enemy. + +They naturally possess the Righteous Man's Gift; they are Patient +under all Afflictions, and have a great many other Natural Vertues, +which I have slightly touch'd throughout the Account of these Savages. + +They are really better to us, than we are to them; they always give us +Victuals at their Quarters, and take care we are arm'd against +Hunger and Thirst: We do not so by them (generally speaking) +but let them walk by our Doors Hungry, and do not often relieve them. +We look upon them with Scorn and Disdain, and think them little better +than Beasts in Humane Shape, though if well examined, we shall find that, +for all our Religion and Education, we possess more Moral Deformities, +and Evils than these Savages do, or are acquainted withal. + +We reckon them Slaves in Comparison to us, and Intruders, +as oft as they enter our Houses, or hunt near our Dwellings. +But if we will admit Reason to be our Guide, she will inform us, +that these Indians are the freest People in the World, +and so far from being Intruders upon us, that we have abandon'd +our own Native Soil, to drive them out, and possess theirs; +neither have we any true Balance, in Judging of these poor Heathens, +because we neither give Allowance for their Natural Disposition, +nor the Sylvian Education, and strange Customs, (uncouth to us) +they lie under and have ever been train'd up to; these are false Measures +for Christians to take, and indeed no Man can be reckon'd a Moralist only, +who will not make choice and use, of better Rules to walk and act by: +We trade with them, it's true, but to what End? Not to shew them +the Steps of Vertue, and the Golden Rule, to do as we would be done by. +No, we have furnished them with the Vice of Drunkenness, +which is the open Road to all others, and daily cheat them +in every thing we sell, and esteem it a Gift of Christianity, +not to sell to them so cheap as we do to the Christians, +as we call our selves. Pray let me know where is there to be found +one Sacred Command or Precept of our Master, that counsels us +to such Behaviour? Besides, I believe it will not appear, +but that all the Wars, which we have had with the Savages, +were occasion'd by the unjust Dealings of the Christians towards them. +I can name more than a few, which my own Enquiry has given me +a right Understanding of, and I am afraid the remainder +(if they come to the test) will prove themselves Birds of the same Feather. + +{Indians Aversion to Christianity.} +As we are in Christian Duty bound, so we must act and behave ourselves +to these Savages, if we either intend to be serviceable in converting them +to the Knowledge of the Gospel, or discharge the Duty which every Man, +within the Pale of the Christian Church, is bound to do. +Upon this Score, we ought to shew a Tenderness for these Heathens +under the weight of Infidelity; let us cherish their good Deeds, +and, with Mildness and Clemency, make them sensible and forwarn them +of their ill ones; let our Dealings be just to them in every Respect, +and shew no ill Example, whereby they may think we advise them +to practise that which we will not be conformable to ourselves: +Let them have cheap Penniworths (without Guile in our Trading with them) +and learn them the Mysteries of our Handicrafts, as well as our Religion, +otherwise we deal unjustly by them. But it is highly necessary +to be brought in Practice, which is, to give Encouragement +to the ordinary People, and those of a lower Rank, that they might marry +with these Indians, and come into Plantations, and Houses, +where so many Acres of Land and some Gratuity of Money, +(out of a publick Stock) are given to the new-married Couple; +and that the Indians might have Encouragement to send their Children +Apprentices to proper Masters, that would be kind to them, and make them +Masters of a Trade, whereby they would be drawn to live amongst us, +and become Members of the same Ecclesiastical and Civil Government +we are under; then we should have great Advantages to make daily Conversions +amongst them, when they saw that we were kind and just to them +in all our Dealings. Moreover, by the Indians Marrying with the Christians, +and coming into Plantations with their English Husbands, or Wives, +they would become Christians, and their Idolatry would be quite forgotten, +and, in all probability, a better Worship come in its Stead; +for were the Jews engrafted thus, and alienated from +the Worship and Conversation of Jews, their Abominations would vanish, +and be no more. + +Thus we should be let into a better Understanding of the Indian Tongue, +by our new Converts; and the whole Body of these People +would arrive to the Knowledge of our Religion and Customs, +and become as one People with us. By this Method also, we should have +a true Knowledge of all the Indians Skill in Medicine and Surgery; +they would inform us of the Situation of our Rivers, Lakes, +and Tracts of Land in the Lords Dominions, where by their Assistance, +greater Discoveries may be made than has been hitherto found out, +and by their Accompanying us in our Expeditions, we might civilize +a great many other Nations of the Savages, and daily add to our Strength +in Trade, and Interest; so that we might be sufficiently enabled to conquer, +or maintain our Ground, against all the Enemies to the Crown of England +in America, both Christian and Savage. + +What Children we have of theirs, to learn Trades, &c. ought to be put +into those Hands that are Men of the best Lives and Characters, +and that are not only strict Observers of their Religion, +but also of a mild, winning and sweet Disposition, that these Indian Parents +may often go and see how well their Children are dealt with, +which would much win them to our Ways of Living, Mildness being a Vertue +the Indians are in love withal, for they do not practise +beating and correcting their Children, as we do. A general Complaint is, +that it seems impossible to convert these People to Christianity, +as, at first sight, it does; and as for those in New Spain, they have +the Prayer of that Church in Latin by Rote, and know the external Behaviour at +Mass and Sermons; yet scarce any of them are steady and abide with constancy +in good Works, and the Duties of the Christian Church. We find that +the Fuentes and several other of the noted Indian Families about Mexico, +and in other parts of New Spain, had given several large Gifts +to the Altar, and outwardly seem'd fond of their new Religion; +yet those that were the greatest Zealots outwards, on a strict Enquiry, +were found guilty of Idolatry and Witchcraft; and this seems to proceed from +their Cohabiting, which, as I have noted before, gives Opportunities of Cabals +to recal their ancient pristine Infidelity and Superstitions. They never +argue against our Religion, but with all imaginable Indifference own, +that it is most proper for us that have been brought up in it. + +In my opinion, it's better for Christians of a mean Fortune +to marry with the Civiliz'd Indians, than to suffer +the Hardships of four or five years Servitude, in which they meet +with Sickness and Seasonings amidst a Crowd of other Afflictions, +which the Tyranny of a bad Master lays upon such poor Souls, all which +those acquainted with our Tobacco Plantations are not Strangers to. + +This seems to be a more reasonable Method of converting the Indians, +than to set up our Christian Banner in a Field of Blood, as the Spaniards +have done in New Spain, and baptize one hundred with the Sword +for one at the Font. Whilst we make way for a Christian Colony +through a Field of Blood, and defraud, and make away with those +that one day may be wanted in this World, and in the next appear against us, +we make way for a more potent Christian Enemy to invade us hereafter, +of which we may repent, when too late. + + + + + + The Second + CHARTER + Granted by + King CHARLES II. + to the + PROPRIETORS + of + CAROLINA + + + + +Charles II. by the Grace of God, &c. Whereas by Our Letters Patents, +bearing Date the Four and Twentieth Day of March, in the Fifteenth Year +of Our Reign, We were Graciously Pleas'd to Grant unto Our right Trusty, +and right Well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor Edward Earl of Clarendon, +our High Chancellor of England, Our right Trusty, and right entirely Beloved +Cousin and Counsellor, George Duke of Albemarle, Master of our Horse, +Our right Trusty and Well Beloved William, now Earl of Craven, +our right Trusty and well-beloved Counsellor, John Lord Berkeley, +our right Trusty, and well-beloved Counsellor, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Chancellor of our Exchequer, our right Trusty and Well-beloved Counsellor +Sir George Carterett Knight and Baronet, Vice-Chamberlain of our Houshold, +Our right Trusty and well-beloved, Sir John Colleton Knight and Baronet, +and Sir William Berkeley Knight, all that Province, Territory, +or Tract of Ground, called Carolina, situate, lying and being within +our Dominions of America, Extending from the North End of the Island, +called Luke Island, which lyeth in the Southern Virginia Seas, +and within six and thirty Degrees of the Northern Latitude; +and to the West, as far as the South Seas; and so respectively +as far as the River of Mathias, which bordereth upon the Coast of Florida, +and within One and Thirty Degrees of the Northern Latitude, and so West +in a direct Line, as far as the South Seas aforesaid. + +Now, know Ye, that We, at the Humble Request of the said Grandees +in the aforesaid Letters Patents named, and as a farther Mark +of Our especial Favour towards them, We are Graciously Pleased +to Enlarge Our said Grant unto them, according to the Bounds and Limits +hereafter Specifyed, and in Favour to the Pious and Noble Purpose +of the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, all that Province, Territory, or Tract of Ground, +situate, lying, and being within Our Dominions of America aforesaid, +extending North and Westward, as far as the North End +of Carahtuke River, or Gulet, upon a streight Westerly Line, +to Wyonoake Creek, which lies within, or about the Degrees of Thirty Six, +and Thirty Minutes Northern Latitude, and so West, in a direct Line, +as far as the South Seas; and South and Westward, as far as +the Degrees of Twenty Nine Inclusive Northern Latitude, +and so West in a direct Line, as far as the South Seas; +together with all and singular Ports, Harbours, Bays, Rivers and Islets, +belonging unto the Province or Territory, aforesaid. And also, +all the Soil, Lands, Fields, Woods, Mountains, Ferms, Lakes, Rivers, +Bays and Islets, situate, or being within the Bounds, or Limits, +last before mentioned; with the Fishing of all sorts of Fish, +Whales, Sturgeons, and all other Royal Fishes in the Sea, Bays, +Islets and Rivers, within the Premises, and the Fish therein taken; +together with the Royalty of the Sea, upon the Coast within +the Limits aforesaid. And moreover, all Veins, Mines and Quarries, +as well discovered as not discover'd, of Gold, Silver, +Gems and Precious Stones, and all other whatsoever; be it of Stones, Metal, +or any other thing found, or to be found within the Province, Territory, +Islets and Limits aforesaid. + +And furthermore, the Patronage and Advowsons of all the Churches and Chappels, +which as the Christian Religion shall encrease within the Province, Territory, +Isles and Limits aforesaid, shall happen hereafter to be erected; +together with Licence and Power to build and found Churches, +Chappels and Oratories in convenient and fit places, within the said +Bounds and Limits; and to cause them to be Dedicated and Consecrated, +according to the Ecclesiastical Laws of Our Kingdom of England; +together with all and singular, the like, and as ample Rights, Jurisdictions, +Privileges, Prerogatives, Royalties, Liberties, Immunities and Franchises, +of what Kind soever, within the Territory, Isles, Islets and Limits aforesaid. +To have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy the same, as amply, fully, +and in as ample Manner, as any Bishop of Durham in Our Kingdom of England, +ever heretofore had, held, used, or enjoyed, or of right ought, or could have, +use, or enjoy; and them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns; +We do by these Presents, for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, +make, create and constitute the true and absolute Lords and Proprietors +of the said Province, or Territory, and of all other the Premises, +saving always the Faith, Allegiance and Sovereign Dominion due to Us, +our Heirs and Successors, for the same; to have, hold, possess and enjoy +the said Province, Territory, Islets, and all and singular, +other the Premises, to them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +for Ever, to be holden of Us, Our Heirs and Successors, +as of Our Mannor of East Greenwich, in Kent, in free and common Soccage, +and not in Capite, or by Knights Service, yielding and paying yearly +to Us, Our Heirs and Successors, for the same, the fourth Part +of all Goods and Silver Oar, which within the Limits hereby Granted, +shall from Time to Time, happen to be found, over and besides the Yearly Rent +of Twenty Marks and the fourth part of the Gold and Silver Oar, +in and by the said recited Letters Patents reserved and payable. + +And that the Province, or Territory hereby granted and described, +may be dignifyed with as large Titles and Privileges, as any other Parts +of our Dominions and Territories in that Region; Know ye, That We, +of our farther Grace, certain Knowledge and meer Motion, +have thought fit to annex the same Tract of Ground and Territory, +unto the same Province of Carolina; and out of the Fulness +of our Royal Power and Prerogative, We do for Us, our Heirs and Successors, +annex and unite the same to the said Province of Carolina. And forasmuch +as We have made and ordained the aforesaid Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +the true Lords and Proprietors of all the Province or Territory aforesaid; +Know ye therefore moreover, that We reposing especial Trust and Confidence +in their Fidelity, Wisdom, Justice and provident Circumspection for Us, +our Heirs and Successors, do grant full and absolute Power, +by virtue of these Presents, to them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Catterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs and Assigns, +for the good and happy Government of the said whole Province or Territory, +full Power and Authority to erect, constitute, and make several Counties, +Baronies, and Colonies, of and within the said Provinces, Territories, +Lands and Hereditaments, in and by the said recited Letters Patents, +and these Presents, granted, or mentioned to be granted, as aforesaid, +with several and distinct Jurisdictions, Powers, Liberties and Privileges. +And also, to ordain, make and enact, and under their Seals, +to publish any Laws and Constitutions whatsoever, either appertaining to +the publick State of the said whole Province or Territory, +or of any distinct or particular County, Barony or Colony, +of or within the same, or to the private Utility of particular Persons, +according to their best Discretion, by and with the Advice, +Assent and Approbation of the Freemen of the said Province or Territory, +or of the Freemen of the County, Barony or Colony, for which +such Law or Constitution shall be made, or the greatest Part of them, +or of their Delegates or Deputies, whom for enacting of the said Laws, +when, and as often as need shall require, We will that the said +Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and Sir William Berkeley, +and their Heirs or Assigns, shall from Time to Time, assemble in +such Manner and Form as to them shall seem best: And the same Laws +duly to execute upon all People within the said Province or Territory, +County, Barony or Colony, and the Limits thereof, for the Time being, +which shall be constituted under the Power and Government of them, +or any of them, either sailing towards the said Province or Territory +of Carolina, or returning from thence towards England, +or any other of our, or foreign Dominions, by Imposition of Penalties, +Imprisonment, or any other Punishment: Yea, if it shall be needful, +and the Quality of the Offence require it, by taking away +Member and Life, either by them, the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs, +or by them or their Deputies, Lieutenants, Judges, Justices, Magistrates, +or Officers whatsoever, as well within the said Province, as at Sea, +in such Manner and Form, as unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs, +shall seem most convenient: Also, to remit, release, pardon and abolish, +whether before Judgment or after, all Crimes and Offences whatsoever, +against the said Laws; and to do all and every other Thing and Things, +which unto the compleat Establishment of Justice, unto Courts, +Sessions and Forms of Judicature, and Manners of proceedings therein, +do belong, altho' in these Presents, express Mention is not made thereof; +and by Judges, to him or them delegated to award, process, hold Please, +and determine in all the said Courts and Places of Judicature, +all Actions, Suits and Causes whatsoever, as well criminal as civil, +real, mixt, personal, or of any other Kind or Nature whatsoever: +Which Laws so as aforesaid, to be published, Our Pleasure is, +and We do enjoyn, require and command, shall be absolutely firm and available +in Law; and that all the Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Successors, +within the said Province or Territory, do observe and keep the same inviolably +in those Parts, so far as they concern them, under the Pains and Penalties +therein expressed; or to be expressed; provided nevertheless, +that the said Laws be consonant to Reason, and as near as may be conveniently, +agreeable to the Laws and Customs of this our Realm of England. + +And because such Assemblies of Free-holders cannot be so suddenly called, +as there may be Occasion to require the same; We do therefore +by these Presents, give and grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +by themselves or their Magistrates in that Behalf, lawfully authorized, +full Power and Authority from Time to Time, to make and ordain +fit and wholsome Orders and Ordinances, within the Province +or Territory aforesaid, or any County, Barony or Province, of or within +the same, to be kept and observed, as well for the keeping of the Peace, +as for the better Government of the People there abiding, and to publish +the same to all to whom it may concern: Which Ordinances we do, +by these Presents, streightly charge and command to be inviolably observed +within the same Province, Counties, Territories, Baronies, and Provinces, +under the Penalties therein expressed; so as such Ordinances +be reasonable and not repugnant or contrary, but as near as may be agreeable +to the Laws and Statutes of this our Kingdom of England; +and so as the same Ordinances do not extend to the binding, +charging or taking away of the Right or Interest of any Person or Persons, +in their freehold Goods, or Chattels, whatsoever. + +And to the end the said Province or Territory, may be the more happily +encreased by the Multitude of People resorting thither, and may likewise be +the more strongly defended from the Incursions of Savages and other Enemies, +Pirates, and Robbers. + +Therefore, We for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, do give and grant +by these Presents, Power, License and Liberty unto all the Leige People of Us, +our Heirs and Successors in our Kingdom of England, or elsewhere, +within any other our Dominions, Islands, Colonies or Plantations; +(excepting those who shall be especially forbidden) to transport +themselves and Families into the said Province or Territory, +with convenient Shipping, and fitting Provisions; and there +to settle themselves, dwell and inhabit, any Law, Act, Statute, Ordinance, +or other Thing to the contrary in any wise, notwithstanding. + +And we will also, and of Our especial Grace, for Us, our Heirs and Successors, +do streightly enjoyn, ordain, constitute and demand, That the said +Province or Territory, shall be of our Allegiance; and that all and singular, +the Subjects and Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Successors, transported, +or to be transported into the said Province, and the Children of them, +and such as shall descend from them, there born, or hereafter to be born, +be, and shall be Denizens and Lieges of Us, our Heirs and Successors of this +our Kingdom of England, and be in all Things, held, treated and reputed +as the Liege faithful People of Us, our Heirs and Successors, +born within this our said Kingdom, or any other of our Dominions; +and may inherit, or otherwise purchase and receive, take, hold, +buy and possess any Lands, Tenements or Hereditaments, within the said Places, +and them may occupy, and enjoy, sell, alien and bequeath; as likewise, +all Liberties, Franchises and Privileges of this our Kingdom, +and of other our Dominions aforesaid, may freely and quietly have, +possess and enjoy, as our Liege People born within the same, +without the Molestation, Vexation, Trouble or Grievance of Us, +Our Heirs and Successors, any Act, Statute, Ordinance, or Provision +to the contrary, notwithstanding. + +And furthermore, That Our Subjects of this Our said Kingdom of England, +and other our Dominions, may be the rather encouraged to undertake +this Expedition, with ready and chearful Minds; Know Ye, That We, +of Our especial Grace, certain Knowledge and meer Motion, do give and grant, +by virtue of these Presents, as well to the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs, +as unto all others as shall, from time to time, repair unto +the said Province or Territory, with a Purpose to inhabit there, +or to trade with the Natives thereof; Full Liberty and License +to lade and freight in every Port whatsoever, of Us, our Heirs and Successors; +and into the said Province of Carolina, by them, their Servants and Assigns, +to transport all and singular, their Goods, Wares and Merchandizes; +as likewise, all sort of Grain whatsoever, and any other Thing whatsoever, +necessary for their Food and Cloathing, not prohibited +by the Laws and Statutes of our Kingdom and Dominions, to be carried out +of the same, without any Lett or Molestation of Us, our Heirs and Successors, +or of any other our Officers or Ministers whatsoever; saving also to Us, +our Heirs and Successors, the Customs, and other Duties and Payments due for +the said Wares and Merchandizes, according to the several Rates of the Place +from whence the same shall be transported. + +We will also, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs and Successors, +do give and grant License by this our Charter, unto the said +Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, and to all the Inhabitants and Dwellers +in the Province or Territory aforesaid, both present and to come, +full Power and Authority to import or unlade by themselves, +or their Servants, Factors or Assigns, all Merchandizes and Goods whatsoever, +that shall arise of the Fruits and Commodities of the said +Province or Territory, either by Land or Sea, into any the Ports of Us, +our Heirs and Successors, in our Kingdom of Engl. Scotl. or Ireland, +or otherwise, to dispose of the said Goods, in the said Ports. +And if need be, within one year next after the unlading, +to lade the said Merchandizes and Goods again in the same, +or other Ships; and to export the same into any other Countries, +either of our Dominions or foreign, being in Amity with Us, +our Heirs and Successors, so as they pay such Customs, +Subsidies and other Duties for the same to Us, our Heirs and Successors, +as the rest of our Subjects of this our Kingdom, for the Time being, +shall be bound to pay. Beyond which We will not that the Inhabitants +of the said Province or Territory, shall be any ways charged. +Provided, nevertheless, and our Will and Pleasure is, and we have further, +for the Considerations aforesaid, of our special Grace, +certain Knowledge and meer Motion, given and granted, and by these Presents, +for Us, our Heirs and Successors, do give and grant unto +the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, full and free License, Liberty, Power and Authority, +at any Time or Times, from and after the Feast of St. Michael +the Arch-Angel, which shall be in the Year of our Lord Christ, +One Thousand, Six Hundred, Sixty and Seven; as well to import and bring into +any our Dominions from the said Province of Carolina, or any Part thereof, +the several Goods and Commodities herein after mentioned; That is to say, +Silks, Wines, Currants, Raisons, Capers, Wax, Almonds, Oil and Olives, +without paying or answering to Us, our Heirs and Successors, +any Custom, Impost, or other Duty, for, or in respect thereof, +for and during the Time and Space of Seven Years to commence and be accompted +from and after the first Importation of Four Tons of any the said Goods, +in any one Bottom Ship or Vessel, from the said Province or Territory, +into any of our Dominions; as also, to export and carry out of +any of our Dominions into the said Province or Territory, Custom-free, +all sorts of Tools, which shall be useful or necessary for the Planters there, +in the Accommodation and Improvement of the Premises, any thing +before in these Presents contained, or any Law, Act, Statute, +Prohibition, or other Matter or Thing, heretofore had, made, +enacted or provided, or hereafter to be had, made, enacted or provided, +in any wise notwithstanding. + +And furthermore, of our more ample and especial Grace, +certain Knowledge and meer Motion, We do for Us, our Heirs and Successors, +grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, full and absolute Power and Authority to make, +erect and constitute within the said Province or Territory, +and the Isles and Islets aforesaid, such and so many Sea-Ports, Harbours, +Creeks and other Places for discharge and unlading of Goods and Merchandizes +out of Ships, Boats, and other Vessels, and for lading of them +in such and so many Places, as with such Jurisdictions, +Privileges and Franchises, unto the said Ports belonging, +as to them shall seem most expedient; And that all and singular, +the Ships, Boats and other Vessels, which shall come for Merchandizes, +and trade into the said Province or Territory, or shall depart +out of the same, shall be laden and unladen at such Ports only, +as shall be erected and constituted by the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +and not elsewhere, any Use, Custom, or any thing to the contrary +in any wise notwithstanding. + +And we do furthermore will, appoint and ordain, and by these Presents, +for Us, our Heirs and Successors, do grant unto the said +Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, That they the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +may from Time to Time, for ever, have and enjoy the Customs and Subsidies in +the Ports, Harbours, Creeks and other Places, within the Province aforesaid, +payable for the Goods, Merchandizes and Wares there laded, +or to be laded or unladed, the said Customs to be reasonably assessed +upon any Occasion by themselves, and by and with the Consent +of the free People, or the greater Part of them, as aforesaid; +to whom We give Power by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs and Successors, +upon just Cause and in a due Proportion to assess and impose the same. + +And further, of our especial Grace, certain Knowledge and meer Motion, +we have given, granted and confirmed, and by these Presents, +for Us, our Heirs and Successors, do give, grant and confirm +unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, full and absolute Power, License and Authority, +that they the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, from Time to Time, hereafter for ever, +at his and their Will and Pleasure, may assign, alien, grant, +demise or enfeoff the Premises or any Part or Parcel thereof to him or them, +that shall be willing to purchase the same; and to such Person and Persons, +as they shall think fit, to have, and to hold to them the said +Person or Persons, their Heirs and Assigns, in Fee simple or in Fee Tayle, +or for the Term of Life or Lives, or Years to be held of them, +the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, by such Rents, Services and Customs, +as shall seem fit to them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +and not of Us, our Heirs and Successors: And to the same Person and Persons, +and to all and every of them, We do give and grant by these Presents, +for Us, our Heirs and Successors, License, Authority and Power, +that such Person or Persons, may have and take the Premises, +or any Parcel thereof, of the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +and the same to hold to themselves, their Heirs or Assigns, +in what Estate of Inheritance soever, in Fee simple, or in Fee Tayle, +or otherwise, as to them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +shall seem expedient; The Statute in the Parliament of Edward, +Son of King Henry, heretofore King of England, our Predecessor, +commonly called, The Statute of Quia Emptores Terrar; or any other Statute, +Act, Ordinance, Use, Law, Custom, any other Matter, Cause or Thing +heretofore published or provided to the contrary, in any wise notwithstanding. + +And because many Persons born and inhabiting in the said Province +for their Deserts and Services may expect, and be capable of +Marks of Honour and Favour, which, in respect of the great Distance +cannot conveniently be conferred by Us; our Will and Pleasure therefore is, +and We do by these Presents, give and grant unto the said +Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Lord Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, full Power and Authority to give and confer unto, +and upon such of the Inhabitants of the said Province, or Territory, +as they shall think, do, or shall merit the same, such Marks of Favour, +and Titles of Honour, as they shall think fit, so as their Titles of Honours +be not the same as are enjoyed by, or conferred upon any of the Subjects +of this Our Kingdom of England. + +And further also, We do by these Presents, for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, +give and Grant, License to them the Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +full Power, Liberty and License, to Erect, Raise and Build +within the said Province and Places aforesaid, or any Part or Parts thereof, +such and so many Forts, Fortresses, Castles, Cities, Boroughs, +Towns, Villages and other Fortifications whatsoever; +and the same or any of them to Fortify and Furnish with Ordnance, +Powder, Shot, Armour and all other Weapons, Ammunition and Habiliments of War, +both Defensive and Offensive, as shall be thought fit and convenient for +the Safety and Welfare of the said Province, and Places, or any Part thereof; +and the same, or any of them, from Time to Time, as Occasion shall require, +to Dismantle, Disfurnish, Demolish and Pull down; And also to Place, +Constitute and Appoint in, or over all, or any of the said Castles, +Forts, Fortifications, Cities, Towns and Places aforesaid, +Governours, Deputy Governours, Magistrates, Sheriffs and other Officers, +Civil and Military, as to them shall seem meet; and to the said Cities, +Boroughs, Towns, Villages, or any other Place or Places, within the said +Province or Territory, to Grant Letters or Charters of Incorporation, +with all Liberties, Franchises and Privileges requisite, or usual, +to, or within this our Kingdom of England granted, or belonging; +And in the same Cities, Boroughs, Towns and other Places, to Constitute, +Erect and Appoint such, and so many Markets, Marts and Fairs +as shall in that Behalf be thought fit and necessary; And further also, +to Erect and Make in the Province or Territory aforesaid, or any Part thereof, +so many Mannors with such Signories as to them shall seem meet and convenient, +and in every of the same Mannors to have and to hold a Court-Baron, +with all Things whatsoever, which to a Court-Baron do belong, +and to have and to hold Views of Frank Pledge, and Court-Leet, +for the Conservation of the Peace, and better Government of those Parts, +with such Limits, Jurisdiction and Precincts, as by the said +Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +or their Heirs, shall be appointed for that purpose, with all +things whatsoever, which to a Court-Leet, or view of Franck Pledge, do belong; +the same Courts to be holden by Stewards, to be Deputed and Authorized +by the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +or their Heirs, by the Lords of the Mannors and Leets, for the Time being, +when the same shall be Erected. + +And because that in so remote a Country, and Situate among +so many Barbarous Nations, the Invasions as well of Savages as other Enemies, +Pirates, and Robbers may probably be feared; Therefore We have Given, +and for Us, Our Heirs and Successors do give Power by these Presents, +unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs or Assigns by themselves, or their Captains, or their Officers +to Levy, Muster and Train up all sorts of Men, of what Condition soever, +or wheresoever Born, whether in the said Province, or elsewhere, +for the Time being; and to make War and pursue the Enemies aforesaid, +as well by Sea, as by Land; yea, even without the Limits of the said Province, +and by God's Assistance, to Vanquish and Take them, and being Taken, +to put them to Death by the Law of War, and to save them at their Pleasure; +And to do all and every other thing, which to the Charge and Office +of a Captain General of an Army belongeth, or hath accustomed to belong, +as fully and freely as any Captain General of an Army hath had the same. + +Also, Our Will and Pleasure is, and by this Our Charter, +We do give and grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Lord Craven, John Lord Berkeley, +Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, +and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, full Power, +Liberty and Authority, in Case of Rebellion, Tumult, or Sedition +(if any should happen, which God forbid) either upon the Land within +the Province aforesaid, or upon the main Sea, in making a Voyage thither, +or returning from thence, by him and themselves, their Captains, +Deputies or Officers, to be authorized under his or their Seals, +for that purpose: To whom also for Us, our Heirs and Successors, +We do give and grant by these Presents, full Power and Authority +to exercise Martial Law against mutinous and seditious Persons of those Parts; +such as shall refuse to submit themselves to their Government, +or shall refuse to serve in the Wars, or shall fly to the Enemy, +or forsake their Colours or Ensigns, or be Loiterers or Stragglers, +or otherwise howsoever offending against Law, Custom, or Military Discipline, +as freely, and in as ample Manner and Form as any Captain General of an Army, +by virtue of his Office, might, or hath accustomed to use the same. + +And Our further Pleasure is, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs +and Successors, We do grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +and to the Tenants and Inhabitants of the said Province, or Territory, +both present and to come, and to every of them, that the said Province, +or Territory, and the Tenants and Inhabitants thereof, +shall not from henceforth, be held or reputed any Member, +or Part of any Colony whatsoever, in America or elsewhere, +now transported or made, or hereafter to be transported or made; +nor shall be depending on, or subject to their Government in any Thing, +but be absolutely separated and divided from the same: And our Pleasure is, +by these Presents, That they may be separated, and that they be subject +immediately to our Crown of England, as depending thereof for ever. +And that the Inhabitants of the said Province or Territory, or any of them, +shall at any Time hereafter, be compelled or compellible, +or be any ways subject, or liable to appear or answer to any Matter, Suit, +Cause, or Plaint whatsoever, out of the Province or Territory aforesaid, +in any other of our Islands, Colonies or Dominions in America, or elsewhere, +other than in our Realm of England and Dominion of Wales. + +And because it may happen, That some of the People and Inhabitants +of the said Province, cannot in their private Opinions conform +to the Publick Exercise of Religion according to the Liturgy, +Forms and Ceremonies of the Church of England, or take or subscribe +the Oaths and Articles made and established in that Behalf: +And for that the same, by reason of the remote Distances of those Places, +will, as we hope, be no Breach of the Unity, and Conformity, +Established in this Nation; Our Will and Pleasure therefore is, +and We do by these Presents for Us, Our Heirs, and Successors, +Give and Grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, +full and free Licence, Liberty and Authority, by such Ways and Means +as they shall think fit, To Give and Grant unto such Person and Persons, +Inhabiting, and being within the said Province or Territory, +hereby or by the said recited Letters Patents, mentioned to be granted +as aforesaid, or any Part thereof, such Indulgencies and Dispensations, +in that Behalf, for, and during such Time and Times, and with such +Limitations and Restrictions, as they the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, +George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, +John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, +Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs, +or Assigns, shall in their Discretion think fit and reasonable. +And that no Person or Persons, unto whom such Liberty shall be given, +shall be any way molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question for +any Differences in Opinion or Practice, in Matters of Religious Concernment, +who do not actually disturb the civil Peace of the Province, County or Colony, +that they shall make their abode in. But all and every such +Person and Persons, may from Time to Time, and at all Times, +freely and quietly have and enjoy his and their Judgment and Consciences, +in Matters of Religion, throughout all the said Province, or Colony, +they behaving themselves peaceably, and not using this Liberty +to Licentiousness, nor to the Civil Injury or outward Disturbance of others. +Any Law, Statute or Clause contained, or to be contained, +Usage or Customs of our Realm of England to the contrary hereof +in any wise, notwithstanding. + +And in Case it shall happen, that any Doubts or Questions should arise +concerning the True Sense and Understanding of any Word, Clause, or Sentence, +contained in this Our present Charter, We Will, Ordain, and Command, +that at all Times, and in all Things, such Interpretations be made thereof, +and allow'd in all and every of Our Courts whatsoever, +as Lawfully may be Adjudged most Advantageous and Favourable +to the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, +William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, +Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, +their Heirs and Assigns, although Express Mention, &c. + + +Witness our Self at Westminster, the Thirtieth Day of June, +in the Seventeenth Year of our Reign. + + Per Ipsum Regem. + + + + + + An + ABSTRACT + of the + CONSTITUTION + of + CAROLINA. + + + + +As to the Government of Carolina, the Laws of England are there in Force; +yet the Lords-Proprietors, by their Deputies, have Power, +with the Consent of the Inhabitants, to make By-Laws for the better Government +of the said Province; so that no Law can be made, or Money rais'd, +unless the Inhabitants, or their Representatives, consent thereto: +One Law which they have in South-Carolina deserves particular Mention, +which is, their Method of chusing Juries, it being done by making +a considerable Number of Paper-Billets, on which are written +the Names of as many of the most substantial Freeholders. +These Billets are put into a Hat, out of which Twenty-four are chosen +by the next Child that appears. Then, out of those Twenty-four, +Twelve are chosen at the next Court, after the same manner; +which is an infallible way to prevent all Manner of Fraud. + +North and South-Carolina Settlements are distant from one another +some hundreds of Miles; so that Necessity compels each Colony +to keep to themselves, a Governour, Council and Assembly. +The Governor represents the Lord-Palatine; the rest of the Counsellors +are the Lord-Deputies; who, of themselves, make a Palatines Court, +and a Court of Chancery; wherein they pass several Orders of Council, +much of the Nature of the Prince's Proclamation; which continues +no longer in Force, than the next Assembly. Likewise, they grant +several sorts of Commissions, Warrants, &c. yet Military Commissions +lie wholly in the Governor's Power; but Making of War or Peace, in all, +or the Majority of the Lords-Deputies; by whom (the Governor being one) +it is determin'd, and by whose Commissions all other Magistrates act. +On these Heads they have settled, and maintain an admirable +Constitution of Government, for the lasting Peace, Security, and Well-being +of all the Inhabitants. The way of any ones taking up his Land in Carolina, +due to him either by Purchasing it of the Lords Proprietors here in England, +who keep their Board at Craven-House in Drury-Lane, London, +the first Thursday in every Month; or if purchas'd in Carolina, +is after this manner: He first looks out for a Place to his Mind, +that is not already possess'd by any other; then applies himself +to the Governor and Lords Proprietors Deputies, and shews what Right he hath +to such a Tract of Land, either by Purchase of the Lords in England, +or by an Entry in the Surveyor-General's Office, in order +to purchase of the Governor and Lords Deputies there in Carolina, +who thereupon issue out their Warrant-Land as is due to him. +Who making Certificate, that he had measured out so much Land and the Bounds, +a Deed is prepared of Course, by the Secretary, which is sign'd +by the Governor and the Lords Proprietors Deputies, and the Proprietors Seal +affix'd to it, and register'd in the Secretaries Office, +which is a good Coveyance in Law of the Land therein mention'd, +to the Party and his Heirs for ever. + + +Thus have I given you as large and exact an Account of Carolina, +as the Discovery of so few Years (in this great and extensive Land) +would permit. Which flourishing Country will, doubtless, in time, +increase the Number of its Productions, and afford us plentifully +those Necessaries and rich Commodities, which the Streights, +Turky and other Countries supply us withal at present, +and not seldom in their own Shipping; whereas, were those Merchandizes +the Produce of an English Plantation, and brought us home +by our own Hands and Bottoms, of what Advantage such an Improvement would be +to the Crown of Great-Britain, and the People in general, +I leave to Men of Reason and Experience to judge. I do intend (if God permit) +by future Voyages (after my Arrival in Carolina) to pierce into +the Body of the Continent, and what Discoveries and Observations +I shall, at any time hereafter, make, will be communicated +to my Correspondents in England, to be publish'd, having furnish'd myself +with Instruments and other Necessaries for such Voyages. + + +For the better Understanding of this Country, I have already drawn +a very large and exact Map thereof, as far as any Discoveries +have been yet made, either by others or my self, and have spared +neither Cost nor Pains, to procure the most correct Maps and Journals thereof, +that are extant in Print, or in Manuscript. This Map containing +nine Sheets of Imperial Paper, and now fit for engraving, +begins at Cape Henry in Virginia, 37 deg. N. Lat. and contains +all the Coasts of Carolina, or Florida, with the Bahama Islands, +great Part of the Bay of Mexico, and the Island of Cuba, to the Southward, +and several Degrees to the Westward of the Messiasippi River, +with all the Indian Nations and Villages, and their Numbers, +which of them are subject to Carolina, and trade with their People, +what Places are convenient Factories and Forts, to increase and secure +our Trade on the Messiasippi, and what Forts and Factories +the French and Spaniards have gain'd in those Latitudes, +especially on the great River and the Neighbouring Streams; all which +they illegally possess, since the very Mouth of the River Messiasippi +is in the King of England's Grant to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, +it falling something to the Northward of 29 Degr. North Lat. +whose Claim and Right I question not, but a Peace will adjust, and restore, +which every Englishman is bound in Duty and Interest, to wish for; +if we consider how advantageously they have seated themselves, +whereby to disturb the Peace and Interest of all the English Plantations +on the Continent of America. + + + + + + ---------- + + FINIS. + + ---------- + + + + + +[Original Advertisement, included for historical context.] + + +Lately publish'd, in the Collections for December, January, February, +and March, + +The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands; +containing their History, Ancient and Modern, Natural and Political: +Their Description, Product, Religion, Government, Laws, Languages, +Customs, Manners, Habits, Shape, and Inclinations of the Natives. +With an Account of many other adjacent Islands, and several remarkable Voyages +through the Streights of Magellan, and in other Parts. Written in Spanish +by Bartholomew Leonardo Argensola, Chaplain to the Empress, +and Rector of Villahermosa. Now translated into English; +and illustrated with a Map and several Cuts. + + +[End of Original Advertisement.] + + + + + +Transcriber's Notes to etext: + + +This book was originally published in London in 1709. +This text follows the original spellings, which are somewhat irregular, +though still quite readable. + +A footnote from William Gilmore Simms' "Life of Francis Marion" (online): + + Lawson's "Journal of a Thousand Miles' Travel among the Indians, + from South to North Carolina", is a work equally rare and interesting. + This unfortunate man fell a victim to his official duties. + He was confounded, by the savages, with the government which he represented, + and sacrificed to their fury, under the charge of depriving them, + by his surveys, of their land. He was made captive + with the Baron de Graffenreid. The latter escaped, + but Lawson was subjected to the fire-torture. + +Simms, however, was never a stickler for details. Other accounts differ +as to John Lawson's exact fate, and no one is sure how he died. + +Mike Lawson, (MIKE_LAWSON@intertec.com, http://www.mixbooks.com), +a direct descendant of the author, contacted me while I was working +on putting this book online, and sent me some interesting information, +which is summarized below. Baron de Graffenreid = Degraffenreid, etc. + +From about 1705 to 1708 John Lawson had lived in Bath Town, NC, +where his primary interests were his orchards and vines. +When he went to England to have his book published, he was "called upon +by the Lord Proprietors to assist DeGraffenreid" who was trying to settle +a colony of Palatines in North Carolina. Franz Louis Michel, +of Bern, Switzerland, (Lawson refers to him as Francis-Louis Mitchell) +had come to America in 1702, and discovered evidence of silver +in the mountains. He returned to Europe to start a company +to found a colony in America, and met Degraffenreid, who had similar plans, +and had already contracted with the city of Bern to remove some Anabaptists +to America -- they formed a partnership, and intended to search for silver. +After the course of events which included John Lawson's death +and a massacre of these colonists, they had a falling out, +and that plan never came off. + +According to De Graffenreid, some days before the New Bern massacre +John Lawson proposed that they go up the Neuse River, +where there were plenty of wild grapes. They were assured +"that no savages lived on that branch of the river. But to feel safer +we took two Indians to guide, which we knew well, with two negroes to row." +Two days out, near the village of Coram, they were overtaken +by a large number of Tuscaroras, and captured. + +There was a trial of sorts, where their intentions were examined, +and Mr. Lawson was charged with being too severe, and for selling their land. +After a lengthy debate, it was decided that they should be released +the next day, but the following morning, one Cor Tom reproached Mr. Lawson, +and they quarrelled. "I made every effort to get Lawson to quit quarrelling. +I did not succeed. All at once three or four Indians fell upon us +in a furious manner. . . . They took our hats and periwigs and threw them +into the fire, and a council of war being held we were immediately +sentenced to death." One of the Indians, a relation of King Taylor, +from whom De Graffenreid had bought the land for New Bern, +appealed in his behalf. "The Indians whispered in my ear +that I had nothing to fear, but that Lawson would die, what affected me much. +They also liberated my negro, but I never saw him since. . . . +As to his death, I know nothing. Some said he was hung, +some said he was burnt. The Indians kept that execution very secret." + +The Tuscaroras then informed De Graffenreid that they were going to war, +but would not harm Chattooka (New Bern), but that the people of New Bern +ought to stay in the town -- unfortunately, there was no way to inform +the people of New Bern. Several days later prisoners were brought back, +and De Graffenreid tells of recognizing some of them as his tenants, +including a boy who reported that his whole family had been killed. +After six weeks imprisonment at Catechna, he was released, +and returned to New Bern, where the people were surprised to find him alive. + +(The relevant passages from De Graffenreid's journal were printed +in the North Carolina Booklet, Vol. I, No. 2, June 10, 1901, +`Colonial New Bern', by Mrs. Sara Beaumont Kennedy, pp. 7-13. +Issued by the North Carolina Society of the Daughters of the Revolution. +Raleigh: Capital Printing Company, 1901.) + + +Due to the age of this book, there are a number of nonstandard spellings, +and the font used in the original, with the s's much like f's, +has surely led to an error or two in the transcription, though every effort +was made to minimize this factor. The standards of printing at the time +were also somewhat low, and combine all this with those instances +where Indian names and words are given, and some of the material +is doubtless inaccurate -- though Lawson's comments on zoology +should make that quite clear. Nonetheless, this account remains +one of our best sources for information on the Indians of North Carolina +in and about the year 1700. + + +Sidenotes, throughout, are presented in squiggly brackets. {As here.} +Where the sidenote precedes a paragraph, it is given on a separate line. + + +Corrections: + +(p. 11) +[ and become Cripples all ther Life-time; ] + changed to: +[ and become Cripples all their Life-time; ] + +(p. 13) +[ to satisfy the Apppetite of the Rich alone. ] + changed to: +[ to satisfy the Appetite of the Rich alone. ] + +(p. 14) +[ so we got that Night to Mons. Gallian's the elder, ] + changed to: +[ so we got that Night to Mons. Galliar's the elder, ] + As the difference between "n" and "r" is significant, + other evidence (William Dobein James) suggests the real name was Gaillard, + and "Mons. Galliar's, jun'," is mentioned on the next page. + + (In giving the background of Marion, in his "Life of Gen. Francis Marion", + Judge William Dobein James quotes from "A New Voyage to Carolina", + and in his footnotes gives some additional commentary on the area + in relation to Lawson's description. This text is online.) + +(p. 19) +[ which was s Parrade of all Nations, ] + changed to: +[ which was a Parrade of all Nations, ] + and: +[ most Natious of the known World. ] + changed to: +[ most Nations of the known World. ] + +(p. 21) +[ about it is hung Gourds Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ] + changed to: +[ about it is hung Gourds, Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ] + +(p.28) +[ for tho' this most bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ] + changed to: +[ for tho' this Moss bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ] + +(p. 44) +[ the Sinnagers, or Troquois. ] + changed to: +[ the Sinnagers, or Iroquois. ] + +(p. 47-48) +[ At that, time these Toteros Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ] + changed to: +[ At that time these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ] + +(p. 73) +[ on the 6th of February, 166(3/4) came to an Anchor ] + changed to: +[ on the 6th of February, 1664, came to an Anchor ] + +(p. 75) +[ to more Certainty, and greater Anvantage; whereby they might arrive ] + changed to: +[ to more Certainty, and greater Advantage; whereby they might arrive ] + +(p. 80) +[ to leave the more Northerly Platations, and sit down under ] + changed to: +[ to leave the more Northerly Plantations, and sit down under ] + +(p. 87) +[ In the Year 1707. we had the severest Winter ] + changed to: +[ In the Year 1707, we had the severest Winter ] + +(p. 91) +[ and dry it in the Sun. to keep for Use. ] + changed to: +[ and dry it in the Sun to keep for Use. ] + +(p. 111) +[ {Plum.} ] + inserted before: +[Damson, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all I have met withal ] + (This follows the paragraph on Apricots ["Apricock"], + and the absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.) + +(p. 118) +[ This Beast is the greatast Enemy to the Planter, ] + changed to: +[ This Beast is the greatest Enemy to the Planter, ] + +(p. 120) +[ There Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ] + changed to: +[ Their Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ] + +(p. 120) +[ great Gust in September. 1700. brought ] + changed to: +[ great Gust in September, 1700. brought ] + +(p. 134) +[ and make Euquiries therein, when, at least, ] + changed to: +[ and make Enquiries therein, when, at least, ] + (the ol' upside-down "n" error.) + +(p. 136) + (from the list of Water Fowl) +[ Whifflers. ] + changed to: +[ Whistlers. ] + (in accordance with the text about them that follows.) + +(p. 137) + (from the list of Water Fowl) +[ Men. ] + changed to: +[ Mew. ] + (in accordance with the text about them that follows.) + +(p. 151) +[ {Swaddle-Bills.} ] + inserted before: +[ Swaddle-Bills are a sort of an ash-colour'd Duck, ] + (This follows the paragraph on Tutcocks, precedes that on Mew, + and the absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.) + +(p. 165) +[ although their be Water enough for as large Ships ] + changed to: +[ although there be Water enough for as large Ships ] + +(p. 189) +[ Their Remedies area great Cause of this Easiness ] + changed to: +[ Their Remedies are a great Cause of this Easiness ] + +(p. 194) +[ and so strung, as Beds are, and a Cubit ] + changed to: +[ and so strung, as Beads are, and a Cubit ] + +(p. 203) +[ that is common amongst them, If they are caught in theft ] + changed to: +[ that is common amongst them. If they are caught in theft ] + +In "An Account of the Indians of North-Carolina", the side-notes +do not always perfectly match the text in the original. In this edition, +an attempt has been made to match them to the relevent text. +The most notable changes are: + +p. 204, side note {Get Fire.} has been omitted, as at the end of p. 203 +there is the note {Get Fire how.} which refers to the same text, +which is only broken by the turn of a page. The second note +appears to serve no other purpose than continuity, which is no longer needed. + +p. 207, the side note {Moss Match.} actually refers to text +that begins at the end of p. 206, and in this edition the side note +has been inserted at the beginning of the relevant text. + +(p. 208) +[ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose, ] + changed to: +[ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose) ] + (Closing parenthesis was missing.) + +(pp. 212-213) +Throughout the book, a curious device is used -- at the end of each page, +on a separate line, and right-justified, appears the first word +of the next page. This does not generally need comment, +but at the junction of pages 212 and 213, an error occurs, +in that at the bottom of page 212 the next-word-to-come is given as "being", +but the first word on page 213 is "because". The latter is retained, +and the former omitted, as seeming best to fit the context. +It is a possibility that both should have been retained, +i.e., "being because". + +(p. 214) +[ is a great Man or hath good Frieds, the Doctor is sent for. ] + changed to: +[ is a great Man or hath good Friends, the Doctor is sent for. ] + also: +[ keeps sucking. till he has got a great Quaatity of very ] + changed to: +[ keeps sucking, till he has got a great Quantity of very ] + +(p. 220) +[ girded him as hard for a great while) as if he had ] + changed to: +[ girded him as hard for a great while, as if he had ] + (No opening parenthesis.) + +(p. 226) +[ Mif-kis-'su ] + changed to: +[ Mis-kis-'su ] + as Lawson notes the Indian languages have no "f" sound, + and the old `s' and `f' are very similar in shape. + +(p. 227) + (In the Dictionary of Indian terms, the translations for "Minx" [Mink]) +[ Min ] + changed to: +[ Minx ] + (in accordance with context and the preferred spelling in the text) + +(p. 231) +[ settled America so easily, at they have done, ] + changed to: +[ settled America so easily, as they have done, ] + +(p. 246) +[ into any other Countries, either of our Dominins or foreign, ] + changed to: +[ into any other Countries, either of our Dominions or foreign, ] + +(p. 248) +[ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constitued by the said ] + changed to: +[ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constituted by the said ] + +(p. 253) +[ To Give and Grant unto such Person any Persons, Inhabiting, ] + changed to: +[ To Give and Grant unto such Person and Persons, Inhabiting, ] + +(p. 257) +[ to the Westward of of the Messiasippi River, ] + changed to: +[ to the Westward of the Messiasippi River, ] + + +I am unable to match all of Lawson's spellings with modern versions, +especially when it comes to the names of people, places, and tribes. + +However, quite likely: + +Tuscarora: Tuskeruro, and probably Turkeiruro also. +Roanoke: Ronoack. +Neuse River: Neus-River. +Falls-of-Neuse (north of Raleigh): Falls of Neus-Creek. +Deep River: Sapona-River (possible -- given as the West Branch of Cape Fair). +Cape Fear: Cape Fair. +Haw River: Hau River. +Congaree: Congeree +Wateree: Waterree +Catawba: Kadapau (possible -- the location seems correct) +Waxhaw: Waxsaw +Seneca: Sinnager + + +"Rocky-River" is probably still "Rocky River", but there are two by that name + in North Carolina, and the one in question is doubtless the larger one, + situated between Haw River and Deep River. + + +Other non-standard spellings follow, but first some notes +on how nonstandard items were handled in the text: + + 1. It seems as if "off" is occasionally spelled "of", + but almost always in conjunction with "far" or the like: + i.e., "not far of", "when farthest of". On p. 128, "when cut of" + may also be an example. In all these examples, though, + "of" *could* be the correct word, if used in the sense of "from". + If is difficult to ascertain if the difference is spelling or usage. + 2. Where modern English would always use "than", Lawson sometimes + uses "that". This instance is repeated, so it is not conclusively + an error. One example is on p. 119, "larger that a Panther". + 3. Abbreviated words often end with an apostrophe, rather than a period, + which is now the standard. "Through" is usually abbreviated as "thro'". + 4. Italics have been kept throughout, with these notable exceptions: + in the original, every case of "&c." was italicized; + the side-notes were entirely italicized, except those words + generally italicized in the text, which were rendered in normal type -- + this has been reversed. (Where "&c." appeared in an italicized section, + it was presented in normal type. This too was ignored.) + 5. Printing was not as exact an art in 1709 as it is now, + and this should be kept in mind throughout the text. + As spelling was also not as standardized as it is now, + it is difficult to tell sometimes whether a word has an old spelling, + has a typographical error, or refers to something entirely different + from what the first impression would suggest. In addition to this, + there is a problem of battered type, which seems especially common + in italic text -- which, unfortunately, is commonly used here + for words in Indian languages, which makes reading the text + extremely difficult at times. And even without broken type, + as in Lawson's dictionary entry for "A Rundlet" (perhaps a Roundlet, + a small round object?) he gives `Ynpyupseunne' as the Woccon term, + which remains unclear on several accounts, as `u' and `n' + were not infrequently accidentally inverted in old texts -- + i.e., it might be `Yupyupseunne', but where can we check it? + No exact answers can be given here, but all these factors + should be kept in mind when attempting to read this text. + Also in Lawson's Dictionary, occur the Indian words + Pulawa and Mif-kis-'su -- the latter has been rendered Mis-kis-'su, + as the old `s' and `f' were nearly identical, and were probably + inadvertently switched -- which according to his own notes on p. 231, + cannot happen, there being no `l' or `f' sounds in the languages. + (In this old type, `s' has an f-like appearance in most cases, + but a modern `s' was used if it was the last letter in a word, + which follows a similar usage with the `s' sound in the Greek alphabet.) + It is much harder to guess what Pulawa ought to have been. + + +Modern Spelling is listed first: alternate spelling(s) follow: +(More or less in the order they appear in the text.) + + 1. When multiple spellings in text include the modern spelling, + it is not noted. + 2. Any word ending in -ed, such as "viewed", may end in -'d, + as "view'd". This gets a little complicated in such cases + as "accompany'd" (accompanied), "try'd" (tried), "supply'd" (supplied), + "carry'd" (carried), "hurry'd" (hurried), and the like. + Also cases where the root word originally ended with an "e", + such as "us'd" and "continu'd". These cases are not always noted. + + +them: 'em +Mississippi: Missisipi, Messiasippi (older concept -- seems to refer + to a vast area, probably everything drained by that river.) +New York: New-York +spacious: spatious +public: publick +style: stile +fur: furr +situate: soituate +price: prize +privilege: priviledge +show: shew +frontier: fronteer +enterprise: enterprize +scalp: sculp +flay: flea +allege: alledge (applies also to alleging, alleged, etc.) +mountainous: mountanous +gulf: gulph +lemon: limon +trial: tryal +palmetto: palmeto +mosquitoes: musketoes, musquetos +troublesome: troblesome (p. 8) +tried: try'd +vegetable: vegitable +buckets or boquets?: bokeets +Pennsylvania: Pensilvania, Pensylvania +isthmus: istmus +Glasgow: Glasco +corpses: corps +o'clock: a Clock +cattle: cattel +deer (plural): deers +beach: beech +clam: clann (probable -- may be a textual error) +curlew: curleu +pelican: pellican +Cyprus: Ciprus +alarm: allarm +turkey: turkie, turky +morbific: morbifick +complement: compliment (warning: compliment is also spelled this way) +specific: specifick +most impatient (impatientest): impatients (textual error?) +Mons. Huger: Mons. Eugee + (according to `Life of Gen. Francis Marion', by Judge William Dobein James, + "Huger, who lived in the fork between South Santee and Wambaw Creek.") +splendid: splended +continued: continu'd +courses: coarses +crowded: crouded +Ashley River: Ashley-River, Ashly-River +clothe or cloth: cloath +tribe: trible (textual error?) +rejoice: rejoyce +Mons. Gendron: Mons. L'Jandro +???: Mons. L'Grand +Mons. Gaillard: Mons. Galliar +affirmed: affir'm'd +knoll: knowl (possible) +paddling: padling +fabrics (fabrication, a structure): fabricks +loam: loom +hut: hutt +used: us'd +oil: oyl +chinquapin, chinkapin, chincapin: chinkapin, thinkapin (error?) +quiddany (a confection of quinces made with sugar): quiddony +barbecued: barbacu'd +loaves: loves +creoles: criolo's +courtesan: curtesan +monsieur: mounsieur +Leaguer-Ladies (soldier's wives -- Scottish term): Leager Ladies +parade: parrade +physic (medicine): physick +surgery: chirurgery +expense: expence +retaliation: retalliation +villainy: villany +balsamic: balsamick +belly-ache: belly-ach +crutches (i.e., props): crotches +smoke: smoak +straight: strait (probable), streight +complete: compleat +scraped: scrapt +fatigue: fatiegue (textual error?) +maize: maiz +over-flowed: over-flown +Stroud-water-Blue?: Stroud-water-Blew + [From the American Encyclopaedic Dictionary, 1896 (AED): + stroud: (Etym. doubtful: perhaps from Stroud, in Gloucester, England, + where flannel and cloth are manufactured in large quantities.) + A kind of coarse blanket or garment of strouding (a coarse kind of cloth + employed in trade with North American Indians) worn by the Indians + of North America.] +medley: medly +ragout: ragoo +burden: burthen (archaic) +availing (useful): eviling [possible, but questionable] + [Note also that the "e" in the print is badly formed, + and there is a slim chance it might be an "a" or another letter.] +chalybeate: chalybid +most dismal (dismallest): dismall'st +surprisal: surprizal +threatening: threatning +music: musick +tiger: tyger (note that in 1709 "tyger" and "panther" were generic terms) +drizzly: drisly +acorns: acrons (textual error?) +polecat (skunk): polcat +arithmetic: arithmetick +straggling: stragling +hickory: hiccory, hickery, hickerie +broth: broath +loblolly + [AED: 1. water-gruel or spoon-meat. 2. a sweet.] +brunette: brounetto (probable) + [Probably in the older sense of a woman of brownish complexion; + i.e., skin, eyes, and hair.] +squaw: squah +swaddling-cloths: swadling-clouts +rive: reave (possible -- not a common word) +pigged: pig'd + [AED: To be huddled together with several others in a single room + by night as well as by day; to live like pigs.] +tetter (generic term, skin disease): tettar +colic: cholick +gourd: goard +saddled: sadl'd +Brussels, Bruxelles: Bruxels (probable) +fuller's-earth: fullers-earth +stopped: stopt +portion: potion (possible -- or textual error?) +wondering: wondring +mechanics: mechanicks +domestic: domestick +passed: past +cornuted + [horned. These references to horns reflect the time this book was written, + when a man whose wife was unfaithful was said to have horns.] +stews + [archaic: a brothel.] +barbecues: barbakues +fusil: fusee, fuzee (probable) + [a fusee can be one of several things, but the context here suggests + that it was a fusil, which was a type of small, firelock musket.] +festination + [haste, hurry, expedition.] +human: humane +fuel: fewel +ankle: ancle +wondered: wondred +cully + [several senses, including a dupe or fool, especially one imposed upon + by a prostitute.] +caddis: cadis +Winchester-wedding + [The AED had no entry for this, but notes that "Winchester-goose" + is "a cant term for a venereal sore, said to have originated from + the public stews (brothels) in Southwark, England, + being under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester." + It is probable that a Winchester-wedding would be of the type (or non-type) + performed in these same institutions.] +bachelor: batchelor +widower: widdower +shoes: shooes +moccasins: moggisons, moggizons +merchandise: merchandize +valleys: vallies +chestnut: chesnut +perch: pearch +soup: soop, soupe +Appalachian: Appallatche +desert: desart +Cape Fear: Cape-Fair, Caip-Fair +befall: befal +beaver: bever +buffalo: buffelo +palisades: palisadoes +necromantic: necromantick +Cologne, Koeln: Cologn (possible) +cliff or cleft?: clift +mustaches: mustachoes +alligator: allegator (despite Lawson's claim, NOT a crocodile) +turnip: turnep +biscuit: bisket (probable) +wholesome: wholsome +basin: bason +percoarson = perkoson, but I can not find any external references to either +certify: certifie +threatened: threatned +hindrance: hinderance +Atlantic: Atlantick +honeysuckle: honysuckle, hony-suckle +molasses: molosses +Roanoke: Ronoack, Ronoak +shore: shoar +moored: mor'd +parakeet: parrakeeto (doubtless the Carolina Parakeet, now extinct.) +inferior: inferiour +tie: tye +ashore: ashoar +peas: pease +garlic: garlick +chives: cives +salad: sallad +lettuce: lettice +spinach: spinage +cauliflower: colly-flower +watermelon: water-melon +basil: bazil +assuaging: asswaging +chamomile, camomile: camomil +houseleek: housleek +conveniences: conveniencies +rounceval: rouncival (in the text, a type of pea, now called a marrowfat) +rosin: rozin +subterranean, subterraneous: subteraneous +gigantic: gigantick +linen: linnen +housewife/housewives: houswife/houswives +housewifery: houswifry +woolens: woollens +choleric: cholerick +watery: watry +emetic: emetick +weirs: wares (probable -- pp. 86, 127. Can also be "wares", however.) +whaling: whale-fishing +porket: a young pig or hog. +thrived: throve +fit: fitt +Maryland: Mariland +supplied: supplyed +wig: wigg +cutlery: cuttlery +jasmine, jessamine: jessamin +browse/browsing: browze/browzing +evergreen: ever-green +household: houshold +virtue: vertue +vermin: vermine +Appamattox: Apamaticks, Appamaticks (probable) +cloud: clowd +aspen: aspin +ache: ach +burr, bur. (Both are still used, but "burr" is now more common, + where John Lawson tends towards "bur".) +cathartic: cathartick +cachexia (plural): cachexies ("cachexy" is an English form of the word, + now rarely, if ever, used.) +calico: callico +hazelnut: hazle-nut +conic/conical: conick +exotic: exotick +serviceberry/Juneberry/shadblow: service (given as the name of a fruit), + the plant it grows on is called the shadbush. (probable) +relished?: relisht +apricot: apricock +gooseberry: goosberry +vinedresser/vine dresser/vine-dresser: vigneroon (French "vigneron") +Madeira: Madera +rabbit: rabbet +jackal: jackall +havoc: havock +holler: hollow (Not all cases. Of the Panther, "He hollows like a Man" + should be "He hollers like a Man".) +sourwood tree: sowr-wood-tree, sowr wood, sorrel +surprise: surprize +raspberry: rasberry +mink: minx +mussel: muscle (in cases such as "muscle-shell") +rheum/rheumatism: rhume/rhumatism +rheumatic: rhumatick +tortoise: tortois +burrow: borough +chipmunk: ground squirrel (probable) +chase: chace +insect: reptile +reptile: insect + ("Insect" is used strangely, to include reptiles and amphibians. + Conversely, Lawson uses "Reptile" to refer to insects.) +thoroughly: throughly (possible, p. 127) +entering: entring +frightened: frightned +connection: connexion (spelling in common use through the 19th century) +excrementitious (spelling still technically correct, but rare enough + that "excrescent" is suggested as an alternative, yet even that + has the wrong connotation in modern usage.) +terrapin: terebin +tadpole: tad-pool +easy: easie +wandering: wandring +leech: loach +Screech Owl: Scritch Owl (probable) +Trumpeter Swan: Swans, called Trompeters (probable) +fish hawk: fishawk +smallness: smalness +grasshopper: grashopper +set: sett +shot (past tense of shoot): shotten (see case on p. 151) +livor: liver +waiving: waving (??? -- p. 163) +rye: rie +indigo: indico (??? -- p. 164) +plasterers: plaisterers +governor: governour +joists: joices (probably this or a related word) +hazel: hazle +dye: die (p. 172) +gait: gate (p. 172) +inventor: inventer (both spellings acceptable, but "inventer" non-standard) +pare: pair (p. 173) +warrior: warriour +Trap-Ball (from Sense 8 of "Trap" in the AED) + A game and also one of the instruments used in playing the game, + the others being a small bat and a ball. The trap is of wood, + made like a slipper, with a hollow at the heel end, + and a kind of wooden spoon working on a pivot, in which + the ball is placed. By striking the handle or end of the spoon + the ball is projected up into the air, and the striker endeavors + to hit it as far as possible with the bat before it falls to the ground. + The opponents endeavor to catch the ball, or to bowl it + so as to hit the trap. Also called Trap-bat and Trap-bat and ball. +baton, bat: batoon (a variant spelling of baton, with a meaning + closer to that of bat. See Trap-Ball) +worse: worser +wrangling: rangling +sepulchre: sepulcre +hominy (grits): Rockahomine Meal (conjecture: Lawson gives Roocauwa + as the Woccon word for homine [hominy].), homine +nowadays: now adays +flag (p. 189) is another word for rushes or reeds. +artificially (p. 189) has changed meaning over the years. Means "artfully". +plaid: plad (in the sense of the garment, not the pattern) +porcelain: porcelan (used in a very old sense, referring to a cowry shell) +antic: antick +hero: heroe +disappointment: disapointment +relic: relick +tomahawk: tamahauk +unmanned: unman'd +frolic: frolick +prefixed: prefixt (obsolete sense) +enough: enow (correct but obsolete) +hieroglyphic: hieroglyphick +republic: republick +pestle: pestil, pestel +lightninged: lightned (the strict conversion to modern spelling + would be "lightened", but "lightninged" adheres to modern usage) +lie: lye +dripping: dropping (probable) +barricaded: barricadoed +stolen: stoln +frightened: frightned +lingering: lingring +mere: meer (at least in one case -- "meer Motion" may mean something else.) +foul: fowl (p. 222 -- same spelling used elsewhere for "fowl".) +phthisis, phthisic: phthisick (may be the old sense of the term, + designating any waste, decay, or emaciation; including tuberculosis, + which it now designates.) +torrefy: To dry, roast, scorch, or parch by a fire. AED. + This dictionary also notes that "torrefy" is a formation from the French, + whereas "torrify" (meaning the same thing) is an English formation, + from "torrid". +Waccon & Woccon used interchangeably +baked: bak't +Mongolian Hordes: Tartarian Hurds + (`Tartar' or `Tatar' is still in use, but in this context, + `Mongolian Hordes' is now used almost exclusively. What is curious + is why Lawson has this sidenote in the first place -- + apparently he is comparing the Indians to the Tatars, + though on what grounds is unclear.) +jailor: jaylor +ghastly: gastly +stuffed: stufft +stalking: stauking +choose: chuse +mutinying: mutining +sylvan: sylvian +forewarn: forwarn +recall: recal +lies, lieth: lyeth +chapel: chappel +manor: mannor (possible) +ore: oar +dignified: dignifyed +enjoin: enjoyn +increase: encrease +liege: leige (may be an error in one case) +cheerful: chearful +let: lett (p. 246) (not sure if this is the same type of `let') +twig: twigg +brier: bryar +wherever: whereever (p.141 -- may be an error resulting from being broken + at the end of a line -- i.e., where-ever.) +red clay?: "A marl as red as blood" (p. 40) +aperitive?: apersive (a laxative -- it fits the context. p. 83) + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Voyage to Carolina, by John Lawson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW VOYAGE TO CAROLINA *** + +***** This file should be named 1838.txt or 1838.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/3/1838/ + +Produced by Alan R. 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